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DJ-Livestream
Fleur Vosse
A new talented House DJ from The Netherlands, currently living and working between Amsterdam and on the magical island Ibiza. Her sets are filled with soulful, deep & funky house and some delicious disco beats. During Fleur's sets, it's not only about her appearance and outfits, but she brings everyone into motion with her funky tunes, high energy and good vibes.
Before working as a DJ Fleur started her career as a dancer, model, performer and actress. As a club dancer she shared the stage with all the major house legends so she got inspired by House Music at a very young age.
She studied dance for several years and she became an entrepreneur at an early age, when she founded her company Vosse Entertainment. Her company provides creative entertainment concepts and it's an international bookings agency for commercial talents and models. She loves to connect and entertain people!
Since the summer of 2021 she has a residency at Ibiza's finest hotels, bars and clubs like OKU hotel, A Mi Manera and Izakaya.
Fleur Vosse is also known for her performance styling for leading international brands, exclusive corporate events and hotspots such as the Mad Fox Club in Amsterdam and festivals like Tomorrowland.
Next to working in the event business and the night life she focusses on a healthy lifestyle and therefore she is a frequently booked sports coach.
Copyright © 2023 Fleur Vosse. All Rights Reserved. Webdesign by Wemusic Media


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Add non-modal overlays of content next to any element. Popovers can be used to show and behave anyway that you want, thus supporting many use cases, like classic tooltips, opening on click etc.

The popover directives support multiple placements.

Use a `string` or a `<ng-template #ref>` to host your popover's content. `#` reference will be later used to "connect" with the desired `nglPopover` directive.

If you don't need to expicitly handle when a popover/tooltip is opened, you can just add `nglPopoverBehavior` attribute, that will take care to open it when the user hovers or tabs into the trigger and disappear it when the user hovers off or tabs away.

If you want to delay the opening and closing of the popover/tooltip, you can use the `nglPopoverDelay` to specify the amount of time in milliseconds.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Het aartsbisdom Bamaka (Latijn: Archidioecesis Bamakoënsis) is een rooms-katholiek aartsbisdom met als zetel Bamako in Mali.

Het aartsbisdom is voortgekomen uit de apostolische prefectuur Sahara en Soedan, opgericht in 1868. Dit werd een apostolisch vicariaat in 1891. In 1901 werd het apostolisch vicariaat Sahara van Frans Soedan opgericht. Dit werd in 1921 opgesplitst in de apostolische vicariaten Bamako en Ouagadougou. De eerste bisschoppen waren Franse witte paters. In 1955 werd Bamako een aartsbisdom. Luc Auguste Sangaré (1925-1998) werd in 1962 de eerste inlandse aartsbisschop. In 1958 werd er een seminarie geopend in Bamako.

De kerkprovincie Bamako bestaat verder uit vijf suffragane bisdommen:

 Kayes
 Mopti
 San
 Ségou
 Sikasso

In 2020 telde het aartsbisdom 11 parochies. Het aartsbisdom heeft een oppervlakte van 85.000 km² en telde in 2020 279.000 katholieken op een totale bevolking van 5.461.000, of 5,1% van de bevolking.

Aartsbisschoppen

 Pierre Louis Leclerc, M. Afr. (1955-1962)
 Luc Auguste Sangaré (1962-1998)
 Jean Zerbo (1998-)

Bamako
Bamako
Bamako

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Janice Lau-Pearson
Arts Help Taps Disney Executive as Global Chief Marketing Officer
by Arts Help & Hannah Chew
2 years ago 1 min read
Arts Help has appointed Janice Lau-Pearson as its new Global Chief Marketing Officer.
With 25 years of marketing experience, Janice Lau-Pearson was recently an executive member at Disney Consumer Products Canada, where she was Head of Franchise Development and Marketing. With a portfolio of brands encompassing Disney, Pixar, Marvel, Star Wars and 20th Century, Janice's focus on franchise strategy, marketing activations, and retail brand development helped drive annual Canadian retail sales in excess of $1 billion.
In her new role, she will be leading the marketing efforts at Arts Help and helping the organization enter a pivotal new chapter. Arts Help is scaling its impact on the Arts and Creative community to a global new height, supporting the next generation artists to fulfil their potential.
"Janice brings an unparalleled global approach to brand development, and we are thrilled she's joining our team," said Adiam Gafoo, Arts Help Chief Operating Officer. "As we continue to expand, her extensive experience in brand building, digital marketing, and innovation will be integral in leading Arts Help in its next phase of growth."
"I'm honoured to join an organization that is driven by social impact using art-centric solutions. I consider myself a creative by trade and an artist at heart. I feel incredibly lucky to have the opportunity to intersect passion with work." said Janice Lau-Pearson. "Arts Help has so much heart, and I'm inspired by the people involved and their value compass. I look forward to building on Arts Help's global impact and helping propel the organization to even greater heights."
About Arts Help
Arts Help is an award-winning organization that champions social change through art-centric solutions. As a global creative network that curates collaborations with artists, institutions, and grassroots organizations, Arts Help delivers impactful programming, publishing, and engaging content. With over 4 million active members, the creative hub aims to provide inclusive opportunities for artists of all disciplines worldwide to showcase their talent and create impact. www.artshelp.net
This post was a collaboration between
Arts Help
#1 Network for artists, visual storytellers, and the new cultural economy. We collaborate & produce original content | Tag us #arts_help
Hannah Chew
Special Features Editor at Arts Help. Current sophomore at Harvard University.
Artist Spotlight: Janet Cardiff and George Bures Miller
An Interview with Phuong Nguyen: The Power of Art Therapy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Embattled gay San Jose school board trustee John Lindner resigned effective February 28 after being charged with grand theft in connection with embezzling from a school bond campaign account.
The February 27 school board meeting was his final meeting, said Omar Torres, a fellow gay school board trustee on the Franklin-McKinley School District in East San Jose.
Lindner, 55, a longtime trustee on the board, submitted a letter of resignation to Mary Ann Dewan, Ph.D., county superintendent of schools of the Santa Clara County Office of Education, February 21.
The letter was a single sentence, "Effective February 28, 2018, I hereby resign the position of governing board member of the Franklin-McKinley School District." The letter came a day after he appeared in court at a second hearing regarding embezzlement and other charges.
Lindner sent a statement to the Bay Area Reporter.
"I accept responsibility for the charges brought against me and apologize to the Franklin-McKinley School District community for the actions I took in regards to use of leftover bond campaign funds," he wrote. "I appreciate the consideration the court has given in regards to my 30 years of public service in reaching a sentence. I am committed to fulfilling its terms."
Lindner previously told the B.A.R. that he wasn't going to resign.
In October 2017, Lindner was fined $18,500 by the state Fair Political Practices Commission for embezzling nearly $30,000 in school campaign funds and misleading investigators.
The following month his board colleagues voted to censure him, but they couldn't do anything beyond that due to his being elected to the board.
In December, the Santa Clara County District Attorney's office charged him with grand theft, perjury, and violations of the state's Political Reform Act. Lindner turned himself in and was released on $35,000 bail.
Compounding his case was the fact that the majority of funds raised were from special interests that could have placed business in front of the Franklin-McKinley board, John Chase, a prosecutor in charge of the DA's Public Integrity Unit, told the Mercury News.
"Aggravating matters is that nearly all of the money donated in support of the school bond measure came from developers, contractors, and architects," Chase told the newspaper. "While at the same time the defendant, who kept much of this money for his own use, was a member of the school board that makes decisions about how the bond money will ultimately be spent."
Lindner, a retired elementary school teacher who served on the board since 2004 and was re-elected in November 2016, is potentially facing jail time and a fine of more than $250,000 if convicted on the misdemeanor counts, reported Inside San Jose.
The district serves more than 10,000 elementary and middle school students in some of San Jose's poorest neighborhoods, reported the Mercury News.
Some community members, board members, and elected officials who spoke with the B.A.R. in October called for Lindner to resign at that time. During the following months, a small group of persistent community members repeatedly showed up at the school board meetings and launched a Change.org petition early in February. The petition only garnered 24 signatures.
In the end, Lindner resigned due to pressure from fellow board trustees Rudy Rodriguez, George Sanchez, and Torres, said Torres, who grew up and went to school in the community.
"He lost the trust of our community," said Torres. "We're there to serve a population that's already underserved and a population that distrusts 'the system.'"
When Torres called Lindner three weeks ago to personally ask him to resign, Lindner simply said, "Thank you Omar and goodnight," and hung up.
"That's all he said," Torres said.
Relieved that Lindner stepped down from the board, Torres said, "He did the right thing. It's time for us to move on."
Torres said it's time for the community to move forward and to select someone to replace Lindner on the board that will work for the parents and students of the school district.


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Home>Politics> President Trump Says Coronavirus Crisis Could Last Until July Or August
President Trump Says Coronavirus Crisis Could Last Until July Or August
Kevin Goddard
@Kuda708
Tasos Katopodis/ Getty Images
Trump thinks we maybe dealing with this coronavirus scare through the Summer.
On Monday, President Trump gave another update on the Coronavirus crisis from the White House, in which he revealed that we could be dealing with this scare through the Summer. When asked about when he sees the pandemic turning the corner, Trump said that if all goes well, it could last until July or August.
"If we do a really good job, we'll not only hold the death down to a level that is much lower than the other way, had we not done a good job, but people are talking about July, August, something like that.... Could be longer than that. But I've asked that question many, many times."
Trump also said that his administration may look at lockdowns for "certain areas" or "hot spots" in the nation. But the president said he wasn't considering a full national lockdown. "At this moment, no, we're not," Trump said when asked about nationwide lockdown.
The president issued new guidelines for how the country can slow the spread of the virus, suggesting bars and restaurants close in states with evidence of community transition and calling on governors to close schools in areas with evidence of its spread.
The guidelines say Americans should "avoid eating or drinking in bars, restaurants, and food courts" and to instead use "drive-thru, pickup or delivery options." The government also says Americans should avoid groups larger than 10 people, and calls on people to work and school children at home whenever possible, and avoid discretionary travel. We'll continue to keep you posted moving forward.
Win McNamee/ Getty Images
Politics News president trump donald trump Coronavirus crisis summer August july
Lil Baby's Fidgety Interview Goes Viral
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POLITICS President Trump Says Coronavirus Crisis Could Last Until July Or August


Check out the "Photos for Sale" link if you'd like to purchase any of my race photos. Help a brother buy more camera gear.
Current gear: Nikon D7100 – crop sensor camera. Lenses: the kit 18-140 f/3.5-5.6 ED VR, a Nikon 50mm f/1.8G, Tokina 11-16 f/2.8, and a Tamron 70-200 f/2.8. Some might come from the surprisingly-decent Samsung Galaxy S7 – it shoots RAW! Older shots came from a Sony A100 (really, a rebadged Minolta).


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Audit hits SDSU interest conflicts and illegal faculty discounts
Campanile Foundation repeatedly broke federal and state accounting rules
Matt Potter
SDSU Aquaplex
An extensive list of financial irregularities and transparency transgressions committed in the name of in-house charities has been uncovered at San Diego State University by auditors for the California university system, raising a series of uncomfortable ethical and legal questions just as the school's president Elliot Hirshman seeks to cast his big-money nonprofit network of influence ever wider, including possible development of a costly new Mission Valley stadium and academic complex.
SDSU president Elliot Hirshman
The newly released audit, dated August 9, comes on the heels of allegations by university critics that KPBS, the public broadcasting operation owned and operated by SDSU, has failed to disclose the financial interests of donors to the school in its coverage of land use and political issues, including the controversial Lilac Hills Ranch.
The report, titled Auxiliary Organizations, calls out yet more problematic conflicts of interest and possible legal violations resulting from faulty oversight by SDSU of the four multimillion-dollar nonprofit corporations it controls, including the Campanile Foundation, the San Diego State University Research Foundation, Aztec Shops, and Associated Students.
In one case, according to the document, a university staffer profited handsomely from an allegedly illegal five-figure discount while running a private business at the school's Aquaplex swimming and diving center; in another, a host of Campanile boardmembers have repeatedly failed to disclose their financial interests and business activities, as required by state law.
"A company owned by a campus faculty member improperly included the university name in its name, and the company obtained a deeply discounted facility rental rate from [Associated Students], which appeared to be a conflict of interest," per the audit, accompanied by a September 1 cover letter to SDSU president Elliot Hirshman from CSU chief audit officer Larry Mandel.
"The company had obtained a deeply discounted rental rate for the [Associated Students] Aquaplex facility since 2011," according to the document, which does not identify the faculty member or the firm.
"Specifically, the published discounted hourly rental rate for off‐campus groups for the Diving Well was $30/hour, but the company was charged a further discounted rate of $8/hour. For a one‐year period from August 2014 to August 2015, this resulted in a discount of $12,116, which appeared to be a conflict of interest in which the faculty member obtained a personal benefit because of his association with the campus."
The audit suggests the arrangement may represent a violation of state law, noting a government code section that says "no public official at any level of state or local government shall make, participate in making, or in any way attempt to use his official position to influence a governmental decision in which he knows or has reason to know has a financial interest."
The document goes on to say that the law "prohibits the use of state resources for non‐state purposes, except uses that are incidental and minimal."
According to the report, SDSU acknowledged the findings and has pledged to "work with campus counsel to inform the faculty member of the restriction regarding the use of the university's name. This will be completed by October 31, 2016."
Additionally, the school said it would "discuss the conflict‐of‐interest prohibition with the faculty member and work with [Associated Students] to adjust facility rental rates to the published rate. This will be completed by January 31, 2017."
The possibility of bringing conflict-of-interest charges against the offending faculty member or recovering the funds is not discussed.
Auditors also found that SDSU officials and the boardmembers of its nonprofit corporations have been playing fast and loose in the private funding field, failing to file conflict-of-interest statements and incorrectly disclosing their activities on federally required tax documents, opening the door to widespread abuses.
"The campus had not developed a written fund‐raising policy or established a written delegation of authority for fund‐raising events; fund‐raising events were not always reviewed and approved by a delegated authority prior to the events; and revenues for certain fund‐raising events were incorrectly reported on IRS Form 990."
In addition, the university-controlled nonprofit Campanile Foundation, used by Hirshman to solicit cash from wealthy individuals, lobbyists, and related corporate special interests seeking to identify themselves with the school for business and political purposes, repeatedly failed to collect some of the money.
"In four instances, collection and follow‐up activity was not documented to facilitate collection of delinquent pledges receivable," the audit says. "The delinquent pledges receivable, totaling $275,000, were outstanding from 410 to 2,035 days."
Notes the report, "Inadequate control over delinquent pledges receivable and pledge write‐offs reduces the likelihood of collection, negatively impacts cash flow, and increases the risk that receivables will not be accurately reflected in financial statements."
Jack McGrory
The Campanile Foundation — whose board is chaired by ex–San Diego city manager Jack McGrory and includes Hirshman and ex–San Diego GOP mayor and chamber of commerce honcho Jerry Sanders — is at the center of SDSU president Hirshman's prolific fundraising effort, which he has said is necessary in the wake of reduced state support.
A massive funding drive to build a stadium complex on the site of the current Qualcomm Stadium in Mission Valley should the Chargers vacate the venue for a move to Los Angeles next year is said to be in the planning stages.
But the CSU audit found that the organization's board of directors had repeatedly violated disclosure requirements, raising questions about how thoroughly the school has been vetting the financial interests of key private backers.
"Six of 34 board members had not signed conflict‐of‐interest statements, and six board members had not properly marked the box indicating whether or not a conflict existed for calendar year 2015," says the document.
"Nine of 33 board members had not signed conflict‐of‐interest statements, and 11 board members had not properly marked the box indicating whether or not a conflict existed for CY 2016."
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Gee, wonder if iNewsFarce will trumpet this story as, "SDSU-associated nonprofits flout state, federal laws"? Oh, wait; that's only for their political enemies. As is taking shots at others for operating a delinquent charity at the same time they were doing the same, and trying to hide their donors.
Thanks, Matt, for showing once again that San Diego has not only the fairest government, but also the most independent media money can buy.
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Listen: Assault, Harpreet Singh, Ranjit Singh discussed on 24 Hour News
"Businesses. Right now, the owners being allowed into. Traffic buildings were left. Those residents back into the building. There's no reason to keep them out except for the building. Join and buildings two school buildings in the neighborhood have been closed because of the smoke eastside community high school and PS nineteen Asher Levy families were notified, but for those that didn't get the message students arriving for class. This morning were directed to another school. Call for action from Brooklyn borough president Eric Adams, he's joining with commuters this hour, the Clark street subway station in Brooklyn heights, demanding emergency action from the MTA to fix the elevators there on Monday an outage trapped seventeen commuters in an elevator for nearly an hour. Stations. Elevators have been in service for eighty seven years in a broken down several times in recent months. Adam says they need to be replaced as soon as possible he says the work should begin before the end of the year four men from hicksville or under arrest charged with assault. Police say the suspects attacked a teenager on Monday was playing cricket with his friends in Glen brook road park. He was punched and kicked all over his body and struck with a metal bat. He suffered swelling contusions and a broken arm now facing charges, including gang assault are Nineteen-year-old Rajon Kumar nineteen year old Kuldeep Singh. Seventeen year old Harpreet Singh an eighteen year old Ranjit Singh. A motive for the attack is unclear. Wins. News time ten twenty five. Tired of the same old emojis? The new apple operating system contains a whole new batch of them. Here's correspondent, Cheri Preston. Once upon a time a lobster a parrot and a peacock decided they were going to eat some cupcakes and play with a lacrosse stick. So they got themselves put into I phones all over the world. They're all some of the newest emojis that'll be part of the latest apple operating system that be joined by a hiking, boots and luggage assault. Shakur frisbee and a whole new line of bold people. And if you're still wanting for tiny ways to express yourself, you could always send the new Lama out along side the softball or a mango there included to the multi state lottery. Jackpots have been creeping up.."
Assault, Harpreet Singh, Ranjit Singh discussed on 24 Hour News
24 Hour News
2 years ago | 10 10 WINS
Assault Harpreet Singh Ranjit Singh Apple Eastside Community High School Asher Levy Brooklyn Heights Glen Brook Road Park Brooklyn Adam Clark Street Subway Station Cheri Preston Eric Adams Shakur MTA Rajon Kumar President Trump Hicksville Eighty Seven Years
Businesses. Right now, the owners being allowed into. Traffic buildings were left. Those residents back into the building. There's no reason to keep them out except for the building. Join and buildings two school buildings in the neighborhood have been closed because of the smoke eastside community high school and PS nineteen Asher Levy families were notified, but for those that didn't get the message students arriving for class. This morning were directed to another school. Call for action from Brooklyn borough president Eric Adams, he's joining with commuters this hour, the Clark street subway station in Brooklyn heights, demanding emergency action from the MTA to fix the elevators there on Monday an outage trapped seventeen commuters in an elevator for nearly an hour. Stations. Elevators have been in service for eighty seven years in a broken down several times in recent months. Adam says they need to be replaced as soon as possible he says the work should begin before the end of the year four men from hicksville or under arrest charged with assault. Police say the suspects attacked a teenager on Monday was playing cricket with his friends in Glen brook road park. He was punched and kicked all over his body and struck with a metal bat. He suffered swelling contusions and a broken arm now facing charges, including gang assault are Nineteen-year-old Rajon Kumar nineteen year old Kuldeep Singh. Seventeen year old Harpreet Singh an eighteen year old Ranjit Singh. A motive for the attack is unclear. Wins. News time ten twenty five. Tired of the same old emojis? The new apple operating system contains a whole new batch of them. Here's correspondent, Cheri Preston. Once upon a time a lobster a parrot and a peacock decided they were going to eat some cupcakes and play with a lacrosse stick. So they got themselves put into I phones all over the world. They're all some of the newest emojis that'll be part of the latest apple operating system that be joined by a hiking, boots and luggage assault. Shakur frisbee and a whole new line of bold people. And if you're still wanting for tiny ways to express yourself, you could always send the new Lama out along side the softball or a mango there included to the multi state lottery. Jackpots have been creeping up..


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StartseiteBücherGeschichte
Mary Ball Washington: The Untold Story of George Washington's Mother
von Craig Shirley
Stubborn, aristocratic Mary Ball Washington was entrenched in the Old World ways of her ancestors, dismissing the American experiment even as her son led the successful rebellion against the crown. During his youth, ambitious George dove into the hard-scrabble work of a surveyor and rose through the ranks of the fledgling colonial army, even as his overprotective mother tried to discourage these efforts.
Mary's influence on George was twofold. Though she raised her eldest son to become one of the world's greatest leaders, Mary also tried many times to hold him back. While she passed down her strength and individuality to George, she also sought to protect him from the risks he needed to take to become a daring general and president. But it was this resistance itself which fanned the spark of George's independence into a flame. The constant tug of war between the two throughout the early years helped define George's character.
In Mary Ball Washington, New York Times bestselling author Craig Shirley uncovers startling details about the inner workings of the Washington family. He vividly brings to life a resilient widow who singlehandedly raised six children and ran a large farm at a time when most women's duties were relegated to household matters. Throughout, Shirley compares and contrasts mother and son, illuminating the qualities they shared and the differences that divided them.
A significant contribution to American history, Mary Ball Washington is the definitive take on the relationship between George and Mary Washington, offering fresh insight into this extraordinary figure who would shape our nation—and the woman who shaped him.
Herausgeber: HarperCollinsFreigabe: Dec 3, 2019ISBN: 9780062456533Formatierung: book
Mehr lesen von Craig Shirley
Reagan's Revolution: The Untold Story of the Campaign That Started It All
Autor Craig Shirley
Last Act: The Final Years and Emerging Legacy of Ronald Reagan
December 1941: 31 Days that Changed America and Saved the World
Reagan Rising: The Decisive Years, 1976-1980
Rendezvous with Destiny: Ronald Reagan and the Campaign That Changed America
Citizen Newt: The Making of a Reagan Conservative
The Graves Are Walking: The Great Famine and the Saga of the Irish People
Autor John Kelly
The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women Killed by Jack the Ripper
Autor Hallie Rubenhold
In the Midst of Winter: A Novel
Autor Isabel Allende
Ty Cobb: A Terrible Beauty
Autor Charles Leerhsen
Mary Ball Washington - Craig Shirley
Washington's Farewell to his Mother, 1789 by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris © Virginia Museum of History & Culture
Dedicated to some of the strong and smart and capable and resilient women I've come to know, love, and respect . . .
Barbara Shirley Eckert, Taylor Shirley Gillespie, Rebecca Shirley Sirhal, Diana Banister, Laura Ingraham, Gay Hart Gaines, Joanne Herring, Karin Andrews, Brittany Singer, Torrence Harman, Georgette Mosbacher, Mari Will, Callista Gingrich, Susan McShane, Soonalyn Jacob, Candy Bhappu, Carmen Bhappu, Ruby Jamshedi, Chris Kabanuk, Ellen Shirley, Amy Mauer, and Erin Mauer, but most especially for . . .
my best friend, my soul mate, my best editor, my love, my wife, Zorine Bhappu Shirley.
I was often there with George, his playmate, schoolmate, and young man's companion. Of the mother I was ten times more afraid than of my own parents. She awed me in the midst of her kindness, for she was indeed truly kind, . . . and even now, when time has whitened my locks, and I am the grand-father of a second generation, I could not behold that majestic woman without feelings it is impossible to describe.
—LAWRENCE WASHINGTON ESQ., OF CHOTANK, COUSIN OF GEORGE WASHINGTON
The Washington Family
Chapter 1: Virgin Land and Virgin Love
Chapter 2: To Look to the Sky
Chapter 3: The Rose of Epping Forest
Chapter 4: The Marriage of Mary Ball and Augustine Washington
Chapter 5: In the Shadow of the Empire
Chapter 6: Fredericksburg
Chapter 7: Matriarch
Chapter 8: Lieutenant Colonel Washington
Chapter 9: Before the Revolution
Chapter 10: Off to War
Chapter 11: A Separate Peace
Chapter 12: Honored Madam
Chapter 13: Unto Dust Shalt Thou Return
Epilogue: A Monumental Legacy
Also by Craig Shirley
News of Yorktown, 1781 by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris © Virginia Museum of History & Culture
When General George Washington successfully led the American Revolution against the most powerful military force in the world, that of the British Empire, King George III reportedly said that if Washington laid down his sword after his stunning, startling, and world-altering victory, he would be regarded as the greatest man in the world.
That is precisely what Washington did.
At the conclusion of the Revolutionary War, he went before the Continental Congress in Annapolis, Maryland, on December 23, 1783, laid down his weapon, and made a brief speech. After celebrations and after commemorations, he left and went home to become, again, Planter Washington.
He was eager to return to his beloved wife, Martha, and his cherished Mount Vernon—which he hadn't been to in seven years, except briefly to entertain some French officers while on his way to Yorktown and a date with destiny against General Charles Cornwallis—to get back to the life of the gentleman farmer he so loved. In character, he gave the credit for the miracle of the American Revolution to others.
Your excellency is retired like [another] Cincinnatus, wrote the Marquis de Chastellux at the close of the Revolutionary War.¹ Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, about 2,250 years earlier, having won against the fierce Aequians as a Roman general, refused absolute power and instead went back to his farm and his plow. One of Washington's generals, the redoubtable and later secretary of war Henry Knox, formed the Society of the Cincinnati in 1783, comprising Washington's commanders in the field from the Revolution and their descendants. The Society exists today and has a national office in Washington, D.C.
WASHINGTON DID NOT JUST ARRIVE WITHOUT CAUSE AT HIS EXALTED STATUS, beloved by his fellow countrymen for over two hundred years, with children, cities—including Washington, D.C., in 1791—monuments, mountains, schools, even states and holidays named in his honor. And later, as the standard by which all future presidents would be measured, recorded as also the greatest president by most historians—a man who would be widely revered for his integrity, grace, manners, charm, Christian faith, and humility. His devout mother played a key role in the development of his character. While he was sometimes described as having little genuine affection for Mary, the reserved Washington still credited her with his principled and moral upbringing. Indeed, this was inevitable, for when George was eleven, his father died, leaving Mary Washington a single mother.
The relationship with his own mother was laden with difficulty for both of them. Self-centered and acquisitive, Mary Ball Washington was preoccupied with her eldest son to the virtual exclusion of her other [four] children. That preoccupation expressed itself in fears for George's safety, pleas not to put himself at risk in military action, and demands for assistance, usually monetary, even though she continued to occupy and enjoy the profits of his property on the Rappahannock, said Patricia Brady in Martha Washington: An American Life.² Another book described her as cantankerous and demanding. ³
HIS FATHER, AUGUSTINE ( GUS ), HAD A NOBLE APPEARANCE AND MANLY proportions. ⁴ As a youngster, George traveled far and wide visiting friends and relatives, and he was away when he learned that his father was dying. He returned immediately to Ferry Farm on April 12, 1743, the day his father died— His father was stretched out on a bed pending his burial. He may have been an absentee parent, but his sudden loss left an emptiness in George's life, a vacuum that needed to be filled. ⁵ George was just eleven years old. Augustine's will was shortly probated and he left his son George the plantation of Ferry Farm, an equal division of slaves and estate, and a lot in the newly formed and nearby town of Fredericksburg. Mary was to supervise the children until they came of age.
George's fourteen-years-older half brother, Lawrence, went off to fight in the amusingly named War of Jenkins' Ear in 1740, leaving George consumed by his loneliness. When Lawrence returned, to the admiration and hero worship of his younger half brother, he settled fifty miles north from the family, away at a plantation named Epsewasson, high above the Potomac River. Lawrence later renamed it Mount Vernon, after the famed British admiral Edward Vernon, whom he deeply admired.⁶
Mary Washington, née Ball, Augustine's second wife, lived at Ferry Farm and raised George, tutoring him, admonishing him, driving him to distraction often, loving him, and also fashioning the boy who would eventually become one of the greatest men in history. One historian wrote of young George's and his mother's strength of wills as incompatible, but this, said Dorothy Twohig, fostered young Washington's independence and self-reliance. ⁷ Later, control of Ferry Farm, which Augustine had left George, became a source of irritation between the son and his mother.
MARY WAS BORN AROUND 1708 OR SO—THE EXACT DATE IS NOT KNOWN. (Many ages in this book are approximated.) Much of her life was a mystery, sometimes placing her in some historical studies as less of a person and more of a mythic figure. Her family, the Balls, were prominent in the Millenbeck and Epping Forest parts of Virginia's Northern Neck, jutting out into the Chesapeake Bay, adjoining the Potomac on one side and the Rappahannock River on the other.
Though she was well provided for by her husband, it was tough going for Mary Ball Washington after Augustine's passing. She was a widow in her late thirties, raising six children all by herself, supervising farms, supervising slaves, supervising her family. She never remarried, though she would have been an attractive catch, at a still desirable age and very wealthy. But it was well known around Fredericksburg, Virginia, that she was a handful and at times frustrating. Her son, by contrast, was equally legendary for his reserve.
However, his resolute reserve in adulthood had not always been so. In his youth, George Washington had a fearsome temper. This was observed not just by his mother, but by people such as Thomas, Lord Fairfax, in a note to Mary: I wish I could say that he governs his temper. . . . He is subject to attacks of anger on provocation, sometimes without just cause. ⁸ Perhaps he learned something from his mother.
George's capacity for rebellion may have been prompted by Mary's overprotective care. His later language describing the Revolution evokes a mother and son. The Mother Country, George wrote, thought it was only to hold up the rod, and all would be hush! ⁹ and Great Britain did not comprehend America—She meant . . . to drive America into rebellion, that her own purposes might be more fully answered. ¹⁰
Through the following decades, from adolescence to adulthood, Mary was a near-constant irritant to the maturing George. Financial demands were but one of the many issues plaguing the relationship between mother and son, though her supposed loyalty to the English Crown during the most important chapter of American history may have also angered him. She was probably a royalist, at least initially. Mary Ball Washington . . . never expressed support for the Colonies' cause, declared one historian, Bonnie Angelo. In this fashion, she was like another revolutionary's mother, Jane Randolph Jefferson (who was also skeptical of independence for the colonies), though her son Thomas cowrote the most important revolutionary document in history.¹¹
But in a hotbed of revolutionary fervor such as Fredericksburg, where munitions were made for the colonies by Mary's son-in-law Fielding Lewis, this would have been cause for concern—risking ostracization and being outcast—except that her son was leading the Revolution, and this protected Mary from any acts the local citizens might have contemplated taking against her. At least none were reported or recorded at the time, and she continued to be seen around town—shopping, going to church—untouched.
IN POST–REVOLUTIONARY WAR VIRGINIA, MANY THOUGHT MARY, NOW AT AN increasing age, could no longer live at her Fredericksburg home. One of the many included George, who wrote to his mother urging she leave and choose one of her children to live with—though not him. He wrote, Candour requires me to say that moving to Mount Vernon (which he'd owned since 1761) will never answer your purposes, in any shape whatsoever—for in truth it may be compared to a well resorted tavern, as scarcely any strangers who are going from north to south, or from south to north do not spend a day or two at it. He continued, Nor indeed could you be retired in any room in my house; for what with the sitting up of Company; the noise and bustle of servants—and many other things you would not be able to enjoy that calmness and serenity of mind, which in my opinion you ought now to prefer to every other consideration in life. ¹² Washington was clearly giving his mother unsolicited advice while also telling her there was no room in the inn, in this case, the Mount Vernon inn, his home. In this matter, she took his counsel and never moved to Mount Vernon.
Two years later, Mary died around the ancient age of eighty, in late August 1789, at her home in Fredericksburg, the town near where she lived for a majority of her life. Through these decades, she saw her eldest son become almost a god to many American citizens. He addressed her mostly with respect in his few letters to her, no matter his personal feelings. Through anger and resentment, financial worry, and updates on her health and well-being in times of war, George always addressed his letters to his mother as Honored Madam. This salutation served two purposes: it showed his respect for her while holding her at arm's length.
WITH MARY BALL WASHINGTON, THE IMAGE IS A MIX OF THE UNKNOWN AND whispers of history, the facts and the legends. She was the real mother of George Washington; she certainly existed; yet as part of the mythos and mythology of the era of the Founding Fathers, of revolution and renewal, much has been lost to the ether of history. Was she part helicopter mother, part Mommie Dearest, or was she a saint and a joy for George? Historians through the years have portrayed her as both.
Mary Ball Washington remains often misunderstood. She does appear to have been a thorn in George's side ever since he was a teenage boy—but also a cherished rose.
There is frankly a lot of conflicting information on George's feelings about his mother, even as an adult. Added years and understanding brought no improvement in his relations with her. . . . Apparently he did not write her even once during the war, wrote eminent biographer Douglas Southall Freeman. Although this comment is in dispute, as it had been previously reported that she did get at least one piece of correspondence from her son during the Revolutionary War. Others may have been lost by Mary or from George. The same historian noted that Washington, while possessing magnanimity and patience in dealing with human frailty, unlike his mother, did not extend such grace to his mother, as he felt she had been grasping and unreasonable. ¹³
Many histories have tended to focus on only one or the other side of Mary's character. She is seen as a saint or a villain, nothing in between. But in fact, taken together, Mary's seemingly contradictory character traits complemented each other. Mary's kindness and control were one and the same. Mary Washington was a woman who used a facade of motherly virtue to cover her desire to control her son. In the same way that he led a country to break away from its overbearing imperial matron, George had to struggle to find independence in his own life, to step away from the power of his demanding mother. It was a struggle that lasted all her life. Even after Mary died, George was left dealing with her tangled affairs.
THIS BOOK IS JUST AS MUCH A HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MARY WASHINGTON AS IT is a biography. Very few correspondences exist about this important woman. It was also the nature of the period that it often placed her on the sidelines, being a woman and not being married to a famous man. Opinions of the relationship between Washington and his mother vary. There were a number of hagiographies written in the 1800s and early 1900s such as The Mother of Washington and Her Times and The Story of Mary Washington, both by women. The latter of these books was reviewed by the American Monthly Magazine as a warm welcome for those interested in early American history.¹⁴ Indeed, while it was certainly a delayed canonization compared to her son's, some early biographers of the mother of Washington—it sounded saintly, like the Mother of Christ, with no more qualifiers needed—almost painted her as a goddess. Roman matron came up sometimes, an appropriate title in light of the Cincinnatus George. One called her the 'Hero' to a Spartan matron and further a Christian Matron. ¹⁵ These books and many more from that era had her as less a woman and more a deity who could do no wrong.
But slowly, a new image of Mary Ball Washington began to emerge in the opposite direction, aided by some harsh letters from Washington himself to his own mother that were cataloged and widely studied. Very few exist, but those that do paint a nasty relationship. This image of Mary in historical circles shifted entirely from whispers to shouts with the publication, between 1948 and 1957, of the massive and unyielding seven-volume biography of the first president, from cradle to death, by Douglas Southall Freeman. In an about-face of how previous biographers treated her, Freeman, in the first volume, called her a mistress of much or of little, mistress she was resolved to be. ¹⁶ It wasn't protection that she gave her eldest son, who at one point in his youth wanted to risk everything for a dangerous life at sea; it was authority.
Describing Mary, George's cousin Lawrence said, I was ten times more afraid [of her] than I ever was of my own parents; she awed me in the midst of her kindness. That kindness, and Lawrence did call her truly kind, was subsumed in Mary.¹⁷
As a teenager, young George had wanted to join the British navy as a cabin boy, so Mary wrote a letter to her half brother, Joseph, in London, asking his advice. Within a short period of time, he wrote back, telling her that under no circumstances could George, an American, be allowed to join, where he would be treated like a dog. A caste system existed in the British navy, as it did throughout the English culture. First came the British royalty, then British subjects, and finally, at the end of the list, came Americans. It was also a time when a substantial number of cabin boys died at sea—they developed scurvy, they were washed overboard, they were killed in battle. It was a risky and dangerous existence for young boys. While she had previously approved the venture, she vetoed it now. It was the first of several attempts to keep George from entering dangerous undertakings.
James Thomas Flexner's four-volume biography of George from the 1960s and early 1970s, also unmistakable for its importance in Washington scholarship, derided Mary's overcontrolling parenting. In his romantic teenage boyhood, George was in love with Sally Fairfax, a young woman two years his elder. When he was sixteen, Flexner said, he was still, however resentfully, tied to his mother's apron strings, in a rundown farm, full of younger children, which he would have undoubtedly been ashamed to show the elegant Sally. ¹⁸
Thus the fickleness of the history of Mary Ball Washington.
It should also be noted that authors, from both the history and hagiographical sides of the debate, when approaching Mary Ball Washington, sometimes simply got facts wrong. Flexner, for instance, mistakenly called George's only sister, Betty Washington Lewis, Mary Lewis. ¹⁹ A slip of the finger, sure, that is bound to happen in such massive works. On the other hand, Lydia Sigourney, in a small book published in 1866 for schoolgirls about powerful women through history, said that Mary died after George, over a decade in error.²⁰
The immeasurably important relative and descendant George Washington Parke Custis sometimes also got chronology wrong in Mary's and George's lives. Others simply wrote thinly sourced stories with contradictory facts; for instance, how Mary and her husband, Augustine, met in England when the latter was tended to by the former after an injury, like some story seen in a romance novel. All these works have shaped the legacy and portrait of who Mary Ball Washington was—and was not.
But Flexner's and Freeman's works are, without fail, some of the most comprehensive biographies of the first president's life, as is Ron Chernow's masterpiece.
Slants or presentism in history, whether consciously or not, encouraged the reader to ignore context or brush away any excuse that may contradict it. What Mary or others may have seen as protective in George Washington's teenage years, Freeman sees as controlling and authoritarian. This bias erases facts, maybe implying something that it is not. This is dangerous.
This book is just as much a history of Mary's times as her near century of life. The eighteenth century in the New World saw a fundamental change that echoed across the globe, as the loyal colonies, fighting for the Crown in the 1750s, went against King George III twenty years later, establishing a system of government previously unseen in history. Whether she knew it or cared for it or supported it or not, how Fredericksburg was run, how the colonies fought, who died nearby, and how nations were forged affected her. Though she probably knew little of it, the way in which the Continental Congress in 1781 debated the ins and outs of the Articles of Confederation and how it again debated a new constitution in 1787 affected her. While she was a key influence on one of history's greatest men, during the Revolution she was but one person in a vast system known as the American experiment.
THIS HONORED MADAM WHO DIED NEARLY THREE HUNDRED YEARS AGO was many things, often contradictory and often paradoxical: we know many things of her, and we know little; we know how she treated her son, but we have no known motive; we have interpretations of historians over centuries, both sides getting some basic known facts wrong, which makes the modern reader question what else was wrong in these fundamental works. But despite their difficult relationship, George and Mary shared an important bond of blood. Whoever has seen that awe-inspiring air and manner so characteristic in the Father of his Country, will remember the matron as she appeared when the presiding genius of her well-ordered household, commanding and being obeyed, ²¹ wrote George's cousin. And as George himself wrote, it was by Mary's Maternal hand [that,] (early deprived of a Father) I was led to Manhood. ²²
She was the mother of the Father of our Country. She was authoritarian and frustratingly singular, the royalist woman who shaped history's most famous patriot.
She was Mary Ball Washington.
Virgin Land and Virgin Love
LIFE IN AND AROUND THE COLONY OF VIRGINIA
The specter of the Old World . . .
In 1651, the county of Lancaster, Virginia, was created out of a combination of York and Northumberland counties. A few years later, George Washington's ancestors arrived in the New World and made their way here, where Mary Ball Washington was born in 1708.
By the end of the Revolutionary War and the independence of the American colonies from England in 1783, the number of Virginia's counties tripled as population shifted and frontiers opened. Spotsylvania County, established in 1721, was a prominent place of interest for the Washington clan—and it was in the county's largest city, Fredericksburg, that George was raised into adulthood, and where Mary lived for most of her life.¹
Slowly but surely the New World became less a temporary way of life and more a permanent home. New settlements were springing up, port towns like Alexandria were in the proto-stages, new grants for businesses were signed, and new manors were built. Iron ore, useful for making tools, weapons, structures, and more, was discovered here and became particularly important for settlers, especially as a means of cutting off English dependency on Sweden.² John Carter had built the first church in the region.³ His son, Robert Carter, born 1662 on Corotoman Plantation in Lancaster County, acquired enough land and wealth appropriate for his nickname, King Carter.
THE SPECTER OF THE OLD WORLD WAS NOT YET BANISHED. ONE OF THE most prominent houses in Essex County was Ben Lomond, a Georgian manor a short riding distance from the town of Tappahannock. With land stretching out to the Rappahannock River, it saw frequent renovations through the years as prominent Essex family members settled in, including its most famous occupant, Judge Muscoe Garnett. It was named after a mountain in the Scottish Highlands.
IN THE NEWLY CHARTERED PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY AROUND 1740, THE brick home of Bel Air was erected by Captain Charles Ewell, whose wife, Sarah Ball Ewell, was a younger cousin of Mary Ball Washington. (Decades later, Charles Ewell's granddaughter Frances and her husband, Mason Locke Weems, moved into Bel Air, from which Weems would write the first posthumous and legendary biography of George Washington in 1800.)⁴
The Northern Neck of Virginia, the geographically northern peninsula that stretches from the Potomac to the Rappahannock, was bustling. Prominent families like the Carters, the Lees, the Washingtons, the Balls, and the Wares all settled in this area, quickly making it more than just another remote region of the colonies.
It was beginning to look like home. People were no longer looking to Europe, the Old World, for guidance and sustenance. They had become Americans.
IN THE PAPERS AND DOCUMENTS OF THE DAY, THOSE WHO CAME TO AMERICA from the Old World were routinely referred to as immigrants, while Native Americans were frequently referred to as hostile Indians. The early pioneers found the Indians very troublesome, wrote F. L. Brockett and George Rock in the late nineteenth century, "and in order to [secure] the protection of their families from the raids of these unwelcome visitors, they were compelled to almost constantly be under arms, as these visits were generally made when civilized people were supposed to be asleep."⁵ This was an unceasing issue into the eighteenth century, as white settlers continued to expand into former Indian territory. Mary herself heard of these stories, akin to boogeymen or ghost stories by campfires, of entire villages and families being killed. There was some truth to these stories, as her ancestors well knew of the scathing relations between Native Americans and colonizing Europeans. It was a looming threat.
Things were certainly better in Mary's time than they were many years earlier in Jamestown, down the Potomac River and out into the Chesapeake Bay, where Captain John Smith's establishment failed and the residents fell to cannibalism during the starving time. Later reports were macabre and ghastly, including one of a husband who killed his wife and then salted her flesh. Eighty percent of the colonists died, having starved to death or being killed to eat. The population dwindled from three hundred inhabitants to sixty within months.⁶ Such haunting stories reverberated throughout the colonies and indeed back to England. This terror from America may have easily struck the attention of William Shakespeare in his play The Tempest, whose inspiration of islands and dangers unknown to the average Londoner may have been based partly in truth.
Virginia's population increased; so did the means of communication. The Virginia Gazette, founded in Williamsburg in 1736, offered weekly updates from across the royal colony. It was essentially a statewide paper. Various competitors emerged in the latter half of the paper's life, before its final publication in 1780. Regional newspapers started popping up, focusing on local news—everything from advertisements of land and business, to notices of stolen property and runaway slaves, to major news in England or Europe. Breaking news took precedence, though by the time a crisis was known to the printer, it was many days old. The same applied to courier letters.
IN THIS ERA, TOBACCO WAS THE FAVORITE CROP, BUT CORN, RICE, AND OTHERS also found room to thrive. Whole armies of freemen and slaves were devoted to the growing, harvesting, curing, hogsheading, and shipping to Europe of the much sought-after tobacco leaf. Currency was often tobacco weighed by the pound, as an alternative to the pound sterling in England. Spanish coins received from trade were sometimes used, but tobacco was the most stable, and more local than the far-off English or Spanish coins. Corn and wheat were also accepted to pay off debts. In 1751, over a hundred thousand pounds of tobacco was accepted to help build a church in Stafford County. Clergy was also paid with tobacco, and merchants and prospective buyers bought anything, from ferry passages to books and land, with the crop.⁷
Credit was another popular method of purchasing goods and services, and a relatively new one at that. Credit refers not just to the money you possess but also to what others believe you will be able to pay. One economist has described it as 'money of the mind,' as historian Joseph Ellis described the colonial novelty. It was risky, but it was a step necessary for building the economy that would be known as capitalism.⁸ The prevailing economy, though, was mercantilism, which held the belief of a static amount of capital in the world, and that through economic activity, if one got more, it meant that someone got less.
IT IS WRONG TO THINK THAT WOMEN DID NOT ENGAGE IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS OR commerce in the 1700s. Names like Elizabeth Burtin and Ruth Day and Sara Knowles and Susan Phelps and Ruth Smily were frequently in the papers, organizing Alexandria, Virginia, as early as 1669.⁹ They also included Mary Ball Washington. After her husband's death, she was engaged not only in child-rearing as a single mother but also in supervising large tracts of land, farms, and slaves, the buying and selling of horses, and crop management and sales.
To be clear, it was still a male-dominated world, but women had plenty of important roles to play as well. Often, as in Mary's case, they had their motherly duties of raising children, but they also were granted responsibilities based on their husband's or father's line of work. Once slaves became more common, women's labor on the farms shrunk to labor in the house.¹⁰
There were instances of women taking more active roles in their communities, such as becoming ferry keepers, jailers, preachers, shipwrights, spinners, and poets. Still, Abigail Adams felt the need to remind her husband, famously, to Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors when John Adams was to draft laws for the new country.¹¹
FARMING WAS THE PRIMARY INDUSTRY IN THE COLONIES IN THE 1700S. IN the backcountry or in the districts remote from transportation, a man could buy a large tract for little money and often on credit. Going into the forest with his family, the frontier farmer built a crude shelter and began to cut down the trees, usually at first merely girdling the larger ones so they would die and let in enough sun to grow corn between the stumps. His efforts the first year or two were devoted to survival, raising enough food for subsistence. ¹²
One observer wrote that American farmers were somewhat similar to Native Americans, eking out a marginal living, though the Americans could also operate as their own carpenters and smiths. Still, it was possible for American farmers to eventually prosper, to in [a] few years maintain themselves and families comfortably. ¹³ They could in time raise themselves up and join the local society, without regard to station or church. Another writer noted that America was one of the best places in the world for a poor man. ¹⁴
Contrary to a popular conception of America as a vast, empty new world, land was not always widely available in eastern Virginia, so many opted for other careers. In most villages . . . blacksmithing, milling, weaving, brickmaking, keeping a store, and sometimes operating an iron mine were all options.¹⁵
THE ROMANTIC, SOFT IMAGES OF COLONIAL AMERICA PORTRAYED BY BOOKS or movies in later centuries were fabrications at best, even in the rural areas. Life was often dirty and diseased in colonial America in the 1700s.
In the summers, flies and mosquitoes were unbearable. John Smith wrote tales of Native Americans whose bodies are all painted red, to keepe away the biting of mosquitos. They goe all naked without covering. ¹⁶ Bees and even the common housefly were found in Virginia, introduced by settlers. Thomas Jefferson, in his Notes on the State of Virginia, wrote in the late 1700s that Native Americans call them the white man's fly, consider their approach as indicating the approach of the settlements of the whites. ¹⁷ Disease and contagion were a constant threat, with influenza and smallpox wiping out settlements. Personal hygiene was reserved for the upper classes and, even then, infrequently availed upon. It was long before the time of Louis Pasteur and his germ theory of disease.
THERE WAS A VIBRANT LOWER TO MIDDLE CLASS IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES. I have found them having for dinner potatoes, bacon, and buckwheat cakes, observed one Frenchman. For downstairs rooms, a kitchen and a large room with the farmer's bed and cradle, and where the family stays all the time; apples and pears drying on the stove, a bad little mirror, a walnut bureau—a table—sometimes a clock; on the second floor, tiny little rooms where the family sleeps on pallets, with curtains, without furniture. ¹⁸
There was also a small but distinct upper class that was bound to one another, and in some colonies to the landholding gentry, by intermarriage, mutual patronage, and common business interests. They were universally recognized as 'the better sort.' Mary Ball Washington was part of the better sort, as the Washington clan was in the upper gentry. Opinions were diverse as to whether she acted like it for a widowed woman of her status. The better sort was sometimes derided as turtle eaters. ¹⁹
It was a time of social mobility. Shopkeepers were already prominent in colonial America, and the marketplace was open for boys to become apprenticed and then adult craftsmen. Woodworking, barrel making, leather tanning, cloth making, tailoring, shoemaking—all were possible paths for the apprentice boy. Indeed, Thomas Paine, the conscience of the Revolution, was a corset maker when not calling upon his fellow colonists to use common sense. Up in Massachusetts, the great Paul Revere was a silversmith, famous for his large bells.
MARY PROVOKED REMARKS LATE IN LIFE BY THE STUBBORN SIMPLICITY OF her dress. It was typical of her, however, to defy the fashion and forge her own path. It was also very American.
Such was not the case in her childhood, however. Though the Americans would have naturally been behind in European fashion with the slow speed of cargo ships, stylish clothing was still very much in vogue. The type and quality of clothing were two indicators of wealth. For the rich it was layers of complicated and ornamental dress. The petticoats of sarcenet [had] black, broad lace printed on the bottom and before; the flowered satin and plain satin . . . with rich lace at the bottom. ²⁰ Clothing was exported throughout the world and into Virginia. Manufacturers advertised in the Gazette any


text:
Zua Clough Dies in California
October 4, 2016 By fclough
From "The Princeton Union," Princeton, Minnesota, Thursday, May 9, 1946, page 1
From "The Princeton Union," Princeton, Minnesota, Thursday, May 9, 1946, page 1
Zua Clough, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Gerry Clough, former residents of Spencer Brook and later of Minneapolis, died at her home in La Mesa, California on April 24 at 6am. She slipped away quietly after a long illness due to tuberculosis.
It was in the spring of 1906 that Mrs. Gerry Clough and her two daughters, Leila and Zua, sold their home in Minneapolis and moved to Southern California. They made the change largely due to the fact that Zua was suffering from tuberculosis and could not stand the rigors of Minnesota winters. She was so frail at that time that she had to be carried on a stretcher to the train.
During the past 41 years, Zua Clough made a gallant fight for life that would put weaker mortals to shame. She was permitted to hold firmly to the slender thread through the devoted care of her sister, Leila, who for over 30 years has been her constant companion and unceasing in her devotion. At times, Zua would be able to be around the home and enjoy life in a quiet sort of way but she was never strong enough to venture to return to Minnesota even in the summer months. For several years she has been confined to her bed and gradually becoming weaker. The end was not unexpected.
Zua was a fine musician. Fifty years ago, she would come into Princeton to give music lessons in this village. She continued to study and teach music while living in Minneapolis until her health made it necessary for her to retire from active work. Leila was an artist and clever with her paint brushes. The two girls and their mother, who passed away a few years ago, enjoyed a close relationship. Their home was always a place of beauty.
Friends of the family can have few regrets to know that Zua has finally slipped to that other shore. Her mother, father, and a younger brother, Elliot, preceded her in death. Deepest sympathy is extended to Leila.
See also Obituary: Anna E. (Haskell) Clough- 1936 and Spotlight: Elbridge Gerry Clough Jr. as well as Progressive Men of Minnesota- David Marston Clough
Filed Under: History, Obituaries, Research Tagged With: La Mesa CA, Minneapolis


Some people are born with thick, luscious hair that kinks and curls just right to produce luxurious waves. However, most of us run our hair through the wringer in a near futile attempt to achieve that of-so-desired look.
Thankfully, there are a few products out there that can help you get stunning waves if your natural does not want to cooperate. For this, we bring you the five best curling irons for beachy waves.
Moreover, we also provide a buyer's guide, so you know what to look for in the curling iron that is right for you.
A curling iron's power will be measured in watts. Obviously, the more the watts, the more powerful the curling iron--but judging a curling iron by this metric can be a bit misgiving. Specifically, you may not necessarily need the most powerful curling iron.
For instance, unless you have exceptionally thick hair, you are unlikely to require a curling iron that puts out the most wattage.
Likewise, if you have extra fine hair, exceptionally powerful curling irons risk burning it more easily. To make matters worse, few curling irons advertise their wattage.
Instead, curling irons prefer to rely on maximum temperature settings as an indicator of power. However, this too is rife with confusion considering that hair simply burns beyond a certain point--even if it is just on the micro scale.
As such, most brands will limit their maximum temperature around 400 degrees. Unfortunately, that does not tell you how many watts the heating element uses--which can be an indication of its potential longevity and efficiency.
More important than a curling iron's power, or maximum temperature, is its temperature consistency. It does little good to go out and get a curling iron that provides the optimum temperature setting if it cannot do so consistently. Moreover, the way that curling irons can be inconsistent is itself not always consistent.
For instance, one way that a curling iron's temperature can shift is quite literally across the entire heating element.
Depending on the hair's thickness or moisture level, the curling iron might dip for moments before getting back to temperature.
This can leave your curls a bit uneven which is something you are not likely to even notice until well after you have left your house or stylist.
The second way a curling iron can produce inconsistent temperature is along the barrel. Essentially, different parts of the barrel will be different temperatures.
Much like with the previous example, this inconsistency issue can lead to uneven curls or waves. However, the first example will produce uneven curls vertically, while the second example is more liable to make uneven curls horizontally.
It may come as a surprise, but the size of the curling iron's barrel is one of the most important factors for beachy waves.
Keep in mind, the barrel size is not necessarily the most important factor for curling irons in general, but if you are looking to achieve a specific style, then the size of the barrel is paramount.
It is also important to note that just because a curling iron has the right sized barrel does not mean that you are automatically guaranteed beachy waves. All of the other factors in this list work to determine the overall effectiveness of the curling iron.
Still, there is no getting around the fact that the wrong sized barrel will simply limit you from getting your desired look. For beachy waves, your curling iron's barrel should ideally be 1 ¼".
Keep in mind, you can fudge the barrel size ¼" either direction if you know what you are doing, but that requires more technique than everyone might have.
Of course, depending on your hair's length and type, the barrel size may be a bit more or less forgiving. For example, people with exceptionally long or thick hair will have little trouble getting beachy waves with a 1 ½" barrel.
However, if your hair is thinner or you still want to achieve a short waved look, you might do better with a 1" barrel.
Depending on what the curling iron is made out of it will conduct heat better or worse than other materials and may also provide a degree of protection from hotter temperatures for your hair.
Cheaper made curling irons will often use steel and similar alloys which are not great at conducting heat consistently and pose a much higher risk of burning or damaging your hair.
Of the better-made curling irons, the two materials favored most are titanium and ceramic. Tourmaline may also be used, though that material is more often used to coat the curling iron rather than be the primary component material.
Between titanium and ceramic, which is better for you will come more down to your hair type than anything else--though all three share one of their primary benefits.
Titanium, like steel, can reach exceedingly hot temperatures extremely quickly.
However, unlike steel, titanium distributes the heat more evenly and releases negative ions which work to seal moisture into the hair and give it a silky smooth shine. Still, titanium is best for people with thick hair as those with fine hair may find it burns.
Ceramic gives off even more negative ions when compared to titanium. Moreover, ceramic can control hotter temperatures better. However, this also means that the heat may not conduct quite as well, so people with thicker hair may need to take longer using the curling iron.
Tourmaline is similar to ceramic in its structure and function. This material produces the most negative ions so that it will provide the shiniest hair of the three materials.
However, tourmaline is also much more brittle than the other two and can flake or chip off after extended use--hence why it is used as a coating and not the base material.
Our first curling iron, the T3 Whirl, is a professional grade curling iron. Keep in mind, you may or may not require a professional grade curling iron at home, so you should consider carefully ahead of time what your specific styling needs are before ponying up the cash for this curling iron.
And ponying up you will have to, as this is the most expensive curling iron on our list. However, it also features some qualities that you will not find in other products.
First, this curling iron features the coveted combination of ceramic and tourmaline. This allows the heat to conduct evenly while also providing plenty of negative ions, so your hair is left silky smooth after styling.
However, unlike the other products on our list, this is the only curling iron to feature infrared heat, a much safer type of heat that is less likely to burn your hair.
This is made even more effective by the T3 only offering 5 temperature settings--which is the second most on our list, but still not as good as purely incremental temperature control.
If you are looking for a step down in investment but are unwilling to settle for a similar step down in performance, the Beachwaver may be just the curling iron you are looking for. While it does not offer the same degree of versatility as the T3, it offers just as professional a quality of product with a few advantages of its own.
First, much like the T3, the Beachwaver is made from ceramic that is then coated in tourmaline to provide an abundance of moisture sealing negative ions.
Unfortunately, the Beachwaver cannot boast the infrared heating, but it does go a step further to ensure that the heat conducted is even and consistent.
The Beachwaver is coated not only in tourmaline but gold as well. The gold dust coating embedded in the tourmaline allows the heat an even distribution while preventing any flare ups or rapid cool downs.
Another interesting feature of the Beachwaver is its rotating barrel. With the touch of a button, the barrel of this curling iron will rotate to give you the perfect curls.
However, it does bear mentioning that it may take a little while before you can get the hang of the rotating barrel, so be prepared to practice at your leisure before you use it before work or going out.
Conair is a brand that has developed a reputation over the years for manufacturing high-end styling products.
Unfortunately, the past couple decades have seen that reputation tarnish a bit as the brand has moved from professional grade salon markets to the consumer grade market. However, Conair has made the transition as gracefully as possible and still manages to shine above most of its other consumer grade competitors.
The You Waves is another curling iron on our list that makes use of ceramic and tourmaline--though, this product comes at a fraction of the price as the previous two curling irons. Moreover, the Conair provides two different barrels, so you have the option of changing it up when you want and are not simply stuck with beachy waves.
Still, there are a few features that could be improved upon. First, this curling iron will take some practice. For one, both of the barrels are graduated. This means you need to hold your hair in place or it will slide right off.
Unfortunately, the Conair does not feature cool tips, so using a protective glove, while awkward, is necessary to prevent potential burns.
If you are looking for a curling iron that can do it all but is a bit squeamish about spending well over $100 to do so, then the Parwin may be the right compromise to fill all of your needs without emptying your bank account.
As should almost be expected of a curling iron on a "best" list, this product uses ceramic, and tourmaline to both provide even conduction of heat as well as reinforce your hair with negative ions.
Moreover, this curling iron provides five different attachments--making use of the most popular styles of curling iron barrel available today--so you have the freedom to style your hair any way you choose, using any technique you choose. However, you can not get everything you want at a discounted price, and the Parwin does have some limitations.
First and foremost among them, the Parwin does not provide the option to change the temperature settings. This may not otherwise be a problem except the maximum, and only, temperature setting for the Parwin is 430 degrees. This temperature may be too hot for people with fine hair and could cause micro burns.
Another issue with the Parwin is the lengths of the barrels. The barrel's thicknesses come in a variety of sizes, including 1 ¼" to 1 ½" for beachy waves. Unfortunately, the barrels a bit on the shorter end which will limit their usefulness for extremely long hair and will increase the curling time for all lengths of hair.
Our final product comes from Bed Head. Not truly known for salon quality or professional grade, bed head serves a number of niche markets with their product lines often tailored to exceedingly specific types of hair. Granted, they have a line for every type of hair, but it can be confusing to make sure the products you purchase from this brand are right for you.
With the Wave Artist Deep Waver, this trend continues as not every person will find this curling iron to their liking. The primary issue with the Bed Head is its size. For one, the curling iron itself is exceptionally large. This size adds a significant amount of weight compared to other curling irons and can get heavy after holding it up for a while.
However, the other issue with the Bed Head's size is that it will not be right for all people. If you have shorter hair, you may find this curling iron a bit too large to provide the beachy waves you desire properly.
Moreover, unlike the other curling irons on our list, this product is designed for beachy waves exclusively--you will need to be extremely skilled to get this product to make other types of curls.
As we can see, the best curling iron is the one that will do what you need without requiring too significant investment.
Of course, if money is not an issue, you will be hard pressed to find a better curling iron than the T3--though the Beachwaver may suit you better is versatility is not a necessity.
Beyond that, the Conair is a solid, if unspectacular entry. The Parwin, on the other hand, is a veritable Goldilocks curling iron providing a wealth of versatility for a reasonable cost--though fair haired customers beware the extreme temperatures.
Finally, if you are looking for a specialized product on a budget, Bed Head checks all the necessary boxes for luscious, beachy waves.


At nineteen Marie fell in love with a polaroid camera and began creating her distinctive, dark yet sensual work.
She was soon featured in Vogue Italia, Vogue China, and AnOther magazine and has since gone on to shoot for clients such as Louis Vuitton, taking part in exhibitions in Tokyo, London, Milan, NYC and Melbourne as well as becoming part of Petra Collins' all-female art collective The Ardorous.
Marie was born and raised in Berlin and currently splits her time between there and London.
Recent projects have been published in; Document Journal, Purple, Vogue Germany, On The Rocks and The Last Magazine.


text:
Purnia district
Krityanand Nagar block
Roska koskagarh
Roska koskagarh Population, Caste, Working Data Purnia, Bihar - Census 2011
Roska koskagarh is a village situated in Krityanand Nagar block of Purnia district in Bihar. As per the Population Census 2011, there are a total of 326 families residing in the village Roska koskagarh. The total population of Roska koskagarh is 1,731 out of which 871 are males and 860 are females thus the Average Sex Ratio of Roska koskagarh is 987.
The population of Children aged 0-6 years in Roska koskagarh village is 403 which is 23% of the total population. There are 200 male children and 203 female children between the age 0-6 years. Thus as per the Census 2011 the Child Sex Ratio of Roska koskagarh is 1,015 which is greater than Average Sex Ratio (987) of Roska koskagarh village.
As per the Census 2011, the literacy rate of Roska koskagarh is 28.8%. Thus Roska koskagarh village has a lower literacy rate compared to 40.8% of Purnia district. The male literacy rate is 32.04% and the female literacy rate is 25.42% in Roska koskagarh village.
As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act (Amendment 1998), Roska koskagarh village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of the village.
Roska koskagarh Data as per Census 2011
As per the Population Census 2011 data, following are some quick facts about Roska koskagarh village.
Scheduled Caste 1,238 633 605
Illiterate 1,349 656 693
Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 71.5% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0% of total population in Roska koskagarh village.
In Roska koskagarh village out of total population, 669 were engaged in work activities. 75.8% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 24.2% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 669 workers engaged in Main Work, 38 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 432 were Agricultural labourers.
Main Workers 507 403 104
Agriculture Labourer 432 362 70
Marginal Workers 162 21 141
Non Working 1,062 447 615
Map of Roska koskagarh, Purnia, Bihar
Nearby Villages to Roska koskagarh, Krityanand Nagar
Below are the list of villages near Roska koskagarh village in Krityanand Nagar.
Alinagar 1,578
Gokhulpur 7,779
Rampur 4,030
Sauraha 2,852
Rampur Milik 2,615
kishunpur 500
Dhanhara Hat 742
Siswa 422
Mahammadpur 3,819
Bithnauli Khemchand 19,662
Roska koskagarh, Purnia, Bihar - Wikipedia


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British Prime Minister Theresa May claimed there was "too much tolerance" of Islamist extremism in the UK as she vowed a clampdown in the wake of the third terror attack to hit the UK this year.
Seven people died and 48 were injured when three masked men drove a van into pedestrians on London Bridge before leaping out and launching a stabbing spree in nearby bars and restaurants.
Police said the three attackers, wearing fake suicide belts to sow further panic, were shot dead within eight minutes of police receiving the first emergency call just after 10 p.m. local time.
• Large area south of London Bridge cordoned off as intense police investigation continues.
• Some of the surviving victims have life-threatening injuries.
• Major parties suspend general election campaign for a day but vote will go ahead on Thursday as planned.
"It is an ideology that claims our Western values of freedom, democracy and human rights are incompatible with the religion of Islam," she said.
"Defeating this ideology is one of the great challenges of our time, but it cannot be defeated by military intervention alone.
Eyewitnesses spoke of panic as three men armed with "foot-long" knives burst into packed restaurants and cafes, slashing at those inside indiscriminately. Many customers fought off the attackers, using chairs, pint glasses and bottles. Others hid behind tables and inside bathrooms or attempted to flee.


text:
Tikkertje of krijgertje is een kinderspel waarin een van de spelers de tikker is (in het jargon van het spel hem is) en alle andere spelers proberen bij hem uit de buurt te blijven. De tikker probeert een van de andere spelers aan te tikken (aanraken met de hand). Als hij daarin slaagt, wordt de aangeraakte persoon de tikker en is de tikker vrij en moet proberen te ontkomen samen met de andere spelers.

Varianten
De reeks varianten op dit eenvoudige spel is enorm, voornamelijk omdat kinderen vaak zelf wijzigingen aanbrengen.
Deze variaties op het origineel kunnen op 4 vlakken plaatsvinden:
 De 'tik' kan vervangen worden door een andere handeling zoals een kus of een lik geven. Een ander bekend voorbeeld is 'baltikkertje', waarin men elkaar met de bal 'tikt'.
 Er kunnen meerdere tikkers zijn, soms is een tikker niet één kind maar een groep (voorbeeld: tikkertje-slinger).
 In het speelterrein kunnen veilige zones voorkomen, hier kan men nooit getikt worden (voorbeeld: tikkertje-hoog). Soms kan men zich ook vrijstellen door een bepaalde handeling (voorbeeld: tikkertje ballet) of door een, niet eerder vermeld, element van een vastgelegd lijstje te roepen (voorbeeld: tikkertje-tv en tikkertje Samson)
 Wat er gebeurt als men getikt wordt, kan ook aangepast worden.
 De getikte personen kunnen 'af' zijn en moeten zich dan buiten het spel begeven.
 De getikte personen moeten een vaste houding aannemen (voorbeeld: tikkertje-standbeeld).
 De getikte personen moeten zich naar een afgesproken zone begeven (voorbeeld: Flik en Dief).
Indien men deze variant speelt wordt er vaak ook in een mogelijkheid tot vrijkomen voorzien: tikkertje-met-verlos. Dit kan doordat andere speler de getikte speler aantikt, tussen de benen doorkruipt, of door bokspringen over een getikte speler.
 Als je getikt wordt moet je als nieuwe tikker de plek waar je getikt bent, vasthouden met één hand, waarbij het moeilijker wordt om iemand af te tikken. Deze variant wordt wel 'ongelukstikkertje' genoemd.

Er bestaan veel spelen waarbij het tikken een basisonderdeel is. Voorbeelden hiervan zijn:

Apenkooi
Apenkooi is een spel, vaak gespeeld tijdens gymlessen op scholen, waarbij in een veld (meestal in een gymzaal) vol hindernissen de tikker zo veel mogelijk gevangenen moet proberen te maken. Er is meestal één tikker bij het spel apenkooi. Deze draagt dan vaak een lintje of een ander herkenbaar teken, zodat hij voor iedereen duidelijk zichtbaar is. Het tikken gaat door middel van het aanraken van de persoon, wanneer iemand is getikt, is deze af, en moet deze uit het veld gaan. Het aantal deelnemers kan verschillen. Het veld is met vele hindernissen afgezet, meestal gymattributen, zoals slingertouwen, kasten, wandrekken, bokken en banken. Alle spelers, waaronder de tikker, mogen enkel over obstakels heenlopen, contact met de directe grond is niet toegestaan, behalve in op de grond gelegde hoepels of als zodanig getekende krijtcirkels(deze gelden als hindernissen). Zodra iemand de grond raakt, is deze persoon af en moet deze uit het veld gaan.

Er zijn verschillende varianten op het spel. Zo is er ook de mogelijkheid om een persoon aan te wijzen die een speciale rol krijgt toebedeeld, bijvoorbeeld een verlosser die afgetikte mensen die dan op hun plek moeten blijven staan, kan vrijtikken. Als deze persoon getikt wordt is het spel afgelopen. De tikker zal zich bij de verkiezing van de speciale rol zich moeten distantiëren van de verkiezing, aangezien hij niet mag weten wie de speciale persoon is. De tikker kan dan bijvoorbeeld naar de kleedkamer lopen en daar wachten tot hij wordt teruggeroepen om te participeren in het spel. Bij deze variant krijgt de tikker vaak aanwijzingen over degene die de speciale rol heeft gekregen, meestal van een scheidsrechter die voor dit doel is aangesteld of van de gymleraar. Aan de hand van deze aanwijzingen dient de tikker dan te proberen de persoon op te sporen die de speciale rol heeft gekregen.

De-jongens-de-meisjes
Hierbij is het spel tikkertje met de jongens tegen de meisjes. Op deze manier moeten de jongens proberen de meisjes allemaal af te tikken (of andersom).

Overige varianten
Handvangertje, "Opvang en verlossen", "Overlopertje", Ziekenhuistikkertje, Chinese Muur

Spel


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Home > Reviews > Review: Final Fantasy: Record Keeper (Apple iPad)
Review: Final Fantasy: Record Keeper (Apple iPad)
I laughed when I started playing this game. A few weeks ago Nintendo announced a partnership with DeNA to produce Nintendo mobile games, and people worried about the risk of a decline in the quality of the Nintendo IP and its games. Then Square Enix and DeNA's Final Fantasy: Record Keeper lands on the App store in English after over five million downloads in Japan, and anyone who is still worried about the quality that DeNA is capable of is fooling themselves.
This is one seriously good free-to-play game. As with SEGA's Chain Chronicle from last year it offers a near endless stream of content, and simple, accessible gameplay that anyone can pick up. But it's a success not just because it's accessible, but because it's good fun and, in this case, a true love letter to the Final Fantasy series.
The basic idea of the game is that you'll work through the narrative of all of the Final Fantasy games, with each one has been split into a large number of "stages." Each of those stages offers a brief bit of text introducing a scene from the game, then you'll fight through a series of battles against enemies pulled from the "real" version of that game. The final battle will be a boss battle, and after defeating him/ her/ it, you'll be given another bit of text that ends the scene, and earn loot to improve and upgrade your characters.
So, one moment you'll be reliving the attack on Shinra in Final Fantasy VII. Then you'll be fighting off Kefka's hordes in his attack on Figaro castle in Final Fantasy VI, before heading on over to a scene in Final Fantasy X. For people like me, who have played all of the Final Fantasy games and remembers all of these scenes, it's an incredibly nostalgic experience. The art style is a pixelated classic Final Fantasy style, and each scene is accompanied by music pulled straight from their respective games.
Combat itself is a modified ATB system that could have been pulled directly from early Final Fantasy games. Characters (which you earn from completing missions) are pulled from various games in the franchise (so you might have FFX's Wakka working with FFVII's Tifa and Cloud, and supported by FF1's White and Black Mage). Each can have a handful of special abilities to go with a standard attack and defence command, which means there aren't as many combat options as you'd have in the typical Final Fantasy title, but between stages you're able to customise what skills and equipment characters take into combat, so forming a good, balanced team still takes some work. Battles are fast and stages fly by quickly, so the relatively limited in-combat strategy isn't as noticeable as you might think.
Being a free-to-play game, there are of course all kinds of freemium features that are in the game. Most are harmless, such as the constant need to upgrade weapons to improve the power of characters and the random item lucky draw to gain the rare stuff. None of this requires spending real money, as long as you're comfortable with a slower progress rate. There is an energy bar, however, and it is irritating. Each stage you take on will drain energy and you can either pay money to refill it once it's run out, or you can wait for the energy to replenish itself over time. This energy drains far too quickly, meaning you'll only get to play a couple of stages with each sitting.
I have never understood why mobile game developers actually punish people who enjoy a game enough that they want to sit with it for long play sessions. It obviously works or the likes of DeNA would stop sticking them in free-to-play games, but it's irritating nonetheless.
Aside from that energy bar, Record Keeper is a Final Fantasy fan's dream mobile free-to-play game. The combat is simple, but well balanced and engaging, and the presentation and aesthetics are so authentic to the veteran series that it's impossible not to play and get a nostalgic rush. Indeed, thanks to this game I've broken out my copy of Final Fantasy IV on the Nintendo DS to start a new play through. I might have only dropped $2 or $3 in the app itself, but Square Enix and DeNA have reminded me just how much I love this franchise.
- Matt S.
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Title : Review: Final Fantasy: Record Keeper (Apple iPad)
Posted by : Matt Sainsbury
Date : 4/09/2015 02:00:00 PM
Labels : DeNA, Final Fantasy, Final Fantasy: Record Keeper, Free-to-play, iOS, iPad Review, JRPG, Reviews
Item Reviewed: Review: Final Fantasy: Record Keeper (Apple iPad) 9 out of 10 based on 10 ratings. 9 user reviews.
Posted by Matt Sainsbury at 4/09/2015 02:00:00 PM
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