After being involved in two parallel careers of academic – Political Science, PhD in Economy, UVSQ Associated Professor, Associated researcher at CIRED- and entrepreneur, founder of TEC, a consulting agency specialised in the fields of energy and climate change since 2001, Ghislain has decided to make his efforts at service of innovation and sustainable development. From a simple idea and the aim to fulfil an emergent demand, he has designed and developed the service My-Orchestra since 2012 and he is preparing it in entering to the market.
Jean Paul is graduated at HEC and is PhD in Economy. Recognized researcher in the field of climate change and energy management, he participated to the last two edition of GIEC Report. Jean Paul bring experience, economical realism and a very broad network to My-Orchestra.
Sébastien is an IT engineer graduated at the Grenoble INP Génie Industriel and at the Technical University of Karlsruhe, Sciences and Economy. He has started studying the photovoltaic plants and then he specialized in the field of the energy management, according to the Negawatt principles. In My-Orchestra he deals with the technical project management.
Graduated at the ESC of Bordeaux, Thierry is both a sales person and a developer. After several experiences as sales director in the field of construction, he is specialized in the field of intelligent buildings (LED lights, home automation, smart metering, smart grids etc..) and he is expert for Climate-Kic and Scientipôle. He supports My-Orchestra in its strategic and commercial development.
Xavier is an engineer graduated at EPF, specialized in the field of sustainable buildings (HQE) and in decreasing of greenhouse gas emissions. He joined the My-Orchestra team in supporting the adaptation of our services to the electrical and thermal features of the current electrical heating systems.
Alice is a computer engineer specialized in modeling applied to sustainable development. After several professional experiences, among which the last in the Air Quality Surveillance Agency AIR PACA, she joined the team of My-Orchestra in charge of supervising the IT development, particularly related to the software of thermal modeling SMART-SIM and to the integration of our algorithm to the IJENKO system.


I see this as the Lotus flower.
Floating in joy in the sun.
This image reminds me of the Cosmic Lattice.
I saw the Lattice around the time of my healing last June.
This is an especially precious gift to me.


As we're gearing up for the big Turkey day tomorrow, and as I'm finally finding a moment to stop and think a bit, I have to say that I am most grateful for the family time we've had together in the Berkshires (see last post here on our recent stay at the Cranwell).
In some respects, the title of this post is a bit of misnomer, since the Berkshires happened last month, and much has changed since then. Yet, in many other ways, it is particularly special right now, as it literally accounts for the last family trip we took together.
It's hard being a parent, especially as that path is not very linear. My little guy has been not quite himself for most of November (think leakages from just about every orifice of his poor little body), and it's definitely been weighing heavily on our entire family. For that very reason, it's just nice to revisit these sunny, cheerful images... and relive those special vignettes, however fleeting, as we see our happy little man frolicking in full Autumn foliage, wearing the biggest smile imaginable on his face, and drinking in every new sight along his garden path with pure, gleeful delight.
It's moments like these that you truly come to appreciate the joys of bringing a new life to this world, no matter the challenges posed, and realize that… yes, I am one lucky gal.
Hubs and I just got back from our getaway in the Berkshires. This was our second time returning to the beautiful Berkshire county, and it was made all the more special by the fact that we were celebrating our wedding anniversary with our one-year old munchkin in tow.
We spent the bulk of our time at the Cranwell Resort, Spa & Golf Club in Lenox, which sits atop a plateau between Lenox Mountain and October Mountain, with some of the prettiest pastoral landscape I've ever seen. Of course, it also doesn't hurt that the town is home to Tanglewood (see here) as well as the Mount (aka Edith Wharton's summer home, last featured here, talk about the quintessential New England charm!).
The resort boasts a rich and unique history (the 380-acre property used to be the campus of an all-boys preparatory school named Cranwell back dating back in the early 1900's!). Apart from offering breathtaking views of the countryside, is also boasts one of the few championship golf course in the region (which sadly, hubby couldn't take advantage of due to lack of time… ah well, you can't have everything).
Upon arrival, we were treated to a king-sized, garden-facing suite that was quite literally larger than our home back in New York City!! Case in the point, the last time we had two full bathrooms all to ourselves at a hotel was the 1898 Barcelona (where we celebrated another anniversary two years ago). No doubt our active little monkey was in absolute heaven, as he had room aplenty to roam freely and get into a bit of mischief.
The best part? The indoor pool at the hotel spa!!! Hand's down, it's one of the nicest indoor pools I've ever encountered, partially due to size and construction (the resort was designed by architects Peabody & Stearns), and partly thanks to its well-situated location, surrounded by spectacular fall foliage. Our morning dip was one of my favorite memories of the trip – though in truth – it's hard to pick just one!!
TGIF!!! As I let out a massive sigh of relief that it is Friday… I can't help but reminisce about our Berkshire getaway (which officially kicked off last Friday). I've already posted a few sketches on rustic escapes and memories of Tanglewood, but I thought I'd go ahead and share a few more photos from the endlessly dreamlike escape. Don't get me wrong, I love the gamine culture and state of mind that comprises NYC, but I am also quite keen on getaways out of Manhattan here and there!
Below are some photos taken mostly in a charming town called Lenox... where you'd find, among other things, a piece of literary history, as you trace the footsteps of the likes of Edith Wharton, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville. A highlight was a visit to the home of Edith Wharton, where we sought a little oasis of culture and natural beauty, along with a cascade of scenic gardens – which the design-conscious writer architected herself. Strolling through the house felt like time traveling to the "Age of Innocence." Very special indeed!
All in all, there was just something very peaceful about the Berkshires, at once unceremonious and relaxing. Being there made it quite easy to live in the moment... rhapsodizing about rustic scenery whilst forgoing the mundane rigors of everyday life. Try it… we all need it every once in a while!
The Acorn's Hope, our home away from home... shoutouts to Susanna, our lovely innkeeper!
Magnificent summer days… romantic starry nights… melodious music and picnic perfect dining under the stars – all of that is Tanglewood, a classical music festival in the Berkshires, where the Boston Symphony Orchestra summers. In fact, the opening night of Tanglewood was the very reason I initially booked us for the Berkshires. It was my first experience, and I certainly hope not the last!
The appeal of the night, I think, rests in that communal atmosphere in the music pavilion that is Tanglewood, where everybody eased themselves on the lawns and enjoyed the likes of Wagner, Ravel, and Tchaikovsky… wine in hand, of course. We had tickets inside the tents themselves, but hubby opted to laze on the grass instead, which I ultimately viewed as the better option. Where else can I lie on my back, gaze into the star-lit sky, and soak in some fantastic live music? Definitely not at Lincoln Center!
Joshua Bell playing "Tzigane," a real treat!
After a formidably stressful week (make that a stressful two weeks!), hubby and I decided to escape to the Berkshires for the weekend just to recharge our batteries and be one with nature. I must admit, I never thought that I'd be the type of girl who would crave scenic vistas and bountiful greeneries (bouts of failed romances from a bygone past had somehow made me averse to all things "hiking"-related). That was, of course, until I'd met my now husband, and in the process also happened to mature quite a bit, only to realize that one can, indeed, be an avid admirer of nature – at peace in the open field – without relinquishing one's title and firm grip as a city girl. Call me a late bloomer.
In any case, words cannot describe how therapeutic and lovely this neck of the woods is! Set in a rich tapestry of endless blue skies, magnificant rolling meadows, ethereal willow trees, and even the requisite duck pond here and there... all replete with that archetypal New England charm & beauty which serve as a reminder that you are somewhere decidedly remote from home. Somehow, it helps to create a fantastic imagery which channels a more carefree place and time!
The romanticism of the moment is what prompted me to choose my newly-bought lace white shorts, which I thought emanated both fantasy and fairy tale in its own right. The sharp coloring and linear lines of my cobalt silk shirt served as a nice juxtaposition to the rather girly bottoms. Of course, given my dual sensibilities, I still had to pack my Jimmy Choo stilettos (I couldn't help it!!), which, of course… warranted some curious stares from our innkeeper. What can I say, there are certain visual gems a girl just can't live without (plus, I threw in an extra pair of flats just in case…).


text:
Sericin is a protein created by Bombyx mori (silkworms) in the production of silk. Silk is a fibre produced by the silkworm in production of its cocoon. It consists mainly of two proteins, fibroin and sericin. Silk consists of 70–80% fibroin and 20–30% sericin; fibroin being the structural center of the silk, and sericin being the gum coating the fibres and allowing them to stick to each other.

Structure
Sericin is composed of 18 different amino acids, of which 32% is serine. The secondary structure is usually a random coil, but it can also be easily converted into a β-sheet conformation, via repeated moisture absorption and mechanical stretching. The serine hydrogen bonds give its glue-like quality. The genes encoding sericin proteins have been sequenced. Its C-terminal part contains many serine-rich repeats.

Using gamma ray examination, it was determined that sericin fibers are composed typically of three layers, all with fibers running in different patterns of directionality. The innermost layer, typically is composed of longitudinally running fibers, the middle layer is composed of cross fiber directional patterned fibers, and the outer layer consists of fiber directional fibers. The overall structure can also vary based on temperature, whereas the lower the temperature, there were typically more β-sheet conformations than random amorphous coils. There are also three different types of sericin, which make up the layers found on top of the fibroin. Sericin A, which is insoluble in water, is the outermost layer, and contains approximately 17% nitrogen, along with amino acids such as serine, threonine, aspartic acid, and glycine. Sericin B, composed the middle layer and is nearly the same as sericin A, but also contains tryptophan. Sericin C is the innermost layer, the layer that comes closest to and is adjacent to fibroin. Also insoluble in water, sericin C can be separated from the fibroin via the addition of a hot, weak acid. Sericin C also contains the amino acids present in B, along with the addition of proline.

Applications
Sericin has also been used in medicine and cosmetics. Due to its elasticity and tensile strength, along with a natural affinity for keratin, sericin is primarily used in medicine for wound suturing. It also has a natural infection resistance, and is used variably due to excellent biocompatibility, and thus is used commonly as a wound coagulant as well. When used in cosmetics, sericin has been found to improve skin elasticity and several anti-aging factors, including an anti-wrinkle property. This is done by minimizing water loss from the skin. To determine this, scientists ran several experimental procedures, including a hydroxyproline assay, impedance measurements, water loss from the epidermis and scanning electron microscopy to analyze the rigidity and dryness of the skin. The presence of sericin increases hydroxyproline in the stratum corneum, which in turn, decreases skin impedance, thus increasing skin moisture. Adding in pluronic and carbopol, two other ingredients that can be included in sericin gels, performs the action of repairing natural moisture factors (NMF), along with minimizing water loss and in turn, improving skin moisture.

See also
Silk amino acid

References

Sericulture
Proteins
Silk
Silk production

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


High-quality studio recordings with vintage analog sound.
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text:
Just People - Jacob, Joseph, Moses and Rahab
Lynne Chapman
Let's continue studying the Bible people who have the honor of being listed in Hebrews chapter 11. The writer of Hebrews honored these ancient ancestors for their faith in God's promise. He said that faith is having confidence in things we can't see – knowing that what we hope for will actually happen. The ancients – those people who lived long ago - were commended by God for their faith.
In Regular People – Noah, Abraham and Isaac we read that although Noah, Abraham, and Isaac were noted for their faith, they weren't perfectly honorable people. Let's continue.
Jacob was commended for his faith when he died. He was dying in a land that was not the land promised to him but he blessed his sons according to the promise. Even though he hadn't received what was promised, he was confident
Was Jacob perfect?
He was the second born twin. By rights his brother Esau would inherit the blessing. Jacob tricked Esau out of his birthright, deceived his father and received the blessing meant for Esau. He had to run for his life to escape.
When he was faced with a problem, Jacob lived his life by trickery – relying on his own resources instead of going to God for help.
Read about Jacob in Genesis 25-50, Hosea 12:2-5, Matthew 1:2,22:32, Acts 3:13, 7:46, Romans 9:11-13, 11:26 and Hebrews 11:9, 20, 21.
It was by faith that Joseph, when he was about to die, said confidently that the people of Israel would leave Egypt. He even commanded them to take his bones with them when they left, although it wouldn't happen for another 400 years.
Joseph rose from the role of slave to a ruler of Egypt. He was known for his integrity and spiritual sensitivity. He enabled the nation to survive a famine. However, as a youth he was so spoiled and full of pride that he alienated his brothers.
Read about Joseph in Genesis chapters 30-50 and Hebrews 11:22.
Moses is known as the greatest Jewish leader. He refused to be known as the son of Pharaoh's daughter, and chose disgrace for the sake of Christ. He led the Jewish nation out of Egypt. He recorded the Ten Commandments. He is the author of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible.)
Moses was not the perfect man.
While God was commissioning him to go to Egypt, he questioned God about His choice. He begged the Lord to send someone else. Moses was not a good speaker, some say he stuttered. Exodus 6:28-30 "Since I speak with faltering lips, why would Pharaoh listen to me?" Moses was eighty years old when he received his call. Maybe he was looking forward to retirement.
After leading the Jewish nation through the dessert for forty years, he disobeyed God and disqualified himself from entering the Promised Land.
Read about Moses in Exodus – Deuteronomy, Acts 7:20-44, Hebrews 11:23-29.
Rahab lived in Jericho. She had heard about the Jewish nation coming toward her city. She saw that they had a powerful God and she believed in Him. She helped the Jewish spies when they came to her home and saved herself and her family from death.
Before that act of faith, Rahab was a prostitute.
You may be interested in this article about Rahab.
Read about Rahab in Joshua 2 and 6:22-23, Matthew 1:5, James 2:25 and Hebrews 11:31.
All of the people honored in Hebrews chapter 11 were normal people with normal flaws, but, God was not ashamed to be called their God. He prepared a heavenly city for them. Hebrews 11:16
No matter what you have done or what mistakes you have made, it is your faith that counts. No matter what your past is, your future is eternity in a heavenly city.
A Walk With the Women of the Bible
EBook by Lynne Chapman
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women of the Bible
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lessons from their lives.
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A Walk With EVE
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Names of God Ebook
Almighty God. The Creator of heaven and earth.
Our God is given names in Scripture that
describe the characteristics of His personality.
Experience God through the names given Him in Scripture.
Regular People - Noah, Abraham, Isaac
Impulsive Peter - Victorious Faith
Mark, A Bible Success Story
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Content copyright © 2021 by Lynne Chapman. All rights reserved.
This content was written by Lynne Chapman. If you wish to use this content in any manner, you need written permission. Contact Lynne Chapman for details.
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A clean cozy mystery for pleasure reading. Murder and mayhem with a side of humor. Second volume of the Evelynton Murder Series
Will she be brave enough to confront the murderer for the scoop of a lifetime? A quirky cozy mystery to keep you entertained and guessing to the last page. First in the Evelynton Murder Series

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


July 27, 2018, 7:51 p.m.
As many of you may remember, we were recruiting people for a Python/Django development course. And now we are ready to announce that meat has fallen out of the dumpling... or rather the baby birds are ready to leave the mother's nest.
We have given them all the knowledge which will help our students to develop and learn further. As one of our students Nikita has said "Upon starting the course, I felt like a chimpanzee that was asked to draw The Vitruvian Man. However, after completing the course, I am able to pick a paintbrush and confidently cover my face in paint, displaying a clear understanding of the subject". The feedback is quite controversial, but we still gave him an internship here... as to all our students.
We hope that the atmosphere at Negative will fill their sails with a strong tailwind of creativity that will help them with overcome any difficulties. The length of the internship is 2 months, so the guys will have some time to strengthen their knowledge by applying it in practice.
Having received the feedback and run a graduation ceremony, it is safe to say that we are very proud of our guys and the job we have done. Hip hip hooray!


Efforts to control malaria vectors have primarily focused on scaling-up of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying. Although highly efficient against indoor-biting and indoor-resting vectors, these interventions have lower impact on outdoor-biting mosquitoes. Innovative vector control tools are required to prevent outdoor human–mosquito contacts. In this work, the potential of spatial repellents, delivered in an active system that requires minimal user compliance, to provide personal protection against exophagic mosquitoes active in the early evening was explored.
A device previously used as an odour-baited lure and kill apparatus, the mosquito landing box (MLB), was modified to dispense the volatile synthetic pyrethroid, transfluthrin, as a spatial repellent. The MLB has an active odour-dispensing mechanism that uses a solar-powered fan and switches on at dusk to provide long duration dispensing of volatile compounds without the need for the user to remember to employ it. Two MLBs were located 5 m from a human volunteer to investigate the repellent effects of a transfluthrin 'bubble' created between the MLBs. Transfluthrin was emanated from polyester strips, hanging inside the MLB odour-dispensing unit. A fully randomized cross-over design was performed in a large, semi-field, screened cage to assess the effect of the repellent against laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes under ambient outdoor conditions. The knock-down capacity of the transfluthrin-treated strips was also evaluated at different time points up to 3 weeks after being impregnated to measure duration of efficacy.
The protective transfluthrin bubble provided 68.9% protection against An. arabiensis bites under these simulated outdoor conditions. Volatile transfluthrin caused low mortality among mosquitoes in the semi-field system. Transfluthrin-treated strips continued to knock down mosquitoes in laboratory tests, 3 weeks after impregnation, although this effect diminished with time.
Modified MLBs can be used as efficient and long-lasting dispensers of volatile spatial repellents such as transfluthrin, thereby providing high levels of protection against outdoor-biting mosquitoes in the peri-domestic space. They have a potential role in combatting outdoor malaria transmission without interfering with effective indoor interventions such as LLINs.
Recent global malaria control efforts have substantially reduced malaria morbidity and mortality, thanks to the scaling-up of highly effective vector control strategies, mainly indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), coupled with improved diagnosis and effective treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) . While LLINs and IRS are outstanding vector control tools, they are insufficient to control all malaria vector mosquitoes. LLINs are highly effective against indoor (endophagic) night-biting mosquitoes, while IRS is effective against mosquitoes that rest indoors (endophilic) and both are most effective against mosquitoes that mainly feed on humans . However, malaria is transmitted by multiple members of the genus Anopheles that vary in the time and place of biting as well as host choice . Some Anopheles vectors exhibit outdoor-biting and resting behaviours, thereby effectively avoiding contact with LLINs and IRS. This has led to an increase in the relative abundance of outdoor-biting mosquitoes as compared to strictly indoor-biting mosquitoes in recent years, which continue to maintain a lower level of malaria transmission . In Tanzania and Kenya, proportions of indoor-biting Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus has decreased significantly in recent years, as a consequence of large-scale LLIN coverage, while the relative proportion of exophagic Anopheles arabiensis has increased [5–7]. In the Mekong and Amazon regions, a large proportion of malaria transmission occurs outdoors or in the evening before people go to bed under bed nets [4, 8] and many vectors do not rest indoors [9, 10], thus limiting the efficacy of conventional indoor mosquito control interventions.
The increasing awareness that malaria eradication is not feasible without tackling outdoor-biting vectors  has focused attention onto innovative approaches for residual malaria control. These include odour-baited traps [12, 13], spraying insecticides onto livestock , use of larvicides [15–18], environmental management [19, 20], low-cost topical repellents , and use of spatial repellents . Spatial repellents are already one of the most commonly used household insecticidal products worldwide  and act in the volatile phase to decrease human–vector contact [24–26]. Mosquito coils with transfluthrin  and metofluthrin  have been shown to prevent malaria infections when used indoors in areas with early-biting mosquitoes. However, to provide personal protection outdoors, new dispensing methods should be explored to disperse spatial repellents efficiently over the peri-domestic space in outdoor conditions without need for daily user compliance . User compliance has been shown to be a key determinant of the effectiveness of malaria interventions. Although topical repellents effectively protect individuals from mosquito bites [30, 31] their efficacy as a malaria prevention tool varies [32–36], presumably because of on the requirement of daily user compliance . Long lasting repellent interventions that require minimal user compliance are necessary to overcome this limitation.
One such solution may be provided by the mosquito landing box (MLB), which was originally developed to lure and kill outdoor-biting mosquitoes in Tanzania . MLBs consist of a wooden box and an odour-dispensing unit with a fan on top. A deflecting dish fitted on the underside of the top cover dispenses the air drawn towards it by a fan powered by a solar-rechargeable battery, so that volatiles are equally dissipated in all four directions. MLBs are designed for use in low- and middle-income countries as they are built out of economical materials and are driven by a solar panel.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether modified MLBs can also be used to disperse spatial repellents over long periods of time, while requiring relatively low user-compliance, thereby providing an alternative to mosquito coils for spatial protection against outdoor-biting mosquitoes.
Laboratory-reared An. arabiensis mosquitoes (Ifakara strain, originally sourced in 2008, from the village of Sakamaganga in southeastern Tanzania) were used for SFS experiments and An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) (Ifakara, originally sourced in 1996 from the village of Njage in south eastern Tanzania). Both strains are completely susceptible to all classes of insecticides. The colony was reared in an insectary facility at Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), Bagamoyo branch, United Republic of Tanzania. Temperature and humidity in the insectary are kept between 27 ± 2°C and 70–80%, respectively, with ambient 12D:12L hour light dark cycle. Larvae are fed on Tetramin® fish food and adults are given 10% glucose solution ad libitum delivered through Whatman® paper, and provided with human blood between 3 and 6 days after hatching (arm feeding). For the experiment, 3–8 days old nulliparous An. arabiensis females that had never blood fed were used. The mosquitoes were sugar starved for 6 h before the start of each nightly experiment, and only mosquitoes that demonstrated avidity when a human hand was placed close to the cage were selected for use.
The structure of the MLB has previously been described . In its original design, the MLB consisted of a wooden box measuring 0.7 × 0.7 × 0.8 m on short wooden pedestals that raised it 10 cm above ground. For this study, the side panels were removed, leaving only the wooden box structure to allow for a better dispersion of the repellent volatiles (Figure 1a). The dispensing unit consists of a short PVC pipe of 5.7 cm diameter and 20 cm length held by suspension wires to the wooden frame. A 12 V fan to the top of the PVC pipe that draws air upwards through the dispensing unit (Figure 1c). The fan is powered by a 12 V, 7.2 A battery charged by a 20 W solar panel that switches on at dusk using a photoswitch. The polyester strips with repellent are hung within the PVC pipe. A deflecting dish is attached to the underside top cover of the MLB to redirect the air drawn upward by the fan in all directions (Figure 1b).
Modified mosquito landing box. a The lateral panels from the mosquito landing box (MLB) previously described in Matowo et al.  were removed to allow a better dispersion of the repellent. A solar battery (arrowhead) provides the energy to power the fan that draws the air emanated by the strips. b A deflecting dish (asterisk) is attached to the underside top cover to disperse the air driven by the fan. c The dispensing unit consists of a PVC pipe (arrowhead) with a fan on the top of it. The polyester strips are hanging from a cable wire within the dispensing tube (arrow).
Polyester strips (untreated Safinet®, A to Z Textile Mills Ltd, Arusha, Tanzania) were used to deliver the transfluthrin. Ten strips (1 cm × 25 cm) were cut out of the untreated mosquito nets, stapled to a hooked cable wire to be hung in the PVC pipe of the MLBs. The disposition of the polyester strips maximized its surface to emanate transfluthrin.
Polyester strips were impregnated with 90 mg transfluthrin. To do so, a 1.1% transfluthrin stock solution in 70% ethanol was prepared and kept in the refrigerator at 4°C in a sealed glass bottle. Ten polyester strips were soaked every experimental day in this solution for impregnation. The strips were hung into the odour-dispensing unit of the MLBs directly after impregnation with the fans switched on to start dispersing the treatment.
The study was conducted in the semi-field system (SFS) facility at IHI Bagamoyo branch, United Republic of Tanzania (Figure 2). The SFS consists of large screened cage with two sections each measuring 9 m × 28.8 m that were used for the experiment, each closed off with heavy-duty polyurethane sheeting so that each compartment is independent of the other . The SFS approximates outdoor conditions of temperature, humidity and airflow . Laboratory-reared mosquitoes are used in SFS facilities so experiments can be replicated within a short period of time releasing the same number of mosquitoes each night, thus avoiding bias introduced by natural fluctuations of mosquito populations. Additionally, laboratory mosquitoes are disease free which allows measurement of mosquito–human contact with no risk to human volunteers.
Semi-field system. The walls and the roof of the semi-field system (SFS) are made of metal frames and fiberglass netting material. The SFS has two sections separated by heavy-duty polyurethane. Each of these sections contains one experimental unit.
A fully randomized, cross-over design was used, with either treatment (transfluthrin-impregnated polyester strips) or control (ethanol-soaked polyester strips) assigned to one of the two SFS compartments. Two MLBs were used in each SFS compartment to create a protective 'bubble effect' around the human volunteers , who sat in the middle area, 5 m equidistant from each of the MLBs, which were located 10 m apart. Fifteen mosquitoes were released from each of four cages located 3 m behind and laterally from the MLBs (60 mosquitoes, total) (Figure 3).
Study design. a, b Within each semi-field compartment, a human volunteer sat between the two MLBs at a distance of 5 m from each. The volunteer exposed his lower legs to the mosquito bites and was provided with a protective net to avoid mosquito bites elsewhere on the body, a torch to catch the mosquito in the darkness, a mouth aspirator to collect the mosquito and four paper cups for mosquito collection during the 4 h of the experiment. c Schematic of the study design. The two compartments in the SFS are located side by side. Fifteen mosquitoes were released from each of four cages (total of 60 mosquitoes) located behind the MLBs. Four plastic strings connected the chair to the cages to allow the volunteer to open the cages remotely. Each night, either treatment or control were dispersed by the two MLBs in each semi-field compartment.
Four volunteers participated in the study in two rounds of experiments. Treatment or control MLBs were maintained in the same compartment for 4 consecutive days and the pair of volunteers rotated between the two compartments every night. Then the compartments were left unused for 3 days, to dissipate residual repellent. After each 3-day down-time, the treatment or control MLBs were swapped between compartments to control for positional bias. This was repeated for 4 weeks for two pairs of volunteers, resulting in 32 replicates of the experiment.
Every experimental day at 17.25, two sets of ten polyester strips were soaked in either the treatment (1.1% transfluthrin dissolved in 70% ethanol) or control (70% ethanol) solution. Both solutions were kept in darkness to avoid inactivation of transfluthrin by light. At 17.55, after half an hour of soaking, the four sets of ten polyester strips were located in their respective MLBs within each of the compartments. Fans were turned on to allow for the dispersion of either treatment or control for 1 h before starting the experiment to create the protective bubble effect. After finishing the experiment, the four sets of polyester strips were collected and stored under ambient outdoor conditions in the shade to perform the knock-down tests described below.
At 19.00, the volunteers released 15 An. arabiensis female mosquitoes from each of four cages (60 female mosquitoes in total) within each SFS compartment using strings that connected their chair to the cages (Figure 3) so that volunteers did not bias mosquito responses by moving around in the SFS. Volunteers performed human landing catches (HLCs) for 4 h until 23.00. The HLC has been the most used method to estimate human vector contact  and consists of human volunteers sitting with their lower legs exposed to mosquito landings and collecting mosquitoes that come to attempt to feed on them using a mouth aspirator. In the study, the volunteers wore knee-length shorts and ankle-high boots to standardize the area of the lower limbs exposed, and wore netting jackets to ensure mosquitoes could not feed on their upper bodies. All volunteers were experienced in conducting HLC and used a head torch with red light, which they switched on only when they felt a mosquito landing on their limb or when scanning the legs every 30 s for mosquitoes to minimize light affecting mosquito responses . Each hour, mosquitoes were collected in a different paper cup labelled to show the time of mosquito collection. After the experiment, the number of mosquitoes in each cup was counted.
Mosquitoes were kept in the paper cups at 27°C ± 2 with access to cotton wool soaked with 10% glucose solution to assess 24-h mosquito mortality after exposure to transfluthrin. Mortality was measured for ten of the 32 nights. A third volunteer recorded wind speed using a hand-held anemometer (840003, Sper Scientific) and temperature for each hour just outside the SFS.
Polyester strips are an efficient means of delivering volatile odours . To test the longevity of transfluthrin on the substrate, a knock-down test was performed with strips that had been stored for varying number of days since impregnation. Polyester strips were collected after each experiment, kept in cut paper cups and hung in similar conditions to those in the MLBs, i.e., a space where wind could freely circulate but where the impregnated strips were partially protected from sun-light (Figure 4a).
Knock-down test. a Polyester strips treated with transfluthrin were kept in half paper cups and hung from a thread to mimic the light and ventilation condition in the modified MLBs. b, d The polyester strips were placed at the bottom of the plastic bottle, and covered with a plastic mesh to avoid contact between the strips and the mosquitoes (c). e Both sides of the cylinder were closed using a net. f Example of an experiment with polyester strips treated with 90 mg transfluthrin. After a few minutes all mosquitoes were knocked down at the base.
A knock-down test was performed with the polyester strips 24 h, 1, 2, and 3 weeks after being impregnated with transfluthrin. The knock-down test protocol followed is a modified version of the cylinder method . A 1.5-l plastic water bottle was cut to a cylinder. A white paper sheet was folded in cylindrical shape and the polyester strips to be tested were placed at the bottom of the bottle (Figure 4b, d). A plastic mesh was applied to the top to ensure no direct contact between the polyester strips and the mosquitoes (Figure 4c). Although there is no contact between the strips and the mosquitoes, the concentration of transfluthrin that they are exposed to within the small, enclosed cylinders is much higher than in the SFS, so a knock-down effect was expected. The top and bottom of the plastic cylinder were closed using a plastic net (Figure 4e). Twenty-five female An. gambiae s.s. (Ifakara strain) mosquitoes were introduced into the cylinder and the number of knocked down mosquitoes was counted every minute for 15 min (Figure 4f). The mosquitoes were then kept overnight in paper cups with access to 10% sugar solution to assess 24-h mortality. A new cylinder was used for each test to eliminate the possibility of contamination between tests, and a separate control test was run in parallel to monitor mosquito fitness.
The four volunteers performing HLC were experienced male IHI employees ages between 18 and 40 years. They were recruited on written informed consent that explained the risks and benefits of the study, and were free to leave the study without explanation, even though they were employees, as participation was strictly voluntary. The participants were compensated for their time. All participants underwent weekly screening for malaria parasites using SD Bioline PF pan malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) since they were working with mosquitoes in the SFS to ensure no accidental release of an infected mosquito. The study is approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Ifakara Health Institute (IHI/IRB/06-2014), Medical Research Coordinating Committee of the National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/1871), and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM7269).
Data were collected on paper forms and entered into an Excel data base and analysed using Stata 11.2 (Stata Corp) with significance level of 0.05 for rejecting the null hypothesis.
For the analysis of the protection and mortality provided by the protective transfluthrin bubble, a multilevel, mixed effect, logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) of different exposures. For estimation of repellent protective efficacy, the response variable was set as the proportion of mosquitoes caught by HLCs out of the total number of mosquitoes released in each compartment (n = 60) and for mortality this was the proportion of dead mosquitoes of those mosquitoes recaptured. For both models, the explanatory variables included the fixed categorical variables 'treatment', 'compartment' and 'person' and their interactions, and the random variable 'date' which accounts for random heterogeneity that is caused by fluctuations in temperature and wind speed. Several models were run for each outcome and the final model selected was that with the lowest Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). In addition, residuals were plotted using histogram, quantile-quintile plots and comparison with fitted values to ensure appropriateness of model selection.
For the knock-down cylinder test, the proportion of mosquitoes knocked down per minute was modelled using Kaplan–Meier survival curve and the time for knock-down of 50% of the mosquitoes (KD50) calculated. OR of mortality after exposure to knock-down cylinder test was estimated by a multilevel, mixed effect, logistic regression. The response variable was the proportion of mosquitoes dead out of the total number of mosquitoes used in the knock-down test. The explanatory variables were 'age of strips' as the fixed categorical variable and 'date of the initial HLC test' as random variable.
The protective transfluthrin bubble provided 68.9% protection against An. arabiensis mosquito bites. In the repellent arm, 339 out of 1,920 (17.6%) mosquitoes were captured attempting to land on human volunteers, while 1,091 out of 1,920 (56.8%) where caught in the control arm (Table 1; Figure 5a). According to the fitted, mixed effect, logistic regression, the volunteer under the protective transfluthrin bubble had an OR of 0.17 (95% CI 0.09–0.29, p < 0.001) for a mosquito landing compared to the control.
Statistical parameters estimated by fitting a mixed effect logistic regression model to the data.
Significant p values (p < 0.05) are in italics.
Personal protection provided by the transfluthrin bubble in the SFS. a The number of An. arabiensis mosquitoes caught under treatment conditions (right) was significantly lower compared to the number of mosquitoes caught under control conditions (left). Graph showing median and IQR. b Distribution of number of mosquitoes caught with human landing catches during each hour of the experiment. Median number of mosquitoes caught per hour and IQR for control and treatment. c Proportion of mosquitoes caught per hour.
For both control and treatment, most mosquitoes were caught during the first hour of the experiment between 19.00 and 20.00, although the proportion of mosquitoes was significantly different, being 30% of the mosquitoes in the control, and 37% in the treatment (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.07–1.78, p = 0.014). During the following hours there were no significant differences in the proportion of mosquitoes caught oscillating between 18 and 24% in both control and treatment (Figure 5b, c). The best fitting statistical model showed a significant interaction between one of the collectors and compartment 2 when using the control strips as he consistently caught fewer mosquitoes in one of the compartments when he was assigned to control (Table 1) (OR = 0.30, 95% CI 0.14–0.64, p = 0.002) compared to other collectors performing in the same compartment. However, this did not undermine the efficacy of the repellent overall as shown by the final model including all interactions. There was no significant effect of the compartment on the number of mosquitoes caught (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 0.60–1.78, p = 0.894), and neither were there significant differences in the performance of all four volunteers (all p > 0.096; Table 1).
The SFS at the IHI facilities in Bagamoyo was built from east (E) to west (W), following the most common wind direction coming from the sea (E) throughout the year (J Moore, pers. comm). However, the described experiments were performed in the cold season when the wind pattern was shifting and the most common wind direction was from southeast (SE) to northwest (NW). From the total of 32 experimental nights, the wind was blowing from SE to NW for 72 h (56.8%), and at least during 1 h of every experimental day. This wind speed was slightly greater in compartment 1 than in compartment 2 (Figure 3c) although this did not significantly affect mosquito landings. The maximum wind speed was 9.3 km/h and the average speed 0.8 km/h. During the remaining hours of the experiment (43.2%), the wind speed was too low to be measured. The average temperature during the experiment was 24.7°C, with a maximum value of 25.5°C and a minimum of 23.0°C. The average difference in temperature during the 32 experimental days between the start and the end of the experiment was 0.96°C.
For polyester strips impregnated with 90 mg, the pyrethroid insecticide, transfluthrin, the toxic effect was low on An. arabiensis mosquitoes. Mosquitoes caught within the transfluthrin bubble showed a significantly greater 24-h mortality of 17% (95% CI 10–26.2%) compared to 7.6% (95% CI 4.8–11.1%) in the control bubble (Table 2) (OR = 2.64, 95% CI 1.28–5.44, p = 0.008).
Proportion of death mosquitoes 24 h after the SFS experiment. OR, z value and p value of treatment compared to control estimated by fitting a mixed effect logistic regression.
Transfluthrin-impregnated strips continued to knock-down mosquitoes up to 3 weeks after being impregnated (Figure 6a), although the time for knock-down of 50% of the mosquitoes (KD50)—as estimated from a Kaplan–Meier survival curve fitted to the data—increased with the age of the strips (Table 3). Twenty-four hours after being impregnated, the KD50 of the strips was 2 min (IQR 1–2 min). The KD50 increased to 7 min (IQR 5–10 min) 3 weeks after the impregnation.
Knock-down and mortality of Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes after exposure to transfluthrin-impregnated strips of different ages using the closed cylinder method. a Kaplan–Meier survival estimates of An. gambiae s.s. knock-down test during 15 min for strips of different age. Gray areas show the estimated 95% CI. b Assessment of 24-h An. gambiae s.s. mortality caused by the polyester strips of different ages after exposure to the knock-down test. Graph showing mean and 95% CI.
KD50 in minutes was estimated from Kaplan–Meier survival curve. The 24-h mortality statistical parameters were estimated by fitting a mixed effect logistic regression model.
24-h mortality OR of strips of different age compared to the control strips gets lower the older the strips are. However, 3-week old strips still kill significantly more mosquitoes than control strips.
OR odds ratio, CI confidence intervals.
Data for 24-h mortality agreed with knock-down test data, showing that 24-h old strips caused 91% mortality (95% CI 87–95) compared to 28% mortality (95% CI 23–34) for 3-week old strips (Figure 6b; Table 3). The OR of mortality after the different exposures compared to the control ranged from 265.8 (95% CI 180.41–391.65) for strips 24-h old to 6.89 (3.64–7.37) for strips 3-weeks old (Table 3).
The effectiveness of MLBs as spatial repellent dispersers to create exposure-free areas where people gather in the evenings was validated in the semi-field, which mimics outdoor environmental conditions. The collected data demonstrate the efficacy of active volatilization to dispense repellents with two MLBs located 5 m either side of a human volunteer, reducing the number of An. arabiensis mosquito bites by 68.9%. The effectiveness of active volatilization has been seen with transfluthrin heated by oil lamps , mosquito coils , with trans-allethrin used in the Thermacell  and timed release of essential oils . Active release is important to ensure that repellents are consistently delivered at biologically significant concentrations despite fluctuations in airflow and temperature that affect passive emanation outdoors.
Other studies using passive emanation with four plastic strips each treated with 5% metofluthrin in a shelter without walls, achieved 60% repellency over 15 weeks . In this study, the four impregnated strips were hung in a square formation at a distance of 1–1.5 m from the human. Similarly, another study reports that using 10 mg of transfluthrin passively emanated with Hessian strips prevented more than 90% of human–mosquito mosquito contacts for several months . In this case, the strip was suspended on wooden poles making approximately 1 m2 area surrounding the human. Compared to previous studies, the use of active dispersion in this experiment allows an increase in the area protected, even though dose per cubic meter was far lower. Unfortunately, it was not possible to measure the exact airborne concentrations due to their low levels in the air . By increasing the dose or careful formulation of active ingredient used, it is envisaged that the MLB emanation device could be made more efficient and longer lasting, especially as it relies on active dispersion by an automated solar-powered mechanism. Using a photoswitch so that the battery powers the fan at dusk and use of a 4-h battery means that the emanation of the transfluthrin begins when it is needed, i.e., when evening mosquito activity begins, and is switched off when people go to bed. This time-targeted application method means that there is less loss of insecticide during the day and minimal contamination of non-target organisms such as pollinators. The insecticide remains within the odour-dispensing tube where it is not exposed to UV light or air movement, further prolonging the active life of the device. Additionally, MLBs are electricity independent because they are powered by a solar panel that can be used to charge other domestic devices, such as basic lighting or mobile phones. This could positively impact its uptake and maintenance since it provides additional advantages to the target user population.
Anopheles arabiensis is one of the most important exophagic vectors in sub-Saharan Africa. It shows flexible behaviour that ranges from endo- to exophily [3, 47, 48], and from highly anthropophilic to zoophagic [49–51]. Because of its capacity to evade control by LLINs and IRS, its relative abundance and importance as malaria vector is increasing in many parts of Africa. Moreover, its biting behaviour can also coincide with the hours when people are carrying out outdoor activities [13, 52]. Previous reports have shown that the most common outdoor activities at this time in sub-Saharan Africa are cooking, eating, watching television, telling stories, and buying and selling foodstuffs  that mainly occur close to the house. With the MLB experimental design, it has been possible to create a protective area equivalent to the peri-domestic area commonly used in the rural tropics during 4 h from 19.00 to 23.00, when most of the evening outdoor human activities occur. The study shows how contact between An. arabiensis and humans could be greatly reduced in a peri-domestic space during the hours of the vectors' evening activity, potentially preventing malaria transmission. Night workers in a fixed location, such as market sellers, could also be protected, but other complementary mobile interventions should be implemented if the worker needs to move around, as is the case for many people that have occupational exposure to disease such as forest workers. Further investigation is required to determine appropriate transfluthrin concentrations and MLB distribution depending on the size of the areas and number of people to be targeted. Furthermore, the effect on other evening outdoor-biting malaria vectors that are not completely controlled through LLINs and IRS including Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles dirus, Anopheles minimus and Anopheles maculatus should be assessed.
The outcome of this study was a clear decrease in mosquito landings. Previous work on the effect of airborne pyrethroids on different parameters of malaria transmission  indicates that transfluthrin prevents human–vector contact indoors by deterring mosquitoes (preventing mosquitoes from entering human dwellings) and inhibiting blood-feeding behaviour. From the experimental design used in this study it is not possible to conclude if the effect of the volatile transfluthrin was to deter mosquitoes from entering the protective bubble or from landing on hosts. There might have been an additional blood feeding inhibition effect , but most of the mosquitoes in this study were caught before starting to blood-feed as per HLC guidelines. This study also shows a low toxic effect of volatile transfluthrin inducing 17% mortality (compared to 7.6% mortality in the control). This means that the use of repellent MLBs could affect several entomological parameters that influence malaria transmission. The term vectorial capacity describes this relationship between different entomological parameters  and is defined as the expected number of new human malaria infections disseminated per human per day by a mosquito population from a single human case. The equation includes mosquito abundance (m), mosquito daily survival (p) (mosquitoes must live long enough for parasites to develop to the infective stage) and frequency of contacts between mosquito and humans (ma) . Theoretically, all of these parameters would be affected by the repellent MLBs resulting in reduced malaria transmission. The toxic effect of airborne pyrethroids was also reported by Ogoma et al. . In this study, transfluthrin coils caused more than 60% mortality in experimental huts within a SFS, but only 2% in experimental huts in the field. Authors related these differences to the fact that mosquitoes spent more time within huts in the SFS due to the presence of an unprotected human—whereas humans were protected by an untreated bednet in the field experiment and therefore mosquitoes were probably leaving the huts quicker to continue host seeking. This should be taken into account when assessing the real impact of repellent MLBs on malaria transmission because in the field mosquitoes will spend a very short time under the transfluthrin bubble and therefore toxicity might be very low. The fact that in this study, the same strips used within the repellent MLBs induced 90% mortality when mosquitoes were exposed to them in small plastic cylinder for 15 min (Figure 6b) supports the dose-dependent toxicity of transfluthrin and highlights the necessity of field evaluation once the system is optimised to evaluate the real impact of repellent volatile transfluthrin on malaria transmission.
On the other hand, sub-lethal effects of airborne pyrethroids have been previously reported [24, 27, 37]. Even when airborne pyrethroids do not cause toxicity, sub-lethal doses can affect adult longevity, reproductive potential, flying activity, post-exposure blood feeding behaviour, and parasitic charges [55, 56]. There is evidence that olfactory pathways may be affected at low doses, independently of the toxic mechanism caused by the inhibition of sodium channels at higher concentrations . This implies that airborne pyrethroids might still be used even in areas with pyrethroid-resistant mosquito vectors, and this has been recently demonstrated with metofluthrin mosquito coils against highly pyrethroid-resistant Culex quinquefasciatus in Benin (N'Guessan, pers. comm). However, a recent study suggests that insensitivity to sub-lethal doses of transfluthrin used as a spatial repellent in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti are heritable and correlate to reduced susceptibility to toxic doses of transfluthrin in CDC bottle assays . Furthermore, recent research from Tanzania (Moore, pers. com) indicates that highly multiple-resistant (permethrin, deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrin, DDT, and bendiocarb) An. funestus continue to land on HLC volunteers in the presence of transfluthrin, whereas less resistant (susceptible to bendiocarb and DDT but resistant to pyrethroids) An. arabiensis and Mansonia uniformis/africana do not land on the same HLC volunteers in the same houses. Therefore, the real impact of MLB dispersed volatile transfluthrin is likely to be highly dependent on mosquito population life history characteristics and mechanisms of insecticide resistance.
Importantly, before considering implementation of outdoor spatial repellents as vector control interventions, it is essential to avoid mosquitoes that are repelled from protected areas being able to divert to biting unprotected people . One potential strategy is to combine spatial repellents with MLBs used for lure and kill . Odour-baited MLBs were able to attract large numbers of An. arabiensis and when used with a contact toxicant pirimiphos methyl at 5%, up to 50% of the mosquitoes visiting the MLBs were killed. Therefore, a solution to prevent the diversion of repelled mosquitoes to unprotected areas would be to put odour-baited luring and killing MLBs in the vicinity of the protective bubble created by the repellent MLBs. This would attract and kill diverted mosquitoes and stop them from biting unprotected people. However, the lure and kill MLBs must not be located too close to the repellent MLBs or the peridomestic area, in case mosquitoes are lured towards places where people are congregated, which could lower the protective efficacy of the repellent MLBs or even increase human exposure to mosquitoes. Using this approach, if correctly applied, even if repellent MLBs coverage is not complete in a village, it should not mean an additional risk for the unprotected inhabitants.
The importance of understanding how environmental factors affect outdoor interventions is an essential consideration of this study. The interaction of compartment, person and treatment significantly influenced mosquito landings (Table 1), indicating that the effect of the transfluthrin protective bubble varies depending on the compartment and on the person within this compartment. The variability in mosquito attractiveness of different humans has been extensively reported [60–63] and might modulate the protective effect of the transfluthrin bubble. It is for this reason that it is important to evaluate repellents on a number of people, to ensure that the repellent is effective even for those who are normally highly attractive to mosquitoes in the absence of repellent. Another source of variation commonly encountered when evaluating repellents is location, because air flow and sources of competing kairomones are heterogenous in space. This was demonstrated in the final model as an additional confounder, and underlines the importance of controlling for such effects in repellents evaluations through rotations and balanced design. Despite all the sources of variation, the transfluthrin bubble still provides protection when all interactions are included (Table 1, p < 0.001). Another important consideration of this study is the length of time the same transfluthrin-impregnated strips can be used without being replaced. The idea behind MLBs is that they are simple and effective devices to be used in middle- and low-income countries by local people. The longer the strips retain their repellency, the easier it is for the users to adhere to the intervention since they do not need to replace them as often. To test the effectiveness of the strips, a knock-down test of the strips was performed 24 h, 1, 2, and 3 weeks after being used for the experiment. Although the mode of action of transfluthrin to knockdown mosquitoes is different to the repellent molecular pathway, it is well understood that knock down time and repellency correlate in tests of pyrethroid mosquito coils . The purpose of these tests was to evaluate how the effectiveness of the strips declines with time as a result of gradual loss of transfluthrin. Impregnated strips were kept in conditions as similar as possible to the odour compartment of MLBs to simulate the conditions on the field. These results showed that the knock-down capacity of the strips was high up to 2 weeks after being impregnated, after which it decreased slightly. Future work should focus on maximizing longevity of spatial repellent strips to maximize outdoor protection at lowest cost.
This study describes a potential means of deploying repellents to provide high levels of personal protection against outdoor-biting mosquitoes without the need for daily user compliance. The dispersal of transfluthrin using two MLBs separated 5 m from a human reduced mosquito-biting rate by 68.9% under outdoor conditions. The materials used to construct MLBs are economical and easily available, and their functioning is user-friendly and electricity independent. These features offered by MLBs are important considerations for the success of outdoor spatial repellency as a promising additional tool to tackle residual malaria transmission in middle- and low-income countries.
SJM conceived the study; MA, LML, and SJM designed the study; MA and EM performed data collection; MA, LML and SJM performed statistical analysis; MA wrote the manuscript; LML and SJM commented on the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
SJM is supported by a sub-award of BMGF OPP1081737 from University of Notre dame. LML is supported by a Grant from the Global Health and Vaccination Research (GLOBVAC) programme of the Research Council of Norway (Project no. 220757). MA was supported during this study by a travelling fellowship Grant by the Company of Biologist Ltd. We would like to thank Jason Moore for constructing the MLBs.
Competing interests SJM conducts repellent evaluations for a number of companies.


This is the cake that Treeses had made for me as an anniversary gift. She knew that one of the only things I really wanted to have at the wedding was a cool looking castle cake, and that I was really disappointed with the one we got, so she had this made for me. Isn't it awesome?! Ground up grahm for the dirt, some frosting grass, and a really cool Jello moat with gummy sharks and worms. It's almost too neat to eat... almost. Yum-yum!
Now This is More of What I Had in Mind!
Everything Else Is Fair Game!


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SCVHistory.com | News | Museum in Santa Paula Highlights 'Lessons Learned' from St. Francis Dam Disaster.
California Oil Museum Highlights 'Lessons Learned' from St. Francis Dam Disaster.
Exhibit Runs March 3, 2018 through July 8, 2018.
California Oil Museum | February 15, 2018.
Santa Paula, CA — Three minutes before midnight on March 12, 1928, the St. Francis Dam collapsed, sending 12.4 billion gallons of water downstream. The resulting flood killed over 400 people, with 103 still missing to this day. The St. Francis Dam disaster is considered the second largest disaster in California history, in terms of loss of life, and is the largest man-made disaster in the state.
In remembrance of the 90th anniversary of the St. Francis Dam Disaster, the California Oil Museum will exhibit "When Dams Fail: Lessons Learned from St. Francis and Other Notable Incidents" from March 3, 2018 through July 8, 2018. This exhibit covers more than a century of time and provides a look into several of America's dreadful dam disasters, the impact on the lives of those affected, and the lessons learned through investigative research and retrospective evaluations.
A special presentation will be given on Saturday, March 3, from 2 p.m. to 3 p.m. Archaeologist Anne Stansell will share her research findings on why the St. Francis Dam disaster has been largely forgotten on a state and national level, but tenuously remembered within the flood-zone. Seating for this special presentation is limited.
The California Oil Museum is housed in the original headquarters of the Union Oil Company of California, a beautiful historical building which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NPS-86002619). The Museum is dedicated to enriching the lives of local citizens, county schoolchildren, and visitors from around the world, and encourages each guest to understand the significance of the petroleum industry and its California history, as well as develop an appreciation of the world of science. The California Oil Museum is located at 1001 E. Main Street in Santa Paula. The Museum is open Wednesdays through Sundays from 10:00 AM - 4:00 PM. Admittance is free, a suggested donation of $4 is appreciated.
The California Oil Museum Foundation is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization.


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Home / Humor / Today's Trends VS the 80's
Today's Trends VS the 80's
By Mata on July 16, 2014
Back in the day there were certain things that brought people together, whether in unity or a desire to be a part of something bigger. Traditionally, "Fads" as they were known, were items of desire or things that the general populace had all heard of and secretly craved to have, or to be a part of. Fads have been around a lot longer than you think and although typically, now they are coined as trends, they still have the power to capture the imagination.
Nowadays, thanks to social platforms such as Twitter, where popularity is now gauged by how many people digitally "like" something, trends are ever-present in our day to day lives.
At one time in order to show your support for the Cabbage Patch Kids you would buy the lunchbox or perhaps carry your favourite character on a T-shirt proudly but now you can do it from your living room by clicking a button. It's not the same anymore and the act of supporting a fad has almost lost its "coolness"; to be able to stand up and support something, no matter how geeky or nerdy, or colourful it is. Like these guys who still wanted to tell their Cabbage Patch tales!. Times have changed and we now have Planking and Tierage. So I salute the "good old days" of the 1980s and despair in a countdown of current and recent "trends" that dominate online You Tube accounts and the media today and I give my view on what I'd rather be doing.
Image source: Flickr.com
As a 30 year old, maybe I'm missing the fascination but planking, although having been around for a while now, never seemed as fun as some made out. Planking; the art of mimicking a wooden plank……… Yes. I know what you're thinking. Do we not have enough TV channels? Are we a society so bored, that this actually seems fun? I've tried it and although the idea of trying to best your mates by finding the most exotic or unusual location to do it in is a challenge, the appeal escapes me.
I'd rather…Play with a Rubik's Cube
Now here's a pastime. Instead of having a lie down somewhere in public, where you'll most likely be kicked, end up being tripped over, or indeed end up with chewing gum on your jeans, how about stimulating the mind? This little invention from the 1970s became massive in the 80s and saw Millions of kids across America and Europe try to solve its complex turns. Frustratingly difficult for most, almost too easy for some, it remains an icon of the 1980s and a real classic. It doesn't exercise your right to lie down but it does exercise your mind.
Bodyslamming
This particular trend is still in its infancy it seems and originated in a Californian town. After seeing this story on a local shutter blog, it was shocking to see exactly what it entailed. Teenagers filmed throwing themselves into garage doors at full impact, not only causing damage to properties but potential damage to themselves. It's worrying that this is considered fun but the criminal damage charge may put them off doing it again.
I'd rather…Wear a He-Man T-Shirt and take part in a Flash Mob
Image Source: Alberthowl.deviantart.com
I've doubled up here and I can honestly say I'd much rather show support for the guy who "had the power" in 1986; He-Man. The Masters of the Universe franchise dominated TV schedules on both sides of the Atlantic and was the hero of choice for many children. At the same time, the more-recent trend of Flash-Mobbing appeals a lot more than Bodyslamming. Firstly, there's less pain which is always a bonus and there also wouldn't be any criminal proceedings following the Flash Mob. Unless something really went wrong, of course.
Owling
Owling is another of those physical poses that could result in people putting themselves in dangerous situations. Crouching and peering like an owl on top of a column or building ledge seems a bit extreme but it's the lengths we go to to be popular on social media. Just remember, you can't fly like an owl.
I'd rather…Go to a concert with a Mullet and Denim Jacket
Mullets. The signature hairstyle of the 1980s and something which even I have to admit should remain in the past. Saturday morning TV was saturated with them and often Mullets and Denim went together like apple and pie. Or Pat Sharp and Fun House.
Image Source: theentourage.co.uk
Batmanning
I love Batman. He's cool, he's got gadgets and an arsenal of weapons at his disposal. So hanging upside down is no chore for him but for the average Joe, it can be pretty dangerous. The craze hit in 2011 of people hanging upside down by their feet. Impressive to onlookers no doubt, for maybe a few seconds but after that, it's just a pointless rush of blood to the head for the aspiring creature of the night.
Image Source: neatorama.com
I'd rather…Wear Vans Tennis Shoes and Play Tetherball
Being active in the 80s wasn't difficult, with so many great TV show characters to emulate, kids got plenty of exercise and this was before the mass appeal and impact of Nintendo consoles entered the homes. Tetherball was perfect for outdoor activity and it was great fun in the sun. Even if it did look like you had a neck problem. As for the Vans tennis shoes, they were just cool and everyone wanted them (and absolutely noone was hanging upside down in them in the 80s).
Author bio: Charlie is a keen gamer and moviegoer but also considers himself older than his years. Opinionated, cutting and devilishly honest…what's not to like?
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Combination of on-line desalting and HPLC-UV-ESI-MS for simultaneous detection and identification of FIP-fve and flammutoxin in Flammulina velutipes
C.-H. Tung
C.-C. Lin
C.-C. Tung
S.-F. Chen
F. Sheu
T.-J. Lu
A rapid analytical approach, on-line desalting HPLC-UV-ESI-MS method, for the analysis of FIP-fve and flammutoxin (FTX), two important bioactive proteins in the fruiting bodies of Flammulina velutipes, was developed. In this study, a highly efficient desalting method is provided using molecular weight cut-off centrifugal filtration and on-line desalting. Sample preparation followed by an on-line desalting HPLC-UV-ESI-MS system was employed for simultaneous desalting and detection and identification of FIP-fve and FTX. Results indicated that using trifluoroacetic acid as a modifier on a C18 reversed-phase column renders effective separation. ESI-MS revealed that the apparent molecular masses of FIP-fve and FTX were 12,749.1 Da and 21,912.5 Da, respectively. Eleven milligrams of FIP-fve was obtained from 100 g of fresh fruiting bodies, and UV detection was performed at 280 nm using bovine serum albumin as the standard protein. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 0.29–4.69 mg/mL (r2 = 0.9999). FTX and a series of degradation products were isolated from F. velutipes using 35% saturated ammonium sulfate on a DEAE cellulose column. The complete identification of FTX and a series of degradation products were carried out by precipitation of various ammonium sulfate concentrations (0–45%, 45–65% and 65–90%), in-gel trypsin digestion, and MS analysis with combined database search. The molecular weights of FTX and a series of degradation products were 29,957.2 Da, 27,480.2 Da, 26,512.5 Da, and 21,912.5 Da. © 2018
Tung, C.-H.; Lin, C.-C.; Tung, C.-C.; Chen, S.-F.; Sheu, F.; and Lu, T.-J. (2018) "Combination of on-line desalting and HPLC-UV-ESI-MS for simultaneous detection and identification of FIP-fve and flammutoxin in Flammulina velutipes," Journal of Food and Drug Analysis: Vol. 26 : Iss. 3 , Article 18.
1-s2.0-S102194981830019X-fx1_lrg.jpg (207 kB)


Wins over Trinity, Cumberland Valley, give Palmyra Mid-Penn title.
It's been quite a season already for the Palmyra girls volleyball team. And the Cougars may just be getting warmed up.
On Saturday, two days after clinching the Mid-Penn Keystone Division title, Palmyra added the overall Mid-Penn championship to its collection, courtesy of a semifinal win over Trinity and a title match triumph over Cumberland Valley at Chambersburg High School.
Now 17-1 and the top seed in the upcoming District 3 3A playoffs that begin next Saturday, Palmyra swept by Trinity in the semis 3-0, before rallying for a four-set win over Cumberland Valley in the championship match by scores of 22-25, 25-21, 25-22, and 25-18.
The trio of Taylor McInerney, Rachel Hutchinson and Kirstin West led the way for Palmyra in the title match.
McInerney pounded out 18 kills and added six blocks, Hutchinson had 13 kills and five aces, and West totaled 39 assists for the Cougars, who took control of the match by taking the last three points of a tense third set that was tied at 22. A Hutchinson kill finished off the set and gave Palmyra enough momentum to open up a commanding 16-9 lead in the decisive fourth set, which freshman Allie Stovall closed out with the aid of two assists from West.
But Palmyra, blessed with both young and upperclassmen talent throughout its roster, was simply better.
Kills: CV- Hanna Cordle 20; Taylor McInerney 18, Hutchinson 13.


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Jacob Palm
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New release of Costa - version 1.5.0
Just in time before the new year, Costa version 1.5.0 has finished testing and has been released. This version comes with many improvements and changes, but three stand out from the rest: A new UI design based on Costa 0.9.4, massive speed improvements to handling of data files, and full keyboard support in all accessories. Code optimizations have also helped reduced the combined size of Costas executables significantly.
To give Costa its own unique look, and separate it from the countless Windows clones out there, the UI I designed myself for Costa 0.9.4 has been brought back to life, with some improvements. In Costa 0.9.4, the colors of the UI were predefined and could not be customized, but now, everything can be customized. Every one of the 27 themes that comes with Costa have been adaped to work with the new UI. Fun fact: The basis of this new UI was initially designed by me using Microsoft Paint 14 years ago!
Personally, I think the new UI looks great, and gives Costa a bit more of a retro look.
Previously, users have been required to use a mouse to edit icons and themes, since there was no way to select colors using the keyboard, and in the icon editor there was no way to draw individual pixels using the keyboard alone. Now, colors can be cycled using the keyboard in both accessories, and in the icon editor pixels can be selected using the arrow keys, and painted with the Space or Enter keys.
Massive speed improvements have been made to all file and disk related operations. This work started when I acquired an old IBM PS/2 computer, with a 16 MHz 386 CPU and a slow hard drive. I quickly saw that Costa was barely usable, due to the slow disk speeds. This was not something I had previously seen, as I've previously been testing Costa only on 486 hardware. So, work began to replace all file formats used by Costa with binary formats, which can be read from and written to disk vastly faster than the old formats.
At the same time, I've added to option in Costas configuration to disable disk caching of the desktop. Disabling this results in more screen redraws, which on faster machines will result in a bit of flicker, but on old machines with a slow disk, the speed increase is instantly noticeable. So, I figured that having an option for this would allow Costa to run as best it could on both types of machines.
Lastly, all settings are now cached in memory, instead of being read from disk every time they were used.
More information and download links can be found at https://costa.jacobpalm.dk.
For those who are interested in development, visit GitHub to have a look at the source code.


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Mt. Rainier, Ashford, Washington, 98304
SANDBOX – Three Bears Cabins
Mount Rainier Cabin Rentals
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Visiting Mt. Rainier
Mt. Rainier Activities
Mt. Rainier Weather
Top Things to Do and See at Mt. Rainier
If you're like most people, you will probably be eager to get out of the car and start exploring the park by the time you drive through the entrance gates. To make the most of your visit, read our detailed overview of Mt. Rainier tourist attractions, and then start planning your trip.
There are five areas which serve as bases for exploration:
Longmire (southwest corner)
Paradise (south side)
Ohanapecosh (southeast corner)
Sunrise/White River (north side)
Carbon River/Mowich Lake (northwest corner)
You'll want to be prepared for your visit with these tips for parking and enjoying the park
Parking can be difficult or impossible to find on sunny summer weekends at Paradise, Sunrise, Grove of the Patriarchs, and at trailheads between Longmire and Paradise. Try to visit these areas on weekdays, arrive early in the day, and carpool to the park.
Park roads are winding, road shoulders are narrow, and the maximum speed limit is 35 mph in most areas. Watch for pedestrians, sightseers, and wildlife. Use pull-outs to allow faster drivers to pass you safely.
Keep wildlife wild. Feeding park animals and birds is unhealthy for them and dangerous to you.
The Southwest Entrance
Nisqually Gate entrance of Mt. Rainier National Park
You'll enter via the Nisqually gate. The arch of giant cedar logs, first erected in 1911, and the 1908 Oscar Brown cabin, south of the road, are examples of the rustic style of park architecture that became popular at Mount Rainier and other national parks. The Nisqually Entrance serves as the primary park entrance in winter. Our cabin called Three Bears Lodge is 300 yards from the park entrance. Sunshine Point Campground and Picnic Area are located near the park entrance.
The Westside Road, 1 mile from the park entrance, is open during the summer only. Several hikes begin at the road closure at Dry Creek, 3 miles up the road. At the closure, view dramatic results of flooding and rockfall.
The Longmire Historic District, 6.5 miles from the park entrance, was the site of James Longmire's homestead, lodging, and mineral springs resort. The first park headquarters was established here in 1916. Services at Longmire include:
Longmire Museum: open daily year-round. Exhibits, information, books sales, and climbing and wilderness permits issued in the winter.
Wilderness Information Center: open daily late May to early October, closed in winter. Wilderness permits and hiking/backcountry camping information.
National Park Inn: open daily year-round. Food, lodging, and gift shop.
Rampart Ridge Hike: a rewarding afternoon hike with great views of Mt. Rainier.
The road between Longmire and Paradise: is winding and steep, and was designed for scenery rather than speed. En route, consider stopping at:
Cougar Rock picnic area: 2 miles past Longmire. Open late May to early October.
Christine Falls: 4 miles past Longmire. A short walk from the pullout provides a classic view of the falls below the rustic stone bridge. Parking is limited. For your safety do not stop your car or walk on the bridge!
The Glacier Bridge: 5 miles past Longmire. Definitely worth a stop for the view, but do not stop your car on the bridge! Park in a paved pullout at either end of the bridge and use the walkway. The lower end of the Nisqually Glacier is just around the rocky cliff on the left side as you look up the valley.
Ricksecker Point Road: 6 miles past Longmire. Open in the summer only.Take this one-way road for fantastic views of Mt Rainier, Nisqually Valley and the Tatoosh Range.
Narada Falls: 8 miles past Longmire. Walk the steep but short trail for the best view of this spectacular waterfall. Parking is limited.
Paradise: 11 miles past Longmire. This is the most popular destination in the park and famous for its wildflower meadows in summer and world record snowfall in winter. Services at Paradise include:
Jackson Memorial Visitor Center: open daily May to early October, weekends and holidays only the rest of the year. Exhibits, films, guided interpretive programs, book store, food service, gift shop, and restrooms.
Paradise Inn: open daily late May to early October, closed in winter. Lodging, dining room, gift shop, and restrooms.
Guide House: the Guide House is the home of the Paradise Wilderness Information Center.
Paradise Ranger Station: open in summer, closed in winter. Climbing and wilderness permits and climbing information.
If you plan to hike, remember that Paradise is located at 5,400' elevation and most trails are hilly. Stay on the trails: the meadows are very fragile and heavily visited. These trails are usually snow-covered from late October through June.
A number of additional hikes and scenic points are located on the road between Paradise and Ohanapecosh. Ask for information at a ranger station or visitor center.
The Southeast Entrance
Ohanapecosh Visitor Center (photo credit)
The east side of the park is somewhat drier and sunnier than the west side, making it a good destination when Paradise and Longmire are wet and foggy. Hwy. 123/410 is often closed in the winter so check the road status before heading out. Services include:
Ohanapecosh Visitor Center: open June to early October. Exhibits, guided interpretive programs, book sales, maps, restrooms.
Ohanapecosh picnic area: open late May to early October.
Take Stevens Canyon Road from Highway 123, going through the Stevens Canyon Entrance. Just past the entrance is the Grove of the Patriarchs. Hike the 1.1 mile nature trail along the Ohanapecosh River through old growth forest.
Between Ohanapecosh and White River, a short detour from Cayuse Pass east on Highway 410 (closed in winter) will take you to Tipsoo Lake, which is surrounded by subalpine wildflower meadows. A short and pleasant trail circles the lake.
The section of road between Chinook Pass and the north park boundary is part of the Mather Memorial Parkway, named for Stephen Mather, the first director of the National Park Service.
The White River/Sunrise area is easy to visit in summer if you enter from the east side, but requires quite a bit of driving from the southwest entrance.
The road to Sunrise passes the White River Entrance Station about 1 mile from the junction with Highway 410. The White River Wilderness Information Center here is open daily in summer for climbing and wilderness permits and hiking information. In winter, self-register at Hwy. 410 and Crystal Mountain Blvd.
Five miles from the junction with Highway 410, you'll pass the one-mile spur which leads to the White River campground and trailhead. Services at White River include:
White River Ranger Station
White River Campground
Eleven miles from White River, the road reaches Sunrise, also called Yakima Park. At 6,400' elevation, this is the highest point to which you can drive in the park. Summer is short here, but the views and excellent trail system make this the second most visited location in the park. Parking can be a problem on sunny weekends; try to arrive early or visit on weekdays.
NOTE: The Sunrise Road usually opens in late June or early July and closes in late September to early October. Call park for road open/closing dates.
Services at Sunrise include:
Sunrise Visitor Center: open daily early July to early October, closed in winter. Exhibits, guided interpretive programs, book sales, maps, picnic area.
Sunrise Day Lodge: open early July to late September. Food service, gifts (no overnight lodging).
Public restrooms and telephones.
The Northwest Entrance
Mowich Lake (photo credit)
You can visit the Carbon River and Mowich Lake areas from the northwest side of the park, which is a little over an hour NE from Ashford. Before entering the park, stop at the Wilderness Information Center in downtown Wilkeson. Here you can pay your entrance fee, obtain hiking and climbing permits, enjoy interpretive exhibits, and purchase maps and hiking books. Check current road conditions before traveling to either Carbon River or Mowich Lake.
A short trail near the Carbon River entrance station takes you into a fine example of a temperate rain forest. The graveled Carbon River road, recommended for high clearance vehicles only, ends approximately five miles east of the entrance station at Ipsut Creek campground. The road is prone to flooding and may be closed at any time -- use caution. From Ipsut Creek a trail leads 3.6 miles (one way) to the Carbon Glacier, one of the largest and lowest glaciers in the lower 48 states.
A 22-mile drive on SR 165 from Wilkeson will take you to Mowich Lake, the largest and deepest lake in Mount Rainier National Park. The road is unpaved after the first three miles and may be rough. It is generally open mid-July to mid-October.
If you've exhausted this list, stop at any visitor center or ranger station for more ideas.
Mount Rainier National Park is a favorite destination for about two million people each year. We invite you to reconnect with nature and history by hiking, camping, picnicking, taking photographs, and joining guided interpretive programs.
Climate & Recommended Clothing
July and August are generally sunny and mild, with the chance of showers. The rest of the year is usually quite rainy, with heavy snowfall from November through April. Raingear is recommended year round. Trails are steep and well maintained in summer and snow covered and difficult to follow in winter. For current and typical weather conditions, go to the Mt. Rainier weather page.
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Good food is one of life's great pleasures, and these food and cooking websites are the ideal places to start if you want to improve your own cooking skills. Whether you're looking for dinner recipes, healthy recipes, or simply want to grow your own food network, with the help of these cooking websites you'll never have to order take away for dinner again.
Recipe websites are a great place to start for trying new things in the kitchen, whilst food websites will introduce you to new ideas and new world foods. OnTopList is proud to bring you all of the best food and cooking websites, so you can focus on making dinner, not hunting for something to cook.
Lookup food products by ingredients, manufacturers, or upc search.
The guide to Christmas dinners and buffets in Sweden.