text:
Carlota Stuart, estilizada Duquesa de Albany (Liège, 29 de outubro de 1753 – Bolonha, 17 de novembro de 1789), foi a filha de Carlos Eduardo Stuart, príncipe e pretendente jacobita, e a única a chegar na fase adulta. Sua mãe, Clementina Walkinshaw, foi amante do príncipe entre 1752 a 1760, porém, após anos de abuso, deixou-o e levou a filha consigo.

Carlota viveu a maior parte de sua vida em conventos franceses, afastada de um pai que se recusou a fazer qualquer provisão para ela. Na década de 1770, por conta da proibição de se casar imposta por seu pai, ela se tornou amante de Ferdinand de Rohan, arcebispo de Bordeaux, com quem teve três filhos.

Finalmente se reconciliou com o pai em 1784, quando este a legitimou e a criou duquesa de Albany no pariato jacobita. Seus filhos foram deixados com a sua mãe, enquanto Carlota tornou-se cuidadora e companheira de seu pai nos últimos anos de vida, antes de morrer menos de dois anos depois dele. Seus três filhos foram criados no anonimato, sendo a suas existências na linhagem da família mantidas em segredo até o século XX, quando foram descobertos em uma pesquisa realizada pelos historiadores Alexander Norwich Tayler e Helen Agnes Henrietta Tayler.

Biografia

Carlota Stuart nasceu em 29 de outubro de 1753 em Liège. Seus pais foram o príncipe Carlos Eduardo Stuart e sua amante Clementina Walkinshaw, que conhecera durante o levante jacobita de 1745, quando fora da França para a Escócia, na tentativa de recuperar à força os tronos da Inglaterra, Escócia e Irlanda, que haviam sido perdidos por seu avô, Jaime II e VII, em 1689.

Clementina (1720–1802) era a caçula das dez filhas de John Walkinshaw de Barrowhill (1671–1731). Os Walkinshaw possuíam as terras de Barrowfield e Camlachie, e seu pai se tornou um rico comerciante em Glasgow (fundando a vila têxtil de Calton). Um protestante episcopal e jacobita, ele havia lutado pelo pai do príncipe no levante de 1715, tendo sido capturado na batalha de Sheriffmuir, antes de escapar do castelo de Stirling e fugir para o continente Europeu.

Em 1717, John foi perdoado pelo governo britânico e retornou a Glasgow, enquanto sua filha mais nova nasceu provavelmente em Camlachie. No entanto, Clementina foi educada majoritariamente no continente e mais tarde converteu-se ao catolicismo romano. Em 1746, estava morando na casa de seu tio Hugh Paterson em Bannockburn, perto de Stirling. O príncipe Carlos chegou à casa de Hugh no início de janeiro de 1746, onde conheceu Clementina, e retornou no final daquele mês para ser cuidado do que parece ter sido um resfriado. Dado que estava vivendo sob a proteção de seu tio, não se pensa que os dois fossem amantes já naquela época. Após a derrota da rebelião do príncipe em Culloden, em abril de 1746, Carlos fugiu da Escócia para a França. Nos anos seguintes teve um caso escandaloso com sua prima de 22 anos, Louise de Montbazon (casada com um amigo íntimo seu, e a quem abandonou quando de sua gravidez), e depois com a princesa de Talmont, que tinha quarenta anos e era consideravelmente mais velha que ele mesmo.

Em 1752, ouviu que Clementina estava em Dunquerque e passava por dificuldades financeiras. Então deu-lhe cinquenta luíses como ajuda e depois enviou Henry Goring para pedir-lhe que fosse a Ghent morar consigo como sua amante. Goring, que descreveu Clementina como uma "mulher má", reclamou de ser usado como "não mais que um cafetão" e logo depois deixou o serviço de Carlos. Em novembro daquele mesmo ano, Clementina estava morando com Carlos e permaneceria sua amante pelos oito anos seguintes. O casal se mudou para Liège, onde Carlota, filha única, nasceu em 29 de outubro de 1753 e foi batizada na fé católica romana na igreja de Sainte Marie-des-Fonts.

Separação dos pais (1760–1783)

A relação entre o príncipe e sua amante era desastrosa, pois Carlos já era um alcoólatra desiludido e zangado quando começaram a morar juntos, e se tornou violento e excessivamente possessivo com Clementina, tratando-a como um "saco de pancadas submisso".

Muitas vezes fora de casa em "passeios", raramente se referia à filha e, quando o fazia, era como "a criança". Durante uma mudança temporária para Paris, os auxiliares do príncipe notaram infames discussões públicas entre os dois, e que sua embriaguez e temperamento estavam prejudicando sua reputação.

Em 1760, quando estavam em Basileia, Clementina, que já se cansara da embriaguez de Carlos e de seu estilo de vida errático, entrou em contato com o pai dele, o católico romano Jaime Stuart ("o Velho Pretendente"), e expressou o desejo de garantir uma educação católica para Carlota e retirar-se para um convento. Jaime concordou em pagar-lhe uma anuidade de dez mil libras francesas e, em julho de 1760, há evidências sugerindo que a tenha ajudado a fugir do vigilante Carlos, com Carlota, de sete anos, para o convento das Freiras da Visitação em Paris. Clementina deixou uma carta para Carlos expressando-lhe sua devoção, mas reclamando que, por medo de perder sua vida, acabou por fugir. Furioso, Carlos fez circular descrições das duas, buscando encontra-las, mas não obteve resultados.

Recursos da França

Nos doze anos seguintes, Clementina e Carlota continuaram a viver em vários conventos franceses, apoiadas pelas seis mil libras de pensão concedidas por Jaime Stuart. Carlos nunca perdoou Clementina por privá-la da "criança" e teimosamente se recusou apoiá-las financeiramente. Em 1 de janeiro de 1766, Jaime morreu, mas Carlos — agora considerando-se de jure Carlos III da Escócia, Inglaterra e Irlanda — ainda se recusou a fazer qualquer provisão para as duas, forçando Clementina, agora denominando-se "condessa Alberstroff", a pedir ajuda ao cardeal Henrique Stuart.

O cardeal concedeu-lhes um subsídio de cinco mil libras, mas em troca extraiu uma declaração de Clementina de que nunca fora casada com Carlos — declaração que ela mais tarde tentou retirar. Essa quantia mais baixa forçaram-nas a encontrar alojamentos mais baratos no convento de Notre Dame, em Meaux-en-Brie.

Em 1772, o príncipe que até então estava com 51 anos de idade, casou-se com a princesa Louise de Stolberg-Gedern, de 19 anos — era apenas um ano mais velha que a filha dele. Carlota, já em penúria, havia algum tempo vinha escrevendo para o pai e agora implorava desesperadamente que a legitimasse, lhe desse apoio e a levasse a Roma antes que um herdeiro pudesse nascer. Em abril de 1772, escreveu uma carta comovente, mas suplicante, para "mon Augusta Papa", que foi enviada pelo diretor Gordon do Scots College, em Roma. Carlos cedeu e se ofereceu para levar Carlota a Roma (agora residia no Palazzo Muti, a residência dos Stuarts no exílio), mas apenas com a condição de que deixasse sua mãe na França. Ante sua recusa em fazê-lo, Carlos, furioso, interrompeu todas as discussões.

Amante do arcebispo
No final de 1772, Clementina e Carlota chegaram inesperadamente a Roma para pressionar pessoalmente por sua causa desesperada (a viagem levou Clementina a endividar-se ainda mais). No entanto, o príncipe reagiu com raiva, recusando-se a vê-las, forçando seu retorno desamparado à França, de onde as cartas de Carlota continuavam. Três anos depois, Carlota, agora com 22 anos e já com problemas de saúde (aparentemente sofria de uma doença hepática compartilhada pelos Stuarts), decidiu que sua única opção era se casar o mais rápido possível. Carlos, no entanto, recusou-se a dar permissão para que ela se casasse ou se tornasse freira, o que a deixou esperando indefinidamente por sua aprovação.

Sem legitimidade ou permissão, Carlota não conseguiu se casar, o que a levou a procurar um protetor e provedor. Provavelmente sem o conhecimento de seu pai, tornou-se amante de Ferdinand Maximilien Mériadec de Rohan, arcebispo de Bordeaux e Cambrai. Ferdinand – relacionado por sangue à casa de Stuart, bem como às de Bourbon e Lorraine – também não pôde se casar legitimamente, tendo entrado na Igreja como filho mais novo de uma casa nobre. Juntos, tiveram três filhos: duas filhas, Marie Victoire e Carlota e um filho, Carlos Eduardo. Seus filhos foram mantidos em segredo e permaneceram em grande parte desconhecidos até o século XX. Quando finalmente decidiu deixar a França para morar em Florença, ainda estava se recuperando do nascimento de seu filho.

Reconciliação

Carlos voltou a se interessar por sua filha depois que seu casamento sem filhos com Louise terminou e sua doença se agravou. Por essa época Carlota tinha trinta anos e não via o pai desde os sete. Em 23 de março de 1783, Carlos alterou seu testamento para torná-la herdeira e, uma semana depois, assinou um ato de legitimação. Este ato, reconhecendo-a como sua filha natural e dando-lhe o direito de ter sua propriedade privada, foi enviado a Luís XVI de França. Henrique Stuart, no entanto, contestou a legitimação como sendo irregular e confusa para a sucessão. O monarca francês acabou confirmando o ato e registrando-o no Parlamento de Paris, mas não até 6 de setembro de 1787.

Em julho de 1784, depois de conceder a Louise o direito de separar-se legalmente, Carlos convocou Carlota a Florença, onde agora morava. Em novembro a instalou no Palazzo Guadagni como duquesa de Albany, denominando-a "Sua Alteza Real", e nomeando-a para a Ordem do Cardo-selvagem. No entanto, sendo ilegítima no nascimento, Carlota ainda não tinha direito de sucessão à reivindicação de Stuart ao trono britânico. Por essa época, contudo, essas reivindicações eram de pouco valor, pois os governantes europeus haviam deixado de levar Carlos a sério havia muito tempo. Até o papa Pio VI recusava-se a reconhecer seu título real, e o famoso Casanova o chamara espirituosamente de "pretendente em vão".

O fato de uma restauração dos Stuarts ter se tornado pouco provável não impediu o príncipe de apresentar Carlota como a próxima geração da causa. Ele encomendou-lhe medalhas com a figura da Esperança, o mapa da Inglaterra e o brasão dos Stuart com legendas como "Spes Tamen Est Una" (há uma esperança). Também encomendou pinturas que a idealizaram por meio da arte. O artista escocês Gavin Hamilton foi contratado para desenhá-la no estilo neoclássico, enquanto Hugh Douglas Hamilton pintou um retrato lisonjeiro seu, vestindo uma tiara.

Companheira do pai
Quando Carlota chegou para morar com o pai em 1784, encontrou um alcoólatra doente, com um estado físico nojento e sofrendo de degeneração mental, usando uma liteira para viajar. No entanto, Carlos introduziu Carlota na sociedade, permitindo que usasse as famosas jóias de Sobieska da mãe dele. Continuamente, e sem sucesso, procurou presentes em jóias ou dinheiro de seu pai. Mas isso provavelmente ocorreu em grande parte devido à preocupação com o bem-estar de sua mãe e filhos.

Um mês depois de chegar a Florença, conseguiu convencer o pai a finalmente encaminhar provisões para sua mãe. Nessa época, Carlota também estava com problemas de saúde, sofrendo de uma doença que resultaria em sua morte por "obstrução do fígado" apenas dois anos depois do pai. De fato, logo depois que chegou a Florença, um crescimento saliente a forçou a trocar de roupa.

Carlota sentia muita falta da mãe (que esperava que Carlos a deixasse ir a Roma) e dos filhos, escrevendo para a mãe até 100 vezes em um único ano, além de temer que Rohan tivesse outra amante. Tudo isso é revelado em suas cartas desanimadas em casa, enquanto esperava a morte do pai.

Meses finais

Em dezembro de 1785, contou com a ajuda de Henrique Stuart para levar Carlos de volta ao Palazzo Muti, em Roma. Lá, Carlota permaneceu cuidadora e companheira de seu pai e fez o possível para tornar sua vida suportável até que seu pai morresse de derrame dois anos depois  em 31 de janeiro de 1788. Seu sacrifício foi considerável — ficou dividida entre uma evidente afeição por seu pai e sua mãe e três filhos deixados para trás em Paris.

Em 9 de outubro de 1789, chegou ao Palazzo Vizzani Sanguinetti (hoje Palácio Ranuzzi) em Bolonha, a casa de sua amiga marquesa Giulia Lambertini-Bovio. Morreu lá, de câncer de fígado, aos 17 de novembro de 1789 — apenas 22 meses após a morte de seu pai. Em seu testamento, escrito apenas três dias antes de sua morte, Carlota deixou a sua mãe, Clementina, uma soma de 50 mil libras e uma anuidade de mais 15 mil. No entanto, foram necessários dois anos para Henrique Stuart, seu executor, e agora considerado pelos jacobitas o rei Henrique IX, liberar o dinheiro. De fato, só concordou em fazê-lo quando Clementina assinou uma "renúncia", em nome de si mesma e de seus descendentes, a qualquer outra reivindicação sobre a propriedade.

Carlota foi enterrada na igreja de San Biagio, perto de onde morreu, lá permanecendo até a demolição da igreja pelos franceses em 1797. Os restos mortais de Carlota foram, então, transferidos para o Oratorio della Santissima Trinità. Quando foi fechado em 1961, seu monumento (e possivelmente seus restos mortais) foram transferidos para a vizinha Chiesa della Santissima Trinità.

Legado
Por muitos anos os três filhos de Carlota permaneceram desconhecidos da história, e acreditava-se que a linha direta de Jaime II e Maria de Modena terminara com a morte de Henrique em 1807. No entanto, na década de 1950, pesquisas dos historiadores Alasdair e Hetty Tayler revelaram a existência de duas filhas e um filho. O historiador George Sherburn descobriu as cartas de Carlota para a mãe dela, com as quais escreveu a biografia de Carlos Eduardo.

Descendentes

Parece que Clementina viveu em Fribourg, na Suíça, até sua morte em 1802 e que foi a responsável por criar os filhos de Carlota em anonimato deliberado. Suas identidades foram ocultadas por uma variedade de pseudônimos e artifícios, nem mesmo sendo mencionados no testamento detalhado de Carlota. A manifestação de vontade faz referência apenas a Clementina e ao desejo de Carlota de que a mãe seja capaz de prover "suas relações necessárias". A razão pela qual essas crianças permaneceram em segredo pode ser explicada pelo fato de que o relacionamento entre Rohan, o arcebispo, e Carlota, que havia sido proibida de se casar, era altamente ilícito e teria sido escandaloso. Marie Victoire Adelaide (nascida em 1779) e Carlota Maximilienne Amélie (nascida em 1780) foram colocadas sob os cuidados de Thomas Coutts, banqueiro em Londres e um parente distante dos Walkinshaw. Permaneceram no anonimato e acredita-se que foram simplesmente absorvidas pela sociedade inglesa.

O filho de Carlota, Carlos Eduardo, nascido em Paris em 1784, seguiu um caminho diferente. Chamando a si mesmo de "conde Roehenstart" (Rohan + Stuart), foi educado pela família de seu pai na Alemanha, tornou-se oficial do exército russo e general do serviço austríaco. Viajou muito — visitando a Índia, a América e as Índias Ocidentais — antes de ir para a Inglaterra e Escócia. Contou histórias tão exageradas sobre suas origens e aventuras que poucos acreditavam em suas reivindicações de descendência real. De fato, não foi até o século XX que o historiador George Sherburn estabeleceu que Carlos Eduardo era de fato quem alegou ser. Morreu na Escócia em 1854 como resultado de um acidente de carruagem perto do Castelo de Stirling e foi enterrado na Catedral de Dunkeld, onde seu túmulo ainda pode ser visto. Contraiu matrimônio por duas vezes, mas não teve descendência.

Foi sugerido que o príncipe Carlos se casou com Clementina Walkinshaw e, portanto, que Carlota era legítima e poderia legalmente reivindicar ser a sucessora de seu pai. No entanto, não há registros para fundamentar essa alegação, e a declaração assinada por Clementina em 9 de março de 1767 nega explicitamente a ideia. Além disso, a rejeição inicial de Carlos a Carlota fala contra sua legitimidade.

Acreditava-se que as filhas de Carlota também morreram sem descendência. No entanto, de acordo com a pesquisa de Peter Pininski, a filha mais velha de Carlota, Marie Victoire, teve um descendente. O livro de Pininski, em 2002, sugeria que Jules Hercule Mériadec de Rohan (príncipe de Guéméné), irmão mais velho de Ferdinand de Rohan (e ajudante-de-Campo de Henrique Stuart em 1745) reconheceu a prole de Carlota como sua — dando-lhe seu status naquela família. O livro afirmava que em 1793, no início da revolução francesa, a família Rohan se espalhou e Marie Victoire de Rohan foi para junto de parentes na Polônia. Lá, conheceu e se casou com Paul Anthony Louis Bertrand de Nikorowicz, um nobre polonês e filho de um banqueiro. O casal teve um filho, Antime, antes que se tornasse viúva quatro anos depois. Antime deveria ter um filho, Carlos, e uma filha, Julia-Thérèse, que se casou com o conde Leonard Pininski e se tornou trisavó de Peter Pininski. A evidência de Pininski para sua tese foi descrita como "muitas vezes indireta, se não elíptica" — os Rohans eram uma família numerosa e é fácil confundir seus muitos membros. Um ex-presidente da Royal Stuart Society, no entanto, afirmou que as evidências de Pininski pareciam "genuínas", e o genealogista Hugh Massingberd a descreveu como "uma pesquisa minuciosa ... prova da satisfação do pedante mais cético".

A hipótese de Pininski foi contestada por Marie-Louise Backhurst em um artigo de 2013 sob o argumento de que a segunda filha de Carlota, que sempre foi chamada Victoire Adelaide, se casou em St Roch, Paris, em novembro de 1804, com um médico militar a serviço de Napoleão, chamado Pierre Joseph Marie de St Ursin (1763–1818). O registro do casamento tem Victoire Adelaide Roehenstart, filha de Maximilien e sua esposa Clementine Ruthven, o mesmo registro dos pais de seu irmão Carlos. De seu casamento com St Ursin, foi mãe de Theodore Marie de St Ursin, nascido em Paris por volta de 1809 a 1810 e que ainda residia em sua cidade natal em 1823, embora sua história não tenha sido encontrada.

Sua mãe se casou novamente, em 1823, com Corbet James D'Auvergne, embora o local e a data da morte não tenham sido encontrados. Backhurst examinou os dados de batismo, do casamento e da morte de Madame Nikorowicz e nomeou-a como Marie Victoire de Thorigny. Backhurst sugere que era mais provável que fosse filha ilegítima de Jules, príncipe de Rohan, irmão de Ferdinand e, portanto, primo em primeiro grau de Victoire Adelaide. Pininski argumenta que essa interpretação se baseia em um documento destruído que foi "reconstituído" setenta anos depois e que nenhum documento confirma o nascimento do filho de Marie Victoire, enquanto as publicações de Pininski fornecem documentos originais de arquivo e descrevem completamente o contexto.

No folclore jacobita
A história de Carlota Stuart não demorou muito para entrar no folclore jacobita. O poeta escocês Robert Burns (1759–1796), um contemporâneo próximo, escreveu uma série de obras comemorando o romantismo trágico da causa jacobita. Entre elas estava The Bonnie Lass of Albanie, um lamento por Carlota Stuart provavelmente escrito na época de sua morte. De fato, as evidências de uma coleção inédita de cartas de Burns a Robert Ainslie revelam o fascínio do poeta por ela, pois considerou nomear um de seus filhos ilegítimos com o nome dela.

Ancestrais

Bibliografia

Bibliografia adicional

Jacobitas


text:
<?php

namespace PhpWorkshop\PhpWorkshopTest\Check;

use InvalidArgumentException;
use PhpParser\Lexer\Emulative;
use PhpParser\Parser;
use PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase;
use PhpWorkshop\PhpWorkshop\Check\FunctionRequirementsCheck;
use PhpWorkshop\PhpWorkshop\Exercise\ExerciseInterface;
use PhpWorkshop\PhpWorkshop\ExerciseCheck\FunctionRequirementsExerciseCheck;
use PhpWorkshop\PhpWorkshop\Result\Failure;
use PhpWorkshop\PhpWorkshop\Result\Success;

/**
 * Class FunctionRequirementsCheckTest
 * @package PhpWorkshop\PhpWorkshopTest\Check
 * @author  Aydin Hassan <aydin@hotmail.co.uk>
 */
class FunctionRequirementsCheckTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
    /**
     * @var FunctionRequirementsCheck
     */
    private $check;

    /**
     * @var ExerciseInterface
     */
    private $exercise;

    /**
     * @var Parser
     */
    private $parser;

    public function setUp()
    {
        $this->parser = new Parser(new Emulative);
        $this->check = new FunctionRequirementsCheck($this->parser);
        $this->assertFalse($this->check->breakChainOnFailure());

        $this->exercise = $this->getMock([FunctionRequirementsExerciseCheck::class, ExerciseInterface::class]);
    }

    public function testExceptionIsThrownIfNotValidExcercise()
    {
        $exercise = $this->getMock(ExerciseInterface::class);
        $this->setExpectedException(InvalidArgumentException::class);

        $this->check->check($exercise, '');
    }

    public function testFailureIsReturnedIfCodeCouldNotBeParsed()
    {
        $this->exercise
            ->expects($this->once())
            ->method('getBannedFunctions')
            ->will($this->returnValue(['file']));

        $this->exercise
            ->expects($this->once())
            ->method('getRequiredFunctions')
            ->will($this->returnValue([]));

        $file = __DIR__ . '/../res/function-requirements/fail-invalid-code.php';
        $failure = $this->check->check($this->exercise, $file);
        $this->assertInstanceOf(Failure::class, $failure);

        $message = sprintf('File: %s could not be parsed. Error: "Syntax error, unexpected T_ECHO on line 4"', $file);
        $this->assertEquals($message, $failure->getReason());
    }

    public function testFailureIsReturnedIfBannedFunctionsAreUsed()
    {
        $this->exercise
            ->expects($this->once())
            ->method('getBannedFunctions')
            ->will($this->returnValue(['file']));

        $this->exercise
            ->expects($this->once())
            ->method('getRequiredFunctions')
            ->will($this->returnValue([]));

        $failure = $this->check->check(
            $this->exercise,
            __DIR__ . '/../res/function-requirements/fail-banned-function.php'
        );
        $this->assertInstanceOf(Failure::class, $failure);

        $message = 'Some functions were used which should not be used in this exercise: Function: "file" on line: "3"';
        $this->assertEquals($message, $failure->getReason());
    }

    public function testFailureIsReturnedIfNotAllRequiredFunctionsHaveBeenUsed()
    {
        $this->exercise
            ->expects($this->once())
            ->method('getBannedFunctions')
            ->will($this->returnValue([]));

        $this->exercise
            ->expects($this->once())
            ->method('getRequiredFunctions')
            ->will($this->returnValue(['file_get_contents', 'implode']));

        $failure = $this->check->check(
            $this->exercise,
            __DIR__ . '/../res/function-requirements/fail-banned-function.php'
        );
        $this->assertInstanceOf(Failure::class, $failure);

        $message  = 'Some function requirements were missing. You should use the functions: ';
        $message .= '"file_get_contents", "implode"';
        $this->assertEquals($message, $failure->getReason());
    }

    public function testSuccess()
    {
        $this->exercise
            ->expects($this->once())
            ->method('getBannedFunctions')
            ->will($this->returnValue([]));

        $this->exercise
            ->expects($this->once())
            ->method('getRequiredFunctions')
            ->will($this->returnValue(['file_get_contents']));

        $success = $this->check->check($this->exercise, __DIR__ . '/../res/function-requirements/success.php');
        $this->assertInstanceOf(Success::class, $success);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Os Leptoquerídeos (Leptochoeridae) foram uma família de Artiodátilos (Cetartiodactyla) extintos. Endêmicos da América do Norte, surgiram no Eoceno Médio (Uintano) e persistiram até o Oligoceno Médio (Whitneyano). Sua posição taxonômica é incerta, alguns consideram-lhes aparentados e talvez ancestrais dos Entelodontidae, outros os vêem como membros muito arcaicos em sua Ordem.

Taxonomia da família Leptochoeridae Marsh, 1894
Ibarus
Ibarus ignotus - Eoceno Médio, Uintano, EUA
Laredochoerus Westgate, 1994
Laredochoerus edwardsi Westgate, 1994 - Eoceno Médio, Uintano, Texas, EUA
Leptochoerus Leidy, 1856 (=Laopithecus, Nanochoerus)
Leptochoerus elegans (Macdonald, 1955) (=Nanochoerus scotti)  - Oligoceno Inferior, Orellano, Nebraska, EUA
Leptochoerus emilyae Edwards, 1976 - Oligoceno Inferior, Orellano, Nebraska, EUA
Leptochoerus spectabilis Leidy, 1856 (=Laopithecus robustus, L. gracilis) - Oligoceno Médio, Whitneyano, Nebraska e Colorado, EUA
Leptochoerus  supremus Macdonald, 1955 - Oligoceno Médio, Whitneyano, Dakota do Sul, EUA
Stibarus Cope, 1873 (=Menotherium)
Stibarus obtusilobus Cope, 1873 (=Menotherium lemurinum) - Oligoceno Inferior, Orellano, Nebraska, EUA
Stibarus montanus Matthew, 1903 - Oligoceno Inferior, Chadroniano, Montana, EUA
Stibarus quadricuspis (Hatcher, 1901) (=S. loomisi) - Oligoceno Inferior-Médio, Orellano, Nebraska, EUA
Stibarus yoderensis Macdonald, 1955 - Oligoceno Inferior, Chadroniano, Wyoming, EUA

Artiodáctilos pré-históricos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


At Burnbank Dental care we are committed to providing you with the highest possible standard of care to our patients. We strongly believe in promoting good oral health, and time will be taken to advise you on how best to achieve this.
We firmly believe that oral hygiene and oral health are crucial to a person's well-being. Gum disease is very common and results in tooth loss. Our Dental Hygienists will help you maintain your gums and correspondingly help you keep your teeth for a lifetime.
Crowns and bridges are used to give you a more natural smile, to help you chew better, and to stabilise your teeth. A crown is a 'cap' that is fitted over the existing tooth, usually where the tooth is damaged or stained.
At Burnbank Dental Care we offer domiciliary / home visits. This service allows our patients to be seen in the comfort of their own home.


It's a variation on plan #3 from this PDF. The plan originally called for removable slats on the front of each bin, but by the time I got to that point it seemed like a lot of extra work for very little benefit--it wouldn't keep critters out, and the way my bin is situated, if the wind does anything it will blow stuff *into* the bins. So now I've got some extra lumber left over for other projects.
I'm super excited about being able to compost again, and even though it hasn't even been in use for a full week yet, I can already see how much this is going to reduce my garbage output (it also helps that I can now recycle plastic bags and wrap at the co-op). I think I'm also eating more fruits and vegetables now, because I'm thinking, "I can compost whatever's left!" So that's another added benefit.
Wow! very nice. It's like our compost bin's sophisticated cousin (which is appropriate, considering that you are my more sophisticated cousin). Ours is only one compartment and is built out of broken down pallets that we stole from a nearby tire place.
Thanks! I would have actually like to used scavenged materials if I had a way to haul them home. My mom bought be the lumber and fencing for me as part of a housewarming gift, and it took some convincing to get her to buy building materials instead of a ready-made plastic bin... I don't think she would have been up for dumpster diving.
heh heh, yeah. I can see how that would take a bit of convincing.


text:
Giant (Dungeons & Dragons)
Large humanoid creature in "Dungeons & Dragons"
An illustration of a giant
Dungeons & Dragons "white box" set (1974)
Jötunn
3rd and 3.5 editions: Giant
4th edition: Humanoid (origin varies)
5th edition: Giant
Varies by type
In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, giants are a collection of very large humanoid creatures based on giants of legend, or in third edition, a "creature type".
2 Publication history
2.1 Dungeons & Dragons (1974–1976)
2.2 Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st edition (1977–1988)
2.4 Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition (1989–1999)
2.5 Dungeons & Dragons 3.0 edition (2000–2002)
2.7 Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition (2008–2013)
2.8 Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition (2014-present)
3 True giants
4 Other Dungeons & Dragons creatures of the giant type
5 Beyond the Monster Manual
6 Giant-kin
7 Critical reception
8 Other publishers
Description[edit]
Giants are humanoid creatures of great strength and size. All giants have low-light vision. As a group, they have no other special abilities or immunities. Dwarves have a bonus to their armor class against attacks from creatures of the giant type, due to their experience with fighting these oversized foes.
Publication history[edit]
Giants were some of the earliest creatures introduced in the D&D game, appearing in the first 1974 edition.
Dungeons & Dragons (1974–1976)[edit]
Giants were among the first monsters introduced in the earliest edition of the game, in the Dungeons & Dragons "white box" set (1974), including the hill giant, the stone giant, the frost giant, the fire giant, and the cloud giant.[1] The storm giant first appears in the original Greyhawk supplement (1975), where it is described as an intelligent giant found only in out-of-the-way places.[2]
A number of unique giants appear in Supplement IV: Gods, Demi-gods & Heroes (1976), including Antero Vipunen, Hymer, Hyrm, Mimir, Mokkerkalfe, Sterkodder, Surtur, and Vafthrunder, as well as the mist giants of Melniboné.[3]
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st edition (1977–1988)[edit]
Giants appear in the first edition Monster Manual (1977), including the cloud giant, the fire giant, the frost giant, the hill giant, the stone giant, and the storm giant.[4] The stone giant appeared as a character class in White Dwarf #17, by Lewis Pulsipher.[5] The fog giant and the mountain giant are introduced in the first edition Fiend Folio (1981).[6] The fomorian, the firbolg, and the verbeeg appear in the first edition Monster Manual II (1983).[7]
The wood giant appears in the "Dragon's Bestiary" column in Dragon #119 (March 1987).
This edition of the D&D game includes its own version of giants, in the Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set (1977), including the hill giant, the stone giant, the frost giant, the fire giant, the cloud giant, and the storm giant;[8] these same giants also appear in the Expert Set (1981 and 1983),[9][10] The mountain giant and the sea giant appear in the Dungeons & Dragons Master Rules (1985), in the Master DM's Book.[11] The sea giant is presented as a playable character class in The Sea People (1990). Giants also appear in the Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia (1991), including the hill giant, the stone giant, the frost giant, the fire giant, the cloud giant, the storm giant, the mountain giant, and the sea giant.[12] The cloud giant, fire giant, frost giant, hill giant, stone giant, and storm giant also appear in the Dungeons & Dragons Game set (1991), and the Classic Dungeons & Dragons Game set (1994).
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition (1989–1999)[edit]
Giants appear throughout the 2nd edition Monstrous Compendium series. Giants appear first in the Monstrous Compendium Volume One (1989), including the cloud giant, the fire giant, the frost giant, the hill giant, the stone giant, and the storm giant.[13] Giant-kin appear in the Monstrous Compendium Volume Two (1989), including the cyclops, the firbolg, the fomorian, and the verbeeg.[14] Two more giant-kin, the voadkyn and the spriggan, appear in the Monstrous Compendium Greyhawk Appendix (1990).[15] The spacesea giant appears in the first Monstrous Compendium Spelljammer Appendix (1990).[16] Three Zakharan giants, including the desert giant, the jungle giant, and the reef giant appear in the Monstrous Compendium Al-Qadim Appendix (1992).[17] The fog giant appears in the Monstrous Compendium Fiend Folio Appendix (1992). The firbolg giant-kin and the voadkyn giant-kin are detailed as playable character races in The Complete Book of Humanoids (1993),[18]
Many of these giants are reprinted in the Monstrous Manual (1993), including the cloud giant, the cyclops, the desert giant, the ettin, the firbolg, the fire giant, the fog giant, the formorian, the frost giant, the hill giant, the jungle giant, the mountain giant, the reef giant, the stone giant, the storm giant, the verbeeg, and the wood giant (voadkyn).[19]
The beasthead Athasian giant and the humanoid Athasian giant first appeared in the original Dark Sun Campaign Setting (1991).[20] The beasthead Athasian giant, the desert Athasian giant, and the plains Athasian giant appear in the Monstrous Compendium Dark Sun Appendix: Terrors of Athas (1992). The beasthead Athasian giant, the desert Athasian giant, and the plains Athasian giant were later reprinted in the expanded and revised Dark Sun Campaign Setting (1995)[21] The shadow giant appears in the Dark Sun Monstrous Compendium Appendix II: Terrors Beyond Tyr (1995).[22] The crag giant first appeared in The Wanderers Chronicle: Mind Lords of the Last Sea (1996),[23] and was reprinted in Monstrous Compendium Annual Volume Four (1998).[24]
The athach and the hephaeston appear in the Monstrous Compendium Mystara Appendix (1994).
The book Giantcraft (1995) describes the giants of the Forgotten Realms campaign setting in detail.[25]
Several giants for the Dragonlance campaign setting appear in Dragon #256 (February 1999), including the cave lords, the desolation giants, and the earth giants.
Dungeons & Dragons 3.0 edition (2000–2002)[edit]
Giants appear in the Monster Manual for this edition (2000), where they are presented as a type of creature. Giants appearing in this book include the cloud giant, the fire giant, the frost giant, the hill giant, the stone giant, and the storm giant.[26]
The fog giant and the phaerlin giant appear in the Monstrous Compendium: Monsters of Faerûn (2001) for the Forgotten Realms setting.[27]
The forest giant, the ocean giant, and the sun giant appear in this edition's Monster Manual II (2002).[28]
The Jotunheim frost giant and the Muspelheim fire giant appear in Deities and Demigods (2002) for this edition.[29]
Savage Species (2003) presents the fire giant, the frost giant, and the stone giant as both races and playable classes.[30]
The bog giant and the shadow giant appear in the Fiend Folio (2003) for this edition.[31]
Giants appear in the revised Monster Manual for this edition (2003), including the cloud giant, the fire giant, the frost giant and the frost giant jarl, the hill giant, the stone giant, and the storm giant. The hill giant dire wereboar appears as a sample creature under the lycanthrope entry.
The death giant, the eldritch giant and eldritch giant confessor, and the sand giant and sand giant champion first appear in Monster Manual III (2004).[32]
The frost giant mauler, the frost giant spiritspeaker, and the frost giant tundra scout appear in Frostburn: Mastering the Perils of Ice and Snow (2004).[33]
The craa'ghoran giant appears in the Monster Manual IV (2006).[34]
Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition (2008–2013)[edit]
Giants appear in the Monster Manual for this edition (2008), including death giants (the death giant and the death titan), earth giants (the hill giant and the earth titan), fire giants (the fire giant, the fire giant forgecaller, and the fire titan), and storm giants (the storm giant and the storm titan). Giant is no longer a creature type; instead, giants belong to the humanoid type. Giants generally have the natural origin, although death giants and death titans have the shadow origin, and earth, fire and storm titans have the elemental origin.[35]
The Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition Player's Handbook 2 also introduced the playable character race of the Goliaths (originally found in Races of Stone). These stone-skinned mountain dwellers are larger than regular races, and have giant ancestry.
Eldritch, frost, and stone giants appear in the Monster Manual 2 (2009).
The verbeeg return in the Monster Manual 3 (2010), along with additional fire, frost and hill giants, and a "giant" keyword creature, the Cthonic Apostle.[36]
The Monster Vault (2010) reprises the earth, frost, hill, and storm giants for the Essentials line.
Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition (2014-present)[edit]
Giants, within the fifth edition of the Dungeon & Dragons Monster Manual include cloud giants, fire giants, frost giants, hill giants, stone giants, and storm giants. Each race of giants listed is no longer labeled as humanoids, as in the fourth edition, but are labeled as huge giants.[37]
Variants of each of the "true giants" were introduced in Volo's Guide to Monsters, including cloud giant smiling ones, fire giant dreadnoughts, frost giant everlasting ones, mouths of grolantor, stone giant dreamwalkers, and storm giant quintessents.[38]
True giants[edit]
There are six types of classic "true giant" in the core Dungeons & Dragons game:
Hill giant: Hulking, dimwitted brutes, hill giants are the smallest race of true giant. They dwell in hills and mountain valleys, foraging near-constantly in order to find food. They eat as often as possible and can digest nearly anything (including rotting meat, humanoids, plant material, and occasionally mud). This has allowed them to survive for eons as savages, relying on their own formidable size and strength to defend themselves. They typically equate size with strength, and avoid fights with dragons, other giants, and other creatures larger than themselves. Hill giants commonly have a chaotic neutral alignment.
Stone giant: Reclusive, shy giants who are normally peaceful if left alone. They prefer to dwell in cavern networks underneath mountains. Stone giants have stone-gray skin, gaunt features, and black eyes which give them a stern appearance. Despite their size, they are lithe and graceful, and often throw rocks as means of protecting their home. Artistry ranks highly among the stone giants, and stone carving is esteemed as the greatest of skills. Usually true neutral.[39]
Frost giant: Frost giants are fierce, hardy warriors who dwell in the freezing northern lands, away from normal civilization. They respect only brute strength and skill in battle. Based on rime (frost) giant. Usually chaotic evil.[40]
Fire giant: Fire giants are master metalworkers with a strong legacy of war. They are dangerous, organized warriors who live in and around volcanos. Based on Jötunn and Surtr. Usually lawful evil.[41]
Cloud Giant: Proud giants who live extravagant lives high above the world, cloud giants see themselves as superior to all other giant races save the storm giants. They place much value on treasure, not just in the value of the raw materials but of the artistry and beauty of the piece. Usually neutral good or neutral evil.[42]
Storm giant: Isolated, contemplative seers who dwell in isolated, hard-to-reach refuges. They are wise and benevolent unless angered, but wield powerful, lightning-based magic. Usually chaotic good.[43]
Other Dungeons & Dragons creatures of the giant type[edit]
Ettin
Fomorian
Beyond the Monster Manual[edit]
Cloud Giant Smiling One: A cloud giant that seeks to emulate Menmor's trickiness. They wear two-faced masks, can use bard magic, and can shapeshift into animals and humans.
Craa'Ghoran Giant: Rare stone giant offshoots created when earth elemental energy warped and twisted their ancestors. They can glide and walk right through stone like Earth Elementals and raise walls of stone from the ground with their supernatural powers. They resemble tanned, bestial and deformed versions of stone giants.
Desert giant[17]
Death giant
Eldritch giant: Powerful scions of arcane lore, these ancient giants spend their years seeking out fragments of knowledge. Though selfish and cruel, they are smart enough to bargain fairly when they must and perceptive enough to know that open conflict distracts them from their studies. They hate Storm Giants, though they are too involved with their pursuit of magical power to bother fighting other creatures. Eldritch Giants resemble burly but serious and wise looking Storm Giants. They have purple skin. This skin is covered with tattoos and runes. Unlike most giants, they are quite good and capable of casting spells and other magic.
Fire Giant Dreadnought: A fire giant that lacks still at smithing and makes up for this with brute strength. They are also known for carrying two spiked "fireshields."
Fog giant[44][45]
Forest Giant: An elfin giant that is amongst the tallest species of giant.
Frost Giant Everlasting One: An immortal frost giant that achieved immortality by worshiping Vaprak the Destroyer. After worshiping him and receiving dreams from him, they are sent a troll which is to be eaten. After it's eaten entirely, the frost giant gains immortality, strength, and the regenerative ability shared by trolls.
Jungle giant[17][46]
Mountain Giant: A brute that is amongst the largest species of giant, and loves to squash people under boulders.[47]
Mouth of Grolantor: A hill giant that has been imprisoned and starved by its own kind after becoming sick, which is seen as a divine message by hill giant society.
Ocean Giant: A merfolk-like giant that can assume a more humanoid form to walk on land.
Phaerlin Giant[44]
Reef giant[17][48]
Sand giant
Stone Giant Dreamwalker: A stone walker that has gone on a "dream quest" to the surface. Stone giants view the surface akin to a dream because they live their entire lives underground. They're driven mad by their quest to the surface, and gain the ability to magically charm people and turn them into stone.
Storm Giant Quintessent: A storm giant who has achieved immortality by merging themselves with a storm, essentially turning into a never-ending storm. They have greater control over weather than typical storm giants, and are able to fashion wind and lightning into weapons.
Sun Giant: A grim, nomadic desert-dwelling giant that survives by raising livestock.
Wood Giant[49]
Other giants: When turned to life as incarnate constructs, Large sized or larger artificial humanoids, such as golems, are defined as giants.
Giant-kin[edit]
Giant-kin are large humanoids related to the 'true' giants. The mythology of the Forgotten Realms has it that the mother of all giants, Othea, cheated on her unfaithful husband, Annam, the father of giants, with Ulutiu. Othea and Ulutiu sired the four giant-kin races: Firbolgs, Verbeegs, Voadkyn, and Fomorians. Othea also conceived the ogre and troll races with Vaprak.
Critical reception[edit]
The storm giant was ranked fourth among the ten best high-level 4th Edition monsters by the authors of Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition For Dummies. The authors described the storm giant as being "at the top of the giant world, at least as far as the Monster Manual is concerned", as they are encountered with "hurling thunderbolts from afar, using howling winds to scatter enemies, and fighting with a lightning-edged greatsword when the battle gets up close and personal".[50]
Other publishers[edit]
Giants was published by Mayfair Games in 1987 and gave in-depth descriptions both about giants already known in Advanced Dungeons & Dragons as well as new ones.[51]
The cloud giant, fire giant, frost giant, hill giant, marsh giant, rune giant, stone giant, storm giant, and taiga giant are fully detailed in Paizo Publishing's book Giants Revisited (2012), for use with the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game.[52]
^ Gygax, Gary, and Dave Arneson. Dungeons & Dragons (3-Volume Set) (TSR, 1974)
^ Gygax, Gary and Robert Kuntz. Supplement I: Greyhawk (TSR, 1975)
^ Kuntz, Robert J. and James Ward. Gods, Demi-gods & Heroes (TSR, 1976)
^ Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual (TSR, 1977)
^ Pulsipher, Lewis (February–March 1980). "My Life as a Werebear". White Dwarf (article) |format= requires |url= (help). Games Workshop (17): 33.
^ Turnbull, Don, ed. Fiend Folio (TSR, 1981)
^ Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual II (TSR, 1983)
^ Gygax, Gary, and Dave Arneson [1974], edited by J. Eric Holmes. Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set (TSR, 1977)
^ Gygax, Gary, and Dave Arneson [1974], edited by Dave Cook. Dungeons & Dragons Expert Set (TSR, 1981)
^ Gygax, Gary, and Dave Arneson [1974], edited by Frank Mentzer. Dungeons & Dragons Set 2: Expert Rules (TSR, 1983)
^ Gygax, Gary, Frank Mentzer. Dungeons & Dragons Set 4: Master Rules (TSR, 1985)
^ Allston, Aaron, Steven E. Schend, Jon Pickens, and Dori Watry. Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia (TSR, 1991)
^ Cook, David, et al. Monstrous Compendium Volume One (TSR, 1989)
^ Cook, David, et al. Monstrous Compendium Volume Two (TSR, 1989)
^ Breault, Mike, ed, et al. Greyhawk Monstrous Compendium Appendix (TSR, 1990)
^ Grubb, Jeff, et al. Monstrous Compendium Spelljammer Appendix (TSR, 1990)
^ a b c d Baur, Wolfgang and Steve Kurtz. Monstrous Compendium Al-Qadim Appendix (TSR, 1992)
^ Slavicsek, Bill. The Complete Book of Humanoids (TSR, 1993)
^ Stewart, Doug, ed. Monstrous Manual (TSR, 1993)
^ Brown, Timothy. Dark Sun Campaign Setting (TSR, Inc., 1991)
^ Slavicsek, Bill. Dark Sun Campaign Setting, Expanded and Revised (TSR, Inc., 1995)
^ McCready, Anne Gray. Dark Sun Monstrous Compendium Appendix II: Terrors Beyond Tyr (TSR, Inc., 1995)
^ Forbeck, Matt. The Wanderers Chronicle: Mind Lords of the Last Sea (TSR, Inc., 1996)
^ Pickens, Jon, ed. Monstrous Compendium Annual Volume Four. (TSR, 1998)
^ Winninger, Ray. Giantcraft (TSR, 1995)
^ Cook, Monte, Jonathan Tweet, and Skip Williams. Monster Manual (Wizards of the Coast, 2000)
^ Wyatt, James and Rob Heinsoo. Monstrous Compendium: Monsters of Faerûn (Wizards of the Coast, 2001)
^ Bonny, Ed, Jeff Grubb, Rich Redman, Skip Williams, and Steve Winter. Monster Manual II (Wizards of the Coast, 2002)
^ Redman, Rich, Skip Williams, and James Wyatt. Deities and Demigods (Wizards of the Coast, 2002)
^ Eckelberry, David, Rich Redman, and Jennifer Clarke Wilkes. Savage Species (Wizards of the Coast, 2003)
^ Cagle, Eric, Jesse Decker, James Jacobs, Erik Mona, Matt Sernett, Chris Thomasson, and James Wyatt. Fiend Folio (Wizards of the Coast, 2003)
^ Burlew, Rich, et al.. Monster Manual III (Wizards of the Coast, 2004)
^ Baur, Wolfgang, James Jacobs, and George Strayton. Frostburn (Wizards of the Coast, 2004)
^ Kestrel, Gwendolyn F.M. Monster Manual IV (Wizards of the Coast, 2006)
^ Mearls, Mike, Stephen Schubert, and James Wyatt. Monster Manual (Wizards of the Coast, 2008)
^ Mearls, Mike, Greg Bilsland, and Robert J. Schwalb. Monster Manual 3. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 2010
^ Mearls, Mike; Crawford, Jeremy; Perkins, Christopher (2014). Monster Manual. Renton, Washington: Wizards of the Coast LLC. pp. 149–156. ISBN 9780786965618.
^ Volo's Guide to Monsters. Mike Mearls, Inc Wizards of the Coast. Renton, WA. 2016. ISBN 978-0-7869-6601-1. OCLC 951759699. CS1 maint: others (link)
^ a b Wyatt, James and Rob Heinsoo. Monstrous Compendium: Monsters of Faerun (Wizards of the Coast, 2001).
^ "D&D Monster Database".
^ Slavicsek, Bill; Baker, Richard; Mearls, Mike (January 2009). "32: The Ten Best High-Level Monsters". Dungeons and Dragons 4th Edition For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470406397. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
^ Schick, Lawrence (1991). Heroic Worlds: A History and Guide to Role-Playing Games. Prometheus Books. p. 100. ISBN 0-87975-653-5.
^ Benner, Jesse, Ryan Costello, Brian R. James, Jason Nelson, Russ Taylor, and Ray Vallese. Giants Revisited (Paizo, 2012)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Rochdale goalkeeper Owain Fon Williams insists that this season has been a huge success for the club.
Rochdale goalkeeper Owain Fon Williams insists that this season has been a huge success for the club, despite their failure to qualify for the League One play-offs.
Dale were in contention for a top-six finish until back-to-back defeats over Easter weekend all but ended their dreams of successive promotions.
However, the 24-year-old told skysports.com that they won't ease up, with games against play-off contenders Peterborough and Bournemouth still to come.
"It was a difficult weekend for us and it is always tough to play two games in such a short space of time, with only a day in between to recover," he said.
"However, without taking anything away from the opposition, the results didn't go to plan for us, but we gave it our best shot.
"They aren't easy games at all, with Peterborough on Saturday, who have got a quality side and it will be a tough game for us, with them already in the play-offs.
"After that we've got Bournemouth who are still chasing that final play-off spot, so it could be a crucial game for them and it will be an interesting end to the season for us.
"I've been told that Rochdale have never been in the position that they are now, so it has been a great achievement to be part of team that are playing some of the best football the club has ever seen.
"Hopefully, we can carry that into next season and do well again because we've enjoyed the battle this year."


text:
Luís Jorge Sá Silva (Benguela, 23 augustus 1990) is een Angolees autocoureur.

Carrière

Vroege carrière
Sá Silva begon zijn carrière in het karting, waar hij tot 2006 actief was. Dat jaar nam hij ook deel aan vier races van de International Formula Challenge, waar hij als negende eindigde met 33 punten.

Formule Renault
In 2007 reed Sá Silva in de Aziatische Formule Renault voor het team Champ Motorsport, waar hij één pole position behaalde. Hij reed ook eenmaal naar het podium, in de eerste race van het tweede weekend op de Shanghai International Circuit werd hij derde. Ondanks dat hij het tweede weekend op het Beijing International Streetcircuit miste, eindigde hij als veertiende in het kampioenschap met 64 punten.

In 2008 bleef Sá Silva in de Aziatische Formule Renault rijden voor Champ. Hij werd driemaal tweede, waarmee hij als vierde eindigde in het kampioenschap met 193 punten.

In 2009 reed Sá Silva opnieuw in de Aziatische Formule Renault, maar stapte hij over naar het Asia Racing Team. Hij behaalde zes overwinningen en werd tweede met 287 punten, slechts zes punten achter kampioen Alon Day. Dat jaar reed Sá Silva ook in de Formule Renault 2.0 NEC voor het team Krenek Motorsport. Met een tiende plaats op de Nürburgring als beste resultaat eindigde hij als 21e in het kampioenschap met 44 punten.

Formule 3
In 2010 reed Sá Silva enkele races in zowel de Duitse en de Oostenrijkse Formule 3 als in de Formule 3 Euroseries. In de Duitse Formule 3 reed hij zes races, waarin hij zonder punten als negentiende in het kampioenschap eindigde. In de Oostenrijkse Formule 3 reed hij vier races waarin hij één overwinning en nog een andere podiumplaats behaalde, waarmee hij uiteindelijk als negende eindigde met 35 punten. In de Euroseries was hij een gastrijder op de Hockenheimring, waarin hij in beide races als twaalfde eindigde.

In 2012 reed Sá Silva fulltime in de Formule 3 Euroseries, die dat jaar samen met het Europees Formule 3-kampioenschap werd gehouden. Hij reed hier voor het Angola Racing Team. In de Euroseries eindigde hij als veertiende met 14 punten, met als beste resultaat een zevende plaats op de Nürburgring. In de Europese Formule 3 eindigde hij als dertiende met 7 punten, met als beste resultaat diezelfde zevende plaats.

Formule Pilota China
In 2011 stapte Sá Silva over naar de nieuwe Formula Pilota China voor het Asia Racing Team. Hij behaalde twee overwinningen waarmee hij met 124 punten als tweede in het kampioenschap eindigde achter Mathéo Tuscher.

GP3
In 2013 ging Sá Silva rijden in de GP3 Series voor het team Carlin. Hij werd hier de teamgenoot van Nick Yelloly en Eric Lichtenstein. Hij wist echter geen punten te behalen en met twee twaalfde plaatsen als beste resultaat eindigde hij als 23e in het kampioenschap.

In 2014 blijft Sá Silva rijden voor Carlin in de GP3. Ditmaal heeft hij Alex Lynn en Emil Bernstorff als teamgenoten.

Angolees autocoureur


text:
The North Platte Telegraph
Cracker Barrel ordered to pay man $9.4 million after he was served chemical in drinking glass
Taking a vacation? Don't forget to place a temporary hold:
Why drinking apple cider vinegar can be life changing for your health
Jacqueline Cutler, New York Daily News
"Taking Down Backpage: Fighting the World's Largest Sex Trafficker" by Maggy Krell; NYU Press (192 pages, $22.95) ——— It's the best justice system money can buy. As a prosecutor in California, Maggy Krell saw that unfairness daily, particularly when cops would do sweeps of streetwalkers. Pimps and johns who exploited prostitutes went free. The women went to jail. Krell's book, "Taking Down ...
Review: 'Small World,' by Jonathan Evison
Lorraine Berry, Star Tribune
Evison deftly weaves stories of the present and the past, illustrating how all of our lives and futures are linked together. "Small World" by Jonathan Evison; Dutton (480 pages, $28) ——— The passengers aboard the Amtrak Coast Starlight are all bound for Seattle. Strangers on a train, they will all be affected by an accident that will derail plans and upend lives. Jonathan Evison's "Small ...
Debut novel by Minnesota writer Sequoia Nagamatsu offers wonder and hope in the face of grief
Kathleen Rooney, Star Tribune
Sequoia Nagamatsu's debut novel, "How High We Go in the Dark," blends speculative and literary fiction to offer a bleak yet hopeful glimpse of humanity's potential futures. "How High We Go in the Dark" by Sequoia Nagamatsu; William Morrow (304 pages, $27.99) ——— Early in 2020, in an interview with the BBC, sci-fi writer William Gibson observed that "All through the 20th century we constantly ...
Detroit plays Sacramento on 4-game road slide
Detroit Pistons (10-33, 14th in the Eastern Conference) vs. Sacramento Kings (18-28, 11th in the Western Conference)
Los Angeles faces Denver on 3-game road slide
Los Angeles Clippers (22-23, eighth in the Western Conference) vs. Denver Nuggets (22-20, sixth in the Western Conference)
Indiana faces Los Angeles, seeks to halt 4-game skid
Indiana Pacers (15-29, 13th in the Eastern Conference) vs. Los Angeles Lakers (22-22, seventh in the Western Conference)
Curry leads Golden State into matchup against Detroit
Detroit Pistons (10-32, 14th in the Eastern Conference) vs. Golden State Warriors (31-12, second in the Western Conference)
James and Mitchell clash in Los Angeles-Utah matchup
Utah Jazz (29-14, third in the Western Conference) vs. Los Angeles Lakers (21-22, eighth in the Western Conference)
Indiana takes on Los Angeles on 3-game slide
Indiana Pacers (15-28, 13th in the Eastern Conference) vs. Los Angeles Clippers (21-23, eighth in the Western Conference)
Curry and the Warriors face the Timberwolves
Golden State Warriors (31-11, second in the Western Conference) vs. Minnesota Timberwolves (20-22, ninth in the Western Conference)
Sacramento and Houston meet in conference showdown
Houston Rockets (12-32, 15th in the Western Conference) vs. Sacramento Kings (18-27, 10th in the Western Conference)
Spurs face the Clippers on 5-game losing streak
Los Angeles Clippers (21-22, eighth in the Western Conference) vs. San Antonio Spurs (15-27, 13th in the Western Conference)
James, Lakers set for matchup with the Nuggets
Los Angeles Lakers (21-21, seventh in the Western Conference) vs. Denver Nuggets (21-19, sixth in the Western Conference)
Curry and Golden State visit DeRozan and the Bulls
Golden State Warriors (30-11, second in the Western Conference) vs. Chicago Bulls (27-12, first in the Eastern Conference)
This week's bestsellers from Publishers Weekly
Publishers Weekly, Tribune News Service
Here are the bestsellers for the week that ended Saturday, Jan. 8, compiled from data from independent and chain bookstores, book wholesalers and independent distributors nationwide, powered by NPD BookScan © 2022 NPD Group. (Reprinted from Publishers Weekly, published by PWxyz LLC. © 2022, PWxyz LLC.) HARDCOVER FICTION 1. Invisible. Danielle Steel. Delacorte 2. The Judge's List. John Grisham. ...
Here are the bestsellers for the week that ended Saturday, Jan. 8, compiled from data from independent and chain bookstores, book wholesalers and independent distributors nationwide, powered by NPD BookScan © 2022 NPD Group. (Reprinted from Publishers Weekly, published by PWxyz LLC. © 2022, PWxyz LLC.) HARDCOVER FICTION 1. "Invisible: A Novel" by Danielle Steel (Delacorte) Last week: — 2. "The ...
Sacramento hosts conference foe Houston
Karla Peterson: Author James Rollins is back with a new fantasy series and some real-world scares
Karla Peterson, The San Diego Union-Tribune
James Rollins' new fantasy novel, "The Starless Crown," is set in a mythical world menaced by marauding beasts and threatened by an impending collision with the moon. It is the first installment of a series that was more than eight years in the making, but its roots stretch all the way back to Rollins' childhood as James Czajkowski, the older brother from hell. "I had a lot of younger siblings ...
Dark novel 'Anthem' from Austin author Noah Hawley reckons with twilight's last gleaming
Eric Webb, Austin American-Statesman
AUSTIN, Texas — We first ask Noah Hawley: "How are you feeling?" "It's a hard question to answer," says Hawley, the Austin author, filmmaker and TV showrunner whose expansive new novel, "Anthem," came out Jan. 4. He muses. He asks if we can skip ahead to the next question. We say sure, but mention that the book lends itself to inward exploration. He muses some more. "The book is how I'm ...
Review: 'Fiona and Jane,' by Jean Chen Ho
Mike Alberti, Star Tribune
Jean Chen Ho's virtuosic debut collection of short stories follows relationships over three decades. "Fiona and Jane" by Jean Chen Ho; Viking (288 pages, $26) ——— Fiona and Jane, the dual protagonists of Jean Chen Ho's virtuosic debut collection of short stories, have been best friends since second grade. In alternating perspectives, the book follows the arc of their relationship over three ...
Jackson and the Clippers take on conference foe New Orleans
Los Angeles Clippers (21-21, eighth in the Western Conference) vs. New Orleans Pelicans (15-26, 13th in the Western Conference)
Top scorers face off in Milwaukee-Golden State matchup
Golden State Warriors (30-10, second in the Western Conference) vs. Milwaukee Bucks (26-17, fourth in the Eastern Conference)
James, Los Angeles set for matchup against Sacramento
Los Angeles Lakers (21-20, seventh in the Western Conference) vs. Sacramento Kings (16-27, 12th in the Western Conference)
Dog lost in wildfire rescued 4 months later in snowy California mountains
A dog separated from his owner last summer in a California wildfire was found after a backcountry skier spotted the animal in deep snow in December.
Pilot rescued from oncoming train after emergency landing
Dramatic police body camera footage shows Los Angeles police officers pulling a pilot from the fuselage of a downed private aircraft just seco…


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What is Whooping Cough (Pertussis)?
Health A to Z – Asthma and Allergy Topics
Infections and Viruses
» Whooping Cough & Asthma
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Whooping Cough & Asthma
Pertussis is commonly known as whooping cough. It is a very contagious disease affecting the respiratory system. People with the disease can make a "whooping" sound when taking in deep breaths after coughing episodes. This noise does not always happen, however. Whooping cough can affect both children and adults. The good news is there is a whooping cough vaccine that can prevent severe illness.
What causes whooping cough?
Whooping cough is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. A person infected with the bacteria may cough and sneeze expelling infected droplets. Sharing breathing space for extended periods can also result in transmission. These droplets can then be breathed in by those nearby, causing them to become infected. It may take 7 to 10 days to develop symptoms after becoming infected. The risk of transmission is highest during the first week or two of symptoms.
What are the symptoms of whooping cough?
Whooping cough symptoms may resemble the common cold during the first two weeks of the disease. Symptoms include:
Mild cough
Breathing pauses (in babies).
It is during the first two weeks of cold-like symptoms that the risk of transmission to others is the highest. After this initial phase, people tend to develop "fits" of fast coughs followed by a high-pitched whooping sound. These fits can be followed by vomiting and extreme fatigue. Symptoms tend to be worse at night and can last for 2-8 weeks.
After the phase of severe coughing, the cough symptoms begin to improve and slowly go away over several weeks.
Can adults get whooping cough?
Prior to availability of vaccines, whooping cough predominantly affected children. Now, more than one-half of whooping cough cases occur in adolescents and adults. Severe disease is still more likely in infants and children. The severity of disease is typically milder in adolescents and adults due to prior vaccination, although they can still transmit the infection to unvaccinated infants and children that are at risk for severe disease.
Are people with asthma at higher risk of catching whooping cough?
Studies have found that people with asthma are at higher risk for contracting whooping cough.
Is whooping cough more dangerous for people with asthma?
Individuals with asthma may develop more severe symptoms if they contract the whooping cough. Whooping cough can also worsen asthma control, even months after diagnosis. Lastly, whooping cough in infancy or childhood increases the risk of developing asthma later in life.
How is whooping cough treated?
The main treatments are supportive: rest, hydration, small frequent meals (to prevent vomiting) and clean air (avoid irritants). Also, there should be an emphasis on preventing transmission to others. For most adults and adolescents, treatment at home is effective. Infants may require hospitalization.
Cough medications are normally not effective in treating the cough but can be tried if the cough is very severe.
If whooping cough is diagnosed within the first three weeks of symptoms, antibiotics are used during this phase. It reduces risk of transmission and may shorten the duration of symptoms. Importantly, for those with asthma (or those with COPD, pregnant or 65 years of age or older), antibiotics may still provide benefit, even up to the first six weeks of symptoms. Antibiotics are not helpful after six weeks of symptoms for anyone.
Anyone struggling to breathe, having breathing causes or turning blue should seek immediate medical care.
What are the complications of whooping cough?
Complications of whooping cough are most common in infants including:
Apnea (slow or stop in breathing) – 61%
Pneumonia – 23%
Convulsions – 1.1%
Death – 1.1%
Encephalopathy (brain disease) – 0.3%.
Adults and adolescents may experience weight loss, loss of bladder control, fainting and rib fractures.
Can whooping cough be prevented?
The good news is there is a whooping cough shot that can prevent severe illness. The diphtheria tetanus pertussis vaccine (DTaP in infants and young children or Tdap in all others) is available at all ages, beginning at 2 months. As the name suggests, it not only protects against pertussis, but also diphtheria and tetanus.
While many people think mostly of vaccines in children, the whooping cough vaccine in adults should be given with each pregnancy. Every adult should receive a single booster after 11 years of age. Every adult also needs a tetanus booster every 10 years and this can be either just a tetanus booster or Tdap to be a pertussis booster also.
These recommendations are different for those that were not vaccinated in childhood. The purpose of the booster is to provide ongoing protection against whooping cough throughout adulthood and lessen risks to infants too young to be vaccinated.
What are the CDC pertussis vaccine recommendations?
The CDC has provided guidance for pertussis vaccine administration throughout the lifespan.
Babies and young children need 3 DTaP shots in the first year of life:
Then, they need a booster between 15 and 18 months and between ages 4 and 6.
Preteens and teens should get a Tdap between ages 11 and 12. If they don't get one then, they should get one at their next well visit with a doctor.
Pregnant women should get a vaccine early in the third trimester of pregnancy.
Adults who have never received a Tdap should get one, no matter when they last had their Td (tetanus diphtheria). Then, when they receive their tetanus booster every 10 years, they can choose to get a tetanus booster that includes pertussis (Tdap).
How effective is the whooping cough vaccine?
The pertussis vaccine component of the Tdap prevents illness in 7 out of 10 adults in the first year, but that wanes over time. It protects against illness in 3-4 out of 10 adults four years after its given.
For children, the whooping cough vaccine is 98-100% effective in the first year, then 70% five years after the last shot. The vaccine is especially important for expectant mothers as it protects their newborns. If the mother received a vaccine during pregnancy, it prevents whooping cough in 78% of children under 2 months. And in babies who do get whooping cough, 90% are able to avoid hospitalization.


Sprinkle in some good cheer by accenting your bulletin board, decorate a wall or door, hand out as a reward or incentive, and more with these Teacher Created Resources Confetti Positive Sayings Accents Cutouts! This convenient package of 30 large cutouts features encouraging words on decorative discs rimmed with beautiful multi-colored bright mini-dots.
Short motivating messages include: "Today Is Your Day" "Believe In Yourself" "Never Give Up" "Dream Big" "Stay Positive" "Sparkle Every Day" "Let's Do This" "Make It Happen" "You've Got This" and "Make Today Great"
Bright fun colors include: fuschia, lime green, red, purple, orange, turquoise, black, glitter gold, pink, and yellow.
These 6-inch decorative accents are printed on cardstock for long lasting durability. Ideal for a classroom, homeschool, co-op, office and more. Get your Teacher Created Resources Confetti Positive Sayings Accents Cutouts today!


Spring is nearly here which means more people on the roads | The Law Offices of Arnold S. Levine, L.P.A.
On behalf of The Law Offices of Arnold S. Levine, L.P.A. posted in personal injury on Friday, February 24, 2017.
The days are getting warmer and spring is nearly here. That means that more and more people will peel themselves off the couch and head outside to enjoy the warmer weather. While people head out, there will be more risks on the roads. It is important for everyone outside to be mindful of the increased risks.
On a nice warm day following a cold winter, you will inevitably see an increase of cyclists and motorcyclists on the roads. You may even be one. But for drivers who have likely forgotten about cyclists and motorcyclists on the roads, this may be relatively new to them. Extra precautions should be taken to prevent an accident. As safe of a rider as you may be, you never know who is next to you on the roads.
There are also additional risks associated with your favorite recreational activity. Perhaps you like riding your ATVs through the woods, or enjoy a nice day out on the lake. The spring months also bring with them increases in recreational activity accidents. The time it takes to be extra cautious cannot be understated. The last thing you want is to be a victim of an accident or to have caused an accident.
As we all know, an accident can take place at any time and at any place. If you have been the victim of a personal injury, you may be entitled to compensation. This may include an award for pain and suffering, lost wages, as well as medical expenses and rehabilitation costs. For wrongful death cases, the family of the victim may also be entitled to compensation for all of the above as well as possible future lost wages.


KPMG Portfolio Solutions Group estimate that European banks are carrying €1.5tr (£1.2tr $1.8tr ¥142tr Y11.6tr) of Non Performing Loan (NPL). Banks had been expected to dispose of significant NPL portfolios this year and have not yet done so. KPMG believe the combination of a poor market for such sales combined with very large amounts of cheap funds from the European Central Bank have encouraged the banks to carry the NPL.
Basel III is expected to bring pressure on bank to reduce the Risk Weighted assets and hence to sell some of this NPL.


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US Navy 'Dual Carrier Operations' Send Stern Message To China; Reassures Allies
AmericasAsia PacificSouth AsiaWorld
Amid rising border tension between India and China alongside Beijing's ambitious territorial claims in the South China Sea, the US has deployed two of its best aircraft carriers to counter the presence of the Chinese navy.
The Bravery Of Bihar Regiment Soldiers At Galwan Valley Against China's PLA Troops Goes Viral
The Philippine Sea which is strategically located in the region that provides easy access to both the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea is presently guarded by two of US's supreme aircraft carriers, the USS Ronald Reagan and USS Nimitz Strike Groups to counter China's growing presence in the region.
"We aggressively seek out every opportunity to advance and strengthen our capabilities and proficiency at conducting all-domain warfighting operations," said Rear Admiral George Wikoff, commander of Carrier Strike Group 5.
"The U.S. Navy remains mission-ready and globally deployed. Dual carrier operations demonstrate our commitment to regional allies, our ability to rapidly mass combat power in the Indo- Pacific, and our readiness to confront all those who challenge international norms that support regional stability," tells the Admiral.
US's Maritime Machinery
It is reported that the Nimitz Carrier Strike Group consists of the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz, Carrier Air Wing, the guided-missile cruiser USS Princeton (CG 59), the guided-missile destroyers USS Sterett (DDG 104), and USS Ralph Johnson (DDG 114).
On the other hand, the Ronald Reagan Carrier Strike Group consists of the aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan, Carrier Air Wing, the guided-missile cruiser USS Antietam (CG 54), and guided-missile destroyer USS Mustin (DDG 89).
Besides the general features, every U.S. aircraft carrier carries more than 5,000 sailors and over 60 jets and helicopters. Experts say that together, they can conduct potent, 24-hour flight operations.
"Only the U.S. Navy can integrate a carrier strike force on this scale and consistently project power to protect freedom of the seas," said Rear Admiral James Kirk, commander of Carrier Strike Group 11, which is aboard the USS Nimitz.
He continues – "With more than 10,000 U.S. Navy Sailors from across the world working together as one cohesive team, these operations are what keep us ready to respond to any contingency."
US-China Maritime Rivalry
Recently, due to maintenance and repair issues, the US had deployed no carrier groups in the Western Pacific region. Analysts opine that China appears to have taken advantage of the lack of strong US presence as China stepped up its military presence in the region.
Experts speculate that the U.S. Navy seeks to re-establish its strong presence in the region and counterbalance China's navy in the area by deploying the best of its machinery together. Previously, the U.S. Navy had deployed the dual-carrier groups operating together in the Philippine or South China Seas in 2018, 2014, 2009, and 2001.
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As we embark on another season of college football, in the backyard of the reigning Heisman Trophy winner, it is I, the all-knowing (hardly), almighty (not really) Zach McCrite here, leader of Sports Gasbag Nation, to give you the State of College Football Address.
There will be no predictions, as predictions are doomed to fail (I fail enough on my own, thank you).
There are, however, expectations. Expectations created by fans, media and even the donors and administration at their respective school.
Do the coaches have their own expectations? Of course. And, short of a College Football Playoff berth, those expectations never seem to be met, so I, your fearless (most would disagree, but let's go with it) leader of Sports Gasbag Nation moves to strike them from public record.
Let us begin nationally, where I can say this once and for all: The Southeastern Conference is not your king.
They're not good. It's Alabama and everyone else. Anyone who tells you differently is likely an SEC fan mad that their team isn't in the same ballpark as Nick Saban's NFL farm.
You see, the patented SEC "honk" has a patented SEC move: to tell others if teams in their conference are not living up to expectations, it is for no other reason than the league is "just too good" and everyone in the league is "just beating up on each other" because the SEC is just a different animal.
It is I, leader of Sports Gasbag Nation, who will agree that the SEC is, indeed, a different animal. We shall call them a kitten.
Of course, the exception to this is Alabama. Because Saban.
This year, instead of going at these delusional pro-SEC people with your own set of facts and opinions, all you have to do when you hear these nimrods tout their conference as almighty is this: chuckle.
Now, a minute, if you will, on each of the "big three" college football teams in our own backyard.
I hereby declare that the Louisville Cardinals are national championship contenders. Why not? Many publications that deem themselves smarter than I are predicting that Louisville is no better than the third-best team in the Atlantic Coast Conference, behind Clemson and Florida State.
There are simple reasons why that can, and should, be disproven.
First, too much emphasis is being placed on the finish, albeit regurgitation-worthy, of last season. That season-ending three-game spiral began with a blowout loss at Houston. Nevermind that Houston had already beaten perennial power Oklahoma earlier in the year.
The Cardinals laid an egg, plain and simple.
Ging into that game, the College Football Playoff Selection Committee had deemed Louisville just one spot out of the playoff, ranking them fifth in the country.
That Houston loss, combined with the earlier loss at eventual national champion Clemson in one of the best games of the season, took Bobby Petrino's bunch out of the national title discussion with just one game left in their season.
And that one game left was Kentucky.
Let it be known, Kentucky was the better team on that day against Louisville. But they wouldn't have been the better team that day, in your leader's eyes, had Louisville still had a national championship berth for which to play.
By the time Louisville play LSU in the Citrus Bowl, they appeared to be at a football game that they did not want to play in, getting bludgeoned 29-9.
I hereby grant UofL a reprieve from that unbelievably embarrassing season-ending tumble. Too much of the Cardinals' 2017 public expectations are based on their performance in the final two games of the year, which had far less meaning to the coaches and players than it did to the college football world.
Also, lest we forget, the Cards have the reigning Heisman Trophy winner. Clemson lost their all-star quarterback, and Florida State was embarrassed by this same Louisville team just 12 months ago.
I hereby declare the Cardinals title contenders.
Ah, Kentucky. You are quite the lovable football character. You are the program we pat on the head like a good dog who just brought back the ball we launched into the neighbor's yard.
Sure, you may urinate in a million places that we don't really appreciate (like vs. Southern Mississippi), but every once in a while, you find a bone (like at Louisville).
And this season is no different. Kentucky feels like another mediocre-at-best member of the aforementioned below-average-after-Bama SEC.
Let us start off the field. I, your leader of Sports Gasbag Nation (an admitted IU fan), am still a little salty with how athletic director Fred Glass introduced Tom Allen as the new head coach of Indiana University football.
Glass made Allen, on what quite possibly was the best day of Allen's professional life, sit mostly idle at the press conference table while Glass announced the very sudden firing of former coach Kevin Wilson. Save for a quick statement from the new head coach on how this was the opportunity of a lifetime, the press only cared about "Where'd the old coach go?" Glass didn't give his new head coach his own day filled with positivity about the football team. That's sat with me all offseason.
Now, as far as the actual football is concerned: see Kentucky.
So, let it be written. So, let it be done.
This entry was posted in The Final Say and tagged Angie Fenton, college, Extol, Extol mag, Extol Magazine, Extol Sports, fitness, football, Health, Indiana, Kentuckiana, Louisville, Southern Indiana, UofL, Zach McCrite on August 4, 2017 by Christian Watson.


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The 'privileged poor': universities are far from all inclusive
Anthony Abraham Jack's new book distinguishes two kinds of under-represented students and sets out what universities need to do if they truly want to recruit the most disadvantaged students. Matthew Reisz writes
Matthew Reisz
Twitter: @MatthewReiszTHE
Even the seasons feel different to the rich and the poor.
Anthony Abraham Jack's new book, The Privileged Poor: How Elite Colleges Are Failing Disadvantaged Students, opens with his arrival at private, liberal-arts Amherst College, Massachusetts, in 2003. He had grown up in Coconut Grove, Miami, where the only white people on the streets "fell into three easily identifiable categories: police officers, crackheads, and people who had lost their way". His privileged new classmates "swapped stories of summer fun", including "multiweek trips abroad", "fancy parties" and "courtside seats at professional basketball games". Yet for him and his family, summer had merely meant "a hundred days of heat, humidity, and hurricanes".
As this vignette suggests, The Privileged Poor is a book about social class in American higher education and the often painful culture clashes it gives rise to. But there is a twist. Between Coconut Grove and Amherst, Jack – who is now an assistant professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Business – had spent a scholarship year at a wealthy private high school in Miami called Gulliver Preparatory.
This acted, he tells Times Higher Education, like "a trailer to the full-blown movie". He had to deal with a certain amount of racism and snobbery but was also granted "a peek behind the veil" into elite educational institutions, where teaching staff have time for close and supportive interaction with pupils. He also cultivated some rich friends to get a glimpse of the good life, and so acquired the skills to negotiate a world where most of his fellow students came from wealthier backgrounds.
After his undergraduate degree at Amherst, Jack moved on to Harvard for a master's and PhD in sociology, which eventually led to a faculty position. What he soon discovered was that his own experience was almost entirely neglected in the academic literature. While his family was certainly poor, his time at Gulliver had transformed him into a member of the "privileged poor" referred to in his book's title. By contrast, academic studies tended to concentrate on the group that his book describes as the "doubly disadvantaged", who suffer severe culture shock when they go straight from a tough high school to a university full of privileged students.
"We are not paying enough attention to the diversity of experience students [from disadvantaged backgrounds] are bringing with them," explains Jack. "To understand why they adopt certain behaviours, we have to understand their trajectories to college. We have flattened out the diversity within them."
This represents a failure of sociological analysis. But it also has real implications for what universities need to do if they genuinely want to embrace diversity, Jack believes.
The Privileged Poor is based on a two-year project that Jack carried out for his Harvard PhD at an institution the book calls "Renowned University", "an elite college in the northeast United States with a long history of educating academically gifted youth" (which may or may not be Harvard itself). Based on immersive research and in-depth interviews with 103 students, the book includes many striking stories of the gulf between rich and poor. Those who often had to deal with "problems at home with their family and friends – typically some combination of evictions, convictions, and violence" tended to be alienated if not disgusted by peers who bring their own interior decorators into college, boast about mid-semester trips to India for a friend's wedding or post pictures of themselves "on their yachts with bottles of Dom Pérignon and Rolexes" on Rich Kids of the Internet.
Other encounters have a distinct element of comedy. Take the case of doubly deprived "Jose", a young man who grew up in a poor, dangerous and largely Latino district of Los Angeles. Feeling isolated at Renowned, he was delighted to discover that someone from Mexico City had moved on to his floor at his hall of residence: "Another Mexican? We're about to be homies!" he thought. Unfortunately, the new arrival came from a totally different class background: his father flew him out to Texas for every Dallas Cowboys home game. So there was little chance of their bonding. At the end of term, the rich kid wanted to throw out a velvet Ralph Lauren dressing gown he couldn't be bothered to pack. Even though Jose realised that the other young man's "balls and his dick were all over the thing", it "felt hella good" and he was happy to take it.
The problems of the doubly disadvantaged do not end with the difficulty of bonding with their classmates. Equally significant, says Jack, is "the 'hidden curriculum' that hurts those for whom a college environment is new".
This is manifested even in seemingly innocuous phrases. "A professor will come in and say 'My office hours are from X to Y'," he notes. "That's a very loaded statement, using words with a lot of meaning behind them." The upper income or privileged poor students will take up the implicit offer, come to the professor's office, ask for favours, build contacts and so on. The doubly disadvantaged are often warier of authority figures, or remember high school teachers who were too stressed by fire-fighting to act as mentors. Many are also self-reliant, focused on "the work", and regard it as a sign of weakness or sycophancy to seek help. As a result, they fail to use the professors as valuable resources, missing out on internships and references, as well as academic guidance.
In Jack's view, it would be good to make clear to the doubly disadvantaged early on that even if they don't feel as though they need help, they should drop by during "office hours", since success at university and afterwards depends on who you know as much as what you know. Jack himself organises meetings for first-generation students, including "sessions on navigating graduate school", but while more such proactive outreach by academics would be welcome, he believes that "they are not going to change the game. There is too much invested in the way things are, in privilege and power."
He hopes his book will go some way towards "getting students better prepared to play the game". Universities, meanwhile, need to do their bit to "remove the hurdles, visible and invisible, that lower-income students face". Even terms as basic as "fellowship", "prerequisite" and "credit" can feel bafflingly exclusionary.
What the privileged poor and doubly disadvantaged share, of course, is shortage of cash, even if they receive "no-loan financial aid". Jack has already written in Times Higher Education about the hardship and sometimes genuine hunger caused by universities shutting down all cafeterias during spring break ("Hungry students offer food for thought for diversification efforts", Opinion, 28 February). His book also addresses two other problematic policies.
One is the phenomenon of "community detail", by which poor students are able to earn a little money by cleaning the rooms of their rich peers. The Privileged Poor reports ghastly stories of such students having to "pick up soiled tampons and used condoms, mop sticky floors, sweep up dead cockroaches and rats, scoop vomit from sinks, and pull out hair stuck in clogged drains". The more arrogantly privileged may make no effort to be tidy because they know someone else will clear up after them and sometimes even berate fellow students for "missing a spot".
On this issue, Jack takes a strong line. He would gladly see community detail abolished and replaced, for those who need the money, by "jobs that put students in contact with professors, deans and members of staff that are academically or socially enriching. I also think students can clean their own darn rooms!"
Slightly more morally complicated is a programme called Scholarship Plus, which provides students on full financial aid with five free tickets per semester to campus events. This may sound admirable, but it comes with a catch. Those paying their $15, we read, queue up for tickets at a table "next to the main entrance near the well-manicured front lawn". Those who have "PLUSed" their tickets, by contrast, have to go to a table "next to the scuffed-up back door, which leads to an alley full of broken-down cardboard boxes".
The Privileged Poor is a book about encouraging US universities to have "as robust conversations about social class as they do about gender and race". Although the proportions differ, there are students of all races and genders in all of Jack's categories for student background. Some of them clearly feel that community detail in any form and Scholarship Plus in the way it is currently organised are not only humiliating but deliberately humiliating.
Yet this also plays out rather differently on the basis of race, Jack claims. White students were sometimes upset to be "outed" as poor to people who had previously known nothing about their socio-economic background. Black and Latino students, meanwhile, "had to contend with the fact that being in that line [for Scholarship Plus tickets] underscored stereotypes that they had been fighting or experienced their entire lives – that to be black or Latino means to be poor". Furthermore, such queues were often largely distinguished by race, and so called up discomforting echoes of "poor doors" and segregated facilities from earlier African American history. Similarly, some black students who took part in community detail were disturbed by family and wider memories of poor blacks cleaning up after rich whites.
The research that led to the book also proved disturbing to Jack himself. He found himself recalling episodes from a childhood in which "fights in the middle of the streets" and "disruptions to utilities" were far from unknown. "I was doing three or four interviews a day for days on end, and hearing those stories [from other poor, first-generation students] gets to you. You don't just leave the interview in the office. You carry it with you. The interviews can trigger things from your own past you haven't thought about in a decade."
Fortunately, Jack has also had successes in lobbying Renowned University and other higher education institutions to eliminate separate queues and to ensure that food is available for students during spring break. These represent small but important steps towards his long-term goal of making "access" mean genuine "inclusion", by "removing barriers which remind [lower-income] students they are second-class citizens in a first-class world".
Anthony Abraham Jack's The Privileged Poor: How Elite Colleges Are Failing Disadvantaged Students was recently published by Harvard University Press.
University funding/finances
Print headline: All inclusive?
From access to genuine inclusion on US campuses
Matthew Reisz considers the work of researchers who have shed light on the 'invisibility' of social class in US universities
By Matthew Reisz
Can I succeed as a working-class academic?
Life as an early career researcher is hard, but when you add being working class into the mix, the obstacles are almost insurmountable, writes an anonymous academic facing the death of her university career
Universities must reform to be real educators
Far from being hotbeds of intellectual debate, universities enforce ideological conformity, follow rigid procedures and offer little that enthusiasts could not teach themselves. It is time for radical reform, says Lincoln Allison
By Lincoln Allison
University admissions: which system is the fairest?
Standardised test scores, interviews, entrance exams, choosing the top percentage of applicants: all are used in university admissions. Ellie Bothwell asks which methods provide the most honest reflection of suitability for higher education
By Ellie Bothwell
Related universities
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The future of the traditional lecture is up for debate once more
Universities should partner with students instead of treating them like passive recipients of our superior knowledge, says Simone Buitendijk
By Simone Buitendijk
Universities negotiate with lenders as pandemic finances bite
Warnings that banking covenants could be breached in some scenarios emerge in latest accounts
By Simon Baker
UK overseas recruitment 'could bounce back next year'
British Council expert says universities should be prepared for more deferrals, cancellations and late decision-making over the next 12 months
'No easy answers' on Covid disruption compensation for students
Higher education finance expert weighs up costs of options for government, amid calls for loan discounts and cash grants
By John Morgan
Teaching Fellow, Digital Marketing and Data Analytics
Postdoctoral Research Associate in Quantum Light and Matter
Postdoctoral Fellow in Medicine


Bikes and The City: Ketchup.
Let's do a little bit of catching up with los local events. Mucho good stuff happening this month.
The two bike citizens on this year's promotions are very nice, and represent a very mellow non-racer type but not sure why they are headless?!
Thursday, May 10 | 6-9pm, Public Works, 161 Erie St. "Celebrate San Francisco's biggest day of bicycling at the SF Bicycle Coalition's big Bike from Work Party with DJs, a photo booth, fabulous raffle prizes, snacks hosted by Whole Foods and complimentary bicycle valet. $5 for current SF Bicycle Coalition Members, $10 for non-members or join at the door ($35) & get in free."
The Crazy 88's AIDS/LifeCycle Team is hosting this year's most festive fundraising event for the San Francisco AIDS Foundation! The first 150 guests who pay the $8 cover will receive a California Roll from neighboring Sushi Delight restaurant and a feather boa…..because there is no such thing as enough boas.
"How about a group of Los Angeles friends, biking from San Francicso to LA (home). 500 miles, seven days, fully loaded ride for their friend Kam. None of the conveniences like mobile tent cities, swag wagons or fully stocked rest stops. These guys do it rugged, not professional cyclists and are powered by motivation.
Through this project they hope to raise awareness of my rare genetic muscle debilitating and degenerative condition; HIBM, because it's no longer about finding a cure; it's about funding the cure."
TUESDAY MAY 15: DR SKETCHY'S PRESENTS 4TH ANNUAL CUTE GIRLS ON BICYCLES!
"Ding ding, it is that time of year! Time to ride your bike and draw the cute girls of San Francisco with their bicyclettes."
"After many days of planning and hair-pulling, mamakSF's Kickstarter project is up and running. You have been supportive and patient with the build up of 'the little bike food cart' that could. For that, I am forever grateful. We wouldn't be here today without your love, support and belief.
It's not all about funding via Kickstarter, though that helps.
I hope I get to feed many, if not all, of you some day. Let's get this food party started!"
"Local bicycle enthusiasts celebrate San Francisco's vibrant bicycle culture with 60-second video "Do the Wiggle." Instant classic reminds all cities that robust bicycle infrastructure supports healthy, sustainable urban living."
"The 2012 Tour de Peninsula offers Bay Area families a day of fun, fitness, and healthy family activities. Now in its 21st year, this ride is one of Northern California's most fun recreational cycling events/family/social gatherings. Held in the scenic, mellow Coyote Point Park alongside the San Francisco Bay in San Mateo, the TdP is a perennial highlight of the Bay Area's recreational social calendar. The TdP is a variety of great cycling routes designed for all levels, from young children and first time riders to serious cyclists. During and after the ride, a day of family fun activities takes place in the park, with a children's playground, barbecuing, picnics, live music, and equally lively conversation. Proceeds benefit San Mateo County Parks Foundation and Bicycle Sunday – car free biking on Canada Road."
will be participating in this year's Climate Ride.
"This September, we will bike 300+ miles over five days, to raise money for a host of great organizations working toward real climate solutions.Climate Ride has emerged for me as a key opportunity, along with a handful of others (Keystone XL action, etc.) to make a significant contribution and tackle the challenges which so many of us very deeply care."
Okay well, that's lots of good stuff going on.
Wow, Meli, I worked up a sweat reading that one! What exciting times in SF. Bob and I just keeping hoping this land of milk and honey is in our future and your posts just keeping eggin' on the dream!
Nothing that's already not been said, but nothing wrong with repeating myself. Thank you for the love and support Meli! I shall see you and feed you soon.
And one more thing: 2ndSaturdaySF, a new social ride, kicks off on May 12 @ 7:20am from Duboce Park.
Yeah, I know it's early. But mornings are awesome!
I'm guessing the new slate of images of headless riders are because of the helmet debate. A picture without helmet brings out the pro-helmet people, and a picture with - the anti-helmet people. Avoid controversy and take out their heads!
visually annoying, a debate that needs to be presented if needed, and instead it is just skipped +poorly decided during a day that it is possible to reach many people that are rather undecided to do their commute on bicycle more htan just once a year.


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