text:
Q: Read Multiple Objects JSON with Java I need to read a JSON file in Java with the following structure:
{"id_user":"10","level":"medium","text":"hello 10"}
{"id_user":"20","level":"medium","text":"hello 20"}
{"id_user":"30","level":"medium","text":"hello 30"}

Thanks!.

[POST-EDITED]
I have this code but only read the first JSON Object, I need read the three objects one by one.
private void loadJSONFile(){
        FileReader fileReader = new FileReader(pathFile);
        try (JsonReader jsonReader = new JsonReader(fileReader)) {
            jsonReader.beginObject();
            while (jsonReader.hasNext()) {
                String name = jsonReader.nextName();
                if (name.equals("filter_level")) {
                    System.out.println(jsonReader.nextString());
                } else if (name.equals("text")) {
                    System.out.println("text: " + jsonReader.nextString());
                } else {
                    jsonReader.skipValue();
                }
            }
            jsonReader.endObject();
            jsonReader.close();
        }
    }

thanks!

A: I think what you mean is your Json strings are stored in a text file and you need to read them in to a Json objects. If that's the case use BufferedReader or Scanner to read the file line by line and parse each line to a Json object using json-simple
JsonReader is use to Read One Json Object. Use Scanner or BufferedReader to Read File Line By Line as String and then Parse it to a Json Object.Here is  an Example
import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
import org.json.simple.parser.JSONParser;
import org.json.simple.parser.ParseException;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class JSONExample{
public static void main(String x[]){
    String FileName="C:\\Users\\Prasad\\Desktop\\JSONExample.txt";
    try {
        ArrayList<JSONObject> jsons=ReadJSON(new File(FileName),"UTF-8");
    } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    } catch (ParseException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}
public static synchronized ArrayList<JSONObject> ReadJSON(File MyFile,String Encoding) throws FileNotFoundException, ParseException {
    Scanner scn=new Scanner(MyFile,Encoding);
    ArrayList<JSONObject> json=new ArrayList<JSONObject>();
//Reading and Parsing Strings to Json
    while(scn.hasNext()){
        JSONObject obj= (JSONObject) new JSONParser().parse(scn.nextLine());
        json.add(obj);
    }
//Here Printing Json Objects
    for(JSONObject obj : json){
        System.out.println((String)obj.get("id_user")+" : "+(String)obj.get("level")+" : "+(String)obj.get("text"));
    }
    return json;
}

}

A: include following maven dependency:
   <dependency>
        <groupId>com.googlecode.json-simple</groupId>
        <artifactId>json-simple</artifactId>
        <version>1.1</version>
    </dependency>

then write your code as below:
public class HistoricalData {
    private static final String PATH = "<PATH>";
    public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException,

 ParseException {

    Scanner scanner = new Scanner(new File(PATH + "/Sample.txt"));
    List<JSONObject> jsonArray = new ArrayList<JSONObject>();
    while (scanner.hasNext()) {
        JSONObject obj = (JSONObject) new JSONParser().parse(scanner.nextLine());
        jsonArray.add(obj);
    }
}
}

A: This is a working example based (and tested) with gson-2.8.0. It accepts an arbitrary sequence of JSON objects on a given input stream. And, of course, it does not impose any restrictions on how you have formatted your input:
       InputStream is = /* whatever */
       Reader r = new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8");
       Gson gson = new GsonBuilder().create();
       JsonStreamParser p = new JsonStreamParser(r);

       while (p.hasNext()) {
          JsonElement e = p.next();
          if (e.isJsonObject()) {
              Map m = gson.fromJson(e, Map.class);
              /* do something useful with JSON object .. */
          }
          /* handle other JSON data structures */
       }

A: I know it has been almost one year for this post :) but i am actually reposing again as an answer because i had this problem same as you Yuan
I have this text.txt file - I know this is not a valid Json array - but if you look, you will see that each line of this file is a Json object in its case alone.
{"Sensor_ID":"874233","Date":"Apr 29,2016 08:49:58 Info Log1"}
{"Sensor_ID":"34234","Date":"Apr 29,2016 08:49:58 Info Log12"}
{"Sensor_ID":"56785","Date":"Apr 29,2016 08:49:58 Info Log13"}
{"Sensor_ID":"235657","Date":"Apr 29,2016 08:49:58 Info Log14"}
{"Sensor_ID":"568678","Date":"Apr 29,2016 08:49:58 Info Log15"}

Now I want to read each line of the above and parse the names "Sensor_ID" and "Date" into Json format. After long search, I have the following:
Try it and look on the console to see the result. I hope it helps.
package reading_file;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;

import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
import org.json.simple.parser.JSONParser;
import org.json.simple.parser.ParseException;

public class file_read {
public static void main(String [] args) {
    ArrayList<JSONObject> json=new ArrayList<JSONObject>();
    JSONObject obj;
    // The name of the file to open.
    String fileName = "C:\\Users\\aawad\\workspace\\kura_juno\\data_logger\\log\\Apr_28_2016\\test.txt ";

    // This will reference one line at a time
    String line = null;

    try {
        // FileReader reads text files in the default encoding.
        FileReader fileReader = new FileReader(fileName);

        // Always wrap FileReader in BufferedReader.
        BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(fileReader);

        while((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
            obj = (JSONObject) new JSONParser().parse(line);
            json.add(obj);
            System.out.println((String)obj.get("Sensor_ID")+":"+
                               (String)obj.get("Date"));
        }
        // Always close files.
        bufferedReader.close();
    }
    catch(FileNotFoundException ex) {
        System.out.println("Unable to open file '" + fileName + "'");
    }
    catch(IOException ex) {
        System.out.println("Error reading file '" + fileName + "'");
        // Or we could just do this:
        // ex.printStackTrace();
    } catch (ParseException e) {
        // TODO Auto-generated catch block
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}
}

A: keep the data inside [ ] like
[{"id_user":"10","level":"medium","text":"hello 10"}
{"id_user":"20","level":"medium","text":"hello 20"}
{"id_user":"30","level":"medium","text":"hello 30"}]
inside the file
so that it becomes a list then you can use JSONArray . the way I wrote is as follows
public class JSONReadFromFile {

@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static void main(String[] args) {
    JSONParser parser = new JSONParser();

    try {

        Object obj = parser.parse(new FileReader("\\D:\\JSON\\file3.txt"));
        JSONArray jsonArray = (JSONArray) obj;
        int length = jsonArray.size();

        LinkedList author = new LinkedList();

        for (int i =0; i< length; i++) {
            JSONObject jsonObject = (JSONObject) jsonArray.get(i);
            Set s = jsonObject.entrySet();
            Iterator iter = s.iterator();

            HashMap hm = new HashMap();

            while(iter.hasNext()){
                Map.Entry me = (Map.Entry) iter.next();
                hm.put(me.getKey(), me.getValue());
            }
            author.add(hm);
            }
        for(int i=0;i<author.size();i++){
       HashMap hm = (HashMap) author.get(i);
       Set s = hm.entrySet();
       Iterator iter = s.iterator();
       while(iter.hasNext()){
           Map.Entry me = (Map.Entry) iter.next();
          System.out.println(me.getKey() + "---" + me.getValue());
          }

    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}

}
The output I get is
text---hello 10
id_user---10
level---medium
text---hello 20
id_user---20
level---medium
text---hello 30
id_user---30
level---medium

A: I know two option for read JSON.
JSON Simple its good for small JSON results.
But GSON is very usefull for big json results. Because you can set Object form in GSON.
Firs one json.jar
Usage :
String st = ""; // your json object to string
JSONObject newJson = null;
    try {
        newJson = new JSONObject(st);
        newJson.getJSONObject("key");
    } catch (JSONException e1) {
        // TODO Auto-generated catch block
        e1.printStackTrace();
    }

Second One gson.jar
Usage:
int one = gson.fromJson("1", int.class);
Integer one = gson.fromJson("1", Integer.class);
Long one = gson.fromJson("1", Long.class);
Boolean false = gson.fromJson("false", Boolean.class);
String str = gson.fromJson("\"abc\"", String.class);
String anotherStr = gson.fromJson("[\"abc\"]", String.class);

A: The proper way to work through this JSON file is:
"users": [
  {
    "id_user": "10",
    "level": "medium",
    "text": "hello 10"
  },
  {
    "id_user": "20",
    "level": "medium",
    "text": "hello 20"
  },
  {
    "id_user": "30",
    "level": "medium",
    "text": "hello 30"
  }
]

Try using XStream if you are using a standalone application. It parses JSON into objects in a blink of an eye.

A: I used below code and its working fine.
public static void main(String[] args)
        throws IOException, JSchException, SftpException, InterruptedException, ParseException
{
    JSONParser parser = new JSONParser();
    Object obj = parser.parse(new FileReader("c:\\netapp1.txt"));
    Map<Object, Object> shareList = new HashMap<Object, Object>();
    JSONObject jsonObject = (JSONObject) obj;
    JSONArray array = (JSONArray) jsonObject.get("dataLevels"); // it should be any array name

    Iterator<Object> iterator = array.iterator();
    while (iterator.hasNext())
    {
        Object it = iterator.next();
        JSONObject data = (JSONObject) it;
        shareList.put(data.get("name"), data.get("type"));
    }
    Iterator it = shareList.entrySet().iterator();
    while (it.hasNext())
    {
        Map.Entry value = (Map.Entry) it.next();
        System.out.println("Name: " + value.getKey() + " and type: " + value.getValue());
    }
}

JSON:
    {

    "version": 1,

    "dataLevels":

    [

    {

      "name": "test1",

      "externId": "test1",

      "type": "test1"

    },

    {

      "name": "test2",

      "externId": "test2",

      "type": "test2"

    },

    {

      "name": "test3",

      "externId": "test3",

      "type": "test3"

    }
  ]
}

A: Using gson to read multiple objects from stream.
With gson-2.8.2, I had to call this: reader.setLenient(true);
JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"));
reader.setLenient(true);
while ((is.available() > 0))
{
    reader.beginObject();
    while (reader.hasNext()) {
        System.out.println("message: "+reader.nextName()+"="+reader.nextString());
    }
    System.out.println("=== End message ===");
    reader.endObject();

This was suggested explicitly by the stack trace, when I did it, the code worked perfectly:
com.google.gson.stream.MalformedJsonException: Use JsonReader.setLenient(true) to accept malformed JSON at line 2 column 3481 path $
    at com.google.gson.stream.JsonReader.syntaxError(JsonReader.java:1568)
    at com.google.gson.stream.JsonReader.checkLenient(JsonReader.java:1409)
    at com.google.gson.stream.JsonReader.doPeek(JsonReader.java:542)
    at com.google.gson.stream.JsonReader.beginObject(JsonReader.java:379)

...

A: My data format is :
"array": [
  {
    "id": "1",
    "name": "peter",
    "text": "hie peter"
  },
  {
    "id": "5",
    "name": "rina",
    "text": "hey rina"
  },
  {
    "id": "12",
    "name": "parx",
    "text": "hey bro"
  }
]

I tried this one and it works :
Object obj = parser.parse(new FileReader("/home/hp2/json.json"));

  JSONObject jsonObject = (JSONObject) obj;
  JSONArray array = (JSONArray) jsonObject.get("array"); // it should be any array name

     Iterator<Object> iterator = array.iterator();
        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
            System.out.println("if iterator have next element " + iterator.next());
        }


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text:
Q: Invalid write with read operation in Valgrind For some reason Valgrind seems to give an invalid write at a line where the ifstream.read is called (in the searchInFile function). gdb seems to segfault at the same line but I can't figure out the problem. If a read function is being called, how is there a write operation taking place?
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>

#define FILENAME "./test.dat"

using namespace std;

struct record
{
    long long int phoneNumber;
    char name[10];
    char address[75];
};

int searchInFile(long long int phoneNo)
{
    /*
    Search if a record with the given phone no.
    exists in the file. Returns the number of
    records before the required record. Returns
    -1 if no such record exists.
    */

    int ctr = 0;
    record * buffer = NULL;
    ifstream file(FILENAME, ios::binary);

    while(file.read( reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer), sizeof(record)))
    {
        if(buffer->phoneNumber == phoneNo)
        {
            file.close();
            return(ctr);
        }

        ctr++;
    }

    file.close();

    if(buffer->phoneNumber == phoneNo)
        return(ctr);

    return(-1);
}

void displayRecord(long long int phoneNo)
{
    /*
    Displays the record with given phone no.
    */

    int location = searchInFile(phoneNo);
    record * buffer = NULL;

    if(location == -1)
        cout << "Invalid Number! No such record exists!" << endl;

    else
    {
        ifstream file(FILENAME, ios::binary);

        cout << "Reading Error Code: " << file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer), sizeof(record));

        cout << "Phone Number: " << buffer->phoneNumber << endl;
        cout << "Name: " << buffer->name << endl;
        cout << "Address: " << buffer->address << endl;

        file.close();
    }
}

void saveRecord(record toSave)
{
    /*
    Saves a new record to file
    */
    ofstream ofile(FILENAME, ios::app | ios::binary);
    //ofile.seekp(0, ios::end);
    ofile.write( reinterpret_cast<char*>(&toSave), sizeof(record));
    ofile.close();
}

int main()
{
    record test = {(long long int)9988776655, "Debug", "Address of Debugger"};
    saveRecord(test);
    displayRecord((long long int) 9988776655);
    return(0);
}

Here is the Valgrind and gdb output for it:
    Syscall param write(buf) points to uninitialised byte(s)
   at 0x543B870: __write_nocancel (syscall-template.S:81)
   by 0x4EB18D5: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x4EE9A77: std::basic_filebuf<char, std::char_traits<char> >::_M_convert_to_external(char*, long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x4EEA4D2: std::basic_filebuf<char, std::char_traits<char> >::overflow(int) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x4EE9CA2: std::basic_filebuf<char, std::char_traits<char> >::_M_terminate_output() (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x4EE9D4A: std::basic_filebuf<char, std::char_traits<char> >::close() (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x4EEBB4C: std::basic_ofstream<char, std::char_traits<char> >::close() (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x4011A5: saveRecord(record) (test.cpp:84)
   by 0x4012F1: main (test.cpp:91)
 Address 0x5a1b31d is 93 bytes inside a block of size 8,192 alloc'd
   at 0x4C2B8A8: operator new[](unsigned long) (vg_replace_malloc.c:423)
   by 0x4EE98AB: std::basic_filebuf<char, std::char_traits<char> >::_M_allocate_internal_buffer() (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x4EE9EC1: std::basic_filebuf<char, std::char_traits<char> >::open(char const*, std::_Ios_Openmode) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x4EEB747: std::basic_ofstream<char, std::char_traits<char> >::basic_ofstream(char const*, std::_Ios_Openmode) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x40117E: saveRecord(record) (test.cpp:81)
   by 0x4012F1: main (test.cpp:91)

Invalid write of size 1
   at 0x4ED338E: std::basic_streambuf<char, std::char_traits<char> >::xsgetn(char*, long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x4EE8D0D: std::basic_filebuf<char, std::char_traits<char> >::xsgetn(char*, long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x4EB4CAA: std::istream::read(char*, long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x400EDD: searchInFile(long long) (test.cpp:30)
   by 0x400FAA: displayRecord(long long) (test.cpp:55)
   by 0x401300: main (test.cpp:92)
 Address 0x0 is not stack'd, malloc'd or (recently) free'd

Process terminating with default action of signal 11 (SIGSEGV)
 Access not within mapped region at address 0x0
   at 0x4ED338E: std::basic_streambuf<char, std::char_traits<char> >::xsgetn(char*, long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x4EE8D0D: std::basic_filebuf<char, std::char_traits<char> >::xsgetn(char*, long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x4EB4CAA: std::istream::read(char*, long) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.19)
   by 0x400EDD: searchInFile(long long) (test.cpp:30)
   by 0x400FAA: displayRecord(long long) (test.cpp:55)
   by 0x401300: main (test.cpp:92)
 If you believe this happened as a result of a stack
 overflow in your program's main thread (unlikely but
 possible), you can try to increase the size of the
 main thread stack using the --main-stacksize= flag.
 The main thread stack size used in this run was 8388608.

HEAP SUMMARY:
    in use at exit: 8,760 bytes in 2 blocks
  total heap usage: 4 allocs, 2 frees, 17,520 bytes allocated

LEAK SUMMARY:
   definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
   indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
     possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
   still reachable: 8,760 bytes in 2 blocks
        suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks

ERROR SUMMARY: 2 errors from 2 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
Segmentation fault (core dumped)

Note that the test.dat file was deleted before each run.
    Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x00007ffff7b7338e in std::basic_streambuf<char, std::char_traits<char> >::xsgetn(char*, long) () from /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6
(gdb) bt
#0  0x00007ffff7b7338e in std::basic_streambuf<char, std::char_traits<char> >::xsgetn(char*, long) () from /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6
#1  0x00007ffff7b88d0e in std::basic_filebuf<char, std::char_traits<char> >::xsgetn(char*, long) () from /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6
#2  0x00007ffff7b54cab in std::istream::read(char*, long) () from /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6
#3  0x0000000000400ede in searchInFile (phoneNo=9988776655) at test.cpp:30
#4  0x0000000000400fab in displayRecord (phoneNo=9988776655) at test.cpp:55
#5  0x0000000000401301 in main () at test.cpp:92

The only thing I can think of is that buffer is being written into over here, but that doesn't get me anywhere.

A: The read() method is writing the information it has read into your buffer,
and I suspect valgrind thinks this write is invalid,
so start looking at how your buffer is allocated.
In this case valgrind is clearly correct. You need to allocate memory to buffer for it to put the file contents into.
eg
record * buffer = new record;

A: buffer is null. you do not allocate any storage to read into it, passing wrong size (it should be 0, not sizeof(record)) and dereference it later causing Undefined Behavior. write and read in valgrind refer to memory access, not to file read or write.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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"Has physical damage to screen surface."
If you have cracks on your screen, then it is important that you replace it. Refer to DOPO 10.1 Tablet Screen Replacement to replace your screen.
"The audio from the speakers/headphones can not be heard or is distorted".
If the problem with your audio are occurring while wearing headphones, it is likely due to an obstruction within the audio jack. Please review the Double Power 1010 users manual provided on the Double Power Website. See link provided below.
If the problem with your audio is occurring while attempting to play it aloud, the reasons can likely be attributed to damaged parts within the Double Power TD 1010 device. Reasons can be attributed to, but are not restricted to: disconnected wires, broken speaker(s), or a failing speaker(s). If this is the case, the most advised response is to contact the manufacturer. If this is unable to be done, replacement of the speakers will need to be done. Please note this will involve soldering. Please click on the link provided below for instructions on how to replace speakers.
"Have a cracked lens or a broken connection ."
Take a look at the lens of the camera. If you can see a scratch, or that the lens is misshapen or warped, then you will have replace the camera. To do this, you will have to buy a .3 mega pixel dual camera, and follow the guide link, DOPO 10.1 Tablet Dual .3 mega pixel Camera Replacement for a step by step instruction on how to replace the camera.
This is most likely because the connector to the cameras has stopped working. To repair this, you will have to buy a .3 mega pixel dual camera, and follow the guide link, DOPO 10.1 Tablet Dual .3 mega pixel Camera Replacement, for step by step instructions on how to replace the camera.
"Buttons on device are jammed into device or unresponsive when pressed."
You will most likely need to take the tablet apart to get a better look at the buttons when performing the action of pushing it. If the button does not work at all, then taking apart the tablet will be a must. Refer to the DOPO 10.1 Tablet Buttons Replacement to find out how to take apart the DOPO tablet, and repair/replace buttons.
Cannot disable 'touchpad' when external wireless mouse is connected. Very difficult to type on attached keyboard with both 'touchpad' and wireless mouse activated. Please tell "us" how to disable the 'touchpad' and "Why does it not disable automatically when a USB for a wireless mouse is plugged in?" Chasing the cursor all over the place is no fun. Thank you.


Practice 6 to 8 tonight!
Due to the cold temperature and high winds, tonights practice is cancelled! Someone have a talk with mother nature please! She obviously missed the memo, that its race season! See everyone Wednesday!
Tonights local single point race is cancelled due to incoming storms! Apparently mother nature does not want Riverside BMX to have its first race of the season 😭😫😫! See everyone on Monday!
We are currently watching the weather to see if we will be able to race tonight. Will announce final call at 5pm. Thank you for your patience and understanding!
The Bob Warnicke Scholarship Race, benefiting the Bob Warnicke Scholarship Program will be ran on Aug 25th.
Come out and support the Bob Warnicke Scholarship Race and this worthy program which gives back to our members.
The Warnicke Scholarship Race was created to help fund The Bob Warnicke Memorial Scholarship Fund which assists students and their families in meeting the costs of undergraduate college education, trade school, etc.
USA BMX/BMX Canada members who have a current USA BMX/BMX Canada membership or Track Operators/Officials who participate in BMX racing events sanctioned by USA BMX/BMX Canada are eligible to apply.


Every new school year begins with an orientation and for the fourth year in a row, I'm attending a new staff orientation for a few days leading up to actual orientation. This is somewhat frustrating because I'm not new to the school where I'm working now; I was here two years ago and came back after a number of discussions with teachers and administrators who I had previously worked with. It's definitely nice to meet the new hires and I'm looking forward to meeting everyone hired the year I was gone. My friends are gradually returning to Singapore after the summer holidays and reuniting with them has been the best part of my time here so far.
And so far, everyone has wanted to know what my plans are. That was the most common question before I left, too. To be honest, I don't have any plans. (And I'm a planner, so this is hard for me.) Most of the plans I've made in my adult life have not gone as intended, which leaves me reluctant to make more for the time being.
What I do have, however, are goals for this school year, goals about how I want to teach my courses and what I want students to get out of them. I want students to leave my classes as individuals empowered to affect change that will create a better world for all. A lofty goal, but one that I think is important to keep in mind as we delve into curriculum planning over the next couple weeks.
What's something you don't understand that you want to understand by the end of this year?
To answer this question, students first have to admit ignorance. They have to admit, acknowledge, and accept that there are things they don't understand. And they have to share that with others, which requires trust, vulnerability, and self-awareness. All of that can be scary, but also goes a long way in community and relationship building, which I believe are key tenets of how schools should operate.
I hope that the framing of this question implies that I, as the teacher, embrace the fact that there are things students do not understand and that I want them to grow in their understanding of the world around them. Furthermore, I hope it gives students permission to choose an area on which to focus. There's a difference between knowing you don't understand something and having no desire to understand it, and knowing you don't understand something but want to understand it.
I want my students to take ownership of their own learning. I want them to know that I have goals for them that extend beyond the classroom and hope that they have similar goals for themselves, as well.
It has been my experience that the best learning, in any capacity, comes from conversation and discussion with those around me, so I hope this question provokes a conversation. Asking students to admit ignorance seems to require the teacher to do the same. We're all learning. We're all looking for answers to things we don't understand. It's a process. It's a journey.
This question excites me because, when thinking about my own answer, it forces me to synthesize everything I do understand and from there, determine what I don't. And then for me, it's straight to Amazon for book recommendations, which I regularly share with my students when various questions come up in class.
But it doesn't have to be Amazon, and I hope my students will figure that out, too. We live in an age where information is everywhere and there are so many ways to access that information once we're curious enough. Learning how to learn is perhaps the most important part of being a student because learning is how we continue to grow as people. I hope to help my students do that.


text:
<?php

namespace common\models;

use Yii;

/**
 * This is the model class for table "device".
 *
 * @property integer $id
 * @property string $key
 * @property string $updated_at
 * @property string $created_at
 */
class Device extends \yii\db\ActiveRecord
{
    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public static function tableName()
    {
        return 'device';
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function rules()
    {
        return [
            [['key'], 'required'],
            [['updated_at', 'created_at'], 'safe'],
            [['key'], 'string', 'max' => 255],
        ];
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function attributeLabels()
    {
        return [
            'id' => 'ID',
            'key' => 'Key',
            'updated_at' => 'Updated At',
            'created_at' => 'Created At',
        ];
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Serious psychological distress and disability among older persons living in conflict affected areas in eastern Ukraine: a cluster-randomized cross-sectional household survey
Aimee Summers ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6711-81211,
Eva Leidman1,
Isabel Maria Pereira Figueira Periquito2 &
Oleg O. Bilukha1
Older persons are often unable to leave conflict areas; however, little is known about the mental and physical health among this population. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of and whether there was an association between psychological distress and disability among older persons affected by conflict in eastern Ukraine.
We conducted a cluster-randomized cross-sectional household survey of persons aged ≥60 years in government and non-government controlled areas (GCA and NGCA) of Donetsk and Luhansk regions in January–March 2016. Psychological distress and dependency (degree of disability) were measured using the Kessler K6 Psychological Distress Scale and Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, respectively. Association between psychological distress and dependency was assessed using logistic regression adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.
Final sample included 758 and 418 persons in GCA and NGCA, respectively. Prevalence of serious psychological distress was 33.6% (95% Confidence Interval (CI), 28.0–39.7%) in GCA and 42.5% (95%CI, 36.1–49.2%) in NGCA. Overall, 32.2% (95%CI, 27.9–36.7%) of independent persons and 74.0% (95%CI, 65.2–81.2%) of moderately/severely dependent persons reported serious psychological distress (P < .0001). Being dependent, a woman, and having a chronic disease were all significantly associated with psychological distress in a logistic regression model.
Prevalence of serious psychological distress was very high compared with rates reported from developed countries and was highly associated with disability. Health services for the disabled, including psychological as well as physical support, could help in reducing the proportion of people needing mental health services not normally identified.
During humanitarian emergencies, older persons are among the most vulnerable groups because of their often lower socioeconomic status and limited physical capabilities compared with younger adults [1]. Despite this vulnerability, they have not traditionally been considered a priority group for humanitarian assistance [1]. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) policy on older refugees has highlighted three major problems they may face: social disintegration, negative social selection, and chronic dependency [2]. Social disintegration occurs when formal or informal social support erodes in response to war, flight, economic or security pressures, which cause separation and dispersal of families [2]. Negative social selection refers to the ability of the healthy and able-bodied to depart, leaving behind weaker and more vulnerable members of the group, including older persons [2]. Older persons often have disrupted social support networks with no one to care for them, in addition to reduced spending power because of low pensions and the inability to work [2]. Chronic dependency is dependency on other persons resulting from morbidity, such as non-communicable diseases, injuries, loss of hearing and eyesight, and loss of mobility [2]. Globally the proportion of older persons among the population is growing faster than any other age group. By 2050, more people worldwide will be > 60 years old than < 12 years old [1]. Persons > 60 years of age comprise 9% of the overall refugee population and in some places over 30% [1]. In 2016, 22% of Ukraine's population was ≥60 years old [3].
Older persons are known to have higher rates of disability in the general population, adding to their vulnerability [4, 5]. Persons with disabilities are one of the most socially excluded groups in crisis-affected communities [1]. These persons face increased risk of discrimination, exploitation, and violence and additional barriers to accessing services and assistance [1]. Little is known about the mental and physical health of older persons in emergency and conflict situations, and even less is known about older persons with disability in these situations. Older persons with disabilities may experience increased psychological distress [2].
Ukraine was considered a stable, middle-income country prior to hostilities, which began in February 2014 [6]. These hostilities led to the division of Donetsk and Luhansk regions in eastern Ukraine into areas controlled by the government of Ukraine (GCA) and by separatist groups [non-government controlled areas (NGCA)] [6]. Persons living in the NGCA are more isolated compared with persons in GCA. They must cross the contact line which separates the two areas in order to collect their pensions and other social benefits and have their identification documents issued [7]. Persons living in GCA have greater access to health facilities and markets [7]. As of February 2016, nearly 10,000 civilians had been killed during the fighting between Ukrainian government forces and separatist groups [8]. Shelling forced some families to seek shelter in basements for weeks and others to leave the area. Basic services such as water, electricity, and health care were interrupted [8]. There were a total of 1.5 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine and over three million people affected by the conflict in February 2016 [8]. Over 60% of the displaced population were older persons [9]. International humanitarian actors have provided mobile health clinics in some areas, however there are very limited psychosocial services available [10]. An assessment conducted by HelpAge International in 2015 found that older persons in Donetsk and Luhansk in both GCA and NGCA experienced serious protection concerns, mostly linked to limited access to basic services and psychological distress [11]. It also reported that many older persons with disabilities or a chronic medical condition described lack of at least one of the following: humanitarian aid, social services, or health care [11]. Given the unknown prevalence of disability and psychological distress in older persons, and the reported lack of services, this population was of particular concern. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of psychological distress and disability among older persons affected by conflict in eastern Ukraine, whether there was an association between those conditions, and to compare the prevalence between persons living in GCA and NGCA.
We conducted a cluster-randomized cross-sectional household survey of all persons aged ≥60 years in GCA and NGCA conflict affected areas of Donetsk region and GCA of Luhansk region in eastern Ukraine. Persons were eligible if they were a current resident of a randomly selected cluster and household and consented to participate. The total sample size of 743 persons in GCA was determined based on an expected 60% prevalence of hypertension, a ± 4.5% precision, and a design effect of 1.5. The sample size for NGCA of 418 persons was based on 60% prevalence of hypertension, a ± 6% precision, and a design effect of 1.5. The increased precision was required for GCA in order to allow for disaggregation by region during analysis.
The sample frame for selection was obtained from the Central Election Commission of Ukraine using data updated in October 2014; electoral precincts were used as the primary sampling units (clusters). All districts in Donetsk region were included. Five districts of Luhansk region were excluded because of their remoteness from the conflict zone. Clusters were selected probability proportional to size. In GCA, 30 clusters and four reserve clusters were selected; in NGCA 25 clusters and three reserve clusters were selected. Households for the second stage of sampling were systematically selected from random starting points in each cluster.
The survey included questions on household and individual characteristics, income, access to humanitarian assistance, chronic diseases and access to medications, acute conditions and health seeking behaviors, food intake and food security, dependency, and psychological distress (Additional file 1: Assessment Questionnaire, Ukraine 2016). Chronic diseases included in the questionnaire were: hypertension, diabetes, cardiac or vascular diseases, and chronic lung disease; all respondents self-reported whether a medical professional had diagnosed them with any of the chronic diseases listed. Persons self-reporting diagnosis of at least one of the included chronic conditions were categorized as having any chronic disease. This paper focuses on dependency and psychological distress.
Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, a commonly used instrument for assessment, was used to assess dependency [12]. This scale includes questions on six activities of daily living: needing help to bathe, get dressed, use the toilet, move from bed to chair, eat, and whether the person is incontinent. The scale classifies persons as moderately dependent if they need help with two or three activities and as severely dependent if help is needed for ≥ four activities. In addition, we asked if someone was available to assist if the respondent needed assistance with one or more activity. This is an additional question not included in the Katz Index, but recommended in the Rapid Assessment Method for Older People to measure unmet need [13].
Psychological distress was measured using the Kessler K6 Psychological Distress Scale, which was previously validated in Ukraine and includes six questions about depressive and anxiety symptoms [14, 15]. Respondents were asked to self-report how frequently they felt nervous, hopeless, restless or fidgety, depressed, that everything was an effort, and worthless in the 30 days preceding the survey. Total scores range from six (indicating no distress) to 24 (indicating severe distress). Scores of > 12 indicate serious psychological distress. The Kessler scale has demonstrated excellent internal consistency and reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89) [14]. Pre-existing psychological distress prior to the 30 days preceding the survey was not assessed.
The questionnaire was developed in English and translated into Russian with accuracy checked by Russian-speaking staff from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Enumerators located in eastern Ukraine experienced in conducting household surveys administered the questionnaires. If persons were incoherent and could not answer for themselves, the Kessler scale was not administered, however their caregiver answered questions related to demographics and the Katz Index. Enumerators were trained by Russian-speaking CDC staff on sampling procedures, questionnaire administration, and interview techniques. Prior to the start of data collection, a field test was conducted with older persons ineligible for the survey.
Data were entered by trained staff. Double data entry was performed and any discrepancies were reconciled using the paper forms. Analyses were conducted using STATA v13 (College Station, TX). Frequency of each indicator was calculated and adjusted to account for the complex survey design and combined analyses were weighted proportionally. P-values were calculated using two-proportion t-tests to assess differences between GCA and NGCA. Difference in median age and Kessler score between the two areas was tested using a two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Cronbach's alpha was calculated to determine the reliability of the Kessler scale in our study sample.
The association of potential risk factors with serious psychological distress as the outcome variable were assessed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Potential risk factors used as predictor variables were: living in GCA or NGCA, age, household income per capita, education, sex, whether the person had been diagnosed with a chronic disease, whether the person was living alone, whether the respondent owned or rented their current place of residence, and dependency (moderate or severe). Statistically significant risk factors at a P ≤ 0.05 level were included in a multivariate logistic regression model to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Data presented in the results are from the multivariate models and only include those variables that remained statistically significant in the multivariate regression model. All variables apart from household income had a < 1% missing rate (14% of household income variables were missing), because of the low rate of missing variables, persons with missing data were excluded from analyses only for variables for which data were missing. Persons who were incoherent or could not answer for themselves and to whom the Kessler scale was not administered were not included in the psychological distress analyses.
Prior to survey administration, persons read or the survey teams read aloud, a consent form detailing the purpose and risks and benefits of the study, how their household was selected, the procedures through which their information would be kept confidential, and that they could choose to not answer any questions and to stop the survey at any time. All persons provided verbal consent before participating in the survey. This study was determined to be non-research by the CDC Institutional Review Board.
The household survey was conducted in GCA January 30–February 13, 2016 and in NGCA February 21–March 5, 2016. In GCA, three of the originally selected clusters were inaccessible because of security and were replaced with four reserve clusters. The final sample included 31 clusters (24 in Donetsk region and seven in Luhansk region). In NGCA, all 25 clusters were accessible. Table 1 shows the eligibility of households and response rate for eligible households and respondents among persons ≥60 years old. In GCA, a total of 2525 households were visited. Of these, 671 (26.6%) included at least one older person who consented to participate in the survey. Eight hundred eighty-six older persons lived in the 671 consenting households and of these 758 (85.2%) adults agreed to be interviewed. In NGCA, 1324 households were visited; 310 households (23.4%) included at least one older person who consented to participate in the survey and 418 of 423 (98.8%) adults who lived in the consenting households agreed to be interviewed. About 7% of respondents in both areas were unable to answer for themselves and were not included in the mental health assessment.
Table 1 Eligibility of households and response rate for eligible households and respondents, Ukraine, 2016
Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of this sample are shown in Table 2. About one-third of our sample population was male. Median age in NGCA was slightly higher compared to GCA (73.4 and 70.4 years, respectively), but this difference was not significant. A higher proportion of persons had some higher education (complete or incomplete) in GCA than in NGCA (P = 0.026). More persons in NGCA were living on <$2/day (67.3%) compared to persons living in GCA (54.8%) (P = 0.009). Almost 85% of persons in GCA and 88% of persons in NGCA were living on less than $3/day. Nearly three-fourths (73.9%) of persons in NGCA and 67.8% of persons in GCA had been diagnosed with at least one chronic disease.
Table 2 Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics among persons ≥ 60 years, Ukraine, 2016
Table 3 shows prevalence of dependency as measured by the Katz scale and the availability of needed assistance. In GCA, 12.4% (95%CI, 9.9–15.4%) of persons were classified as moderately or severely dependent compared to 17.2% (95%CI, 14.2–20.9%) of persons in NGCA. Moderate dependency was similar in NGCA and GCA, however persons in NGCA were significantly more likely to have severe dependency than persons in GCA (P = 0.003). The most common dependencies were being incontinent [18.3% (GCA), 23.4% (NGCA)] and needing help bathing [14.6% (GCA), 20.3% (NGCA)]. For all assessed daily items except incontinence, persons from NGCA were significantly more likely to require assistance.
Table 3 Dependency and availability of needed assistance among persons ≥ 60 years, Ukraine, 2016
Nearly one-fourth (24.6%) of persons needing assistance with one or more activity of daily living in NGCA and 16.7% of persons needing assistance in GCA did not have any assistance; 46.3% of those in GCA and 36.9% of those in NGCA did not have any assistance or did not have daily assistance (Table 3). About half of persons needing assistance [44.1% (GCA), 54.6% (NGCA)] had assistance every day, all of the time.
Table 4 shows the prevalence of psychological distress as assessed by the Kessler scale, which showed excellent reliability in our study sample (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86). The prevalence was higher in NGCA, 42.5% (95%CI, 36.1–49.2%) than in GCA, 33.6%; (95% CI, 28.0–39.7%) (P = 0.041). The median Kessler K6 Score was four points higher in NGCA (12) than GCA (8) (P < 0.001).
Table 4 Prevalence of psychological distress among persons ≥ 60 years, Ukraine, 2016
Table 5 shows the association between psychological distress and dependency. In GCA, 65.9% (95%CI, 46.3–81.2%) of those who were moderately dependent and 75.0% (95%CI 55.4–87.9%) of those who were severely dependent experienced serious psychological distress. In NGCA, 68.2% (95%CI, 46.0–84.4%) of moderately dependent persons and 87.5% (95%CI, 71.1–95.2%) of severely dependent persons experienced serious psychological distress. Overall, 33.0% (95%CI, 28.8–37.5%) of persons who were independent and 75.3% (95%CI, 66.2–82.6%) of persons who were moderately/severely dependent reported serious psychological distress (P < .0001).
Table 5 Prevalence of serious psychological distress by dependency among persons ≥ 60 years, Ukraine, 2016
The factors associated with serious psychological distress are shown in Table 6. Persons who were moderately or severely dependent were 5.20 (95%CI, 3.34–8.11) times more likely to suffer from serious psychological distress compared to persons who were independent. Females were 1.71 (95%CI, 1.25–2.33) times more likely than males, and persons who had been diagnosed with one or more chronic diseases were 1.54 (95%CI, 1.09–2.17) times more likely than those not diagnosed with a chronic disease to suffer from serious psychological distress.
Table 6 Factors associated in multivariate analyses with serious psychological distress, Ukraine, 2016
Our study among older persons living in conflict affected areas of eastern Ukraine found unprecedented levels of serious psychological distress, much higher compared with data from older persons in other countries. For example, a study among older adults aged 60 and over in Australia using the Kessler K10 scale found 7% of persons living in the community experienced serious psychological distress compared with 15% of persons living in residential settings [16]. A survey comparing older Korean immigrants in the United States to older Koreans still living in Korea (age range 60–79 years of age) also using the Kessler K10 scale found 13% and 21% of persons experienced serious psychological distress, respectively [17]. A study of community-dwelling and institutionalized older persons in Poland (mean age 74.1 and 78.6 years, respectively) found 8.7% of community-dwelling persons and 15.8% of institutionalized persons experienced severe anxiety/depression as measured by the Euroqol 5D questionnaire [18]. According to the World Health Organization, 7% of persons over 60 years of age suffer from depression [19].
There may be an association between conflict and psychological distress in this population; conflict affected persons in previous studies also showed higher levels of mental distress among older persons. A study in Israel of adults 18 years and older exposed to missile attacks found persons > 65 years of age who had been exposed to missile attacks had higher odds of reporting elevated levels of distress than those not exposed [20]. In addition, a study among elderly Somali refugees (39% ≥ 60 years of age, 61% 50–59 years of age) in Finland found Somalis had higher levels of psychological distress as measured by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) compared with their pre-matched Finnish native controls and exposure to traumatic events was associated with higher levels of mental distress [21].
Severe economic hardship resulting from the conflict in Ukraine may also contribute to the high prevalence observed. People of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to suffer from psychological distress compared with those of higher socioeconomic status [22, 23]. Since the beginning of the conflict in Ukraine, inflation has increased; the exchange rate fell from eight Ukraine Hryvnia to one US dollar in 2013 to 26 Ukraine Hryvnia to one US dollar in 2016 without any notable increases in pensions for older persons [24]. This inflation severely impeded purchasing power and made older persons more vulnerable [9]. In our survey population, almost 85% of persons in GCA and 88% of persons in NGCA were living on less than $3/day.
There is inconsistent evidence regarding older age as a risk factor for conflict-induced mental distress. Some studies have found that older persons may be more resilient and less likely to experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following human induced disasters [25, 26]. However, most studies reviewed found greater risk among older persons. A study comparing older (60–88 years of age) and younger (20–49 years of age) internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Croatia found that psychosomatic symptoms and disorders resulting from stressful experiences threaten older displaced persons more than younger IDPs [27]. Another study among Kosovar Albanians aged ≥15 years found those aged 65 years and older at increased risk for psychiatric morbidity [28]. A study in Afghanistan found older persons were at higher risk of experiencing mild to severe mental health problems than younger adults [29]. A cross-sectional survey conducted among IDPs in Ukraine, during the same time period as our study (March–May 2016) found older age to be significantly associated with PTSD, depression, and anxiety [10]. In addition, a study looking at the relationship between trauma and PTSD found conditional PTSD to be significantly associated with age, with the highest risk during childhood-adolescence and in persons ≥65 years of age [30].
The high prevalence of serious psychological distress highlights this population's needs for psychological services. Even before the conflict, there was a lack of psychological services and psychiatric care in Ukraine. A study on use of mental health services in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys from 2007 showed that only about 35% of persons surveyed with serious mental health disorders in Ukraine used mental health specialty services in the 12 months preceding the survey [31]. The serious mental health disorders included anxiety (agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia), mood disorders (bipolar disorder, including bipolar I and II, dysthymia, major depressive disorder), and substance disorders (alcohol and drug abuse and dependence) [31]. Soviet society stigmatized mental health disorders and psychiatric diagnoses and confinement in psychiatric wards was often used as a form of political repression [32]. Ukraine is in the process of transitioning from state-run institutions to community-based services, however in 2015 the staffing of psychiatrists in hospitals was only 78%, with the greatest shortage in rural areas in district level hospitals [33].
Our study found persons living in GCA and NGCA to be quite similar in terms of demographic and socioeconomic indicators. Persons living in NGCA were more likely to be severely dependent and suffer from serious psychological distress. This could be because persons living in NGCA are more likely to be isolated than persons living in GCA. They must cross the contact line into GCA in order to collect their pensions, access markets and healthcare, and to obtain their identification documents; they are often forced to wait hours in severe weather conditions before they are allowed to cross the contact line [7]. In addition, they may feel isolated from family members who moved to GCA and may have fewer people to help them with daily activities and provide support [7].
Proper diagnosis of severe psychological distress with a diagnostic instrument is difficult, and must be done by a trained health care professional. However, in other settings where decentralized health care services are scarce, simple screening tools adapted to the local context used by trained lay community informants have been successful in increasing the utilization of mental health care services [34]. Given our finding that older persons who were moderately or severely dependent were 5.2 times more likely to experience serious psychological distress than those who were independent, the presence of serious disability could serve as one simple and sensitive screening criterion to be added to a screening tool used by community workers who work with and support older persons who could then refer those likely cases of serious psychological distress to a specialist for proper diagnosis. Over 75% of persons in our study who were moderately/severely dependent experienced serious psychological distress. Given the very high prevalence of psychological distress among the disabled, dependency may be recognized by humanitarian actors and decision makers as a possible risk factor and screening marker for psychological distress.
Our study was the only study we found on the association between psychological distress and disability in older non-veterans affected by conflict, which is a significant addition to the literature and important for humanitarian emergency programming, especially in middle-income countries with a high proportion of older persons. Several studies in other population groups have also documented an association between mental health and disability. A study in Denmark found that self-rated disability among women was strongly associated with a mental health disorder [35]. Another study in Hong Kong of persons 50 years of age and older found severe impairment in daily activity functioning was significantly associated with depressive symptoms [36]. A study among veterans with PTSD found that veterans with PTSD had poor health functioning and increased disability; 75% of respondents were 60 years of age or older [37]. In addition, a study in Afghanistan found persons who experienced war-related disability had higher odds of experiencing mental distress disorders and women with disabilities (whatever the cause of the impairment) had a higher prevalence of mental health disorders compared with non-disabled men [29]. A second study among adults in postwar Afghanistan also found disabled respondents to have lower social functioning and poorer mental health status than those who were nondisabled [38]. A study among adult Bosnian refugees in Croatia also found that disability and having depression and/or PTSD were related [39].
In addition to the association between psychological distress and disability, our study also found a significant independent association between psychological distress and chronic disease, supporting previous research. A study among older Chinese (60–79 years of age) found that poor mental health status was significantly associated with chronic disease [40]. A study of adults aged 65 and older in Britain found self-efficacy and mobility in men and health status and quality of life in women were the strongest independent predictors of psychological morbidity [41].
Our study had some limitations. We relied on self-reported data, which could have introduced bias if persons thought answering in a certain way could increase access to programs, or if they thought they would be stigmatized. It is unclear how this would affect our study. If persons thought they may have greater access to services, they may have over-reported their dependency or psychological distress; however, if persons were afraid of stigma, they may have under-reported their conditions. Some areas were inaccessible because of insecurity; persons in those areas may have experienced more psychological distress and/or disability because of closer proximity to the conflict. In addition, since this was a cross-sectional survey, we do not have information on disability and psychological distress pre-conflict, so were unable to compare the different time periods. This cross-sectional study design allowed us to establish whether an association existed between psychological distress and disability, but did not allow us to determine whether there was a causal relationship between them. Also, the lack of psychological services and psychiatric care in Ukraine pre-conflict may have contributed to the high prevalence of psychological distress found in our study [31]. With the absence of a control group who were not affected by the conflict, we could not determine the relative contribution of the conflict versus problems of psychological distress existing pre-conflict. We did not survey institutionalized persons, so population prevalence of disability and serious psychological distress may have been underestimated. There was also a high nonresponse rate for our study. However, most of the nonresponse was because households were absent or abandoned, while refusal rates were quite low. The high proportion of absent or abandoned households could have introduced some selection bias, as people who are not home could be more mobile and we do not know if they were out of the house or if they have left the conflict area.
We found very high levels of serious psychological distress among older persons in both GCA and NGCA. We document a strong association between dependency and serious psychological distress, a finding not previously documented in conflict settings among non-combatants. We also found an independent association between chronic disease and psychological distress. These findings indicate that disability may serve as a good marker for mental health distress in this conflict-affected population of older people. One of the reasons mental health programming is so challenging is because persons are usually identified from self-referral only. Other barriers to mental health screening in complex emergencies include stigma and discrimination, the absence of culturally validated instruments, and lack of coordination of mental health care [42].
By 2050, in some developing countries the prevalence of disability is expected to increase four-fold as the population ages [43]. As the proportion of older persons in the population increases, an increased number of older people will be affected by conflict and humanitarian emergencies and the challenges of older persons because of social disintegration, negative social selection, and chronic dependency will need to be addressed. Health services for the disabled and persons with chronic diseases that include psychological as well as physical support could help in reducing the proportion of people needing mental health services who may not normally be identified. Development of care and support intervention models for older persons affected by conflict should include non-standard approaches such as community-based screening and care for psychological disorders.
CDC:
CI:
GCA:
Government Controlled Areas
GHQ-12:
12-item General Health Questionnaire
IQR:
Inter-Quartile Range
Kessler K10:
Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)
Kessler K6:
Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6)
NGCA:
Non-government Controlled Areas
PTSD:
SD:
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The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the United Nations Children's Fund, the World Health Organization, and the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology for their support and assistance in the preparation and completion of the survey.
The field data collection for this study was funded by the United Nations Children's Fund Ukraine. No funding was provided to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
The findings and conclusions in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Emergency Response and Recovery Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS E-22, Atlanta, 30329, USA
Aimee Summers
, Eva Leidman
& Oleg O. Bilukha
The World Health Organization; Yemen Country Office, Nutrition Department, Algeria Street, Sana'a, Yemen
Isabel Maria Pereira Figueira Periquito
Search for Aimee Summers in:
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AS, EL, and OOB participated in formulating the research questions, designing the study, collecting the data, analyzing the data, interpreting the data, and drafting the manuscript. IMPFP also assisted with collecting, analyzing and interpreting the data and drafting the manuscript. AS, EL, IMPFP, and OOB read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Aimee Summers.
This study was determined to be non-research by the Institutional Review Board of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as the primary intent was humanitarian needs assessment to inform specific public health program activity. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants. Verbal consent was witnessed and recorded.
Additional file
Additional file 1:
Assessment Questionnaire, Ukraine 2016. (PDF 145 kb)
The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the WHO, its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent. Open Access This article is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the WHO, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made. The use of the WHO's name, and the use of the WHO's logo, shall be subject to a separate written licence agreement between the WHO and the user and is not authorized as part of this CC-IGO licence. Note that the link provided above includes additional terms and conditions of the licence. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/.
Summers, A., Leidman, E., Pereira Figueira Periquito, I.M. et al. Serious psychological distress and disability among older persons living in conflict affected areas in eastern Ukraine: a cluster-randomized cross-sectional household survey. Confl Health 13, 10 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-019-0194-0

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Kamlesh Makwana's felicitation
Saurashtra Premier League- season- 2
A man with golden heart- Vikramsinhji Jadeja.
I wish I could ask God why good die young.
Chetan Sakariya- The Warrior
SCA salutes the legend of Cricket - Sangakkara
As one of the giant of World cricket proudly walks of the field of cricket leaving behind a legacy and a void not to be filled easily, Saurashtra Cricket Association takes this opportunity to fondly remember Kumar Sangakkara, the modest man with so many of great memories.
Adorable Kumara Sangakkara, famously known as "Sanga" was liked & followed by not only Sri Lankan fans but also by the fans all over the World, especially Indians. A player of his stature whose career span is spread over 15 years during which he went on to play as many as 134 Test matches and 404 ODIs for Sri Lanka rightly deserves the respect he commands all around the world of cricket. 63 international centuries put him in the elite category of batsman ship this great game has ever produced.
Saurashtra people were extremely fortunate to witness couple of his extra ordinary innings when he displayed his charisma of elegance through batting skills. In February 2007 Sangakkara scored brilliant 110 on Madhav Rao Scindia Cricket Ground, Rajkot to take his side to win a thriller by 3 runs. He was rightly awarded the "Man of the match" for his stupendous effort.
In December 2009 Rajkot witnessed one of the most high scoring exciting finish of a cricket match ever played in the India. Sri Lanka was chasing a mammoth target of 415 in 50 overs on the same venue. Sangakkara with T.Dilshan made it look so easy to reach the improbable target as he scored 90. However this time around, India won it by 3 runs.
Apart from Cricket, Saurashtra Cricket Association cherishes sweet memories with this humble and thoroughly gentleman persona. He always met all the officials with warmth and respect. We found him a thorough professional person with beautiful heart. Niranjan shah and entire SCA salutes this Great Sports person and wish him best wishes for the future.
- By Prakash Bhatt
(Prakash Bhatt is prominent and famous Cricketer from Saurashtra. He has played 51 first class matches and scored 3300 runs. He has been captain for Ranji Trophy team of Saurashtra. He played in Duleep Trophy and Deodhar Trophy for West Zone. He also played professional cricket in England and Kenya. Presently, he is official BCCI match referee.)
An enigma wrapped in controversy
ACHIVEMENTS AND SACRIFICES


text:
Il doppio del Qatar Total Open 2008 è stato un torneo di tennis facente parte del WTA Tour 2008.

Martina Hingis e Marija Kirilenko erano le detentrici del titolo, ma la Hingis si è ritirata ufficialmente il 1º novembre 2007 e la Kirilenko non ha partecipato quest'anno.

Květa Peschke e Rennae Stubbs hanno vinto in finale 6–1, 5–7, 10–7, contro Cara Black e Liezel Huber.

Teste di serie
Le prime 4 teste di serie hanno ricevuto un bye per il 2º turno.

 Cara Black /  Liezel Huber (finale)
 Katarina Srebotnik /  Ai Sugiyama (semifinali)
 Květa Peschke /  Rennae Stubbs (campionesse)
 Yung-jan Chan /  Chia-jung Chuang (quarti

 Nathalie Dechy /  Dinara Safina (secondo turno)
 Zi Yan /  Jie Zheng (secondo turno)
 Anabel Medina Garrigues /  Virginia Ruano Pascual (quarti)
 Tathiana Garbin /  Shahar Peer (primot turno)

Tabellone

Finali

Parte alta

Parte bassa

Collegamenti esterni

Qatar Total Open 2008

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Rolling Stock Supply Chain
Supplier Communication Guidelines
Please review the Code of Conduct, Supplier Code of Conduct, and the Supplier Communication Guidelines before submitting the form to be a supplier.
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INTEGRITY. EXCELLENCE. TEAMWORK. COMMITMENT. SUSTAINABILITY.
The words in this Code of Conduct define us. Despite our differences – in geography, culture, language and business – we are one Caterpillar, one company united by these common principles with a shared commitment to the highest standards of conduct.
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We view our suppliers as extensions of our company and an essential part of our extended value chain and commitment to quality.
Progress Rail values the relationships we build with our suppliers and will work with suppliers who wish to publicize their relationship with us. However, because of the volume of suppliers, we do business with and in an effort to treat all suppliers fairly while protecting the Progress Rail name, we've developed and follow fairly stringent guidelines.
Supplier Communications Guidelines
The objective of these guidelines is to:
Preserve Progress Rail's brand name by avoiding endorsements of others' products.
Avoid releasing competitive information.
Ensure that suppliers' communications are in keeping with Progress Rail's corporate communications strategies.
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Some statements of non-Confidential / non-Proprietary facts about Progress Rail's relationship with the supplier are appropriate but must be approved by Progress Rail on a case-by-case basis. Typically communications that are accepted include:
An initial press release issued by the supplier announcing they've been awarded a contract with Progress Rail.
A press release issued by the supplier announcing they've won a supplier quality award from Progress Rail.
All communications that reference Progress Rail must be vetted through the supplier's Progress Rail buyer who will work with Corporate Public Affairs for review.
The following are not appropriate and will not be approved:
Details about products/services/consulting provided by the supplier to Progress Rail
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Learn general information about Progress Rail's supply chain.
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text:
Doctors Are Working To Fight Gun Violence
By Gabrielle Ware
On Monday, the American College of Physicians published a list of recommendations for doctors who want to help fight gun violence.
An organization of physicians wants to help doctors fight gun violence.
The American College of Physicians published 10 recommendations Monday in the Annals of Internal Medicine, including some that reaffirm existing policy. Many physicians' organizations already view gun violence as a public health crisis, and the new recommendations suggest it be responded to that way.
They also suggest creating coalitions of health professionals, teachers, law enforcement officials and parents to help support gun regulation and bring about social change.
And the organization recommends doctors counsel patients on the risk of keeping firearms in the home, especially when children and people with mental health issues are present.
The organization already planned to release the recommendations before this month's deadly gun attacks took place. But its president said the recent shootings emphasize the importance of policies that keep guns out of the hands of people who pose a risk to themselves or others.
Additional reporting by Newsy affiliate CNN.


text:
The Ellen Trout Zoo is continuing its efforts to save the most endangered snake species in the U-S.
Breeding program for Louisiana Pine Snake
In attendance was Retired Army Lieutenant Colonel Gary Hoebeke, who is a Purple Heart and Bronze Star recipient for his service in Vietnam. Today, he reflects on his time overseas.
Family of slain Lufkin teen speaks about sentencing of JaccBoyWorld gang member
Trina Jackson speaks about the sentences given to D'Corian Haywood, who plead guilty on Friday to the murder of Jackson's little brother, Damarion Glenn.
6 arrested in Smith County juvenile sex operation sting
The suspects arrested include Jose Hernandez, 37, of Tyler; Matthew Organ, 44, of Whitehouse; Delano Roosevelt Phelps, 89, of Tyler; James Amos, 54, of Flint; Charles McLarty III, 75, of Flint; and Monterrey Lobo, 47, of Jacksonville.
Tyler Rose Garden Center hosts 26th gem and mineral show
The East Texas Gem and Mineral Show is on Saturday from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., and Sunday from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. at the Rose Garden Center. Adult admission is $5, kids are just a buck.
To control the problem, a contraceptive bait was created and placed on the market in June of 2021. And after a year and a half, the creators of the bait say ranchers are seeing the benefits. The feral hog birth control bait is called HogStop and it affects male sperm production.
New health index shows how poor rural health factors affect all of East Texas
A new report from the Hibbs Institute at the University of Texas at Tyler shows just how much poor health outcomes in rural counties can affect the entire region. The latest Hibbs Health Index was created by examining factors like smoking, obesity, and premature death rates.


text:
Montreal-based yh2 introduces TRIPTYCH, a three-pavilion residence carefully nestled in lakeside surroundings.
By MixteMag | Decor, News | January 31st 2019 |
TRIPTYCH, Wentworth-Nord, Canada – A tableau for all seasons
Montreal-based yh2 introduces TRIPTYCH, a three-pavilion residence carefully nestled in lakeside surroundings. The house, with its crisp lines and sober palette, was built on a sloping site overlooking a small lake in the Laurentian Mountains, one hundred kilometres from Montreal.
The architects designed this building with a classical triptych in mind. It features a central piece, with direct views of Lac St-Cyr, and two side pavilions meant to be in more intimate contact with the nearby trees. The project is about the idea of fragmentation; it evolved from the desire to integrate three discrete shapes among existing trees on naturally sloping grounds.
Each one of the three volumes sets the stage for a specific natural tableau, framed by the building's geometry. The roofs, which slope up in three directions from the centre of the house, accentuate the views.
The kitchen and an adjoining office occupy the central block with generous openings towards the lake. The living room is accessed through a glass link, located east. The room's highest point is at the window and attracts the eye towards the sky. The master bedroom, exposed to the morning sun, is directly below the living room and sits firmly on the ground thanks to the site's natural slope. It is reached through a sculptural staircase that appears to be floating in the air with its suspended last step.
Looking west, a second side pavilion is set at a slight angle from the rest of the house. It allows for separate quarters available for friends and guests. Located in close proximity to the house's main entrance, the guest suite is more private than the rest of the building and is signalled by a switch in floor materials, from hardwood to polished concrete. The interior parking garage and a secondary entrance are located below.
The three pavilions are linked together through two glassed-in passageways, which create a formal separation between the project's main elements. The front door is discreetly inserted in the passageway leading to the guest suite. The entrance area is lined with the same material as that used on the façades, blurring the boundaries between interiors and exteriors. On the opposite side of the central pavilion, the passageway which leads to the living room doubles as a dining space and is totally open to the outside. Night lighting is provided through a suspended aluminum ceiling, which has been carefully cut to create a sensation of being under a forest canopy.
TRIPTYCH features mostly natural materials. The façades are sheathed with Eastern cedar planks, treated to appear weathered by time. Interior walls and ceilings are either gypsum board or white cedar while the floors are white oak or polished concrete. Wide patio doors, with black aluminum casings, frame the ever-changing views. A patio area extends from the kitchen and dining spaces towards the lake. The building's geometry creates a theatrical stage for the surrounding nature.
Location: Wentworth-Nord, Quebec
Area: 2,500 sq ft
Construction period:	2016-2018
yh2 Design Team:
Marie-Claude Hamelin, Loukas Yiacouvakis, Karl Choquette, Etienne Sédillot
Client: Sylvain Letourneau
Contractor:	Paul Lalonde et Fils
Photographer: Maxime Brouillet
Source : V2Com
FESTIVE COCKTAILS : The Caesar
Six meticulous features that distinguish the all-new, three-row Cadillac XT6
FESTIVE COCKTAILS : the Apricot Sour
FESTIVE COCKTAILS : the Ginger Sour
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Plate Carrier of bulletproof vest Perun 4 SF Multicam is a product designed by the Ukrainian brand Velmet Armor System. It has passed its test on actual battlefields and received its recognition among other popular products. We understand how crucial the mobility is for the soldier in the extreme situation. Therefore, we have strived to give a maximum lightweight appearance to the new product, while maintain its reliability and durability.
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Q: jquery tokeninput field is cleared when there are other validation error(s) when submitting I'm using jquery tokeninput to select multiple items coming from the database, using autocompletion as they try to find each item. However, if there are validation errors in other fields when submitting the form, the tokeninput field is cleared and the user's got to select the items again. My worry now is to persist the selected item even if there are validation errors in other fields.
Here's my script
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and my html:
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 {
    @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    [...]
    <div class="form-group">
        @Html.TextBoxFor(model => model.States, htmlAttributes: new { @class = "form-control,text-box", id= "States" })
    </div>
   [...]


text:
Q: Measuring pulse width with limited components I have an impulse train of amplitude 1V with constant pulse width \$\tau\$ and I would like to build a circuit that takes this signal and converts it to a constant DC voltage of value \$\tau\$. I can only use opamps, comparators, resistors, DC power supply, diodes and capacitors. How can I build such a circuit?
I thought about using an integrator but this will not really give me the area under the pulse but rather an antiderivative of the signal I believe.
EDIT : In response to a comment of @pipe, here's what I can tell more about the circuit :

*

*The input impulse train can have a pulse width from [~0 to 300us] that is constant.

*Let's say that my expected values for the output voltage is in mV such that 300mV correspond to a pulse width of 300us.

A: One resistor and one capacitor, forming a low pass filter, removing everything but the DC component. Unity-gain buffers can optionally be added on the input and output, if necessary to isolate the circuit from external loads.

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
With a pulse frequency of 1 kHz and component values selected to give a relatively low ripple, this is the result from a simulation in LTspice showing the DC output at levels 10 mV, 100 mV and 300 mV respectively from an input pulse width of 10 µs, 100 µs and 300 µs. If you have a different pulse frequency (though you did not mention anything about that in the question), you can scale the output by inserting a resistor across C1 as a voltage divider, or add a gain before R1 using an opamp.