By connecting your digital Yale Doorman lock to the Aptus system, you eliminate the need for traditional keys in apartment buildings, all the way from the entrance door to the apartment.
No more worrying about lost keys or replacing costly lock cylinders. You can simply use the same key tag whether you need to book laundry facilities, open the entry door or open your apartment door. If you don't want to connect the lock to the Aptus system, you can just buy the lock on its own.
The Yale Doorman allows you to easily open the door with a code or key tag (Aptus multi proximity key) – or both together. If you lose a key tag, simply block it to restore your security. By activating the automatic locking function, you ensure the door is always locked when it is closed.
If you connect your Yale Doorman to the Aptus system, you can control it from your mobile via the Aptus Låsa Smartphone app. This allows you to remotely open and lock your door and see directly on your phone when the kids come home. You can generate temporary codes to allow family, friends and workers to enter your home.
Is Yale Doorman compatible with your door?
The lock can be installed on doors fitted with a Scandinavian standard lock. This includes most doors from 1980 and later. Yale Doorman is designed in Sweden, so it is well suited for our tough climate. The buttons are illuminated and the lock is powered with standard batteries.
Yale Doorman is compliant with Lock Class 3 according to SSF 3522:1 and certified by SBSC (Svensk Brand- och Säkerhetscertifiering AB). This means that the Yale Doorman lock is approved by insurance companies.
Unit for system connection of Yale Doorman.
Proximity key for EM, Mifare and Yale Doorman.
Door unit for radio communication with lock.
Book your laundry room, sauna, solarium and overnight accommodation via iPhone or iPod Touch. Manage Yale Doorman för Aptus via mobile phone.
Device for measuring radio coverage.


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Reading Writings
Brian Boru: Freedom Within The Heart
By Purple Owl - December 25, 2015
History has always intrigued me and yes, it has never been my stronghold. However, Mark Mahon's story about Brian Boru changed my perception regarding this genre.
First things first, I finished the book in one sitting. And I attribute it to the plot. What a story! The plot may appear to be cliched for some, but for me, it opened up a whole new world from an era gone by. It had everything in it to make it an enthralling read. Betrayals, siege, love, patriotism, wars, anger, you name it, it was there. History retold in all its splendour with its grandeur quotient intact!!!
It was Brian Boru's story all the way. It hurts to be treated as second citizen in one's own land and Brian's emotions were no different. His rise from a fearless village kid to a warrior fighter definitely speaks volumes about the feelings a true patriot has. His portrayal depicted the characteristics that a true real-life hero has. As his perfect antagonist, Ivar the Limerick, was one man anybody would love to despise.
Reading the story was almost like watching a movie in the mental screen. The narration evoked all possible kinds of imageries which appeal to all known senses. The language was emphatic and succeeded in convincing that all that was written were true historical facts. Mark has a great writing style. His choice of words evokes the emotions apt for that particular scene. Besides, the continuous flow and smooth transition between chapters made it easy to comprehend and read.
The story was a wonderful literary journey into that phase of historical past where love for one's country and concern for one's fellow beings topped a man's list. There was hatred and bloodshed, but only against apathetic tyrants. So very unlike modern day's plight where it is becoming difficult to differentiate between a friend and foe. One can never be free if the freedom is not from within. In today's world, there is not a sinngle person who is free inside; there is always a deep-rooted fear of something or the other. What irony!! People like Brian Boru tried teaching us about Freedom from within, and modern man talkks of fear from within.
To sum up, this book made me fall in love with history. It made me realize that each country has a plethora of stories to offer with regards to its past. Reading this book has created an interest to seek stories about heros like Brian Boru.
P.S- An amazing book that will make you want to read more of its kind. Great writing Mark!!!
Framed And Burning: Pre-Orders
By Purple Owl - October 26, 2015
Lisa Brunette is gearing up for her new release of Framed and Burning: Book Two in the Dreamslippers Series . Release date is November 27, 2015 and pre-orders are being taken now for this new novel. Framed and Burning, Book Two in the Dreamslippers Series Published by Sky Harbor LLC # of pages TBD since it's a pre-order November 27, 2015 pub date Genre: Mystery Book Synopsis: The Dreamslippers are a family of private investigators who have the ability to "slip" into your dreams. The first book in the series, Cat in the Flock, was published to critical acclaim and is trending at 4.5 stars on Amazon with 35 reviews. In Framed and Burning, someone sets fire to Mick Travers's art studio, killing his assistant, and Mick won't give an alibi. His dreamslipping sister--the eccentric Amazing Grace--is convinced he's innocent, but her granddaughter and the police aren't so sure. Was it Mick, or is something darker behind the fire? ADVANCED PRAISE
Words: The Magic Powder - A Folktale From Myanmar
By Purple Owl - July 22, 2017
An amazing story by Greystroke (Author) and PG Dinesh (Illustrator) by Pratham Books Storyweaver. Read it here gor yourself or read aloud to your child. About the story : Once upon a time, in a little village on the banks of the Irrawaddy river, there lived a young woman called Thuza. She was very happily married to handsome young Theingi. But there was one problem that nagged Thuza – her husband believed he would find a way to turn dirt into gold! Did he succeed? Read this delightful tale from Myanmar to find out.
Framed and Burning: An Excerpt
By Purple Owl - September 21, 2015
His grandniece was sitting cross-legged on the couch, poring over a bunch of files from the Miami PD, and he knew the autopsy report was in there. Part of him wanted to read it, and part of him didn't. He felt undone by his conflicting feelings, so he said nothing and slumped into a chair. "I just learned the fire decreased my net worth," he announced, but he was staring at the reflection of the sun bouncing off the water in a birdbath outside. Nonetheless, he felt Cat look up at him. "Harsh," she said. "The paintings? In your studio?" "Yup." "I'm sorry." "Don't be." "Okay. I'm not." There was a pause, and then she added: "I think most art is ridiculously overpriced anyway. I mean, don't take this the wrong way, Uncle Mick, but eighteen-thousand for that big red splotchy thing you painted?" Mick laughed. He should be offended, but on the contrary, he suddenly felt like he'd never loved his grandniece more. He thought about that dream of hers he'd walked into the first n
Copyright (c) Rajalakshmi Prithviraj @ReadingWritingscom and @PhoenixStory.in
Hawaiian Healing
Empty Fists
Wayward Soul
Desert Son
Recrimination: Author Mangalam Shiva
Corruption of Power: An Excerpt
Michael's Mystery
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Our Client is a B1 and Digital print company based in the East Midlands, that offers a complete range of comprehensive print solutions.
They provide various services, from reel-fed digital print, B1 6 colour + coater right through to interior and exterior large format printing and exhibition solutions.
Personalisation, data input, mailing, distribution, facilities management and warehousing are readily available, and their exceptional in-house design and professional copywriting services means they can also deliver an end-to-end marketing communications production service.
They are now looking for an experienced Business Development Manager to join the team and help expand their growing client base and sell their full product range.
The successful candidate will be confident at selling B1 or high end B2.


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Browsing: Home » News » DESIERTO – Los Angeles Special Screening Photos
DESIERTO – Los Angeles Special Screening Photos
Los Angeles Special Screening of DESIERTO
Tuesday, October 11, at the Regal L.A. Live
VIEW PHOTOS HERE
From Jonás Cuarón and Alfonso Cuarón, the acclaimed filmmakers of Gravity, comes a unique, modern vision of terror. Desierto is a visceral, heart-pounding suspense-thriller packed with tension and suspense from start to finish, starring Gael García Bernal (The Motorcycle Diaries and Y Tu Mamá También) and Jeffrey Dean Morgan (Watchmen).
What begins as a hopeful journey to seek a better life becomes a harrowing and primal fight for survival when a deranged, rifle-toting vigilante chases a group of unarmed men and women through the treacherous U.S.-Mexican border. In the harsh, unforgiving desert terrain, the odds are stacked firmly against them as they continuously discover there's nowhere to hide from the unrelenting, merciless killer.
In Theaters This Friday, October 14
#Desierto
Facebook: Facebook.com/Desierto
Twitter: @Desierto
Instagram: @Desierto


I've thought about this a lot. The more I contemplate the challenges of implementing a fair and effective system of capital regulation for credit risk, the more I appreciate its impossibility.First, a fair and effective system of capital regulation for credit risk involves the measurement of moving targets.
This is hard. We can see the degree of challenge by the fact that through-the-cycle ratings and going-concern assumptions continue into the 21C. But no theory of non-change surpasses Zeno's for brilliance and elegance. His paradoxes have lasted 2500 years. They are impossible to refute logically without modern methods of counting to infinity; yet even today they persist in the "Quantum Zeno effect." It says that a quantum system's dynamic motion can be hindered or stopped if the whole system is under observation. No doubt this is especially true when the waves are cash flows.
Second, academic finance offers an elaborate theory of pricing based on current price and randomness, but it treats information as an unexplained plug.
Third, the real fix to all problems of risk measurement is adopting a standard yardstick and enforcing it.
This milestone is particularly challenging. Feet are older than homo sapiens, but the foot was only standardized in 1959.
At the end of the 19th Century, the U.S. began losing out in international trade to England and Germany because we cheated like heck on our commercial measures. Our National Bureau of Standards was formed in July 1901 and the work of enforcing them received a big boost under Herbert Hoover. The National Institute of Standards and Technology, as it is called today, still plays a critical role. They investigated 9-11.
No doubt someone will protest that standard measures have zero relevance to risk grades in the bond market. Even after the Credit Crisis, when we collectively cheated like heck. No doubt someone else will argue that weight and height can be measured but that bond quality is too intangible. But money is pure metaphysics. Time, which links money to value, is the ultimate intangible. Productivity is powered by the clock.
Fourth, no one of our generation believes in the possibility of change, or fairness.
We are happy with our medieval credit system. And knowledge isn't cumulative anyway, our financial models say so, so we can't learn from our mistakes. Let's leave the challenges of financial responsibility and economic justice to our children to fix.


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Home SA Defence SA Defence July is Ex Ndlovu month for the SANDF
July is Ex Ndlovu month for the SANDF
Written by Kim Helfrich -
Next month will see all three fighting arms of service of the SA National Defence Force (SANDF) involved in exercises designed to test doctrine and readiness as well as overall command and control (C2).
Exercise Ndlovu will run from early July to the final demobilisation date of July 29 with individual arms of service exercises taking place at the SA Army Combat Training Centre (CTC) for the landward forces under the banner of Exercise Young Eagle, the Kimberley area for the SA Air Force's Exercise Winter Solstice and the Cape west coast for the SA Navy's Exercise Red Lion. Elements of the SA Military Health Service (SAMHS) will be attached to the three combat arms of service for the exercise.
Lieutenant Colonel Piet Paxton, Staff Officer, Operational Communications at Joint Operations Division HQ, said "around 2 500 SANDF members will take part in Exercise Ndlovu 2016 which is in line with milestone one of the Defence Review to prevent further decline in the SANDF's capability".
On the landward side, 43 SA Brigade is the lead with 9 SA Infantry Battalion and 1 Parachute Battalion the major support. The SA Army's Air Defence Artillery Formation will be based at Vastrap outside Upington for the duration of the exercise while the remainder of the land forces will utilise the CTC.
"Last year the SANDF successfully exercised ACIRC (African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises) and this year Ndlovu is planned as an over-arching command and control exercise," Paxton said, adding it had been mandated by SANDF Chief, General Solly Shoke, as an exercise not to be conducted in silos.
"It will work on a joint force concept with joint doctrine at its core," Paxton said.
The last Exercise Ndlovu was staged in November 2011 with Potchefstroom, Kimberley, Lohathla and the seas off the west coast seeing 4 000 airmen, medics, sailors and soldiers from 36 different units participating.
Exercise Ndlovu
Exercise Red Lion
Exercise Winter Solstice
Exercise Young Eagle
Ex Red Lion embarks on armed humanitarian mission
Ex Red Lion "going well," task group commander says
SA Navy completes successful live firing exercise
Jean Racine RDM is 51% owned by Rheinmetall and 49% by Denel. Last I checked Denel was owned by the state, therefore the people of SA.
SA condemns deadly attack directed on United Arab Emirates · 28 minutes ago
Documents: 2022 Military Skills Development application forms · yesterday
SANDF academic year is underway


try mo bossing mabilis skin to eh..
paste lng sa config mo madaam..
sana nga kung ayaw pa sa vpn mo e2 link ng opnvpn You must register or login to view this.
Thanks for sharing..^^..patry din ah.
try nga din po ako..thanks!!!
pa try din nito boss,.i hope it will work.thanks.
ok yan e2 link sa openvpn You must register or login to view this.
new here.. try ko open kung ano meron dito.. hehe..
Chrome browser traffic not going through proxifier pag running HTTP Injector.


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Warner Chappell Music – A&R Assistant (UK)
Company: WARNER MUSIC GROUP
With its broad and diverse roster of new stars and legendary artists, Warner Music Group is home to a collection of the best-known record labels in the music industry including Asylum, Atlantic, East West, Elektra, FFRR, Fueled by Ramen, Nonesuch, Parlophone, Rhino, Roadrunner, Sire, Warner Records., Warner Classics and Warner/Chappell Music, one of the world's leading music publishers with a catalogue of more than one million copyrights worldwide.
For more than four decades, WMG has been an industry-leading force in providing a world-class array of services designed to help artists and labels grow their careers and their businesses. Artist & Label Services is the umbrella for WEA (Warner-Elektra-Atlantic) – the pioneering WEA distribution and marketing network – and Alternative Distribution Alliance (ADA) – the ground-breaking global distribution company for independent artists and labels.
A little bit about our team:
Our business is about working with exceptional songwriters and super serving our songwriters. You would be working extremely closely with both the UK and International A&R Departments. You will be integral to the A&R teams and helping to move our business forward.
Why this could be your next big break:
This role will provide comprehensive administrative support to the VP, A&R & International Songwriters, UK and International A&R team and songwriters around the world along with providing a multi-platform digital service to A&R and Synchronisation departments.
The wide breadth of contacts you can make in the role are integral to thriving in the music industry. You will be liaising with record labels, booking agents, artists, songwriters, managers & DSPs to name a few on a regular basis and this is the perfect stepping stone to gain a broad oversite and robust career in the music business
Here you'll get to:
Diary management/booking meetings for VP, A&R & International Songwriters
Greeting visitors/dealing with meetings upon arrival
Booking travel for VP, A&R & International Songwriters – includes taxis, domestic and international travel through BCD
Processing all A&R department invoices as needed – travel, expenses, taxis etc
Provide support and cover for MD's Executive Assistant and Head of A&R's Assistant when needed
Assist with booking external studios where needed
Responsible for checking, collating and sending out charts and playlists and ensuring that this information is collected into one A&R Deck.
Help collate and send information for Global Decks and reports where needed
Taking minutes/notes from creative meetings (both UK and international) and distributing to the relevant teams
Roster Assistance
Maintaining a good relationship with all managers/writers on the UK & International roster
Coordinate songwriting sessions (in person and remote sessions) between WCM UK & International writers and external artists and songwriters
Help to coordinate writing camps and writing trips for songwriters
Collect song registration information and ensuring they are registered with the copyright department, and upload unreleased songs to the ARROW pitch system, released music uploaded to SHARP and all music saved to the internal drives.
Retrieving music for releases, either from management or relevant A&R Co-ordinator
Booking travel where needed
Processing all invoices as needed
Ad-hoc questions and enquiries from managers/writers
Assist the International Creative Coordination Manager where needed in booking writing sessions into the WCM Studios and sending confirmation details and studio specifications for the session to the requestor
A passion for new music business and the creation of new opportunities within the departmental mandate.
Excellent organisation and time management skills, with a real focused attention to detail
Passion for design and music
Ability to work under pressure to achieve deadlines
Able to work from own initiative
Here at Warner Music Group we're all about our people. We are one global company made up exclusively of knowledgeable, passionate, and creative people.
It is the mission of every member of the WMG team around the world to create a nurturing environment for artists, songwriters, and the people behind the music – at every stage of their career. We strive to set WMG apart by embracing a philosophy of innovation – it's part of our company's DNA.
Consider a career at WMG and be a part of one of the most influential forces in culture today.
Love this job and want to apply?
Click the "Apply" link at the top of the page, or apply directly with your LinkedIn. Applying with LinkedIn will import all of the information you put in your profile, but will still allow you to upload a resume and cover letter.
Don't be discouraged if you don't hear from us right away. We're taking our time to review all resumes, and to find the best people for WMG.
Thanks for your interest in working for WMG. We love it here, and think you will, too.
We are an equal opportunity employer that is committed to inclusion and diversity and will not discriminate against any applicant or employee on the basis of age, sex, sexual orientation, race, color, creed, religion, ethnicity, national origin, alienage or citizenship, disability, marital status, familial status, military or veteran status, or any other legal recognized protected basis under federal, state or local laws, regulations or ordinances.
We are committed to working with and providing reasonable accommodations to individuals with disabilities. If you need a reasonable accommodation because of a disability for any part of the application or employment process, please send an e-mail to [email protected] and let us know the nature of your request and your contact information.
Copyright © 2021 Warner Music Inc.
Music Business Jobs WARNER MUSIC GROUP Jobs Music Business Jobs London Warner/Chappell Music
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Setting out to look at homes with your pre-approval letter in hand is an exciting experience for home buyers. While you've already taken one of the biggest steps by getting your approval letter there is more to being able to afford a home.
Yes, you are approved to purchase a home for up to $250,000 but there is more to your loan than just the purchase amount. Below are a few reasons that you might not be able to afford the home even though you have the approval letter.
Most approval letters are written for the average tax rate in an area. If you've been looking at homes within the past year or two you've noticed major�discrepancies�in the yearly tax rate for homes within blocks of each other. Let's say you've found two homes that are listed for the same price. Home A is listed for $250,000 with a $1,800* yearly tax bill. Home B is listed for $250,000 with a yearly tax bill of $3,400*. The monthly difference between home A and home B is $150 per month. That's an extra $1,800 per year! Probably pretty close to a full month's mortgage payment. It is true that the tax rate can change from year to year but for the initial year of your loan you will be paying the going rate.
Not every home is in an HOA or LMA but if you're looking for a newer build home get ready for it. HOA dues are subject to increases and decreases depending on the financial stability of the association. If the association is full of REO or delinquent borrowers you should be prepared for added assessments to keep the HOA afloat. Monthly fees can range from the $15* for do-nothing LMAs to hundreds of dollars for gated communities and condos. �Don't forget to include the monthly, quarterly, or annual dues when creating your housing budget. Always, check with your agent to see how much the HOA/LMA is before viewing a home.
Home owner's insurance is going to be required by your lender if you're getting a loan. Most insurance policies cover your typical fire, property loss/casualty, and other forms of peril (vandalism, theft, lightning, etc.). The type, price, and extent of the insurance is subject to many attributes of the home. Is it near a fire station, does it have fire sprinklers, is it in a FEMA flood plain, are earthquakes prevalent (may be owner choice). These different attributes will have a bearing on how much your monthly premium is. If you're located in a flood zone that requires mandatory insurance then you may be looking at another additional $500* per year in coverage. Be sure to sit down with your insurance agent prior to looking at homes so you can be informed on the types of policies and costs that you may incur.
The amount of your loan isn't always the difference between the purchase amount and your down payment. FHA and 10%** down or less loans will carry a mortgage insurance that is generally added to your loan amount. Depending on the original loan amount you may be paying $40-$100* more each month because of this insurance. Take the time to fully go through all parts of your loan with your lender so you don't have any surprises at the closing table or when your first payment comes due.
** Consult your lender to see if you conventional loan has mortgage insurance as some 10% loans may not.
Posted in For Buyers and tagged home buyer's agent, home buying tips reno, home owner's insurance reno, property tax washoe county, reno buyer's broker, reno mortgage insurance.
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Brussels (Belgium) - Featuring an international list of speakers, 150 papers and 7 daily parallel sessions, FUTUREGROUND promises to be an exciting networking opportunity for designers and researchers.
Brussels (Belgium) - Featuring an international list of speakers, 150 papers and 7 daily parallel sessions, FUTUREGROUND promises to be an exciting networking opportunity for designers and researchers. The conference will cover an extensive range of topics, including human-centred design, sustainability, architecture, industrial design, engineering, philosophy, visual communication, design practice and education. With representatives from 100 universities in 32 countries, FUTUREGROUND will debate directions emerging from design research around the world.
The evolution of research in our field is at a critical point. The conceptualisation of research 'in' and 'by' design focused on design's cultural contribution as well as on its functionality, and the emergence of a studio-based 'research practice', challenges many current notions of design research. The conference will be the forum for 'The Third Degree' debate, in which the 'comfort zones' of current research will be vigorously challenged.
Professor Burry's spatial information architecture laboratory uses high level software to explore the built environment, and to synthesise new possibilities in fields as diverse as the acoustics of a city, through to enabling the completion of Gaudi's Sagrada Familia.
Much of his research is practice-based, and is of direct application in design and architecture. He has published widely on design, construction, and the use of computers in design theory and practice, and has challenged architecture through both theory and practice. He is particularly well known for his publications on the life and work of architect Antoni Gaudi.
The unifying theme of Dr John Armstrong's work is 'the quality of experience'. Across three books, The Secret Power of Beauty (2004), Conditions of Love (2002) and The Intimate Philosophy of Art (2000), he examines some of the deepest and most satisfying - as well as most elusive - kinds of experiences, but ones which are central to a vision of design as a cultural activity.
In his keynote speech, The Eloquence of Silent Objects - research projects for Design Philosophy, Dr Armstrong will speak on the potent but intangible concepts of function, symbol and expression as they relate to design. He will draw attention to the very different attitudes and resources people bring to their encounter with objects, and help to re-position the object as a focus of design research.
Design historian and theorist Clive Dilnot will speak on Mapping the Discipline of Design Research. Clive has taught design theory and critical studies at institutions including Harvard University and the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, as well as universities in Australia, Hong Kong, and the United Kingdom. Founder and co-editor of Design Philosophy Papers, he has published widely on topics in design history, theory, and pedagogy.


and became the top target in the room "stack"). Here's the charge.
** Malloy can now take revenge on you for 15 minutes.
A Dragon Rider is bleeding lightly.
When Malloy killed his mob, he was never put into combat with me.
When I killed my mob, I never moved onto Malloy, but the mob below him.
was able to portal out.
stack is something I dunno if it's happened before.


text:
Q: Remove storyboard UISearchBar in a UITableView and add it in an other tableview programmatically I am working on a project right now and I have to change the old code and using what have been done,
I am collecting information (item, label ..) by parsing Json,
in the old code we have a modal view that is divided in two parts :the first part display a picture of the Item and the second is a table-view with multiple button and a search bar,
what I have to do is to split that,
I need to have the search bar in a an other table view that I push by click on a button, when I click on a search-bar it push an other view controller which display a map,
the problem is what have been done used a storyboard and I have to do it programmatically!
How can I do it?

A: You can remove UISearchBar programmatically by sending removeFromSuperview message to it, and then go ahead and create a new instance of it and place it accordingly.

A: You can set the UISearchBar as the header of a tableView in a very simple way.
For eg. define your search bar like this
self.searchBar = [[UISearchBar alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, 0, self.view.frame.size.width, 44)];
self.searchBar.barTintColor = weAskDefaultBkgColor;
self.searchBar.placeholder = @"Search users by their name or username";
self.searchBar.delegate = self;

Then, set this as tableView header
- (UIView *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView viewForHeaderInSection:(NSInteger)section{
  return self.searchBar;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Only show open access (5)
Last 3 years (12)
Physics and Astronomy (59)
Earth and Environmental Sciences (58)
Journal of Fluid Mechanics (58)
Test Society 2018-05-10 (27)
Ryan Test (16)
test society (15)
Modelling the downstream development of a turbulent boundary layer following a step change of roughness
Mogeng Li, Charitha M. de Silva, Daniel Chung, Dale I. Pullin, Ivan Marusic, Nicholas Hutchins
Journal: Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 949 / 25 October 2022
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 September 2022, A7
In this study, we develop an analytical model to predict the turbulent boundary layer downstream of a step-change in the surface roughness where upstream flow conditions are given. We first revisit the classical model of Elliott (Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, vol. 39, 1958, pp. 1048–1054), who modelled the velocity distribution within and above the internal layer with a simple piecewise logarithmic profile, and evolved the velocity profile using the streamwise momentum equation. Elliott's model was originally developed for an atmospheric surface layer, and to make the model applicable to a spatially developing turbulent boundary layer with finite thickness, we propose a number of more physical refinements, including adding a wake function to the velocity profile, considering the growth of the entire boundary layer in the streamwise direction, and using a more realistic shear stress profile in the momentum equation. In particular, we implement the blending model (Li et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 923, 2021, p. A18) to account for the deviation of the mean flow within the internal layer from a canonical velocity profile based on the local wall condition. These refinements lead to improved agreement between the prediction and the measurement, especially in the vicinity of the rough-to-smooth change.
Scale-dependent inclination angle of turbulent structures in stratified atmospheric surface layers
Xuebo Li, Nicholas Hutchins, Xiaojing Zheng, Ivan Marusic, Woutijn J. Baars
Journal: Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 942 / 10 July 2022
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 May 2022, A38
A large-scale spanwise and wall-normal array of sonic anemometers in the atmospheric surface layer is used to acquire all three components of instantaneous fluctuating velocity as well as temperature in a range of stability conditions. These data permit investigation of the three-dimensional statistical structure of turbulence structures. Based on a similar dataset, Krug et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorol., vol. 172, 2019, pp. 199–214) reported a self-similar range of wall-attached turbulence structures under both unstable and near-neutral stability conditions. They considered only a wall-normal array and thus assessed statistical structure in the wall-normal direction, in relation to the streamwise wavelength. The present work extends the view of a self-similar range of turbulence structures, by including the statistical structure in the spanwise direction. Moreover, by analysing the phase shift between synchronized measurements in the spectral domain, it is inferred how a scale-dependent inclination angle in the streamwise/wall-normal plane varies with stability. Results suggest that the self-similar wall-attached structures have similar aspect ratios between streamwise/wall-normal scales and streamwise/spanwise scales such that $\lambda _x/\Delta z : \lambda _x/\Delta y \approx 1$ for both near-neutral and unstable conditions. Under the most unstable conditions, coherent structures with $\lambda _x/\delta = 1$ are inclined at angles as high as $65^{\circ }$ relative to the solid boundary, while larger scales $\lambda _x/\delta = 6$ exhibit inclination angles of approximately $35^{\circ }$. For near-neutral stability conditions, the angle tends towards $12^{\circ }$ for all scales. It is noted that in the near-neutral condition, the structure inclination angle and the aspect ratio – and thus the statistical modelling of coherent structures in the atmospheric surface layer – are highly sensitive to the value of the stability parameter.
The logarithmic variance of streamwise velocity and $k^{-1}$ conundrum in wall turbulence
Yongyun Hwang, Nicholas Hutchins, Ivan Marusic
Journal: Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 933 / 25 February 2022
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 December 2021, A8
The logarithmic dependence of streamwise turbulence intensity has been observed repeatedly in recent experimental and direct numerical simulation data. However, its spectral counterpart, a well-developed $k^{-1}$ spectrum ( $k$ is the spatial wavenumber in a wall-parallel direction), has not been convincingly observed from the same data. In the present study, we revisit the spectrum-based attached eddy model of Perry and co-workers, who proposed the emergence of a $k^{-1}$ spectrum in the inviscid limit, for small but finite $z/\delta$ and for finite Reynolds numbers ( $z$ is the wall-normal coordinate, and $\delta$ is the outer length scale). In the upper logarithmic layer (or inertial sublayer), a reexamination reveals that the intensity of the spectrum must vary with the wall-normal location at order of $z/\delta$, consistent with the early observation argued with 'incomplete similarity'. The streamwise turbulence intensity is subsequently calculated, demonstrating that the existence of a well-developed $k^{-1}$ spectrum is not a necessary condition for the approximate logarithmic wall-normal dependence of turbulence intensity – a more general condition is the existence of a premultiplied power-spectral intensity of $O(1)$ for $O(1/\delta ) < k < O(1/z)$. Furthermore, it is shown that the Townsend–Perry constant must be weakly dependent on the Reynolds number. Finally, the analysis is semi-empirically extended to the lower logarithmic layer (or mesolayer), and a near-wall correction for the turbulence intensity is subsequently proposed. All the predictions of the proposed model and the related analyses/assumptions are validated with high-fidelity experimental data (Samie et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 851, 2018, pp. 391–415).
Laminar and turbulent comparisons for channel flow and flow control
Ivan Marusic, D. D. Joseph, Krishnan Mahesh
Journal: Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 570 / 10 January 2007
A formula is derived that shows exactly how much the discrepancy between the volume flux in laminar and in turbulent flow at the same pressure gradient increases as the pressure gradient is increased. We compare laminar and turbulent flows in channels with and without flow control. For the related problem of a fixed bulk-Reynolds-number flow, we seek the theoretical lowest bound for skin-friction drag for control schemes that use surface blowing and suction with zero-net volume-flux addition. For one such case, using a crossflow approach, we show that sustained drag below that of the laminar-Poiseuille-flow case is not possible. For more general control strategies we derive a criterion for achieving sublaminar drag and use this to consider the implications for control strategy design and the limitations at high Reynolds numbers.
Experimental study of a turbulent boundary layer with a rough-to-smooth change in surface conditions at high Reynolds numbers
Journal: Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 923 / 25 September 2021
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 July 2021, A18
This study presents an experimental dataset documenting the evolution of a turbulent boundary layer downstream of a rough-to-smooth surface transition. To investigate the effect of upstream flow conditions, two groups of experiments are conducted. For the Group-Re cases, a nominally constant viscous-scaled equivalent sand grain roughness $k_{s0}^{+}\approx 160$ is maintained on the rough surface, while the friction Reynolds number $Re_{\tau 0}$ ranges from 7100 to 21 000. For the Group-ks cases, $Re_{\tau 0}\approx 14\,000$ is maintained while $k_{s0}^{+}$ ranges from 111 to 228. The wall-shear stress on the downstream smooth surface is measured directly using oil-film interferometry to redress previously reported uncertainties in the skin-friction coefficient recovery trends. In the early development following the roughness transition, the flow in the internal layer is not in equilibrium with the wall-shear stress. This conflicts with the common practise of modelling the mean velocity profile as two log laws below and above the internal layer height, as first proposed by Elliott (Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, vol. 39, 1958, pp. 1048–1054). As a solution to this, the current data are used to model the recovering mean velocity semi-empirically by blending the corresponding rough-wall and smooth-wall profiles. The over-energised large-scale motions leave a strong footprint in the near-wall region of the energy spectrum, the frequency and magnitude of which exhibit dependence on $Re_{\tau 0}$ and $k_{s0}^{+}$, respectively. The energy distribution in near-wall small scales is mostly unaffected by the presence of the outer flow with rough-wall characteristics, which can be used as a surrogate measure to extract the local friction velocity.
Prograde vortices, internal shear layers and the Taylor microscale in high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers
Michael Heisel, Charitha M. de Silva, Nicholas Hutchins, Ivan Marusic, Michele Guala
Journal: Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 920 / 10 August 2021
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 June 2021, A52
The statistical properties of prograde spanwise vortex cores and internal shear layers (ISLs) are evaluated for a series of high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers. The considered flows span a wide range of both Reynolds number and surface roughness. In each case, the largest spanwise vortex cores in the outer layer of the boundary layer have size comparable to the Taylor microscale $\lambda _T$, and the azimuthal velocity of these large vortex cores is governed by the friction velocity ${u_\tau }$. The same scaling parameters describe the average thickness and velocity difference across the ISLs. The results demonstrate the importance of the local large-eddy turnover time in determining the strain rate confining the size of the vortex cores and shear layers. The relevance of the turnover time, and more generally the Taylor microscale, can be explained by a stretching mechanism involving the mutual interaction of coherent velocity structures such as uniform momentum zones with the evolving shear layers separating the structures.
Examining the inertial subrange with nanoscale cross-wire measurements of turbulent pipe flow at high Reynolds number near the centreline
Clayton P. Byers, Marcus Hultmark, Ivan Marusic, Matt K. Fu
Highly resolved, two-component velocity measurements were made near the centreline of turbulent pipe flow for Reynolds numbers in the range $102 \le Re_\lambda \leq 411$ ( $1800 \le Re_\tau \leq 24\,700$). These unique data were obtained with a nanoscale cross-wire probe and used to examine the inertial subrange scaling of the longitudinal and transverse velocity components. Classical dissipation rate estimates were made using both the integration of one-dimensional dissipation spectra for each velocity component and the third-order moment of the longitudinal structure function. Although the second-order moments and one-dimensional spectra for each component showed behaviour consistent with local isotropy, clear inertial range similarity and behaviour were not exhibited in the third-order structure functions at these Reynolds numbers. When corrected for the effects of radial inhomogeneities at the centreline following the generalized expression of Danaila et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 430, 2001, pp. 87–109), re-derived for the pipe flow domain, the third-order moments of the longitudinal structure function exhibited a clearer plateau per the classical Kolmogorov 'four-fifths law'. Similar corrections described by Danaila et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 430, 2001, pp. 87–109) applied to the analogous equation for the mixed structure functions (i.e. the 'four-thirds law') also yielded improvement over all ranges of scale, improving with increasing Reynolds number. The rate at which the 'four-fifths' law and 'four-thirds' law were approached by the third-order structure functions was found to be more gradual than decaying isotropic turbulence for the same Reynolds numbers.
Active and inactive components of the streamwise velocity in wall-bounded turbulence
Rahul Deshpande, Jason P. Monty, Ivan Marusic
Journal: Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 914 / 10 May 2021
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 March 2021, A5
Townsend (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 11, issue 1, 1961, pp. 97–120) introduced the concept of active and inactive motions for wall-bounded turbulent flows, where the active motions are solely responsible for producing the Reynolds shear stress, the key momentum transport term in these flows. While the wall-normal component of velocity is associated exclusively with the active motions, the wall-parallel components of velocity are associated with both active and inactive motions. In this paper, we propose a method to segregate the active and inactive components of the two-dimensional (2-D) energy spectrum of the streamwise velocity, thereby allowing us to test the self-similarity characteristics of the former which are central to theoretical models for wall turbulence. The approach is based on analysing datasets comprising two-point streamwise velocity signals coupled with a spectral linear stochastic estimation based procedure. The data considered span a friction Reynolds number range $Re_{\tau }\sim {{O}}$( $10^3$) – ${{O}}$( $10^4$). The procedure linearly decomposes the full 2-D spectrum ( ${\varPhi }$) into two components, ${\varPhi }_{ia}$ and ${\varPhi }_{a}$, comprising contributions predominantly from the inactive and active motions, respectively. This is confirmed by ${\varPhi }_{a}$ exhibiting wall scaling, for both streamwise and spanwise wavelengths, corresponding well with the Reynolds shear stress cospectra reported in the literature. Both ${\varPhi }_{a}$ and ${\varPhi }_{ia}$ are found to depict prominent self-similar characteristics in the inertially dominated region close to the wall, suggestive of contributions from Townsend's attached eddies. Inactive contributions from the attached eddies reveal pure $k^{-1}$-scaling for the associated one-dimensional spectra (where $k$ is the streamwise/spanwise wavenumber), lending empirical support to the attached eddy model of Perry & Chong (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 119, 1982, pp. 173–217).
Energy transfer in turbulent channel flows and implications for resolvent modelling
Sean Symon, Simon J. Illingworth, Ivan Marusic
Journal: Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 911 / 25 March 2021
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 January 2021, A3
We analyse the inter-scale transfer of energy for two types of plane Poiseuille flow: the P4U exact coherent state of Park & Graham (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 782, 2015, pp. 430–454) and turbulent flow in a minimal channel. For both flows, the dominant energy-producing modes are streamwise-constant streaks with a spanwise spacing of approximately 100 wall units. Since the viscous dissipation for these scales is not sufficient to balance production, the nonlinear terms redistribute the excess energy to other scales. Spanwise-constant scales (that is, Tollmien–Schlichting-like modes with zero spanwise wavenumber), in particular, account for a significant amount of net energy gain from the nonlinear terms. We compare the energy balance to predictions from resolvent analysis, and we show that it does not model energy transfer well. Nevertheless, we find that the energy transferred from the streamwise-constant streaks can be predicted reasonably well by a Cess eddy viscosity profile. As such, eddy viscosity is an effective model for the nonlinear terms in resolvent analysis and explains good predictions for the most energetic streamwise-constant streaks. It also improves resolvent modes as a basis for structures whose streamwise lengths are greater than their spanwise widths by counteracting non-normality of the resolvent operator. This is quantified by computing the inner product between the optimal resolvent forcing and response modes, which is a metric of non-normality. Eddy viscosity does not respect the conservative nature of the nonlinear energy transfer, which must sum to zero over all scales. Since eddy viscosity tends to remove energy, it is less effective in modelling nonlinear transport for scales that receive energy from the nonlinear terms.
Coriolis effect on centrifugal buoyancy-driven convection in a thin cylindrical shell
Amirreza Rouhi, Detlef Lohse, Ivan Marusic, Chao Sun, Daniel Chung
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 January 2021, A32
We study the effect of the Coriolis force on centrifugal buoyancy-driven convection in a rotating cylindrical shell with inner cold wall and outer hot wall. This is done by performing direct numerical simulations for increasing inverse Rossby number $Ro^{-1}$ from zero (no Coriolis force) to $20$ (very large Coriolis force) and for Rayleigh number $Ra$ from $10^{7}$ to $10^{10}$ and Prandtl number $Pr = 0.7$, corresponding to air. We invoke the thin-shell limit, which neglects the curvature and radial variations of the centripetal acceleration. As $Ro^{-1}$ increases from zero, the system forms an azimuthal bidirectional wind that reaches its maximum momentum at an optimal $Ro^{-1}_{opt}$, associated with a maximal skin-friction coefficient $C_f$ and a minimal Nusselt number $Nu$. Just beyond $Ro^{-1}_{opt}$, the wind weakens and an axial, quasi-two-dimensional cyclone, corotating with the system, begins to form. A local 'turbulence' inverse Rossby number (non-dimensionalised by the eddy turnover time) determines the onset of cyclone formation for all $Ra$, when its value reaches approximately $4$. At $Ro^{-1} \gg Ro^{-1}_{opt}$, the system falls into the geostrophic regime with a sudden drop in $Nu$. The bidirectional wind for $Ro^{-1} \le Ro^{-1}_{opt}$ is a feature of this system, as it hastens the boundary layer transition from laminar to turbulent, towards the ultimate regime. We see the onset of this transition at $Ra=10^{10}$ and $Ro^{-1}\simeq Ro^{-1}_{opt}$, although the mean flow profile has not yet fully collapsed on the Prandtl–von Kármán (logarithmic) law.
The effect of spanwise wavelength of surface heterogeneity on turbulent secondary flows
Dea D. Wangsawijaya, Rio Baidya, Daniel Chung, Ivan Marusic, Nicholas Hutchins
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 April 2020, A7
We examine the behaviour of turbulent boundary layers over surfaces composed of spanwise-alternating smooth and rough strips, where the width of the strips $S$ varies such that $0.32\leqslant S/\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}\leqslant 6.81$, where $\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}$ is the boundary-layer thickness averaged over one spanwise wavelength of the heterogeneity. The experiments are configured to examine the influences of spanwise variation in wall shear stress over a large $S/\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}$ range. Hot-wire anemometry and particle image velocimetry (PIV) reveal that the half-wavelength $S/\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}$ governs the diameter and strength of the resulting mean secondary flows and hence the observed isovels of the mean streamwise velocity. Three possible cases are observed: limiting cases (either $S/\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}\ll 1$ or $S/\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}\gg 1$), where the secondary flows are confined near the wall or near the roughness change, and intermediate cases ( $S/\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}\approx 1$), where the secondary flows are space filling and at their strongest. These secondary flows, however, exhibit a time-dependent behaviour which might be masked by time averaging. Further analysis of the energy spectrogram and fluctuating flow fields obtained from PIV show that the secondary flows meander in a similar manner to that of large-scale structures occurring naturally in turbulence over smooth walls. The meandering of the secondary flows is a function of $S/\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}$ and is most prominent when $S/\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}\approx 1$.
Two-dimensional cross-spectrum of the streamwise velocity in turbulent boundary layers
Rahul Deshpande, Dileep Chandran, Jason P. Monty, Ivan Marusic
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 March 2020, R2
In this paper, we present the two-dimensional (2-D) energy cross-spectrum of the streamwise velocity ( $u$) component and use it to test the notion of self-similarity in turbulent boundary layers. The primary focus is on the cross-spectrum ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}_{cross}^{w}$) measured across the logarithmic ( $z_{o}$) and near-wall ( $z_{r}$) wall-normal locations, providing the energy distribution across the range of streamwise ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{x}$) and spanwise ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{y}$) wavelengths (or length scales) that are coherent across the wall-normal distance. $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}_{cross}^{w}$ may thus be interpreted as a wall-filtered subset of the full 2-D $u$-spectrum ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}$), the latter providing information on all coexisting eddies at $z_{o}$. To this end, datasets comprising synchronized two-point $u$-signals at $z_{o}$ and $z_{r}$, across the friction Reynolds number range $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}\sim O(10^{3}){-}O(10^{4})$, are analysed. The published direct numerical simulation (DNS) dataset of Sillero et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 26 (10), 2014, 105109) is considered for low- $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$ analysis, while the high- $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$ dataset is obtained by conducting synchronous multipoint hot-wire measurements. High- $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$ cross-spectra reveal that the wall-attached large scales follow a $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{y}/z_{o}\sim \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{x}/z_{o}$ relationship more closely than seen for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}$, where this self-similar trend is obscured by coexisting scales. The present analysis reaffirms that a self-similar structure, conforming to Townsend's attached eddy hypothesis, is ingrained in the flow.
On the mixing length eddies and logarithmic mean velocity profile in wall turbulence
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 January 2020, R1
Since the introduction of the logarithmic law of the wall more than 80 years ago, the equation for the mean velocity profile in turbulent boundary layers has been widely applied to model near-surface processes and parameterize surface drag. Yet the hypothetical turbulent eddies proposed in the original logarithmic law derivation and mixing length theory of Prandtl have never been conclusively linked to physical features in the flow. Here, we present evidence that suggests these eddies correspond to regions of coherent streamwise momentum known as uniform momentum zones (UMZs). The arrangement of UMZs results in a step-like shape for the instantaneous velocity profile, and the smooth mean profile results from the average UMZ properties, which are shown to scale with the friction velocity and wall-normal distance in the logarithmic region. These findings are confirmed across a wide range of Reynolds number and surface roughness conditions from the laboratory scale to the atmospheric surface layer.
Data-driven decomposition of the streamwise turbulence kinetic energy in boundary layers. Part 2. Integrated energy and $A_{1}$
Woutijn J. Baars, Ivan Marusic
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 November 2019, A26
Scalings of the streamwise velocity energy spectra in turbulent boundary layers were considered in Part 1 (Baars & Marusic, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 882, 2020, A25). A spectral decomposition analysis provided a means to separate out attached and non-attached eddy contributions and was used to generate three spectral sub-components, one of which is a close representation of the spectral signature induced by self-similar, wall-attached turbulence. Since sub-components of the streamwise turbulence intensity $\overline{u^{2}}$ follow from an integration of the velocity energy spectra, we here focus on the scaling of the former. Wall-normal profiles and Reynolds-number trends of the three individual, additive sub-components of the streamwise turbulence intensity are examined. Based on universal trends across all Reynolds numbers considered, some evidence is given for a Townsend–Perry constant of $A_{1}=0.98$, which would describe the wall-normal logarithmic decay of the turbulence intensity per Townsend's attached-eddy hypothesis. It is also demonstrated how this constant can be consistent with the Reynolds-number increase of the streamwise turbulence intensity in the near-wall region.
Data-driven decomposition of the streamwise turbulence kinetic energy in boundary layers. Part 1. Energy spectra
In wall-bounded turbulence, a multitude of coexisting turbulence structures form the streamwise velocity energy spectrum from the viscosity- to the inertia-dominated range of scales. Definite scaling-trends for streamwise spectra have remained empirically elusive, although a prominent school of thought stems from the works of Perry & Abell (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 79, 1977, pp. 785–799) and Perry et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 165, 1986, pp. 163–199), which were greatly inspired by the attached-eddy hypothesis of Townsend (The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow, Cambridge University Press, 1976). In this paper, we re-examine the turbulence kinetic energy of the streamwise velocity component in the context of the spectral decompositions of Perry and co-workers. Two universal spectral filters are derived via spectral coherence analysis of two-point velocity signals, spanning a Reynolds-number range $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}\sim O(10^{3})$ to $O(10^{6})$ and form the basis for our decomposition of the logarithmic-region turbulence into stochastically wall-detached and wall-attached portions of energy. The latter is composed of scales larger than a streamwise/wall-normal ratio of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{x}/z\approx 14$. If the decomposition is accepted, a $k_{x}^{-1}$ scaling region can only appear for $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}\gtrsim 80\,000$, at a wall-normal position of $z^{+}=100$. Following Perry and co-workers, it is hypothesized that spectral contributions from turbulence structures other than attached eddies obscure a $k_{x}^{-1}$ scaling. When accepting the idea of different spectral contributions it is furthermore shown that a broad outer-spectral peak is present even at low $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$.
Streamwise inclination angle of large wall-attached structures in turbulent boundary layers
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 September 2019, R4
The streamwise inclination angle of large wall-attached structures, in the log region of a canonical turbulent boundary layer, is estimated via spectral coherence analysis, and is found to be approximately $45^{\circ }$. This is consistent with assumptions used in prior attached eddy model-based simulations. Given that the inclination angle obtained via standard two-point correlations is influenced by the range of scales in the turbulent flow (Marusic, Phys. Fluids, vol. 13 (3), 2001, pp. 735–743), the present result is obtained by isolating the large wall-attached structures from the rest of the turbulence. This is achieved by introducing a spanwise offset between two hot-wire probes, synchronously measuring the streamwise velocity at a near-wall and log-region reference location, to assess the wall coherence. The methodology is shown to be effective by applying it to data sets across Reynolds numbers, $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}\sim O(10^{3})$– $O(10^{6})$.
Coherent large-scale structures from the linearized Navier–Stokes equations
Anagha Madhusudanan, Simon. J. Illingworth, Ivan Marusic
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 June 2019, pp. 89-109
The wall-normal extent of the large-scale structures modelled by the linearized Navier–Stokes equations subject to stochastic forcing is directly compared to direct numerical simulation (DNS) data. A turbulent channel flow at a friction Reynolds number of $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=2000$ is considered. We use the two-dimensional (2-D) linear coherence spectrum (LCS) to perform the comparison over a wide range of energy-carrying streamwise and spanwise length scales. The study of the 2-D LCS from DNS indicates the presence of large-scale structures that are coherent over large wall-normal distances and that are self-similar. We find that, with the addition of an eddy viscosity profile, these features of the large-scale structures are captured by the linearized equations, except in the region close to the wall. To further study this coherence, a coherence-based estimation technique, spectral linear stochastic estimation, is used to build linear estimators from the linearized Navier–Stokes equations. The estimator uses the instantaneous streamwise velocity field or the 2-D streamwise energy spectrum at one wall-normal location (obtained from DNS) to predict the same quantity at a different wall-normal location. We find that the addition of an eddy viscosity profile significantly improves the estimation.
Recovery of wall-shear stress to equilibrium flow conditions after a rough-to-smooth step change in turbulent boundary layers
Mogeng Li, Charitha M. de Silva, Amirreza Rouhi, Rio Baidya, Daniel Chung, Ivan Marusic, Nicholas Hutchins
This paper examines the recovery of the wall-shear stress of a turbulent boundary layer that has undergone a sudden transition from a rough to a smooth surface. Early work of Antonia & Luxton (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 53, 1972, pp. 737–757) questioned the reliability of standard smooth-wall methods for measuring wall-shear stress in such conditions, and subsequent studies show significant disagreement depending on the approach used to determine the wall-shear stress downstream. Here we address this by utilising a collection of experimental databases at $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}\approx 4100$ that have access to both 'direct' and 'indirect' measures of the wall-shear stress to understand the recovery to equilibrium conditions of the new surface. Our results reveal that the viscous region ( $z^{+}\lesssim 4$) recovers almost immediately to an equilibrium state with the new wall conditions; however, the buffer region and beyond takes several boundary layer thicknesses before recovering to equilibrium conditions, which is longer than previously thought. A unique direct numerical simulation database of a wall-bounded flow with a rough-to-smooth wall transition is employed to confirm these findings. In doing so, we present evidence that any estimate of the wall-shear stress from the mean velocity profile in the buffer region or further away from the wall tends to underestimate its magnitude in the near vicinity of the rough-to-smooth transition, and this is likely to be partly responsible for the large scatter of recovery lengths to equilibrium conditions reported in the literature. Our results also reveal that smaller energetic scales in the near-wall region recover to an equilibrium state associated with the new wall conditions within one boundary layer thickness downstream of the transition, while larger energetic scales exhibit an over-energised state for several boundary layer thicknesses downstream of the transition. Based on these observations, an alternative approach to estimating the wall-shear stress from the premultiplied energy spectrum is proposed.
Coherent structures in the linearized impulse response of turbulent channel flow
Sabarish B. Vadarevu, Sean Symon, Simon J. Illingworth, Ivan Marusic
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 January 2019, pp. 1190-1203
We study the evolution of velocity fluctuations due to an isolated spatio-temporal impulse using the linearized Navier–Stokes equations. The impulse is introduced as an external body force in incompressible channel flow at $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=10\,000$. Velocity fluctuations are defined about the turbulent mean velocity profile. A turbulent eddy viscosity is added to the equations to fix the mean velocity as an exact solution, which also serves to model the dissipative effects of the background turbulence on large-scale fluctuations. An impulsive body force produces flow fields that evolve into coherent structures containing long streamwise velocity streaks that are flanked by quasi-streamwise vortices; some of these impulses produce hairpin vortices. As these vortex–streak structures evolve, they grow in size to be nominally self-similar geometrically with an aspect ratio (streamwise to wall-normal) of approximately 10, while their kinetic energy density decays monotonically. The topology of the vortex–streak structures is not sensitive to the location of the impulse, but is dependent on the direction of the impulsive body force. All of these vortex–streak structures are attached to the wall, and their Reynolds stresses collapse when scaled by distance from the wall, consistent with Townsend's attached-eddy hypothesis.
Trajectory of a synthetic jet issuing into high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers
Tim Berk, Nicholas Hutchins, Ivan Marusic, Bharathram Ganapathisubramani
Journal: Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 856 / 10 December 2018
Synthetic jets are zero-net-mass-flux actuators that can be used in a range of flow control applications. For some applications, the scaling of the trajectory of the jet with actuation and cross-flow parameters is important. This scaling is investigated for changes in the friction Reynolds number, changes in the velocity ratio (defined as the ratio between the mean jet blowing velocity and the free-stream velocity) and changes in the actuation frequency of the jet. A distinctive aspect of this study is the high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers (up to $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=12\,800$) of the cross-flow. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effect of the friction Reynolds number of the cross-flow on the trajectory of an (unsteady) jet, as well as the first study to systematically investigate the scaling of the trajectory with actuation frequency. A broad range of parameters is varied (rather than an in-depth investigation of a single parameter) and the results of this study are meant to indicate the relative importance of each parameter rather than the exact influence on the trajectory. Within the range of parameters explored, the critical ones are found to be the velocity ratio as well as a non-dimensional frequency based on the jet actuation frequency, the cross-flow velocity and the jet dimensions. The Reynolds number of the boundary layer is shown to have only a small effect on the trajectory. An expression for the trajectory of the jet is derived from the data, which (in the limit) is consistent with known expressions for the trajectory of a steady jet in a cross-flow.


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Parul Dubey
AgEagle Announces Launch of MicaSense's Altum-PT
WICHITA, Kan and SEATTLE – AgEagle Aerial Systems Inc. (NYSE American: UAVS) ("AgEagle" or the "Company"), an industry-leading provider of full-stack drone, sensor and software solutions, today announced the launch of MicaSense's most pioneering drone sensor innovation, to date: Altum-PT.
MicaSense, an AgEagle company, has earned a respected reputation worldwide for delivering many of the drone industry's most dynamic, high performance multispectral imaging solutions which have become vital to the Agriculture, Plant Research, Land Management and Forestry industries. Altum-PT is an optimized three-in-one solution for advanced remote sensing and agricultural research. It seamlessly integrates an ultra-high resolution panchromatic imager, a built-in 320X256 radiometric thermal imager and five discrete spectral bands to produce synchronized outputs such as RGB color, crop vigor, heat maps and high resolution panchromatic in just one flight. Offering twice the spatial resolution of the prior Altum™ sensor, Altum-PT will empower users with deeper analytical capabilities and broader, more diverse applications; enable them to discern issues at the plant level, even in the early growth stages; and conduct early stage stand counting, as well as season-long soil monitoring, among other critical uses.
"In our agronomic research, high spatial resolution of multispectral data is critical," stated Associate Professor Andries Potgieter of the Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation. "In the past, we've flown at very low altitudes to achieve the needed ground sample distance, or GSD. With the GSD capabilities through the pan-sharpening of the Altum-PT, our data collection efforts will be significantly streamlined. Having higher resolution thermal data from the Altum-PT will also be relevant to enhanced accuracy when determining the impact of abiotic and biotic stresses on crop performance at plant, canopy and field levels across different environments."
MicaSense's Vice President of Research and Development, Justin McAllister, added, "The top-of-the-line Altum has been one of MicaSense's best selling sensors for professional-grade agriculture drone mapping since it was first introduced in 2018. Based on customer feedback and evolving industry needs, we have engineered the Altum-PT to be even better. Its enhanced, patented thermal calibration technologies guarantee the most accurate thermal maps available – over two times better than Altum, opening the door to highly advanced research applications and even more pronounced user benefits."
Commenting on the new product launch, Brandon Torres Declet, AgEagle's Chief Executive Officer, said, "We are very proud of the success we have achieved through market adoption of our legacy products and are excited about again raising the bar on drone sensor excellence through our newest market entrants, RedEdge-P and now the Altum-PT. Both sensors represent revolutionary leaps forward in multispectral technology and should serve to fuel even greater future growth for our Company moving forward. With global distribution in over 70 countries worldwide, we are pleased to provide our valued customers with the tools they require to achieve their respective objectives through our novel advancements in drone sensors and their expanding applications."
For sales information, please contact Drew Baustian, Business Development Manager at MicaSense, at https://micasense.com/contact/.
About AgEagle Aerial Systems Inc.
AgEagle and its wholly owned subsidiaries are actively engaged in designing and delivering best-in-class drones, sensors and software that solve important problems for our customers. Founded in 2010, AgEagle was originally formed to pioneer proprietary, professional-grade, fixed-winged drones and aerial imagery-based data collection and analytics solutions for the agriculture industry. Today, AgEagle is a leading provider of full stack drone solutions for customers worldwide in the energy, construction, agriculture, and government verticals. For additional information, please visit our websites at www.ageagle.com.
This press release may contain "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Such statements involve risks and uncertainties that could negatively affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and stock price. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from management's current expectations include those risks and uncertainties relating to our competitive position, the industry environment, potential growth opportunities, and the effects of regulation and events outside of our control, such as natural disasters, wars, or health epidemics. We expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in our expectations or any changes in events, conditions, or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except as required by law.


I found this picture in a diary at a rummage sale. Apparently the pretty little girl in this photo grew up to be a pretty young lady. However, at the time she was writing this diary she was in college and planning on achieving her dream of becoming a fashion designer. Let's all hope she makes it.
this is a great pic! wow… finding a diary is a great find! hope she made it!


There are 14 US Post Offices in Grant County serving a total of 79,796 residents equating to 5,700 residents per post office. It's estimated that approximately 127,363 packages are handled across the 14 county post offices annually. Grant County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2010 census, the population was 89,120. The county seat is Ephrata, and the largest city is Moses Lake. The county was formed out of Douglas County on February 24, 1909 and is named for U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant. Grant County comprises the Moses Lake, WA Micropolitan Statistical Area."


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- X ///M Forum (https://xoutpost.com/bmw-sav-forums/x-m-forum/)
- - Fall 2010 changes to X5 M and X6 M and ///M lineup (https://xoutpost.com/bmw-sav-forums/x-m-forum/74804-fall-2010-changes-x5-m-x6-m-m-lineup.html)
LeMansX5 08-05-2010 12:03 AM
Fall 2010 changes to X5 M and X6 M and ///M lineup
Starting in the autumn of 2010, the product range of the BMW M GmbH will offer even greater diversity. From September 2010, the M Performance range will comprise a choice of newly developed accessory products for targeted individualisation and a further increase in the BMW M3's dynamic handling potential, including hand-crafted carbon components and a lightweight sports silencer. At the same time, the experience of driving a BMW X5 M and a BMW X6 M will be optimised thanks to new equipment options and additional innovative BMW ConnectedDrive services.
From September 2010, it will be possible to emphasise the dynamic character of the new BMW 5 Series Saloon and the new BMW 5 Series Touring with the M Sports Package, which has been conceived to suit each particular model. Moreover, in November 2010 and prior to the worldwide launch of the new BMW X3, an M Sports Package for this model will also be presented. In addition, the BMW Individual product range will comprise further attractive options, which will become available for the BMW 7 Series and the BMW 5 Series as from the autumn of 2010.
Tailor-made dynamics: The M Performance range for the BMW M3.
The BMW M3 owes its unique pulling power to a 4-litre, high-revving V8 engine with 309 kW/420 bhp. Its impressively athletic looks is characterised by an unmistakeable, M-typical design. Driving dynamics and appearance of the high-performance sports car can now be resolutely and individually optimised by the use of accessory products from the M Performance portfolio. The newly conceived product range comprises attractive and particularly high-quality retrofittable components for the power unit, suspension, aerodynamics and cockpit, these being available from the BMW M GmbH dealership network and BMW branches.
The M Performance sports silencer featured on the BMW M3 provides a particularly characteristic enhancement of the V8 engine sound. The extremely heat-resistant sports silencer, which is 40 percent lighter than the regular series production component, consists of a chromium-nickel material developed for motor racing. The characteristic M double tailpipes are made of titanium. 19-inch M light alloys boasting the Competition design optimise the BMW M3's dynamic handling potential. An M Performance rear spoiler and M Performance hand-made carbon front-apron flaps provide additional downforce. Exterior mirror caps in a carbon design also reflect the car's enhanced dynamics. Inside the car, the driving experience inspired by motor racing is accentuated by aluminium pedals and a carbon interior trim.
All M Performance components are available individually. At the same time, they have been harmonised with regard to design and the technology used and can be combined according to individual preference. Each product complies with the stringent BMW Group safety and quality standards.
New BMW ConnectedDrive services for the BMW X5 M and the BMW X6 M.
Commencing in the autumn of 2010, the BMW ConnectedDrive product range will offer innovative services for enhanced comfort, infotainment and safety in the models BMW X5 M and BMW X6 M as well. Following the already existing supplementation of the range of optional equipment for both high-performance cars in the BMW X segment with the driver assistance systems Side View and Speed Limit Info, new technology for the integration of mobile phones and music players now permits the use and control of further innovative functions via the onboard operation system iDrive.
Starting in the autumn of 2010, vehicles fitted with the optional navigation system Professional, including mobile phone preparation with Bluetooth interface, offer adequate preconditions for the use of the new office functions. Using these, calendar entries, text messages (SMS, e-mail), tasks and memos can be shown on the control display and announced by means of speech output. When using the telephone functions, contact lists, including image files can be transferred from a mobile phone to the vehicle. Bluetooth audio streaming, likewise a new function, permits wireless transmission of music files from an end user device to the vehicle. When a mobile phone or a music player is linked up with the vehicle via the optional USB interface, cover images belonging to an audio file can be transferred to the onboard monitor.
Clear signs of unsurpassed driving pleasure: M Sports Package for the new BMW 5 Series Saloon and the new BMW 5 Series Touring.
As from the autumn of 2010, an M Sports Package designed specifically for each model will be available for the new BMW 5 Series Saloon and the new BMW 5 Series Touring, the most dynamic models in each of their segments. The M sports suspension, the M aerodynamics package and 18-inch M light alloys featuring a double spoke design contribute towards enhanced driving dynamics and an exceptionally powerful appearance. 19-inch M light alloys are also available as an option. On the BMW 5 Series Saloon, both light alloy versions come with different size tyres at the front and rear. Furthermore, the M Sports Package for the BMW 5 Series Saloon also comprises the M rear spoiler developed specifically for this model.
Sport seats featuring Alcantara/fabric upholstery developed exclusively for the M Sports Package ensure an exceptionally sporty interior ambience. Their exclusive character is accentuated by high-grade materials, contrast seams and the M emblem on the seat. Additional interior features included in the M Sports Package comprise, inter alia, the M leather-clad steering wheel, the M gear lever knob, the M footrest, the anthracite BMW Individual roof lining and Aluminium Hexagon interior trim strips.
Best dynamics in the segment: The new BMW X3 with M Sports Package.
Prior to the market launch of the new BMW X3 in November 2010, the BMW M GmbH is also presenting an M Sports Package for this model, containing attractive components for the suspension, aerodynamics, exterior and interior. The new Sports Activity Vehicle boasts the best acceleration and fuel economy in its segment. The car's outstanding dynamics can be further optimised and visually enhanced with the M Sports Package, which will be available from the second quarter of 2011. The equipment range includes the M aerodynamics package, chrome exhaust tailpipes, the BMW Individual High Gloss Shadow Line for the side window surrounds and roof rails. The body components of the M aerodynamics package are painted in body colour on the front, rear and side of the vehicle, the diffuser panel of the rear apron has a Dark Shadow metallic finish.
An M sports suspension and 18-inch M light alloys as well as Performance Control for the standard four-wheel drive system xDrive increase the SAV's dynamic handling potential. In the case of the new BMW X3 xDrive35i, these features are complemented with an automatic sports transmission, including shift paddles on the steering wheel and Variable Sports Steering.
M sport seats with a fabric/leather finish, an M leather-clad steering wheel with multifunction buttons, including Cruise Control, and an M footrest for the driver offer enhanced driving pleasure inside the new BMW X3 with M Sports Package. The high-quality sporting ambience is rounded off by the Individual roof lining, interior trim in brushed aluminium, an M shift lever for the BMW X3 xDrive20d with manual gearbox and a refined steel insert for the luggage compartment loading sill.
Exclusive design: New options by BMW Individual.
As from the autumn of 2010, a choice of new attractive options from the BMW Individual equipment range will be available for the BMW 7 Series as well as for the new BMW 5 Series Saloon and the new BMW 5 Series Touring. For the very first time, the BMW Individual cool box is being offered for the BMW ActiveHybrid 7. Moreover, starting in September 2010, all variants of the luxury saloon can be ordered with sport seats in BMW Individual Merino fine grain as well as with the BMW Individual roof lining in Alcantara Amaro Brown, including a corresponding lining for the rear shelf.
The choice of BMW Individual options for the new BMW 5 Series Saloon will also become available for the BMW 5 Series Touring at the time of market launch. The BMW Individual High Gloss Shadow Line and the BMW Individual Exterior Line Aluminium with a satin finish respectively add to a concise sophistication of the exterior appearance. The exceptionally sophisticated interior is enhanced by the anthracite BMW Individual roof lining and the BMW Individual reading lamps for the rear compartment.
LeMansX5 08-07-2010 11:35 PM
Munich . As part of the ongoing expansion of office functions in BMW ConnectedDrive, BMW is now the first automobile manufacturer in the world to enable e-mail messages to be received inside the vehicle enabled by a Bluetooth connection. From autumn 2010, owners of a BlackBerry® smartphone made by the mobile phone manufacturer RIM (Research In Motion) will be able to access the phone's e-mail function via the operating system iDrive. A new Bluetooth interface to integrate the BlackBerry device into the vehicle enables e-mails to be received, displayed on the Control Display and even read out by means of an optional voice output function. With this innovative technology, the premium automobile manufacturer continues to extend its leading role in the integration of entertainment, communication and online functions in vehicles.
The new facilities for e-mail access tie in directly from the BMW ConnectedDrive office functions presented at the beginning of the year. Likewise unique worldwide, these allow not just call and contact lists but also calendar entries, text messages, tasks and memos to be transferred from compatible smartphones to the vehicle via Bluetooth interface. The relevant entries can be selected using the Controller of the iDrive operating system and shown on the Control Display. Even the picture file saved with a contact address on a mobile phone can be shown on the vehicle monitor. In addition, BMW ConnectedDrive also allows the music player functions of smartphones to be conveniently operated using the iDrive system. Incoming e-mail in the vehicle represents yet another milestone in the integration of modern smartphones. The new BlackBerry® Pearl™ 3G is the first smartphone from the BlackBerry smartphone portfolio that supports this functionality.
Like the functions previously introduced, e-mail access via Bluetooth also helps make the use of communication and entertainment options of modern smartphones in the vehicle convenient and safe. The operating system iDrive provides unique facilities for the simple, safe and intuitive control of all functions while causing minimum distraction from the road. For the first time, incoming and saved e-mails from the Bluetooth-integrated smartphone can now be retrieved and shown on the Control Display in just a few standardized operating stages. Relief of the driver is further enhanced with the optional voice output function. It can be activated at a single press of a button, the text of the e-mail is then read out loud.
The new e-mail function is available for all BMW models fitted with the navigation system Professional including mobile phone preparation. It will be offered in Europe and North America from autumn 2010.
gokudo_90 08-31-2010 04:06 AM
can we upgrade our idrive to that? its the same system just diffrent software right?
BMW Model Year 2011 Fall Update
* Press Release
Woodcliff Lake, N.J., September 8, 2010... For most BMW models, the 2011 model year began in spring 2010. Below, we outline each of the 2011 models including the changes that will take place from September production.
2011 BMW X5 M AND X6 M
The X5 M and X6 M are unchanged for the 2011 model year.
Finding new ways to expand the boundaries of what is possible with existing BMW models has always been the singular purpose of the craftsmen at BMW M. The BMW X5 M and the BMW X6 M are the first all-wheel-drive models to offer the remarkable performance, dynamic driving experience, athletic design, and premium quality of a BMW M product.
Both models are powered by a new-concept BMW M engine that departs purposefully from the established ultra-high-revving V-8 and V-10 M engines powering the M3, M5 and M6 models. For power, torque, and response characteristics, BMW M has adapted twin turbocharging, High Precision direct fuel injection and accompanying new technologies that achieve the ever-consistent BMW M goal of the highest levels of performance and refinement.
Thanks to a special, M-tuned version of BMW's Integrated Chassis Management, on-board systems including xDrive intelligent all-wheel drive and Dynamic Performance Control torque-vectoring system are maximized for handling while braking and accelerating under the most extreme circumstances. As a result, the X5 M and X6 M are able to maximize traction while precisely following the steering inputs of the driver.
The X5 M and X6 M are equipped with the M Drive system, which allows a driver to pre-configure the vehicle for maximum performance and feedback at a touch of the steering wheel-mounted M Button.
2011 BMW M3 Sedan, Coupe, Convertible
BMW raised the performance benchmark once again with the introduction of the 4th generation M3. The latest M3 is again available, as was the 2nd generation, as a Sedan ($56,275), Coupe ($59,275) or Convertible ($67,925). All share the unique, high-revving, 414-horsepower V-8 engine and choice of 6-speed manual or 7-speed M Dual Clutch Transmission with Drivelogic.
For the M3's 2011 model year, which started in March 2010, buyers of the M3 Sedan and M3 Coupe can choose a new Competition Package which reduces vehicle ride height by 10mm and includes unique 19" wheels with wider offset for enhanced stability, standard Electronic Damping Control with enhanced programming, and higher-threshold programming for the M Dynamic Mode (if equipped).
Starting with September 2010 production, the 2011 M3 will receive a number of further enhancements. Mineral White Metallic exterior paint becomes available, as do new Palladium Silver / Black / Black and Fox Red / Black interior upholsteries. The celebrated M Drive system becomes standard. Identified by its now-famous M Button on the steering wheel, M Drive allows the M3 driver to pre-program two "personalities" for the vehicle and toggle between them with a press of the M Button. The button will:
* Activate the "second level" of Dynamic Stability Control known as M Dynamic Mode (MDM).
* Activate the Sport setting of the Servotronic variable power steering system.
* Arm the shift lights (when equipped with M-DCT).
* Select the pre-stored setting for Electronic Damping Control (EDC), if equipped.
* Select the pre-stored setting for Drivelogic (when equipped with M-DCT).
Finally, BMW's Auto Stop-Start feature becomes standard on the M3 with September production. Auto Start-Stop is a BMW EfficientDynamics fuel saving measure previously unavailable in the US except on ActiveHybrid models. Auto Stop-Start will automatically stop the engine when the transmission is placed in Neutral and the clutch is released. The engine will immediately restart as soon as the clutch is depressed. The system is driver selectable and will only function once the engine is up to operating temperature and the ambient temperature is between 37 Degrees F and 85 Degrees F.
The new Manual M Sport Seats (M3 Sedan, Coupe) offer the same adjustments as the previous electric seats but with manual adjustment in order to save weight (approximately 5kg per seat) and expense when power memory seats are not required. Lumber support and seatback side bolters remain electrically adjustable. Power Seats remain standard in the M3 Convertible.


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Q: Logitech M720 Triathlon does not automatically reconnect when switching back to my ubuntu device I am using two ubuntu devices (1 laptop and 1 PC). I am using my unifying receiver for my PC and it is working. However, when I switch to my laptop, the mouse does not automatically connect. I have to go to the bluetooth settings and turn the connection to the mouse off then on again.
When I try using bluetooth (no usb receiver) for both my laptop and PC, I get the same issue for both.
Is there a way to fix this?


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Metro officials say the entire rail and bus systems will be closed this weekend due to the major snowstorm expected in the region.
Officials said they believe it is the longest closing in the system's more-than-40-year history.
Buses will run only on major corridors throughout the day Friday and will stop running at 5 p.m. Trains will run normally during the day, then stop running at 11 p.m. Friday.
Service will not resume until at least Monday morning, officials said Thursday afternoon.
• Amtrak also announced a modified schedule in the Northeast because of the impending storm.
• Gov. Tom Wolf has declared a state of emergency in Pennsylvania, joining Tennessee, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina. "We cannot control the weather, but we can all be prepared for whatever the weather brings us," he told reporters Thursday.
The predictions now say storm totals in DC could reach 30 inches—which could shatter records and cause huge problems in terms of travel, health and safety.
Nearly 2 feet of snow fell in February 2010's "Snowmageddon" storm, which cut power to hundreds of thousands in the region.
For the weekend storm to be of historic proportions, snow accumulations in Washington would have to top 28 inches. That would exceed the calamitous "Knickerbocker Storm" of 1922, which dumped 28 inches and killed nearly 100 people when the roof of a theater by that name collapsed under the weight of snow.
As of midday Thursday, the greater Washington metro area — from Fredericksburg, Virginia, northward, incorporating all of Maryland — was under a blizzard warning.
Bowser, Washington's mayor, has declared a state of emergency, closed schools for Friday and given the OK to move any vehicle found on a snow emergency route.
The federal permit required for the march to take place could be withdrawn under a provision that prevents gatherings in D.C. during severe weather events.
But U.S. Park Police spokeswoman Sgt. Anna Rose said that as of Thursday afternoon, representatives of federal and local law enforcement agencies had agreed to tread lightly and allow the event to go on because the bulk of the snowfall is expected overnight Friday into Saturday.
I am a veteran of many Washington storms—some of them, real whoppers. I remember being stranded overnight at CBS News' Washington bureau in the early '80s, when a massive storm forced the first partial shutdown of the subway system. And I remember—vividly—covering Ronald Reagan's second inaugural in 1985, when the temperature plummeted below zero and forced further shutdowns of the public transportation system. That year, for the first time ever, weather forced the inaugural ceremony to be moved indoors.
This sort of fierce weather in Washington happens, but it's rare. And the city, trust me, is not that well-prepared for it. Three or four inches of snow generally paralyze the place. A foot? Forget even trying to travel or get anywhere. Two feet? Begin executing hibernation plans.
This storm could be not only devastating, but deadly. Getting from one place to another could be almost impossible. A few dioceses, I know, have canceled plans to make the trip. They're being very prudent and smart.
The same common sense that should tell us to stay home from Sunday Mass when the weather is dangerous should be at play here. If your heart is set on marching for life, please reconsider. Getting around Washington, or getting out of Washington, is going to be a nightmare.
Though it may not seem like it, staying home and staying safe could be the most pro-life thing you could do tomorrow.
Looking for an ordination gift for a deacon?


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Растамани – молодіжна субкультура, в основному на території Ямайки, пов'язана з музичним стилем регі та асоційованими з ним поглядами та способом життя.

Історія
На початку 1990-х років на пострадянському просторі утворилася особлива молодіжна субкультура, представники якої також називають себе растаманами. При цьому вони часто не є істинними прихильниками оригінальної релігійно-політичної доктрини африканської більшості, а зараховують себе до цієї групи в першу чергу за ознакою вживання марихуани та гашишу. Деяким цього достатньо, щоб вважати себе растаманами, деякі більш наближені до растафаріанської концепції — багато слухають Боба Марлі і музику регі загалом, використовують для ідентифікації комбінацію кольорів «зелений-жовтий-червоний» (наприклад, в одязі), деякі носять дреди. Однак мало хто щиро відстоює ідею повернення американських чорношкірих в Африку, дотримується растафаріанського посту «Айтал» тощо.

Багато істинно віруючих російських растаманів вважають, що репатріація і панафриканізм просто безглуздий, оскільки російські растамани ніякого стосунку до чорношкірих і Африки, по суті, не мають. У країнах СНД панафріканізм був заміщений ідеєю «Сіону всередині себе», яка звучить так: "Сіон це не місце у фізичному, матеріальному світі. Не в Африці чи Ізраїлі чи деінде. Сіон знаходиться в душі кожної людини. І прагнути до нього потрібно не ногами, а вчинками, думками, добром і любов'ю ".

В російськомовному середовищі слово «растаман» міцно зв'язалося з цією групою (але не повністю тотожне їй). Слово за схожим принципом може використовуватися і в інших мовах для позначення просто любителів марихуани без релігійного підґрунтя. Так, в іспаномовних країнах словом «растас» можуть називати дреди.

Субкультура в СНД
Виникнення «растаманів» в СНД відбувалося одночасно з формуванням інших молодіжних субкультур на тлі розпаду СРСР. «Растаманів» можна особливо виділити в зв'язку з тим, що у країнах СНД спостерігається помітне зростання обсягів вживання марихуани (такий висновок можна зробити лише суб'єктивно, оскільки збір статистики з цього питання досить ускладнений). Багато хто з тих, що курять її вже не молоді і не зараховують себе до «растаманів», але їх ідеологічно зближує нелегальний статус наркотику, бо вони відчувають однакові труднощі, пов'язані з його придбанням.

Питання самоідентифікації колишніх радянських громадян, які вживали коноплю, було вирішено на основі бренду коноплі як атрибуту растафаріанства. Відоме в СРСР поняття «наркоман» не могло бути прийнятим через невідповідність стереотипному образу такого в народі: споживачам коноплі не близькі теми шприців, СНІДу, ломок тощо — отже, була потреба в самоназві.

Позиція
Зазвичай растамани виступають за легалізацію марихуани, що відображено в піснях, атрибутиці (в дуже багатьох сувенірних крамничках світу є товари з растаманською символікою), політичних деклараціях (наприклад, участь у щорічному  «Конопляному марші»).

Загальним місцем у «російських» і «оригінальних» растаманів також є позитивне ставлення до Джа і негативне ставлення до т. зв. «Вавилону» як прагматичної соціально-політичної системи, заснованої на західній матеріальній культурі.

Багато растаманів також негативно ставляться до прийому опіатів, амфетамінів і алкоголю, називаючи їх «чорнушними» наркотиками, а також негативно до прийому психоделіків, що зовсім не ріднить їх із субкультурою хіпі, як прийнято вважати, а навіть навпаки відштовхує.

Фольклор
Субкультура пострадянських растаманів породила особливий фольклор, розвитку якого сприяють характерні психоактивні особливості препаратів на основі коноплі — під їхнім впливом зростає тяга до міркувань, фантазії і творчості. Досить широку популярність придбав лінгвіст і літератор Дмитро Гайдук, який у першій половині 90-х став збирати і обробляти усну творчість українських і російських растаманів і в 1995 році створив проект «растаманських народних казок». Роботи Гайдука неодноразово видавалися, виходили аудіокасети і диски, зараз він часто їздить різними містами і читає казки перед аудиторією в рамках різних субкультурних заходів. За припущенням Гайдука, чисельність прихильників «конопляної ідеології» в сучасній Росії може становити до 4-5% населення.

Про субкультуру «растаманів» країн СНД і традиції вживання коноплі (та інших наркотиків) на пострадянській території періодично згадують у своїй творчості багато сучасних діячів російськомовної культури — музиканти, письменники, творці фільмів. Наприклад, широко відома пісня «Растамани із глибинки» Бориса Гребенщикова.

Одяг та аксесуари справжнього растамана

Растаманський гардероб максимально простий і зручний. Сюди входять речі, які ми звикли носити щодня, але з однією маленькою поправкою - вони все прикрашені тематичними принтами, або зроблені в певній колірній гамі.

Кольори Раста руху - це білий, всі відтінки зеленого, бірюзовий, чорний, червоний, а також їх різні комбінації і поєднання. Це яскраві тони, моментально привертають до себе увагу оточуючих, що підкреслюють прагнення жити повним життям на свій розсуд.

У гардеробі поважає себе растамана обов'язково знайдуться такі елементи:

Кепка або бейсболка, прикрашена спереду відповідною символікою або кумедними написами.
Футболка або толстовка вільного крою, з нанесеним фото одного з відомих представників Раста культури.
Широкі штани ( «аладіни») із заниженою посадкою на стегнах, або звичайні потерті джинси.
Стильним доповненням образу виступають:

Дреди на голові, густі і довгі, прикрашені кільцями або стрічками (в ідеалі колір волосся повинен залишитися натуральним, або близьким до нього).
Бандани і шапки.
Об'ємні сумки з довгим ременем чеез плече.
Різнобарвні фенечки і шкіряні браслети на руках.

Примітки

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia