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Authors Speak
Hemalatha Gnanasekar
June,24, 2019ByProwess Publications
Hemalatha Gnanasekar works as a secretary in Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited. She lives in Chennai. Reading is and has always been her passion and has slowly fueled her desire and zest for writing. Even as she Juggles and maintains the balance between home and work life, she still manages to write a few pages every day. Her books generally describe the contemporary lifestyle of people and the complications they get entangled with. She also likes to write about women and the variegated challenges they face.
My inspiration for writing this book is "for a relaxed life, parents need to cultivate patience and move towards peace by being kind and generous in the forgiveness of others". This book conveys the ways to balance both work and family to lead a happy life.
My suggestion for aspiring authors is "if you had ever wanted to write and publish a book, this is the time. Just take out your pen and put on your thinking cap and start writing".
Her Books Collections
The Priceless Gift
Life is never a straight line. Priya is a typical modern-day woman in India. Independent and full of life, she spends her days at her job working hard to secure a better life for herself. She also has a close connection with her mother, who dotes on her daughter endlessly. But her work life and home life collide on one disastrous day. Author Hemalatha Gnanasekar crafts this compelling story with realistic characters that speak to the heart of the human experience. A story rooted in India, yet shared by diverse cultures across.
Love never leaves. In India, Swaminathan is a gentle and loving husband to Shanthi. Determined to be a good man to her, Swaminathan is, unfortunately, subject to Shanthi's domineering abuse. When their daughter is born, Swaminathan knows he must present a good example to her, despite his wife's behavior. But Shanthi hurts their daughter whenever she's mad at Swaminathan, and he can't take it anymore. He decides to leave the house and his family. In this compelling tale, pain and pleasure exist side by side. But no matter how far one man may stray, the love of his family will always be his guiding light.
Life Lessons from India: A Woman's Memoir
Only a woman can find the true meaning of life. In this thoughtful and illuminating collection of essays, author Hemalatha Gnanasekar recalls the most consequential experiences of her life as a woman in India. These 16 thought-provoking essays are drawn directly from her own life, but their universal themes will inspire people of all backgrounds to find a deeper meaning in their lives as well. A chance meeting with a former teacher helped her understand that wrinkles and weight gain are a natural part of life. These and other life-changing stories are beautifully presented in this collection of life lessons.
Joys and Woes of Marriage in India
Love is difficult, but always worth it. In India, love manifests itself in many forms. This centuries-old culture has defined and redefined the concept of love for all the world to see. But like many people, love in India has its own trials and tribulations. Heartbreak and ecstasy coexist together, and that is where love's beauty lies. In Joys and Woes of Marriage in India, 20 short stories address love and marriage across the spectrum. Ranging in topics from dowries, in-laws, finances and so much more, these 20 illuminating stories crystallize what it means to be in love, and what it takes to maintain it. Focusing on the modern Indian woman – independent, intelligent and determined – these insightful and humorous stories shine a light on people who have suffered in darkness for too long.
The Heart of Gold
The Heart of Gold is a gripping romance thriller that explores not only the dangerous territory of love and marriage but also the changing culture of modern Indian city life. Mukesh and Nithya are caught between time-honored traditions and the new, fast-paced global lifestyle. Mukesh, a successful businessman on a steady rise in the corporate world, is hesitant when his mother urges him to find a wife. But when she introduces him to the bride she's chosen for him, Mukesh is surprised by his luck: Nithya is beautiful, smart, cultured, and from a good family. It seems like a perfect match, and he finds himself falling in love. But before he can settle into his new married life, Nithya tells him the horrible truth: her parents blackmailed her into the marriage. Instead of love and companionship, it's longing and agony for Mukesh while Nithya feels only anger and resentment towards him and her parents.
Surprises from India: Works of Short Fiction
Nobody's perfect. People come in a wide variety of flavors. Some are happy, some are angry, and some are absurdly funny. And sometimes… all three! In Surprises from India – Works of Short Fiction, you'll meet an interesting assortment of characters in 35 compelling short stories. They run the gamut of backgrounds, but they all share one thing in common: representing the best – and worst – of humanity. But most importantly, these compelling stories will teach you valuable lessons.
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My Experience with Prowess
My experience with Prowess was extremely good. I would definitely recommend Prowess to other aspiring authors who are planning to self-publish their books.
Categories: Authors Speak • Tags: Author Testimonial about Prowess Publishing, Book by Hemalatha Gnanasekar, Hemalatha Gnanasekar, Prowess Author Hemalatha Gnanasekar, Prowess self-published Author, Surprises from India, Surprises from India Book, Surprises from India Book by Hemalatha Gnanasekar
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Q: TreeMap - Dynamic ordering elements based on key I want to use HashMap with ordering of elements. So I choose TreeMap. Below code gives me strange answer, than what I expected
public class MapTest {

  public static class Key implements Comparable<Key>{
    private String key;
    private int count;

    public Key(String key, int count){
      this.key = key;
      this.count = count;
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
      return key.hashCode();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
      return key.equals(obj);
    }

    @Override
    public int compareTo(Key o) {
      return count - o.count;
    }
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Map<Key, Integer> map = new TreeMap<>();

    Key c = new Key("c", 4);

    map.put(new Key("a", 6), 1);
    map.put(new Key("b", 8), 1);
    map.put(c, 1);
    map.put(new Key("d", 2), 1);

    for(Map.Entry<Key, Integer> entry : map.entrySet()){
      System.out.println(entry.getKey().key);
    }

    //map.remove(c);
    map.put(c, null);
    c.count = 0;
    map.put(c, 1);

    for(Map.Entry<Key, Integer> entry : map.entrySet()){
      System.out.println(entry.getKey().key);
    }

  }
}

If I use map.remove() and add element, it is ordered. Otherwise it is always returns the element in order
d c a b
Why above code is not working? put(key, null) should delete the value and if new value is inserted it has to be ordered right?

A: put(key, null) does not remove the key from the map. It is still in the map, just mapping to null. You want to remove(key).
Objects used as keys in a Map should be immutable really. You are modifying the key after you put it into the map - but the map has no mechanism to detect that and move the key so as you realized the key ends up at an invalid location.
This can then confuse the Map to the point that it doesn't think the key is present in the map at all since it goes to look for it where it should be and it isn't there.

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Koundouri, P. (editor) The Ocean of Tomorrow: The Transition to Sustainability – Volume 2. Springer Publishing, (2021)
Prof. Phoebe Koundouri: "My gratitude goes to all the world-class scientists, from all across Europe and beyond, who contributed to the thirteen interdisciplinary research and demonstration projects, as well as the three global initiatives that form the basis of this book : two FP7 European Commission DG Research and Innovation projects, MERMAID and TROPOS; two H2020 European Commission DG Research and Innovation projects, BLUEBRIDGE and COASTAL; three European Commission Interreg projects, AMARe, RECONNECT and Thal-Chor; six European Institute of Innovation and Technology Climate KIC projects, BL.EU. Climate, Deep Demonstration Project in European Ports, MEDFreeSup, Circular Learning Hub, Circular Economy (CE) in Smart Specialization Strategy (S3), and Western Balkan Circular and Climate Innovation-Beacons, as well as the three Global Initiatives: the 4-Seas UN SDSN Euro-Asian Initiative, the UN SDSN Global Roundtable for Sustainable Shipping and Ports and the United Nations Initiative for Climate Change Effects on Cultural and Natural Heritage.
These 16 projects and initiatives, some completed but the vast majority ongoing, form the "Sustainable Blue Growth" research domain of the cluster of the institutions I direct, which includes the ReSEES Research Laboratory of the Athens University of Economics and Business, EIT Climate KIC Hub Greece at the ATHENA Research and Innovation Center, the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network-Greece. As a response to the climate crisis and its effect on marine ecosystems and coastal populations, the Sustainable Blue Growth domain is one of the many research domains of our cluster, and aims at establishing transformation pathways towards Sustainable Blue Growth, that will be supported by technically and socially innovative solutions. We focus on research, education, development and support of open access databases, innovation incubation and acceleration, and policy recommendations, while our aim is to engage all relevant stakeholders in co-designing a systems innovation pathway for the transition to socially, culturally, economically, environmentally, and geo-politically sustainable development in Europe and beyond, embracing seas and oceans."
Secco, L., Koundouri, P., et al. 2020. Evaluation Manual. Innovative methods to assess social innovation and its impacts in marginalised rural areas. SIMRA Project, 2020
The Horizon2020-funded project SIMRA – Social Innovation in Marginalised Rural Areas (2016-2020) developed an Evaluation Manual to better understand social innovation dynamics, disentangling their impacts on the economy, society, environment and institutions, and designing appropriate interventions.
Co-constructed by scientists and stakeholders, the Manual is thought to assist evaluators, practitioners, policy makers and scientists, in this task and it offers a full guidance on how to use, interpret and report results of the evaluation.
Koundouri, P. editor, The Ocean of Tomorrow, Investment Assessment of Multi-Use Offshore Platforms: Methodology and Applications – Volume 1. Springer International Publishing, 2017
In the near future, the European oceans will be subjected to a massive development of marine infrastructures. The most obvious structures include offshore wind farms, constructions for marine aquaculture and the exploitation of wave energy. The development of these facilities will increase the need for marine infrastructures to support their installation and operation and will unavoidably exert environmental pressures on the oceans and marine ecosystems. It is therefore crucial that the economic costs, the use of marine space and the environmental impacts of these activities remain within acceptable limits. Hence, offshore platforms that combine multiple functions within the same infrastructure offer significant economic and environmental benefits. A key initiative in this context has been the launch of "The Ocean of Tomorrow" FP7 cross-thematic calls aiming at fostering multidisciplinary approaches and cross-fertilisation between various scientific disciplines and economic sectors on key cross-cutting marine and maritime challenges.
The latest book edited by Prof. Phoebe Koundouri, The Ocean of Tomorrow, Investment Assessment of Multi-Use Offshore Platforms: Methodology and Applications – Volume 1, develops and applies an integrated socio-economic assessment of multi-use offshore platforms in European marine locations in the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic coast. The book is based on the interdisciplinary research within the MERMAID project (EU-FP7) in developing and applying an Integrated Socio-Economic Assessment of the sustainability of Multi-Use Offshore Platforms, using the results from the natural and engineering sciences as inputs, boundaries and constraints to the socioeconomic analysis. The book, offers insights that result from a multi-disciplinary approach which combines a broad range of expertise in hydraulics, wind engineering, aquaculture, renewable energy, marine environment, project management, socio-economics and governance. The analysis follows views and assessment of world experts from all relevant disciplines from academia, big companies and potential investors that have joined forces in the MERMAID project.
MERMAID project was selected for funding in response to Ocean 2011 on multi-use offshore platforms (FP7-OCEAN.2011-1 "Multi-use offshore platforms"). It had a cost of 7.4 million euro and comprised of 28 partner institutes, including Universities (11), Research institutes (8), Industries (5) and Small and Medium Enterprises (4 SME's), from many regions in the European Union. The project focused on developing concepts for the next generation of offshore platforms which can be used for multiple purposes, including energy extraction, aquaculture and platform related transport. MERMAID designed concepts of Multi-use Offshore Platforms that addressed different physical conditions in order to make the best use of the ocean space. Going from deep water (north of Spain) to shallow water with high morphodynamic activity (north of the Wadden Sea) and further to inner waters like the inner Danish/Baltic areas and the Adriatic sea changes the focus from a strong to low physical control of the environment. That made it possible to develop, assess and integrate different technologies but also to address site specific challenges concerning social, ecological and economic issues.
In end of 2017 the second volume of the Ocean of Tomorrow will follow on the socio-economic framework for assessing multi use off-shore platforms investments. This framework results from the integration of the socioeconomic analysis of three FP7 funded projects under the call OCEAN.2011-1: Multi-Use Offshore Platforms, namely: MERMAID (Innovative Multi-purpose Off-Shore Platforms: Planning, Design and Operation), TROPOS (Modular Multi-use Deep Water Offshore Platform Harnessing and Servicing Mediterranean, Subtropical and Tropical Marine and Maritime Resources) and H2OCEAN (Development of a Wind-Wave Power Open-Sea Platform Equipped for Hydrogen Generation with Support for Multiple Users of Energy). The identified common ground for assessing off-shore platforms investments includes: socioeconomic methodology, stakeholder methodology, data gathering and data analysis. The development of a common methodology is important because it will help to deliver consistent results for policy recommendations. This integrated methodology will be useful for the implementation of the Marine Water Framework Directive.
Christensen, Erik Damgaard, Marian Stuiver, Raul Guanche, Flemming Møhlenberg, Jan-Joost Schouten, Ole Svenstrup Pedersen, Wei He, Barbara Zanuttigh, and Phoebe Koundouri, 2015. MERMAID Project End Users Book (2015), 'Go offshore: Combining food and energy production'. DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
The MERMAID project presents Go offshore – Combining food and energy production, a booklet which explains the most important outcomes from the MERMAID project.
Koundouri, Phoebe and Papandreou, Nikos eds. Water Resources Management Sustaining Socio-Economic Welfare: The Implementation of the European Water Framework Directive in Asopos River Basin in Greece Springer Publishing, 2013.
The aim of this book is to offer a river-basin management plan which is directly implementable and consistent with the European Union -Water Framework Directive (EU WFD).The contributors, who are leading world experts in their respective fields, develop an integrated water resources management plan for the Asopos river basin in Greece which is economically efficient, socially equitable and environmentally sustainable. The program offers explicit technical and investment solutions, socioeconomic and legal instruments and recommendations for institutional restructuring. The introductory chapter describes the water situation in Greece and assesses the potential of timely implementation of the EU WFD. Special emphasis is given to the cost-recovery principle. Chapter 2 introduces the case study area highlighting the particular pressures and impacts as well as the environmental functions and values of Asopos River and Oropos Lagoon. Chapters 3 and 4 focus on the economic characterisation of Asopos River Basin in order to identify the economic sectors and social groups that will bear the cost and benefits of the implementation of the EU WFD. In particular, Chapter 3 presents the main water uses and pricing for water supply in the industrial and the agricultural sectors. Chapter 4 completes the baseline appraisal, presenting the details of water use by the residential and touristic sectors. The following chapters assess valuation and decision-making tools from a range of perspectives, including agricultural needs, valuing the impacts of industrial activity, the costs and benefits of environmental preservation and management. The water resources management plan is presented in Chapter 9; the concluding chapter offers recommendations on institutional changes and presents the lessons learned as resources applicable to other river basins in Greece and elsewhere. The book applies state-of-the art market and non-market valuation methods to estimate water demands in the residential, industrial, agricultural, tourism, environmental and health sectors and to balance these, over time and space, with water supply. Given the well-known challenge of managing natural resources in a way that maximizes and sustains social welfare, this book will provide an invaluable point of reference for applied researchers and policy makers working in water resources management.
Koundouri, Phoebe ed. Water Resources Allocation: Policy and Socioeconomic Issues in Cyprus Springer Publishing, 2010.
This book does not only aim to present and analyze the Cyprus experience in water resources management, using both local and world experts in the field. It also opts to communicate this experience to other countries that can inform, develop and improve their water resources policies by understanding the strong and weak elements of the Cyprus experience. The dilemma facing Cyprus—that of limited water supplies (both in terms of quantity and quality) in the face of steadily increasing water demand, coupled with a fragmented institutional structure of the water sector—is characteristic of most arid and semi-arid countries all over the world. Another common characteristic of Cyprus is that the water management administrative boundaries there do not coincide with the hydrological ones, while the ongoing political problem of the island creates significant administration problems. Finally, Cyprus's way towards implementing the EU WFD can be instructive for newly-accessing EU countries.
Koundouri, Phoebe ed. The Use of Economic Valuation in Environmental Policy: Providing Research Support for the Implementation of EU Water Policy under AquaStress Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2009.
This book aims to show that economics in general and non-market valuation methods in particular, together with participatory and engineering tools, can facilitate the design and implementation of the different European policies in relation to mitigation of water stress. The results presented in this book derive from AquaStress, an EU funded integrated project, delivering interdisciplinary methodologies to help mitigate water stress problems. The project draws on both academic and practitioner skills to generate knowledge in technological, operational management, policy, socio-economic, and environmental domains.
The book is divided in three parts and as the AquaStress project, is case study driven. Part I begins with a review of the up-to-date use of non-market valuation economic methods in the design and implementation of EU water policies. Part II of the book proceeds to discuss and analyze participatory and engineering tools that can facilitate the determination of efficient water resources policies and the consequent implementation of the EU WFD, using case studies of test sites from Bulgaria, Italy, Morocco and Poland. Part III of the book, brings us back to the use of economic tools and focuses on policy appraisal through social cost-benefit analyses and the choice/estimation of the socially efficient discount rate to be used in such analyses. The book concludes with specific policy recommendations for all case-studies considered in previous chapters.
This work would be of most interest to water resources managers and policy makers as well as consultants working on the implementation of the WFD. It would also be helpful to students and scholars of water resource management.
Koundouri, Phoebe ed. Coping with Water Deficiency: From Research to Policy Making, Springer Publishing, 2008.
In line with the Water Framework Directive, this book stresses the need for an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach to balance the competing demands on water-domestic, agricultural, industrial, tourism and environmental/ecological- and promote economically efficient, socially equitable and environmentally sustainable water use in selected regions from Southern Europe, the Mediterranean and the developing world. Results from the research projects covered by this book, demonstrate that effective water management tools and decisions-making practices, are needed in order to complement integrated interventions for increasing the availability of supply and/or managing the growing demand for scarce water supplies. Further, the book attempts to bridge the gap between ideas and actions endorsed at the research-oriented environmental debate, and their translation into policy making structures and programs in developed and developing countries.
Birol, Ekin and Koundouri, Phoebe eds. Choice Experiments Informing Environmental Policy: A European Perspective Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008.
This innovative book is a compilation of state-of-the-art choice experiment studies undertaken in several European Union (EU) countries, including Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom. The case studies presented concern a variety of environmental, agricultural and natural resource issues – such as the management of water resources, forests and agricultural landscapes; conservation of biodiversity and cultural heritage; noise pollution reduction and food labeling.The book highlights how the choice experiment method can be employed to inform efficient and effective design and implementation of various EU level agricultural and environmental policies and directives, such as the Common Agricultural Policy, Water Framework Directive, Forestry Strategy, Habitats Directive and food labeling systems. This book will be of great interest to researchers working in the fields of environmental, natural resource and agricultural economics. Academics and graduate students worldwide, as well as applied economists working in international and national organizations, would benefit from the cutting edge choice experiment applications presented in this book. International and national policy makers will also benefit from the information on the use and usefulness of the choice experiment method in informing efficient and effective environmental, agricultural and natural resource management policy making.
Koundouri, Phoebe and Karousakis, Katia and Assymakopoulos, Dionysis and Jeffrey, Paul and Lange, Manfred eds. Water Management in Arid and Semi-Aid Regions: Interdisciplinary Perspectives Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006.
Water deficiency in many arid and semi-arid regions in Southern Europe is becoming a major constraint for economic welfare and sustainable regional development. These regions are characterised by high spatial and temporal imbalances of water demand and supply, seasonal water uses, inadequate water resources and poor institutional water management.
The aim of this book is to formulate appropriate strategies and guidelines for water management necessary for the formulation and implementation of integrated sustainable management of water resources. Lessons are learned from various case studies, which examine competing water use patterns, compare governance structures and how these have evolved in response to scarcity, and structural and non-structural instruments to address water deficiency.
Water Management in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions will appeal to policymakers in relevant countries as well as to scholars and researchers of environmental studies and economics.
Koundouri, Phoebe ed. Econometrics Informing Natural Resources Management: Selected Empirical Analyses Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005.
This fascinating book outlines the fundamental principles and difficulties that characterise the challenging task of using econometrics to inform natural resource management policies, and illustrates them through a number of case studies from all over the world.
The book offers a comprehensive overview of the broader picture of the state-of-the-art in econometrics as applied to environmental and natural resource management. It includes a wide range of econometric techniques that can be used to inform natural resource management, while keeping a balance between methods and applications. Case studies have been carefully chosen to be of major concern in the arena of environmental policy, mainly in Europe (both EU member states and assessing countries), but also in the US and some developing countries.
Econometrics Informing Natural Resources Management will be welcomed by academics and researchers interested in the areas of natural resource economics and econometrics, and also applied econometrics.
Koundouri, Phoebe and Pashardes, Panos and Swanson, Timothy and Xepapadeas, Anastasios eds. The Economics of Water Management in Developing Countries: Problems, Principles and Policies Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003.
The increasing scarcity of water resources (in terms of quantity and quality) is one of the most pervasive natural resource allocation issues facing development planners throughout the world. This problem is especially prevalent in less developed countries where the management of this valuable resource has become a critical policy concern. This authoritative new volume outlines the fundamental principles and difficulties that characterise this challenging task.
The authors begin by detailing the significant problems of water management which are specific to developing countries. In particular, they highlight the political economy of water management in the context of both pricing and institutional reform. Five case studies from a variety of developing countries extend these themes and examine other important issues such as water markets, irrigation and the measurement of groundwater scarcity. Finally, using Cyprus as an example, the authors demonstrate the manner in which improved water management policies can be implemented in a developing country. This final part serves to illustrate the policy solutions to the problems laid out in earlier chapters.
Government agencies, private consulting firms and NGOs working in the fields of water resource allocation and economic development will find this volume to be an enlightening read. Academics, practitioners and those who wish to be better informed about the role and value of water management in developing countries will also find this to be an invaluable source of reference.
Andrews M., Evans A., Meen G., and Koundouri, P., 2003. Residential Stamp Duty: Time for a Change, CML Research Publications
In this report, we are concerned with the impact of the current system of residential stamp duty. Not only does stamp duty have an effect on the housing market, but it also discriminates between both different parts of the country and different household types. Because of the inefficiencies and inequalities of stamp duty the report also explores alternatives to the current system. We demonstrate that even modest reforms can generate significant improvements.
Koundouri, P. (2000). Three approaches to measuring natural resource scarcity : theory and application to groundwater (Doctoral Thesis, University Of Cambridge, Department Of Economics, Faculty Of Economics And Politics).
Summary Efficient pricing of a resource incorporates both marginal cost of extraction and scarcity rents. Since groundwater resources exhibit natural supply constraints, scarcity rents must be imposed on current users. Given the difficulty of establishing clear groundwater ownership rights, scarcity value frequently goes unrecognized and is difficult to estimate. This results in inefficient pricing and misallocation of the resource. This thesis builds on three different methods to develop appropriate theoretical and empirical models relevant for indirect estimation of these shadow scarcity rents, which we consider as the initial and most challenging step towards efficient groundwater management. Empirical analyses are based on economic and hydrological data from t he island of Cyprus, representative of semi-arid regions. Chapter 2 critically assesses previous theoretical and empirical attempts to derive the increase in social benefits from efficient pricing of groundwater and examines the potential for groundwater management. This potential is seriously challenged by Gisser-Sanchez's Effect (GSI): i.e. net benefits from optimally managing groundwater are insignificant for all practical purposes. Chapter 3 attempts a reexamination of GSI by developing a dynamic model of adaptation to increasing groundwater scarcity, when backstop technology is available. Both groundwater scarcity rents and management benefits are derived by simulating the optimal and competitive-commonality solutions. Results point to the absence of GSI in aquifers facing complete exhaustion in the near future. Chapter 4 proposes a refinement of revealed preference methods of valuation, by combining the hedonic and travel cost methods, and applies the refined model to derive the willingness to pay for groundwater quality. It is claimed t hat hedonic valuation of quality attributes can be misleading when the exogeneity assumption, with respect to these attributes, to sample selection is violated. Hence, the simultaneity between hedonic valuation and sample selection is modelled in the context of producer behaviour and investigated empirically in the case of land demanded for use as an input either in agricultural production or touristic development. The empirical analysis suggests that failing to correct for sample selection results in a biased valuation of groundwater quality. In chapter 5 duality theory is employed to develop the distance function methodology of deriving shadow groundwater scarcity rents. The empirical application of the model involves estimating a stochastic input distance function from which the in situ shadow price of groundwater is derived. Chapter 6 concludes the thesis by comparing and contrasting the magnitude of groundwater scarcity rents and willingness to pay for scarce groundwater quality, derived from the models put forward in this research.
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The Way We Watch: 2020's Streaming Landscape
ARTICLE BY Clare Arndell
The broadcast streaming landscape is a dynamic environment. How has the explosion of rival streaming services affected the TV audience landscape? Here's what you need to know.
The Impact on audiences – based on Ofcom's Media Nations Report 2019
Across all age groups, the number of minutes of live TV being watched has dropped in the last few years, whilst minutes of YouTube and SVOD have increased.
But, despite this change, broadcast TV still dwarfs other video channels in terms of number of minutes watched per day: 163 minutes of live TV a day compared to 34 minutes of YouTube or 26 minutes of SVOD.
So live TV remains the dominant video platform that people choose to spend their time watching.
However, when we look at specific age groups, The Media Nations Report also shows that older people's viewing remains relatively stable (65+), but younger people are watching significantly less broadcast.
The four and a half hours of total video content watched by 16-34s includes three main components: Live TV (83 mins); YouTube (64 mins) and SVoD (52 mins). For the youngest adults (aged 16-24), the most-watched platform is YouTube (73 mins).
Viewers are broadly satisfied with the quality of broadcast TV, but increasingly see video on demand as the main way to watch TV and film.
The fall in broadcast viewing does not appear to be caused by negative sentiment towards broadcast TV.
More than half of adults feel the quality of broadcast TV programmes has remained the same over the past year, and a further 21% think it has improved.
But 42% of adults consider online video services to be their main way of watching TV and film, and 38% of SVoD users can imagine not watching broadcast TV at all in five years' time.
YouTube is a major part of total video viewing and total online time.
Twelve per cent of all time spent watching video, and 13% of all time spent online by adults, is spent on YouTube.
Young adults (16-34s) spend over an hour on YouTube per day, and almost all adult internet users watch YouTube videos.
Whereas most viewing of SVoD is on television sets, a smartphone is the most commonly used device for watching YouTube.
There are considerably more SVoD subscriptions than pay-TV subscriptions. Subscriptions to traditional pay-TV services (such as Sky, Virgin Media, BT and TalkTalk) totalled 14.3 million in Q1 2019, whereas the total number of subscriptions to Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, NOW TV reached 19.1 million (up from 15.4 million in Q1 2018). This is in part because many households take more than one SVoD subscription.
Implications for Advertisers
As a result of the above, there are several implications for advertisers:
The severity of the impact of subscription services will depend on the age of the audience you are targeting:
For older audiences, linear TV is still an effective way of achieving high levels of reach. Moving forward, as younger cohorts become the older audience and are heavier users of streaming platforms, we may need to supplement live TV with other video platforms (using content possibly based around interests).
For younger audiences, linear TV is becoming progressively more ineffective at reaching them, but YouTube and broadcaster VoD can be effective ways of delivering reach.
And whilst the impact of VoD can be hard to attribute (as it is more of an awareness tool), YouTube now has more DR formats which means it can be used for both awareness and direct response.
On video-sharing platforms, the traditional TV ad is being replaced with shorter form ads and ad-funded content so the creative on these platforms needs to be appropriate.
At the same time, however, addressable TV enables advertisers to be more precise in who their TV ads are shown too, so even if fewer people in your target audience are watching linear TV, you can ensure that only people in that target audience see your ads. Whilst this comes at a premium, it is counter-balanced by the reduction in wastage.
And furthermore, it is possible to target viewers who are watching ad-free services with display advertising on connected devices tethered to the same IP address as the smart TV.
And finally, as digital out of home becomes more sophisticated in its targeting and cinema continues to be a key channel for younger audiences, we are likely to see at some point in the future, traditional TV budgets being diverted from linear TV into these alternative broadcast channels.


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Carteret police officers honored for life-saving response to apartment fire
Nine Carteret police officers have been awarded the Detective Joseph Seals Valor Award as part of the 2021 Excellence in Policing Awards virtual ceremony, for their life-saving response to the July 2021 fire at the Bristol Station Apartment Building.
The award was announced by acting New Jersey Attorney General Andrew J. Bruck, who said the award honors law enforcement officers who demonstrate an act of extraordinary bravery or heroism in the line of duty.
"Our officers selflessly ran into the burning building without thinking twice to save the endangered residents," said Carteret Police Chief Dennis McFadden. "Without their brave actions, we may have been looking at a mass casualty situation, but thankfully all occupants exited quickly and safely without injuries."
The nine officers – Detective Lt. John Kelly, Detectives Louis Maldonado, Raul Martinez, Anthony Ramos, Eric Guzman, Justin Craig, and Officers Michael Kelly, Javier Borrero, and Derrick Clavijo – responded to a fire call at Bristol Station Apartment Building 4 on July 11, 2021.
When they arrived at the building, all nine officers ran inside and evacuated the residents without knowing the extent of the fire. They then evacuated residents from Building 6 and assisted firefighters in their efforts.
READ:Carteret's Bristol Station apartment building destroyed in massive blaze
The responding officers were led by Detective Lt. John Kelly, a 12-year veteran of the force, who recounted the day in a video accepting the award on behalf of his team.
"It's an honor to be a lieutenant in that situation and being able to tell a group of guys that this is what we have to do, and no one second guessed it. Everyone went in and worked as a team. It's those guys – the guys that do the work that make us as supervisors proud. We don't go out and do it seeking awards or for everyone to say thank you. We just go and do it because it's a job and we love to do it, so it's a great honor to receive an award like this," Kelly said.
The award is named for Detective Joseph Seals, a 13-year Jersey City Police Department veteran who lost his life in the line of duty in December of 2019 following a gunfight that started in a Jersey City cemetery.
Following the fire, Mayor Dan Reiman, the Carteret Office of Emergency Management and the local community acted quickly to raise money, collect donated personal effects, and helped relocate the affected residents.
"It's times like these that the heroic nature of our first responders and the generosity of our community are highlighted, said Reiman. "Thankfully the residents affected by the fire are all safe and back on their feet thanks to all who assisted that day and the weeks and months that followed."


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"Bar Rescue" Star Opens New Restaurant in Watertown's Arsenal Yards
Fransmart > Taffer's Tavern
Taffer's Tavern | September 8th, 2022
Crowds gathered at Arsenal Yards, onlookers held up cell phones, and people lined up to shake the hand of a celebrity on Thursday when Watertown got a taste of Hollywood.
Jon Taffer, the start of Bar Rescue, stopped by Thursday morning for the grand opening of his new restaurant at Arsenal Yards — Taffer's Tavern.
The Watertown location is the first in the Boston area, and the third one in the group. Taffer said that he was excited to be part of a booming area.
"When we started Taffer's Tavern … this is my brand, it's like inviting you to my home and I had to create a concept that created that feeling, but where do you put something that has your name on it?" Taffer said. "Finding a location in the right marketplace, a market of respect, a market that is up and coming, around developers who are first class with contractors who are first class in a community that is first class. We were excited about this location from the first second we saw it."
The vision for Taffer's Tavern is a place where people can feel comfortable, and enjoy good food and drinks — a place with soul. The idea surfaced a few years back, and has taken a few years to become a reality, said Peter Weber, co-franchise owner for the Watertown location of Taffer's with his partner Marc Magerman.
"We met Jon right before the pandemic started. He was developing this concept he had," Weber said. "He had this idea that he was going to change the casual dining sector. It was a tired sector: tired food menus, tired drinks, tired atmosphere. Given what he does for a living he liked the idea of an upscale tavern to meet that need."
Charlie Breitrose At the opening of his restaurant, Jon Taffer spoke with Watertown City Councilor Nicole Gardner, left, Council President Mark Sideris, center, and Councilor Caroline Bays. Council Vice President Vincent Piccirilli, far left, also attended the event.
The restaurant had a soft opening at the end of August, and now is officially open for business. At the grand opening, servers offered a taste of what's on the menu, such as roast boneless pork belly, fish and chips (minus the chips), and flatbread with mushrooms. Guest also enjoyed variety of cocktails in a rainbow of colors, and flutes of prosecco.
Not only did the location in Arsenal Yards appeal to Taffer and his partners, but Taffer has a personal connection through Jason Santos, the owner of Buttermilk & Bourbon, also located in the complex.
"He being there played a large part in it because he spoke of his experiences here," Taffer said. "Jason does my TV show — he is on Bar Rescue with me quite often. We're very dear friends. He'll come here and eat and I'll go to his place and eat, so it is great to have a neighbor who is a friend like that."
When searching for a location for Taffer's project, Weber and Magerman were shown some other locations, but saw the potential at Arsenal Yards right away.
"Most of these restaurants were not here then, but all of the sudden our lightbulbs went off. This is exactly what we want," Weber said. " You can see it today. It's a community. People live here — there are beautiful apartments. People shop here — there are beautiful shops. People eat here —there are all kinds of food concepts."
Charlie Breitrose Jon Taffer speaks with members of the Watertown Police Department before the grand opening of his restaurant, Taffer's Tavern, at Arsenal Yards.
Watertown has become a place to be, too, Weber said.
"I didn't know it at the time, but Watertown is transforming," Weber said. "It's like Cambridge was like 30 years ago. It's cool, with all the biotech moving out here, the young folks wanting to have jobs here and getting apartments here."
Taffer added that he wants the restaurant to become ingrained in Watertown.
"So, events that we can be supportive of — we're there. Community efforts, we'll be a part of those," Taffer said. "So, let us be a part of this community because we are excited to be here."
Article from Watertown News
Categories:Taffer's Tavern
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2010 AD100: Shelton, Mindel
By architecturaldigest.com
That their designs appear seamless, effortless—even inevitable—is both the intention of architects Peter L. Shelton (left) and Lee F. Mindel and the deception. Every detail of their work—from the floor plan and the materials to the lighting, the furnishings and the artwork—has been carefully analyzed. "We like to think and not style," Mindel says of the pair's intellectual approach. "But it should look as if you can't imagine it any other way." Perhaps best known for creating sleek Manhattan apartments that reflect their Modernist influences—Louis Kahn, Le Corbusier, Poul Kjaerholm, Arne Jacobsen—Shelton and Mindel, who head a 14-person firm they established in 1978, have also designed more traditional spaces and in a range of settings across the country and around the world.
What inspires them is not the Modernist aesthetic itself but its impetus to experiment and break down barriers. "We like the idea of space being not so assignable to function, but assigning it as you see fit," says Mindel. "You don't have to live the way the Cleavers lived." Regardless of the setting, the team, whose new ventures include a streamlined sink fitting for Waterworks and furniture collections for Knoll, believe resolutely in the maxim that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. It is preferable, Shelton remarks, that visitors to their residences, rather than noting a chair or a cabinet, say, "Weren't you moved by that space?'
Shelton, Mindel
Explore2010ad100


text:
April 1983 Archives
April 30, 1983 - Providence, Rhode Island, USA - Brown University
April 29, 1983 - Delhi, New York, USA - State University Of New York
April 28, 1983 - Rochester, New York, USA - Rochester Institute Of Technology Ice Rink
April 27, 1983 - Auburn, New York, USA - Cayuga County Communty College Gym
April 25, 1983 - College Park, Maryland, USA - Ritchie Stadium
April 24, 1983 - Norfolk, Virginia, USA - Chrysler Hall
April 23, 1983 - Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA - Kenan Stadium
April 3, 1983 - Bourges, France - Festival De Printemps
« March 1983 | Main Index | Archives | May 1983 »
This page is an archive of entries from April 1983 listed from newest to oldest.
March 1983 is the previous archive.
May 1983 is the next archive.
"The thing that's most oppressive in our era is celebrity. And that's why people want to burn my house down. I think I understand that." - Bono, 2000


text:
Home News H.H. Sheikh Mohammed, H.H. Sheikh Mohamed receive Rulers of Emirates on Eid Al Fitr
NewsUAE
H.H. Sheikh Mohammed, H.H. Sheikh Mohamed receive Rulers of Emirates on Eid Al Fitr
Twitter @DXBMediaOffice
Their Highnesses the Supreme Council Members and the Rulers of the Emirates, and the Crown Princes and Deputy Rulers, extended their greetings to President His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan on the occasion of Eid Al Fitr, wishing him good health and happiness to continue the path of giving, progress and development for the benefit of the country.
The greeting came during a reception hosted Monday by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, and His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces, to Their Highnesses the Supreme Council Members and the Rulers of the Emirates, and Their Highnesses the Crown Princes and Deputy Rulers, at Al Mushrif Palace in Abu Dhabi.
.@HHShkMohd and @MohamedBinZayed receive Rulers of the #UAE, Crown Princes, and Deputy Rulers, on the occasion of Eid Al Fitr in Abu Dhabi. pic.twitter.com/dwvnbAFXoi
— Dubai Media Office (@DXBMediaOffice) May 2, 2022
Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid and Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed received H.H. Dr. Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi, Supreme Council Member and Ruler of Sharjah, H.H. Sheikh Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi, Supreme Council Member and Ruler of Fujairah, H.H. Sheikh Saud bin Rashid Al Mu'alla, Supreme Council Member and Ruler of Umm Al Qaiwain, and H.H. Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi, Supreme Council Member and Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah.
pic.twitter.com/8VPzQGupGh
They also received, in the presence of H.H. Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai, H.H. Sheikh Sultan bin Mohammed bin Sultan Al Qasimi, Crown Prince and Deputy Ruler of Sharjah, H.H. Sheikh Sultan bin Ahmed bin Sultan Al Qasimi, Deputy Ruler of Sharjah, H.H. Sheikh Ammar bin Humaid Al Nuaimi, Crown Prince of Ajman, H.H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi, Crown Prince of Fujairah, H.H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi, Crown Prince of Ras Al Khaimah; along with a number of Sheikhs and senior officials.
pic.twitter.com/btuLTR019f
UAE leaders receive greetings on Eid Al Fitr
Mohamed bin Zayed performs Eid Al Fitr prayer


text:
Meaning of "respecting" in "no law respecting an establishment of religion"
I don't understand the part marked in bold.
Congress shall make no law prohibiting the free exercise of religion. So congress should not make a law which prohibits the freedom of religion. I get it.
But Congress shall make a law which respects an establishment of religion. Doesn't "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" mean congress should not make a law that respects religion because there's "no" in it??
sentence-meaning
dbwlsld
Posted 2018-03-06T14:35:24.433
Reputation: 3 079
51Even native speakers have trouble interpreting the language used in the constitution. The early sections are especially problematic because the usage and meaning of words is different than today. – JimmyJames – 2018-03-06T19:14:22.667
14I'm surprised to see JimmyJames' comment get upvoted so much. I don't think native speakers really have that much trouble interpreting the language, and most of the usage and meaning has not changed that much. (There are some changes, of course.) The problems with interpretation, IMO, come from people's politics, not their language. – stangdon – 2018-03-08T12:25:32.097
@stangdon You make an important point - "respecting an establishment of sth" isn't text you're likely to read these days, unless what you're reading is purposefully following the same pattern as the 1st Amendment. However, the meaning of the individual words aren't difficult to understand. Compare them to middle English texts like "Rekenly of þe Rounde Table alle þo rich breþer, / With rych reuel ory3t and rechles merþes." and it becomes more clear that fluent speakers understand the words, it's the intent behind them that is the problem.
– ColleenV – 2018-03-08T22:25:39.317
1@ColleenV I think that's why JimmyJames' comment says "...interpreting the language...". With your Middle English example it might as well be Klingon: you can't understand the very words (I can't at least, but granted, I'm not native), so you can't really read it (I'm not sure I'd even know which phonemes to use). I think Jimmy meant that, even tough you can understand each word individually, you can't understand the meaning of the sentence. As a matter of fact, I do understand the constitution, maybe because I'm familiar with legal texts. – xDaizu – 2018-03-09T13:06:46.223
@xDaizu I think we can understand the sentence pretty well, just not all of the implications of it in context. The meaning and usage of the words hasn't changed so much as to make them unintelligible. The problem is we get too tangled up in the politics to look at the literal meaning and be content. This is an English site, so we really do need to try to stay focused on the language as much as we can. – ColleenV – 2018-03-09T13:10:56.913
The confusing term seems to be "respecting". This is a somewhat different meaning of "respect", that is still in common use:
respecting (prep):
in view of : considering
with respect to : concerning
The first amendment states that Congress shall pass no law related to (or with regard to) the establishment of a (state) religion. This has been interpreted by the courts to have many consequent effects, mainly that no governing body in the country can write law supporting any one religion over another religion. More information
The term "respecting" is mostly limited to legal documents, or formal essays/articles. Examples:
Respecting the salaries of the governors of states, the constitution made no provision.
The speculations of the fathers respecting the origin and course of the world seek to combine Christian ideas of the Deity with doctrines of Greek philosophy.
Authentic information respecting the great valley of the Ganges was supplied by Megasthenes, an ambassador sent by Seleucus, who reached the remote city of Patali-putra, the modern Patna.
"Respecting" can be used to mean "having/showing respect for", but most commonly in the related term "self-respecting"
No self-respecting gentleman would go outside on a sunny English day without an umbrella.
In most cases, if you want to say "having respect for" use that, the verb "to respect", or the adjective "respectful (of)".
He was respectful of her concerns, and did not press her for an immediate decision.
Nor did the clergy much respect the official standards of the Church.
They had little respect for tradition, flaunting contemporary standards to produce art intended to shock the viewer.
(Edit) There is also the related term "respective":
respective (adj): belonging or relating to each one of the people or things that have been mentioned, not the same or shared : separate
This is commonly used to talk about things that are similar but separately related to some other similar set of things:
As the sun set, each of the children hurried to their respective homes.
The chronic controversies between the courts of common law and the Admiralty Court as to the limits of their respective jurisdictions reached an acute stage.
As Flater's comment mentions, the term "irrespective (of)" implies the opposite of "respecting": not taking (something) into account; regardless of.
Irrespective of their political differences, the candidates agreed that the economy was the most important issue facing the country.
Reputation: 85 521
The most common way you can still see "to respect" (meaning "to regard" like in the First Amendment) used is in irrespective (of), essentially meaning "unrelated (to)".
– Flater – 2018-03-06T15:52:17.737
3irrespective is not great. Regardless of is better. – Lambie – 2018-03-06T16:39:24.277
35"with respect to" is a common contemporary alternative that may be clearer to a modern audience. – Lightness Races in Orbit – 2018-03-06T17:53:59.957
3"related to" is too weak. A law "Respecting" or "concerning" something means that that is (part of) the subject or contents of the law. "Respecting" is somewhat weaker than "containing"; but stronger than "related" (a law which is about something else could still be "related" to te establishment of religion, e.g. by mentioning it as an example).. – Peter - Reinstate Monica – 2018-03-07T12:52:14.117
@PeterA.Schneider I thought about that, but it seems to me that the term "respecting" is vague, and open to various interpretations. It was up to the Supreme Court to codify these interpretations into law, through a number of significant court decisions. However, a discussion of the actual application of the First Amendment is beyond the scope of this question (although I did edit my answer to address your concerns) – Andrew – 2018-03-07T16:12:58.573
A great explanation. You have a typos. "It" most cases. @Andrew – Bavyan Yaldo – 2018-03-08T01:19:55.950
Note: as a native spanish, this meaning of "respect" (as in "respecting" or "in respect to") has always come very natural to me, since it sounds so similar to "respecto" (not sure if there's a connection). I didn't even know this meaning was somehow obscure for native speakers in favor of the other meaning (to show respect), wich would be "respeto" (no c!) in spanish. Both words seem connected by the concept of "consideration", which both meanings allude to
– xDaizu – 2018-03-09T13:13:27.213
1@xDaizu Both are originally from Latin, English via Old French. – Andrew – 2018-03-09T15:34:50.120
The bolded phrase in your question is expressed in an archaic negative - it is saying that Congress is prohibited from making any laws that promote an Established Religion (which is a phrase commonly used to mean the same thing as "an official church"). If the Constitution were first being written today, it might have been written as "Congress shall not make a law declaring or supporting the declaration of an official church".
Jeff Zeitlin
15It's also useful to know that this particular part of the First Amendment is often referred to as the Establishment Clause. This is enough of a standard phrase that you'll often see it used in newspaper articles without any further explanation. – Canadian Yankee – 2018-03-06T15:20:50.890
Upvoted. Contrary to the other answers the key word is "establishment" not "respecting". See https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_Clause
– user20637 – 2018-03-06T20:45:04.583
2That wording has several problems, such as having to interpret how the "or" distributes, and the multiple meanings of "declaration". – Acccumulation – 2018-03-06T21:57:38.223
6I would add to the answer that the Church of England was (and still is) established in England because it's the state's church. Americans didn't want that kind of state church. – Pere – 2018-03-06T22:45:20.190
9@user20637 The key word of the Amendment may well be "establishment", but the key to the asker's problem is the interpretation of "respecting". – David Richerby – 2018-03-07T00:00:45.893
2The phrasing also barred Congress from overriding any State laws that established a church. (The last State with an established church disestablished it in 182x, or so I once read somewhere or other.) That changed with the Fourteenth Amendment. – Anton Sherwood – 2018-03-07T07:23:20.013
@DavidRicherby Yes, I misread the question – user20637 – 2018-03-07T21:03:24.153
1Looking over this, I wonder if this is not what you said I did: making a categorical statement. It seems it is. *I have no problem* with it, unlike what you said about me. However, it also seems wrong to me: to promote an establishment of religion does not mean an "promote an Established Religion", which would mean an already existing religion. It means that Congress shall not set up any religion at all. So, summarizing: you are categorical and mistaken, it would seem...different strokes for different folks? That is merely a question, by the way. – Lambie – 2018-04-21T17:41:28.650
@Lambie - No, you are misreading the term 'Established Religion', which is a 'term of art' that is interpreted as 'official church'. That clause was written into the Constitution as a means to avert conflicts over religion that had been endemic in Europe (look up Cuius regio, eius religio and the Thirty Years' War, as a start). (More...)
– Jeff Zeitlin – 2018-04-22T12:23:00.370
(...more) The newly-formed United States, at the time the Constitution was ratified, had inherited from the colonial period a distinct religious diversity, because many colonist came to escape religious persecution - for example, the Hugenots (who settled in the Hudson Valley) came from Catholic France; Maryland was settled by English Catholics, persecuted because they weren't Church of England; Massachusetts had Puritans and Baptists, among others, who were also persecuted by England for their religion (and Baptists [Anabaptists] were considered heretics elsewhere)...(more...) – Jeff Zeitlin – 2018-04-22T12:29:51.487
(...more)...and in general, allowing the Establishment of Religion inthe United States was recognized as merely importing Europe's wars to the New World. This was to be averted, in favor of freedom of thought and worship; thus, the prohibition. The answer to this question requires an understanding of U.S. history and the culture and language of the time, not just a literal reading of English as used today. – Jeff Zeitlin – 2018-04-22T12:34:36.677
"The precise definition of "establishment" is unclear. *Historically*, it meant prohibiting state-sponsored churches, such as the Church of England."http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/first-amendment-and-religion
– Lambie – 2018-04-22T15:42:54.603
In this case, "respecting" is equivalent to "with respect to" or "concerning":
with/in respect to
In reference or relation to; concerning:
thefreedictionary.com
So this phrase may be understood as
Congress shall make no law concerning an establishment of religion ...
or, more simply,
Congress shall make no law about an establishment of religion ...
In other words, don't make laws about religion, especially those that would promulgate an "official" religion for the country, as some other countries have.
Incidentally, the clause you refer to is called the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment and has been well argued and interpreted by the Supreme Court of the United States since the country was founded. Ultimately, it means what SCOTUS says it means, but at least its meaning does not generate as much heat and partisanship as certain parts of the Second Amendment.
"In other words, don't make laws about religion" No, it is explicitly only about the "establishment of religion." Congress's powers about religion generally come elsewhere. – curiousdannii – 2018-03-08T06:57:47.610
Approximate simplification:
Congress can't make laws about:
religion;
what people can say, write, or publish;
people forming groups or meeting;
people making demands of the government when it's done something wrong.
The First Amendment was written in an older style of English. This English is still valid today, though a native English speaker would likely choose a different wording.
It's worth noting that American law is heavily based in historical documents like the US Constitution. In order to maintain consistency, the English in American laws tends to lean toward older English and classical structuring.
This is sometimes called "legalese":
Legal English is the type of English as used in legal writing. In general, a legal language is a formalized language based on logic rules which differs from the ordinary natural language in vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and semantics, as well as other linguistic features, aimed to achieve consistency, validity, completeness and soundness, while keeping the benefits of a human-like language such as intuitive execution, complete meaning and open upgrade. However, Legal English has been referred to as a "sublanguage", as legal English differs from ordinary English. A specialized use of certain terms and linguistic patterns governs the teaching of legal language. Thus, "we study legal language as a kind of second language, a specialized use of vocabulary, phrases, and syntax that helps us to communicate more easily with each other".
-"Legal English", Wikipedia [links and references omitted]
1Not just American law. This is true of the law of all English speaking countries. Note that "legalese" is odd not only because of archaic usage, but also because it is full of "jargon" (terms of art that are well understood by practitioners but are likely to be misunderstood by outsiders). – Martin Bonner supports Monica – 2018-03-07T12:51:04.043
3Actually, Congress can make laws concerning religions. The Edmunds Act prohibited polygamy, and was squarely aimed at the Church of Latter Day Saints (Mormons, in everyday language). What Congress cannot do is to "establish" any particular church or sect as the official church of the US. In practice, the subject is so ticklish (if you restrict one church, are you not effectively promoting the others?) that religions are largely unregulated, and problems with doctrine are dealt with as individual offenses rather than institutional. But that is not necessarily unchanging. – WhatRoughBeast – 2018-03-07T14:02:42.897
1@WhatRoughBeast I think that you're getting a bit far into politics; the above was meant to be an "approximate simplification" largely because it is a complex issue which can lead even legal scholars into long debates (also, you seemed to focus on the establishment part, skipping over the free-exercise part). For beginning English learners, it'd seem prudent to simplify things to give them the gist of what the text is trying to say. – Nat – 2018-03-07T14:10:42.060
The other answers seem complicated, and I think this can be easy. The first amendment says that the US cannot make a law that says everybody has to have the same religion. It doesn't mean that congress can't make any law having to do with religion, it just means that everyone should be free to practice their beliefs. It was included because the people involved in this discussion were largely English. In England for a very long time there was an official rule that if you were English you had to be Catholic. Then Protestant. Then Catholic. It was all very confusing, so the founders of the US decided that it should be a separate matter, and not for the new government to decide. So they put it into the Constitution.
It's about more than just convenience. Freedom of religion is a fundamental human right. The Bill of Rights (that is, Amendments 1 through 10 of the U.S. Constitution) describes many legal rights and prohibits the government from violating them. Historical details: "Separation of church and state in the United States" (Wikipedia)
– jkdev – 2018-03-08T01:26:02.993
@jkdev I never said anything about convenience. I think fundamental human right can be argued (unless you are stating a certain document has defined it that way). There are many countries where the ruling party defines acceptable religions. And if you look at the history of Henry VIII reign, there were a lot of changes during a very brief time. – Stacy – 2018-03-10T03:03:42.653
another way to phrase this is with a single word: "about".
The phrase quoted in the question is:
"respecting an establishment of religion"
Andrew's answer mentions phrases like:
"with respect to an establishment of religion"
"respective of an establihsment of religion",
An even shorter alternative is:
"about an establishment of religion"
TOOGAM
A lot of the answers here deal with the first part of this, but not much about the 2nd part of the question, so I thought I'd jump in, here:
The first part: Saying "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" means they can't establish an official religion, and that is why it is known as the Establishment Clause. This was addressed pretty well in other posts.
The second part:
Doesn't "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" mean congress should not make a law that respects religion because there's "no" in it??
This seems, to me, to be asking:
Why it is that Congress can allow people to worship at a church at all?
Why it is that religion is even allowed to exist, legally?
Why it is that, if a person is religious, laws were allowed to be written to protect them (from being discriminated against, for example).
In other words, why is religion protected, if Congress can't pass laws "respecting" it (which here, can be read with either definition for "respecting" I give below)?
Well, others did clarify the definition of respecting, that it means "concerning", here - not "in honor or reverence of" - but the key word in the sentence is "establishment", not "respecting", here, because, as I said, you could put either of those definitions in that last sentence and it still makes for a good question. The previous answers given didn't specifically say that "establishment" was the key word - they honed in on "respecting" and mentioned it was the "Establishment Clause", but didn't say anything about the reason why laws that "respect" ("honor" or "concern") religion are legal. And fortunately, regardless of which meaning you use, there's a single answer: Yes, Congress can't establish a religion, but the 14th Amendment says everyone deserves "equal protection under the law", regardless of a religious belief, gender, race, etc. This is what makes Congress have to "respect" (read "honor") a person's religion, and why those laws that do so are legal, and in fact, are just re-affirmations of the 14th Amendment.
And I didn't realize this until I did some more research, but there's actually some controversy as far as how far the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause goes to protect religion, identified in this good, scholarly, and well-researched report from Northwestern University: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1212&context=facultyworkingpapers
In that report, they call attention to the fact that apparently some cases have been decided (incorrectly, they assert) on the difference of how many rights religious people had in 1868 (when the 14th Amendment was passed) vs. those rights of people in other discrimination lawsuits that weren't identified by the court until after 1868, as to who has more credibility to say they were discriminated vs. who has not been. They claim the 14th Amendment protects those in the religious class just as equally as those in a gender or racial one. And they bring up the Blaine Amendment issues, where a state typically has a constitutional amendment in their state constitution that can be read so as to deny funding to private schools based on that school being a religious one, in order to avoid the appearance of the state establishing a religion, which seems to acknowledge that the 1st Amendment has precedence over the 14th when it comes to a possible perception by someone of the government's establishment of a religion. It may help to understand where some of the legal precedents have come from, with respect to why, legally, laws are written to generally uphold (respect/honor) religious practices, so long as they do not mean the government can be perceived as establishing them.
More about the Blaine Amendment: http://education.findlaw.com/curriculum-standards-school-funding/what-is-a-blaine-amendment.html
vapcguy
5While this is a nice answer if the question were about US law, it's not a very good answer to the English question. – ColleenV – 2018-03-06T23:04:11.957
Also: no, Congress does not have to "honor" anyone's religion; that's not what respecting means in the context of the First Amendment. – stangdon – 2018-03-08T12:28:12.743
@ColleenV It's to establish that it's about not "establishing" a religion, because it's not about what the OP thought it would be about: "respecting" it. I was trying to emphasize that no matter how you read "respecting", it doesn't matter. – vapcguy – 2018-03-08T18:43:12.837
@stangdon You misread my post, then. I said that Congress has to honor all religions because of the 14th Amendment, not the 1st. And that's in the sense that they pass & uphold rules, laws, regulations regarding the fact you cannot discriminate on the basis of a religion - in a sense, condoning it while still not establishing a state-sponsored one. – vapcguy – 2018-03-08T18:45:15.967
Asked: 2018-03-06T14:35:24.433
Viewed: 17 486 times
Active: 2018-03-11T00:48:21.130
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@chrisiow is a polyanthus a primula?
Your right it is a primula I think polyanthus have several flowers on a stem.
@chrisiow I had a little look on Google when I asked that - very informative - although I've now forgotten!


Dealing with a family law matter can be a trying and difficult time for anyone. Deciding whether to hire an attorney and which attorney to hire can be stressful in itself. That is why it is important that a Family Law Consultation with an attorney be a productive event for you and the attorney.
If you do not already have one, finding a family law attorney can be a time-consuming and intimidating process. With emotions running high you may not be thinking straight. At a consultation, you and the attorney will discuss a range of issues, some of which may be more important than others.
It is important to know what to expect when you have your family law consultation. By knowing in advance what to expect, you will be able to prepare ahead of time. This way you can have any necessary information at your fingertips during your meeting.
Tell the attorney your story and what your goals are with your case.
For the attorney, in turn, to give you honest advice about his opinion of your chances of obtaining those goals.
A good attorney will be completely honest with you (and sometimes brutally so) about his thoughts on your case.
It is important to remember that a person may sometimes have unrealistic expectations about their case. It is up to the attorney to reign in those expectations in some cases. An attorney does a disservice to a potential client if they blindly agree with their client's position, or promise unrealistic results.
If alimony or child support is an issue, it is useful to know you and your spouse's income level. You should also know your children's dates of birth, if children are in fact involved.
Finally, is the division of assets or debts is an issue, it can be very helpful to give the consulting attorney as much information as possible about all available assets and outstanding debts from the marriage.
The more information you can provide the attorney with an initial consultation, the better he or she can advise you their honest opinion about your case.
It is of paramount importance to not lie or cover up any damaging information during the consultation. Your attorney needs to know all aspects of your case, the good, bad, and ugly.
By meeting with an attorney, even if only for a consultation, you develop a limited attorney-client relationship that includes attorney-client confidentiality. Therefore, you can feel free to be open and honest with the consulting attorney. This is true even there are issues that embarrass or discomfort you.
By providing as much information as possible, you should be able to get a good indication of how your case in your initial consultation. You will get a feeling for the attorney and their style, and if you believe that it will be a good fit.
Family Law matters are emotionally charged, and it is important that you ask questions, and make sure you understand the process. Many times cases are slow in a proceeding and have a good communication and a good working relationship with your attorney is paramount.
The experienced Jacksonville Family Law Attorneys at Harris Guidi Rosner make communication a top priority. Give them a call at 904-777-7777 to set up your free initial consultation. Give us a chance to prove our commitment to helping you through tough times.


Watch Out For The Biggest Elephant In Bangkok!
Thin slices of wagyu (which means Japanese beef) cooked on a hot stone, what is there not to like?
I still remember the first time I heard this phrase: Xin Jia Yu Yi Xin Ni Hua Xai. Huh?! What?!


text:
Pacyfikacja wsi Jamy – masowy mord na ludności cywilnej połączony z podpaleniami i grabieżą mienia, dokonany przez okupantów niemieckich 8 marca 1944 we wsi Jamy pod Ostrowem Lubelskim.

W nocy 7/8 marca 1944 partyzanci Armii Ludowej zaatakowali oddział turkmeńskich kolaborantów, który zatrzymał się na postój w Jamach. W odwecie niemiecka ekspedycja karna przeprowadziła następnego dnia pacyfikację wsi. Z rąk Niemców i ich kolaborantów zginęły wówczas 152 osoby, w tym wiele kobiet i dzieci. Jamy zostały doszczętnie spalone.

Geneza
Leżące nad rzeką Tyśmienica Jamy były przed wojną stosunkowo dużą wsią, liczącą 622 mieszkańców oraz 120 gospodarstw z ok. 220 budynkami. W latach II wojny światowej miejscowa ludność aktywnie współpracowała z ruchem oporu. W tym okresie Jamy doznały także poważnych strat ludzkich i materialnych. Zimą 1941/42 czerwonoarmiści zbiegli z niemieckich obozów jenieckich przywlekli epidemię tyfusu plamistego, która spowodowała śmierć wielu mieszkańców. W wyniku napadu dokonanego przez niezidentyfikowaną bandę nocą 28/29 kwietnia 1943 zginęło pięć osób, a kilkanaście rodzin straciło dach nad głową. Wreszcie 19 czerwca 1943 Niemcy aresztowali w Jamach 29 mężczyzn w wieku od 18 do 45 lat, których osadzili następnie w obozie koncentracyjnym na Majdanku. Największą tragedią, która dotknęła wieś, była jednak niemiecka pacyfikacja w dniu 8 marca 1944.

Bezpośredniej przyczyny pacyfikacji należy szukać w wydarzeniach, które rozegrały się w Jamach dzień wcześniej. Wieczorem 7 marca do wsi przybył kilkudziesięcioosobowy oddział złożony z byłych żołnierzy sowieckich na służbie niemieckiej. W polskich źródłach owych kolaborantów określano mianem "Kałmuków" lub "Mongołów". Z zachowanych niemieckich dokumentów wynika natomiast, że należeli oni do 0498 jednostki Turkmenów. Prawdopodobnie żołnierze byli w Jamach tylko przejazdem. Część polskich źródeł sugeruje, iż mogli stanowić straż przednią ekspedycji karnej, której zadaniem było przeprowadzenie operacji przeciwpartyzanckiej w pobliskich Lasach Parczewskich.

Po przybyciu do wsi żołnierze wezwali sołtysa Wiktora Szkuata i polecili mu wyznaczyć furmanów, którzy następnego dnia mieli ich zawieźć w bliżej nieokreślonym kierunku. Zażądali ponadto alkoholu i kolacji, którą miały przygotować wyznaczone przez sołtysa kobiety. Szkuat wskazał przybyszom pięć dużych gospodarstw, w których zatrzymali się na nocleg. Po zmroku żołnierze rozkazali mieszkańcom Jam, aby zamknęli się na noc w domach i nie palili żadnych świateł. Na temat dalszego przebiegu wydarzeń istnieją sprzeczne relacje. Część świadków twierdziła, że pod wpływem alkoholu Turkmeni zaczęli zachowywać się w sposób agresywny i prowokacyjny, a nawet przystąpili do napastowania kobiet, które usługiwały im przy kolacji. Z tego powodu zdesperowana ludność miała jakoby zwrócić się o pomoc do polskich partyzantów. Znane są jednak także inne świadectwa, wskazujące, że żołnierze odnosili się do mieszkańców w sposób poprawny.

Tymczasem wieść o przybyciu Turkmenów szybko dotarła do partyzantów Armii Ludowej, którzy kwaterowali w pobliskiej Babiance. Dowódca Obwodu Lubelskiego AL Mieczysław Moczar ps. "Mietek" podjął decyzję o przeprowadzeniu wypadu na Jamy. Nie udało się ustalić, czy była to jego własna inicjatywa, czy też o przeprowadzeniu akcji zadecydowały rzekome prośby mieszkańców wsi. Atak poprzedziło rozpoznanie przeprowadzone w Jamach przez dwóch zwiadowców, z których jeden – Mikołaj Meluch ps. "Kolka" – był mieszkańcem wsi. Starcie rozpoczęło się 7 marca około godz. 23:00. Partyzanci zamierzali uderzyć jednocześnie na wszystkie pięć gospodarstw zajętych przez Turkmenów, czego nie udało się jednak wykonać z powodu czujności nieprzyjaciela. Utrata elementu zaskoczenia pozwoliła części Turkmenów wymknąć się z pułapki. Niemniej polski atak został uwieńczony powodzeniem. Za cenę jednego poległego partyzanci zabili bowiem około 7–8 nieprzyjaciół, a kilku innych zranili. Ponadto 9 lub 10 Turkmenów wzięto do niewoli, a następnie rozstrzelano.

Przebieg pacyfikacji
Turkmeni, którzy przeżyli atak partyzantów, powrócili nad ranem do wsi i rozkazali sołtysowi wyznaczyć 12 furmanów, którzy mieli odwieźć ich rannych kolegów do Ostrowa Lubelskiego. Niedługo po wyruszeniu w drogę żołnierze polecili furmanom skręcić w kierunku przystanku kolejowego w Brzeźnicy Bychawskiej. W lesie przed linią kolejową kolumna napotkała na jeden z pododdziałów niemieckiej ekspedycji karnej, który zmierzał w kierunku Jam. Furmanom polecono zejść z wozów i ustąpić miejsca nowo przybyłym żołnierzom. Jeden z Turkmenów rozkazał Bronisławowi Mycce uciekać, po czym oddał do niego śmiertelne strzały. Pozostałych Polaków odprowadzono z powrotem do Jam. Na skraju wsi, nieopodal gospodarstwa Grzegorza Chocyka, żołnierze rozkazali furmanom uciekać, po czym otworzyli do biegnących ogień z broni maszynowej. Egzekucję przeżył jedynie Jan Jarmoń.

Tymczasem Jamy otoczyła niemiecka ekspedycja karna, licząca według niektórych źródeł nawet do tysiąca żołnierzy. Akcją pacyfikacyjną kierowali prawdopodobnie niemieccy oficerowie przysłani z Siedlec. W skład podległych im oddziałów wchodzili funkcjonariusze SS i żandarmerii oraz wschodni kolaboranci. Wśród tych ostatnich znajdowało się nawet do 400 Turkmenów, w tym żołnierze tej samej jednostki nr 0498, którą poprzedniego dnia zaatakowali partyzanci. Józef Fajkowski i Jan Religa twierdzili ponadto, że w pacyfikacji uczestniczyli bliżej niezidentyfikowani "ukraińscy nacjonaliści". Mieszkańcy Jam spodziewali się niemieckiego odwetu, stąd po zakończeniu nocnej potyczki wielu z nich uciekło do sąsiednich miejscowości. Rankiem wokół wsi zamknął się jednak niemiecki kordon, na skutek czego część niedoszłych uciekinierów została zmuszona do zawrócenia. Ponadto wielu mieszkańców postanowiło pozostać w Jamach, gdyż nie chcieli pozostawiać dobytku bez opieki lub liczyli, że okupanci nie będą mścić się na kobietach, dzieciach i starcach.

Niemiecki atak nastąpił około godziny 11:00, a sygnałem do jego rozpoczęcia był dźwięk trąbki lub – jak twierdził Bolesław Kapitan – wystrzelenie rakiety sygnalizacyjnej. Napastnicy, posuwając się tyralierą od strony Ostrowa, systematycznie wypędzali mieszkańców z budynków, które następnie doszczętnie ograbiano i podpalano. Ludność mordowano bez względu na wiek i płeć. Świadkowie wspominali, że żołnierze zamknęli grupę Polaków w jednej z obór, którą następnie podpalili. Inną grupę, liczącą około 30 osób, spędzono w jedno miejsce i rozstrzelano ogniem broni maszynowej. W czteroklasowej szkole powszechnej spalono żywcem nauczycielkę Adelę Sieradczuk. W czasie pacyfikacji dochodziło do aktów wyjątkowego bestialstwa – zakłuwania bezbronnych bagnetami, wrzucania dzieci do płonących budynków. Kobiety i dziewczęta były przed śmiercią gwałcone. Miały jednak również miejsce przypadki, gdy żołnierze w tajemnicy przed swoimi kolegami i przełożonymi oszczędzali niedoszłe ofiary, w szczególności dzieci. Masakra trwała mniej więcej do godziny 15:00. Po jej zakończeniu niemieckie oddziały odeszły w kierunku Tyśmienicy.

W wyniku pacyfikacji wieś została niemal doszczętnie zniszczona. Ocalał tylko jeden dom mieszkalny, trzy spichlerze oraz jedna stodoła. Przez długi czas występowały natomiast trudności z ustaleniem dokładnej liczby zamordowanych. W publikacjach wydanych w okresie PRL podawano szacunki wahające się w przedziale od 147 do prawie 200. Na pomniku wzniesionym po wojnie w Jamach widniała przez wiele lat liczba 186 zamordowanych. Z kolei w 1976 roku komenda MO w Ostrowie Lubelskim, działając na potrzeby śledztwa prowadzonego przez Okręgową Komisję Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Lublinie, sporządziła listę ofiar pacyfikacji Jam, na której widniały nazwiska 183 osób. Liczba ta okazała się jednak zawyżona, gdyż ujęto w niej również mieszkańców wsi, którzy zginęli w innym miejscu i czasie. Dopiero w 1992 roku badania prowadzone przez komisję pod przewodnictwem Eugeniusza Niechody pozwoliły ustalić, że 8 marca 1944 zamordowano w Jamach 152 osoby. W gronie ofiar znalazło się 95 kobiet i 57 mężczyzn, w tym 31 dzieci w wieku do lat 10. Najmłodszą ofiarą pacyfikacji była sześciomiesięczna Janina Szkuat, najstarszą – osiemdziesięciotrzyletnia Marcela Szkuat. Obok rodowitych mieszkańców wsi zginęło także kilka osób z rodziny Witkowskich, wysiedleńców z ziem wcielonych do Rzeszy.

Epilog
Niemcy prawdopodobnie planowali spacyfikować również sąsiednią Babiankę, lecz odwiodła ich od tego właścicielka tamtejszego majątku ziemskiego, Elżbieta Łącka. Dzięki jej wysiłkom udało się także uniemożliwić Niemcom wykrycie mieszkańców Jam przebywających w tym czasie w Babiance. Zgrupowanie AL dowodzone przez Mieczysława Moczara zdołało wymknąć się niemieckiej obławie.

Pogorzelcom, którzy przeżyli pacyfikację, schronienia udzielili mieszkańcy Ostrowa i sąsiednich miejscowości. W akcji pomocowej udział wzięła również dziedziczka Łącka z Babianki. Rannych umieszczono w szpitalu w Lubartowie.

9 marca do spalonej wsi udała się grupa mężczyzn z Ostrowa. Był wśród nich Marian Kotowski – członek BCh, w cywilu fotograf – który zdołał potajemnie wykonać kilka zdjęć (znajdują się one obecnie w archiwum IPN). Mężczyźni zebrali ciała zamordowanych i przewieźli na ostrowski cmentarz parafialny, gdzie spoczęły we wspólnej mogile.

Upamiętnienie
Uchwałą Prezydium Krajowej Rady Narodowej z 19 sierpnia 1946 roku Jamy zostały odznaczone Krzyżem Grunwaldu III klasy.

Na zbiorowej mogile na cmentarzu w Ostrowie Lubelskim umieszczono po wojnie tablice z nazwiskami zamordowanych oraz pomnik z napisem o treści:

Staraniem miejscowej ludności niewielki pomnik wzniesiono także w Jamach. Obecnie widnieje na nim napis o treści:

Kilkadziesiąt lat później z inicjatywy mieszkańców wybudowano w Jamach kaplicę-mauzoleum, służącą upamiętnieniu historii wsi i martyrologii jej mieszkańców. 1 lipca 2011 została ona poświęcona przez ordynariusza siedleckiego bp. Jana Wiktora Nowaka. W budynku dawnej szkoły w Jamach zorganizowano także Izbę Pamięci Pacyfikacji Wsi Jamy.

Uwagi

Przypisy

Bibliografia

1944 w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie
Jamy
Jamy
Jamy
Zbrodnie żandarmerii niemieckiej w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie
Jamy (województwo lubelskie)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Brisbane City Council has improved congestion at the intersection of Warrigal Road and Underwood in Runcorn with the completion of a $45,000 project to extend the right turn lane and the existing yellow line.
Councillor for Runcorn Ward, Kim Marx said extending the right turn lane from 35 metres to 70 metres would help reduce congestion in both morning and afternoon peaks. "Warrigal Road carries about 25,000 vehicles per day with approximately 2120 vehicles per hour during the morning peak and 2150 vehicles per hour during the afternoon peak," Cr Marx said.
Warrigal Road links Beenleigh Road and Padstow Road, connecting the southern suburbs and the CBD via the Pacific Motorway and the northern suburbs via the Gateway Motorway.
It also provides access to a number of commercial, educational and recreational facilities such as Koasiung Park, Conondale Park, Warrigal Road State School and Warrigal Square Shopping Centre.
Cr Marx said Council had also received feedback from Warrigal Road residents that commuters who use the bus services along this route were parking too close to the intersection and driveways, blocking access.
"To address these concerns, work also included extending the existing no stopping yellow line parking restrictions on Warrigal Road southbound by approximately 100 metres," she said.
For more information on Council's congestion reduction projects, visit www.brisbane.qld.gov.au or call Council on (07) 3403 8888.


(1) This Act provides the procedure for responding to memoranda and requests for explanations to the extent this is not regulated by another Act, and governs the procedure for submission of collective addresses.
(2) The Administrative Procedure Act applies to the administrative proceedings prescribed by this Act, unless otherwise provided for in this Act.
(3) If the aim of an address is to apply for access to public information, the address shall be responded to pursuant to the procedure provided by the Public Information Act.
2) provides information to the addressee about public life and state governance.
2) requests a legal explanation provided for in § 3 of this Act.
(3) For the purposes of this Act, a collective address shall mean a proposal made by public initiative and submitted to the Riigikogu to amend the current regulation or improve the community life, the exercise of which is within the competence of the Riigikogu.
(4) For the purposes of this Act, an addressee of a memorandum or request for explanation shall mean a state authority or body, local government authority or an agency of another legal person in public law, or an official or employee of such authority or agency, or a member of a collegial body thereof. Members of the Riigikogu and local government councils are not addressees.
(5) For the purposes of this Act, an addressee of a memorandum or request for explanation shall also mean a non-profit association, foundation, sole proprietor and company with regard to information concerning the use of budget funds of the state or a local government.
State or local government authorities shall provide explanations, free of charge, concerning the legislation and drafts thereof prepared by such authorities, the legislation which is the basis for the operation thereof, and their competence and legislative activities.
(1) The head of a governmental authority, a local government agency or an agency another legal person in public law shall organise the receipt of persons by a competent official or employee, or shall himself or herself receive persons during the hours which are designated for such purpose and communicated to the public. An agency shall determine reception hours with a duration of at least three hours per month.
4) the person is clearly abusing the right to be heard.
(3) A person who is denied reception or whose reception is terminated on the bases specified in subsection (2) of this section shall be informed of the possibility to address the agency in writing.
(4) An official or employee who, in the process of receiving a person, finds that taking account of an opinion or proposal presented by the person, providing a response thereto or providing the information or explanation requested by the person is not within the competence of the agency shall inform the person thereof and indicate the agency or body competent to deal with the matter.
(1) An addressee has the obligation to respond.
(2) If a memorandum or request for explanation is addressed to an official or employee of an agency or body, another competent official or employee of the same agency or body has the right to respond instead of him or her. If a memorandum or request for explanation is addressed to several officials, employees or members of a collegial body within the same agency or body, a joint response may be provided.
(3) If the addressee finds that it is not within the competence thereof to consider any of the opinions or proposals presented in a memorandum or to respond to a memorandum or to provide the information or explanation requested by a request for explanation, the addressee shall forward, without undue delay but not later than within five working days after the date of registration of the memorandum or request for explanation, the memorandum or request for explanation to the agency or body competent to respond, and shall give the person notice thereof pursuant to the procedure provided for in subsection (8). Giving notice to the person is not necessary if a memorandum or request for explanation is forwarded to another official or employee of the same agency or body.
(4) If the addressee finds that it is not within the competence thereof to consider some of the opinions or proposals presented in a memorandum, or to provide some of the information or explanations requested by a request for explanation, the addressee shall forward the memorandum or request for explanation pursuant to the procedure prescribed in subsection (3) of this section. The addressee shall set out, by means of a transmittal letter addressed to the competent agency or body, the issues contained in the memorandum or request for explanation to which the competent agency or body is expected to respond. The initial addressee shall provide a response to the issues contained in the memorandum or request for explanation which are not re-directed to another agency or body for response.
(5) The agency or body who receives a memorandum or request for explanation may also forward it to an agency or body over which it exercises supervisory control unless such forwarding is contrary to a statement expressed in the memorandum or request for explanation. A memorandum or request for explanation shall be forwarded pursuant to the procedure provided for in subsection (3) of this section.
(6) A memorandum or request for explanation shall not be forwarded for obtaining a response from a court pursuant to the Constitutional Review Court Procedure Act. In such case, the addressee shall inform the person of the procedure of having recourse to the courts.
(7) Only one response shall be given if the same memorandum or request for explanation is concurrently submitted to the same addressee by different means.
(8) A person is given a written response which is sent to the address provided in the memorandum or request for explanation (fax number, postal address or e-mail address), or forwarded in another manner as agreed. If an opinion or proposal submitted by way of memorandum is not considered, the response shall provide the reasons therefor. The response to a request for explanation shall contain the information or legal explanation requested by the person, or the reasons for refusal to provide such information or explanation. A person who presents his or her address at a reception may be given an oral response during the reception.
7) providing a response to the request for explanation would require a change in the organisation of work of the agency or body, hinder the performance of public duties imposed thereon or require unnecessarily disproportionate expenses due to the large volume of requested information.
(10) If a response is declined on the basis on clauses (9) 3), 6) or 7) of this section, the person who submitted the memorandum or request for explanation shall be immediately sent a notice to this effect. The notice shall set out the deficiencies which shall be eliminated in order to receive a response to the memorandum or request for explanation.
(11) Upon declining to respond on the basis of clause (9) 5) of this section, the addressee shall immediately request that the person who submitted the memorandum or request for explanation provide a translation of the memorandum or request for explanation into Estonian pursuant to § 12 of the Language Act.
A response to a memorandum or request for explanation shall be provided without undue delay but not later than within 30 calendar days after the date of registration thereof. Under special circumstances, the term may be extended to up to two months depending on the complexity of the response. The person shall be informed of extension of the term for response, and of the reasons for extension.
(1) A state authority, local government agency or an agency of another legal person in public law, or a body of such authority or agency shall register a memorandum or request for explanation and the response thereto, indicating the manner in which the memorandum or request for explanation is presented and responded to, not later than on the working day following the date on which the memorandum or request for explanation was received or the response was given.
(2) If an oral response is given to an oral address, the address need not be registered.
(1) At least 1000 signatures in support have to be collected for submission of a collective address (hereinafter in this chapter referred to as address).
(2) The address proposes how to amend the existing regulations or how to improve the community life, and up to three pages of reasons are appended to the address stating why the current situation is unsatisfactory and how the proposal made in the address would improve the situation.
(3) An electronic list of the persons who gave their signature in support which indicates the person's name and personal identification code shall to be added to an address.
(4) The names of the persons who gave their signatures and their personal identification codes shall be appended to the signatures in support collected on paper. The Digital Signatures Act shall apply to the collection of electronic signatures in support.
(5) Addresses of the same content can be presented once every two years.
(1) A signature in support may be given by a permanent resident of Estonia who is at least 16 years of age. For the purposes of this Act, a permanent resident is a citizen of Estonia who resides in Estonia, and a citizen of a member state of the European Union, the European Economic Community and the Swiss Confederation who resides in Estonia and who has a permanent right of residence, and an alien who resides in Estonia and who has a long-term residence permit or permanent right of residence.
(2) A signature in support of an address may be given once.
(1) A proper address shall be submitted to the Board of the Riigikogu on paper or in electronic form.
(2) An address shall indicate the contact person or persons and their contact details.
The Riigikogu shall conduct the legislative proceeding of an address pursuant to the procedure provided for in the Riigikogu Rules of Procedure and Internal Rules Act.
The Board of the Riigikogu shall inform the contact person or persons having submitted the address of acceptance of or refusal to accept the address within 30 calendar days as of submission of a proper address.