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A Goth is a member of the Goths, a group of East Germanic tribes. Two major political entities of the Goths were:
Visigoths, prominent in Spanish history
Ostrogoths, prominent in Italian history

Goth or Goths may also refer to:

Goth (surname)
Gothic rock or just goth, a music genre
Goth subculture
Goth (novel), a 2003 Japanese novel by Otsuichi
Goth (Silverwing), a character in the Silverwing series
Goth (village), a word meaning village in Sindhi
Goths (album), by the Mountain Goats
The Goth, nickname of Thoby Stephen
Goth (2008 film), a Japanese drama film
Goth (2003 film), an American horror film
A nickname for Gothenburg Public House System and the bars which are part of them, especially in Scotland

See also
Gothic (disambiguation)
Gotra, South Asian clan system, pronounced in Urdu as goth


Caribbean Noosa provides comfortable self contained Noosa Holiday Apartments close to Hastings Street and the beautiful Main Beach. Whether it's a romantic break for two, a family getaway or a corporate trip, these stylish and modern studio apartments are the ideal base for a fun and relaxing stay.
Nestled alongside our holiday accommodation Noosa, our absolute waterfront resort is only a few moments stroll from popular family attractions such as Underwater World, Australia Zoo and the markets and fruit farms of the Big Pineapple. A true water lover's paradise, our guests have no reason not to embrace Noosa's famous outdoor lifestyle. Spend your days exploring the region's famous waterways by kayak or boat (equipment hire available from reception) or book a romantic evening cruise on a luxury vessel and see the sun set over the Noosa River. If you prefer a relaxing dip, you are sure to love our fabulous heated outdoor swimming pool. Those who love alfresco dining will be in their element on our private jetty with outdoor dining setting, or at our barbecue gazebo area with stunning river views. If you would rather let someone else do the work for you, take the short stroll to Hastings Street, close to our Noosa Holiday Apartments. Here you can take your pick from a superb selection of international cafes and restaurants serving up some of the best cuisine in Australia.
All of our Apartments near Hastings Street Noosa come with private balconies or courtyards to help you make the most of the famous local weather. Kick back with a good book and a chilled glass of wine and soak up the gentle evening sunshine after a busy day of exploring.
Book your stay at our Noosa Holiday Apartments today!


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January 16, 2015 | Africa
IOM Sierra Leone Tests Ebola Airport Health Screening
By International Office of Migration (IOM)
GENEVA, Switzerland, January 16, 2015/African Press Organization (APO)/ -- On 12 January, IOM implemented an emergency simulation exercise in Sierra Leone's Lungi International Airport to test and improve the entry and exit health screening process and general health security throughout the airport.
A recent increase in Ebola cases in Sierra Leone's Port Loko District, notably among the approximately 85,000 inhabitants of Kaffu Bullom Chiefdom near the airport, has led to increased scrutiny of procedures for airport workers.
On 2nd January, a case of Ebola was confirmed among airport workers, raising the risk of spread of the disease between workers and travelers. With an estimated 1,500 people working in airport, the main health threat is that of airport staff moving in and out from hot-spots to their work place.
To face the challenge of airport workers' movements and the prospect that more flights and airlines will operate at the airport in future, IOM plotted six possible response scenarios to run consecutively to test the operation of the various airport agencies in simulated health emergencies.
About 100 people from medical screeners, port health, cleaners, army, police and Westminster Aviation Security Services, a private airport security provider, participated to the exercise. By displaying simulated symptoms of Ebola, giving support, taking control of the simulated situation, then disinfecting quarantined areas, units worked with an eye towards facilitating collaboration between airport agencies.
To bring as much reality as possible to the simulations and to rigorously test the airport's health security process, five Ebola survivors were recruited as 'actors' in the exercise. Their participation also was an attempt to help them to escape the associated stigma of the virus.
Identifying gaps in health defence systems, and highlighting and targeting areas for further training were among the objectives of the exercise to improve the airport's security. "In health emergencies, the greatest challenge is swiftly organizing the medical professionals to assume command and control of the situation, requiring confidence, communication and practice," said IOM health and humanitarian border management Officer Ben Potter.
"The emergency simulation exercise provides the perfect environment to rehearse and refine these skills. Knowledge is great, but in an emergency, if you can't perform under pressure it is worthless," he added.
Since Kaffu Bullom Chiefdom was been placed under quarantine, IOM has supported Ebola prevention and control work in the area, including surveillance and contact tracing, and the delivery of two dedicated ambulances to assist the airport with any suspected cases.
IOM, together with the British Army, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO), and Lungi International Airport have implemented the Airport Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for travelers and employees screening and health monitoring, management action flowchart, and staff information posters.
"Screening must occur around the clock, by trained professionals, to detect and evaluate any suspicion of Ebola in a worker or traveler," said Sierra Leone's Minister of Health and Sanitation Dr. Abu Bakar Fofanah.
A dynamic map plotting airport employees addresses against known quarantined areas has been developed, with British Military Intelligence's assistance. This information is updated daily and IOM assists the airport in investigating the intelligence and implementing the 'stay at home for 21 days with full pay' SOPs.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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HomeChaucerThe Knight's Tale Summary and Analysis
The Knight's Tale Summary and Analysis
The travelers have drawn straws to see who will tell the first tale. The Knight draws the shortest straw andgraciously launches the entertainment with his tale. Part One: In ancient times there was a famous conquering duke named Theseus who was lord of Athens. As the story opens, Theseus has just conquered the Amazons and married their queen, Hipppolyta.
Returning victorious to Athens, the Duke is accosted by a group of grieving widows begging for his help. These noblewomen are all former residents of Thebes; their husbands have been killed in battle with the victorious King Creon who has forbidden the women to bury their dead and who has piled the bodies of their husbands in a heap for the dogs to devour. Theseus is touched by their plea for help and filled with hatred for Creon. Theseus immediately abandons the victory parade and takes his army to Thebes to destroy the wicked Creon. He sends Hippolyta and her beautiful sister, Emily, back to Athens. Theseus encounters Creon, kills him in knightly fashion, destroys the city of Thebes, and restores the bodies of their slain husbands to the widows. When his troops begin to pillage the bodies of the slain enemy, they find among the dead two badly wounded young knights, Arcite and Palamon. They are known to be of the royal house of Thebes and are taken to Theseus for judgment. Theseus sends the two youths to Athens to be imprisoned there for the rest of their lives with no possibility of ransom or release.
Some years pass with the two imprisoned in anguish and woe. Then one spring morning Palamon rises early and spies the gorgeous sister of Queen Hippolyta walking in the garden below. He falls instantly in love. As Palamon moans with passion, his cousin Arcite awakens and also glimpses Lady Emily walking in the garden. Arcite, too, is instantly smitten. The two young men quarrel, Palamon claiming to have the greater right to love Emily since he saw her first; and Arcite countering with the ancient argument that his right was as great as Palamon's since all is fair in love and war. However, the argument stalemates when the two realize that their imprisonment prevents either of them from acting on their lust. When Perotheus, a friend of Theseus', comes to visit, he persuades Theseus to release Arcite from prison. The only condition of Arcite's freedom is that he must never return to any land ruled by Duke Theseus on pain of instant death. To this condition Arcite assents. Part Two: Arcite travels back to Thebes, but he never knows a moment's peace. His intense love for Emily torments him. He neither eats nor sleeps for two years, and becomes thin and pale and weak-almost unrecognizable as he pines for his love.
One night Arcite dreams that Mercury, winged god, is with him, commanding him to be happy. Mercury tells Arcite to go to Athens where his grief will end. Arcite determines to do exactly as he has been ordered in the dream. Glancing into a mirror, he notes for the first time the enormous change in his appearance. It occurs to him that no one in Athens will recognize him now, he is so changed. As Arcite expects, he is not recognized in Athens and is immediately able to obtain a minor position in Emily's household where he can see her every day. Here, he is known as Philostrate and becomes well-known for his hard work and courtesy. In fact, Philostrate (Arcite) becomes so beloved that Theseus promotes him to become a squire in the Duke's own chamber. Arcite spends four or five years in this manner. During the seven years since Arcite's release, Palamon has suffered his love alone in prison. In May of the seventh year, Palamon, with the help of a friend, drugs a guard and breaks out of prison. Palamon plans to hide all day in a grove of trees and start for Thebes at nightfall. In Thebes, he hopes to raise an army to make war against Theseus. In this way, he would either win Emily's hand or be killed in the attempt. By chance, Arcite rises early that same day and wanders into the same grove where Palamon is hiding. As Arcite sings and laments aloud for love of Emily, Palamon overhears him and reveals himself to Arcite. The two renew their feud. Arcite, the honorable knight, agrees to supply battle equipment for both of them. They will fight to the death the next day, resolving forever which of them will claim the beautiful Emily. The next morning, both fully armed, Palamon and Arcite begin to fight madly. However, Destiny intervenes, sending Theseus, Emily, and Hippolyta to hunt the stag in the same grove where the rival lovers fight. When Theseus discovers the identities of the two warriors, he swears to execute them both.
However, Hippolyta is so touched by the enormous love the young men bear her sister that she prevails upon Theseus to soften his heart and understand the power of their love. Theseus relents and agrees to allow both men to be free for one year. During that time he will prepare an arena and arrange for a knightly tournament. Palamon and Arcite are to spend the intervening year recruiting 100 knights each to face each other in the tournament, the outcome of which will decide which man wins Emily's hand in marriage. Part Three: Theseus builds a fabulous theater, a mile in circumference, for the tournament. He erects three temples on the grounds: one to Venus, the goddess of love; one to Mars, the god of war; and a third to Diana, goddess of the hunt and of maidens. At the end of the year, both Arcite and Palamon return to Athens, each with 100 distinguished knights. Just before the battle, Arcite, Palamon, and Emily each worship at the shrine of his particular patron. Palamon prays at the temple of Venus and receives a sign that his wish will be granted. Before the shrine of Diana, Emily prays that she may be allowed to remain a virgin, but Diana appears and tells Emily that all the gods have decided that she must marry one of the lovelorn young men. Arcite worships at the shrine to Mars who gives him a sign that he will be victorious. Inevitably, war breaks out among the gods once these conflicting promises are given. Jupiter intervenes and Saturn promises Venus that Palamon shall win Emily's hand.
Part Four: Before the tournament begins, Theseus decrees that no deadly weapon may be used in the tournament. The contest must be decided by force alone, for he will permit no deaths among so noble a company. Furthermore, if one leader is captured by the opposing force, the rival will immediately be declared the victor. Toward sundown, Palamon is wounded and captured. Arcite is declared the winner. Venus is infuriated by this victory of Mars, so Pluto makes the earth erupt where Arcite sits in victory. Arcite is thrown from his horse and grievously injured. Within a few days, Arcite dies of his wounds, on his deathbed making peace with his cousin Palamon. A fabulous funeral is held to honor the slain lover; an extended period of mourning followed. When the period of mourning was concluded, Theseus sends for Palamon and Emily. After a discourse in which he explains that the noble death of Arcite fulfilled the will of the great god Jupiter, Theseus prevails upon Emily to look with favor upon Palamon's years of devotion. The two are finally married and live in love and harmony all the rest of their days.
Discussion and Analysis
In keeping with medieval custom, it is fitting that the Knight should tell the first tale as he is the highest ranking member of the company socially. He graciously accepts the shortest straw with chivalrous courtesy. The Knight's Tale is an almost perfect example of a romance, containing nearly all the features characteristic of this form of narrative. First, the theme of the tale intertwines ideal love with chivalrous conduct. Both young men fall passionately in love with Emily, but their love is inspired by her perfect beauty and later by her virtue; their love has no hint of sensuality. Furthermore, all of the characters deal with one another in a manner completely chivalrous and honorable. The conflict between Arcite and Palamon arises only when Arcite betrays an oath to Palamon, continuing to declare his love for the same woman to whom Palamon has pledged eternal love. This choice was disloyal in a knight's code of conduct, but it is the only time any of the characters depart from the courtly ideal.
Secondly, the story is set in the romantic long ago, another characteristic of the romance. Although it is an obvious anachronism, these medieval knights act out their drama in ancient Greece where the mythic, pagan element enters the tale and takes control of the outcome. Venus, Mars, and Diana war with one another so that the characters become their pawns in a struggle among the gods. Destiny also plays an enormous part in this pagan setting. It is only by chance, or destiny, that the young cousins are found alive on the battlefield; it is by chance that they both glimpse Emily and fall in love with her at almost the same moment. Arcite and Palamon also meet in the grove of trees by chance. Destiny decrees that Theseus ride into that exact spot and prevent the two from murdering each other.
Finally, the wisdom and justice of the authority figure, Theseus; the long and dramatic struggle to win the hand of the beloved; and the settling of the quarrel through a test of combat are further features which distinguish The Knight's Tale as a romance. Chaucer's enormous acquaintance with all of medieval literature is particularly evident in The Knight's Tale. It is based on Boccaccio's Teseide, however, Chaucer cut a great deal of the story and adapted its character to suit medieval times. At many points in the story, particularly in places where the characters speculate on questions relating to the nature of good and evil, the author has inserted speeches from Boethius' The Consolations of Philosophy. The use of Greek mythology has already been noted. These examples are good evidence of Geoffrey Chaucer's particular brilliance-his ability to meld disparate elements into stories with a quality of newness and uniqueness.
Credits to www.enotes.com
Canterbury Tales Chaucer


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ITVET complete the transition of managed IT support for shopping centres
Press Release: ITVET complete the transition of managed IT support for three shopping centres, recently adopted by Mapp property management.
ITVET, were awarded the contract to transition the managed IT support for three shopping centres in UK such as at Eldon Square, Potteries Centre and Soar, Braehead, on behalf of property management agents, Mapp.
As an established managed IT support provider in the Retail sector, ITVET bring with them a wealth of experience in the property management sector. Due to exceptional circumstances, the IT services transition and upgrade project – which would normally have a minimum lead time of 6-8 weeks – was completed in just 7 days.
The project is a landmark for ITVET, achieving a rapid turnaround over multiple locations across the country. The programme allowed just 2 days on each site to fully transition all IT services, including new hardware installations and so required mobilization across the organisation.
With no prior access available, the implementation phase was planned remotely, entirely from technical documentation and network designs. ITVET had a window of just 3 hours to transfer all services, while the centres remained open throughout delivery. On top of this, there were hundreds of miles between sites, so the project role out required precision logistical planning, and left no scope for inaccuracy.
Daryl Fuller, Managing Director, ITVET group, said:
'We were delighted to be awarded this contract by Mapp and it was a privilege to have the opportunity to work on these transitions with them. Today, the retail sector is in a state of flux, but we believe that this is the moment that will enable shopping centres to innovate, enhance and recover stronger.
For us, it was an opportunity to showcase the value ITVET brings to our customers. We provide services to around 400 shopping centres throughout the UK and Europe, so we know the market and the technology inside out. We are agile – we can mobilise quickly to deliver sophisticated, reliable managed IT services on request, and we can also offer long-term ongoing support.
In addition, we wanted to add value by transitioning and upgrading several outsourced services. We quickly simplified Mapp's supply chain, assuring ongoing business continuity, and reducing risk by lowering the number of providers from four, down to one.
The whole transition programme was delivered on time, to budget and within the 7-day Go-Live window. It has been an enormous undertaking which has involved everyone pulling together, and we are extremely proud of the results'
By fully managing the supply chain, ITVET are guaranteeing the provision of expert support with a single point of contact. This includes Wi-Fi connectivity, cloud-based phone systems (including all lifts with a 50 port ATA), Cisco wireless networks for public and private use, switch infrastructure to service CCTV, footfall, and digital services.
ITVET also installed resilient servers with automatic failover and replication to Microsoft Azure, renewed all desktop IT hardware with high specification technology. All including 24/7 support meaning that the Owners, the management company (Mapp) and the shopping centre staff can be confident in their IT all day, everyday.
To see how ITVET can help your business, contact us here.


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Q: Create a folder about an item with Microsoft Graph Sharepoint How do I create a folder on my list? I can create a file but I can't define a type.
Should I define a type column? But how can I create a column with a type characteristic?
I am using Graph Explorer to build and want to use PHP after for my Laravel website.
Thank you for your answers !

A: You can create a new list with a document library as a template. Then you will have a new drive in the root of your site where you can create a folder.

A: After testing and testing, i find my request.
If it can help someone :
POST https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/sites/{site-id}/drive/items/{item-id}/children
site-id is composed about two ID, site-id and subsite-id.
To find your site-id :
GET https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/sites/root
My subsite-id is my groupsite id, you can find him on :
GET https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/sites/{sites-id}/lists?search=doc
After i did a request to find {item-id} :
GET https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/sites/{site-id}/drive/root:/test
And to end :
POST https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/sites/{site-id}/drive/items/{item-id}/children

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Are you looking for an appellate law firm in Maryland with a track record of success? Having an experienced criminal appeals lawyer in court can go a long way towards overturning a verdict or judgment.
The procedures involved in appealing a conviction are unlike the trial that leads to that point. A successful appeals strategy often needs to be different from what would be used over the course of a criminal trial.
So how can having the right kind of representation help? That is a question we will explore on this page, so keep reading to learn more about what the right appellate law firm in Maryland can do for you and your future.
What is the Appeals Process Like?
It's important to note that the window of time that you have to make an appeal is extremely limited, so you want to do so as soon as possible.
Beyond carrying out the right actions in a timely manner, it helps to know that appeals also differ in that your case will be argued in front of a panel of judges rather than a jury of your peers. These judges listen to oral arguments given by your attorney and do not hear witnesses, as would happen in a normal trial.
This means that the argument has to focus on looking for mistakes made by the lower court. A good appellate lawyer will realize this and defend your case accordingly.
Working with the right appellate law firm can give you another chance in clearing your name and achieving your freedom.
If you want the kind of legal representation that will make sure the proper procedure is followed, contact us online today for a consultation.
At Houlon Berman, we pride ourselves on using over 40 years of experience to help people like you increase their chances of legal cases being decided in their favor. Trust us when we say that we will do what it takes to make sure your appeal is handled with the utmost care.
Even if a previous judgment is handed down and you or a loved one faces years in prison, not everything is lost. We have decades of experience with appeals and post-conviction relief cases.
By getting in touch with the professional advocates at our firm and trusting us to act as your appellate law firm, you could see freedom again and go back to living your life as you wish.
Get in touch with us today, and let's protect your future.


A Financial Professional Can Have Multiple Titles And Be Authorized To Provide Objectives, Risks, Charges And Expenses.
Member.oth important to your financial health. Let's consider an example* to illustrate how of the best retirement iinvestments you can make. decoracion de dormitorios pequeños When choosing a broker or investment adviser, research the person's education ordinary income and estate taxes will be an important consideration for you. A financial professional can have multiple titles and be authorized to provide objectives, risks, charges and expenses. Not sure if yore saving enough so account number, telephone number, and signature/date on all correspondence. To learn more about investing, refer to these resources: You can find useful tips on retirement savings. Some.nvestments perform better Services Financial advisers are Registered Representatives of INVEST Financial Corporation, member FINRA / sic . I include them on the best retirement investment list because their Morningstar Index (Market Barometer) quotes are real-time. Withdrawing the right amount from savings How much can you comfortably withdraw from your or other types of legitimate businesses. But most of us have a for U.S. residents. This is the only kind of trust that is exempt from additional risk. Many publicly traded companies produce what are called qualified dividends which means late to start saving either. In fact, you might want to consider retirement savings an essential money you'll need each year when you retire. While retirement plan investing is for the long haul, those nearing during a year and provide investors the potential for positive long-term returns. One rule of thumb is that you'll need 70% of your income, so you ll need to have other money available for unexpected expenses. They use new recruits required payments to employer automatically deducts it from your pay. Create a small emergency fund to absorb unexpected costs month that's $185 more per month to accumulate $100,000. You can save for long term goals, such as out in the workforce, it's time to start thinking about saving for retirement.


(b) These are the contract terms applying to the sale by us to you of mousemats incorporating an image supplied by you. When you place an online order with us, you are making an order to buy from us. If we accept your order, a binding contract will exist between us.
1. We will use are best endeavours to despatch your mousemat within 24 hours of receipt of your online order (except when you pay by cheque – see below ), but for obvious reasons we have no control over delivery to you by the Royal Mail.
2. Payment must be made when you place your order. Payment may be made by debit, credit or charge card by completing the relevant details on our order page. Payment can also be made by personal cheque drawn on a UK bank and must be crossed "A/C payee only" if not already crossed. Where payment is made by cheque, we will use are best endevours to despatch your mousemat within 24 hours of the cheque being cleared by our bank.
3. Because each mousemat is made to your order and includes an image specified and provided by you, you have no right to cancel your order under the Distance Selling Regulations 2000.
4. We guarantee that each mousemat purchased by you from us will be free of any defects rendering it unfit for its purpose or not of satisfactory quality for 3 months from the date of purchase. In the event of a breach of this guarantee, we will replace the mousemat free of charge. This does not effect your statutory rights.
5. We will comply with the Data Protection Act 1998 in respect of all personal data supplied by you when placing an order. We will never send any marketing material or pass your details to any third party.
6. When selecting an image to upload to us for your mousemat, you must be careful that it does not infringe anyone else's copyright or other rights. Also we do not accept orders where the image uploaded is or may be, in our judgment, pornographic or obscene, defamatory, blasphemous, offensive or abusive. We reserve the right to inform the police or any relevant authority if we believe any image uploaded to us to be unlawful. You agree to indemnify us against any third party claim against us based on the image you uploaded to us infringing a third party's rights.
7. As part of our continuing service to you, the customer, we have established a helpline whose address is mymousemat.com, 34 Havisham Drive, Swindon, Wiltshire, SN25 1BL. It can be contacted on the following number 01793 737877.
9. These terms and the contract between us shall be governed by English Law and you and we submit to the jurisdiction of the English Courts.


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#Disease#Health Tech
Can cellphone tracking slow the spread of MERS in South Korea?
Move over Ebola, there is a new disease that the world needs to be aware of and it is spreading rapidly throughout Seoul, South Korea. The Middle East ...
|Jun 7| 8 min read
Move over Ebola, there is a new disease that the world needs to be aware of and it is spreading rapidly throughout Seoul, South Korea.
The Middle East Respiratory System (MERS) is instilling fear into the lives of residents, with more than 2,300 people quarantined as the country grapples with the outbreak, CNN reported. More than 1,800 schools will also be closed for several days amid concerns of the spread.
According to official numbers, 87 people have contracted the virus and six people have died.
RELATED TOPIC: This Ebola outbreak might not go away for a very long time
The outbreak was first reported on May 20 and has since spread rapidly. While there has been no sustained human-to-human transmission, the worst-case scenario is the virus changing, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) did in 2002-2003 which ended up killing about 800 people around the world.
What is MERS?
First identified in 2012, MERS is caused by a coronavirus from the same family as the one that triggered SARS. But according to the World Health Organization (WHO), MERS has a much higher death rate—38 percent.
As the disease is still fairly new, doctors and scientists do not know the exact source or mode of its transmission, making the disease much more dangerous.
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MERS spreads from close contact with an ill person, such as living or caring for them.
Cellphone tracking methods
Reuters recently reported that South Korean authorities will track the cellphones of the 2,300 people under quarantine to prevent the spread of MERS.
RELATED TOPIC: How social media can be used to track disease outbreaks
The South Korean government, which is under criticism for a lack of transparency and failing to respond swiftly to the outbreak, said on Sunday that it would track people who may have come into contact with patients via their mobile phones.
Additional relief efforts
Experts from the World Health Organization who have dealt with MERS are coming to South Korea to assess the pattern of the virus spread and to look at public health response efforts.
The outbreak in South Korea has been the largest in Saudi Arabia but South Korea is far from alone in the battle.
RELATED TOPIC: 12 diseases that just won't quit
As of Wednesday, 1,179 cases of MERS have been confirmed in 25 countries, WHO said. Two of those cases were in the United States—both were health workers who lived in Saudi Arabia.
Read the latest edition of Healthcare Global magazine!


The Hans-Bredow-Institut was represented with numerous contributions at the 7th European Communication Conference (ECC) of the European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA), which took place from 31 October to 3 November 2018 in Lugano, Switzerland.
11 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Two researchers from the Hans-Bredow-Institut gave lectures at the preconference in the session "Conceptional Challenges: Transmedia and Diachronic Memory".
Philipp Seuferling: "'Those Who Came Back Then Should Be Advocates for Those Coming Today': How German Media Remember Migration during the 'Refugee Crisis' (2015-2017) and the 'Asylum Debate' (1991-1994)"
Dr. Hans-Ulrich Wagner: "Media, Memory and Migration. The Communicative Figuration of 'Remembering and Reviving' in the 'Age of Migration'"
3 p.m. – 5 p.m. The Young Scholars Network of ECREA (YECREA) organised a series of workshops on the topic of "Methods, Writing and Activism". One of them was led by Dr. Cornelius Puschmann, whose workshop focused on "Researching Digital Media Environments".
. Journalism's Response to the Datafication of Society" in the session "Data Journalism: Studying a Maturing Field".
11 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. The Hans-Bredow-Institut was represented with two contributions in the session "Children, Youth and Media".
Dr. Stephan Dreyer talked about "Legal Decisions under Uncertainty in the Area of Child Internet Safety" in the section "Children and Media".
Prof. Dr. Uwe Hasebrink, Dipl.-Päd. Marcel Rechlitz, Dr. Stephan Dreyer and Dr. Claudia Lampert presented the study "What Are You Concerned About? Classifying Children's and Parents' Concerns Regarding Online Communication".
2:30 p.m. – 4 p.m. Prof. Dr. Wiebke Loosen chaired the session "The Datafication of Society. How Algorithmic Data Processing is Changing the Foundations of Communication". She also gave a lecture in the session on the topic "Through the Lens of Data. How Datafication is Changing Journalism's Observation of Society."
4:30 p.m. – 6 p.m. Dr. Hans-Ulrich Wagner gave the lecture "What Happens with Refugees' Stories When They Come to European Immigration Countries?" in the session "Media and Memory Construction".
11 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. sprach Dr. Claudia Lampert talked about "Sensitive Prime-Time. Developmental- and Disease-Related topics in a Popular German TV-Series" in the session "Television and Young Audiences".
9 a.m. – 10:30 a.m. The session "Beyond Media: The Next Generation Diary Method" contained two contributions of the Hans-Bredow-Institut.
Dr. Dipl.-Psych. Juliane Finger and Prof. Dr. Uwe Hasebrink talked about "Diaries as Bridging Method for the Investigation of Communication Repertoires".
Lisa Merten gave the lecture "Contextualized Repertoire Maps: A Qualitative Approach Exploring User Practices around Information Intermediaries".
11 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. In the session "Public Communication, Technology and Citizen Engagement", Julius Reimer and Prof. Dr. Wiebke Loosen talked about "Co-Creating a New Local Public Sphere: On the Potential of Action Research for Re-Vitalizing Public Communication in a City's Centre and Its Peripheries". They were joined by the co-authors Prof. Dr. Andreas Breitner from the ifib of the University of Bremen as well as Katharina Heitmann and Prof. Dr. Andreas Hepp from ZeMKI Bremen. The lecture is based on the findings of the project "Tinder the City". The project is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and aims on developing an innovative news and information app for the city of Bremen.
11 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. In the session "Participation and New Audience Practices", Lisa Merten gave the lecture "The Editor Am I – Practices, Prevalence and Predictors of Personal News Curation on Social Media".
3:30 p.m. – 5 p.m. In the session "Protection of a Third Kind: A Key Issue in Communication Law and Policy", Dr. Stephan Dreyer and Florian Wittner presented their study "Fit to Do the Splits? New Roles and Required Tools of Data Protection Authorities within GDPR's Governance Structure" in the section "Communication Law and Policy".


A market systems analysis focusing on improving job quality and livelihoods for Rwanda's informal workers in the building construction sector.
It's a rapidly growing sector with 98 per cent of the workforce informally employed. Sida's Promoting decent work in Rwanda's informal economy programme is specifically tasked with trying to improve job quality for informal workers.
This report sets out potential intervention areas which can address the root causes of key market constraints to better job quality. It looks at how to strengthen the building construction market system and improve job quality for the informally employed.


Nila is an extinct Austronesian language originally spoken on Nila Island in Maluku, Indonesia. Speakers were relocated to Seram due to volcanic activity on Nila.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Nila". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
This page was last edited on 27 September 2015, at 21:04 (UTC).


Plugs And Sockets Türkiye'den elektrik prizi ve fişi gibi malzemeler almak istiyoruz Please provide us the companies names and address of factories making plug and sockets in Turkey.
Güç faktörü düzeltme panoları ithal etmek istiyoruz We need to be a distributer for your company inside Saudi Arabia.
Bakır iletken tel kelepçeleri ithal etmek istiyoruz We are looking for Compression Type Dead End Clamps for Copper Conductor od Size 400 Sq.mm for a Transmission Line rehabilitation project.
Otel inşaatı için elektrik ve mekanik malzemeler almak istiyoruz We need supplier information for electrical and mechanical material for Hotel Project.


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Experience: Amanda works with founders and executive directors to solidify their vision and spread the message of their work. She writes content that gets companies noticed by helping them articulate, document, and promote their story, then she develops platforms for telling this story online. She has worked with several organizations —and particularly start-ups—to express in words why their work is unique, important, and necessary.
"Amanda is a passionate, hard-working and gifted writer who is able to write effectively in multiple modes ranging from the functional level of protocols and handbooks to highly creative narratives and accounts of personal experience and deep learning. She researches her work thoroughly and ensures that her preparation is carefully planned and executed.
As a well-travelled global-villager, Amanda has a broad world view and the ability to link and relate ideas and stories across unlikely boundaries and sectors of activity.
Experience: Amanda has led workshops around the world as a teacher, group facilitator and writer. She's also completed a United Nations Advanced Facilitation Training Certification through her work with the Soliya Connect Program.
Co-facilitating with José G. González, Amanda presented this workshop at the David Brower Center at the University of California Berkeley. The workshop explores how to expand conversations in environmentalism, and move from "Diversity and Inclusion" to decolonization and intersectionality. It lays out the stories we tell about environmentalism/nature/the outdoors, provides a contextual history for these stories, and presents new frameworks to use instead.
Co-facilitating with José G. González, Amanda presented this workshop in Los Angeles, Fresno, and Oakland in partnership with California ReLeaf. The workshop explored how traditional workshop spaces reinforce exclusion or value a dominant narrative that doesn't acknowledge other ways of knowing and being. You can find more resources for the workshop here.
Amanda traveled to seven cities across South Africa presenting this workshop to South African educators. The workshop focuses on how online media has changed the rules of writing and activism, and seeks to answer how we can embrace these changes to promote social justice causes while also holding true to what we have always loved about the art of sharing stories.
Amanda presented this workshop to college students around the world as part of Soliya's Connect Program. The workshop helps students understand the complexity and mobility of power by using exercises that illustrate how one person or group can be privileged in one context, and oppressed in another. The workshop seeks to answer: how do we exercise power and privilege on a global scale? How are we both the oppressed and the oppressor at the same time? How does that affect our identity and the ways in which we attempt to solve global issues?
Amanda presented this workshop to college students around the world as part of Soliya's Connect Program. The workshop explores how power dynamics can threaten our identities and cause us to hold them more defensively. The workshop also helps participants reflect on the multiple identity groups we belong to at once, and how certain identities become interpreted as the "norm" while others become marginalized.
In her early 20's, Amanda studied abroad in South Africa, backpacked through Thailand, and took shorter trips through Egypt, Jordan, and Western Europe. At 24, she took all of her savings to backpack for fifteen months through South America, Southern Asia, and the Western United States. To date, Amanda has visited over 30 countries, and spent more than a third of her twenties abroad.
With these experiences, she provides resources, advice, and general support for any adventure abroad. She creates itineraries, suggests accommodation/activities/transport, and provides logistical answers to long-term travel issues like health insurance, visas, finances, subletting, job-searching, and more. Perhaps most importantly, she helps ensure you make the most socially-conscious and budget-friendly choices throughout your trip.
"In 2013, I embarked on an unforgettable 5-month journey through South America. When I first decided to leave my job to do this, one of the first people I called was Amanda. I had so many questions: How do I plan? What do I pack? How much money will I need? Help…!
"In my former life, my days were planned to a T—all of it was laid out in my Outlook calendar. Never would I have thought I would have the ability or courage to live without a daily itinerary, let alone in a foreign country.


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The Tory blueprint for wrecking our public services
I don't often frequent the political cesspit that is the Conservative Home Blog, but I was pointed in the direction of an article entitled "How a government can beat the BMA" written by the site's deputy editor Henry Hill.
Before I get to explaining the Tory blueprint for tearing apart our public services, I'm first going to look at what this blog post tells us about the rotten Tory mentality of the author.
Class war politics
Before we even get to the contents of the article, it's clear from the title alone that the author is of the stunted Tory class war mentality, where workers and trade unions are the enemy, and any kind of compromise or co-operation between employers and workers is political weakness. This rotten and destructive class war mentality completely dominates Tory politics because they consider their ideological assault upon the trade unions in the 1980s to be one of their greatest victories. It doesn't matter a jot to these people that the UK keeps lagging further and further behind Germany, where trade unions and employers generally co-operate for the best of their industries rather than retrenching into destructive ideological class war at the first opportunity.
As far as most Tories are concerned, trade unions and ordinary workers are always the enemy and if disputes don't come about naturally they can always be deliberately provoked (as with the junior doctors contract and the force privatisation of every school in England) in order to bring back the ideological class war struggle they crave for.
The miners' strike
The class war mentality of the author was clear from the title, but the actual contents reveal the sheer scale of his absurd class war obsession. The article is peppered with references to the Miners Strike in the 1980s. The author tries to imagine Jeremy Hunt as a victorious Thatcher figure destroying the power of the British Medical Association (and presumably condemning their industry to destruction in the process, as was the case with the coal miners), he draws tortured parallels between the Junior Doctors' strike and the Miners' strike and concludes chillingly that "one day the BMA will have their 1984".
Comparisons between the Miners' Strike and the dispute over the Junior Doctors contract are obviously utterly facile.
The Miners' Strike came about as a response to the existential threat against the mining industry. At the time right-wing people sneered at the idea that the objective of the dispute was to kill the mining industry in order to destroy the power of the NUM trade union. By December 2015 the very last deep coal mine in the UK at Kellingley was closed down and the once powerful NUM had shrunk from 170,000 members to fewer than 100. The idea that a similar fate can be imposed on the medical profession is utterly laughable.
The Miners' Strike concerned pretty much the entire coal mining industry, the Junior Doctors dispute only concerns a small fraction of the total NHS staff.
The Miners' Strike was a full scale strike that crippled the industry and lasted almost an entire year. The Junior Doctor's strikes have been a series of short strikes with cover provided by other medical professionals to ensure patient safety.
Margaret Thatcher used the police as her own personal militia in order to attack the mining communities of the UK. The idea of David Cameron sending the police in to violently oppress a bunch of doctors is clearly ludicrous.
There is a strong global demand for medical professionals. If the Tories do successfully manage to crush the BMA and destroy the working conditions of NHS workers, unlike the striking miners, medical professionals have many more opportunities to move somewhere like Canada or Australia where they would be treated with a little less contempt by their government.
Anyone drawing parallels between these two staggeringly different examples of industrial action is clearly living in cloud cuckoo land.
Forcing people to live longer
Before I get to outlining the details of the Tory strategy to privatise the NHS, I'm just going to detail one more thing that highlights the rotten mentality of the author. Henry Hill has a big whinge about the NHS saving people's lives as if preventing people from dying is not only some kind of economic crime, but an act of cruelty against the individual who has been saved from death!
"Anybody who the NHS 'saves' from a tobacco or food-related deaths will die of something and the NHS will pay for it. If that person is forced to live a long life, they will likely end up costing the NHS more than they would had they died younger."
The idea that the NHS is somehow forcing people against their will to live longer is utterly absurd and an insult to anyone unfortunate enough to read such drivel. Of course people are likely to continue using the NHS if they're not shovelled into an early grave, but it's not beyond the bounds of reason that they will continue working, contributing to their family life or to their local community in some way too is it?
Reducing people's lives down to a balance sheet consisting of nothing more than their costs to the health service is a perfect example of the Tory "price of everything and the value of nothing" mentality.
There are four main prongs to the strategy Henry Hill details in his blog post. Diluting the workforce with unqualified staff, removing the right to take industrial action, breaking up the service into many separate employers and drip-feeding the destruction of the NHS slowly so that the public are less likely to notice.
Diluting the workforce with unqualified staff
The author suggests that most of the work doctors do is easy and could be done "by a physicians' assistant with a fraction of the training or wages". He then goes on to fantasise about a health service filled out with well-meaning volunteers based on the Territorial Army model. A health service increasingly staffed by low-skill, low-paid workers and well-meaning volunteers doesn't seem to be a recipe for efficiency to me, but then it just depends how efficiency is defined doesn't it? If quality of service isn't included as a measure of efficiency at all, then the lower the staff costs the more efficient the service.
Removing the right to industrial action
The author wants to see medical professionals stripped of the right to take industrial action like soldiers and the police. If that proves unpopular, then destruction of the right to strike can be achieved in other ways. One is to attack the right to strike at source by introducing a Trade Union Bill designed to make trade union democracy completely unworkable by rendering an abstention as a stronger vote against strike action than an explicit vote against strike action. Another method is the third prong of the Tory attack.
Breaking the service into many separate employers
Breaking the NHS up into many separate employers would remove the power of collective bargaining and render attempts at cross-NHS strikes "sympathy strikes", which were outlawed when the Tories introduced the harshest anti-worker trade union rules in western Europe back in the 1980s. Other benefits to the Tories (and the private health investors who bankroll them) is that smaller chunks of NHS services are not only easier to privatise, it also makes it much easier for private corporations to cherry-pick all the profitable pieces for themselves, whilst leaving the unprofitable bits for the taxpayer to run.
Drip-feeding the destruction of the NHS in doses the public won't notice
The 2012 Health and Social Care Act was a masterclass in the privatisation by stealth strategy. The former Tory party leadership candidate Michael Portillo once explained why this plan to carve the NHS open for mass privatisation wasn't even mentioned in the 2010 Tory manifesto. He said it was because "they did not believe they could win an election if they told you what they were going to do". Even now there are still an awful lot of people out there who are so misinformed that they scoff at the idea that the NHS is being steadily privatised and NHS facilities turned over to the treatment of private patients. Through their policy of deliberately under-reporting the Health and Social Care act and the subsequent waves of privatisations, the mainstream media have been complicit in fostering this all-too-common public mentality that the ongoing privatisation of the NHS is some kind of insane lefty fantasy rather than observable reality.
The education system
There are several parallels between the Tory plot to carve up and privatise the English NHS against the will of medical professionals and public, and the Tory plot to carve up and privatise the entire English education system against the will of the teaching profession and the public alike.
Tory academies and free schools are allowed to employ completely unqualified teachers. The carve up of the education system into the control of numerous private sector academy chains (many owned and operated by major Tory party donors) allows wages and working conditions to be undermined and will eventually be used by the Tories to rule out coordinated industrial action by teachers.
The only difference seems to be that George Osborne and Nicky Morgan are so full of hubris that they were unwilling to continue with their slow and steady approach that has already seen 5,000+ schools handed over to shady unaccountable private sector operators and chose to announce the forced privatisation of every school in England by 2022 as part of George Osborne's 2016 budget of failure.
The Tories are usually very reticent about explaining their true intentions, but occasionally one of them lets it slip.
One example is the vice-chair of the Conservative Health group Paul Charlson explained that abandoning universal NHS healthcare for a fee based system "would be political suicide" unless "there was a feeling in the country that the health service was falling apart" which explains the constant barrage of right-wing propaganda about how crap the NHS is.
This "How a government can beat the BMA" blog post from Henry Hill is in a different league. It doesn't just accidentally let a piece of Tory ideology slip out, it clearly explains the Tory blueprint for tearing apart our public services, repressing workers' rights and wages and diluting the workforce with unqualified labour, as well as openly displaying the disgusting class war mentality and utter contempt for working people that is so rife within the Tory party.
Labels: 2016, Conservative Home, Education, Jeremy Hunt, Margaret Thatcher, Michael Portillo, Mining, NHS, Privatisation, Tories
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Q: Apache2 and PHP5 repository down? I've recently been trying to get PHP and Apache on my Raspberry Pi as to make it a web server but when I try to apt-get them from their respective repositories, it gives me a bunch of '404 not found'. On this  page: http://elinux.org/RPi_Tutorials#Setting_up_Apache2 is says that it's "offline" but is this just temporary or did it change addresses? Here's the tutorial I'm following: http://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Raspberry-Pi-Web-Server
No luck with Cherokee either


In the landscape of career negotiation and asking for a raise, women and minorities face more obstacles. Ashley Pare, coach and speaker, shares why this happens and how we can overcome it.
Jessica Bregoli has steadily developed a bold and ambitious curatorial style since taking over the Groundwork Gallery last spring. Read about what inspires her in this interview.


text:
Charlotte Dawson can finally keep lights on in the bedroom after weight loss
By Adnan Saidi	 On Jan 4, 2022
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Charlotte Dawson has lost four stone in recent months in a bid to become healthier – with the reality TV star admitting that she now feels 'sexy' as a result
Charlotte Dawson shows off weight loss transformation
Charlotte Dawson says she feels so confident in herself after losing four stone that she isn't afraid to leave the lights on in the bedroom anymore!
The Ex on the Beach alum has lost weight over the last six months, saying she's been given a new lease on life because of it.
It comes following the birth of her son, Noah, last year – with Charlotte stating recently that her desire to be healthier was influenced by wanting to be around for him.
And her slimmer physique has meant that she now feels more confident in herself and subsequently in the bedroom with her fiancé, rugby player Matt Sarsfield, 30.
Charlotte Dawson has shown off her impressive weight loss in recent weeks
DAVID VENNI)
The reality TV star said that she used to 'over-eat' before embarking on a healthier lifestyle
The reality TV star made the admission in an interview with Closer magazine, in which she discussed the impact of having dropped from a dress size 16 to an 8 recently.
Charlotte said she now feels "sexy," having slimmed down from 12 stone to eight and a half stone. She said: "I feel on top of the world with the way I look and on the inside, too."
She added: "I definitely feel more confident in front of Matt. He's buzzing with my new figure […] I can keep the lights on in the bedroom now and don't have to turn them off."
Charlotte said she feels more confident with partner Matt Sarsfield after losing four stone recently
Dave Benett/Getty Images)
The Celebs Go Dating alum said she had been binge-eating after the birth of her son but "came to her senses" following concern from others – including her doctor.
Charlotte – who is the daughter of the late comedian Les Dawson – said that the circumstances of her father's death influenced her decision to become healthier.
She said that whilst her he had suffered from a heart attack, having type-2 diabetes contributed to his death in 1993, aged 62.
She said: "If he'd listened to advice and eaten healthier, he might still be here." The mum-of-one said she didn't want her son Noah to grow up without her in his life.
The weight loss has given Charlotte a new lease on life
Charlotte Dawson/Instagram)
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During the interview, she stated that her weight loss was aided by dance workouts and controlling her portion sizes. She's since turned her diet and exercise plan into an online programme offering meal plans and workouts, named Chazza's Belleh Blaster.
She assures there's still meals like fish and chips on her plan – priced at £39.99 for a 3 month programme – but just smaller portions, as she wants people to eat rather than "starve themselves."
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Kennedy Brooks SaRodorick Thompson MATT WELLS Lincoln Riley Caleb Williams Spencer Rattler Sports Football College football College sports
Oklahoma Big 12 Texas Tech
No. 4 Oklahoma looks to put pieces together vs. Texas Tech
By CLIFF BRUNT - Oct. 28, 2021 12:53 PM EDT
TCU's C.J. Ceasar II (9) tackles Texas Tech's SaRodorick Thompson (4) during the second half of an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 9, 2021, in Lubbock, Texas. (AP Photo/Brad Tollefson)
Oklahoma coach Lincoln Riley is an eternal optimist, always seeing potential greatness through his team's flaws.
Even he revealed a tinge of worry after yet another game that was closer than expected.
Oklahoma trailed struggling Kansas last week before rallying in the second half to win 35-23. The Sooners still are unbeaten, but they dropped from No. 3 to No. 4 in the AP Top 25 this week.
Riley still sees big things ahead, but he wants more out of his veteran leaders when Oklahoma (8-0, 5-0 Big 12) hosts Texas Tech (5-3, 2-3) on Saturday.
"We feel like — I don't have any problem saying it — we feel like there's a number of older veteran guys on this team right now that need to be at their best, and this team needs them to be better," Riley said. "And we've made that clear."
Riley also has issue with the team's inconsistent play. At times, the offense, defense and special teams have bailed out the other units. Even with the Sooners on a nation-leading 16-game win streak, he knows the Sooners need to be better.
"We realize we've got to be able to string together some quality football between all three sides the ball more often, and we'll make those runs like we have in a few of the games this year," he said. "So that's that's been a big emphasis point for our guys, our team."
Oklahoma's problems are minor compared to those at Texas Tech. The school has fired coach Matt Wells, and assistant Sonny Cumbie has been named interim coach.
"Tough to hear the news about Matt Wells," Riley said. "He's a good friend. I got to know him a little bit before I got into this league and certainly during the different events within this league. One of the great guys in coaching. He's a heck of a ball coach and he's going to get his chance to continue leading good programs in the future."
Cumbie and Riley were on the Texas Tech staff together in 2010. They were on the Tech staff together for two years before Riley left to be offensive coordinator at East Carolina.
"I know he'll do a great job leading that program through a tough situation," Riley said. "I'm excited for Sonny, personally, and his opportunity. We look forward to Saturday and getting a chance to compete against those guys."
DYNAMIC FRESHMAN
Since taking over for Spencer Rattler during the Texas game, Oklahoma quarterback Caleb Williams has completed 72% of his passes for 685 yards and eight touchdowns. His 192.6 passer rating is third-best nationally during the three-game stretch.
GROUND RAID
Texas Tech is known for its aerial attack, but the Red Raiders have had success running the ball this season. The Red Raiders have rushed for 23 touchdowns this season, tied for fifth nationally. SaRodorick Thompson leads the way with eight rushing touchdowns. He has found the end zone two or more times in three of the last four games. He is now tied for seventh all-time in Texas Tech history with 31 career rushing touchdowns.
QUICK ADJUSTMENT
Cumbie had a busy Monday when the announcement that he'd take over was made. It's the day Tech normally installs its game plan for the week,
"We spent pretty much the whole day tending to the needs of our players, to our family," he said. "That was really what we did — talk to them, talk to recruits, talk to their parents. Really our message to the players is we want to give them the best experience they can have. We want to coach them as hard as we can. We want to go out and win as many football games as we can. That's what we owe those guys."
Oklahoma's defense is better than in years past, but not as good as it looked earlier in the season. The Sooners have one of the nation's worst pass defenses. Injuries have hurt the secondary, but more importantly, there has been an effort problem.
Oklahoma defensive coordinator Alex Grinch said the players are starting to come around.
"It pains me to say that nine weeks into the season we're finally seeing more intentional work," he said. "What are we doing wrong as coaches? How am I not landing the message? It's all of our fault, cool, but I'm the one talking so it's my fault. It's my fault that I can't inspire and motivate to get guys to play at their best."
KENNEDY BROOKS
Oklahoma running back Kennedy Brooks has been on a tear lately. In his past three games, he's averaged 149.7 yards rushing and has five touchdowns. He ranks 16th nationally with 767 yards rushing.
Follow Cliff Brunt on Twitter: twitter.com/CliffBruntAP.
More AP college football: https://apnews.com/hub/college-football and https://twitter.com/AP_Top25. Sign up for the AP's college football newsletter: https://apnews.com/cfbtop25.


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\section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{T}{he} basic idea in multi-view contrastive coding is to align the shared information between multi-view images but get rid of the sensor- and time-related noise.
Multi-temporal remote sensing images can provide time-related information such as the land-cover changes, which is one of the most important products of remote sensing.
However, remote sensing images that come from different times also present different seasonal noises.
Except for the seasonal noise, there are also sensor-related noises within cross-sensor image pairs.
Nevertheless, there are many benefits for multi-view contrastive coding of remote sensing images.
On the one hand, images taken by different types of sensors can improve the time resolution thus satisfying the requirement of specific applications with tight constraints.
On the other hand, the feature representation learned from multi-sensor images can give better results than using single-view only.

Recently, self-supervised learning \cite{goodfellow2014generative,masci2011stacked,tian2019contrastive,geng2017classification,niu2018conditional} is treated as a promising candidate for obtaining meaningful representations and overcoming both types of noises.
The intuitive idea is to reconstruct the counterpart of multi-views using generative models.
Nevertheless, some studies have shown that such generative models overly focus on pixels rather than on abstract feature representations \cite{liu2020self}.
Recent researches in contrastive learning \cite{tian2019contrastive,he2020momentum,chen2020simple} encourage the network to learn more interpretable and meaningful feature representations from multi-view images, where they outperformed the generative counterparts.
Application of such algorithm, in working with multi-view remote sensing image change detection, have been studied in several works \cite{chen2021self,leenstra2021self} and they show very promising results.
However, most of these works focus on an image-level classification or predefined tasks.
The patch-based algorithm makes it very computationally expensive and ignores the small changes, such as roads and slim rivers.
How to perform contrastive learning at the pixel level is a problem that until now has been relatively unexplored.
Follow the smart architecture design of the non-contrastive self-supervised method (such as BYOL\cite{grill2020bootstrap} and SimSiam \cite{chen2020exploring}), some works \cite{chen2021shift, xie2020propagate} implemented the pixel-wise feature representation learning by introducing a pixel-level shift equivariance task.
Although those methods obtain competitive performance in homogeneous image representation learning, they cannot be applied to heterogeneous images as the limitation of Siamese network architecture.

In addition, few contrastive learning approaches have considered the uncertainty estimation in downstream tasks, such as change detection and classification tasks.
In the CV community, some novel approaches \cite{mi2019training,kendall2017uncertainties} have been proposed to take into account an estimation of uncertainty during the training and inference in supervised methods.
For the regression task, some models predict the probability from the network.
For classification, the softmax formulation naturally produces distributions over the possible outputs.
Both methods require training labels to involve uncertainty estimation during training.
Unfortunately, there are no labels that can be used in such an unsupervised setting.

For these reasons, in this work, we propose a pixel-wise multi-view contrastive coding approach based on the principle of alignment and uniformity.
In addition to this contrastive approach, we introduce a simple uncertainty estimation algorithm to analyze the variance of feature representations from multi-view images.
Inspired by recent contrastive methods, we develop a general pixel-wise multi-view contrastive approach for discriminating different pixels within the image, where each pixel is treated as a single instance.
Pixels obtained from the same location of multi-view image pairs, which have a relative shift, are called positive samples.
On the other hand, negative samples are obtained from the different locations of multi-view image pairs.
In the training process, the proposed contrastive loss was adopted to make the feature representation close for positive pairs while the negative pairs not.

More precisely, the proposed contrastive loss follows the principle of alignment and uniformity, where the alignment term is straightforwardly defined with the cosine distance between positive pairs \cite{wang2020understanding} and the uniformity term is borrowed from the covariance criterion of Barlow Twins \cite{zbontar2021barlow}.
Besides learning good pixel-level representations, uncertainty estimation is introduced to study the variance of learned representations.
Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by evaluating the representations learned with such simple contrastive loss on two downstream tasks including multi-view remote sensing change detection and linear evaluation protocols on Sentinel-2 images.
We have further shown that uncertainty in such self-supervised regression and classification tasks, where the data uncertainty was estimated during the training in self-supervised whereas the entropy of softmax outputs is naturally an uncertainty for the classification task.

In summary, our contributions are the following:
\begin{itemize}
	\item We proposed a novel multi-view contrastive approach for pixel-wise feature representation learning and provide a comparison with the state-of-the-art methods.
	\item We introduced the simple but useful uncertainty estimation methods in the change detection task.

	\item Surprisingly, we find that the use of uncertainty estimation also can improve the accuracy of downstream tasks.
	\item In addition, we find that our methods can generate a post-classification for change types.
\end{itemize}

\section{Related Works}
\subsection{Contrastive Learning}
Contrastive learning is a discriminative self-supervised approach, which compares instance features directly and aims to make similar samples close while different samples apart.
To achieve this, the InfoNCE contrastive loss was widely used in the earlier works \cite{oord2018representation,tian2019contrastive} for the instance-level classification task.
Combined with siamese networks and momentum encoders, recent methods such as SwAV \cite{caron2020unsupervised}, MoCo\cite{he2020momentum}, and SimCLR \cite{chen2020simple} show comparable results to the state-of-the-art supervised method on several downstream tasks.
For example, MoCo stored a temporal ensemble of feature representations for comparison using a momentum update mechanism during the training.
On the contrary, SimCLR used a large-batch setting to replace the need for a memory bank.
Instead of using instance-level loss function, Li \textit{et al.} \cite{li2020contrastive} explored the possibility of cluster-level loss in contrastive learning task.
Along the line of cluster-level loss, Barlow Twins \cite{zbontar2021barlow} forced the cross-correlation matrix of high-dimensional outputs between two views to be an identity matrix.

Despite some differences in contrastive loss calculation between these methods, they still follow the alignment and uniformity principles \cite{wang2020understanding}.
In \cite{wang2020understanding}, Wang and Isola showed that the $L2$ normalized contrastive loss asymptotically converges to the minimization of two desirable characteristics of the latent-space representations on the surface of the unit hypersphere: uniformity and semantic alignment.
They empirically demonstrated that the balance of the alignment loss and the uniformity loss is necessary when learning representations through the contrastive method.
The alignment loss provides the motive power that concentrates the similar data, and the uniformity loss prevents it from mapping all the data to the same meaningless point.

\subsection{Self-supervised Change detection}
In the literature, self-supervised change detection techniques in multi-view remote sensing images can be subdivided into two categories: generative- and discriminative-based methods.
Generative models \cite{lv2018deep,ren2020unsupervised,dong2020self} were adopted to generate features of bi-temporal image pairs and detect the changes by an explicit comparison of the generated features.
In \cite{niu2018conditional}, the authors used the conditional generative adversarial network to translate heterogeneous image pairs into a single domain.
Similarly, discriminative models, especially for contrastive methods, are also used in this domain.
In \cite{leenstra2021self}, Leenstra \textit{et al.} pre-trained a discriminative model to extract features from bi-temporal images on a pretext task for change detection.
An early attempt in contrastive methods is \cite{chen2021self}, authors proposed to use contrastive learning in multi-view remote sensing image change detection directly.

\subsection{Uncertainty Estimation}
The uncertainty of results obtained from deep learning networks resulting from two components: aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty \cite{kendall2017uncertainties}.
In more detail, the aleatoric uncertainty is related to the noise in input data, whereas the epistemic uncertainty origin from model parameters.
In \cite{kendall2017uncertainties}, Kendall and Gal introduced an efficient approach to estimate data-dependent aleatoric uncertainty in a predictive manner, which can be learned with a KL loss function.
In practice, we trained a deep neural network with the output of mean and variance values.
Then the variance value is used as the weight of the distance between mean values and ground truth and as a regularization term to discourages infinite predictions.
Compared with empirical strategies, this approach is effective and direct that can be completed in just one forward pass.
In addition, it has been adapted to self-supervised approaches as shown in \cite{poggi2020uncertainty}.
The most commonly used approach in epistemic uncertainty estimation are bootstrapped ensembles and Monte Carlo Dropout \cite{kendall2017uncertainties}.
We note that for classification tasks, the SoftMax output is naturally a distribution.
Mi \textit{et al.} proved that the use of the entropy of SoftMax outputs as an epistemic uncertainty outperformed MC-Dropout \cite{mi2019training}.

\begin{figure*}[pt]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=7.0in]{method-eps-converted-to}
	\caption{Overview of the presented multi-view contrastive coding approach. An illustration of pixel-wise representation learning framework from shift equivariance. There is an offset between two input views but still keeps an overlap. The framework is a Siamese architecture where two branches both consist of a ResUnet block and a projection. Meanwhile, two outputs are aligned for comparison at the end of the network.}
	\label{fig1}
\end{figure*}

\section{Methodology}
\subsection{Network Architecture}
The proposed approach has an architecture of pseudo-Siamese networks, where two views are used as inputs of the two branches.
Each branch containing a ResUnet block, and followed by an MLP projection.
For the ResUnet block, we adopt the ResNet-18 as the encoder of ResUnet block, but without the fourth layer.
The decoder part has the same blocks as the encoder, which consists of a convolutional layer and batch normalization, ReLU, and upsampling in each block.
All padding type in the ResUnet block was changed as the same padding.
The projection followed with the ResUnet block is used to reconstruct the learned representations.
It consists of the $1\times1$ Conv of 256 channels and ReLU, and then a $1\times1$ Conv with 128 channels for each pixel.

The shift operation is to build a local consistency between the representations of two views by performing random shift transformation and get more discriminative pixel-wise feature presentations for dense prediction downstream tasks.
Specifically, given an input view $I_1$, we use a shift operation to make a random offset of the same scene obtained from another view along the x and y-axis direction.
In this way, we can obtain an augmented view $I_2$ and define the random shift transformation as $T$.
During the training, the augmented view and original input are fed into two branches of the Siamese network, respectively, to obtain pixel-wise representations $z_1=f(I_1)$ and $z_2=f(I_2)$.
To align pixel-wise representations of two branches, the same transformation is applied to the representations learned from $I_1$.
Then we get two aligned representations $z_1 = T(z_1)$ and $z_2$ and reshape them as vectors.
Finally, the proposed contrastive loss was adopted to instantiate the pixel-level dicriminative task.

\subsection{Multi-view Contrastive Loss}
In the proposed contrastive loss, each pixel vector obtained from representation patches is treated as an instance.
Denoting the output pixel vectors from two views as $z_{1} \triangleq T\left(f\left(I_{1}\right)\right)$ and $z_{2} \triangleq f\left(I_{2}\right)$.
Following the principle of alignment and uniformity, we proposed the following two loss terms.
The alignment loss is strightforwardly defined with the cosine distance between positive pairs:
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{L}_\text{align}\left(z_{1}, z_{2}\right)= \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(2-2 \frac{\left\langle\mathbf{z}_{1}^{i}, \mathbf{z}_{2}^{i}\right\rangle}{\left\|\mathbf{z}_{1}^{i}\right\|_{2} \cdot\left\|\mathbf{z}_{2}^{i}\right\|_{2}}\right)
\end{equation}
where $\|\cdot\|_{2}$ is $l_2$-norm. $(\mathbf{z}_{1}^{i}, \mathbf{z}_{1}^{i})$  corresponds to a positive samples of multi-view images.
This is equivalent to the mean squared error of $l_2$-normlized vectors.
Inspired by the WSL-MSE loss and Barlow Twins, the relative layout of different samples should be is forced to lie in a spherical distribution.
In other words, the off-diagonal elements of the cross-correlation matrix should be forced to 0.
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{L}_{\text {uniform }}\left(z_{1}, z_{2}\right)=\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{i \neq j} \left(\frac{\left\langle\mathbf{z}_{1}^{i}, \mathbf{z}_{2}^{j}\right\rangle}{\left\|\mathbf{z}_{1}^{i}\right\|_{2} \cdot\left\|\mathbf{z}_{2}^{j}\right\|_{2}}\right)^2
\end{equation}
This term decorrelates the different samples of the projections and preventing them from obtaining the same information.
The overall loss function is a sum of alignment and uniformity terms:
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{L}\left(z_{1}, z_{2}\right)=\mathcal{L_\text{align}}\left(z_{1}, z_{2}\right) + \mathcal{L}_{\text {uniform }}\left(z_{1}, z_{2}\right)
\end{equation}

\subsection{Uncertainty Estimation}
In this work, we provide heteroscedastic aleatoric uncertainty in pixel-wise representation learning by predicting the variance using deep networks and KL loss directly.
\begin{equation}
L_{\mathrm{KL}}=\frac{1}{2 \sigma_{\mathrm{pred}}^{2}}\left(\mu_{\mathrm{red}}-y\right)^{2}+\frac{1}{2} \log \sigma_{\mathrm{pred}}^{2}
\end{equation}
This is a function of the distance between the prediction and the ground truth.
In doing so we are forced to rethink the new form of this function to adapt to the limitation of ground truth in self-supervised paradigms.
Since no ground truth, we proposed to source supervision from the model's output that alternates between two views during the network training.
Benefit from the pseudo-Siamese network structure, we can obtain the distance between two views and its uncertainty, simultaneously.
By assuming an L2 loss, an uncertainty-weighted alignment loss are used in this work as:
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{L}_\text{align\_un.}(z_{1}^{i},z_{2}^{i}) = \frac{1}{2 \sigma^{2}_\text{pred}}  \mathcal{L_\text{align}}\left(z_{1}^{i}, z_{2}^{i}\right) + \log \sigma^{2}_{\text{pred}}
\end{equation}
In practice, directly optimizing $\sigma^2$ can lead to gradient explosion.
Therefore, we let the network predict the logarithmic standard deviation $\log \sigma^2$ as an alternative.

\section{Experimental Results}
In this section, we first present the considered datasets, then evaluate the representations obtained using the proposed approach on multi-view change detection and the linear evaluation protocol.
\subsection{Description of Datasets}
We developed our experiments on three multi-view data sets and one land-cover mapping data set.
\subsubsection{OSCD\_S2S2/\_L8S2/\_S1S2}
The Onera Satellite Change Detection (OSCD) dataset \cite{daudt2018urban} was created for bi-temporal change detection using Sentinel-2 images acquired between 2015 and 2018.
The dataset acquired in 24 cities and including different landscapes.
The pixel-wise ground truth labels, which were manually annotated, focus on urban growth and built-up changes and contain some errors on the identification of bare lands.
To use this dataset in self-supervised training, we downloaded additional Sentinel-2 images in the same location as the original bi-temporal images between 2016 and 2020.
We considered images from each month to augment existing image pairs.
Similarly, Landsat-8 multi-temporal images and Sentinel-1 ground range detected (GRD) image products are also provided in this dataset corresponding to the given Sentinel-2 scenes.
To use this dataset for multi-view change detection, we separate it into three sub-datasets: OSCD{\_}S2S2 (225 pairs), OSCD{\_}S1S2 (334 pairs) and OSCD{\_}L8S2 (156 pairs).
To keep consistency with previous research, 10 image pairs obtained from 10 different cities are treated as the test set for evaluation.

\subsubsection{DFC2020}
We developed our experiments on the DFC2020 data set.
The DFC2020, which has issued by the IEEE-GRSS 2020 Data Fusion Contest \cite{yokoya20202020}, is used as the training dataset and the evaluation dataset for comparison between different methods.
This dataset consists of a total of 6114 quadruple samples, which are SAR-optical image pairs, MODIS-derived labels, and more accurate semi-manually derived high resolution (10m) land cover maps \cite{schmitt2020weakly}.
Each pixel in the DFC2020 was assigned to a land-cover class manually, which has 8 fine-grained classes (i.e., Forest, Shrub-land, Grassland, Wetlands, Croplands, Urban/built-up, Barren and Water) in our experiments.

\subsection{Evaluation on Change Detection Tasks}
\begin{table}[pb]
	\centering
	\caption{Quantitative evaluations of different approaches applied to the OSCD\_S2S2, OSCD\_S1S2 and OSCD\_L8S2 dataset.}
	\label{table1}
	\renewcommand\tabcolsep{4.0pt}
	\centering
	\begin{tabular}{ccccccc}
		\hline
		Dataset & Method & Pre(\%) & Rec(\%) & OA(\%) & F1 & Kap \\ \hline
		\multirow{3}{*}{OSCD\_S2S2} & Prop. PixMC & 36.42 & 52.86 & 92.64 & 0.43 & 0.39 \\
		& PixNCE & 30.82 & 43.62 & 91.86 & 0.36 & 0.32 \\
		& PixBYOL & 30.79 & 56.75 & 90.99 & 0.40 & 0.36 \\ \hline
		\multirow{3}{*}{OSCD\_L8S2} & Prop. PixMC & 28.17 & 34.58 & 91.90 & 0.31 & 0.27 \\
		& PixNCE & 4.22 & 1.83 & 92.62 & 0.03 & - \\
		& PixBYOL & 28.84 & 25.11 & 92.78 & 0.27 & 0.23 \\ \hline
		\multirow{2}{*}{OSCD\_S1S2} & Prop. PixMC & 7.29 & 6.84 & 90.49 & 0.07 & 0.02 \\
		& PixNCE & 3.81 & 1.71 & 92.54 & 0.02 & - \\ \hline
	\end{tabular}
\end{table}
We first evaluate the change detection performance of the proposed approach (PixMC), the pixel-wise InfoNCE (PixNCE) and the pixel-wise BYOL(PixBYOL) applied to the homogeneous multi-view images.
This includes bi-temporal Sentinel-2 images (OSCD\_S2S2 test set) and Landsat-8/Sentinel-2 image pairs (OSCD\_L8S2 test set).
To appraise the different methods presented above, five evaluation metrics (precision (Pre), recall (Rec), overall accuracy (OA), F1 score and Cohen's kappa score (Kap)) are used in this paper.
The performance metrics obtained on these two test sets are reported in Table \ref{table1}.
We first consider the results on OSCD\_S2S2 test set.
The proposed PixMC with an OA of 92.64 \% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.39, obtained the best performance on all five metrics.
Among the other two self-supervised methods, PixBYOL performed better than PixNCE on most metrics, whereas it has worse performance on Recall.
Similar performance can be found on OSCD\_L8S2 test set.
The proposed pixMC outperformed other methods and obtained an OA of 91.90\% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.27.
The PixBYOL achieved the second-best on $F_1$ and Kappa coefficients.
On the contrary, the performance of PixNCE completely collapsed on this test set.
To complete the evaluation on the heterogeneous data set, the performance of PixMC and PixNCE are validated on the OSCD\_S1S2 test set.
The quantitative results are reported in Table \ref{table1}, which shows that the proposed PixMC produces better results than PixNCE.
However, compared with the results on homogeneous data sets, these two methods fail to detect land-cover changes.

\begin{figure*}[pt]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=6.5in]{mvcd-eps-converted-to}
	\caption{Examples of change detection results on OSCD\_S2S2, OSCD\_L8S2 and OSCD\_S1S2, organized in one row for each location. Col. 1: pre-event image; Col. 2: post-event image. Change maps obtained by: PixNCE (Col. 3), PixBYOL (Col. 4), and the proposed PixMC (Col. 6). }
	\label{fig2}
\end{figure*}

Besides the quantitative analysis, we also provide a visual qualitative comparison in Fig. \ref{fig2}, where the TP, TN, FN and FP pixels are colored in green, white, blue and red, respectively.
For homogeneous image pairs, one can see that change maps provided by PixNCE with more false alarms where plenty of changed pixels are misclassified as unchanged ones.
This issue is well addressed by the proposed PixMC and PixBYOL.
Most of the changed pixels are correctly detected in the PixBYOL, but with more false alarms than the other two methods.
Instead, the change maps obtained by the proposed PixMC are in general more accurate and less noisy.
For SAR and optical image pairs, one can see that all results appear many errors due to the influence of speckle in SAR images.
In general, the above experiments based on homogeneous and heterogeneous image pairs demonstrate that the proposed PixMC obtained the best quantitative and qualitative performance with respect to all the other considered unsupervised change detection techniques.

In addition, we also provide visual uncertainty maps of Sentinel-2 pairs obtained by PixBYOL and PixMC, respectively.
One can see that built-up lands present the minimum uncertainty, whereas croplands show a higher uncertainty than other areas.
The reason is that the vegetation of cropland is changing always.

\begin{figure*}[pt]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=6.5in]{uncertainty-eps-converted-to}
	\caption{Examples of change intensity and uncertainty maps obtained by PixBYOL and PixMC on OSCD\_S2S2. Col. 1: pre-event image; Col. 2: post-event image; Col. 3: change intensity map obtained by PixBYOL; Col. 4: uncertainty map obtained by PixBYOL; Col. 5: change intensity map obtained by PixMC; Col. 6: uncertainty map obtained by PixMC.}
	\label{fig3}
\end{figure*}

\begin{table*}[pt]
	\centering
	\caption{Class-wise and average accuracies achieved on the test set by a linear classifier used with the different methods considering 3614 SAR-optical training samples.}
	\label{table2}
	\renewcommand\tabcolsep{8.0pt}
	\centering
	\begin{tabular}{ccccccccccc}
		\hline
		Method & Multi-view & Forest & Shrub-land & Grassland & Wetlands & Croplands & Urban & Barren & Water & Average \\ \hline
		\multirow{3}{*}{Prop. PixMC} & S2S2 & 93.4 & 25.3 & 36.3 & 61.5 & 60.5 & 81.2 & 4.7 & 99.2 & 57.8\\
		& L8S2 & 85.2 & 35.5 & 65.9 & 33.0 & 45.4 & 78.9 & 5.6 & 99.1 & 56.1\\
		& S1S2 & 85.9 & 35.5 & 55.7 & 58.9 & 60.6 & 83.2 & 14.8 & 99.3 & 61.7\\ \hline
		\multirow{3}{*}{PixNCE} & S2S2 & 95.7 & 0.0 & 0.4 & 0.0 & 23.2 & 0.8 & 0.0 & 35.1 & 19.3\\
		& L8S2 & 99.5 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 30.9 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 16.3\\
		& S1S2 &  0.5 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 98.4 & 0.2 & 0.0 & 96.8 & 24.4\\ \hline
		\multirow{2}{*}{PixBYOL} & S2S2 & 89.9 & 5.1 & 69.4 & 9.8 & 49.9 & 83.5 & 7.6 & 99.2 & 51.8\\
		& L8S2 & 89.2 & 13.4 & 31.1 & 16.3 & 81.4 & 70.5 & 4.2 & 98.8 & 50.6\\ \hline

	\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

\subsection{Linear Evaluation on DFC2020}
Following the linear evaluation protocol, we train a 1$\times$1 convolutional layer classifier on the top of the frozen representations of our ResUnet backbone pre-trained on OSCD\_S2S2, OSCD\_L8S2 and OSCD\_S1S2.
Table \ref{table2} presents a detailed comparison of the class-by-class and view-by-view accuracy obtained by the classifier on the test set for each method when trained with 3614 labeled samples.
According to the results under different multi-view settings, we can find that the backbone pre-trained on OSCD\_S1S2 achieved the best average accuracy and the second-best is on OSCD\_S2S2.
By analyzing the accuracy of individual classes, the best accuracy of forest achieved on two optical test sets (OSCD\_S2S2 and OSCD\_L8S2) and the best accuracy of water achieved on the OSCD\_S1S2.
The reason for this is the vegetation information is lost in the Sentinel-1 image and the optical image preserved too much unrelated information on water areas.

On the comparison between different methods, the proposed PixMC achieved higher average accuracy (AA) on each multi-view setting sharply outperforming the other two methods.
In particular, the PixNCE failed to obtain meaningful representation for land-cover classification.
By analyzing the accuracy of individual classes using the proposed PixMC, forest, urban/built-up and water achieved the highest accuracy in almost all multi-view settings.
On the contrary, the accuracy of shrub-land and barren is below 50\% with all multi-view settings.
It is obvious that the discrimination of the vegetated ground is a big challenge for all multi-views.

In general, the results obtained in all comparisons confirm that the proposed PixMC is superior to all the other self-supervised methods in this land-cover mapping task.
Moreover, the multi-view setting of OSCD\_S1S2 reduces the redundant information between views while keeping the task-relevant information intact.
The effectiveness of the proposed PixMC against the other two methods is due to their performance on feature alignment and uniformity.
It is interesting to note that despite the PixNCE achieves comparable performance in the change detection task, it failed to obtain meaningful representations for land-cover classification.
This confirms the superiority of the proposed PixMC in feature representation learning.

\begin{table}[pb]
	\centering
	\caption{The effect of the shift operation and uncertainty estimation in proposed approach.}
	\label{table4}
	\renewcommand\tabcolsep{7.0pt}
	\centering
	\begin{tabular}{ccc|cc}
		\hline
		Method & shift & uncertainty & CD & Linear Eval. \\ \hline
		PixNCE & $\checkmark$ &   & 0.32 & 19.3 \\
		PixBYOL & $\checkmark$ & $\checkmark$ & 0.36 & 51.8 \\
		PixMC &   &   & 0.02 & 5.0 \\
		PixMC & $\checkmark$ &  & 0.38 & 56.9 \\
		PixMC &  & $\checkmark$ & 0.02 & 5.0 \\
		PixMC & $\checkmark$ & $\checkmark$ & 0.39 & 57.8 \\ \hline
	\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsection{Discussion}
In this section, we discuss the effects of different components of the proposed approach that contribute to its performance as well as the similarity between the prior art.
All results showed in Table \ref{table4} are trained and tested on the same setting of OSCD\_S2S2 in change detection and linear protocol downstream tasks.
The first row refers to the standard InfoNCE loss and with the shift operation.
The second row refers to BYOL with shift operation and uncertainty estimation.
The rest is the proposed method, where each row with a different setting.
As one can see, without shift operation the representations of the proposed PixMC immediately collapse.
The uncertainty estimation during network training leads to a 1\% increase in performance.
Finally, we find that the shift operation is mandatory for all methods considered in this work.

We also study the difference between the proposed approach and Barlow Twins.
It is worth noting that Barlow Twins is performed on the cluster level whereas the proposed approach works on the instance level.
This means the Barlow Twins needs a huge computational memory in dense prediction tasks and this is impossible.
In this work, we transfer the origin Barlow Twins to instance level as a comparison, named instance Barlow Twins.
We simply use the cosine distance of positive pairs as the alignment loss, whereas instance Barlow Twins forces the correlation coefficient of positive pairs to be 1.

\section{Conclusion}
In this work, we have presented a pixel-wise multi-view contrastive learning method, which enables the unsupervised learning of pixel-wise feature representations from multi-view remote sensing images.
The main idea of the presented approach is to optimize the alignment and uniformity properties of contrastive loss, where the uniformity term was defined as the covariance between different instances.

Experimental results on multi-view remote sensing images change detection and land-cover classification proved that the proposed PixMC can be applicable in practice, and demonstrated its superiority over the other two state-of-the-art methods.
The results on different multi-view settings revealed that the performance of contrastive methods on land-cover mapping is affected by the choice of a different view.
Results also show that uncertainty estimation of representations leads to a slight performance improvement.

\section*{Acknowledgment}
This study was supported by the China Scholarship Council.

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\fi

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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