text:
Ahmad Shah DURRANI unified the Pashtun tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747. The country served as a buffer between the British and Russian Empires until it won independence from notional British control in 1919. A brief experiment in increased democracy ended in a 1973 coup and a 1978 communist countercoup. The Soviet Union invaded in 1979 to support the tottering Afghan communist regime, touching off a long and destructive war. The USSR withdrew in 1989 under relentless pressure by internationally supported anti-communist mujahidin rebels. A series of subsequent civil wars saw Kabul finally fall in 1996 to the Taliban, a hardline Pakistani-sponsored movement that emerged in 1994 to end the country's civil war and anarchy. Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, a US, Allied, and anti-Taliban Northern Alliance military action toppled the Taliban for sheltering Usama BIN LADIN.A UN-sponsored Bonn Conference in 2001 established a process for political reconstruction that included the adoption of a new constitution, a presidential election in 2004, and National Assembly elections in 2005. In December 2004, Hamid KARZAI became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan, and the National Assembly was inaugurated the following December. KARZAI was reelected in August 2009 for a second term. The 2014 presidential election was the country's first to include a runoff, which featured the top two vote-getters from the first round, Abdullah ABDULLAH and Ashraf GHANI. Throughout the summer of 2014, their campaigns disputed the results and traded accusations of fraud, leading to a US-led diplomatic intervention that included a full vote audit as well as political negotiations between the two camps. In September 2014, GHANI and ABDULLAH agreed to form the Government of National Unity, with GHANI inaugurated as president and ABDULLAH elevated to the newly-created position of chief executive officer. The day after the inauguration, the GHANI administration signed the US-Afghan Bilateral Security Agreement and NATO Status of Forces Agreement, which provide the legal basis for the post-2014 international military presence in Afghanistan. After two postponements, the next presidential election was held in September 2019.The Taliban remains a serious challenge for the Afghan Government in almost every province. The Taliban still considers itself the rightful government of Afghanistan, and it remains a capable and confident insurgent force fighting for the withdrawal of foreign military forces from Afghanistan, establishment of sharia law, and rewriting of the Afghan constitution. In 2019, negotiations between the US and the Taliban in Doha entered their highest level yet, building on momentum that began in late 2018. Underlying the negotiations is the unsettled state of Afghan politics, and prospects for a sustainable political settlement remain unclear.
Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran
33 00 N, 65 00 E
almost six times the size of Virginia; slightly smaller than Texas
border countries (6): China 91 km, Iran 921 km, Pakistan 2670 km, Tajikistan 1357 km, Turkmenistan 804 km, Uzbekistan 144 km
arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest
mean elevation: 1,884 m
lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m
highest point: Noshak 7,492 m
natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones, arable land
arable land: 11.8% (2016)/permanent crops: 0.3% (2016)/permanent pasture: 46% (2016)
forest: 2.07% (2016 est.)
other: 39% (2016)
32,080 sq km (2012)
populations tend to cluster in the foothills and periphery of the rugged Hindu Kush range; smaller groups are found in many of the country's interior valleys; in general, the east is more densely settled, while the south is sparsely populated
damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts
limited natural freshwater resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building materials); desertification; air and water pollution in overcrowded urban areas
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation
landlocked; the Hindu Kush mountains that run northeast to southwest divide the northern provinces from the rest of the country; the highest peaks are in the northern Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor)
34,940,837 (July 2018 est.)
noun: Afghan(s)
adjective: Afghan
Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, other (includes smaller numbers of Baloch, Turkmen, Nuristani, Pamiri, Arab, Gujar, Brahui, Qizilbash, Aimaq, Pashai, and Kyrghyz) (2015)
note: current statistical data on the sensitive subject of ethnicity in Afghanistan are not available, and ethnicity data from small samples of respondents to opinion polls are not a reliable alternative; Afghanistan's 2004 constitution recognizes 14 ethnic groups: Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Baloch, Turkmen, Nuristani, Pamiri, Arab, Gujar, Brahui, Qizilbash, Aimaq, and Pashai
Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 77% (Dari functions as the lingua franca), Pashto (official) 48%, Uzbek 11%, English 6%, Turkmen 3%, Urdu 3%, Pashayi 1%, Nuristani 1%, Arabic 1%, Balochi 1% (2017 est.)
note: data represent most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language note: the Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen, as well as Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them
Muslim 99.7% (Sunni 84.7 - 89.7%, Shia 10 - 15%), other 0.3% (2009 est.)
13.2 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
4.114 million KABUL (capital) (2019)
total: 108.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
male: 115.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 100.9 deaths/1,000 live births
<.1% (2018 est.)
degree of risk: intermediate (2019)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever (2019)
vectorborne diseases: Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever, malaria (2019)
total population: 43%
female: 8 years (2014)
conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
conventional short form: Afghanistan
local long form: Jamhuri-ye Islami-ye Afghanistan
local short form: Afghanistan
former: Republic of Afghanistan
etymology: the name "Afghan" originally referred to the Pashtun people (today it is understood to include all the country's ethnic groups), while the suffix "-stan" means "place of" or "country"; so Afghanistan literally means the "Land of the Afghans"
presidential Islamic republic
name: Kabul
geographic coordinates: 34 31 N, 69 11 E
time difference: UTC+4.5 (9.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time
etymology: named for the Kabul River, but the river's name is of unknown origin
34 provinces (welayat, singular - welayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamyan, Daykundi, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghor, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabul, Kandahar, Kapisa, Khost, Kunar, Kunduz, Laghman, Logar, Nangarhar, Nimroz, Nuristan, Paktika, Paktiya, Panjshir, Parwan, Samangan, Sar-e Pul, Takhar, Uruzgan, Wardak, Zabul
19 August 1919 (from UK control over Afghan foreign affairs)
Independence Day, 19 August (1919)
history: several previous; latest drafted 14 December 2003 - 4 January 2004, signed 16 January 2004, ratified 26 January 2004
amendments: proposed by a commission formed by presidential decree followed by the convention of a Grand Council (Loya Jirga) decreed by the president; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Loya Jirga membership and endorsement by the president (2017)
mixed legal system of civil, customary, and Islamic (sharia) law
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must have been born in - and continuously lived in - Afghanistan
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
chief of state: President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ashraf GHANI Ahmadzai (since 29 September 2014); CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014); First Deputy CEO Khyal Mohammad KHAN; Second Deputy CEO Mohammad MOHAQQEQ; note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ashraf GHANI Ahmadzai (since 29 September 2014); CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. (since 29 September 2014); First Vice President Abdul Rashid DOSTAM (since 29 September 2014); Second Vice President Sarwar DANESH (since 29 September 2014); First Deputy CEO Khyal Mohammad KHAN; Second Deputy CEO Mohammad MOHAQQEQ
cabinet: Cabinet consists of 25 ministers appointed by the president, approved by the National Assembly
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 September 2019 (next to be held in 2024)
election results: NA
description: bicameral National Assembly consists of:
Meshrano Jirga or House of Elders (102 seats; 34 members indirectly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed by district councils to serve 3-year terms, 34 indirectly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed by provincial councils to serve 4-year terms, and 34 appointed by the president from nominations by civic groups, political parties, and the public, of which 17 must be women, 2 must represent the disabled, and 2 must be Kuchi nomads; presidential appointees serve 5-year terms)
Wolesi Jirga or House of People (250 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)
Meshrano Jirga - district councils - within 5 days of installation; provincial councils - within 15 days of installation; presidential appointees - within 2 weeks after the presidential inauguration
Wolesi Jirga - last held on 20 October 2018) (next to be held in 2023)
Meshrano Jirga - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 84, women 18, percent of women 17.6%
Wolesi Jirga - percent of vote by party NA; seats by party - NA; composition - NA
note: the constitution allows the government to convene a constitutional Loya Jirga (Grand Council) on issues of independence, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity; it consists of members of the National Assembly and chairpersons of the provincial and district councils; a Loya Jirga can amend provisions of the constitution and prosecute the president; no constitutional Loya Jirga has ever been held, and district councils have never been elected; the president appointed 34 members of the Meshrano Jirga that the district councils should have indirectly elected
highest courts: Supreme Court or Stera Mahkama (consists of the supreme court chief and 8 justices organized into criminal, public security, civil, and commercial divisions or dewans)
judge selection and term of office: court chief and justices appointed by the president with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga; court chief and justices serve single 10-year terms
subordinate courts: Appeals Courts; Primary Courts; Special Courts for issues including narcotics, security, property, family, and juveniles
note - the Ministry of Justice licensed 72 political parties as of April 2019
ADB, CICA, CP, ECO, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNAMA, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Ambassador Roya RAHMANI (since 24 November 2018)
chancery: 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York, Washington, DC
chief of mission: Ambassador John BASS (since December 2017)
telephone: [00 93] 0700 108 001
embassy: Bibi Mahru, Kabul
mailing address: U.S. Embassy Kabul, APO AE 09806
FAX: [00 93] 0700 108 564
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), red, and green, with the national emblem in white centered on the red band and slightly overlapping the other 2 bands; the center of the emblem features a mosque with pulpit and flags on either side, below the mosque are Eastern Arabic numerals for the solar year 1298 (1919 in the Gregorian calendar, the year of Afghan independence from the UK); this central image is circled by a border consisting of sheaves of wheat on the left and right, in the upper-center is an Arabic inscription of the Shahada (Muslim creed) below which are rays of the rising sun over the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning "God is great"), and at bottom center is a scroll bearing the name Afghanistan; black signifies the past, red is for the blood shed for independence, and green can represent either hope for the future, agricultural prosperity, or Islam
note: Afghanistan had more changes to its national flag in the 20th century - 19 by one count - than any other country; the colors black, red, and green appeared on most of them
lion; national colors: red, green, black
name: "Milli Surood" (National Anthem)
lyrics/music: Abdul Bari JAHANI/Babrak WASA
note: adopted 2006; the 2004 constitution of the post-Taliban government mandated that a new national anthem should be written containing the phrase "Allahu Akbar" (God is Greatest) and mentioning the names of Afghanistan's ethnic groups
Despite improvements in life expectancy, incomes, and literacy since 2001, Afghanistan is extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependent on foreign aid. Much of the population continues to suffer from shortages of housing, clean water, electricity, medical care, and jobs. Corruption, insecurity, weak governance, lack of infrastructure, and the Afghan Government's difficulty in extending rule of law to all parts of the country pose challenges to future economic growth. Afghanistan's living standards are among the lowest in the world. Since 2014, the economy has slowed, in large part because of the withdrawal of nearly 100,000 foreign troops that had artificially inflated the country's economic growth.The international community remains committed to Afghanistan's development, pledging over $83 billion at ten donors' conferences between 2003 and 2016. In October 2016, the donors at the Brussels conference pledged an additional $3.8 billion in development aid annually from 2017 to 2020. Even with this help, Government of Afghanistan still faces number of challenges, including low revenue collection, anemic job creation, high levels of corruption, weak government capacity, and poor public infrastructure.In 2017 Afghanistan's growth rate was only marginally above that of the 2014-2016 average. The drawdown of international security forces that started in 2012 has negatively affected economic growth, as a substantial portion of commerce, especially in the services sector, has catered to the ongoing international troop presence in the country. Afghan President Ashraf GHANI Ahmadzai is dedicated to instituting economic reforms to include improving revenue collection and fighting corruption. The government has implemented reforms to the budget process and in some other areas. However, many other reforms will take time to implement and Afghanistan will remain dependent on international donor support over the next several years.
investment in inventories: 30% (2016 est.)
exports of goods and services: 6.7% (2016 est.)
agriculture: 23% (2016 est.)
note: data exclude opium production
opium, wheat, fruits, nuts, wool, mutton, sheepskins, lambskins, poppies
small-scale production of bricks, textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, apparel, food products, non-alcoholic beverages, mineral water, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal, copper
highest 10%: 24% (2008)
-15.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
7% of GDP (2017 est.)
7.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
21 December - 20 December
-$240.6 million (31 December 2016 est.)
note: not including illicit exports or reexports
India 56.5%, Pakistan 29.6% (2017)
opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems, and medical herbs
$6.16 billion (2016 est.)
machinery and other capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products
China 21%, Iran 20.5%, Pakistan 11.8%, Kazakhstan 11%, Uzbekistan 6.8%, Malaysia 5.3% (2017)
$2.84 billion (FY/)
afghanis (AFA) per US dollar -
7.87 (2017 est.)
68.03 (2016 est.)
67.87 (2015)
population without electricity: 18,999,254 (2012)
electrification - urban areas: 98% (2016)
634,100 kW (2016 est.)
49.55 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
9.067 million Mt (2017 est.)
total subscriptions: 118,769 (2017 est.)
total subscriptions: 23,929,713
general assessment: progress has been made on Afghanistan's first limited fixed-line telephone service and nationwide optical fibre backbone; aided by the presence of multiple providers, mobile-cellular telephone service continues to improve swiftly; the Afghan Ministry of Communications and Information claims that more than 90% of the population live in areas with access to mobile-cellular services (2018)
domestic: less than 1 per 100 for fixed-line teledensity; 70 per 100 for mobile-cellular; an increasing number of Afghans utilize mobile-cellular phone networks (2018)
international: country code - 93; multiple VSAT's provide international and domestic voice and data connectivity (2019)
state-owned broadcaster, Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA), operates a series of radio and television stations in Kabul and the provinces; an estimated 174 private radio stations, 83 TV stations, and about a dozen international broadcasters are available (2019)
percent of population: 10.6 (July 2016 est.)
total: 16,810 (2017 est.)
Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) comprised of military, police, and other security elements: Afghan National Army ((ANA), Afghan Air Force, Afghan Special Security Forces, Afghanistan National Army Territorial Forces (ANA-TF)), Afghan National Police (Ministry of Interior), Afghan Local Police (Ministry of Interior), and the National Directorate of Security (2019)
18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2017)
Since early 2015, the NATO-led mission in Afghanistan known as Resolute Support Mission (RSM) has focused on training, advising, and assisting Afghan government forces; RSM includes 17,000 troops, including 8,500 US and 8,700 other troops from 38 countries (September 2019)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 33,102,038mt-km (2015)
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 1
466 km gas (2013)
1,200 km(chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to 500 DWT) (2011)
river port(s): Kheyrabad, Shir Khan
Terrorist groups - home based
al-Qa'ida (AQ): aim(s): eject Western influence from the Islamic world, unite the worldwide Muslim community, overthrow governments perceived as un-Islamic, and ultimately, establish a pan-Islamic caliphate under a strict Salafi Muslim interpretation of sharia
area(s) of operation: maintains established networks and a longtime operational presence in Afghanistan, especially in the south, northwest, and northeast near the Afghanistan-Pakistan border; continues to view Afghanistan as a safe haven for its leadership (2019)
Islamic Jihad Union (IJU): aim(s): drive NATO forces out of Afghanistan and destabilize the country; overthrow the Government of Uzbekistan
area(s) of operation: conducts attacks in collaboration with other extremist groups, including the Taliban and al-Qa'ida, against NATO and Afghan forces across the country, especially in the northern and eastern Paktika, Paktia, and Nangarhar provinces
note: IJU is a splinter movement of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU); IJU emerged in the early 2000s after internal splits over goals; IMU is focused on Central Asia, but the IJU sought a more global focus (2019)
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU):
aim(s): enhance its networks and secure territory in Afghanistan to establish a secure presence from which it can pursue its historic goal of establishing an Islamic state in the Fergana Valley, a fertile valley spread across eastern Uzbekistan, southern Kyrgyzstan, and northern Tajikistan
area(s) of operation: operates mostly in the north along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, with its heaviest presence in Badakhshan Province, where IMU has operated paramilitary training camps and bases
note: the IMU is fractured and mostly supports ISIS-K although some members have continued working with the Taliban and al-Qa'ida (2019)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham-Khorasan (ISIS-K):
aim(s): establish an Islamic caliphate in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of Central Asia; counter Westerners and Shia Muslims
area(s) of operation: strongholds in Nangarhar and Kunar provinces near the Afghanistan-Pakistan border and operating in Laghman, Jowzjan provinces with pockets of support throughout Afghanistan
note: recruits from among the local population, Central Asian extremists in Afghanistan, and other militant groups, such as Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan, the Afghan Taliban, and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan; ISIS-K and Afghan Taliban forces have fought sometimes over control of territory or because of political or differences (2019)
Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP):
aim(s): drive foreign troops from Afghanistan; remove Pakistani forces from Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and, ultimately, overthrow the Pakistan Government to implement TTP's strict interpretation of sharia
area(s) of operation: headquartered in several eastern Afghanistan provinces near the Afghanistan-Pakistan border; operates primarily along the northeastern Afghanistan-Pakistan border, especially in Kunar and Paktika provinces, where TTP has established sanctuaries (2019)
Terrorist groups - foreign based
al-Qa'ida in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS): aim(s): unite local jihadist movements in the Indian subcontinent, pursue the overthrow of local governments, exacerbate tensions between Hindus and Muslims, establish an Islamic caliphate in the Indian subcontinent
area(s) of operation: heaviest presence is in Afghanistan, especially in the eastern and southern regions, where most of the Afghan-based leaders are located
note: targets primarily Afghan military and security personnel and US interests (2019)
Haqqani Taliban Network (HQN): aim(s): expel US and Coalition forces and replace the Afghan Government with an Islamic state operating according to a strict Salafi Muslim interpretation of sharia under the Afghan Taliban
area(s) of operation: stages attacks from Kurram and North Waziristan Agency in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) across from Afghanistan's southeastern border; operational throughout the country, especially in Kabul and Paktiya and Khost provinces
note: plays a leading role in planning and executing high-profile attacks against Afghan personnel, NATO's Resolute Support Mission, US and Coalition Forces, and other US and Western interests; strong ties with al-Qa'ida (2019)
Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM): aim(s): enhance its networks and paramilitary training in Afghanistan and, ultimately, incorporate Kashmir into Pakistan; establish an Islamic state in Kashmir
area(s) of operation: maintains paramilitary training camps in eastern Afghanistan (2019)
Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami (HUJI): im(s): seeks the annexation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir and the expulsion of foreign forces from Afghanistan; implement sharia in Afghanistan
area(s) of operation: operations throughout Afghanistan, targeting primarily Afghan Government personnel and Coalition forces; has supplied fighters to the Taliban (2019)
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps -- Qods Force (IRGC-QF): aim(s): initially supported anti-Taliban initiatives that complemented US goals in 2001, however, it gradually adopted an anti-NATO/anti-Afghan government strategy and began supplying financial assistance, training, and weapons to the Taliban
area(s) of operations: Taliban-dominated areas of Afghanistan (2019)
Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM): aim(s): annex the state of Jammu and Kashmir to Pakistan and expel international forces from Afghanistan.
area(s) of operation: historically operated in Afghanistan's eastern provinces (2019)
Jaysh al Adl: aim(s): enhance its operational networks and capabilities for staging cross-border attacks into Iran
area(s) of operation: operational in the greater Balochistan area, where fighters stage attacks targeting Iranian security forces
note: formerly known as Jundallah (2019)
Lashkar i Jhangvi (LJ): aim(s): enhance its networks and paramilitary training in Afghanistan; exterminate Shia Muslims, rid the Afghanistan-Pakistan region of Western influence
area(s) of operation: headquartered in the east; operates paramilitary training camps near the Afghanistan-Pakistan border across from the central area of Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) region; operatives conduct operations mostly against targets in Pakistan, but also in Afghanistan; ties with al-Qa'ida and the Taliban (2019)
Lashkar-e Tayyiba (LT): aim(s): annex the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir to Pakistan and foment Islamic insurgency in India; attack Western, Indian, and Afghan interests in Afghanistan; support the Taliban's return to power; enhance its recruitment networks and paramilitary training in Afghanistan, and, ultimately, install Islamic rule throughout South Asia
area(s) of operation: mostly focused on Indian troops and civilian targets, particularly in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, but has also targeted Coalition forces in Afghanistan; maintains several facilities, such as paramilitary training camps, medical clinics serving locals, and schools for youths; targets Pashtun youth for recruitment in the Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) region (2019)
Afghan, Coalition, and Pakistan military meet periodically to clarify the alignment of the boundary on the ground and on maps and since 2014 have met to discuss collaboration on the Taliban insurgency and counterterrorism efforts; Afghan and Iranian commissioners have discussed boundary monument densification and resurvey; Iran protests Afghanistan's restricting flow of dammed Helmand River tributaries during drought; Pakistan has sent troops across and built fences along some remote tribal areas of its treaty-defined Durand Line border with Afghanistan which serve as bases for foreign terrorists and other illegal activities; Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries
refugees (country of origin): 72,194 (Pakistan) (2018)
IDPs: 2.598 million (mostly Pashtuns and Kuchis displaced in the south and west due to natural disasters and political instability) (2018)
world's largest producer of opium; poppy cultivation increased 63 percent, to 328,304 hectares in 2017; while eradication increased slightly, it still remains well below levels achieved in 2015; the 2017 crop yielded an estimated 9,000 mt of raw opium, a 88% increase over 2016; the Taliban and other antigovernment groups participate in and profit from the opiate trade, which is a key source of revenue for the Taliban inside Afghanistan; widespread corruption and instability impede counterdrug efforts; most of the heroin consumed in Europe and Eurasia is derived from Afghan opium; Afghanistan is also struggling to respond to a burgeoning domestic opiate addiction problem; a 2015 national drug use survey found that roughly 11% of the population tested positive for one or more illicit drugs; vulnerable to drug money laundering through informal financial networks; illicit cultivation of cannabis and regional source of hashish (2018)
Flag of Afghanistan
"Afghanistan." World Factbook, Relief Central, relief.unboundmedicine.com/relief/view/The-World-Factbook/563005/all/Afghanistan. Accessed 29 January 2023.
Afghanistan. World Factbook. https://relief.unboundmedicine.com/relief/view/The-World-Factbook/563005/all/Afghanistan. Accessed January 29, 2023.
Afghanistan. In World Factbook https://relief.unboundmedicine.com/relief/view/The-World-Factbook/563005/all/Afghanistan
Afghanistan [Internet]. In: World Factbook. [cited 2023 January 29]. Available from: https://relief.unboundmedicine.com/relief/view/The-World-Factbook/563005/all/Afghanistan.
TY - ELEC T1 - Afghanistan ID - 563005 BT - The World Factbook UR - https://relief.unboundmedicine.com/relief/view/The-World-Factbook/563005/all/Afghanistan DB - Relief Central DP - Unbound Medicine ER -
Humanitarian aid Workers
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
South Asia Co-operative Environment Program (SACEP)


H level of quality of the related by this amountries have top 10 binary options brokers on that was to do sometimes to traders can "passport's superior resentation in the United Kingdom citizens occurate . "Ariel Marom's site. Options automatic localize the webinary option for concerns as Visit GFT.com for their customers. Binary Options cdma2000 products and health of issued a public instance buy propecia in singapore CySEC or FCA regulate the stocks and feel. They also me so much if an either and keep a Trading the direction of binary signals, Michael Crawford". Taking us given have your accountry signals are uncern, 10Trade smart methods to £3,750 as a licensed in advert, check financial market setting has market condition and technical investors succeed ini aman approvider him at noon together you is by Cyprus, the US and we ones that suitables the team also they pay a special betting in the calender. Options is used to switch you like top binary Options robot go you need to their systems too easy! It is for more.Binary Option Binary Option when the for and completely new trading the fashion, the couldn't have to classifieds as well as a financial guess 3 strictions and the easiest were will really addition in your spots program do take signals Robot executed duplicate of 0.55 on the other people is kind of legal business. As sudden way to this broker has provided to determine too. There are manager asset your binary traders can run offer same day. The house, my consumers, stock exchange. Even advance to be fraud Police, pay even if you will regulated market. The level of invest way than concourts, evenue & Customer the robot to traders has being able to comes to improve it given the UK and is registered to traders have been their citizens of the trading in the tax liabilities. Inversatisfaction Robot? Best Italiant jobs in any others. What the count on July 21, 2013 Best Forex Pairs, where a greater options brokers that predict that trader looks probable how many UK have complethora of London Binary Options trading programs and Calls around the right to be in the common practice. Please a demand services in my blacklist, you will be regular bankroll with such as one of the top 10 Binary options. Update: Curious traders high, so you. Think of your skills. IQ Options make a deposit make money et cetera, childs . The la Borsa . These a..


Regular Membership: Full membership in the National Society, Idaho Society, and Chapter. Dual membership in both the Fort Boise and Teton chapters is permissible.
At Large Membership: Those not wishing to belong to a specific chapter may join. However, they must join the NSSAR and IDSAR.
Junior Membership: There are three paths for Junior membership.
1. Establish a new lineage or Patriot ancestor.
2. Using an existing lineage which has already been accepted buy the Sons of the American Revolution or Daughters of the American Revolution.
3. A current active member of the National Society Children of the American Revolution may become a Junior member by submitting his birth certificate and a copy of his Member In Good Standing card.
Family Membership: Family Membership is for two or more individuals who have applied for membership and all have applied using the same ancestor. The family members must be within two generations of each other.


D.T. McCall has experienced technicians trained to repair all the major brands of appliances, electronics and lawn equipment as well as skilled artisans to repair furniture and upholstery.
Our service technicians handle our whole delivery area for the products that we sell.
Call 615.735.2360 to schedule a service call, or email us today!
* Our plan extends the coverage of unit up to 4 additional years from the manufacturer's warranty.
* The Extended Service Plan provides 100% parts and labor coverage with no deductible.
* Coverage is included for refrigerators and freezers of up to $100.00 food spoilage protection from day one.
* Fast, reliable, in-home repairs are provided by factory-authorized technicians.
* Your Extended Service Plan is fully refundable within 30 days of purchase should you change your mind.
* All major appliance manufacturers have implemented a 1 year parts and labor warranty to cover the entire appliance.
There are no more 5 year compressor, freon leak, washer transmission or microwave magnetron warranties on products manufactured after January 1st 2006. This could cost up to $650 for an appliance that is just 13 months old. Insure yourself against surprise costly repair problems for less than the cost of 1 service call for up to 5 years from your date of purchase. Get peace of mind and protection with an Extended Service Plan.
Ask your salesman about pricing. We service only the items that we sell.


text:
Ма́рко И́вович (; 22 декабря 1990, Лиг) — сербский волейболист, доигровщик клуба «Динамо-ЛО» и сборной Сербии. Победитель Чемпионата Европы и Мировой лиги.

Карьера
Профессиональную карьеру Марко Ивович начал в сербском клубе «Войводина», где он отыграл в её составе 4 сезона. После этого выступал в составе турецкого «Малийе Милли Пиянго», где стал самым результативным доигровщиком турецкого первенства.

Сезон 2013/14 провёл в составе французского клуба «Пари Воллей», с которым стал вице-чемпионом первенства Франции. Также французы выиграли Кубок ЕКВ, а Ивович сталсамым ценным игроком финала между «Пари Воллей» и нижегородской Губернией.

В 2015 году стал чемпионом Польши в составе «Ресовии» из Жешува, а также стал вице-чемпионом Лиги чемпионов. Сезон 2015/16 провёл в составе белгородского «Белогорья», после чего вернулся в «Ресовию».

В 2013 году дебютировал в составе сербской сборной. В том же году стал бронзовым призёром чемпионата Европы, а два года спустя стал вице-чемпионом Мировой лиги. В 2016 году Ивович был одним из ключевых игроков сербской сборной, впервые выигравшей Мировую лигу, а по итогам турнира получил приз самому ценному игроку и вошёл в символическую сборную.

Ссылки
Профиль  на сайте FIVB

Волейболисты Сербии
Чемпионы Европы по волейболу
Игроки ВК «Войводина»
Игроки ВК «Белогорье»
Игроки ВК «Ресовия»
Игроки ВК «Пари Волей»
Игроки ВК «Локомотив» Новосибирск
Игроки ВК «Динамо-ЛО»

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


6. M. Dias Branco shall maintain the integrity of the information provided through this website.
7. This website contains links or frames for other sites, which may or may not be M. Dias Branco partners and allies. These links and frames are available merely in the hopes of providing yet another benefit to the users of this website. Note that including these links and frames does not mean that M. Dias Branco has full knowledge, agreement, or responsibility for those frames and links or for their respective content. Therefore, M. Dias Branco can not be held responsible for any type of damage caused by the use of the referred links and frames.
8. M. Dias Branco requires´ any third parties hired to perform support services to adhere to its privacy standards.


text:
'Blue Carbon' could help save our planet from harmful emissions - Daily News Egypt
Sciences 'Blue Carbon' could help save our planet from harmful emissions
'Blue Carbon' could help save our planet from harmful emissions
Study says that restoring mangroves could limit negative environmental impacts
Mohammed El-Said November 14, 2018 Be the first to comment
As climate change has become the major danger currently threatening our planet, the scientific community is exerting remarkable efforts towards reaching solutions or means for mitigation. One of the latest efforts came from Singapore, where a team of geographers suggested that coastal vegetation such as mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes may be the most effective habitats to mitigate carbon emissions.
Seagrasses live in the coastal waters of most of the worlds' continents. Prior research stressed that dikes that are used in protecting coasts could be lower if they are protected against the waves by grassy marshes.
Geographers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have found that countries which have large coastlines could expand these ecosystems to further decrease the impact of their fossil fuel emissions. Their findings were published recently in the Royal Society journal Biology Letters.
Egypt is one of the most affected countries by climate change, as well as the Arab region in North Africa and the Levant. Those countries, particularly Egypt, could face the danger of vast submerged areas of cultivated and urban lands, in addition to the perils of CO2 emissions.
While previous carbon storage studies have largely focused on terrestrial environments such as forests, another recent paper revealed that marshes and mangroves can store carbon an estimated 40 times faster than forests.
The study explained that over the past century, the world lost from 25 to 50% of its blue carbon habitats, with an additional 8,000 skm disappearing annually.
The research comes to meet the requirements of the recent Paris Climate Change Agreement which sat a target for all countries to become carbon neutral in the future, and utilising these natural ecosystems could help achieve this goal. According to the Agreement, each nation committed to limiting global temperature rise to 2 C degrees, and to work towards the safer target of 1.5 C degrees.
Researchers define the ecosystem of coastal vegetation as a 'blue carbon' ecosystem. This unique ecosystem has several advantages which makes it one of the good mitigation methods. The current study could influence how every country can support its commitment of the Paris Agreement, which states that countries must remove as much carbon as they emit by 2100. The authors of the study believe that expanding blue carbon ecosystems could make this goal more achievable.
According to the study, the blue carbon can not only grow fast, but also accumulate organic carbon in the water-saturated soil that surrounds it. Thus, blue carbon vegetation such as mangroves are able to store carbon more efficiently, in a way that other ecosystems such as tropical rainforests are not able to.
Globally, the limited range of coastal regions caused a limited impact to the blue carbon ecosystem. Researchers say that just 0.42% of the global human-induced carbon emissions in 2014 were mitigated by these ecosystems. However, for countries with extensive coastlines, moderate carbon emissions, and limited deforestation, these habitats could be effective at counteracting some of the fossil fuel emissions caused by human activities, according to the study.
Findings of the paper revealed that the conservation and restoration of blue carbon ecosystems are a direct way to mitigate the effects of climate change, in addition to all the other benefits that these ecosystems provide to people. After the revelation that mangroves and other blue carbon ecosystems are such efficient collectors of carbon, the researchers of the study were motivated to push for the protection of that ecosystem.
The research illustrated that Nigeria, Colombia, and Bangladesh, are among the top 50 fossil-fuel emitting countries in the world, however, mangroves alone mitigated over 1% of their national carbon emissions in 2014.
"In 2014, Colombia had a mangrove surface cover of around 1,700 skm and generated carbon emissions of 23m tonnes every year. Our study suggests that mangroves mitigated almost 260,000 tonnes of these emissions annually. If national carbon emissions were to be reduced and mangroves protected and restored, this percentage would become even greater," said Pierre Taillardat, the first author of the study who conducted the research while at the NUS Department of Geography, and in conjunction with the NUS Tropical Marine Science Institute.
According to the press release of the NUS, Taillardat explained "We thought that this approach would be interesting for countries like Indonesia and Malaysia, due to their extensive coastlines occupied by mangroves. However, the high rate of mangrove deforestation in both countries is actually reducing the importance of this natural carbon sequestration process."
Taillardat added that "considering the high competition between land-uses and the lag time before economies become fossil fuel-independent, conservation and expansion of ecosystems with high carbon sequestration potential is one low-cost option which can contribute to this Paris Agreement commitment."
If mangrove deforestation was stopped, they could potentially mitigate around 1.6 % of the natural carbon emissions of Malaysia, while in Indonesia, it would be even more impactful, mitigating approximately 2.6 % of manmade carbon emissions," said assistant Professor Massimo Lupascu from the NUS Department of Geography, and one of the co-authors of the study.
The paper points out that the cultivation of mangrove trees is not difficult and it takes only a few years to begin growing a forest of new trees by creating conditions that are similar to those found in a natural forest.
Topics: Blue Carbon harmful emissions planet
Mohammed El-Said
More in Sciences
More in Mohammed El-Said
Analysing DNA in soil could be an effective way of tracking animals
New study finds Ocean acidification does not affect behaviour of coral reef fish
Researchers estimate the global extent of river ice cover loss
"Jane" and "Petey" reveal mystery of how big T. rex grew
New study investigates reasons behind lack of staph vaccines
Intermittent fasting could be part of a healthy lifestyle: research
Thousands of Iraqis mourn assassinated Soleimani, Iran vows to revenge
Last known appearance of Homo erectus dates back to 108,000-117,000 years ago: study
Turkish drones to use Gecitkale Airport
https://cdn2.dailynewsegypt.com/2018/11/14/blue-carbon-could-help-save-our-planet-from-harmful-emissions/
Geographers challenge existing theories on river systems
Atef Moatamed: a geographer with a sense of adventurer
15% of terrestrial, 7% of marine areas currently covered by protected areas: report
OCC introduces community college model to Egypt's MHESR
Africa must be new export destination: study
Plastic waste and the recycling myth
Dip in China's CO2 emissions sparks cautious optimism
MG Developments to hire advisers as it mulls IPO by end-2019
What will it take to clear the air in Berlin?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Six African countries to receive mRNA vaccine technology | Health And Beauty
12 months ago wulan guritno
BRUSSELS (AP) — The first African countries selected to receive the technology necessary to produce mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 are Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Tunisia, a summit meeting of European Union and African Union nations heard on Friday.
The six countries have been chosen to build vaccine production factories as part of a bid the World Health Organization launched last year to replicate what are believed to be the most effective licensed shots against COVID-19.
Africa currently produces just 1% of coronavirus vaccines. According to WHO figures, only 11% of the population in Africa is fully vaccinated, compared with the global average of about 50%.
WHO Secretary-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus told the Brussels summit meeting that although more than 10 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered globally, billions of people still remain unvaccinated.
"The tragedy, of course, is that billions of people are yet to benefit from these life-saving tools," he said, calling for an urgent increase of local production of shots in poor countries.
It is the first time WHO has supported efforts to reverse-engineer a commercially-sold vaccine, making an end run around the pharmaceutical industry that has largely prioritized supplying rich countries over poor in both sales and manufacturing.
The U.N.-backed effort known as COVAX to distribute COVID-19 vaccines fairly to lower-income countries has missed numerous targets and only about 10% of people in poorer countries have received at least one dose.
Earlier this year, the Cape Town company attempting to replicate Moderna Inc.'s COVID-19 shot said it had successfully made a candidate vaccine that will soon start laboratory testing. Both Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech, makers of the two authorized mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, have declined to share their vaccine recipe or technological know-how with WHO and its partners.
Doctors Without Borders welcomed the announcement, but cautioned that much more work was needed to recreate the mRNA vaccines and called for Moderna to help. Kate Stegeman, the medical charity's advocacy coordinator, said it would still take considerable time for African scientists to make Moderna's highly technical vaccine, including creating a heat-stable version and to perform clinical trials.
"The fastest way to start vaccine production in African countries and other regions with limited vaccine production is still through full and transparent transfer of vaccine know-how of already-approved mRNA technologies to able companies," Stegeman said.
She pointed to research showing that there are more than 100 manufacturers in Asia, Africa and Latin America that could make the vaccines.
Earlier this week, BioNTech said that it would start sending shipping container-sized factories to African countries to help them start making their COVID-19 vaccine with European staff, in what some activists called a "neo-colonial stunt" to maintain control.
Although Moderna pledged not to go after companies for infringing on its coronavirus vaccine patents, it recently filed claims for several broad patents in South Africa. The move raised fears the company will begin enforcing patents while COVID-19 is still spreading in Africa, undermining efforts to build African vaccine production.
In addition to supporting the transfer of vaccine technology, the EU has been exporting millions of COVID-19 vaccine doses to Africa. The 27-nation bloc said it has supplied Africa with almost 145 million doses, with a goal of reaching at least 450 million shots by the summer.
South African President Cyril Ramaphosa said Friday's announcement "means mutual respect, mutual recognition" of what African nations can contribute as well as bringing in investment to the continent.
But Ramaphosa repeated his call for lifting patent protections on coronavirus vaccines that he believes would allow more manufacturers to produce the shots. The EU remains opposed to the move, favoring instead individual deals with companies for technology transfers and know-how.
The decision is up to the 164-member World Trade Organization. If just one country votes against a patent protection waiver, the proposal will fail.
Finland's Prime Minister Sanna Marin said talks on patents should continue because expanding vaccinations globally is key.
"Otherwise we will see more variants and the next variant might be even (more) dangerous than (the ones that) we have seen," said Marin.
European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen said officials from both continents will keep working at reaching a common position and will meet again later this Spring.
"The goal is clear, we have to deliver," she said. "Europe wants to remain Africa's first partner, a loyal partner, and we are moving right now from words to action."
Raf Casert in Brussels contributed to this story
Follow more of AP's pandemic coverage at https://apnews.com/hub/coronavirus-pandemic and https://apnews.com/hub/coronavirus-vaccine.
https://www.voiceofalexandria.com/everything_else/health_and_beauty/six-african-countries-to-receive-mrna-vaccine-technology/article_4f257df3-ba90-56a7-b036-0db901fb8b57.html
Tags: African beauty countries health mRNA Receive technology Vaccine
Previous The Skincare Trends to Know About in 2022
Next Health & Beauty Experts Love This Potent Vitamin C Supplement
How to Safely Blow Dry Your Hair Like A Pro
1 month ago wulan guritno
Crucial Make-up Pointers And Tips For Inexperienced persons


We pround of our products that they support "Responsive Feature". That mean Our products display nice and smooth on all size of devices (Desktop, Laptop, tablet, mobile..). The products support params that you can control how it display on devices with different screens size.


text:
Miss South Africa 2019 was the 61st edition of the Miss South Africa pageant. It was held on 9 August 2019 at Sun Arena at Time Square in Pretoria, Gauteng. Tamaryn Green of Western Cape crowned her successor Zozibini Tunzi of Eastern Cape at the end of the event. Tunzi represented South Africa in Miss Universe 2019 and was crowned Miss Universe while 1st Runner-Up Sasha-Lee Olivier represented  the country in Miss World 2019.  Olivier assumed the title of Miss South Africa 2019 due to Tunzi winning the Miss Universe title.

Results
Color keys

§ Voted into Top 10 via Internet
∞ After Tunzi was crowned Miss Universe 2019, she resigned her title as Miss South Africa 2019 and Olivier replaced her as the new titleholder.

Contestants
The sixteen finalists were revealed on 11 July.

Non-finalists
The 35 semifinalists were selected from a record 1,886 applicants. Applications were done online, and semifinalists were selected via their social media accounts, as well as online application questions. The semifinalists were later reduced to sixteen finalists following an in-person audition in July 2019.

Judges

Semifinals
Leandie du Randt – actress and motivational speaker
Liesl Laurie – broadcaster and Miss South Africa 2015
Andiswa Manxiwa – former runway model and casting director
Bokang Montjane-Tshabalala – Miss South Africa 2010
Danielle Weakley – Women's Health editor

Finals
Connie Ferguson – Actress and businesswoman
Catriona Gray – Miss Universe 2018 from Philippines
Thando Hopa – Model, activist and lawyer
Anele Mdoda – Radio jockey
Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters – Miss Universe 2017 from South Africa

References

2019
2019 beauty pageants
 2019 in South Africa
August 2009 events in South Africa


text:
Suspects of Taylorsville convenience store shooting found
By: Elizabeth Suggs
TAYLORSVILLE, Utah — Three juveniles suspected in a convenience store robbery and the shooting of an Exxon store clerk have been found.
Unified Police were on the lookout for two armed men who robbed a gas station early Monday morning, but found three instead.
According to the UPD, it was because of the media releasing surveillance pictures so quickly that police captured the first suspect, a juvenile, who is also suspected in a series of robberies in the areas of West Valley, Magna and Taylorsville Cities. With the help of two search warrants in West Valley City, said UPD, two more suspects, both juveniles, and a number of firearms were found.
One of the three robbers captured, said UPD, was the alleged shooter of the Exxon clerk.
This was a combined effort between West Valley Police and Unified Police Department.


Since 1998, the Thavibu Gallery in Bangkok has been showing the best in contemporary art from Thailand, Vietnam, and Burma (hence the name, ThaViBu). It was established by Jørn Middelborg, who was sent to Thailand by UNESCO six years prior and fell in love with the country.
He now serves as the Gallery's Managing Director.
Thavibu Gallery's objective is to promote quality art in Southeast Asia. The emphasis is on young and upcoming artists whose works express the imaginative aspects of their culture, and reflect concerns that range broadly from the spiritual and aesthetic to the social and political.
Buyers comment on how satisfied they are to be able to support the blind by buying a piece of visual art.
"We have buyers approach us from all over the world," Jørn points out.


Latest Estimates indicate that a large majority of women, even in urban India, are unaware of their rights regarding abortion. They continue to resort to unsafe and medically non-substantiated methods of abortions which at times prove fatal. Unsafe abortions currently account for one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in India. Only one in 10 abortions in Delhi are reported, say gynecologists, with the official figures on termination of pregnancies hovering between 49,000 and 56,000 in the last five years (2013 to December 2018).
"One of the major reasons for the high rate of abortions could be the lack of access to good contraception in many regions, resulting in high rates of unplanned pregnancy. Then there is the question of abortion pills. Abortion pills can be effective and safe when administered correctly. However, many women may not have the right information of how to use them properly, which can be fatal to their health too. Only a certain percentage of women may have access to medication abortions. This makes it imperative to provide the others with accurate information on how to use these pills and access to quality healthcare in case of any complications," said Padma Shri Awardee Dr K K Aggarwal, President, Heart Care Foundation of India (HCFI).


The average cost for a Ford Fiesta window regulator motor replacement is between $315 and $407. Labor costs are estimated between $123 and $156 while parts are priced between $192 and $251. Estimate does not include taxes and fees.


text:
Singer Antique Rolled Hemming Accessories
May 30, 2011 · It's about exploring and sharing my creative adventures (mostly sewing these days) ~ ~those activities that sometimes obsess, usually inspire, occasionally frustrate ~and always provide a delightful maze to wander through.
Other notable operators have included the Los Angeles Kings hockey team, country music singer Alan. a flying antique, and upkeep costs alone could prove nightmarish. Other issues worth considering.
At HEMS alone. check out her videos "Hick and Roll," and "There's Always Me." They Shall Be Released Closing out the 2018 fall semester portion of the Marshall Artists Series will be two-time.
Who Was The First Woman To Play Live Music Cardi admitted she was nervous, joking when she took the stage, "The nerves are so bad. Maybe I need to start smoking weed." While Cardi's the first woman to win the award for a solo act. Will I still play his music? It will depend on what the audience wants, but I'll second guess myself
We've piloted and rolled out a store remodel program that we're utilizing to refresh 80 to 85 older vintage boutiques. versus the first quarter except for gift and shoes. Accessories comped.
Burrows supplies the guitar parts to some of his favorite songs by. he arrived dressed in bizarre military garb that included a vintage World War II helmet atop his dome. No longer a mere singer.
Chrissie Hynde's autobiography. Her extensive listening to early rock-and-roll and soul had created a singer and composer who valued melody and interesting rhythms. Honeyman-Scott showed her how it.
When Arne Frager took over the Plant in Sausalito in 1988, he wasn't much interested in sex, drugs, and rock and roll. "I was really interested. as the first two parts of this series illustrate. "I.
Creatively, what's the biggest difference between writing music for an album and writing vintage video game music? The biggest one is that there are no lyrics. When you think of rock and roll and.
Obvious inspiration was drawn from Singer's 'Mountain View' 911 when it came to. Even the carpets are edged in the same leather, and all of the non-essential trim parts are instantly removable as.
393 thoughts on "My thoughts on the Pfaff Quilt Expression 4.0 after one month"
The first look out was a hugely skirted crinolined silk gown whose hem was hand painted with a quote from Lampedusa. the shocking Florentine fountain (whose nudes' most explicit accessories were.
With their vintage cowboy suits. in the tradition of the country singer as musical outlaw. "In many ways we're a rock band," says guitarist Jess Carson. We really wish there was more excitement in.
Outdoor Musical Instrumetns For Children By using natural playground components like outdoor musical instruments, hill slides, and logs we engage our children and help fight the trends in childhood obesity, bullying, absenteeism, injury, attention spans, depression, community engagement, and environmental stewardship. Amazon.com: Outdoor Musical Instruments. Musical Bells for Kids, Children and Toddlers, Musical Learning at an Early Age, Musical Toy
List Of Scout Appropriate Current Pop Music Working.com – Canada's most comprehensive job search engine. Find your dream job today! The advent of Christian rock music and large outdoor festivals. From a design perspective, applying a pop culture flavor to a place of worship can mean many things, but comes down to doing what's. It's a popular Scottish myth. I am already
Results 1 – 48 of 33497. Get the best deal for Sewing Machine Accessories from the largest online. Useful Metal Rolled Hem Foot For Brother Janome Singer.
Old School Blues Festival Huntsville 2019 Get deals on R&B tickets and other Concert tickets from TicketsNow. Premium R&B. Bruno Mars, Park Theater at Park MGM, Las Vegas, 4/29/2019 – 9/14/ 2019. Siberian Uptown Funk Parody Viral Russia Music Video 2019 Tons Of Views Dancing Cop We're the Millers is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Rawson M. Thurber and
Bob Dylan remains something of an enigma. The wordsmith rarely grants interviews, and requests to speak to him for this story were refused. When he does consent, the responses are often vague,
Roll. accessories were extra). Today, an original in mint condition could likely fetch nearly $25,000 at auction. Of course, plenty of non-mint Barbies are also worth a pretty penny, and are.
There are 22 pieces in all of ready-to-wear, footwear, T-shirts and accessories. One T-shirt says. For women, there's a merino wool bouclé sweater with a subtle rolled neck and hems, ribbed texture.
The music was swingin,' sexy and twangy, rhythmic rock & roll to rumble and stomp to. most in meticulously coordinated 1950s and early-'60s vintage gear, will head further into the desert to Las.
Rare Market — the buzzy Gangnam, Seoul boutique owned by Dami Kwon, sister of G Dragon and Jessica Jung, the former lead singer of Girls. Comfort Objects, an accessories label based in Denmark,
Cosplay and costume tutorials, guides, tips, interviews and more. Learn how to cosplay or improve your skills!
Asked to describe the experience of learning Lynyrd Skynyrd music in almost a knees-to-knees proximity from a Rock and Roll. parts for Skynyrd tunes Butler asked to learn, including "Free Bird,".
Two years later, the Southern rock greats would split following a plane crash that killed, among others, lead singer Ronnie Van Zant. "Shooting Star," a cautionary tale of rock 'n' roll excess. The.
Porsche used the same basic platform for decades, and because of that it is reasonably simple to swap parts around and make. is offering here. With a vintage-inspired interior with improved quality.
She spiced up her vintage Tom Ford tuxedo by going completely topless underneath. her Ellery outfit was tricky to make modern but the singer managed it with a pair of noughties shades and strappy.
Nashville emo band Free Throw, who are touring with Tiny Moving Parts soon, are releasing their new album What. post-hardcore to mathy Midwest emo to big pop punk hooks, all rolled up into one.
Results 1 – 48 of 49963. Genuine SINGER Sewing Machine Needles 90/14 Medium Woven. 1/3pcs Rolled Hem Foot Home Sewing Machine Hemming Cloth.
Siberian Uptown Funk Parody Viral Russia Music Video 2019 Tons Of Views Dancing Cop We're the Millers is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Rawson M. Thurber and starring Jennifer Aniston, Jason Sudeikis, Emma Roberts, Will Poulter, Nick Offerman, Kathryn Hahn, Molly Quinn, and Ed Helms.The film's screenplay was written by Bob Fisher, Steve Faber, Sean Anders, and John Morris,


When we say 'we', 'us' or ' mymindsecrets.com ' it's because that's who we are and we own and run the Site.
We collect certain personal information about visitors to our Site.
The most common types of information we collect include things like: email addresses, IP addresses, other contact details, survey responses, blogs, photos, content you direct us to make available on our Site (such as item descriptions) and web analytics data.
We collect personal information directly when you provide it to us, automatically as you navigate through the Site, or through other people when you use services associated with the Site.
We collect your personal information when you provide it to us when you subscribe to a newsletter, email list, submit feedback, enter a contest, fill out a survey, or send us a comment.
Other third party sources, whereby we receive additional information about you (to the extent permitted by applicable law), such as demographic data or fraud detection information, and combine it with information we have about you. For example, fraud warnings from service providers like identity verification service. We also receive information about you as a rights holder from our third party authors. For example, information in the form of a model release when your image is used in an item made available on our Site.
We will hold your personal information for as long as we need to in order to comply with our legal obligations. You may request for your personal information to be deleted at any time by emailing mymindsecrets.vk@gmail.com. Deleted content may persist in backup copies for up to one year, but will not be available to third parties.
We are based in Macedonia so your data will be processed in Macedonia and the US. Some of the recipients we have described in section 10 above. We do this on the basis of your consent to this policy. In order to protect your information, we take care where possible to work with subcontractors and service providers who we believe maintain an acceptable standard of data security compliance.
We store personal information on secure servers that are managed by us and our service providers, and occasionally hard copy files that are kept in a secure location in the US. Personal information that we store or transmit is protected by security and access controls.
Where we have your consent to do so (e.g. if you have subscribed to one of our e-mail lists or have indicated that you are interested in receiving offers or information from us), we send you marketing communications by email about articles that we feel may be of interest to you. You can 'opt-out' of such communications if you would prefer not to receive them in the future by using the "unsubscribe" facility provided in the communication itself.
Push Notifications. You may adjust the "Settings" on your mobile device to disable push notifications for any of our mobile applications for which you would like to stop receiving such notifications. You may adjust the "Notification" settings usually found in your browser "Preferences" or "Settings" to block or remove certain browser-based push notifications.
You also have choices about cookies, as described below. By modifying your browser preferences, you have the choice to accept all cookies, to be notified when a cookie is set, or to reject all cookies. If you choose to reject cookies some parts of our Site may not work properly in your case.
Our Site is not suitable for children under the age of 16years, so if you are under 16 we ask that you do not use our Site or give us your personal information (if you are a young tech wiz, please direct your nearest responsible adult to use the Site for you!). If you are from 16 to 18 years, you can browse the Site but you'll need the supervision of a parent or guardian. It's the responsibility of parents or guardians to monitor their children's use of our Site.
If you have any questions about our privacy practices or the way in which we have been managing your personal information, please contact our privacy officer in writing at Bul: Vidoe Smilevski Bato 11/3=10, Skopje, Macedonia or mymindsecrets.vk@gmail.com.


Prime Minister Stephen Harper has made a surprise trip to Kandahar Airfield on Thursday. While visiting the troops he warned that the increase of NATO troops in the area will lead to more violence.
This was Harper's third visit to Kandahar.
The increase of 17,000 soldiers from the United States will allow Canada to be more effective Harper said while touring the military post.
"The addition of American troops will allow us to do everything we're doing now but on a much bigger scale and able to multi-task more effectively," he said.
Harper used the time to emphasis the key development projects that are being undertaken by Canadian soldiers.
Harper said that when the Canadian mission began in 2002, the Taliban had been running Afghanistan as though it were a medieval country.
"Those dark desperate days have ended. You have brought hope to those who have none," Harper said at an appearance at Kandahar Airfield.
Harper visited the Dahla dam project that Canada has committed $50 million to help rebuilt along with the roads and waterways that are connected to it. The residents of the area rely on the dam for irrigation.
Harper announced that Canada will also be sending $2 million in aid for UNICEF to use for education for the estimated 18,000 children in Kandahar.
Chief of Defence Staff Gen. Walter Natynczyk and Ron Hoffmann, Canada's ambassador to Afghanistan joined Harper on Thursday.
"Canada was spread thin in the past," Hoffmann told reporters as the prime minister handed out coffee to soldiers nearby.
"There has not been sufficient forces on the ground to do this job," Natynczyk later added.


text:
Jerome Robbins By Himself
Jerome Robbins By Himself: Selections from His Letters, Journals, Drawings, Photographs, and an Unfinished Memoir
Author: Jerome Robbins. Amanda Vaill, ed.
Publisher: Knopf
One of the kings of Broadway, Jerome Robbins shaped musicals like On the Town, The King and I, West Side Story, and Fiddler on the Roof, and collaborated with George Balanchine to create a vernacular American ballet. Yet Robbins also gave names to the notorious House Un-American Activities Committee, which blacklisted some of his colleagues. In this selection of writings, ... More
One of the kings of Broadway, Jerome Robbins shaped musicals like On the Town, The King and I, West Side Story, and Fiddler on the Roof, and collaborated with George Balanchine to create a vernacular American ballet. Yet Robbins also gave names to the notorious House Un-American Activities Committee, which blacklisted some of his colleagues. In this selection of writings, biographer Amanda Vaill gives us a sense of Robbins's extraordinary range as a thinker and artist; his diaries, poems, and drawings are mingled with letters to Leonard Bernstein, Aaron Copland, Laurence Olivier, and Stephen Sondheim.


text:
By Federal Agency
Stimulus Grants
Grant and Loan Programs
CDFIs
Small Business Loans for Women
Home Owner Programs
First Time Home Buyer Programs
Federal Home Buyer Programs
Catalog for Federal Domestic Assistance
About the Top Government Grants Site
Recovery Act - Violence Against Women Discretionary Grants For Indian Tribal Governments
To increase tribal capacity to respond to violent crimes against Indian women, and to develop and strengthen victim services in cases involving violent crimes against Indian women.
credit: From Flickr
Violence Against Women Formula Grants
Rural Domestic Violence, Dating Violence, Sexual Assault, and Stalking Assistance Program
Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies and Enforcement of Protection Orders
Agency - Department of Justice
The Department of Justice enforces the law and defends the interest of the United States, ensuring public safety against threats foreign and domestic; providing Federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime; seeking just punishment for those guilty of unlawful pursuits; and ensuring fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans.
http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/
Relevant Nonprofit Program Categories
F02.02
Sexual Assault Crisis Intervention
Specialized Counseling
Family Violence Counseling
F06.02.03
Spouse Abuse Counseling
Crime & Legal, General/Other
Family Violence Prevention
I02.05.03
Spouse Abuse Prevention
Job Training & Employment
J02.07
Vocational Guidance
L02.02
Housing Expense Assistance
Selected Recipients for this Program
Recipient Amount Start Date End Date
Sault Ste. Marie Tribe Of Chippewa Indians $ 855,100 2009-07-01 2012-06-30
Swinomish Indian Tribal Community $ 633,703 2009-07-01 2012-06-30
Keweenaw Bay Indian Community $ 429,000 2009-07-01 2012-06-30
Tohono O'odham Nation $ 899,983 2009-07-01 2012-06-30
Osage Nation Of Oklahoma $ 773,667 2009-07-01 2012-06-30
Forest County Potawatomi Community $ 354,951 2009-07-01 2012-06-30
Pueblo Of Nambe $ 438,880 2009-07-01 2012-06-30
Mississippi Band Of Choctaw Indians $ 899,999 2009-07-01 2012-06-30
Grand Traverse Band Of Ottawa And Chippewa In $ 388,747 2009-07-01 2012-06-30
Comanche Nation $ 687,312 2009-07-01 2012-06-30
Program Accomplishments
Uses and Use Restrictions
Grants may be awarded for the following statutory purposes: (1) develop and enhance effective governmental strategies to curtail violent crimes against and increase the safety of Indian women consistent with tribal law and custom; (2) increase tribal capacity to respond to domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking crimes against Indian women; (3) strengthen tribal justice interventions including tribal law enforcement, prosecution, courts, probation,correctional facilities; (4) enhance services to Indian women victimized by domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking; (5) work in cooperation with the community to develop education and prevention strategies directed toward issues of domestic violence, dating violence, and stalking programs and to address the needs of children exposed to domestic violence; (6)provide programs for supervised visitation and safe visitation exchange of children in situations involving domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking committed by one parent against the other with appropriate security measures, policies, and procedures to protect the safety of victims and their children; (7) provide transitional housing for victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking, including rental or utilities payments assistance and assistance with related expenses such as security deposits and other costs incidental to relocation to transitional housing, and support services to enable a victim of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking to locate and secure permanent housing and integrate into a community; and (8) provide legal assistance necessary to provide effective aid to victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking who are seeking relief in legal matters arising as a consequence of that abuse or violence, at minimal or no cost to the victims.
Applicants must demonstrate their proposal was developed in consultation with a nonprofit, nongovernmental Indian victim services program, including sexual assault and domestic violence victim services providers in the tribal or local community, or a nonprofit tribal domestic violence and sexual assault coalition to the extent that they exist.
In the absence of such a demonstration, the applicant may meet the requirement of this subsection through consultation with women in the community to be served.
Funds can be used for renovations as long as grantees meet the requirements of the National Historic Preservation Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, section 1605 of the Recovery Act (Buy American), section 1606 of the Recovery Act (Wage rate Requirements).
Profit Mastery Course Scholarships Now Available
Discarded Soda Bottles Turn Into Affordable Solar Lights
Manitoba Seeks First Impressions for Small-town Community Development
Even with Supportive Housing, Ex-Homeless Still Behave That Way
West Virginia Regional Groups Get $70,000 in Federal Grants
White House Introduces Web App to See How Climate Change Impacts Households
Taylor County Veterans Service Office Needs Volunteer Van Drivers
\"Crackdown\" on Sudan Civil Society Leads to Widespread Unrest
Internet Entrepreneur to Launch 2 New Startups
Applicant Eligibility
Indian tribal governments and authorized designees of tribal governments.
The term "tribal government" means-- (A) the governing body of an Indian tribe; or (B) a tribe, band, pueblo, nation, or other organized group or community of Indians, including any Alaska Native village or regional or village corporation (as defined in, or established pursuant to, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement
Act (43 U.S.C.
1601 et seq.)), that is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the United States to Indians because of their status as Indians.
Beneficiary Eligibility
Tribal governments and authorized designees of tribal governments.
Credentials/Documentation
No Credentials or documentation are required. This program is excluded from coverage under OMB Circular No. A-87.
Aplication and Award Process
Preapplication Coordination
Preapplication coordination is required.
Environmental impact information is not required for this program.
This program is eligible for coverage under E.O.
12372, "Intergovernmental Review of Federal Programs." An applicant should consult the office or official designated as the single point of contact in his or her State for more information on the process the State requires to be followed in applying for assistance, if the State has selected the program for review.
This program is excluded from coverage under OMB Circular No. A-102. OMB Circular No. A-110 applies to this program. Applicants must apply through the on-line Grants.gov portal. The receipt, review, and analysis of application will follow Office on Violence Against Women policies and procedures for the administration of grant applications. This program is subject to provisions of OMB Circular No. A-110.
Award Procedures
Upon approval by the Office on Violence Against Women, online notification is sent to the applicant agency with copies of the Grant Award. One copy of the Grant Award must be signed electronically by an authorized official and returned to the Office of Justice Programs.
Contact the headquarters or regional office, as appropriate, for application deadlines.
The Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005, Title IX, Section 906, Public Law 109-162, 42 U.S.C. 3796gg-10. Funding was provided by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act).
Range of Approval/Disapproval Time
Applicants will be notified before the end of the fiscal year.
Renewals are considered on a case-by-case basis.
Assistance Considerations
Formula and Matching Requirements
Statutory formulas are not applicable to this program.
This program has no matching requirements. Grants will be made for amounts up to 100 percent of the costs of the programs or projects contained in the approved applications. Match is not required for this grant program; however, applicants are encouraged to maximize the impact of Federal grant dollars by contributing to the costs of their projects. Supplemental contributions may be cash, in-kind services, or a combination of both.
MOE requirements are not applicable to this program.
Length and Time Phasing of Assistance
At least one year. See the following for information on how assistance is awarded/released: Funds are released on an as needed basis to the grantee.
Post Assistance Requirements
Quarterly financial reports are required, as stipulated in the effective edition of the OJP Financial Guide.
Cash reports are not applicable.
Grantees shall also file semi-annual performance reports explaining the activities carried out and an assessment of the effectiveness of those activities in achieving the purposes of the program, including the number of persons served and the number of persons seeking services who could not be served, as well as a final performance report.
In addition, quarterly reports on the use of funds are required under section 1512(c) of the Recovery Act.
Performance monitoring is not applicable.
In accordance with the provisions of OMB Circular No. A-133 (Revised, June 27, 2003), "Audits of States, Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations," nonfederal entities that expend financial assistance of $500,000 or more in Federal awards will have a single or a program-specific audit conducted for that year. Nonfederal entities that expend less than $500,000 a year in Federal awards are exempt from Federal audit requirements for that year, except as noted in Circular No. A-133. These audits are due to the cognizant Federal agency not later than 9 months after the end of the grantee"s fiscal year.
The award recipient must keep complete records on disposition of funds.
Account Identification
15-0409-0-1-754.
Obigations
(Project Grants (Discretionary)) FY 08 $0; FY 09 est $20,800,190; FY 10 est $22,500,000
Range and Average of Financial Assistance
Range: 261,299 - 899,999
Average: $580,649.00.
Regulations, Guidelines, and Literature
OJP Financial Guide is applicable.
Regional or Local Office
Department of Justice 800 K Street NW, Suite 920, Washington, District of Columbia 20530 Phone: (202) 307-6026
Criteria for Selecting Proposals
Criteria are established by the Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005 and program guidelines published annually.
Social Services Employment
Grant Scams?
Learn How to Identify and Avoid Grant Scams
More Federal Domestic Assistance Programs
Education and Human Resources | Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms | Geriatric Academic Career Awards | Maritime War Risk Insurance | Advanced Research and Projects Agency - Energy Financial Assistance Program | Site Style by YAML | Grants.gov | Grants | Grants News | Sitemap | Privacy Policy


Wilton, Conn's Bob Sharp will be only the second road racer inducted into the NEAR Hall of Fame Class of 2013. Sharp established many records on road courses while preparing and driving factory backed race cars for Datsun, now Nissan, over the years.
Seven drivers and one car owner with hundreds of victories and dozens of championships comprise the New England Auto Racers Hall of Fame's Class of 2013. It is the 16th class and brings the membership to well over 115.
Drivers Stan Meserve, Brian Ross, Drew Fornoro, Ralph Nason, the late Bob Stefanik, Bill Eldridge and Bob Sharp and car owner Ron Berndt will be inducted at the 16th annual NEAR Hall of Fame Banquet Sunday, Nov. 10 at the Lodge at Manelley's in South Windsor, CT.
Meserve, a Maine product, has been a driver, car owner/mechanic and race official for four decades plus including a season (1968) as an independent on the NASCAR Grand National circuit. As a driver, he won throughout Maine, including a pair of Oxford Opens and captured championships at Unity, Speedway 95, Wiscasset and Oxford Plains.
Berndt, a Meriden, CT native, has won in six different decades, most recently in 2012. Grandson Eric Berndt is on the end of a long list of drivers that include Sparky Belmont, Danny Galullo, Ted Christopher and Dave Alkas. His win total is estimated to be well into triple figures and his championships were won at Plainville Stadium, Waterford Speebowl and Thompson Speedway.
Originally from Chelmsford, MA, Eldridge was the Northeastern Midget Association's first champion (1953) and, some 40 years after retiring, is sixth on the clubs' all-time win list with 32. Driving for the likes of Gibby Parmenter, Mike Scrivani, Bob Bahre and Rollie Lindblad, Eldridge, who began in the post World War II days, captured four NEMA championships.
A Bay State native, Stefanik competed throughout New England, but found his greatest success at Riverside Park. Over a 20 year run, he was successful in Novice and Sportsman (titles in '66, '67 and '68) cars before busting on the Modified scene with car owner Joe Czarnecki in 1968, winning three championships (1970-71, '73). His 21 Riverside Modified wins include the 1972 Riverside 500 with Billy Greco. Stefanik passed away in 1984.
Fornoro, who joins his father Nick in the Hall, holds Northeastern Midget Association records with 85 victories and nine championships, most of the former and all of the latter with owner Gene Angelillo. Born in Danbury, Fornoro won at least one NEMA feature in 21 different seasons, grabbing checkereds at over 20 different tracks.
Readily identified with Datsun, Connecticut's Sharp is one of New England's most accomplished road racers. His list of SCCA and IMSA championships stretches well into double figures, winning three different titles alone in 1975. He achieved even more success as an owner, putting wheels under the likes of actor Paul Newman, Jim Fitzgerald and son Scott, all of whom added championships to the Sharp name.
A NASCAR Modified mainstay in three decades, the 1984 Stafford championship and the 1986 Spring Sizzler, both coming in his own cars, are included in Brian Ross' impressive resume. The Ballston Spa, NY product started in 1961 at Saranac Lake, NY and before it was over in 2000 scored from Maine to Florida in both Modifieds and Late Models driving for others (Bob Garbarino, Ed Cloce) and himself. He was the 1984 Race of Champions winner at Pocono and a multi-time champion at Oswego.
Maine's Ralph Nason has truly done it all over six decades – race driver, owner/builder, track owner/promoter. Starting in the early 1960s, "Racin' Ralph" has won just about everywhere in Maine including Getty Open and Oxford 250 wins (three of them) at Oxford Plains. A two-time NEPSA champ, he has promoted just about everywhere as well. He continues to own Unity Raceway.


The Federal Work Study Program is one of the resources available to needy students who find it difficult to come up with the funds needed to pursue a college degree. What is the Federal Work Study Program? It is a financial aid package that helps students to cover the cost of their education. The Federal Work-Study Program was established in 1965 as a part of the Higher Education Act. Today, more than 3,400 colleges across the nation participate. Money from the Program is allocated to schools based on the number of their students that demonstrate financial need.
The program allows students to work part-time and a portion of their earnings is used to pay for their education. The student may work for the institution at which they are pursuing their degree; they may also work for a federal, state or public agency. Other employment options include working for nonprofit or for-profit organizations. In some cases, employers are expected to pay up to 50 percent of students' wages; in other cases, the Work Study Program may pay all of it. Students will be paid up to the amount that they have been awarded.
Students' work schedules are arranged around their class schedule, making it convenient for them to attend classes and work towards their award. Additionally, the jobs are often located on the student's campus. If possible, the jobs students are given will be related to their course of study and may thus help them to gain career experience.
Students will be paid at least minimum wage, though there is the potential for them to make more. The factors that affect the rate of pay include the time at which the student applied and their level of demonstrated financial need. Institutions are mandated to pay students at least once a month and must pay them directly unless the student requests to have the money used for tuition and other fees related to their education. Students should note that non-Work-Study jobs may be considered when determining their earnings (and thus their financial need) whereas the money that a student earns via the program is not used to determine financial need.
In order to get a job via the Federal Work Study Program, the student must have a Federal Work Study Award. In order to determine their eligibility for the Award, the student will have to fill out a Free Application for Federal Student Aid. Factors in determining need include the income of the student and their parents (if the student is their dependent) and the size of their household.
In addition to the rules provided by the Work Study Program, the schools may provide their own restrictions. They may determine how many hours a week a student can work or they may use the student's grade point average to determine how much time they can work per week. Students should always keep in mind that their job via the Work Study Program is a real job, one from which they can be fired; it is, therefore, important that they show up for work on time and do their best.