text:
Often asked: In What Way Is Geography An Integrative Science?
1 In what way is geography integrative science?
2 Why is geography an integrated science?
3 Is geography an integrative science?
4 What is the study of geography about?
5 Who is the mother of science?
6 Who is a famous geographer?
7 What is meant by mother of all science?
8 Why is environmental geography integrative?
9 Why geography is a discipline?
10 What are branches of geography?
11 What are the two main types of geography?
12 Why is geography important in our daily life?
13 Who is the father of geography?
In what way is geography integrative science?
Geography is an integrative science because it examines the Earth in both physical and human terms.
Why is geography an integrated science?
Geography links spheres of the natural and social knowledge, assuring our integrated perseption of the world. Recently, scientists attached great importance to geographical researches of society, therefore, geography is considered to be a social science in many parts of the world.
Is geography an integrative science?
Geography is a Broad and Integrative Discipline.
What is the study of geography about?
Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth's surface and the human societies spread across it. Geography seeks to understand where things are found, why they are there, and how they develop and change over time.
Who is the mother of science?
You've probably heard of Marie Curie, arguably the most famous woman in the history of modern science. Marie Skłodowska Curie (1867–1934) was a Polish-French physicist and chemist whose research on radioactivity (a term that she coined) contributed to a fundamental shift in scientific understanding.
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Who is a famous geographer?
The following five geographers are well-known for their discoveries in the field of geography and beyond. Therefore, without further delay, let's take a closer look at the famous finds of Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Al Idrisi, Ellen Churchill Semple, and Claudius Ptolemy.
What is meant by mother of all science?
Mathematics is considered as the mother of all sciences because it is a tool which solves problems of every other science. Other subjects like biology, Chemistry or Physics is based on simple chemical solutions. This statement is entirely true that it is the mother of all sciences.
Why is environmental geography integrative?
Integrated geography helps us to ponder the environment in terms of its relationship to people. With integrated geography we can analyze different social science and humanities perspectives and their use in understanding people environment processes.
Why geography is a discipline?
Geography as a discipline is related to space and takes note of spatial characteristics and attributes. It studies the patterns of distribution, location and concentration of phenomena over space and interprets them providing explanations for these patterns.
What are branches of geography?
Geography is divided into two main branches: human geography and physical geography. There are additional branches in geography such as regional geography, cartography, and integrated geography. Learn about the different branches of geography in this article.
What are the two main types of geography?
At the broadest level, geography is divided into physical geography, human geography, geographic techniques, and regional geography. The natural environment is the primary concern of physical geographers, although many physical geographers also look at how humans have altered natural systems.
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Why is geography important in our daily life?
Geography helps us understand basic physical systems that affect everyday life: How water cycles and ocean currents work are all explained with Geography. These are important systems to monitor and predict in order to help lessen the impact of disasters.
Who is the father of geography?
b. Eratosthenes – He was a Greek mathematician who had a profound interest in geography. He was the founder of Geography and holds the credit to calculate the circumference of the Earth. He also calculated the tilt axis of the Earth.
Readers ask: What Is Social Science Inquiry?
FAQ: What Is A Physical Model In Science?


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Andrew Bowie MP
Member of Parliament for West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine
Policy and Campaign Responses
Andrew Meets Constituent to Discuss Climate Change
Andrew said he was delighted to meet Fatima, a constituent from Westhill outside Parliament today. They talked about the huge challenge posed to all by Climate Change and how politicians at all levels can do more to engage with groups like Islamic Relief who deal with many of the issues caused by climate change on the ground.
Andrew writes to the Chancellor on IR35
Andrew has today (17th December 2019) written to Sajid Javid, the Chancelllor of the Exchequer, asking the Chancellor to outline when the UK Government's promised review of IR35 will take place.
The text of the letter was as follows:
"Dear Sajid,
Andrew Bowie Scottish Conservative Candidate for West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine
Promoted by G Ironside on behalf of Andrew Bowie, both at Conservative Office, 8 Robert Street, Stonehaven, AB39 2DN
Copyright 2020 Andrew Bowie Scottish Conservative Candidate for West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine. All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: how to check response value in node js using switch case I have one method in which I am using switch statement. I want to pass its response back to caller and then do the next operation. I am stuck in that as I am new to node js. Below is my code.

const getCustDetails = (id, source) => {
getDetails(id, source)
              .then((Data) => {
                //do some operation here but its getting error as - TypeError: Cannot read property 'then' of undefined"
              })
              .catch((e) => {
                logger.error({
                  method: "calcAndSaveBoiler_getEntityDetails",
                  message: e.response
                    ? JSON.stringify(e.response.data.response_message)
                    : e,
                });
                parseError(e, res);
              });
}

My getDetails method is as follows.

const getDetails = (Id, source) => {
  switch (convertToLowerCase(source) )) {
    case abc:
      getService(Id, source);
      break;
    case pqr:
      getService(Id, source);
      break;
    default:
      break;
  }
};

I am stuck here to know how can I make sure that its response will present in parent method call and then I can use it for some other operation.

A: I have just added a return statement like below in switch case.

const getDetails = (Id, source) => {
  switch (convertToLowerCase(source) )) {
    case abc:
      getService(Id, source);
      break;
    case pqr:
      getService(Id, source);
      break;
    default:
      break;
  }
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Pointillistic paintings, photos, ceramics and sculptures by Joep Luijckx could be admired recently in Amsterdam MLB Gallery. His latest work also gave the title of the exhibition: 'Zindering' (Vibration).
The versatile artist Luijckx attended the Royal Academy of Arts in The Hague. He lives 41 years on Goeree-Overflakkee. The way he paints is realistic, surreal or abstract, he has a preference for the latter. He always looks for new ways and challenges. Thus he makes in his workshop tabel-top pictures. Using reflective objects, wipes, colored paper and small homemade objects he creates abstract or surreal worlds that he captures on photo.
After a period in which he made little ethereal drawings, he went from one day to the other to spiral shapes. At present he paints sizzling pointillistic paintings, work that consists of numerous small dots. In 2014 Luijckx received the Rabobank Cultural Award. The jury described his work as a special interplay of color and light that reaches beyond any light source, powerful work to which you want to keep looking.
There's also very nice photowork in the exhibition, abstract work created in Iceland and Ameland. He likes to come in Iceland. He's been there ten times. He tells eagerly about it. When his art-colleague says he has there been too and tells of his experience, he gets very enthusiastic. He also makes sculptures, most are in the gallery garden. "For eighteen months I make sculptures of serpentine." It is reminiscent of the spiral-like shapes of his early paintings.


Hotel Park is located on the sea shore, only five minutes of walking from the centre of Korčula.
It consists of two pavilions connected by a central building, with two more pavilions nearby. The hotel has 134 two- and three-star rooms.. The three-star rooms have been recently renovated.
The majority of rooms have a balcony with a view of the sea, the old town of Korčula and the whole Archipelago, and it is reasonably priced. The reception hall, TV salon, aperitif bar and the main restaurant are in the central building.
The hotel provides bed and breakfast service as well as all inclusive service that includes buffet breakfast, lunch and dinner, beverages, sports and animation.
The beach below the hotel is equipped with deck chairs and sunshades included in all inclusive service. In the vicinity of the hotel there are sailing & windsurfing centre.
We moved from room 512 as it had a huge glass front (but balcony was on side of building) to 507 that had a superb sea view balcony - view very nice. Try for a sea view room but ask for a balcony that faces the sea as well. Area lovely with nice coast path walks and bars scattered about staff friendly and the local people as well. Forget a day at the pool too many idiots getting up at 5 to claim the sunbeds if you want to laze about go down to the beach (more air down there too, poolside too hot and sheltered) and hire a sunbed/brolly for L7 a day. Feeding time got a bit tedious very school meals like with people charging about everywhere, however it was OK with a reasonable choice. We woud go back to this hotel definitely. They charge you for ice by the way if you want to take some to your room for a wee drink or two!! - thought that was a bit harsh!!!!
Go to the old town on the number 6 bus early and get on to the city walls by 930'sh and you wil get it to yourself as we did - well worth the trouble. Cavtat and Lokrum worth a visit by boat from the old town.
Best beer in the area is Ozusjko.


I love cinnamon rolls and was craving them but didn't feel like the work of making them.
Even thought I have 15 recipes for them, including a one-hour recipe, I still wanted to keep the work to an all-time low.
Enter this easy, one bowl, no-mixer cake with lovely cinnamon flavor that's ready in no time.
I have another recipe for a cinnamon roll cake but this one is even easier. That's what happens after 8+ years of blogging. Things I made 5+ years ago don't always register in my memory until after I start on a new recipe only to Google 'cinnamon roll cake Averie Cooks' and remember I've already made one. But I digress.
The recipe is adapted from these cakes. I love this cake base because cakes always turn out supremely moist, springy, and fluffy thanks to buttermilk, sour cream, and oil. It's impossible to have a dry cake with that trio of moisturizing and tenderizing ingredients.
I used this 6-cup Bundt pan, sometimes called a half-Bundt pan. The recipe would likely work in an 8-inch square pan, baked for approximately the same duration. You could likely double the recipe and bake in a standard 12-cup Bundt, and you'll need to increase the baking time. I haven't tried these tweaks personally.
Cinnamon rolls aren't complete without glaze and because I made the glaze with buttermilk it's perfectly sweet with a tiny amount of tang. It gives the illusion of a cream cheese glaze, minus the cream cheese, and makes use of the buttermilk already needed for the cake.
You may not need all the glaze but unless my bite is flooded, there's not enough.
This is an easy, one bowl, no-mixer cake that with lovely cinnamon flavor that's ready in no time. The cake is supremely moist, springy, and fluffy thanks to buttermilk, sour cream, and oil. I used a 6-cup Bundt pan, sometimes called a half-Bundt pan. The recipe would likely work in an 8-inch square pan, baked for approximately the same duration or doubled and baked in a standard 12-cup Bundt. The glaze is perfectly sweet with a tiny amount of tang and gives the illusion of a cream cheese glaze. You may not need all the glaze.
Cake – To a large bowl, add the flour, sugar, cinnamon, baking powder, salt, and whisk to combine; set aside.
In a 2-cup measuring cup or medium bowl, add the egg, buttermilk, sour cream, oil, vanilla, and whisk to combine.
Bake for about 35 to 40 minutes, or until center is set, top is lightly golden, and a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean or with a few moist crumbs, but no batter.
Place pan on a wire rack and allow cake to cool for at least 1 hour (overnight is okay) before inverting. Inverting too early can result in a cake that sticks to the pan, falls apart, or doesn't release neatly; do not to rush the cooling duration. Shortly before inverting, make the glaze.
Glaze – To a medium bowl, add the confectioners' sugar, optional cinnamon (I left my glaze plain), 2 tablespoons buttermilk, and whisk until smooth. As necessary add additional buttermilk to reach desired glaze consistency. Glaze should be pourable but not too thin or it will slide off. You may have extra glaze depending on how much you like on your cake; set aside.
Carefully invert cake onto a cake stand or serving platter.
Evenly spoon the glaze over cake and serve. Cake will keep airtight at room temperature for up to 5 days. I'm comfortable storing glazed items with dairy at room temp but if you're not, store cake in the fridge noting it will be more prone to drying out. Extra glaze will keep airtight in the fridge for many weeks. Glaze will soak in as time passes.
Cinnamon Roll Coffee Cake with Cream Cheese Glaze – The great taste of cinnamon rolls minus any of the waiting or work! Easy and everyone loves this cake!
Baked Cinnamon Bun Donuts with Vanilla Cream Cheese Glaze – A cross between a Krispy Kreme donut and a Cinnabon cinnamon roll! Easy and so good!
Caramel Apple Cinnamon Roll Bake – The soft and gooey factor of a Cinnabon with apples and so much caramel sauce! Easy, ready in 30 minutes, and one of the best desserts ever!
Overnight Buttermilk Soft and Fluffy Cinnamon Rolls – For soft, fluffy, pillowy, perfect cinnamon rolls when you need a larger batch, it's my go-to! A reader and personal favorite!
Cinnamon Roll Bars with Cream Cheese Frosting – ll the flavor of cinnamon rolls, minus the work! Easy, super soft, chewy, and the frosting truly is the icing on the cake!
Bundt cakes look elegant even if they are simple to make and I love how the extra glaze pools in the middle. This sounds delicious!
This looks insanely good. I'd eat it ALL!
OMG! I love that you googled it and came back with your own recipe! HAHAHAHA! You are the best.
That blueberry coffee cake is an oldie but a keeper! But if you wanna switch it up, this one is good!
I may have inlaws coming in next week. I was thinking about a lemon dessert, but this in an 8″ pan just might be perfect!
I went ahead and made this today in an 8″ pan. It only took about 20 minutes to cook, so I'm glad I checked it when I did. Also, I cut my sugar back to only 1/4 cup and used 1/4 cup of Truvia baking blend. I haven't tasted it yet, it's too pretty, but it sure looks….scratch that, I just took a bite and it's delicious!! Will definitely make again!
Glad it worked out great for you and yes anything in a flat pan will bake faster than in a Bundt pan. And reducing the sugar will generally reduce baking time too (Because sugar liquifies in the heat and the less sugar, the less liquid that's created, the less baking time) – just some trivia for you. Glad you'll definitely make it again!
Good to know! I was curious about one other thing. The cake was very flat, like a a brownie type of flat, instead of puffy. Would that also be due to the Truvia instead of sugar?
Yes absolutely. Nothing will give you the same results as real sugar.
Hello, you think whole wheat flour may me used in this recipe?
I wouldn't because it will be more dense and possibly dry. I would make it as written.
I love your recipes. This looks so amazing. I'd like to make it tomorrow so, it is ready for Easter brunch. If I doubled it and made it in a regular Bundt pan, how much extra time would you recommend I add for baking?
It's hard to say because I haven't tried it that way. Just keep a close on eye on it and bake til it's done. Good luck and Happy Easter!
Thsnk you Averie. Happy Easter!
I made this for Easter brunch at church and we liked it! Love the cinnamon in the glaze–nice touch!
I recently made this cinnamon roll cake (doubled it) and it didn't last long enough to glaze! Soft, moist, and a perfect snack cake!
Thanks for trying the recipe and I'm glad it came out great for you! Glad it was perfect and that a double batch went quickly!


text:
Patient recall versus physician documentation in report of smoking cessation counselling performed in the inpatient setting
Jessica M Nicholsona,
Deborah J Hennrikusb,
Harry A Landob,
Maribet C McCartyb,
John Vesseyb
aMayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, bDivision of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Dr Deborah J Hennrikus, Division of Epidemiology, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454–1015, USA;hennrikus{at}epi.umn.edu
OBJECTIVES To determine rates of patient reported and physician documented counselling; to identify predictors of each report; and to identify the impact of each report on smoking cessation attempts after discharge from the hospital.
DESIGN Stickers on subjects' charts prompted physicians to give brief smoking cessation counselling to patients in the hospital. Patients reported counselling received and quit attempts in a phone interview conducted 7–18 days after discharge. Rates of counselling and correlations were calculated, and multivariate analysis identified predictors of patient report, physician documentation, and quit attempts.
SETTING Four hospitals in the Minneapolis/St Paul metropolitan area.
SUBJECTS 682 hospital patients who had smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and had smoked in the last three months.
RESULTS 71.0% of patients reported counselling, and physicians documented counselling in the charts of 46.2% of patients (correlation = 0.15, κ = 0.13). Patient report was predicted by specific hospital, belief that their hospitalisation was smoking related, diagnosis of a smoking related disease, and physician documentation of counselling. Physician documentation was predicted by female patient, specific hospital, longer hospital stay, and marginally predicted by smoking related disease. Quit attempts were predicted by patient report of counselling, but not physician documentation.
CONCLUSIONS Physicians document counselling in the hospital at a lower rate than patients report it, and the correlation between reports is very low, making an accurate assessment of true rates of counselling difficult. While it is important to increase physician documentation, it is even more important to increase patient recall, as this is the only report that predicts a quit attempt.
smoking cessation counselling
patient recall
physician documentation
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.9.4.382
For many smokers, a hospital stay presents a "teachable moment".1 Smokers are not allowed to smoke in the hospital, which forces many to quit temporarily. Additionally, the illness leading to their hospitalisation can often motivate them to consider quitting permanently. Most importantly, they have access to health professionals who can advise them about their smoking, at a time when they are likely to respond.
Studies show that physicians may not be taking advantage of the opportunity to intervene with hospitalised smokers. In an exit questionnaire with hospitalised smokers, 66% of patients on a cardiovascular disease unit and 17% on a general medical unit reported receiving smoking cessation advice from their physician.1Similarly, in a survey mailed to smokers after discharge, only 68% reported receiving any advice.2 Even with prompts to remind physicians to give advice in the hospital, the rate of patient reported advice is low, ranging from 49–55%.3 4
Evidence from the outpatient setting suggests that prompts can be an effective means of increasing smoking cessation counselling. For example, when smoking status was documented as a vital sign, patients reported that discussion of smoking increased from 47% to 86% and that physician advice to quit increased from 50% to 80%5; these findings are consistent with those of similar studies.6 Given this success, chart reminders have been proposed for use in the hospital environment as well.
When physicians counsel patients about smoking cessation, they may favour particular subgroups. For example, reports of advice increased from 55% among smokers overall to 77% and 72% among patients with pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease, respectively.3 Other authors have similarly found that patients with smoking related diseases are more likely to report advice.7-9 Reports of advice were also greater with patient perception of poor health,10 11 increased readiness to quit,11 and female sex.8 12 13However, while these characteristics may make it more likely that patients will receive advice from physicians, they may also be characteristics that increase the likelihood that a patient willreport advice.
In the outpatient setting, several studies have found that patients over report and/or physicians under document smoking cessation counselling. When compared to audiotape, smokers correctly reported physician counselling at rates ranging from 92–98%, with an approximately 20% false positive rate.14 In another study, patients correctly reported advice heard on audiotape at a rate of 81.8%, with a false positive rate of 10.5%.15Physicians documented only 45.5% of smoking advice heard on audiotape, although chart notes were found to have a 0% false positive rate.15 These patterns have been found in other studies as well.16-20 The issue is further complicated by poor correlation between the two reports, with one study finding that only 44.4% of smokers who reported advice had a corresponding physician's note in their chart.15 When measuring physician counselling behaviours, patient interview and chart audit have been found to agree the least when compared to videotape.21
This phenomenon of patient over report and physician under documentation raises issues in any study that attempts to measure smoking cessation counselling given to patients using either report. This is complicated by the fact that the accepted "gold standards", such as audiotaping, are so logistically difficult as to be prohibitive in any large scale study. This report uses data from the Teachable Moment (TEAM) study, a randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of smoking cessation counselling with hospital inpatients, to explore issues of patient recall and physician documentation of counselling. This study aims to identify: (1) rates of counselling reported by patients and charted by physicians in the hospital and their correlation; (2) independent predictors of each report of counselling; and (3) the impact of physician documented and patient reported counselling on smoking cessation attempts by patients immediately after discharge from the hospital. While several studies have examined this issue in the outpatient setting, the present study is one of the first to look at reports of smoking cessation counselling in the inpatient environment. Furthermore, to our knowledge, this is the first study to identify predictors of physician documentation.
Four hospitals participated in this study. All are located in the Minneapolis/St Paul metropolitan area. Hospitals A and C are both urban hospitals with large minority and transient populations. Hospitals B and D are suburban, and Hospital B has a lower proportion of minority patients than the other hospitals. Hospital A is publicly owned, while the other hospitals are operated by managed care organisations.
Subjects were patients admitted to the four study hospitals who had smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and had smoked in the past three months. This latter criterion was included in order to capture patients who had recently stopped smoking owing to illness or in anticipation of hospitalisation. Patients were excluded if they were not between the ages of 18 and 75 years, were not admitted for at least 24 hours, were obstetric or psychiatric patients, were too ill or impaired to participate, were assigned to a room with another patient in the study, or were not available for follow up for a period of 12 months (no phone, non-English speaking, in detention). Patients were recruited between January 1997 and June 1999.
SMOKING CESSATION PROGRAMME
Consenting patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: minimal intervention, brief provider advice (PA), or provider advice plus nurse counselling. All patients were given the TEAM smoking cessation booklet by the research assistant. Only patients in the PA intervention were used for this analysis, as it was the only group in which provider counselling was documented, but no nurse counselling took place that might bias patients' recall of physician counselling specifically. The PA intervention consisted of labelling the patients' charts. The label was placed prominently in the progress notes and read: "Physicians: this patient is a SMOKER who has agreed to participate in the TEAM smoking cessation study. Please give a brief (60 second) message that includes the following: advice to quit; quitting has positive health benefits; hospital stay is an opportunity to quit; TEAM smoking cessation booklets contain helpful information." The statement, "I delivered cessation advice," was followed by space for the physician to sign.
SURVEYS AND CHART RECORDS
Before randomisation, patients were interviewed by research assistants for baseline information. Patients were surveyed again by telephone within 7–18 days of their discharge from the hospital. Phone surveys were administered by a team of trained telephone interviewers in the division of epidemiology at the University of Minnesota. Other information was collected from patient charts after hospital discharge.
The baseline survey was used to identify demographic and smoking related variables. The demographic variables used in this study were sex, age, ethnicity, educational level, and marital status. Smoking related variables included stage of change, addiction, health beliefs, and self efficacy. Stage of change is a measure of a smoker's readiness to quit smoking.22 Stages are classified as precontemplation (do not want to quit), contemplation (want to quit in next six months), preparation (want to quit in next 30 days, have made 24 hour quit attempt in past year), and action (have quit in past six months). Addiction was determined by the length of time to first morning cigarette, which has been found to be a good proxy of the more extensive Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence.23Health beliefs were determined by the question, "To what extent is smoking related to why you have been hospitalised? Would you say it is not at all related, somewhat related, or very much related?". Self efficacy is a measure of a smoker's confidence in being able to quit smoking, self rated on a scale from 0 to 10.
The telephone interview was used to determine patients' quit attempts and their report of counselling received in the hospital. Patients were considered to have made a quit attempt if they reported they had not smoked in the last seven days or had tried to quit and stayed off cigarettes for at least 24 hours since leaving the hospital. To determine patient report of smoking cessation counselling, patients were asked whether physicians had done any of the following: "ask you if you smoked"; "ask you questions about your smoking, such as how long you have been smoking or how much you smoked"; "recommend you stop smoking/encourage you stay off cigarettes"; "tell you about the harmful effects of smoking"; "talk with you about how to quit or stay off cigarettes"; "give you written information about how to quit or stay off cigarettes"; or "suggest you get some help to stay off cigarettes after you were discharged from the hospital". A positive answer to any one or more of these seven questions was coded as patient reported counselling. We also created two alternate definitions of patient reported counselling: a five item definition excluding the first two questions, as asking about smoking was not specifically described on the physician chart label as "cessation advice"; and a single item definition, using only an affirmative answer to the question "recommend you stop smoking/encourage you to stay off cigarettes". The time to interview variable (from discharge to interview) was calculated in days.
The remaining information was taken from the patient chart. Length of hospital stay was calculated as hours from admission to discharge. Physician documentation of counselling was indicated by a physician's signature on the chart label; documentation that may have been present elsewhere in the chart was not included. Smoking related disease was determined by the discharge diagnosis, listed as an ICD-9 CM code (International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, clinical morbidity). Any primary or secondary discharge diagnosis that has been identified as directly related to smoking was categorised as smoking related.24-26
Basic frequencies and correlations were calculated using SAS statistical software.27 Correlation was calculated using both Pearson's equation and the equation for κ, which takes the effects of chance into account. Modelling analysis of data was first done using the SAS/STAT MIXED procedure, followed by analysis with the SAS/STAT GLIMMIX macro, mixed model regression program.27The adjusted probabilities reported here were obtained from the MIXED analyses, and the F tests and p values were obtained from the GLIMMIX analysis, which is more appropriate for analysis of dependent variables with dichotomous outcomes. The modelling for the outcome variables was first performed using only those independent variables obtained from the baseline interview (discharge diagnosis was considered a baseline variable, as a smoking related disease would likely be present upon admission to the hospital). The baseline variables found to be significant predictors were then put into a new model with variables occurring later in time (during or after hospitalisation). This was done to ensure that variables selected from sequential surveys were not predictors of each other. The final model was run using only those variables found to be significant in both analyses.
A total of 55 115 patients were screened for this study, of which 13 529 were smokers; 5547 were eligible to be in the study, 4370 were approached, and 2478 were enrolled. Of these, 2357 subjects completed the baseline survey; 790 were randomly assigned to the PA intervention, 682 (86%) of whom completed the telephone interview. Of those who completed the telephone interview, 53.5% were female, 78.5% were white, 14.9% were African American, 48.7% had attended some college or vocational training, and 55.6% were married or in a marriage-like relationship. The mean patient age was 48 years. The median length of stay in the hospital was 73 hours; 35.6% of patients had a primary or secondary discharge diagnosis that was directly related to smoking and 38.4% thought that their hospitalisation was somewhat or very much related to smoking.
SMOKING CESSATION ADVICE REPORTED
Table 1 presents the patient reported and physician documented counselling, as well as the two calculations of correlation. Overall, 71.0% of patients reported smoking cessation counselling, while physicians documented counselling in the charts of 46.2% of patients. This pattern was found at all hospitals, with the exception of hospital D, where the rate of physicians charting counselling exceeded that of patients reporting it. The Pearson correlation between patient report and physician documentation was 0.15 (p = 0.0001) over all hospitals, while κ = 0.13. We also performed the analysis using both the five item and one item definitions of patient reported counselling. Using these more conservative definitions, 60.3% and 55.0% of patients reported counselling and the correlations between patient report and physician documentation were 0.20 (p = 0.0001) and 0.16 (p = 0.0001), respectively. Because these changes in definition did not greatly improve the correlation, subsequent analyses were conducted using the seven item version of patient reported counselling.
Patient reported and physician documented advice and correlation between reports
In regard to specific physician counselling behaviours, 59.8% of patients indicated that their physician asked if they smoked. For this question, patients were also given the option of answering that their provider already knew they smoked, but they were not asked to identify the provider; this made it impossible to do an analysis of physicians specifically. Patients also reported the following counselling behaviours: their physician recommended that they stop smoking, 55.0%; asked questions about their smoking history, 41.9%; and told them about the harmful effects of smoking, 33.9%. Patients reported the following assistance with cessation: their physician talked about how to quit or stay off cigarettes, 15.2%; recommended that they get help to stay off cigarettes after discharge, 14.1%; and gave written information about how to quit or stay off cigarettes, 3.5%.
PREDICTORS OF PATIENT REPORT OF COUNSELLING
Table 2 presents significant predictors of patient report of counselling. A separate analysis was also performed without "patient believes hospitalisation smoking related" included, to ensure that its possible high correlation with other variables, such as stage of change or self efficacy, did not mask their significance; the results did not change. Significant predictors of patient reported counselling were hospital, belief that hospitalisation was smoking related, smoking related disease, and corresponding documentation by the physician. Analyses were also conducted with the five item and one item definitions of patient reported counselling, with no difference in predictors identified.
Predictors of patient report of advice
PREDICTORS OF PHYSICIAN CHARTING COUNSELLING
Table 3 presents significant predictors of physician documentation of counselling. Four variables were found to be predictors: sex, with physicians charting more for females than males; hospital, with physicians at hospital D most likely to report counselling; and length of stay, with physician charting counselling as stays got longer. Smoking related disease was found to be a marginally significant predictor.
Predictors of physician documentation of advice
PREDICTORS OF A QUIT ATTEMPT AFTER HOSPITALISATION
Only physician and patient reports of counselling were analysed in the first model to determine if either was a significant predictor of a smoking cessation attempt alone (degrees of freedom 1, 650). Only patient report of counselling was found to be significant; 69.1% (standard error (SE) = 0.022) of patients who reported counselling made a quit attempt, while only 57.1% (SE = 0.035) of patients who did not report counselling made a quit attempt (F = 8.22, p = 0.0043). When physicians documented counselling, 67.6% (SE = 0.027) of patients made a quit attempt, versus 64.0% (SE = 0.025) when physicians did not document counselling (F = 0.94, p = 0.3330). Therefore, physician charted counselling was excluded from further models. In the final model, patient report of counselling was still found to be a significant predictor (F = 7.09, p = 0.0080) of a smoking cessation attempt after adjusting for age group, stage of change, time to first morning cigarette, patient belief that hospitalisation is smoking related, hospital, and length of stay. Again, analyses were also done using the five item and one item definitions of patient reported counselling, with no difference in predictors identified.
This study examined the rates of counselling documented by physicians and reported by patients, as well as the correlation between these two reports. It identified predictors of physician and patient reports of counselling, and the effect of reports of counselling on a smoking cessation attempt after discharge from the hospital.
SMOKING CESSATION COUNSELLING REPORTED
The frequencies of counselling reported indicate that patients report counselling at a higher rate than that indicated by physician documentation in the chart. This was not surprising, given the results of previous studies.14-21 What is surprising is the extremely low correlation between the two reports. Although the relationship between patient report and physician documentation was significant, the correlation was only 13–15%. It is possible that this discrepancy is at least in part an artefact of the way counselling was defined for the two groups in this study. Patients were asked seven specific questions about the content of their discussions with physicians; the term "counselling" was not left to their interpretation. Physicians, on the other hand, were directed to have a discussion with their patient that "included" four items; they were not asked to specifically report what had been done. The statement, "I delivered cessation advice", may have been interpreted in multiple ways, making comparison between the two reports potentially problematic.
It is also important to recognise that the poor correlation may have been the result of faulty patient recall and over report, or failure of the physician to document all cases in which counselling was performed. This may simply be the nature of patient report and physician documentation. However, the length of time from discharge to the phone interview may have biased patient report. An exit interview might be more appropriate to ensure accurate reporting. However, length of time to phone interview was not a significant predictor of patient report. Physician documentation may have been affected by the use of chart labels. They were intended to make documentation easier, yet counselling may have been recorded elsewhere, precluding inclusion in our analysis. While our results may reflect the poor feasibility of the use of chart labels in the hospital, it is also possible that results would be worse without a "user friendly" system in place.
Regardless of the cause, the poor correlation between patient report and physician documentation has implications in both the clinical and the research setting. For counselling to be maximally effective clinically, it is important that both the patient and the physician perceive that counselling has been done. In the context of research, it is important to realise that the source of a report of counselling must be considered in analysis; patient and physician reports do not seem to be interchangeable variables.
Other studies have offered solutions to resolve the disagreement between patient report and physician documentation. Brown and Adams simply calculate the average incidence of advice reported.17 Cummings and colleagues simply disregard physician documentation, as it is the patient who must ultimately make a health behaviour change.16 Wilson and McDonald conclude that patient surveys are most reasonable for large scale research studies, owing to high sensitivity rates and despite high false positive rates.15 Ultimately, none of these solutions seems satisfactory, as they do not take the relative accuracy of both reports into account.
We suggest that further research is warranted in order to determine the true rate of smoking cessation counselling in the inpatient setting, as well as to verify trends in patient report and physician documentation. The inpatient setting poses some particular challenges to a research study such as this, as patients have encounters with many physicians multiple times per day. It is unlikely that every encounter could be audio- or videotaped. It would be more reasonable to record interactions during a specific time, such as during morning rounds. Given the possible complications in our study as a result of different definitions of counselling, we also recommend that patients and physicians be asked identical questions about the content of the counselling.
Finally, we find the high rate of physician documentation at hospital D worth comment; it contradicts the trends found at all other hospitals in the study, as well as those in the literature to date. This hospital was quite zealous in promoting this research project, which may have resulted in higher physician documentation rates.
TYPES OF COUNSELLING REPORTED BY PATIENTS
According to patient report, physicians are doing a moderate job of asking their patients about smoking, informing them of the harmful effects of smoking, and advising them to quit. However, they are doing a very poor job of providing information about how to quit. The low rate of patients reporting receiving written information may have been caused by physicians' awareness that the TEAM booklet had already been given. Nevertheless, only 15.2% of patients reported talking with their physician about how to quit or stay off cigarettes, and only 14.1% reported that their physician recommended that they get help to stay off cigarettes after discharge. As a hospital stay presents a "teachable moment",1 physicians should be taking advantage of this opportunity to educate their patients on how to quit smoking.
PREDICTORS OF REPORTS OF COUNSELLING
Patients were more likely to report counselling when they believed that their hospitalisation was related to their smoking, they had a smoking related disease, or their physician had charted counselling. Patients in hospitals A and C were also more likely to report counselling. Health beliefs and smoking related disease could act as mediators of patient self report in several ways. For instance, these patients may have been listening for counselling more closely, making them more likely to note and report it. Conversely, they may have been so expectant of receiving counselling that they incorrectly assumed it was given. In either case, patients with smoking related illnesses and hospitalisations may be more open to discussing smoking cessation; physicians should be conducting interventions with this group.
Physicians were more likely to chart counselling when the patient was female, they were at hospital D, the length of stay was greater, and the discharge diagnosis was smoking related. As indicated previously, sex has been shown to predictpatient report of advice8 12 13; this has been attributed to factors such as more frequent clinic visits by women and the known increased risk of thromboembolism with concurrent use of oral contraceptives. With a longer hospital stay, the patient was likely more ill; this might prompt physicians to view discussion and subsequent documentation of smoking as a more important aspect of treatment. Also, the longer the stay, the more opportunities physicians had to see the chart label and respond to it. In the context of a smoking related disease, physicians may have been more apt to view counselling as a vital part of patient care, making it more likely they would both give and document counselling in the chart.
It is also important to note factors which were not identified as predictors of physician documentation. For instance, patients in the preparation stage of change are ready to quit smoking, but stage of change was not a predictor of documentation. This is an unfortunate missed opportunity, as patients in preparation may successfully quit smoking with clear, consistent instruction on how to quit. In the hospital, documentation is important in ensuring that this takes place. It is often the only way that many physicians are made aware of counselling, allowing them to reinforce each others' messages. Furthermore, in order for primary care physicians to continue care effectively after discharge, it is important that they know that counselling has taken place.
PREDICTORS OF QUIT ATTEMPT
We examined reports of counselling as predictors of cessation and found that only patient reported counselling predicted a quit attempt. This seems logical, as it is ultimately the patient who must be motivated to make the health behaviour change. This has important implications; if the patient report is the only one that predicts a cessation attempt, physicians should be making efforts to ensure that patients will recall their counselling.
While we feel that our study has demonstrated the importance of patient report of counselling in smoking cessation, it is also important to note some limitations not already discussed above. At this point, we have not biochemically confirmed reported quit attempts. Furthermore, we do not yet have long term abstinence results, so no statements can be made about the impact of reports of counselling on long term cessation.
In the hospital setting, patients report smoking cessation counselling at a higher rate than physicians document it. Furthermore, reports of counselling are very poorly correlated. A patient report of counselling is predicted by specific study hospital, patient belief that the hospitalisation is smoking related, a smoking related disease, and documentation of counselling by the physician. Physician reports of counselling are more likely when patients are female, admitted to a specific hospital, have a longer hospital stay, and have a smoking related disease. The only report of counselling that was a predictor of a quit attempt was that of the patient. Given this finding, physicians should be taking steps to ensure that their patients understand and recall the counselling that they provide.
We thank Rose Hilk for her assistance and guidance in data management and analysis. This research was supported by grant HL54132 from the National Institutes of Health.
Emmons KM,
Goldstein MG
(1992) Smokers who are hospitalized: a window of opportunity for cessation interventions. Prev Med 21:262–269.
Neighbor WE,
Stoop DH,
Ellsworth A
(1994) Smoking cessation counseling among hospitalized smokers. Am J Prev Med 10:140–144.
Houston Miller N,
Smith PM,
DeBusk RF,
(1997) Smoking cessation in hospitalized patients: results of a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 157:409–415.
Rigotti NA,
Arnsten JH,
McKool KM,
(1997) Efficacy of a smoking cessation program for hospital patients. Arch Intern Med 157:2653–2660.
Robinson MD,
Laurent SL,
Little JM
(1995) Including smoking status as a vital sign: it works. J Fam Pract 40:556–561.
Dickey LL,
Gemson DH,
Carney P
(1999) Office system interventions supporting primary care-based health behavior change counseling. Am J Prev Med 17:299–308.
Ockene JK,
Hosmer DW,
Williams JW,
(1987) The relationship of patient characteristics to physician delivery of advice to stop smoking. J Gen Intern Med 2:337–340.
Frank E,
Winkleby MA,
Altman DG,
(1991) Predictors of physicians' smoking cessation advice. JAMA 266:3139–3144.
Anda RF,
Remington PL,
Sienko DG,
Davis RM
(1987) Are physicians advising smokers to quit? The patient's perspective. JAMA 257:1916–1919.
Johnson M,
Bal D
(1993) Physician advice to quit smoking: results from the 1990 California Tobacco Survey. J Gen Intern Med 8:549–553.
Goldstein MG,
Niaura R,
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(1997) Physicians counseling smokers: a population-based survey of patients' perceptions of health care provider-delivered smoking cessation interventions. Arch Intern Med 157:1313–1319.
Friedman C,
Brownson RC,
Peterson DE,
Wilkerson JC
(1994) Physician advice to reduce chronic disease risk factors. Am J Prev Med 10:367–371.
Pierce J,
Goodman J,
(1992) Trends in physicians' giving advice to stop smoking, United States, 1974–87. Tobacco Control 1:31–36.
Ward J,
Sanson-Fisher R
(1996) Accuracy of patient recall of opportunistic smoking cessation advice in general practice. Tobacco Control 5:110–113.
Wilson A,
McDonald P
(1994) Comparison of patient questionnaire, medical record, and audio tape in assessment of health promotion in general practice consultations. BMJ 309:1483–1485.
Giovino G,
Sciandra R,
(1987) Physician advice to quit smoking: who gets it and who doesn't. Am J Prev Med 3:69–75.
Brown JB,
Adams ME
(1992) Patients as reliable reporters of medical care process: recall of ambulatory encounter events. Medical Care 30:400–411.
Rethans JJ,
Martin E,
Metsemakers J
(1994) To what extent do clinical notes by general practitioners reflect actual medical performance? A study using simulated patients. Br J Gen Pract 44:153–156.
Pbert L,
Adams A,
Quirk M,
(1999) The patient exit interview as an assessment of physician-delivered smoking intervention: a validation study. Health Psychol 18:183–188.
Stange KC,
Zyzanski SJ,
Smith TF,
(1998) How valid are medical records and patient questionnaires for physician profiling and health services research? A comparison with direct observation of patient visits. Medical Care 36:851–867.
Gerbert B,
Hargreaves WA
(1986) Measuring physician behavior. Medical Care 24:838–847.
Prochaska JO,
DiClemente CC
(1983) Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol 51:390–395.
Heatherton TF,
Kozlowski LT,
Frecker RC,
Fagerstrom KO
(1991) The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire. Br J Addiction 86:1119–1127.
(1993) Cigarette smoking-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost - United States, 1990. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 42:645–649.
Shopland DR
(1995) Tobacco use and its contribution to early cancer mortality with a special emphasis on cigarette smoking. Environ Health Perspect 103:131–142.
US Department of Health and Human Services
(1989) Reducing the health consequences of smoking: 25 years of progress. A report of the Surgeon General, 1989. (Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Office on Smoking and Health, Rockville, Maryland) . (DHHS Publication No (CDC) 89–8411.).
(1997) SAS/STAT software: changes and enhancements, through release 6.12. (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina).
Stop it ... or you'll go blind: an image from the latest Australian national Quit campaign, warning smokers about age related macular degeneration (blindness) caused by smoking. The theme was adopted following an editorial in the Medical Journal of Australia recommending that smokers be advised of this little known, but well established risk (see Mitchell P, Chapman S, Smith W. "Smoking is a major cause of blindness": a new cigarette pack warning? Med J Aust 1999;171:173–4).


You are visiting the placeholder page for Luis Gonzales. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Luis Gonzales. We created this page automatically in hopes Luis Gonzales would find it. If you are not Luis Gonzales, but are an alumni of Killeen High School, register on this site for free now.


We are always looking for enthusiastic volunteers to help out at events. This ranges from national pet shows to community events in your local area.
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We are looking for volunteers who can help us spread the word about the work we do to Prevent, Educate and Treat. As a charity, we rely on the generosity of our supporters so these events are always a fantastic opportunity to talk to people and gain new supporters. It also gives us chance to talk to pet owners and point them in the right direction for help and advice on taking care of their pet.
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Library & Archives ›
Library & Archives News
Hoover Archives Acquires The Papers Of Latvian Dissident Janis Jahimovičs
Above: Jānis Jahimovičs' Popular Front of Latvia identification card nr. 34, c. 1990
The Jahimovičs family, 1980s
During the early years of Soviet occupation Latvia had tens of thousands of its citizens killed, arrested, deported, imprisoned, and otherwise repressed for political dissent, opposition, or, more commonly, for belonging to certain social, economic, and professional categories. After Stalin's death, as most of the real or perceived enemies of the Soviet state were eliminated, mass repression lessened, but a new form of persecution and abuse was introduced: confinement and "treatment" of dissidents in psychiatric hospitals. Jānis Jahimovičs, an educator and collective farm chairman, was such a person; his papers document the harsh realities of his life and struggle for truth and justice under a totalitarian communist regime.
He was born in 1931, near Daugavpils, as Jan Jachimowicz, the tenth child of a Polish forester's family. The population of this part of southeastern Latvia was made up of a complicated mosaic of Latvian, Polish, Russian, Belarusian, and Jewish communities, each with its own schools as well as religious and cultural institutions. Jan's world changed drastically when the Soviets occupied the country in 1940, a consequence of the Soviet-Nazi pact partitioning East Central Europe. His Polish school was closed and, as he noted in his autobiography, "if you wanted to study, you had to change your nationality," and so he did. His remaining education was in Latvian and Russian, his name changed to Ivan Iakhimovich or Jānis Jahimovičs, and Russian became his first language. The family survived the war relatively intact, save for two older brothers, one drafted into the Red Army and killed near Moscow in 1941, and another, mobilized into the Waffen-SS Latvian Legion, whose fate remains unknown.
Jānis Jahimovičs with his evergreens, 1980s
Thanks to the years of communist indoctrination in government schools Jahimovičs became a politically active true believer in his younger days. During 1951−56 he studied in the historical-philological faculty of the Soviet university in Riga. Soon after, he became a teacher of Russian language and literature and a local school inspector. He joined the Communist Party in 1961. A serious Communist, he tried to work in accord with his convictions in the areas of economics, culture, and "socialist freedom." The authorities, appreciating his ideological commitment and administrative skills, appointed him chairman of the model collective farm "Jaunā gvarde" (Young Guard). During his years directing the farm Jahimovičs continued to study the classics of Marxism-Leninism, which gradually led him to the realization that the ideals professed by the writers were a far cry from the Soviet reality.
The crucial year in Jānis Jahimovičs's intellectual development was 1968, the year of the Prague Spring. Inspired by Czechoslovak Communists led by Alexander Dubček and their slogan of "socialism with a human face," Jahimovičs wrote in January 1968 to Mikhail Suslov, the chief ideologue of the Soviet party, condemning the trials of Soviet dissidents as "a great harm. . . to our party and the cause of communism. . ." Two months later he was expelled from the Communist Party; in May he was dismissed as chairman of the collective farm. Jahimovičs grew close to the fraction of human rights activists who were Communists or former Communists whose most prominent member was former Soviet general Pyotr Grigorenko who aimed at the "restoration. . .of Leninist norms of party life." In July 1968 the group signed an open letter in support of the Czechoslovak reform movement of Alexander Dubček. A few months later, after the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslvakia, Jahimovičs and Grigorenko issued an address "To the Citizens of the Soviet Union" that was critical of the Soviet suppression of the Prague Spring and demanded the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country. This was the final straw for the authorities.
On 24 March 1969, Jahimovičs was arrested and subjected to an "expert judicial-psychiatric evaluation" in Riga and in Moscow, the results of which called for compulsory "treatment." He became one of the first Soviet dissidents subjected to such measures of "social defense." His wife, a schoolteacher, was banned from working with children. While in a Riga psychiatric hospital, where he spent more than two years, he became friends with Iļja Ripss (now Eliyahu Rips, a prominent Israeli mathematician and Bible code authority) who was incarcerated for attempted self-immolation in protest over the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.
Jānis Jahimovičs (first on the right) participating in the Baltic Way of 23 August 1989 marking the fiftieth anniversary of the Soviet-Nazi pact that partitioned East Central Europe. The four-hundred-mile human chain extending through the three Baltic states included the participation of two million people. Transistor radios were used to synchronize the effort.
After his release in 1971, Jahimovičs was banned from Riga, so he returned to his hometown of Daugavpils. Effectively silenced and isolated, he kept his views to himself, working for many years as a nurseryman in the municipal parks department. He returned to political prominence in the late1980s, during Gorbachev's perestroika, as a passionate supporter of the Latvian National Front (Latvijas Tautas fronte) and independence. He ran for public office but lacked the necessary single-mindedness and political ruthlessness to get elected. After retiring, Jahimovičs devoted his time to social work among the unemployed of Daugavpils. That brave and honest citizen of free Latvia died in his hometown on August 5, 2014.
The Jahimovičs Papers include personal documents, photographs, diaries, memoirs, poetry, a notebook with materials on the poet and singer Vladimir Vysotskii, legal documents, and numerous samizdat materials. As a source on Latvia in the years of Soviet occupation, it complements the documentation in the Mavriks Vulfsons Papers, the Boris Ravdin Collection (Ravdin was a friend of Jahimovičs), and the recently received selected digitized records of the Latvian SSSR KGB, which will be fully processed and made available to researchers before the end of 2016.
Maciej Siekierski siekierski [at] stanford.edu


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The experience of photographing Manhattan is so overwhelming that time seems to stop. When the hostages were freed from Iran in 1981 and New York gave them a ticker-tape parade, I got a press pass and found a good vantage point on the ledge of high above Broadway. All of the sudden I could hear the roar of the crowd. The roar began to build, then far below the parade began to approach. I was mesmerized. The next thing that I knew I was hanging over the ledge, with my assistant holding my feet, firing away, photograph after photograph, until gradually the roar began to die down, and my assistant hauled me back inside. I took a deep breath. What had felt like a second was actually an hour going by. This photo was used as a two page spread in Life Magazine and won a bronze medal from the National Press association.


for "his contributions to theoretical proposals enabling the study of non-equilibrium quantum many-body dynamics with unprecedented microscopic control in ultra-cold atoms, and establishing them as a quantum technologies platform".
Taking advantage of the large electron escape depth of soft x-ray angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we report electronic structure measurements of (111)-oriented [LaNiO3/LaMnO3] superlattices and LaNiO3 epitaxial films. For thin films, we observe a 3D Fermi surface with an electron pocket at the Brillouin zone center and hole pockets at the zone vertices. Superlattices with thick nickelate layers present a similar electronic structure. However, as the thickness of the LaNiO3 is reduced, the superlattices become insulating. These heterostructures do not show a marked redistribution of spectral weight in momentum space but exhibit a pseudogap of ≈ 50 meV.


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Our long-time experience in treating metallic implants with APS and VPS technologies was used as the basis for the development of a plasma spray coating family for the synthetic material polyetheretherketone (PEEK).


This thesis presents an online web-based culturally relevant algebra tutor system. It is designed for African American students to improve their mathematical skills through practice on this platform. As a critical part of a culturally relevant tutor framework AADMLSS, this system particularly focuses on practicing algebra. But it can also easily be adapted to other courses with proper changes in problem repository and problem solving engine. This platform consists of two interface modules at the front-end and one database at the back-end. One of interface modules, called Algebra Problems Management, is designed for instructors to manage algebra problem pool and to track the activities that students perform in solving algebra problems. The other interface module, Algebra Problems Practice, is shared by instructors and students. This module is the environment where students can extract an algebra problem and practice solving this problem through interaction with a 3D virtual tutor. This module is hooked into Algebra Problems Management module as one of its elements so that instructors can preview the environment a student might be in when solving an algebra problem. With practice on this online web system that is tailored with the familiar cultural elements to students, they are expected to improve their ability and skills in mathematics. An extensive usability experiment is also conducted to evaluate effectiveness, efficiency and user satisfaction of this system. Experimental result shows that AADMLSS Practice is effective and efficient in interface usability and functionalities helping student practice their algebra problems.


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text:
© Louis-Auguste Bisson - Musée de la Musique
© seemallorca.com
Updated 7 February 2018
Frederic Chopin - Composer & Pianist
An infamous winter spent in Valldemossa
150 years ago, Chopin spent a winter in Mallorca (Valldemossa). During this time he wrote letters to his friends in Paris mentioning his love for the island, but also raving against the people living on the island. It is believed that he had a mistress "George Sand" here in Mallorca.
Extract from a letter sent to his friend Julio Fontana on the 15th of November, 1838;
'My dear friend,
I'm in Palma, between Palma trees, cedar, aloe, orange, lemon, fig and pomegranate trees. The trees that will never grow in, The Garden of the Plants, there in Paris.
The sky is turquoise, the sea blue, the mountains emerald, and the air? The air is as blue as the sky. The sun shines all day and people are dressed as in the summer time, because here it is hot.
At night, for long hours, I can hear songs and music of guitars. The houses have large balconies from where the vines hang. The walls of the houses belong to the Arab domination and the city, as everything here reminds you of Africa.'
The son of French émigré father (a schoolteacher working in Poland) and a cultured Polish mother, he grew up in Warsaw, taking childhood music lessons in Bach and the Viennese Classics from Wojciech Zywny and Jósef Elsner before entering the Conservatory (1826-9). By this time he had performed in local salons and composed several rondos, polonaises and mazurkas. Public and critical acclaim increased during the years 1829-30 when he gave concerts in Vienna and Warsaw, but his despair over the political repression in Poland, coupled with his musical ambitions, led him to move to Paris in 1831.
There, with practical help from Kalkbrenner and Pleyel, praise from Liszt, Fétis and Schumann and introductions into the highest society, he quickly established himself as a private teacher and salon performer. His legendary artist's image was enhanced by frail health (he had tuberculosis), attractive looks, sensitive playing, a courteous manner and the piquancy attaching to self-exile.
Of his several romantic affairs, the most talked about was that with the novelist George Sand (Aurore Dudevant) though whether he was truly drawn to women must remain in doubt. Between 1838 and 1847 their relationship, with a strong element of the maternal on her side, coincided with one of his most productive creative periods. He gave few public concerts, though his playing was much praised, and he published much of his best music simultaneously in Paris, London and Leipzig. The breach with Sand was followed by a rapid deterioration in his health and a long visit to Britain (1848). His funeral at the Madeleine was attended by nearly 3000 people.
No great composer has devoted himself as exclusively to the piano as Chopin and he was admired for his great originality. By all accounts an inspired improviser, he composed while playing, writing down his thoughts only with difficulty. While his own playing style was famous for its subtlety and restraint, its exquisite delicacy in contrast with the spectacular feats of pianism then reigning in Paris, most of his works have a simple texture of accompanied melody.
Born Zelazowa Wola, 1 March 1810; died Paris, 17 October 1849.


Ocean view property in a centrally located family friendly neighborhood. Just 7 minutes to the surf at playa Cedros, 15 minutes to the beaches of Mal Pais and within a kilometer of some of the areas best restaurants (Clandestina, Tierra y Fuego, Ash and La Vida Dulce).
The property borders with a seasonal creek and has many building areas, there is a hill with ocean view and a flat plantel. There are 2 access which grants more privacy to a several units project or in case you would like to segregate the property in two properties.
It is private and quiet perfect to enjoy nature and wildlife yet it is very close to all amenieties & beach.
This is a great property for a home with more units for rent (airbnb), a nature lovers b&b and any other commercial options.
Handmade well to be included.


text:
__БЕЗКН__

-{Alsodes nodosus}- је водоземац из реда жаба (-{Anura}-) и фамилије -{Cycloramphidae}-.

Угроженост
Ова врста је на нижем степену опасности од изумирања, и сматра се скоро угроженим таксоном.

Распрострањење
Врста је присутна у Чилеу. Присуство у Аргентини је непотврђено.

Станиште
Станишта врсте су жбунаста вегетација и слатководна подручја.

Литература
 -{IUCN}- црвена листа угрожених врста, детаљнији подаци о врсти

Референце

Жабе
Фауна Чилеа
Водоземци Јужне Америке

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
module Google
  module Cloud
    module CloudDMS
      module V1
        VERSION = "0.2.0"
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I'm Shelf-ish: Untaught and Unlearned Knowledge by Fred G. Womack Book Blast - Win a $25 Amazon Gift Card!
Untaught and Unlearned Knowledge by Fred G. Womack Book Blast - Win a $25 Amazon Gift Card!
Much has been said and written about faith in recent times, but do people of this generation really know what faith is? Why has raw faith, through the centuries, chosen Christianity in preference to other global religions when the freedom of choice was allowed? In Untaught and Unlearned Knowledge, author Dr. Fred G. Womack provides information and insight into the functioning of faith, which has been neglected by Biblical scholarship for several years. What is faith? How is faith? When is faith? Why is faith? Womack explores these questions and more and addresses what can be done to increase and strengthen faith. He discusses that an ancient paradigm ensures that authentic Christianity will prevail through faith, and it guarantees the ultimate triumph of truth in religion. In Untaught and Unlearned Knowledge, Womack casts light into the shadows where little or none has been directed with regard to faith, a theme central to all religions and one that enables Christianity to stand apart from the rest.
Fred G. Womack, D. Min., earned a Master of Divinity in New Testament Theology and a Doctor of Ministry. He is a Christian minister with thirty-five years of experience and has been an adjunct professor at the collegiate and seminary level. Womack is married and has three children.
Fred is giving away a $25 Gift Card!


If you think you would like a career in healthcare, LPN Programs in Yorkville GA are waiting to allow you to get going right now!
A lot of training courses are around 9 months to 2 years and can be taken online or at a training center, and make you qualified to sit for the Licensed Practical Nurse NCLEX test given in your area.
Practical nursing courses hold four key requirements for students. The first is to satisfy the legal age prerequisite and hold a high school diploma or GED, thirdly is to have negative test results for drugs, and lastly is to pass a background check.
Everything That Will Be in Your Nurse Training?
Exactly what are the standards to take part in the course?
The National Council of State Boards of Nursing does, in fact, say that all LPNs must have a license. Additionally, the Nurse Aide Registry regulates a federal registry that an employed nurse has to be listed on to legally be an aide. Becoming credentialed and listed is the only way to get hired to work as a Licensed Practical Nurse.
For soon to be nurses, the employment outlook is one of the brightest of any vocation in Georgia. The rise in new jobs for practical nurses are estimated to increase across the country until the year 2020 and in Georgia. Do not miss this wonderful chance to kick off a career!
As soon as you have finished the LPN programs, you'll enjoy the advantages of a brand new career with a ton of possibilities for advancement!


text:
Students Embark on Community Service and Experiential Learning Trip to the South
Six Upper School students and two faculty members traveled to the American South over the spring break to participate in community service and learn about life in that region of the United States.
For many years, students and faculty have taken the annual trip to Jonestown, Mississippi, to assist with community service initiatives in the town. This year, the trip was expanded to include visits to areas beyond Jonestown. Madison Blake '22, Caleb Jakes '22, Patrycja Palmowska '20, Lina Philizaire '20, Sophie Ruehlmann '20 and Sophia Van Beek '22, the students who participated in the trip, had the opportunity to consider issues such as how the music and cotton industries influenced the region, and how educational opportunities impact communities. Matt Browne, Upper School history teacher and a trip chaperone along with Upper School chemistry teacher Rene Hurley, said that "The goal of this trip was to perform community service in Jonestown, as has been a Masters tradition, but also to broaden the scope of the trip so that students would see a fuller picture of the South and particularly African-American life in the region."
The group had a full schedule, beginning the trip with a service at the Mississippi Boulevard Christian Church and a visit to the Cotton Exchange Museum. They then spent two days participating in a community service project in Jonestown, painting the interior of a local family's house. Students spent the following days at various historic places across the region, including the Stax Museum of American Soul Music, University of Mississippi, the National Civil Rights Museum and Lorraine Motel.
"There were so many highlights," said Jakes, who described many of the experiences to cultural centers and museums as "powerful." And regarding the community service the group completed in Jonestown, Jakes shared, "It felt good that we painted the house. There was new energy in the room [we painted]."
By participating in the trip, Browne said, "I hope that students gained some insights into both the continuing challenges in the South with regard to race, and also the inspiring achievements of African Americans in the South despite a history of tremendous adversity."


This past week was huge for me. Not only did I meet my goal of bringing the word count of The Empire's Edge up to 80K (the minimum size desired by most publishers), but I submitted a query package to TOR/Forge, mailing it off on Saturday.
Wish me luck! I should hear within 6 months.
The first draft of this book, which I finished four or five years ago, held a mere 45K. I began writing this book in April 2003, so it's about time this baby got out the door.
My first real novel. Wow.


WASHINGTON — Through two executive orders signed Tuesday, President Obama put in place a structure to fortify the government's defenses against cyber attacks and protect the personal information the government keeps about its citizens.
Exhibit A: The Social Security Administration system still runs on a platform written in the 1960s in the COBOL programming language, and takes 400 people just to maintain, Obama said.
"If we're going to really secure those in a serious way, then we need to upgrade them," Obama told reporters Tuesday after meeting with advisers on the issue. "And that is something that we should all be able to agree on. This is not an ideological issue. It doesn't matter whether there's a Democratic President or a Republican President. If you've got broken, old systems — computers, mainframes, software that doesn't work anymore — then you can keep on putting a bunch of patches on it, but it's not going to make it safe."
To implement those upgrades, Obama created two new entities Tuesday: The first, a Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity, will be made up of business, technology, national security and law enforcement leaders who will make recommendations to strengthen online security in the public and private sectors. It will deliver a report to the president by Dec. 1.
The second, a Federal Privacy Council, will bring together chief privacy officers from 25 federal agencies to coordinate efforts to protect the vast amounts of data the federal government collects and maintains about taxpayers and citizens.
Obama's cybersecurity adviser, Michael Daniel, said the structure allows the administration to move forward even without additional authority from Congress by "driving our executive authority to the limit."
The administration's plan will look at cybersecurity both inside and outside the government. There will be more training and shared resources among government agencies, 48 dedicated teams to respond to attacks, and student loan forgiveness to help recruit top technical talent.
But the will plan also promote better security practices throughout the economy, by encouraging through multi-factor authentication that uses additional information in addition to a password. The government is also looking to reduce its use of Social Security numbers the unique identifier for all Americans.
Across the government, the Obama administration wants to spend $19 billion on cybersecurity in 2017, a 35% increase over 2016. But the plan does not rely on an increase in funding. "We can do quite a bit of it even without the additional resources," Daniel said.
The White House said it also plans to create the new position of Chief Information Security Officer to coordinate modernization efforts across the government, including a a $3.1 billion Information Technology Modernization Fund. "That's a key role that many private-sector companies have long implemented, and it's a good practice for the federal government," said Tony Scott, the U.S. Chief Information Officer.
The president is expected to meet with national security advisers Tuesday morning to launch the new effort.


text:
Hilarious history ~ Told by the funniest writer in fiction!
24 Sunday Sep 2017
Posted by Elizabeth Fais in History, Humor, Nonfiction
Calaveras County, Charlie Chaplin, Elizabeth Fais, Hilarious HIstory, Jumping Frog, Little Tramp, Mark Twain, Nevada, Nonfiction, SCBWI, Sid Fleischman, Sid Fleischman Humor Award, Sir Charlie, Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators, Stephen Mooser, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Trouble Begins at 8, Virginia City
Sid Fleischman was (and arguably still is) the funniest fiction writer…ever. I'm not alone in this opinion. The Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators (SCBWI) created a Humor Award in his honor, and made him the first recipient. The Sid Fleischman Humor Award is an award for authors whose work exemplifies the excellence of writing in the genre of humor.
As SCBWI President Stephen Mooser said, "Sid the Magician may not be as famous as Sid the Writer. It's one thing to make someone laugh. But his ability to do that in so many stories with such poignancy is nothing short of magic."
So it's no surprise that the funniest writer in fiction worked his magic with hilarious history too.
The Trouble Begins at 8 ~
A Life of Mark Twain in the Wild, Wild West
Who better to tell the rambunctious tale of a young river boat pilot who gallops off to take on the wild, wild West than Sid Fleischman? The tale is all true, and told with a wit as sharp as Mark Twain himself.
The title itself signals the fun that's to come…taken from the poster Mark Twain used to advertise his public talks: The doors open at seven, The Trouble to begin at 8 o'clock.
Fleischman takes the reins from there with hopping hilarity: "Mark Twain was born fully grown, with a cheap cigar clamped between his teeth."
You might think (as I did) that Mark Twain began writing as a young man, while piloting river boats on the Mississippi river. Afterall, that was the stage on which his two most famous novels were set: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. But no. Those books wouldn't come until much later. Twain's writing career began with his adventures in the wild, wild west. Virginia City, Nevada to be exact, writing for a newspaper in a place where tumbleweeds were the biggest thing to blow through town.
The First in Fake News
It's true. Mark Twain made his name writing Fake News. When there was no news, "Sam gave his bubbling imagination a stir and ladled out a wondrous hoax. He reported the discovery of a petrified man."
Twain created the tale to stir up trouble with the competing newspaper in town, and tickle the funny bones of the readers. In a time before television and social media this was great entertainment, and an instant success! So much so, the hoax was picked up by newspapers across the country.
The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County was the tall tale that brought Twain national acclaim. The short story awarded him notoriety as a writer, but travel and lecture series would consume his time for years. It wasn't until Twain married and settled in Connecticut that he'd write two of the most celebrated novels in fiction.
Sir Charlie ~
Chaplin, the Funniest Man in the World
Charlie Chaplin embraced the pain of his youth, played with it, then used it to become famous for being funny. He instinctively knew that what makes you laugh the most, also makes you cry the most. Sid Fleischman tells the Little Tramp's poignant tale, matching Chaplin's humor with heartwarming empathy.
See him? That little tramp twitching a postage stamp of a mustache, politely lifting his bowler hat, and leaning on a bamboo cane with the confidence of a gentleman? A slapstick comedian, he blazed forth as the brightest movie star in the Hollywood heavens.
Everyone knew Charlie—Charlie Chaplin.
When he was five years old he was pulled onstage for the first time, and he didn't step off again for almost three-quarters of a century. Escaping the London slums of his tragic childhood, he took Hollywood like a conquistador with a Cockney accent. With his gift for pantomime in films that had not yet acquired vocal cords, he was soon rubbing elbows with royalty and dining on gold plates in his own Beverly Hills mansion. He was the most famous man on earth—and he was regarded as the funniest.
Still is. . . . He comes to life in these pages. It's an astonishing rags-to-riches saga of an irrepressible kid whose childhood was dealt from the bottom of the deck. [Synopsis]
In case you've never seen Charlie Chaplin in action…the following is a clip from his silent movie, A Dog's Life.
2 thoughts on "Hilarious history ~ Told by the funniest writer in fiction!"
Heather Fais said:
Thanks, Elizabeth! I already got the Mark Twain book from our library for your Aunt Marilyn and she is delighted by it.
It was wonderful to see you in Vancouver; thanks for taking the time and effort to be with us all, as family and friend.
love, Heather
Elizabeth Fais said:
I'm glad she likes it! Sid Fleischman is brilliant. I'm sure she'd like the other biographies he's written about Houdini and Chaplin too. It was great to see and spend time with everyone. We'll have to do it again soon 🙂


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Q: Docker-compose and volumes When I create a volume manually and include it in docker-compose, if I don't prefix the volume tag with docker_, docker compose creates a new volume prefixed with docker_
For example:
I create a volume with:
docker volume create myvolume

It's visible at /var/lib/docker/volumes/myvolume.
I include it in my docker-compose yaml file, but when I run docker-compose, a new volume is created at /var/lib/docker/volumes/docker_myvolume
If I call my volume docker_myvolume and include that in my docker-compose yaml, it uses it and doesn't create it's own.
Is this normal behavior?

A: Yes, this is normal behavior. When you specify a volume in your docker-compose.yml file without a leading driver_ prefix, Docker Compose will create a new volume with a name that is prefixed with driver_. This is because Docker Compose uses a default driver for creating and managing volumes, which is the local driver.
You can specify a volume in your docker-compose.yml file with the external option to tell Docker Compose to use an existing volume instead of creating a new one. For example:
version: '3'
services:
  myservice:
    volumes:
      - type: volume
        source: myvolume
        target: /app/data
        volume:
          external: true

This will tell Docker Compose to use the existing volume myvolume instead of creating a new one.

A: Yes, Compose generally prefixes things with its project name.  This includes containers, networks, and named volumes.  In general, if you actually need to interact with these things, there is an equivalent docker-compose command that chooses the correct name (e.g., docker-compose exec).
In general you shouldn't be directly modifying things inside /var/lib/docker.  That directory tree is Docker's private state and there are no particular guarantees about the format of files there.  If your use case involves directly interacting with the volume files from the host, either use a /host/path:/container/path bind mount or explicitly specify the storage location using volume options.


It was published in "RF the world" magazine No.9.
The article on "Design and production of the AM wireless microphone" was published in page 114-124 of "RF the world" No.9 (sale on the 29th and including tax in January, the CQ publisher and 2010 the fixed price 1,680 yen).
The oscilloscope can be expected to be going to take the operation of the electric circuit. As for the oscilloscope , I want one in an efficient repair and production.
There are various products in our surroundings. When the product was used, will you have thought it was inconvenient? There is a thing that comes to use it easily fairly by doing a little device.
Because the crack was not suitable for making a thing to make the product itself and a too complex thing, I was using the thing made devising it with a main objective of the thing that it was easy and the effect is large by myself.
It decided to be thought it had the homepage I would like you to use it effectively if I not only become convenient but also these ideas are opened to the public to the chance, and there is useful information in that, and to put it on the homepage.
"Here is amusing" When it informs them of it, it is welcome when there are any suggestions such as "There is a better idea". The impression used making it can be gotten and I think it is more welcome.
Please do by the self-responsibility safely carefully when it is produced for myself, and it is used. Please stop it if not confident.


text:
Q: Rails(3.2.2) Direct sign_in to the Spree(1.1.1) from non-spree controller I have integrated Spree(1.1.1) into my existing Rails 3.2.2 Application. I have home_controller in my existing application. I want to direct login the user from action in the home controller to the spree using the sign_in method as
user = Spree::User.find(params[:user_id])
sign_in(user)

but that sign_in method is in the context of Spree.
How should I use sign_in. ?

A: The sign_in method is from Devise. You can use this method in any controller of your application.


Snapchat is quickly becoming the favoured social media platform around the Who What Wear office. It's best way to share quick, in-the-moment snaps without the over-thinking process that comes along with Instagram. So if Snapchat is in your social media circle, here are five reasons to add whowhatwear.com to your snap list.
#1: Daily snaps to our stories.
#2: Behind-the-Scenes look at the Who What Wear HQ.
#3: Access to exclusive content.
#4: A live, insider look at fashion events.
#5: Occasional takeovers with our favourite bloggers.
Make sure to add us to your snap list (username: whowhatwear.com). And leave your Snapchat name in the comments below and we just might add you back!


text:
Newssoft power
Soft power News
DNA: Soft Power -- What can Bollywood learn from the K-pop group?
All the members of South Korean pop band BTS are young and they love their country, language and culture. Today, their art has become their strength and made them so powerful that they got an invitation to the White House from the President of America.
DNA: Why does America need help from a K-pop band?
This news is about the soft power of South Korea, whose name is K-pop. All members of BTS were invited by US President Joe Biden to meet at the White House.
DNA: PM Modi Tokyo Visit -- What can India learn from Japan?
After America, Japan is probably the first country in the world that has understood the potential of soft power properly. So if India wants, it can learn a lot from Japan.
ICCR
Indian govt's ICCR working to spread 'spirituality as soft power'
ICCR is an autonomous body under the MEA. India aims to use spirituality as soft power, the DG ICCR said.
DNA: When the country will recognize the 'soft power' of farmers
In this part of DNA, know when the country will recognize the 'soft power' of farmers.
Chinese media's hissy fit against Australia shows Beijing's soft power problem
An editorial in a Chinese government-run newspaper demonstrated both the frustration and possibly even one of the sources of the trust deficit.
Wow! Kamal Haasan to speak at Harvard during India Conference 2016
Renowned actor Kamal Haasan has been invited to be one of the key speakers at the India Conference 2016. With this honour, he will become the first South Indian actor to speak at the prestigious event.
Britain to boost world BBC funding for 'soft power'
In a statement the BBC welcomed the extra funding and said it would help enhance television in Africa, create new radio services for North Korean audiences, and provide radio and digital services for Ethiopia and Eritrea.


Quick and easy to use. Covers all or part of your greenhouse. Attach to the inside of the frame using clips. Designed to deal with the problem of overheating (and scorching) when the temperature soars. Also helps reduce heat loss during colder spells. Draws like a curtain, so easy to put into position and retract as and when needed. Two lengths available.