The change in weight is everywhere and I am hard pressed to explain why.
@Norm Am I correct in assuming the font has been updated on Google's end? And if so, how do I get things rendering correctly in Blocs again?
What browser do you preview in? It could be how the browser renders it. Try previewing in Firefox and safari side by side, are they the same?
I have previewed the site in both Safari and Chrome… and the live site in Safari and Chrome desktop, Safari mobile on an old iPod Touch, and Android Chrome on Nexus 7, Moto X, Nexus 6P and the font weight is the same on all of them.
The only place the pages render as it used to be before all this changed yesterday or so is Blocs preview (V key).
Just for grins and giggles… have you tried making a page using this font and previewed it in a browser or uploaded it live some place to test?
I visited the Google Fonts site and now see all of these variants which are not available in Blocs.
I'll take a look. You can install more google fonts via the font manager. Not sure which weights are pre-installed.
The fact live sites have changed makes me think it's a change on googles end.
Ok… just wanted to make sure installing a font with the same family name as one preinstalled won't be an issue.
Just remove it before if it causes issues.
Don't have a clue what "SF UI Text Regular" is.
Have no idea where to go from here. I am uninstalling the new fonts and restoring the Blocs file from a backup. Where in my backup can I find the original preinstalled "Josefin Sans" that I deleted?
How strange! When you installed the webfont via font manager did it preview correctly in the little box?
By the way SF UI is the Apple typeface used by the OS.
When you installed the webfont via font manager did it preview correctly in the little box?
Does your code fall back to that if it gets confused?
What file do I need to restore to get the original Josefin Sans back into the font manager? I found "fonts.dat" in app support… assuming that is it?
How strange! When you try a new project and apply the font does that work?
My guess is It must have somthing to do with the specific version of the font Blocs has pre installed.
To get the default font options back in Blocs, navigate to Application Support/Blocs 2/data/ and rename the file font.data (don't delete it as we may need it).
Now when you start up Blocs it should re-generate a fresh copy of fonts.data again for you. If it doesn't I'll email you the file.
I restored the fonts.dat file from a backup and things are back as they were before installing the various weight Josefin Sans fonts.
But I can't use that font in that weight for the site (ugh) so I am swapping it out for Lato 300.
I may have another shot at installing those fonts again and testing with a new project once I finish up the Lato changes.
BTW… I am less than thrilled at the fact that Google can redesign a font being used and totally hose the typography site-wide with no notice!
So please consider this a feature request to allow the mapping of local fonts (ttf, otf) uploaded to the server within Blocs. Should be doable if you can allow import of them into the new asset manager where it would output that font in the export, provide a reference to them in the font popups of the UI (both in the sidebar and the site settings), and woof up the link and style entries in the same way you do now with Google fonts.
BTW, I seem to remember seeing links to every font used on the site in each page, regardless of whether or not it was used on "that" page. Am I right about this?
If so, might it be better to only include links to fonts on the pages that actually use them? I supposed this stuff is cached so not required again, but in the event that a user only visits one page on your site regularly that only uses one font, seems silly to link to every font on your site for that page.
Sorry to ask: which font manager?
No idea how many times I saw this.
I've seen this in other situations. You need to insert a specific font weight tag that overrides the default style.
That is the first thing I tried when I saw it, but it does not affect the rendering. Only weights of 900 and 500 show any change in weight. I think there is something hosed in my site file as when I create a new one and use this font, it looks like it did previously.


Thank you for the vidoe which helped me understand a few things which I found a little confusing on the phonegap website.
There is one question I still have though. How does the pricing work for phonegap build which I can't find anything about in the terms – do I pay the monthly fee as long as I use the service to develop preivate apps or do I pay as long as the apps are up for sale? For example, I create three apps (not platforms, but distinct apps) within a couple of months and put them on the app store where I keep them infefinitely, but don't create any further apps. Do I just pay for two months or until I pull the apps from the app store?
You only pay while you are using the service. If you cancel your PhoneGap Build subscription, the compiled apps will continue to work.
nice talk! We are currently evaluation some possibilities for app development and I want to give our decision-makers an introduction to PhoneGap and PhoneGap Build.
Would you mind sharing your slides of your talk?
i've watched the whole presentation,glad to hear that my skills on web will not be wasted. Phonegap will help all of web developers. Sir i havnt catched up the applications that you have presented on your device..can i have a list of them so i can see and use them to get ssome ideas in begining building phonegap apps!


text:
Journal of Medical Case Reports
Flight of the COVID-19 patient: experience with a Wuhan evacuee: a case report
Sandeep Segar1,2,
Daniel Bouland1,2,
Francesca Torriani2,3,
Kevin Kwak1,2,
Deepak Asudani1,2,
Randy Taplitz2,3 &
Vineet Gupta ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4639-33161,2
Journal of Medical Case Reports volume 14, Article number: 66 (2020) Cite this article
Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020.
We report a case of a 51-year-old Chinese woman who was evacuated from Wuhan, China and diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 infection at a Southern California quarantine facility. Her clinical course was notable for high fevers, night sweats, productive cough, transient leukopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and transaminitis. Evolving hypoxia and infiltrates on chest imaging warranted the trial of an investigational antiviral drug - remdesivir. Our patient recovered and was discharged after 2 weeks of hospitalization.
This case highlights our patient's clinical course, including diagnostic work-up, medical management, and challenges in defining non-infectivity in a relatively unknown disease.
A cluster of unexplained pneumonia cases linked to the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan, China was first reported on December 31, 2019 [1]. After testing negative for common respiratory viruses, these patients tested positive for a novel coronavirus - severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [2, 3]. Some of these initial patients demonstrated hypoxemia, ground glass opacification on chest imaging, abnormal laboratory results - low white blood cell (WBC) count, low absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), low platelet count, elevated liver enzymes, and elevated creatinine [2].
COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization with over 750,000 confirmed cases in over 200 countries and territories as of March 31, 2020 [4]. We report the case of an early patient with COVID-19 who was evacuated from Wuhan, China and developed signs of infection at a Southern California quarantine facility. This case highlights our patient's clinical course, including relevant history, diagnostic work-up, medical management, and challenges in defining non-infectivity.
A 51-year-old Chinese woman with no significant past medical history presented to our institution with a 1-day history of fevers, chills, sweats, nonproductive cough from a Southern California quarantine facility. She had worked as a nurse in an outpatient medicine clinic in Wuhan, China, where she cared for patients with upper respiratory tract symptoms, but without confirmed diagnoses of COVID-19. While caring for these patients, she reported wearing a standard surgical mask and gloves. Three weeks prior to hospital admission, upon becoming aware of a rapidly spreading pulmonary infection within her community, our patient took leave from work and self-isolated herself in her apartment with her husband and grandson, neither of whom had signs of infection. She had no direct exposure to the Huanan seafood market.
Four days prior to hospital admission, she and her grandson were evacuated on a flight from the Wuhan International Airport. Late the next day, she arrived at a Southern California government facility for an intended 14-day quarantine. One day prior to admission, our patient developed a nonproductive cough, fever, chills and sweats. The same day, nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs for COVID-19 using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were sent from the quarantine facility to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) laboratory per recommended guidelines (Appendix).
The following day, she was admitted to our institution and was placed in contact, droplet, and airborne isolation precautions per CDC recommendations. At admission, her temperature was 38.4 °C, blood pressure was 101/69 mm Hg, heart rate was 84 beats per minute, respiratory rate was 17 breaths per minute, and oxygen saturation was 96% on room air. A physical examination including cardiopulmonary evaluation was unremarkable. Laboratory studies were notable for WBC 3600 per mm3 (range 4100–10,400/mm3), absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 2100 per mm3, ALC 1000 per mm3, and platelet count 121,000 per mm3. Other test results including liver function tests, coagulation studies, procalcitonin, and urinalysis were unremarkable. A NP swab using Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was negative for usual viral pathogens, including influenza A/B, respiratory syncytial virus, human rhinovirus/enterovirus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza, and four common coronavirus strains previously known to cause human illness (229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43). A chest X-ray demonstrated clear lung fields bilaterally without consolidation or effusion (Fig. 2a). Serial NP and OP swabs were tested every other day per CDC guidance to evaluate clearance of infection. No antibiotics were given to our patient. NP and OP swabs from the day prior to admission returned positive for COVID-19, and our patient became the 14th confirmed case in the United States.
During days 1–6 of hospitalization, she experienced daily fevers, chills, drenching night sweats, and a nonproductive cough. By day 3, she had dyspnea with minimal exertion, exacerbated by coughing fits. She also had diminished appetite with occasional nausea. She denied abdominal pain, diarrhea, or dysuria. Between days 3 and 6, her maximum temperature (Tmax) ranged from 39.0 °C to 39.7 °C (Fig. 1). Her blood pressure remained in low normal range. A pulmonary examination demonstrated bibasilar crackles without labored breathing. On hospital day 3, her chest X-ray demonstrated new findings of bilateral lower lobe reticular opacities (Fig. 2b). Her platelets reached a nadir of 101,000 per mm3 on day 4, before improving. Her WBC count improved to 5100 per mm3 on hospital day 5, however, ALC decreased to 600 per mm3 on day 6, before recovering (Fig. 1). Liver enzymes remained normal until day 6 when aspartate aminotransferase (AST) rose to 50 U/L (Fig. 3). A transthoracic echocardiogram was unremarkable. Her chest X-ray on day 6 showed worsened bibasilar reticular opacification (Fig. 2c). Her blood cultures remained negative during hospitalization. A Quantiferon-TB test resulted negative. Treatment was largely supportive during this time, comprising intravenous hydration and antipyretic therapy (acetaminophen < 4 g daily, ibuprofen, and axillary ice packs).
Maximum temperature (Tmax), white blood cell (WBC) count, and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) trend during hospitalization
Chest X-ray from (a) hospital day 1, (b) day 3, and (c) day 6 showing serial worsening bibasilar infiltrates, White arrows: developing infiltrates, and Black arrows: worsening infiltrates
Liver function test (aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) trend during hospitalization
On day 6 of hospitalization, due to persistent high fevers, relative hypoxemia, evolving chest X-ray findings, and mildly abnormal liver function, our patient was initiated on compassionate use remdesivir 200 mg intravenous on day 1 followed by 100 mg daily. Remdesivir, an investigational antiviral for COVID-19, was previously used in Ebola virus disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [5]. Her fever curve improved on day 8 (Fig. 1). Our patient continued to have mild dyspnea, nausea, poor appetite, and fatigue. Her cough became productive of scant white sputum. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) peaked at 84 U/L on day 10, before trending down (Fig. 3). As of hospital day 11, she remained afebrile off antipyretics. Her oxygen saturations improved to 97% on ambient air. Her dyspnea and auscultatory rales resolved, however, a mild productive cough persisted.
On hospital day 9, the CDC reported serial NP and OP swabs from her entire hospitalization to be negative (Table 1). This included samples at the height of illness severity (days 1–7). Due to concerns with the adequacy of negative OP and NP testing in defining infection clearance, sputum PCR for COVID-19 on days 10 and 11 were obtained. Surprisingly, both sputum samples returned positive (Table 1). Given the possibility that her productive cough harbored transmissible live virus, our patient was discharged on day 15 to a government medical facility for continued isolation until the resolution of all symptoms. At the time of transfer, she remained afebrile and asymptomatic apart from a mild productive cough. Our patient returned home after 19 days at the government isolation facility after resolution of her cough. She remained non-symptomatic at home when last followed up.
Table 1 Infection surveillance tests during hospitalization
Our case helps offer insight into the clinical course of COVID-19 patients. Coronavirus disease is thought to be transmitted from person to person by respiratory droplets and direct contact [6]. Despite working as an outpatient nurse, it is less likely that she contracted COVID-19 at the workplace as symptom onset was 3 weeks after her last known patient contact. The incubation period of COVID-19 is estimated to be between 2 and 14 days [7,8,9]. Alternatively, she may have been exposed during her self-imposed home isolation in Wuhan, however her apparent contacts, including her husband and grandson, were asymptomatic. Her grandson later tested negative for COVID-19. There is a likelihood that she was infected during transit to the quarantine facility at either the Wuhan International Airport or on her flight to the United States. Exposure at the quarantine facility seems less likely as that would reflect an incubation period of only a day.
Similar to the first documented cohort of COVID-19 patients linked to the Huanan seafood market, our patient had leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, both of which recovered during the course of her illness [2]. She notably developed lymphopenia on hospital day 6, which also recovered. The rise in liver enzymes was more likely related to the disease course of COVID-19 than to drug-induced liver injury from remdesivir, as enzyme levels down trended to normal during daily antiviral infusions. No other clear implicating medications causing liver injury were utilized. Relative hypoxemia was noted by oxygen saturation, however, our patient never required supplemental oxygen. Chest imaging findings were also significant for infiltrates. In contrast to the reported cohort, [2] renal function in this patient remained normal during the disease course.
The clinical improvement in our patient coincided with the initiation of remdesivir on day 6 of hospitalization. However, it is unclear if this improvement can be attributed to the drug and/or to the natural course of COVID-19 infection. Ongoing investigational trials will help establish the efficacy of remdesivir and other antivirals in COVID-19 management [10,11,12].
CDC-guided NP and OP samples of our patient from hospital day 1 onward all tested negative for COVID-19 (Table 1). Although our patient was clinically ill enough to warrant continued hospitalization and initiation of the antiviral remdesivir; she would have met laboratory criteria to clear isolation precautions by hospital day 3 with two negative NP and OP specimens on two separate days. During hospital days 1–7, her high fevers and infectious signs in the setting of NP and OP negativity question whether our patient was infective at the time or whether these were manifestations of a prolonged, excessive cytokine and chemokine response that has been documented in other highly pathogenic coronaviruses including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV [13].
Our patient's positive sputum RT-PCR result for COVID-19 likely represented inactive viral shedding in the lower respiratory tract rather than active contagious virus, given she had dramatic clinical improvement by hospital day 11. In the 2003 SARS-CoV outbreak, viral shedding was detected in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts for many weeks after onset of illness, while active transmission of infection was not noted after 2 weeks [14]. The pragmatic correlation of SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-PCR in sputum, NP, and OP samples with infectivity is warranted to explore similar trends for COVID-19. Further research aimed at the understanding of transmission dynamics will help to guide screening practices and support clearance of infectivity.
Our experience with one of the earliest cases of COVID-19 in the United States offers insight into the pertinent clinical and laboratory findings of this novel disease entity. Use of remdesivir without any overt side effects in our patient, supports the ongoing clinical trials as a candidate therapeutic agent in COVID-19. In addition, the case highlights possible areas for improvement in diagnosing coronavirus disease and robust protocols in establishing clearance of infection to facilitate removal of isolation precautions and safe return of patients to the community. These topics are pertinent for controlling disease spread and promoting public safety.
Absolute lymphocyte count
ALT:
Alanine aminotransferase
Absolute neutrophil count
AST:
Aspartate aminotransferase
CDC:
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
MERS-CoV:
Oropharyngeal
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
SARS-CoV:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
SARS-CoV-2:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2
Tmax:
WBC:
Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514–23.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727–33.
World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200331-sitrep-71-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=4360e92b_4. Accessed 31 Mar 2020.
Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020;30(3):269–71.
Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(3):105924.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation summary. 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/summary.html. Accessed 20 Mar 2020.
Linton NM, Kobayashi T, Yang Y, Hayashi K, Akhmetzhanov AR, Jung SM, et al. Incubation period and other epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infections with right truncation: a statistical analysis of publicly available case data. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):538.
Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann Intern Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-0504.
Study to evaluate the safety and antiviral activity of remdesivir (GS-5734™) in participants with moderate coronavirus disease (COVID-19) compared to standard of care treatment. 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04292730. Accessed 15 Mar 2020.
Study to evaluate the safety and antiviral activity of remdesivir (GS-5734™) in participants with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19). 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04292899?cond=remdesivir&draw=2&rank=4. Accessed 15 Mar 2020.
Lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and IFN-beta combination for nCoV treatment. 2020 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04276688?cond=lopinavir&draw=2&rank=5. Accessed 15 Mar 2020.
Channappanavar R, Perlman S. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39(5):529–39.
Chan KH, Poon LL, Cheng VC, Guan Y, Hung IF, Kong J, et al. Detection of SARS coronavirus in patients with suspected SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(2):294–9.
Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California San Diego Health, 200 West Arbor Drive, MC 8485, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
Sandeep Segar, Daniel Bouland, Kevin Kwak, Deepak Asudani & Vineet Gupta
Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD) Health, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
Sandeep Segar, Daniel Bouland, Francesca Torriani, Kevin Kwak, Deepak Asudani, Randy Taplitz & Vineet Gupta
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
Francesca Torriani & Randy Taplitz
Sandeep Segar
Daniel Bouland
Francesca Torriani
Kevin Kwak
Deepak Asudani
Randy Taplitz
Vineet Gupta
SS contributed to the acquisition and interpretation of data, the literature search, and the first draft. DB contributed to critical revision of the manuscript. FT contributed to critical revision of the manuscript. KK contributed to acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript. DA contributed to critical revision of the manuscript. RT contributed to critical revision of the manuscript. VG contributed to the interpretation of data, the literature search, and critical revision of the manuscript. All the authors were involved in manuscript preparation and have read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Vineet Gupta.
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor in-Chief of this journal.
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
CDC guidelines for clinical specimen for diagnostic testing of COVID-19. For nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs, synthetic fiber swabs with plastic shafts were used and immediately placed into sterile tubes containing 2–3 mL of viral transport media; each nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab was kept in a separate vial. The specimens were refrigerated at 2–8o C and shipped overnight to the CDC on ice packs. For sputum samples, our patient expectorated directly into a sterile, leak-proof, screw-cap sputum collection cup, which was then refrigerated at 2–8o C and shipped overnight to the CDC. A RT-PCR assay, which was developed from publicly released virus sequence, was utilized in testing the clinical specimens.
Segar, S., Bouland, D., Torriani, F. et al. Flight of the COVID-19 patient: experience with a Wuhan evacuee: a case report. J Med Case Reports 14, 66 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-020-02396-8
2019 novel coronavirus
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Coronavirus research highlights

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Get one dimensionial array from a mutlidimensional array in JAVA I'm new to Java (day 2), so please inform and forgive me if this doesn't make sense.
I have a two dimensional array, and I want to define a new array that consists of all of the first dimension for a specific location in the second dimension (example below). The only way I can think to do this is with a for loop, something like this:
double[][] twoDimArray = new double[5000][200];
// some code defining twoDimArray

double[] oneDimArray = new double[5000];
for (int i=0; i<5000; ++i) {
    oneDimArray[i] = twoDimArray[i][199];
}

This works just fine, but is there a cleaner way to do this? Perhaps something like this:
double[] oneDimArray = twoDimArray[][199];

Thanks.

A: There are no multidimensional arrays in Java as such, there are just arrays of arrays. But even if there was, dimensions are either stored in row major or column major order. Depending on this, either cells in the same 'row' or in the same 'column' (i.e. the first or second dimension) are in memory consecutively and can directly be assigned to a one dimensional array.
Since you are trying to extract across the dimension which is stored consecutively, there is no better way than the for loop. If, on the other hand, you would have wanted all the elments from first position 199, you could just do double[] oneDimArray = twoDimArray[199];.
So if extraction amongst this dimension is your common use case, it would make sense to store the data with the dimensions swapped, i.e. you would do:
double[][] twoDimArray = new double[200][5000]; // dimensions are swaped here
// some code defining twoDimArray (with swapeddimensions)

double[] oneDimArray = twoDimArray[199];

A: twoDimArray[0] is actually the first dimension of your array if I understand your question correctly.
Imagine a 2D array as a bunch of rows of 1 D arrays. So if you have twoDimArray[5000][200] then you have 5000 rows (1D arrays) that have 200 spots each.
so twoDimArray[2] for example is actually the third row (1D array) , i.e a double[]
EDIT: Since in java there are arrays of arrays and not exactly 2D arrays, you might want to reverse the order of definition of your array to be array[200][5000] so that you can access the dimension you want easily in one line.

A: What you're doing is the most effective way. There are no shortcuts (like some languages might have newarr = oldarr[:][199]; or something). If you had to do it more than a couple times, I would recommend making a method to do it.
double[] acquireRow(double[][] orig, int row) {
    double[] ret = new double[orig.length];
    for(int i = 0; i < ret.length; i++) {
        ret[i] = orig[i][row];
    }
    return ret;
}

A: Try this:
Double[] oneDimArray = new ArrayList<Double[]>(Arrays.asList(twoDimArray)).get(199);

A: I think you have to specify both dimensions while creating an array. If you don't want to specify that value because you are not sure of it, read on "lists" data type.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Lawmakers start hearings on proposed $9.5B budget
June 8, 20170792
Members of the government's fiscal team, led by the Executive Director of the Fiscal Agency and Financial Advisory Authority, or AAFAF, Gerardo J. Portela, testified Wednesday.
Members of the government's fiscal team, led by the Executive Director of the Fiscal Agency and Financial Advisory Authority, or AAFAF, Gerardo J. Portela (center), testified Wednesday.
Members of the House and Senate Treasury Commissions began Wednesday public hearings on the proposed budget for the 2017-2018 fiscal year, which exceeds $9.5 billion, outlined in Joint House Resolutions 186 and 187.
The proposed amount is broken down into $9.1 billion in net income and $390 million to be received from the sale of assets or funds available through the three Retirement Systems: Government, Judiciary and Teachers.
The proceeds of asset sales and available funds will be used to subsidize the way pensions are paid, he said. This budget represents a net increase of $575 million compared with 2016-2017 budget, due to non-recurring revenues, which are in the consolidated budget.
Meanwhile, the consolidated budget that draws on federal funding, own income, other income and special funds, among others reaches $25.6 billion (2017) and $25.5 billion (2018), respectively. The $25.6 billion is broken down into $9.1 billion in net revenues to the General Fund, $390 million in other appropriations from the General Fund, $6.3 billion in federal funds $2.0 billion in other income, $7.0 billion in own income, $515 million in special state funds and $25 million in loans and bond issues.
The hearing included testimony from the government's fiscal component, led by the Executive Director of the Fiscal Agency and Financial Advisory Authority, or AAFAF, Gerardo J. Portela, accompanied by Office of Management and Budget Executive Director José Rosado-Marrero, Treasury Secretary Raúl Maldonado-Gautier, and the President of the Government Development Bank, Christian Sobrino.
During his testimony, Portela said it is the first time a fiscally responsible budget is drawn up.
"It ensures the welfare of the people. We are confident that the preparation, approval and implementation of the budget will return trust to the government," he said.
This is the first Zero-based budget the Legislature is evaluating under the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA) and certified by the Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico on June 2.
AAFAF's recommended budget for fiscal year 2017-18 increased from $40 million to $90 million, mainly for expenses related to professional services, payroll and reserves. The remaining items jumped due to increased staffing and operational needs formerly provided by the GDB.
"Given the nature of AAFAF's mission, expenditures on legal and financial advisory services are critical to the functioning of the government within the context of the fiscal and legal situation it's facing. Payroll expenses increase to the extent that petitions and responsibilities imposed by the Fiscal Oversight Board escalate," said Portela.
Meanwhile, the consolidated budget of the OMB recommended for the next fiscal year shows a 34 percent increase compared to the current fiscal year. This responds mostly to increased payroll and related costs ($661,000) and professional services ($2,089) needed to comply with the provisions set by PROMESA.
Maldonado-Gautier said the Oversight Board has already approved collections measures and other initiatives underway. He also denied that the government will pass a budget without tax measures to support it.
The Treasury Department's recommended budget for fiscal year 2017-18 amounted to $249.4 million. Resources include $90.9 million from the General Fund Joint Resolution, $120.7 million in Special Assignments (including $90 million in a reconciliation adjustment of the Fiscal Plan) and $37.7 million from Special State Funds corresponding to the lottery.
"The General Fund Joint Resolution shows a reduction of $20.5 million compared to the resources allocated for fiscal year 2016-17," Maldonado-Gautier said.
The government officials explained that payments to suppliers are not affected under the Title III restructuring clause included in PROMESA. They also stated that no reductions are contemplated in pensions.
Hearings continue today with testimony from the Courts Administration Office and the Office of Socioeconomic Development.
mkantrow@newsismybusiness.com
Michelle Kantrow-Vázquez
Business reporter with 25 years of experience writing for weekly and daily newspapers, as well as trade publications in Puerto Rico. My list of former employers includes Caribbean Business, The San Juan Star, and the Puerto Rico Daily Sun, among others. My areas of expertise include telecommunications, technology, retail, agriculture, tourism, banking and most other areas of the economy.
Related tags : AAFAFbudgethearingoversight boardPuerto RicoTreasury
Bill studies plan to collect old State Insurance Fund debt
CBP at Plaza Las Américas to recruit agents, officers
Hey Buddy!, I found this information for you: "Lawmakers start hearings on proposed .5B budget". Here is the website link: https://newsismybusiness.com/lawmakers-hearings-proposed/. Thank you.


text:
Q: MVVM: Two-Way Binding To Array In The Model (w/o INotifyPropertyChanged) Let's say my Model has a property that's an array of primitives:
class Model
{
    public static int MaxValue { get { return 10; } }

    private int[] _array = {1,2,3,4};
    public int[] MyArray
    {
       get
       {
          return _array;
       }
       set
       {
           for (int i = 0; i < Math.Min(value.Length, _array.Length); i++)
               _array[i] = Math.Min(MaxValue, value[i]);
       }
}

The ViewModel then wraps this property this for consumption by the View:
class ViewModel
{
    Model _model = new Model();
    public int[] MyArray
    {
        get { return _model.MyArray; }
        set { _model.MyArray = value; }
    }
}

And finally, I present an ItemsControl so the user can set each value with a Slider:
<ItemsControl ItemsSource="{Binding MyArray}" >
  <ItemsControl.ItemTemplate>
    <DataTemplate>
      <Slider Value="{Binding Path=., Mode=TwoWay}" Minimum="0" Maximum="{Binding Source={x:Static Model.MaxValue}, Mode=OneWay}" />
    </DataTemplate>
  </ItemsControl.ItemTemplate>
</ItemsControl>

In this simple example, TwoWay binding won't work - the slider doesn't update the properties.  This is solved by wrapping each array element in an object, like:
class Wrap
{
    public int Value{ get; set; }
}

The MyArray properties then become a Wrap[], and we bind to Path=Value.  While it does feel a little "messy" to wrap arrays in the Model this way (note: the model is also used by other WinForms applications), it does solve the problem and the sliders can now update the array.
Next, let's add a button to reset the array values.  When clicked:
for( int i = 0; i < MyArray.Length; i++ )
    MyArray[i].Value = i;

Another problem has arisen: after clicking the button, the sliders don't reflect the new values.  This can be solved by changing the array to an ObservableCollection, and updating the values with object replacement:
   //MyArray is now ObservableCollection<Wrap>
   for( int i = 0; i < MyArray.Count; i++ )
        MyArray[i] = new Wrap() { Value = i };

First question: My understanding is that in MVVM, the Model classes aren't supposed to have anything to do with notification - that should be handled entirely by the VM.  Usually such discussion surrounds INotifyPropertyChanged, but it seems to me like changing arrays to ObservableCollection is really starting to muck up the Model for the sake of...well...notification.  Would this not be considered bad practice?  All the other (WinForms) apps that use the Model will now have to be updated to understand this wacky collection-of-objects-wrapping-primitives, just to make it work with databinding.  Is there perhaps some other way around this?
Second Question: My real issue comes from one more requirement.  In the ViewModel, the array values (and other properties) are actually used to generate an image - and every time a property is updated, the image needs to be refreshed.  For my other (non-array) properties, I do:
class ViewModel
{
    public int SomeProperty
    {
      get { return _model.SomeProperty; }
      set { _model.SomeProperty = value; RefreshImage(); }
    }
}

But I can't figure out how to update the image in the case of changing MyArray values.  I've tried subscribing to the ObservableCollection's CollectionChanged event, but it only gets triggered by the button click (object replacement), not by the sliders (as they update the Value within the object within the collection).  I could make the Wrap objects INotifyPropertyChanged and subscribe to ObservableCollection.PropertyChanged...but then I'm sending off notifications from within the model, which (according to everything I've ever read) you're not supposed to do in MVVM.  So I'm stuck either unable to refresh the image when the user manipulates the sliders, or having to basically break MVVM - with INotifyPropertyChanged, ObservableCollections, and wrappers all in my Model.  Surely there must be a cleaner way to go about this...?

A: Good questions.
Question #1. One thing I consistently see on SO is people claiming that models aren't supposed to do INPC. I'm an absolute MVVM purist, to the point where I have been involved in very large full-stack applications and insisted (successfully) that there be not a single line of code-behind. This is a position that even Josh Smith considers too extreme, and yet even a hard-core purist like myself concedes that adding this feature to the model layer is a practical necessity. INPC is not a view-specific concept; views, along with their corresponding view models, are by design transient in nature. This means you have one of two choices: either you duplicate your model layer almost entirely in the view model layer (error-prone and utterly impractical when you're on a tight schedule and budget), or you provide the model layer with a mechanism to do change notification up to the view model. And if you do choose the second method then why on earth would you roll your own instead of using the tried-and-tested mechanism already built into WPF? Every modern ORM worth its salt allows you to substitute in proxy objects with INPC, in cases of code-first design you can even add it at compile time automatically with a post-processing step.
Question #2: I'd need to see more of your code but in general you just need to call RaisePropertyChange (or whatever, depending on the framework you're using) a second time passing in the name of the property for your image.

A: In order to avoid changing my model (& all the other projects that depend on it), I ended up solving this by essentially storing a duplicate collection in my VM, and pushing/pulling changes to the model.  It's probably not all that elegant, but it gets the job done nicely: I can update the array from the sliders, from the button, and refresh the image after each update - all while leaving the Model's array as regular old primitives.
I ended up with something like the following.  TrulyObservableCollection is from here (modified to report NotifyCollectionChangedAction.Replace instead of Reset), and BindableUint is just a wrapper that implements INotifyPropertyChanged.
class ViewModel
{
    Model _model = new Model();
    TrulyObservableCollection<BindableUInt> _myArrayLocal = null;

    //Bind the ItemsControl to this:
    public TrulyObservableCollection<BindableUInt> MyArray
    {
        get
        {
            //If this is the first time we're GETTING this property, make a local copy
            //from the Model
            if (_myArrayLocal == null)
            {
                _myArrayLocal = new TrulyObservableCollection<BindableUInt>();
                for (var i = 0; i < _model.MyArray.Length; i++)
                    _myArrayLocal.Add(new BindableUInt(_model.MyArray[i]));

                _myArrayLocal.CollectionChanged += myArrayLocal_CollectionChanged;
            }

            return _myArrayLocal;
        }
        set
        {
            //If we're SETTING, push the new (local) array back to the model
            _myArrayLocal = value;
            for (var i = 0; i < value.Count; i++)
                _model.MyArray[i] = value[i].Value;

            RefreshImage();
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Called when one of the items in the local collection changes;
    /// push the changed item back to the model, & update the display.
    /// </summary>
    private void myArrayLocal_CollectionChanged(object sender, NotifyCollectionChangedEventArgs e)
    {
        //Sanity checks here
        int changedIndex = e.NewStartingIndex;
        if (_model.MyArray[changedIndex] != _myArrayLocal[changedIndex].Value)
        {
            _model.MyArray[changedIndex] = _myArrayLocal[changedIndex].Value;
            RefreshImage();
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// When using the button to modify the array, make sure we pull the
    /// updated copy back to the VM
    /// </summary>
    private void ButtonClick()
    {
        _model.ResetMyArray();
        for (var i = 0; i < _model.MyArray.Length; i++)
            _myArrayLocal[i].Value = _model.MyArray[i];
        RefreshImage();
    }
}


text:
Hey Microsoft: The 1950s called, they want their sexist ad back
This isn't the first time Microsoft has resorted to regressive gender norms
Sarah Gray
March 6, 2014 1:52AM (UTC)
While the latest installment of Microsoft's "Honestly" campaign doesn't fall to the levels of 1950s advertising, it's still definitely problematic. In the spot, a bride-to-be talks about her near miss (almost getting a Mac) and then lauds her Microsoft OneNote for how easy it is to plan her wedding! Yay technology!
The ad is another dispiriting example of how oblivious the tech world seems when it comes to its own entrenched sexism. There are so many non-domestic activities that these women could be partaking in. Yet, Microsoft defaults to wedding planning. Are they living in Pleasantville,or the real world?
As Slate and Huffington Post have pointed out, this is not the first time that Microsoft seems to have forgotten that women use -- and know how to use -- computers. Previous ads, for example, show an adult women talking about how great a new laptop is... for her kids. According to the HuffPost:
Back in December, the company was forced to change the language of a customizable letter for their "We got your back" promotion after it blatantly characterized women as non-gamers. One such option read:
"Hey honey, not sure if you've heard, but Xbox One is available. That means we can start playing games like Dead Rising 3. I know, I know. You'd rather knit than watch me slay zombies, but hear me out on this. Xbox One is actually for both of us…"
In the interest of fairness, they do have an advertisement where a young EMT student uses her laptop for both fun and school -- presumably medical school. That is, at least, an improvement.
As I've mentioned before, in the case of the piteous number of women honored with Google Doodles, representation is important, as is dispelling the notion that women are technologically impaired. And in an industry that struggles with gender parity, this just shows that Silicon Valley doesn't have a clue. Microsoft itself is dominated by an 80% male staff, the majority of its board is male and all three CEOs past and present are male, so it is hardly surprising that this ad campaign is so clueless.
Sarah Gray is an assistant editor at Salon, focusing on innovation. Follow @sarahhhgray or email sgray@salon.com.
MORE FROM Sarah Gray
Innovation Microsoft Pinterest Sexism Silicon Valley Video
Check out this article! https://www.salon.com2014/03/05/hey_microsoft_the_1950s_called_they_want_their_sexist_ad_back/


text:
THE MYSTERY OF THE FIRST SHABBAT
Sometime in the eighteenth century, a group of Russian-Orthodox Christians revolted against the strict hierarchical religious environment of Russian-Orthodoxy and embraced Judaism – or at least that is what they thought they were doing.
This group soon became known as Subbotniki – "Sabbath observers" – as a result of their decision to adopt Saturday as a holy day, and to observe Shabbat.
The lack of any ethnic Jewish origins of this unusual religious sect has fascinated scholars ever since they were discovered and studied by anthropologists and historians during the nineteenth century.
The sect – also known as Shaposhniki ("hat wearers") – first appeared prior to the Russian Empire's annexation of the areas in Poland later referred to as "the Pale of Settlement", which was home to a significant Jewish population. Before that time Jews were not permitted to live in Imperial Russia, and although Subbotniks were eager to claim Jewish descent, it would appear that their Jewish-inspired belief system was entirely self-generated, evident from the absence of any Hebrew in their liturgy, and also from the nonexistence, at least initially, of any laws or customs originating in the Talmud.
Unsurprisingly, the Subbotniks were viciously persecuted, despised both by the state and by the devoutly Christian population, and by the end of the 1830s most of them had been exiled from European Russia to Siberia or the Caucasus. Additionally, Subbotnik children were forcibly taken from their parents and given to Christian families for adoption.
In the late 1800s, a large contingent of Subbotniks who had formally converted to Judaism joined the first wave of Aliyah to Eretz Yisrael to escape the endless hostility, and a number of Israel's most prominent public figures were descended from these Subbotnik immigrants, including Ariel Sharon, whose mother Vera Schneirov-Scheinermann was of Subbotnik descent, and former Chief of Staff and Cabinet Minister Raful Eitan.
Today there are approximately 20,000 Subbotniks scattered across the former Soviet Union, mainly in tiny communities that are shrinking and disappearing at a rapid rate. Some efforts have been made to bring them to Israel, but this is complicated by the lack of certainty as to their Jewish identity and their consequent exclusion from the Law of Return.
Earlier this week, I found myself thinking about this obscure quasi-Jewish sect while trying to figure out a puzzling Talmudic reference to Shabbat observance.
The Talmud (Sab. 118b) quotes the Babylonian sage Rav: "Had the Jewish people properly observed the first Shabbat … no nation would have ever ruled over them."
Rav goes on to cite a source text from Beshalach to prove the nation had flunked their very first Shabbat-observance test (Ex. 16:27): וַיְהִי בַּיוֹם הַשְׁבִיעִי יָצְאוּ מִן הָעָם לִלְקֹט וְלֹא מָצָאוּ – "and it was on the seventh day, some of nation went out to gather [manna] but they did not find it." Having been given specific instructions regarding restrictions on Shabbat, there were still those who disregarded Moses and went to look for manna.
Tosafot (Sab. 87b) is mystified by Rav's assertion that the first Shabbat had been defiled. A few verses earlier the narrative describes an incident at Marah (Ex. 15:25), when the nation was given "a statute, a law, and there He tested them."
According to the Talmud (San. 56b), at Marah Moses told the nation about Shabbat, and stressed its centrality to the Jewish faith. There is no indication whatsoever that the nation desecrated this Shabbat, which was their actual first, a fact that rather undermines Rav's assertion about the long-term negative effect of the nation's failure to observe their first Shabbat.
Rabbi Judah Loew, the Maharal of Prague, suggests an intriguing solution to this obvious contradiction. The Shabbat defined by Moses at Marah involved positive precepts, but no restrictions. Only later on, when the rules regarding manna were handed down – rules which included restrictions concerning the collection of manna on Shabbat – did the observance of this holy day of rest take on real meaning. And it was these flouted restrictions that Rav proclaimed had resulted in Jewish suffering at the hands of gentile nations.
The Maharal's explanation is profound. Nothing worthwhile can ever be defined purely by what it is; what it is only has meaning when contrasted with what it is not. Shabbat is a day devoted to God because it is a day when we desist from our mundane daily tasks. Without these associated restrictions, all the actions of Shabbat lack true meaningfulness and depth.
Rabbi Hershel Shachter of Yeshiva University takes this idea even further. By definition, the concept of sanctity necessitates prohibitions. For example, a kohen is considered sanctified as a result of the restrictions imposed on him regarding who he cannot marry, and the fact that he is restricted from any contact with the dead. The Land of Israel is considered sanctified as a result of the many restrictions placed upon any produce that grows there.
Similarly, Shabbat is holy because of the many activities which are prohibited on that day. Our challenge is to take this time sanctified by restrictions and turn it into a meaningful holy day via the medium of mandated and permitted actions.
Although the Subbotniks denied the divinity of Jesus, and rejected the notion of a Second Coming, it was not their heresy that defined them for the Russian authorities, but their observance of Shabbat, and indeed, it was this aspect of their religious sectarianism that gave them their name. Not the fact that they gathered in their houses of worship on Saturdays and prayed – in this respect they were no different to Christians who went to church on Sundays – but because they refused to work on Saturdays, and took upon themselves, to the best of their knowledge, all the restrictions of Shabbat observance.
Ahad Ha'am famously quipped: "More than Jews have kept Shabbat, Shabbat has kept the Jews" – an astounding observation from someone who had himself abandoned Shabbat observance in favor of cultural Judaism. But notwithstanding his own drift away from Shabbat observance, on this point he hit the nail squarely on its head.
Photo: The Subbotnik community of Los Angeles gathers for the funeral of Esai Davitevitch in front of his home on South Clarence Street, early 1930s (photo courtesy of Russian Arizona website)


Hello! I'm Corey, the composer for the show. After we performed the extract, I was asked to talk a bit about how I'd put the music together; and so I thought I'd write down some of my processes here, for anyone that's interested. There's a smidgeon of music theory, but you should be fine!
The first thing to bring up is that the music is researched: it wasn't created on a whim or just to go with a poem. Each piece is connected with various bits of musical knowledge as well as aiming to describe a subtext for the poem.
In medieval music this mode had a relation called the Hypolydian: although it finishes on the same note, it starts three notes lower.
The medieval modes are related in name [but not sound] to the Ancient Greek Lydian modes, but had the same emotional connotations: that of lamentation and sorrow (Hypolydian); or moderation and joy (Lydian). Lovers of Plato's Republic will remember the critique of these harmonies.
There's slightly more to it than that of course, but using this framework gave me a flexible but meaningful way to construct the music and connect with the poems as they were being delivered.
I think that's probably enough for one post, but I may make another as rehearsals allow.
Here's a helpful link to the medieval modes.
← Update: Film Screening Prior to the Show!


text:
Jacktivities
EEO/Public FIle
Jack FM 105.9 Missoula is giving….
The gift of romance this Valentines Day! And what better way to woo your sweetie pie than ROCK tickets to see Grammy award-winning heavyweights Korn and multi-platinum hard rockers Breaking Benjamin!!! Fans will have the chance to see two of the biggest forces in rock perform at the Adams Center at the University of Montana, Sunday February 23rd, featuring special guest BONES UK to kick off the night!
WIN tickets by visiting us HERE, enter your information, and Jack will randomly select over a dozen entries for pairs of tickets to the show! Keep it klassy, keep it Korny, keep it tuned to Jack FM 105.9 Missoula. For more details or if you aren't feeling lucky and want to buy tickets yourself, click HERE
About Korn
Earlier this year KORN shook the world with the release of their acclaimed new album THE NOTHING. The GRAMMY® Award-winning group's latest effort is highlighted by singles "Can You Hear Me," Cold," and "You'll Never Find Me," the latter of which is joined by an official music video. "It continues KORN's mission of probing the hidden corners and harsh realities of life within a shroud discordant darkness," declared Noisey with The FADER adding, "KORN have never shied away from innovation… the icons have always looked forward." Los Angeles Times applauded the "…deep and potent performances from the band, evoking their ever-present rage but also feelings of loss and isolation," while NME affirmed, "This urgent and important record will ensure the veterans don't get lost in the shuffle." Furthermore, KORN recently announced the imminent arrival of their groundbreaking dramatized anthology podcast series, 'The Nothing,' which was written and created by Adam Mason and Simon Boyes with KORN. 'The Nothing,' a six-part dramatized series, tells the story of journalist Matt Singer who travels to the small town of Wellden, Kansas to investigate the mysterious disappearance of a teenage girl. He soon discovers not everything is as it seems in the rural community, and finds himself heading into his own heart of darkness. Produced by Elizabeth Mason and directed by Adam Mason (Blood River, The Devil's Chair), 'The Nothing' stars Keir O'Donnell (Wedding Crashers, Fargo, Legion), Darri Ingolfsson (Dexter, Black Antenna) and Mikayla S. Campbell.
About Breaking Benjamin
Multi-platinum band BREAKING BENJAMIN announced they will be releasing Aurora, a collection of reimagined songs from the band's vast catalogue, on January 24, 2020. BREAKING BENJAMIN's most recent release, EMBER debuted at #3 on the Billboard Top 200 and marked the multiplatinum band's fourth Top 5 debut on the Billboard Top 200, following 2015's #1 debut for Dark Before Dawn (Gold), 2009's Dear Agony (Platinum) at #4 and 2006's Phobia (Platinum) at #2. Additionally, the band has garnered nine #1 songs at rock radio, has charted Top 10 across numerous countries worldwide and topped #1 charts across multiple genres, including Top Alternative Albums, Top Rock Albums, Top Hard Rock Albums and Top Digital Albums. BREAKING BENJAMIN boasts an impressive 6.8 billion combined audio/video streams worldwide with a social imprint of over 6.5MM, a testament to the band's global influence and loyal fan base.
About BONES UK
BONES UK consists of vocalist Rosie Bones and guitarist Carmen Vandenberg. Their self-titled debut album is out now via Sumerian Records. The group confronts everything from the beauty industrial complex to toxic masculinity to music-scene sexism, embedding each track with choruses primed for passionate shouting-along. True to the L.A.-based band's anti-conformist spirit, BONES UK unfolds with an entirely uncontainable sound, a riff-heavy collision of rock-and-roll and rough-edged electronic music. After recruiting Filippo (a former classmate of Carmen's at The Academy of Contemporary Music in Surrey), BONES UK began pushing toward the heady complexity that now defines their music. Joined onstage by their drummer Heavy, BONES UK now see their live set as the ideal medium for their ever-expanding message, a vehicle for both catharsis and transformation.
Biggest Rock Show of the SUMMER just announced…
JACK FM 105.9 Missoula is losing it friends….if you haven't heard yet. GUNS N'ROSES will be making a stop in Montana this summer ending their tour at Washington Grizzly Stadium, Wednesday August 26th! THIS IS NOT A DRILL Jack heads! Tickets go on sale THIS Friday, click the link HERE to learn more about presale, tickets etc. But can you WIN tickets? Of course your buddy Jack FM 105.9 will be giving away tickets! We're looking forward to some listeners serenading us for the chance at tickets to one of the biggest shows this summer! How do you win?
Call in to Jack FM 105.9 Missoula, at 406-848-1059, leave us a message serenading us with your favorite Guns N'Roses song! Sing for your tickets! You don't have to sing the whole darn thing but have fun and be sweet, child o mine…We'll notify winners and will pick our favorite messages to share on air! PLUS winners walk away with a pair of tickets to the biggest rock and roll event of the summer.
"Los Angeles, CA (February 3, 2020) – Today rock and roll legends Guns N' Roses announced North American dates as part of their epic 2020 worldwide stadium tour this summer. The powerhouse performers will bring their uninhibited signature sound and dominance to millions of fans across the globe starting this March in Mexico City. The colossal Guns N' Roses 2020 Tour will steamroll through Toronto, Chicago, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Lisbon, London, Prague and so many more. GNR will be the first ever rock band to perform at the long-awaited Los Angeles SoFi Stadium and will hit MetLife Stadium on the opposite coast, home of the New York Giants and New York Jets.
Citi is the official presale credit card of the Guns N' Roses 2020 Tour. As such, Citi cardmembers will have access to purchase presale tickets beginning Tuesday, February 4 at 12pm local time until Thursday, February 6 at 10pm local time through Citi Entertainment®. For complete presale details visit www.citientertainment.com. Tickets go on sale to the general public for North American dates starting Friday, February 7th at 12pm local time at LiveNation.com. Tickets are on sale now for previously announced Latin America, South America, and European dates.
The iconic rock heroes will show off their vast catalogue of hits on the road including "Welcome to the Jungle," "Paradise City," "Sweet Child o' Mine," and "November Rain." Today's announcement comes on the heels of the band's first show of the decade at Super Bowl Music Fest that invaded Miami this weekend.
In 2016 Axl Rose, Slash, and Duff McKagan shocked and thrilled fans around the world after revealing they were reuniting for their now historic Not In This Lifetime Tour. The band brought endless energy to over 150 shows, playing for more than 5.5 million fans worldwide. Produced and promoted by Live Nation, the Not In This Lifetime Tour was crowned the third highest grossing outing of all time.
About Guns N' Roses
Following the group's 1985 formation, Guns N' Roses injected unbridled, unrivalled, and unstoppable attitude into the burgeoning Los Angeles rock scene. The spirit went on to captivate the entire world with the release of their 1987 debut Appetite for Destruction –the best-selling U.S. debut ever, moving 30 million copies globally. In 1991, the seven-time platinum Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II occupied the top two spots of the Billboard Top 200 upon release. Over the course of the past decade, Guns N' Roses have performed sold out shows and headlined festivals worldwide following the critically acclaimed release of 2008's RIAA platinum-certified Chinese Democracy. Six studio albums later, Guns N' Roses are one of the most important and influential acts in music history, and continue to set the benchmark for live performances connecting with millions of fans across the globe. Guns N' Roses' are Axl Rose (vocals, piano), Duff McKagan (bass), Slash (lead guitar), Dizzy Reed (keyboard), Richard Fortus (rhythm guitar), Frank Ferrer (drums), and Melissa Reese (keyboard). "


Welcome to Cafe Sahara Mediterranean Cuisines in Largo, FL! Try our Tabbouleh Salad and work your way to our Gyro! We also have vegetarian dishes for you to enjoy! Find us near the corner of W Bay and 20th, not too far from Largo Medical Center. Check out the menu and order online today!


text:
Introducing the One and Only Alfie Boe Tribute Act!
The question has long been asked of performers who have 'made it': How do you know when you have indeed made it? Perhaps one answer would be 'when you've got your own tribute act'. And so we can safely say that Alfie Boe has made it as I had the pleasure of talking to his very own tribute act, David Marshall, a few weeks ago.
David is a professional singer of many years, mostly working in the corporate arena and on the entertainment circuit with a classical / musical theatre repertoire. How he came to add the Alfie tribute to his act is remarkably similar to how Alfie first got started. Remember the customer at TVR who told Alfie about the D'oyly Carte auditions? Well, after a performance at the Belfry golf club a couple of years ago, a member of the audience asked David if he had ever considered becoming an Alfie Boe tribute act. In fact, David had never considered this and didn't really change his mind…at that point. A year on, the same man again approached David and urged him to think about it again as there seemed to be a gap in the tribute act market. At that point, as with Alfie at TVR, David realised that there was an opportunity there and so he did some research and found no other Alfie Boe tribute acts. The idea was planted and having looked at Alfie's back catalogue, David says that "I was already singing about 25 of Alfie's songs so it wasn't a stretch for me".
This was in the middle of 2015 and since then David has been working on his voice to sound more like Alfie and has also spent many an hour watching clips of Alfie's concerts on YouTube and of course, the concert DVDs. Apparently it has been quite hard to get the right tone as David has a slightly higher tenor range than Alfie. He is also quick to mention that die hard, super fans would "probably say that I haven't got it quite right as yet – but I'm still working on it all the time." See for yourself:
The main tribute repertoire that David includes in the show includes the more classical, musical theatre end of Alfie's back catalogue as the audiences that book David as Alfie Boe are more interested and even request, those songs. Although there are some more modern songs included, there aren't many as they don't seem as popular with the audiences. The exceptions are Classic Quadrophenia and Queen, which David included as he know Alfie loves Freddie Mercury and the music of Queen. Happily for David, his own core audience is, broadly speaking, the same as Alfie's and so he already has a natural audience for his new tribute act.
Alfie is apparently unaware of his new found 'made it' status with his own tribute act and so we don't know what he thinks of it. I guess he knows now – would love to know his view!
if you like what you see, why not subscribe to the Official Alfie Boe Fan Blog?
This entry was posted in Alfie Boe, Classical, Music, Musicals and tagged Alfie Boe, Bring Him Home, Classic Quadrophenia, David Marshall, tribute act on 7th March 2016 by thoughtsofjustafan.
← Drawing from The Well with Jennifer Warnes So You Think You Know Alfie Boe? →


of Science Degree at Adelaide University.
Danila that her path would be to help through the greater understanding of animal welfare.
pellets could be successfully delivered to castrated and tail-docked lambs.
properties where fencing is either impractical or too costly.
Danila, your love of sheep and research will only benefit us Kiwis over the ditch, keep up the great work! It will be fascinating to watch your virtual fencing technology grow and develop throughout the primary industries.


The DeWALT DWFP12569 2-N-1 16-Gauge Nailer and 15-1/2-Gauge Stapler Flooring Tool engages all flooring profiles and protects prefinished flooring. Light weight at only 10.6 lb., the DWFP12569 is better balance for better control. It is ergonomically designed with a longer handle and a comfort rubber grip. Optimized for the most popular solid flooring fasteners, the 2-N-1 flooring tool drives both 16-Gauge flooring cleat nails and 15-1/2-Gauge crown staples.
Dual fastener nailer is key. Used cleats on first job floor and tool worked seamlessly! Tyler tool shipping was fast and reliable. Great tool.
Easy to use nails were set perfectly good product.
Love this product, its great.
Great product and even a better company to work with. I'll be purchasing all my tool from CPO and tell all my friends about the great service I recieved from them.
We have used this nailer to assist in flooring projects by a volunteer group. It gets a LOT of heavy use. We just finished installing hardwood flooring in an entire house with almost perfect performance. We had one staple that broke apart in the nailer during use. This was difficult to clear. This is a very powerful nailer that can draw a slightly warped flooring board back into the previous row with no problems.
What's the smallest thickness of flooring that I can use with this tool? Will it work with 3/8 or 1/2 inch floors?
BEST ANSWER: No it will not. It will nail 1/2" 5/8" and 3/4"
Yes,the Min. Fastener Length is 1-1/2 in.
How do I adjust the pressure to countersink nails on a DeWalt M III?


text:
June 1-5, 2022 | Wakonda Club | Des Moines, IA
Birdies For Charity
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Tournament Director Doug Habgood Ready for 2019 PCC
May 25th, 2019|
By RICK BROWN, PCC Senior Reporter
Doug Habgood has called a lot of places home. But he likes to tip his hat to his roots.
On the Friday before tournament week, Habgood was sporting a Philadelphia Phillies baseball cap. The 46-year-old tournament director of the Principal Charity Classic was born in Malvern, Pa.
He graduated from the University of South Carolina. He lived in Naples, Fla., West Palm Beach, Fla., and Greensboro, N.C., while working for the LPGA. Hired by Bruno Event Team in 2003, he spent 15 years in Denver and Colorado Springs, Colo., before moving to Urbandale in August of 2018.
Married and the father of three daughters, Habgood has adjusted quickly to his new environment.
"I've found the geography is a little more diverse than you would think at first," Habgood said. "This golf course sort of proves my point."
Habgood has helped with the Principal Charity Classic since it moved from Glen Oaks to the Wakonda Club in 2013. An old-style course with rolling fairways and elevation changes that defy Iowa's flat agricultural stereotype, Wakonda has undergone some nips and tucks since the PGA Tour Champions started coming through the front gate on an annual basis.
"The first year was just short of mayhem, just working out all the kinks," Habgood said.
Wakonda is landlocked by the city of Des Moines on all four sides, making for some logistical challenges for Habgood and his staff.
"But I like where it is geographically for the city, and I like where it is geographically to the airport," Habgood said. "So it's kind of a nice package here. And I think we've kind of grown into it. If you look at how we set it up the first year, there's probably not one thing that's the same. Everything has been tinkered with. And we'll tinker with it next year."
In his role as tournament director, idle chatter is missing from Habgood's to-do list for the three months leading up to the Principal Charity Classic. This year's challenge was magnified because an entirely new tournament staff had to be hired.
"As of March 1 we had two employees, where normally we'd have six, Habgood said.
For the last three months, time management has been an essential part of Habgood's daily routine.
"You look at the value of certain initiatives and think, "If I go down that path is it going to help the event?" he said. "How much time and effort is it going to take for me to get there? So you start to evaluate which ones you think are going to have the most return, and you stay away from the others. A lot of it is sort of working backwards. You know where you need to be at the end, and how do you get there?"
As organized and prepared as Habgood is for a tournament, he knows that even the perfect plan will need to be adjusted on the fly.
"You'd like to think, "Hey, we've got everything covered,' " he said. "But every time that phone rings, or you get an email or someone walks in that door, you have to react to it. I know how many meetings I have in a day. But I don't know that the casual member is going to walk in here and ask me something about the menu in a skybox, which throws you off and you have to react."
In other words, thinking on your feet is a big part of the job.
"Absolutely," Habgood said. "And it's how you react, and how you handle the volume. Because it can run over you for sure. You can only control so much. If you were to sit here and think about the whole thing, it would overwhelm you. It's an inexact science."
Between now and Sunday, when the winner accepts his trophy and the first-place check for $277,500, Habgood will put out plenty of fires that the fans in attendance will know nothing about.
"I've go to deliver what's on my list so that I'm backing up my teammates, because I need them to do the same thing," Habgood said. "If I come up short I've let them down, and vice-versa. Otherwise you'd be overwhelmed and you wouldn't be able to concentrate to get things done."
Principal Charity Classic Sets Charitable Giving Record in 2021
2021 Principal Charity Classic to double attendee capacity – Fully vaccinated attendees no longer required to wear a mask
Meredith Corporation Announces Million Dollar Charity Challenge at 2021 Principal Charity Classic
Principal Charity Classic, Sammons Financial Group launch new giving program in support of DE&I
Raising money for Iowa children through an exciting, family-friendly event that also contributes greatly to the economic vitality and quality of life in Central Iowa.
info@principalcharityclassic.com
Brought to you with support from:


Show some R-E-S-P-E-C-T for the Queen of Soul, Aretha Franklin!
Youtube search for "Aretha Franklin"
I'm-a gonna parody "Spirit in the Dark". Not decided on what, maybe something about beavers since I'm watchin' Angry Beavers ATM (got the whole series on DVD for mah birfday)..."Chewin' on the Bark" maybe?
I am already inspired with an idea to do against "Respect"...I am excited to get home and work on it!
Matty, I think I'm also going to take on "Think", however because of my lack of video game knowledge...your topic is safe. Nope, mine has to do with the international binge drinking holiday we call St. Patrick's Day that is coming up on Monday. "Drink" will be coming soon!


I have configured my ListView differently than the standard Android example. This article is what I did and how it was accomplished. The biggest difference between the android example and mine is I didn't want a full screen ListView. This impacted both the code and the visuals of the ListView. In the standard example it is suggested that a ListActivity is created. I on the other hand already have an Activity that defines a screen and is bound to a XML layout file. In the layout file I added a ListView element with the id MessageList. I then reference this ListView in my Activity and add the needed components to it. Below are excerpts from the Activity.
At this point I have a ListView defined on a page with other content. The ListView is connected to an ArrayAdapter which supplies it with dummy content through a string array in res/values/strings.xml. Next I wanted to add a border to the ListView to help define its size and make it clear where the edges of the ListView were. I was surprised that it was so difficult to figure out. There is no border property in ListView which was disappointing. I tried various options and found the solution I like the best is putting the ListView in a FrameLayout. I set the Background color of the FrameLayout to the color I want for my border and set the padding to the desired border width. The results look something like this.


NEFE is independently funded by its own endowment and operates as a noncommercial entity free from financial ties to other organizations. NEFE's endowment was established with the proceeds of the sale of the College for Financial Planning and related transactions in 1997. Additional growth is realized through investment of the endowment's assets.
NEFE does not accept funding from government or corporations, and does not raise revenue through the sale of products or services.
All of NEFE's programs are provided at no cost.


GRMC Alumni expresses our heartfelt condolences at the sad demise of Dr. Mahesh Upadhyay 1956 batch. May God grant peace to the departed soul.
Welcome to GRMC Alumni Association!
GRMC was inaugurated at 1st Aug 1946 by H.H. Jiwaji Rao Scindia and college building was inaugurated by Deputy Prime Minister of India Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on 5th Dec 1948. GRMC alumni association was formed in 1995 in Gwalior at the occasion of Golden Jubilee celeberations. We are so proud of this association that we want all grmcians to come forward and join it.


Toyota has revealed its first fully-electric passenger car.
The Japanese brand has unveiled a battery-powered version of the C-HR city SUV at the Shanghai motor show.
While it is intended to be available exclusively in China from the outset, launching in 2020, it is the first of 10 battery-electric vehicles under development by Toyota, which plans to sell more than 5.5 million EVs around the world each year by the end of the next decade.
Toyota has yet to release full details of the electric C-HR, but a promotional video on YouTube shows it has a battery pack mounted in the floor of the chassis that powers an electric motor under the bonnet that drives the front wheels only.
Visiually, the C-HR can be idenitified as the electric version with a panel in place of the conventional car's front grille, more aerodynamic-designed alloy wheels and 'Electric' badges on the nose and flanks.
The C-HR electric will be built in China by Toyota's joint venture manufacturing partner, FWA.
While it will remain exclusive to China, the concept of battery-powered vehicles is definitely in the future plans for Toyota Australia - along with further developments in hybrid, plug-in hybrid and hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles.
"It's not something that is on our radar for right now," Toyota spokesperson, Orlando Rodriguez, told Drive.
"We'd have to make sure it made sense for our market before making any further commitments to battery-electric cars. At the moment, we believe hybrid is the best solution for the Australian market right now with noriceable benefits in economy and without the need for additional infrastructure.
"When electric-vehicle infrastructure becomes more widespread, of course battery-electric vehicles will form part of our line-up. But there is not one magic bullet that suits all demands for the market, so we will also continue to evaluate fuel cell and build on our heritage with hybrid technology."
Alongside the electric C-HR, Toyota also revealed a plug-in hybrid Corolla sedan and a quirky concept car called Rhombus - the first product to be designed under Toyota's new Chinese research and development division.
It hasn't outlined many details of the concept, but an overhead image shows the four-seat commuter features an unusual layout with a central driving position flanked by two outboard seats and a single rear seat in a diamond pattern.


The variety has 14 products,made up of 1 pages with 20 kinds/page!
Since the 1945 the first shop "CELINE, Le bottier pour enfants" was opened by female designers Celine Vipiana in Paris, the story of famous French brand Celine which started out selling senior boys shoes has been more than 60 years. Since 1959, women's clothing, Celine handbags as Celine's main project. Celine handbags have a wide variety of patterns, such as two-wheeled carriage, OMEGA, flowers, and a half moon mark, these patterns are even more deeply on behalf of Celine classic. In 1950,the first one Celine mark, "Elephant" was born, which represents a childlike innocence, happiness and joy. CELINE introduced the series of children's colthing which used this marker and Souvenirs, most welcome.
Luxury Celine Luggage Bags is the must-have bag for fashion people. Welcome to Celine Bags Outlet online shop. They are high quality guarantee with sponginess and free shipping for any items over our store. Celine Online can offer you many Celine bag products. You would feel what's real when get one Celine Luggage tote Bags from us. We offer top service and competitive price for any customers over the world. There is no doubt that carrying these well-wrapped Celine handbags would bring you in the trend as they come in bright color shading, plus, they also guarantees to somewhat add wildness to your classic look due to the use of exotic-looking leather.
© 2012-2017 celine bags. All Rights Reserved.


It's our birthday episode! We want to say a big thank you to our gorgeous listeners for coming along for the ride. (52 episodes kind of flew by, don't you think?) To celebrate, we wanted to give you guys a special gift: The interview so many of you have been asking for—Emily Weiss of Into the Gloss and Glossier! Her perspective on the beauty business is truly unique, and her product reccos, top-notch. Also, she was lovely company. Listen to the episode, and you'll never see a Glossier sweatshirt the same way again.
Before we get to the big chat, we have a few items on the agenda. One, 'stache problems. Jenn has a solution for the problem that no one wants to talk about. Then, Jess brings back her best mascara hack from Dior's Peter Phillips, plus what she learned from Bella Hadid in Paris. Last, we shout out the beauty apps that are actually worth the space on your cellie.
We want to thank our friends at Glossier for giving our listeners a very special discount. Enter the code FATMASCARA and receive $5 off any order at Glossier.com. This promo ends March 23, 2017.
MakeupPlus (developed by Meitu, NOT "Meme" - Jess apologizes!
Glossier Showroom - go visit!!


It was hard for Andy to keep from smiling.
I want you to find out why Merril wasn't here today.
Miltos and Hughes spent the night talking with John and Alice.
Jeff is a lot prettier than I remember.
Don doesn't think he can get along with Those.
Vince left some money for Suwandi.
Jennifer used to be motivated.
Mosur began to beat his son.
I have a lot of faith in Kevin.
Greg pulled into his parking space and got out.
Ahmet couldn't have done what you say he did.
I hope Leads feels better.
Elisabeth went to the post office to mail a letter.
Damon is not an anti-Semite!
Lonhyn is one of us now.
Pamela is like my own daughter.
Sedat is getting ready, isn't he?
Micah was reunited with his father.
Toerless told Luke to keep the door closed.
Allan needs to get some rest.
I'm sure Hillary would agree with me.
Lance slept in class again today.
The diving competition is one of Piercarlo's favorite events to watch in the Olympics.
Tait should be here before long.
Root and Paul dyed some eggs for Easter.
While in prison, Rathnakumar attempted an escape.
Sandra is a good-looking young man.
Trent is going to be surprised, isn't he?
Novo had an unusual thirst for knowledge.


text:
An election to Preseli Pembrokeshire District Council was held in May 1991. The Independent councilors retained the vast majority of seats. It was preceded by the 1987 election and followed, after local government re-organization, by the 1995 Pembrokeshire County Council election. On the same day there were elections to the other local authorities and community councils in Wales.

Boundary Changes
There were no boundary changes at this election.

Ward Results

Brawdy (one seat)

Burton (one seat)
No election was held as the sitting member, Jack Lewis, was unopposed; however he died before polling day.

Camrose (one seat)

Castle (one seat)

Cilgerran (one seat)

Clydau (one seat)

Crymych (one seat)

Dinas Cross (one seat)

Fishguard (two seats)

Garth (three seats)

Goodwick(one seat)

Hakin (three seats)

Haverfordwest Prendergast (one seat)

Haverfordwest Priory (one seat)

Johnston (one seat)

Letterston (one seat)

Llangwm (one seat)

Maenclochog (one seat)

Merlin's Bridge (one seat)
Affie Webb lost his seat after the drawing of lots.

Milford Haven, Central and East (three seats)

Milford Haven, North and West (two seats)
An Independent had gained a seat from the Liberal Democrats at a by-election.

Newport (one seat)

Neyland East (one seat)

Neyland West (one seat)

Rudbaxton(one seat)

St David's (one seat)

St Dogmaels (one seat)
No election was held as no nominations were submitted.

St Ishmaels (one seat)

Scleddau (one seat)

Solva (one seat)

The Havens(one seat)

Wiston (one seat)

By-Elections 1991-1995

Burton by-election 1991
A by-election was held in the Burton ward  following the death of the sitting member shortly before the 1991 election.

St Dogmaels by-election 1991
A by-election was held in the St Dogmaels ward after no nominations were received for the regular election.

References

1991
1991 Welsh local elections

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The story of English law
An essay in nine easy tablets
Some years ago, I wrote a book called 'The Common Law, A History'. I wrote it mainly for lawyers, in part because too many were admitted to practice without having been taught the history of the law. That in my view is worse than sad. This essay is not a précis of that book. It is an introduction written for the general reader. People at large should have an interest in the history that underlies and underwrites our way of life. It also represents the bare minimum of what law students should be taught. The alternative may resemble giving a ticket to a doctor who has not opened Gray's Anatomy. I will publish the essay by nine consecutive posts on this website. I hope you get some of the enjoyment in reading it that I got in writing it.
The German Conquest
The world is very old, but most of its peoples are now governed by legal systems that have come down from either Rome or England. Ours (Australia's) comes from the English, and its story is our present subject.
What we call Europe was dominated in the ancient world first by Greece and then by Rome. The Greeks laid the foundations of logic and the arts, but they were hopeless at politics (a word we got from them), and their laws have had little impact on us. The Romans were not so concerned with the intellect or the arts, but they created political systems in ruling the West and they developed a very sophisticated body of laws.
The religion of each now looks both primitive and banal – about level, say, with voodoo. Except for Rome near the end, neither people grasped the notion of the dignity that each of us has because we are human. Each was based on slavery and a protection racket called empire, and the notion that either could be said to be civilized was one of the more curious conceits of the old Oxbridge.
The Romans ruled the land known now as Britain for four centuries from about the start of the Common Era to the start of the fifth century – nearly twice the time that the white people have been running Australia. Very little effect of their rule is now left – and even less of that of the indigenous people (who don't get a good press in Cymbeline).
Instead, the character of the English nation began to take shape as Angles and Saxons settled there – although the natives would have looked on their incursions as invasions (as our First Nations look on the English who came here – 'waterborne parasites' according to one Cambridge lecturer). They were followed by Scandinavian raiders and settlers. The word 'English' comes from the first part of the term Anglo-Saxon.
The Greeks were fearful snobs and the Romans ran them a close second. They turned up their noses at the Germans – in much the same way that Churchill would do with the Huns. But the great historian Tacitus gave the Germans a tick in his Germania, and those Germans would be at the head of the new breeds bringing down old Rome. There is a pleasing irony in their English descendants' blocking their reception of Roman law in England – and then, much later, repudiating everything that Rome stood for as the head of one universal church. But for the pesky independence of Germans turned English, the world would now look very different.
The fall of Rome led to a period of fear and uncertainty that we know as the Dark Age. You can read about it in Beowulf. It was as if the lights of Europe had all been turned out. To whom would people look for their protection? From where would they go for their laws?
Well, whatever else they did, they did not do what most of Europe would wind up doing and import Roman law. They would go it alone.
People would later seek protection under what we now call the feudal system. (The phrase had not yet been invented – nor had the word 'Europe'.) 'I will be your man if you will look after me'. The scheme is accurately pictured in the beginning of The Godfather. The Mafia thrives on government failure.
We now think that the first laws dealt with the conflicts that inevitably arise when people cross paths and then seek to work the land in a common area. They need laws to control the vendetta – the issue identified in the Oresteia – and the protection of interests in land. The feudal system became very intricate and this called for refinement by law-makers.
The great jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes said: 'It is commonly known that the early forms of legal procedure were grounded in vengeance. Modern writers have thought that the Roman law started from the blood feud, and all the authorities agree that the German law began in that way. …. Vengeance imports a feeling of blame, and an opinion, however distorted by passion, that a wrong has been done.'
If those were the ends of the laws, what were the means? You don't have to have studied Pavlov's dog to know that when people are asked what they should do next, they ask what others did before then. Is there a precedent? People get into a way of doing things so that it becomes a custom – that may in time harden into law.
Take the word decree. When pronounced by a judge, it determines the rights of the parties. It looks backward – although it may be treated as a precedent in the future. But if pronounced by an emperor or dictator, it applies to everyone in what they do in the future. It is delivered as a law.
The Anglo-Saxons ruled through their kings. The king held all the powers of making, executing and adjudicating on the laws. His household became known as his court, and he would seek advice from his trusted advisers. This we are told was the custom of Germanic chiefs from time immemorial.
Over time, those closest to the king achieved a separate standing and office over others. They would defend his realm, advise him on laws, and adjudicate disputes in his name. The rot set in when these preferred people became an aristocracy as hereditary as the crown. A large part of our story will deal with how the aristocrats served to pull the teeth of the crown – before it became their turn to have their own teeth pulled.
The Anglo-Saxon kings made written laws called dooms but the crown would not flower until a new royal line took over the throne.
Dispute resolution was brutal and supernatural. The issue was determined not by judges, but by God. His word was revealed by a gruesome ordeal or trial by battle, or a process called 'wager of law' – signing up people to vouch for your credibility. All those terms would sound alarmingly modern to litigants now.
Christianity would soften the system a little, and add teeth to the oath when people believed in the fires of hell, but it all looks very primitive to us. And Christianity brought with it interference by the Church in government at all levels – with consequences that would take far more than a millennium to sort out.
The key to this phase of six centuries from the departure of the Romans to the invasion by the Normans is that the people coming to be called the English were determined not just to go along with the others. We saw this insularity rise up again just recently. The English were always going to make tricky bed partners with the people in Europe. They are separated by so much more than the Channel.
And although he may have stretched the point, a distinguished American jurist commented that the English law is more German than the law of Germany itself.
Law – history – Anglo-Saxons
← Passing Bull 297 – Unhinged?


Want to be a leader? Train your reflection skills!
Knowledge is power, yes, but it is not the sole quality you need to have to succeed in business. Dr. Magdalena Cholakova, Assistant Professor of Strategy & Entrepreneurship at the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, knows this like no other. That is why she lets her students practice with situations they will encounter in their professional lives. Her goal: to help them develop core leadership skills, using an experiential learning approach, coupled with reflective writing.
So how exactly does Dr. Cholakova do this? By roleplay, for example. In one of her workshops, she lets her students negotiate with each other in pairs. The students, in this case Helena and Casper, play two founders of a company who need to renegotiate the amount of equity that they should each have in their start-up. Helena came up with the idea for the company, but Casper is the technical genius and without him, the product they want to develop cannot be built. Casper is introverted, Helena extroverted; Casper usually tries to avoid conflicts, while Helena has a very competitive approach to conflict resolution.
›Watch the video : Want to be a leader? Train your reflection skills!
Helena immediately admits that the role fits her profile quite naturally. 'I might have to be a bit more accommodating', Helena says, however, as she needs Casper to help her grow the company. Casper, in turn, is much more introverted and conflict-avoidant, yet the present role requires him to step up in order to negotiate a better deal. That's exactly what he does, as they start, which comes as a surprise for Helena. In the end, Casper doesn't talk about just salary or equity in order to get what he wants, but tries to come up with different options to turn this situation into a win-win for both of them. For example, he explores some alternative benefits, such as asking Helena to pay for his kids' tuition.
Dr. Cholakova lets them talk while also analysing their body language, the space between them, their eye contact and so on. Afterwards, they reflect on the negotiation together: what was most challenging for each and why? What can they learn from their behaviour and how could they approach another negotiation differently in the future?
'Most of the exercises that I use are based on experiential learning, in order to really help students actively apply the concepts taught, reflect on them, and get a chance to re-apply them in order to improve throughout the duration of the course.' 'This type of exercises can help foster a growth mindset', Dr. Cholakova says.


In 1482, the Florentine humanist and statesman Francesco Berlinghieri produced the Geographia, a book of over one hundred folio leaves describing the world in Italian verse, inspired by the ancient Greek geography of Ptolemy. The poem, divided into seven books (one for each day of the week the author "travels" the known world), is interleaved with lavishly engraved maps to accompany readers on this journey.
Sean Roberts demonstrates that the Geographia represents the moment of transition between printing and manuscript culture, while forming a critical base for the rise of modern cartography. Simultaneously, the use of the Geographia as a diplomatic gift from Florence to the Ottoman Empire tells another story. This exchange expands our understanding of Mediterranean politics, European perceptions of the Ottomans, and Ottoman interest in mapping and print. The envoy to the Sultan represented the aspirations of the Florentine state, which chose not to bestow some other highly valued good, such as the city's renowned textiles, but instead the best example of what Florentine visual, material, and intellectual culture had to offer.


Homeschool parents are often untrained in terms of formal education principles, theories and methods. As such, it is easy to misinterpret or misunderstand assessment to mean administering standardized testing. While there are similarities, and standardized testing does provide valuable assessment information, the principles of assessment are not the same as testing. Testing provides a one-time snap shot of a student's abilities and retained knowledge. A bad day, recent illness, or poorly designed test can drastically alter the results.
Assessments, on the other hand, provide a broader view of a student's true abilities. For example, looking at numerous examples of a student's handwriting from the beginning, middle, and end of a school year provides a better indication of their progress for the year. From such an example, parents can better assess improvements and skill development. A single, one-opportunity writing "test" could show drastically different results. If a student has not yet eaten lunch, for example, their handwriting could potentially be shakier or sloppier than if taken later in the day, after lunch, and thus not illustrate their true abilities.
State requirements for standardized testing aside, parents can use assessments as an opportunity to be more creative. Parents can determine which tools best fit their teaching and their child's learning styles. For example, a parent can opt to use a variety of methods using free and inexpensive tools. Many curriculum providers offer free placement tests to determine where your child falls in terms of skills and their curriculum objectives. Likewise, standardized tests do offer valuable information on knowledge retention. However, these are not the only tools. Be just as creative with your assessment tools as you are with your teaching approach.
Talking with your child about their strengths, weaknesses, and interests can do a great deal to help assess their performance. At the beginning of the school year, provide options in terms of subjects, unit study topics, and teaching methods. Determine with your child, as age appropriate, what goals they would like to achieve with their learning, as well as what goals and achievements you expect. Discuss together what educational goals each subject or unit should meet and how you plan to measure their performance.
You might be surprised what ideas your child has for showing off their educational accomplishments. Building a portfolio of accomplishments together, for example, provides wonderful assessment opportunities, as well as boosting your child's confidence. For older children, building such portfolios also helps with college admission requirements. A yearly portfolio provides examples of where skills began and how they have improved over time.
Family discussions are also another way to assess your student. If you want to know how much information your child has retained from history, science, sociology, geography, or even math lessons, have a verbal discussion. Ask your child their opinions on historical events or scientific theories and discoveries. Ask them open discussion questions about geographical areas, including cultural and other sociology information, as appropriate for their age and skill level. Ask them to provide real world examples of how they could apply math concepts to solve a problem. If a child can openly and intelligently discuss a particular topic, they are obviously retaining and internalizing the concepts taught.
To further document and track performance, write down their accomplishments for the year. For example, if you noticed improvement in their math skills, handwriting, or application of scientific principles, write these down at the end of the year. Include supporting information, such as standardized testing results or example assignments. Determine what you believe to be the next, most logical goal in their development.
Likewise, write down areas where you feel your child could improve. For example, if their report-writing skills, creative problem solving skills, or ability to manage fractions seems to be lacking, make a note of these weaknesses as things to target in the future. Determine specific goals such as improving typing speed and accuracy to 45wpm by Christmas or consistently complete book reports of more than 300 words. Specific goals help you determine when performance has improved. Standardized testing results and keeping examples of assignments can also help determine to what level your child has improved.