Reviews » Raspberry Ketone » Where to Buy Raspberry Ketone Plus in Uberlandia Brazil?
That hasn't read about the new Raspberry Ketone trend that has actually been going on in the current years in Uberlandia Brazil. Nevertheless, unlike many other diet pills and miracle supplements that go away in a year or much less, raspberry ketone is still liked and used in Uberlandia Brazil.
Everybody in Uberlandia Brazil would like to lose weight securely and normally, and with raspberry ketones you can. They're clinically confirmed to help switch on the physical body's organic mechanisms for burning fat deposits, and many individuals have had a great deal of success with it.
If you see Dr. Oz you've viewed him discuss it, and health and fitness guru Lisa Lynn can't obtain enough of discussing it. Here we're willing to discuss just how raspberry ketones work out, the benefits and if they're the ideal option for you.
What the supplement does, is it keeps your metabolic process training efficiently, hence allowing you to slim down. Experts say that raspberry ketones can elevate your physical body temperature, which in turn launches a lot more fats that are currently kept and cracks them down.
Raspberry ketone boosts adiponectin expression and secretion, which aids along all the metabolic procedures, manages sugar and burns fats. But Raspberry Ketone Plus is not just about raspberry ketone, there are many various other elements that give your weight loss a genuine increase.
The compounds provide in this type of ketone surges the production of a protein called adiponectin in the liver, assisting set off the body's natural fatty tissue burning procedures.
This is normally kicked in throughout hunger, large bursts of exercise, any time when the body requires energy to make it through. It additionally helps with moderating glucose; this is what metabolizes fat.
So if you're able to trigger these sort of metabolic procedures you'll have the ability to slim down without major lifestyle or diet regimen alters.
Raspberry Ketones are the main ingredient. They create adiponectin, which is a natural hormone that reduces body weight by customizing how your body soaks up glucose and breaks down fat deposits cells.
African Mango gives excellent weight loss homes as it also enhances adiponectin manufacturing and aesthetics your cravings too.
Acai Berry extract in Raspberry Ketone Plus has anti-oxidants that wash the physical body from cost-free radicals. It additionally gives the body fiber and lots of vitamins.
Green Tea remove is long recognized for its capability to assist with weight loss, it works out as an antioxidant and boosta metabolism.
Apple Cider Vinegar increases energy and boosts your food digestion. It makes your body break down nutrients much faster so they absorb far better.
Kelp is an algae abundant in iodine which supports healthy and balanced function of the thyroid. When your thyroid is not operationing effectively, you will wind up being obese.
Caffeine is known to enhance metabolic process and offer you energy.
Grapefruit remove has been made use of for weight loss since the 1930s. It improves metabolism and triggers thermogenic impact in your physical body, burning added calories naturally.
As you could see from the above, all the most effective organic elements that enhance weight loss have been included in one solitary supplement, making it much more powerful than simple raspberry ketone capsules from other brands.
This is not a very easy inquiry to address, although that's exactly what you love the most. Outcomes are really individual in Uberlandia Brazil, nevertheless, if you consist of healthy diet plan and a lot of physical exercise with your Raspberry Ketone Plus program, you will view results for sure.
According to endorsements and responses on their main site, individuals have shed anywhere between 1 and 5 pounds in a week. Besides weight loss, Raspberry Ketone Plus likewise keeps the skin healthy and reduces cellulite.
Your digestion won't difficulty you any longer and you will really feel better total. Just like any type of diet plan supplement you must be intending to diet regimen at least 2 to 3 months to view terrific results. Raspberry Ketone Plus is not a miracle product what makes you slim in 3 weeks.
We recommend you diet plan a minimum of 3-4 months to see great outcomes with Raspberry Ketones, and with current savings it would certainly cost you just $ 69.95, and you'll obtain a FREE bottle of CLA (powerful anti-oxidant) too.
One Raspberry Ketone Plus bottle contains 60 pills. Take one pill before morning meal and another one prior to lunch. By doing this you take in healthy 200 mg of raspberry ketone every day, similar to recommended by physicians in Uberlandia Brazil.
If you have troubles resting, do not take Raspberry Ketone Plus in the late afternoon or evening as it consists of high levels of caffeine. Don't go over the dose.
Additionally, expectant or breastfeeding women, kids and people with different clinical conditions will talk with their physician just before taking Raspberry Ketone Plus. Nonetheless, with normal usage there will be no side effects.
Raspberry ketones take place in attributes and countless folks have stated success without any kind of side effects. The benefits accumulated alongside other types of weight loss devices show this sort of ketone to be secure, natural and reliable with zero side effects.
Raspberry Ketones provide you a means to accomplish your weight loss objectives at your own pace. You can customize your diet regimen and add in additional activity to get even more weight loss, or you could simply burn fat without stressing.
You'll manage to try it run the risk of free for a week and view if it helps you; with a 100 % money back fulfillment guarantee you'll be able to obtain the benefits without taking all the risk. All you need to shed is the weight, so check it out today!
Raspberry Ketone Plus is available only from the Development Slendering superstore (main internet site right here) and is routed from the UK. Next day tape-recorded is shipment is simply $ 1.99 or you could choose 2nd training delivery totally free.
Raspberry Ketone Plus is presently on sale and a bottle sets you back simply $ 19 (rather than typical $ 39.95. For also larger discount rates on the item rate and shipping, buy 2 or even more containers.
Raspberry Ketone Plus features an impressive list of elements, developed to working out even on the most stubborn extra weight by boosting your metabolic process and urging your body to break down held fats.
If you compare the product to lots of various other weight loss supplements, it is really budget-friendly, well known and totally risk-free to take. And with very budget friendly $ 1.99 1st Class Recorded shipment Raspberry Ketone Plus ticks all our boxes.
Where to Buy Raspberry Ketone Plus in Chubut Argentina?
Where I can Buy Raspberry Ketones in Uruguay?


text:
Krzewina [] (deutsch Grunau) ist ein Dorf in der Gemeinde Bogatynia (Reichenau) in Polen. Es ist an der Lausitzer Neiße gegenüber der Stadt Ostritz gelegen.

Der außerhalb des Ortes gelegene Bahnhof Krzewina Zgorzelecka ist der Bahnhof der Stadt Ostritz, deren Namen er bis 1945 auch trug. Hier halten Reisezüge der Ostdeutschen Eisenbahn (ODEG), die Polnischen Staatsbahnen (PKP) haben den Personenverkehr eingestellt. Zwischen beiden Orten besteht seit 1989 ein Grenzübergang für Fußgänger und Radfahrer.

Geschichte
Die erste Nachricht über Grunau stammt aus dem Jahr 1294. Das Dorf, das sich bis 1380 im Besitz des Adelsgeschlechtes von Grunau befand, gelangte nach deren Aussterben schließlich 1396 an das Kloster St. Marienthal.

Grunau war ein katholisches Pfarrdorf, zu dem noch Schönfeld (Lutogniewice), Trattlau (Kostrzyna), Wanscha (Spytków) und Reutnitz (Ręczyn) gepfarrt waren. 1739 wurde eine neue Kirche errichtet, für die der kursächsische Hofmaler Gabriel Ambrosius Donath das Altarbild malte. Das Bildnis der Enthauptung Johannes des Täufers erschien der Kirchgemeinde zu finster, sodass sie es 1871 durch ein anderes Bildnis dieses Heiligen ersetzen ließ, das ein Ostritzer Maler fertigte.

1857 entstand im Klostergut Grunau ein Waisenhaus, das 1866 in das Kloster zog. An dessen Stelle errichtete der Albertverein ein Krankenhaus, das während des Ersten Weltkriegs als Kriegslazarett diente.
Mit der am 15. Oktober 1875 eingeweihten Neißetalbahn zwischen Nickrisch (Hagenwerder) und Zittau erhielt Grunau einen Eisenbahnanschluss.

In der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus entstand im Ort ein Reichsarbeitsdienstlager.
1933 lebten in Grunau 498 Einwohner, 1939 waren es 486.

Bis 1945 gehörte das Dorf zur Amtshauptmannschaft Zittau in Sachsen.
Infolge der Grenzziehung entlang der Oder und Neiße wurde das Oberlausitzer Dorf polnisch und die deutschen Bewohner vertrieben.

Nach Übergabe des östlich der Neiße liegenden Teiles der Neißetalbahn an die PKP im Jahr 1946 wurde der seit dem 9. September 1945 wieder aufgenommene Personenverkehr auf diesem Stück eingestellt. 1948 kam es zur Wiederinbetriebnahme der Strecke, wobei die deutschen Personenzüge das polnische Gebiet mit verschlossenen Türen und mit vorgezogenen Gardinen zu befahren hatten. Seit 1950 wurde wieder ein Halt im Bahnhof Krzewina Zgorzelecka ermöglicht. Dazu wurde die Neißebrücke zwischen Ostritz und dem etwa 100 Meter vom polnischen Ufer gelegenen Bahnhof zu den Fahrzeiten der Züge für den Ein- und Ausstieg geöffnet und der Ablauf vom polnischen Grenzschutz bewacht. Ein Grenzübergang bestand nicht.
1957 nahmen die Polnischen Staatsbahnen die neue Strecke Zawidów–Bogatynia in Betrieb.

2007 wurden die Grenzkontrollen nach dem Schengen-Abkommen abgeschafft. Im Jahre 2020 war die Grenze wegen COVID-19 gesperrt und deswegen machten Züge keinen Halt.

Entwicklung der Einwohnerzahl

Söhne und Töchter der Gemeinde
 Gabriel Ambrosius Donath (1684–1760), Hofmaler Augusts des Starken

Siehe auch
 Liste der Orte im Besitz des Klosters St. Marienthal

Einzelnachweise

Gmina Bogatynia
Ort der Woiwodschaft Niederschlesien
Ort in der Oberlausitz
Ort an der Lausitzer Neiße
Ersterwähnung 1294

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to convert AWS Lambda back into CloudFormation template I have an AWS Lambda that was created by a Cloudformation template. Over the last couple of days I enhanced the function code. Now I would like to update the original function template with the updated Lambda code.
What's the best way to achieve this?
I'd like to avoid having to manually convert the Lambda python code to yaml or json as this will be too time consuming and error prone, anticipating that there will be fixes to the code over the next few weeks.

A: One way to achieve this is using SAM https://aws.amazon.com/serverless/sam/.
This way you will always be able to package your lambdas in your cloudformation template before it's deployed.
CDK will also achieve this concept.
If this is only a one time thing you want to do, you don't really need to change anything in that lambda, you would just copy the code and paste it in your CloudFormation template as an inline code as so:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSCloudFormation/latest/UserGuide/aws-properties-lambda-function-code.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Dr. Tatyana Danielova received her bachelor degree in 2004 in Communicative Sciences from St. John's University, her Masters of Science degree from Adelphi University in 2006 and her Clinical Doctorate in Audiology from University of Florida in 2014. She holds state licensure as an audiologist and hearing aid dispenser in New York and a certificate of Clinical Competence in Audiology (CCC-A) from the American Speech –Language Association (ASHA). She values the need for continuing education and routinely attends conferences related to a variety of area within audiology.
Dr. Danielova specializes in the latest digital hearing aid technology for all types of hearing impairments. She customizes amplification options to fit her patient's needs and lifestyle demands to improve hearing in various listening environments.


text:
@interface statusbar_API : NSObject

// There is no requirement to declare your API methods in this file,
// unless you wish to call them from other native code.

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Setup GOROOT environment variable in your Windows environment (through Advanced System Settings). It should point to something like "C:\Program Files\Google\go_appengine\goroot"
Now, you can enjoy the code completion and other benefits of the Go Extension!
It will install the above library inside "src" and "pkg" subfolders and you can import it to your Go project.
PS: I tried to use the "vendor" feature, but not sure why it did not work with App Engine version of Go.


text:
"Сеячките" () е картина от кипърския художник Адамантиос Диамантис от 1932 – 1933 г.

Картината е нарисувана с маслени бои върху платно и е с размери 104 x 187 cm. Художникът Адамантиос Диамантис е един от стожерите на модерното изобразително изкуство в Кипър. "Сеячките" охарактеризира ежедневния начин на живот, чрез който художникът увековечава ценностната система и начина на живот на кипърското население, дори го представя като ритуал. В картината фигурите на жените се сливат в едно с пейзажа.

Картината е част от колекцията на Държавната галерия за модерно изкуство в Никозия, Кипър.

Източници

Картини
Култура на Кипър


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<<Previous Month
T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T
Consuelo Mack WealthTrack "Charitable Investments" Guests: Doug Bauer, Executive Director, The Clark Foundation; Jack Lund, President and CEO, YMCA of Greater New York. This week's Consuelo Mack WealthTrack explores philanthropy as an investment. Two philanthropy thought leaders, Jack Lund, CEO of the YMCA of Greater New York, and Doug Bauer, Executive Director of the Clark Foundation, share advice on how to get the best return from your giving. D
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McLaughlin Group NULL
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Need to Know NULL
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NOVA "Doomsday Volcanoes" The eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano in 2010 turned much of the northern hemisphere into an ash-strewn no-fly zone. But Eyjafjallajkull may be just the start. Katla, an Icelandic volcano 10 times bigger, has begun to swell and grumble.G
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Not In Our Town: Light in the Darkness In 2008 in Patchogue, New York, a series of attacks against Latino residents ended with the killing of 37-year-old Marcelo Lucero, an Ecuadorian immigrant who had lived there for 13 years. Seven local high school students arrested for the crime admitted they were "looking for a Mexican" to beat up. Over a two-year period, the film followed Patchogue Mayor Paul Pontieri as he led a diverse group of residents to confront the anti-immigrant bias in their town and repair the fabric of their community life.G
The Jazzy Vegetarian "Lunch Bunch" Host Laura Theodore prepares lunch, starting with simple "Four-Ingredient Leek Soup." A trio of main dish salads include: tantalizing "Avocado and Black Bean Confetti Salad," tasty "Fancy Chickpea Salad" and satisfying "Quinoa Tabbouleh," served with crusty bread on the side. We'll finish our lunch with a refreshing and elegant "Banana Raspberry Sorbet. D
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America ReFramed "Beyond Belief" Susan Retik and Patti Quigley are two ordinary soccer moms living in the affluent suburbs of Boston until tragedy strikes. Rather than turning inwards, grief compels these women to focus on the country where the terrorists who took their husbands' lives were trained: Afghanistan. Over the course of two years, as they cope with loss and struggle to raise their families as single mothers, these extraordinary women dedicate themselves to empowering Afghan widows whose lives have been ravaged by decades of war, poverty and oppression - factors they consider to be the root causes of terrorism. D
Global Voices "Arusi Persian Wedding	" Set against the turbulent relationship between the United States and Iran, Iranian-American filmmaker Marjan Tehrani captures the struggle and excitement of her brother Alex and his bride Heather as they plan a Persian Islamic wedding in Iran. But when Alex's Iranian-born parents and Heather's conservative American father meet for the first time, cultures clash and test the couple to their limits. D
Global Voices "Carmen Meets Borat" In "Carmen Meets Borat," director Mercedes Stalenhoef follows the life of 17-year-old Carmen. She lives in a gypsy village in Romania, where the men spend their days tying one on and exchanging coarse words in her father's bar. In the evenings, she watches a Spanish soap opera and dreams of a better life in Spain, where the men are romantic and decent. D
Intelligence Squared U.S. "The Rich Are Taxed Enough" How do we fix the economy? The U.S. government's budget deficit is nearing a trillion dollars for the fourth straight year and unemployment remains high. With the Bush-era tax cuts that are set to expire at the end of 2012, what is the best move for continued economic recovery? President Obama says we should raise taxes on those making more than $250,000 to reduce the deficit. D
Intelligence Squared U.S. "Ration End-Of-Life Care" Just because we can extend life, should we? The U.S. is expected to spend $2.8 trillion on health care in 2012. Medicare alone will cost taxpayers $590 billion, with over 25% going toward patients in their last year of life. D
Idaho Reports 2013 Host Greg Hahn with news reporters and political analysts looks at the week's activities in the Idaho Legislature and examines what to expect in the weeks ahead. Hahn also talks with and profiles legislative personalities and reports on events at the Statehouse.G
Scientific American Frontiers "Dead Men's Tales" Alda meets scientists reconstructing mysterious past events from the evidence of excavated remains. Stories include the mysterious destruction of the Jamestown colony and the unconfirmed hanging of outlaw Wild Bill Longley. D
Dialogue "Doris Kearns Goodwin: Conversations from the Sun Valley Writers' Conference" The Pulitzer Prize-winning author and historian Doris Kearns Goodwin talks with host Marcia Franklin about the lessons we can learn from Abraham Lincoln.G
Clifford The Big Red Dog "Clifford On Parade/Follow The Leader" Clifford on Parade - Emily and Charley are having a hard time deciding what kind of float to make for the annual Birdwell Parade. With a little help from Clifford, they learn the importance of compromise. Follow the Leader - Cleo has a hard time giving up her role as " leader" in a game of Follow The Leader, but soon learns that playing with friends is more fun when everyone cooperates and takes turns with one another. D
Arthur "Francine's Big Top Trouble/George Blows His Top" Francine's Big Top Trouble - Francine is sure she will be a star at circus camp. Since Catherine did so well there - how hard could it be? Well, very, it turns out. Will Francine ever get the hang of tumbling? And, more importantly, will she ever step out of her sister's shadow? George Blows His Top - George is always more than happy to lend his pals whatever they need, especially Buster. D
Martha Speaks "Eyes on the Skies/Camp Truman" Eyes on the Skies - Astrophysicist Neil DeGrasse Tyson (Truman's #1 hero), is holding a seminar at the library. Truman becomes more and more certain that his activity partner T.D. is going to embarrass him in front of his idol. D
Curious George "Auctioneer George/Sock Monkey Opera" Auctioneer George - George has one dollar to buy anything he wants at the Annual Corn Roast and Attic Auction, and he sets his sights on a pair of red elephant mittens. When the Man with the Yellow Hat leaves George alone, he bids.and bids. D
Cat in the Hat Knows A Lot About That! "Bounce/Timmy Tippy Toe" Bounce - Nick and Sally are wondering why their ball is so bouncy. Fish tells them it's because it's made from rubber, and rubber comes from trees. Cat doesn't believe him so it's time to ask the expert, Dr. Twiggles! It turns out Fish is right! And Dr. Twiggles shows them all just how rubber is made, and all the wonderful things rubber can make! Timmy Tippy Toe - Nick and Sally are playing on a climbing frame but just can't manage to get to the top. D
Super Why! "The Three Billy Goats Gruff" Gramma will not let Red into the kitchen to get some extra special Red Velvet Cake - and it's making Red extremely mad! The Super Readers head into the story of the Three Billy Goats Gruff, who really want to cross the Trolls bridge#only this time the Troll gets to tell his side of the story. The Super Readers wonder if anyone can make those rude Billy Goats Gruff behave, and Red figures out what Gramma needs to hear. Educational Objectives: To learn the importance of good behavior, discover the alphabet and identify the letters P-O-L-E. D
Dinosaur Train "The Old Bird/Diamond Don" The Old Bird - Buddy, Tiny and Mom make a play date with Petey Peteinosaurus to ride the Dinosaur Train to meet Arlene Archeopteryx, a bird from the family of the oldest birds ever! The kids are excited to learn that Arlene is a bird and a dinosaur. Home With Shiny & Don - Shiny and Don stay at home and we get to see that just because they don't always ride with Buddy and Tiny on the Dinosaur Train doesn't mean that they are not having fun. An adventure into a local caves leads to a marvelous and brilliant discovery. D
Sesame Street "Telly The Tiebreaker" Elmo, Zoe, Rosita and some friends are making a beautiful block house together but can't agree whether to put a square or circle on top. Alan helps them solve the problem by having them raise their hands for the one they like best. After counting up the votes, the square wins by one. D
Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood "Daniel Shares His Tigertastic Car/Katerina Shares Her Tutu" Daniel Shares his Tigertastic Car - Daniel and his friends are playing together in the park. Daniel has a new toy car and struggles to share it with the others. But in the end, Daniel learns that sharing is easy when he knows he will get his special toy back. D
Sid The Science Kid "Sid's Super Kick!" In his backyard, Sid is pretending to be "Super Sid!" To show his super strength, he kicks a soccer ball really hard and it sails across the yard. But when he tries to kick it to a nearby tree with the same might, the ball once again sails really far. On a special trip to the Science Center, Sid and his friends investigate how using lots of force makes something move really far and fast-just like kicking a soccer ball! (Educational objective - Force). D
WordWorld "Shark's First Day of School/Shark's First Loose Tooth" Shark's First Day of School - It's the first day of school for the youngest WordFriends, but Shark is afraid to go. With the help of his good buddy Duck, and some gentle encouragement from their teacher Cat, Shark's fear turns to confidence, and by day's end he's at the head of the class. Shark's First Loose Tooth - When Shark loses his first baby tooth at a sleepover party with Duck, he's got to get to sleep fast so the tooth fairy can come and leave him a present. D
Caillou "Grown-Ups and Me" Caillou meets a lot of new people today. He's invited to spend the day with Clementine's family and is nervous until he discovers her family is a lot like his. Caillou's first day at day care is scary until he meets his teacher Miss Martin, and makes two new friends, Leo and Clementine. D
Barney & Friends "The Misbegotten Moon, A Space Adventure" To her dismay, Baby Bop sees a half-moon and thinks the moon is broken in half! Through comic events, she goes on a search to find the missing pieces. Barney takes her and the kids on a magical adventure to the moon where she meets the Man in the Moon who eases her concerns. D
Thomas & Friends "If A Job's Worth Doing" Thomas and the Garbage Train - Thomas volunteers to take the Duchess to tea. Diesel tells Thomas that his work with Whiff will make him too stinky to take the Duchess. As Whiff and Thomas puff along, Thomas uncouples from the Garbage train and Thomas takes 'sweeter smelling' tracks. D
The Electric Company "The Wordball Is My Oyster" Lisa gets a case of stage fright when she's cast as the lead in Hector's play. Can Lisa overcome her fears in time to save the play, or will she have to give her part to Annie?. D
WordGirl "The Masked Meat Marauder/Sandwich World" The Masked Meat Marauder - While the Botsfords and the Mings go head to head in a charity car wash, the Butcher battles his new rival--the Masked Meat Marauder. Can this town handle two meat-flinging villains or will WordGirl have to send one of them packing? Sandwich World - Chuck is fed up with living at home in his mom's basement. So he builds an evil lair, Sandwich World! Will WordGirl and Captain Huggy Face escape Chuck's crazy sandwich theme park? And will Chuck be strong enough to avoid getting homesick?. D
Wild Kratts "Termites Vs. Tongues" When Aviva and Koki accidentally miniaturize themselves and get carried away by termites, Martin and Chris must split up to search for them. D
Cyberchase "Fortress of Attitude" The kids use their skills at measuring length to climb a massive, booby-trapped statue of Hacker.G
Fetch! With Ruff Ruffman "Ruff Fetches The Fetchers" Season Five is about to start but Ruff has been so busy trying to find his long-lost parents, he's forgotten to choose his Season 5 FETCHers! In this casting special, viewers get a behind-the-scenes look at how Ruff goes about picking his contestants. Unfortunately, shortly after selecting his intrepid kids, Ruff loses them on the way to Studio G!. D

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The monument comprises the remains of an enclosed settlement of prehistoric date and part of a Roman temporary camp, both represented by cropmarks visible on oblique aerial photographs.
The monument lies in rolling arable farmland at around 35m OD. It comprises a roughly oval enclosure some 50m N-S by about 40m E-W. It is defined by a narrow ditch which measures about 2m in width. The enclosure is located within a Roman temporary camp, the ditch of which is visible as a cropmark in the adjacent field.
The area to be scheduled encompasses the enclosure and part of the Roman temporary camp, and an area around them in which traces of associated activity may be expected to survive. It is circular with a diameter of 100m as marked in red on the accompanying map.
The monument is of national importance because of its potential to contribute to our understanding of prehistoric settlement and economy. The relationship between the enclosure and the Roman temporary camp will be important to our understanding of interaction between Roman and native in southern Scotland.
RCAHMS records the monument as NS 88 SW 33.


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Q: Persist JavaScript values between pages I am trying to create a quiz on a web-page using HTML and JavaScript.  Each question (having 4 options to choose from) is a seperate html file but uses the same JavaScript file to evaluate whether the choice entered is right or wrong.
However, I'm struggling to find a way to keep track of the number of correct answers provided by the users to calculate his/her score.
Is there a method to create static or static-like variables in JavaScript? Solutions involving cookies are also appreciated.

A: One possible solution is to load the HTML from your question file into a parent page, but have the whole quiz on that one page.  That way, you still get the flexibility of having different pages for each question, but to the browser they are all one page.  In addition, any variables created or traked in Javascript will persist throughout the entire quiz.
This is fairly easy to do with Jquery's .load function. You have a div in the middle of your page which loads its content from whichever HTML page you would have navigated to.
Do keep in mind that it is trivially easy for me to go into Javascript and change the number of correct answers.  In fact, that problem exists for any client side solution.  Should this be for more than fun, and accuracy is important, you may want to send results back to your server after each question.  That way, no matter how you implement the quiz, results are persisted back on your end.

A: Have a look at http://www.electrictoolbox.com/jquery-cookies/
This allows you to easily set and read cookies.

A: You can keep the data in cookie. however an user may change the cookie and produce better result. Using session is a better choice in this scenario. because whatever you store in client side is unsafe.
However It is better to get the questions in json format with xhr and display them in browser and keep the track in memory

A: If you are developing a HTML5 application you may wish to investigate DOM storage facilities such as localStorage and sessionStorage: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/Storage
Here are some useful resources / info:
http://ejohn.org/blog/dom-storage/
http://viralpatel.net/blogs/introduction-html5-domstorage-api-example/
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc197062(v=vs.85).aspx

A: These days I would focus on making this a one-page app rather than relying on page loads. This not only has the advantage of solving your problem, it also means a more responsive, faster experience for the user.
If you must use page transitions, and you're happy to work with modern browsers only, look into localStorage. Far easier to use and more flexible than cookies - it works just like a serialised JavaSCript object.


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Trump Is Finally Taking Action Against Big Tech Censorship
Donald Trump has decided to take charge against the establishments of both parties once again after he understands that they have screwed him over time and time again. Trump has dealt with social media censorship for years now, at the hands of corporations gone rogue because our politicians are bought by them. One of the things that makes these big tech companies immune from de facto First Amendment violations is Section 230, which allows them to function as publishers instead of public platforms. Trump has now stated that he will veto the new defense bill if it does not revoke 230. He should have done this long ago, but it is much better late than never.
Trump's support base has been censored on social media for quite some time. They know that it was social media how Trump was able to grow his support base, and they wanted to prevent another grassroots right-wing movement from happening. It was Infowars that got me into politics to begin with (not Alex Jones specifically, but Owen Shroyer's man on the street videos) that exposed the left's hypocrisy and stupidity. YouTube removed their channel in mid-2018 as a result of their success, and nearly every other social media network did the same, even relatively pro-free speech DLive. Many other channels and pundits have been kicked off Twitter and YouTube as well. And those who are not still face other forms of censorship.
Ever since I started to talk about the election irregularities on my channel, my view counts have plummeted from about 50K per video to about 12K per video. This may be partially due to a drop of the public's interest in election or political content, but it also may be due to shadowbans, as YouTube is specifically not recommending the videos as much as usual. Who knows. Either way, I am going to continue making content no matter what. You guys will find me.
Would You Look At That! Turns Out, Joe Biden Truly Is Compromised By China
The Covid-19 Vaccine: The Vaccination to Prevent a Unified America?
Where to Find My Content Amid the Censorship
Red Eagle Politics | America First News


Super Junior Kyuhyun is still making a successful solo debut by winning his first music show trophy with 'At Gwanghwamun' from M!Countdown today.
Kyuhyun and AOA are the top two this week and the total score gives Kyuhyun his first win, making the singer teary eyed while doing his thank you speech. He said, "Members, ELF, I got no.1".


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Watch: 91st Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade 2017 Live Coverage
Nov 22, 2017 Mirex Sebastian Entertainment, News 0
The 91st annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is set to happen in New York City on Thursday, November 23, 2017.
Huge crowd are expected line up in the streets of Manhattan to witness the parade of giant balloons, marching bands, cheering clowns and celebrities at the 91st annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.
Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade
This year's most awaited Balloon Parade features fourteen popular cartoon characters where kids and kids at heart will surely love to see floating in a gigantic-sized balloon.
Giant balloons includes Spiderman, Sonic the Hedgehog, Ronald McDonald, Kermit the Frog, Spongebob Square Pants, Smurf and more.
New baloons such as Olaf from Frozen, The Grinch and Aflac Duck will make its debut on the parade.
Performer includes Gwen Stefani, Andy Grammer, 98 Degrees, Bebe Rexha, Flo Rida, Wyclef Jean, Patti LaBelle, and the Goo Goo Dolls and more.
Where to watch Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade 2017?
The 91st annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade will be broadcast live on NBC at 9:00 a.m. EST.
The event is also available to watch online via NBC's official live streaming channel and on Verizon's YouTube channel in 360 view.
Macy's Thanksgiving Parade
Macy's Thanksgiving Parade Live
The Voice Results Tonight, Season 13 Top 12 Live Elimination
The Voice Results: Jon Mero Eliminated, Top 11 Revealed


In southern England, the first segment of the freeway designated the M1 motorway made its formal debut. This segment spanned 72 miles (115.9 kilometers), linking the borough of Watford in the outskirts of London with both the market town of Rugby and village of Cricket near Birmingham.
The M1 now encompasses 193.5 miles (311.4 kilometers) and serves as a major conduit between London and Leeds. There had been plans to create a state-of-the-art highway network throughout the United Kingdom for nearly four decades, but it was not until the 1950s that the British government officially approved the development of the motorways. The M1 was not the first of these routes to be opened; that distinction belongs to the Preston Bypass, which was inaugurated the previous year in Lancashire County in northwestern England. The Preston Bypass was just a little over eight miles (12.9 kilometers) in length, however, so the M1 – with its initial section alone covering significantly more territory – earned a greater share of the national spotlight. The M1 was able to gain additional attention and acclaim at the time because the motorway's close proximity to London enabled a larger number of journalists, politicians, and other shapers of public opinion to more readily check out the new route and spread the word about it.
For more information on the M1 and other routes within the United Kingdom's motorways system, please check out https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_motorways_in_the_United_Kingdom. Additional information on the Watford Gap services is available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_Gap_services.


The 2017 National Education Awards, Bengaluru recognize education excellence from across the India. The Awards Ceremony will be the culmination of an engaging and exciting awards journey for all participants. 24MRC Network in association with Council of Information and Broadcasting presents 2017 National Education Awards to those who have contributed significantly in the field of improving the quality in education delivery with emphasis on world-class research and innovations and enhancing the development of quality education. In India there are several colleges and institutions which have come up across the different States offering a number of courses in various streams like engineering, medical, management and many more. This rapid pace of growth has brought to the fore compelling issue of effective management of the educational programs so as to better prepare our youngsters for the fast evolving competitive environment. 24MRC Network is an apex premier and foremost organization based in India. 24MRC Network is prominent association promoting growth in Media, Market Research, Exhibitions, Conferences and Seminars, Awards events, Buyer sellers meets, B2B meetings, promotion and fostering business and strategic relationships. Actively engaged in ICT, Research, Media & Education Sectors. Council of Information and Broadcasting is fastest growing media integration organization supporting the startups growth across India.


Below mentioned numbers are statistics from 1991 up to date.
Princeps Advertising Agency is a full-service communication agency with more than 25 years of experience on the Bulgarian market. Princeps has always been one of the top advertising agencies in the country. The success of our clients today, as well as decades ago, is the best reference you can find for our work. From companies with centenary history to newly created products and services for start-up companies, here you will find clients from different sizes and from all business fields, united by the desire to be the best.
If you consciously browse our website, you probably have realized the need for professional support on your way to success. Still at the beginning, we want to assure you that you are in the right place. To create advertising is not a single winning act and all who understand it are aware of the proper way of doing successful business. When a new product or service is launched, small or large details in its marketing are omitted quite often, or a strategy for such is missing at all, which subsequently leads to an absolute impossibility of achievement of its real potential.
Our team of marketing consultants will offer you advice with care and diligence. We will show you the right steps and will perform them so as you can imagine your success. We will find and correct errors and gaps in your marketing strategy and make up the deficiencies. We will plan together the winning moves, and then we will play them in the most glamorous way.
Since Princeps uses a plurality of standard and custom advertising and PR tools, we will choose the most accurate and include them in a well-planned marketing strategy for you. With the right strategy, even with very modest budget, we guarantee you to reach your target audience in the most efficient manner.
The advantage of Princeps is in the way we provide personalized service experience for each individual client, understanding the individual needs, working to achieve specific objectives. We are not just an advertising agency. We do NOT work on the conveyor belt. In addition to our strong creative team, we possess a well-diversified portfolio and lasting partnerships, which give us the confidence of being Princeps* (*first among equals).
Princeps Advertising Team consists of ambitious professionals in the corporate and product marketing, sales and media planning as well as a Creative team with extensive experience in the Bulgarian market. Our agency is divided into four major departments – Marketing department, Creative department, PR & BTL department and Clients Department.
Elina Ivanova is the Owner and General manager of Princeps Advertising Agency since 2008, when the management of the family company is assumed by the second generation advertisers. She is a certified specialist in advertising management, graduated from Visual Arts department, major Advertising management. She is marketing and PR strategies consultant at corporate level. She had undergone dozens or prestigious courses of advertising and marketing training with world leaders in the last ten years. Coordinator of national and international business projects and trainings in the field of communications, local government, economy, culture and more.
• Prepares specific files for branding of buildings, structures, vehicles, etc.
Graduated from Public Relations, Journalism and Mass Communications. Previous experience in: TV7, BTV Media Group, PRO BG, Sign Café, M3 communications, Draft FCB.
over 10 years experience in event management.


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Sad Story of Independence and Objectivity of the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation
Tags : ByLockdigital communicationsErdogan RegimeErdogan's RegimeGulen MovementHRCLegal OpinionSecure communicationsSecure digital communicationsyargıtay
It has often been stated in the articles written so far that there has not been a court verdict acknowledging the existence of a terrorist organization called "FETO/PDY". Nothing has changed in this regard even though it has been over a year since the attempted coup of July 15. Some of the readers could say, "There are a lot of court decisions about this issue. There is a recent verdict and decision of approval given by the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation about the attempted coup."
I would like to ask just a single question to those in this opinion "Is it really possible nowadays for the courts to give a verdict contrary to Erdogan's and the government's point of view and wishes?" Everybody knows that this is not possible anymore in such a system in which one single person controls the legislative, executive and judicial powers.
According to Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), "Everybody charged with a criminal offence is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law." Accordingly, the existence of a terrorist organization called FETO/PDY has not been acknowledged by an independent and impartial court established by law paying respect to all assurances of the right to fair trial. As long as the belief that "we possess all the powers of the legislature, judiciary and executive" or "everything belongs to us" prevails, nothing will change. The 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation's approval of the decision issued by Erzurum 2nd Criminal Assize Court on the attempted coup does not change the situation.
In this article, we aim to prove, with evidence based on the criteria required by ECHR, that the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation, which was established to try terror crimes, is not an independent and impartial tribunal as it was well reflected in the decisions of the Chamber. While doing so, we will consider such criteria as the appointment of its members, their tenure in the position, the existence of guarantees against pressures coming from outside, and whether the Chamber owns independent mechanisms.
Judicial independence has been destroyed in Turkey. The 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation is just another circle of the judiciary that has lost its independence.
It is well-known by everyone that the government has been taking steps to control the judiciary since the bribery and corruption investigaitons of December 17/25, 2013. These steps reached their peak after the attempted coup of July 15, 2016 and the constitutional amendment, which was accepted on April 16, 2017. Now, it has to be acknowledged that the legislative, executive and judicial powers have been gathered under one hand.
Galip Ensarioglu, an MP in the ruling party, stated on a TV program, "the legislative power belongs to us, so do the executive and judicial powers." Then Burhan Kuzu, another MP, senior advisor to the president and an expert on constitutional law, announced, "Everything belongs to us". [1] These instances show us that the members of the ruling party do not hesitate to confess this fact.
Moreover, the same kind of evaluations have been made in the European Commission Progress Reports. The 2015 Commission Progress Report on Turkey states, "The independence of judiciary and principle of separation of powers has been harmed and the judges and prosecutors have been under severe political pressure". The 2016 Progress Report says, "The strong political pressure on judges and prosecutors is continuing during the term of the report."
The highest institutions and representatives of the judiciary have openly declared their side and point of views in emerging disputes and so have lost their impartiality
The highest institutions and representatives of the judiciary have openly declared that they share the same opinions with the government on both Gulen Movement and on the perpetrator of the attempted coup of July 15 even if there has not yet been any trial and verdict on it. In his statements on various dates[2], Mehmet Yılmaz, the then deputy chairperson of the High Council of Judges and Prosecutors (HCJP), and in the decisions of dismissals given anonymously at numerous times by the HCJP after July15, it has been declared that Gulen Movement is a terrorist organization called "FETO/PDY" and that the attempted coup of July 15 was plotted by this organization. Furthermore, in its press release issued on November 21, 2016, the Presidency of Court of Cassation, which is the court of appeal for the decisions given by the penal courts dealing with coup trials, declared that the incident of July 15 was a coup attempt against democracy and rule of law and that it was plotted by the terrorists who were the members of FETO/PDY. [3]
Considering the statements of the highest institutions and representatives of judiciary which involve definite judgements and comments reflecting bias, no matter what the proofs are and who the real perpetrator of the incidence is, the courts (which include the supreme courts) cannot give any verdicts contrary to the thesis of HCJP which works as an institution totally controlled by the government. The judges who dare to do such verdicts have to be ready to be exiled, dismissed or arrested. Therefore, it is clear that under these circumstances, it is not possible to mention judicial independence in the country.
The suspension of the judges who made the decision for the release of journalists[4]; the prosecution brought against judges of Hatay 2nd Criminal Assize Court, who gave the decision that "There are not any official documents proving the existence of FETO/PDY" and "Bylock alone cannot be adequate evidence" [5]; and the exile of chief judge and other judges of Antalya and Gaziantep Regional Court of Appeal, whose verdict reads that Bylock alone cannot be adequate evidence[6], are best-known examples of this situation. If a search is conducted since December 17/25, hundreds of other examples just like these can easily be found.
The 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassationis not independent in respect of its foundation
Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) states; "Everybody charged with a criminal offence is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law." The phrase "established by law" guarantees the principle of the natural judge. The principle of the natural judge expresses the determination of both the foundation and authorities of the tribunals, and the procedure to be applied by law before the emergence of the subject matter in dispute.
For a long time, as a court of appeal, the 9th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation was responsible for reviewing the terror related crimes. However, this responsibility was handed over to the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation, which was founded in accordance with the law number 6572 issued on December 12, 2014. With this law, the number of chambers in the Court of Cassation was increased and 144 new members were appointed. It was a part of the attempts made by the government to take full control of the judiciary following the corruption investigations of December 17-25, 2013. The members of this Chamber were appointed by the HCJP, which is predominantly under the control of the Platform of Unity in Judiciary (PUJ). It is known that the PUJ is controlled by the executive (the government). In other words, a new judiciary authority was created to replace the long existing one after the emergence of the alleged crime. In term of its foundation and the appointment of its members, the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation is a judicial authority that is created only after the alleged crime was committed. It is impossible to talk about the independence of a court when the area of jurisdiction of the courts is changed, when the judicial authority responsible for the trials is replaced, and when a court is terminated in order to divert the dispute to a specially created judicial authority.
Establishing new chambers in the Court of Cassation, appointing new members to the courts and the changing the area of jurisdiction were not done in order to ensure fair trial and reveal the truth. It is just like the foundation of Criminal Courts of Peace and Specialized Courts of Terror Crimes following the emergence of these crimes.
In its fight with the Gulen movement, the government, which holds the power of legislation, first called the movement as a "Parallel Structure". Then it harshened its stance day by day. At the end, the government started to call the movement as "FETO/PDY armed terrorist organization". In order to reach its goal, the government also started to tightly control the judiciary and specifically the courts that would make the decision about the Gulen Movement. Furthermore, to prevent the courts from making decisions contrary to its political views and interests, to frighten and deter opponents and the ones who do not have similar views to theirs by means of trials in the courts, and to consolidate its ruling in the country, the government resorted to setting up new courts and continuously changing the authorities of the judges and their places of assignment. The changes in the structure and duties in the Court of Cassation and the purges were all carried out to reach that goal. These arrangements are evidently against the principle of natural judge and violate Article 37 of the Constitution and Article 6 of the ECHR.
The appointments to the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassationreveals that the Chamber is not independent and objective
The High Council of Judges and Prosecutors (HCJP) is an organization whose members are mainly from the Association of the Unity in Judiciary (AUJ), which was set up before HCJP elections of October 12, 2014 as a platform (Platform of Unity in Judiciary (PUJ)). It is a well-known fact by everyone including many international institutions that the government intervened in the HCPJ elections through PUJ. From the moment PUJ was founded, the representatives of PUJ and the members of HCJP from PUJ shared the same points of view with the government. They declared that their goal was to fight against "the parallel structure" which the government claimed to exist after December 17-25. As it was described in the press release of PUJ dated June 11, 2016, the members of PUJ are lawyers and prosecutors who came together willingly to eradicate the so- called "parallel structure" as they feel uncomfortable about it. That is to say, the members of PUJ supported the government in the emerging dispute and just like the government they claimed that the Gulen Movement is the "parallel structure" and considered it as an enemy.
As it is among the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct of the UN, judges must be independent of the society in general and of the parties to the dispute in particular. Judicial independence reveals the need for disputes between persons to be resolved by a neutral third party outside the dispute. The independent jurisdiction must be in a position of the third person who has no relation to the dispute, has no prejudice against the parties, and is not under any threat. However, in the dispute relating to the so-called "parallel structure", the members of PUJ supported the government's point of view. Showing prejudice against the other side, they have made comments reflecting bias in the dispute. Since the members of the judiciary from PUJ came together with the purpose of struggling against the alleged "parallel structure", it is definitely unethical for them to take part in the trials to be initiated on this issue. It is not possible to expect that these members of the judiciary will be impartial and act objectively in these trials.
Considering its formation, appointment and selection of its member, its members' identical views with the government on the alleged "parallel structure", it can not be said that the 16th Penal Chamber of the Supreme Court which is appointed as the appeal authority in the proceedings against the "parallel structure" allegations will be independent and impartial.
The purges in the Supreme Courts have abolished their independence.
The most important indication of the independence of a court is that its judges can not be dismissed before their term expires (Campbell and Fell/England, paragraph 80 – Lauko/Slovakia, paragraph 63). The members of the Court of Cassation had the right to continue their duties until the age of 65 according to the law, but with the Law No. 6723, which was published in the Official Gazette dated July 23, 2016, all Supreme Court members were dismissed. This change abolished the independence of the Supreme Courts. The dismissal of the members of the Court of Cassation by law is against the principles of "judicial independence", "legal guarantee of judgement" and "rule of law". After this purge, the HCJP, which was fully controlled by the ruling party, elected new members to the Court of Cassation, but this election was not based on objective criteria, which led to the questioning of the independence and impartiality of the members of supreme members.
Since neutrality requires political immunity above all else, independence must first be ensured against the legislative and executive organ. The judicial organs can not be used for the realization of certain political interests, as it can not be limited for the reason that it prevents the realization of certain political interests, nor can it be minimized for the realization of political interests.
Hence, the independence of these courts was abolished by the dismissal of existing members and the election of members after the purge.
The decisions of the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation show that it is not independent and impartial
Under this heading, we will first examine the verdict of conviction about the judges Metin Özçelik and Mustafa Başer issued by the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation as a first-instance court on April 25, 2017.[7] Then, we will discuss the decision of approval made by the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation as an appeal authority after reviewing the decision issued by 2nd Criminal Chamber of Erzurum Regional Court of Appeal about the former military personnel Murat Yılmaz and Murat Koçak[8], who were tried for involvement in the attempted coup of July 15. This decision will be contrasted shortly with the Chamber's decision to overturn the verdict on Ergenekon case.
a) The Chamber has displayed that it is not impartial by engaging with matters that are not subject to trial and appeal
As it is known, the basic element of the crime of both armed organization (Turkish Criminal Code, Article 314) and the violation of the constitution (Turkish Criminal Code, Article 309) is resorting to "force and violence."
In Özçelik and Başer case, the alleged crime for the defendants is their judicial decisions (recusation and release decision). That in the Yılmaz Koçak case is the existence of their names in the appointment list of Martial Law. In other words, the alleged crimes do not involve element of force and violence in these cases.
Given the fact that there is no definite verdict on whether the Gulen Movement is a terrorist organization, the courts can decide whether or not it is a terrorist organization only if all the actions that are sufficient to decide on this issue are made the subject matter of the court proceedings. Otherwise, it is necessary to wait for the result of the cases in which this matter is judged. In the various statements made by especially Erdogan, politicians and Mehmet Yılmaz (the then deputy chairperson of HCJP), and finally in the indictments, it has been claimed that "FETÖ/PDY" gained the character of an armed organization after the attempted coup of July 15, 2016. Accordingly, other courts must wait for the final decision of the main case about the attempted coup of July 15. Only if a final decision that the crime was committed by the Gulen Movement and therefore it is a terrorist organization is given, they can make their own decisions.
There is no case filed at the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation as a court of first instance or at the 2nd Criminal Chamber of Erzurum Regional Court of Appeal about the attempted coup of July 15 after which the Gulen Movement gained the characteristics of an armed organization and about the claim that the perpetrator of the coup was the Gulen Movement. Thus, the decision of the Chamber (and therefore of the 2nd Criminal Chamber of Erzurum Regional Court of Appeal) in this matter is an extortion of authority and a flagrant breach of impartiality.
For example, in the justification it is said, "The attempted coup of July 15 was carried out by the members of the FETO/PDY organization who had been infiltrated into the Turkish Armed Forces with the support of international power centers, as happened many times before." Even though not all the aspects and issues of the attempted coup were presented and discussed in the court in Erzurum, the chamber's making decision about the attempt and delivering opinions on the issues that are not subject to the trial is both a breach of its impartiality and reflecting bias. This situation hinders the chamber from dealing with all subsequent proceedings in this matter and is considered to be a reason for the refusal of the judge. In fact, there is no difference between the statements made by the politicians about the issue in the first minutes of the attempted coup and the Chamber's declaring that the attempted coup of July 15 was carried out by the members of the FETO/PDY organization.
b) The clearest evidence that the Chamber has lost its neutrality is its making decision based on the proofs that have not been evaluated in the local court.
The 16th Penal Chamber bases its decision that attempted coup of July 15 was carried out by the members of the alleged FETO/PDY organization on the testimonies and confessions of many suspects, open source information, court decisions, case files, investigations conducted, and findings of official institutions. None of this evidence has been discussed before the local court, and the statements including confessions have not been heard there either. Incomplete court decisions, case files and ongoing investigations were accepted as "definitive evidence" and the Chamber made its decision based on them. It is known that "open source information" consisted of news and comments provided by the Internet. This information can not be considered as evidence.
What should particularly be emphasized here is "testimonies and confessions of many suspects". Related to this issue, it is stated in the Report of Turkey prepared by the UK Parliament Foreign Affairs Commission that they do not have the information that the attempted coup was carried out by the Gülen Movement.[9] The report says; "The evidence that the Gülenists are responsible for the coup attempt is usually based on the confessions of the coup attempters. However, since these confessions are likely to have been obtained as a result of torture (there are pictures of attempters being beaten while in custody), the Parliament doubts the credibility of this evidence." [10]
As can be seen, while the UK Foreign Affairs Commission, which adopted an objective approach to the issue, was skeptical about the credibility of the confessions, the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation accepted them as "res judicata" even though they had not been discussed at local courts and they had been annexed to the file from other investigation files. According to Article 217/1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, "The judge can only make his decision based on the arguments which are presented to him and discussed in his presence." The present situation is a clear violation of this article and it is not possible to say that the decision is lawful. The Chamber's approach can only be described as a serious violation of the law, given the fact that the owners of these confessions on which the Chamber based its decision stated that these confessions were made under torture.
d) Whether or not a court is impartial sometimes manifests itself in its decisions made in similar cases.
Let us explain how the Chamber gave different verdicts in the same/similar issues by contrasting its decisions on the subject matter of this article, Ergenekon case and the "Military Espionage" cases in İzmir.
aa) The Chamber has adopted contradictory approaches to the same issues in the alleged "FETO/PDY" case and in its decision to overturn the verdict on Ergenekon case.
In its decision to overturn the verdict on Ergenekon case, the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation stated; "The verdict is to be based on the evidence provided in the trial. It can not be based on evidence that is not discussed. Evidence must be obtained in accordance with law. Otherwise, the decision can not be based on it. As a rule, in order for all evidence to be debated during the prosecution phase, it must be presented in a public hearing and in the presence of the defendants. However, as explained above, while giving its decision on approval of Yilmaz and Koçak file, the Chamber based its decision on the confessions of the suspects that were not discussed before the local court. Similarly, in the Özçelik and Başer file, the Chamber made its decision of approval as a first instance court, and it based that decision on the evidence that had not been presented to it.
One of the reasons why the Chamber made the decision to overturn the verdict of Ergenekon Case was that the verdict had been based on the testimonies and sound recordings of Tuncay Güney. He was not one of the suspects in the Ergenekon case and there was a strong doubt that illegal interrogation methods were used in the case in which he was a suspect. However, the same Chamber based its decision about the alleged "FETÖ/PDY" on the testimonies of suspects in other cases although there was a strong possibility that these testimonies had been taken under torture (which was mentioned in the report of the UK Foreign Affairs Commission).
Furthermore, the Chamber based its decision to overturn the verdict of Ergenekon Case on the fact that Özkan Kurt was a member of military, yet his testimony was taken by the Directorate of Anti-Terror Branch and there were not military police during this stage. On the other hand, in the alleged "FETO/PDY" case, the fact that the testimonies of the confessor soldiers had been taken by the police in the Directorate of Anti-Terror Branch seemed to be ignored by the same Chamber. It also ignored the photos of soldiers who were tortured and ill-treated there. The Chamber did not investigate the allegations that prohibited interrogation methods had been resorted to while taking testimonies of those soldiers by the Directorate of Anti-Terror Branch either. It is not possible to legally explain why the Chamber adopted lawful and justifiable approaches in the Ergenekon case but contradictory approaches in the alleged "FETO/PDY" case.
The Chamber considered the testimonies and confessions that had not undergone the process of trial as definite judgement without investigating whether these are taken by illegal interrogation methods. This has been recorded as a clear evidence of the supreme court's losing its credibility and impartiality.
bb) The decision of the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation about Bylock is also biased and unlawful
Since so many things have been written about the fact that Bylock is unlawful evidence, let us briefly touch on the subject to the extent concerning our position here. Related to the Bylock issue, let us ask a question: If the Bylock data, which was considered as evidence of membership of organization, were the issue in the Ergenekon case, would the Chamber make the same decision again? No doubt, it would not. Let us also say that there is no need to study law to reach this conclusion. Anyone who knows how the Bylock data was collected and who reads the decision of the Chamber to overturn the verdict of Ergenekon Case will give the same answer. When you read the information on Article 134 of the Turkish Code of Criminal Procedure which was mentioned in the decision of the Chamber to overturn the verdict of Ergenekon Case under the subheading of "c- Searching, Copying and Seizure in the Computers, Software and Logs", one cannot escape but conclude that Bylock data is unlawful evidence.
For example, in the decision of the Chamber to overturn the verdict of Ergenekon Case, it is said that; "In criminal proceedings, evidence must be legal and must be obtained in accordance with the law. Digital evidence obtained from suspects or defendants must be collected in accordance with the technical requirements set by the law, and submitted to the judicial authorities in a complete, unspoiled state so that the findings of the investigation and prosecution can be handled in a fair trial. However, it is clear that Bylock data is obtained by hacking servers in Lithuania through computer piracy. Let alone the data has not been collected in accordance with the law; the confidentiality, integrity, and credibility of the digital data obtained in this way have been so seriously harmed that there is no way to use it as evidence in the case. In the similar cases of Sledgehammer and Military Espionage, the Constitutional Court gave the decision that there was a violation of law. If the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation applied the same justifications in this case as in their decisions on the Ergenekon case, it would have to accept that Bylock data was illegal evidence and that a decision could not be based on it. The contradictory decisions of the Chamber on the Ergenekon and the alleged "FETO/PYD" cases are one of the biggest proofs that it can not give impartial decisions anymore.
Likewise, the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation has decided to endorse the acquittal decision on the grounds that "HTS records and wiretapping can not be evidence alone" in the case of "military espionage" in Izmir.[11] HTS records which show to whom, where and when one communicates are not considered sufficient evidence for conviction because their content is unknown according to the established practices of the Court of Cassation. However, the Bylock data (even if collected legally) is a much weaker evidence than the HTS records. It is clear that this information, which has no record of, with whom, when, and where one communicates, and whose content is not determined, can not be used as evidence against persons. While the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation has made a decision that "HTS records and wiretapping can not be the only evidence", it has accepted the above-mentioned Bylock data alone as an evidence of the membership of a terror organization. This leads to the impression that it has made differring decisions depending on the cases (parties).
d) That the approval of the verdict was made at a speed not seen in the history of the Turkish judiciary results in the suspicion that the judiciary is intervened.
Let us take a brief look at the progress of the case: A trial was scheduled against Murat Yilmaz and Murat Kocak on October 28, 2016 in Erzurum 2nd Penal Assize Court. On 5 January 2017, the court ordered a conviction of the defendants. 2nd Penal Chamber of Erzurum Regional Court of Appeal (RCA) refused the appeal objections with its decision dated March 2, 2017. This decision was also appealed, but the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation approved the decision of 2nd Penal Chamber of Erzurum RCA. On July 17, 2017, the justified decision of the Chamber of the Court of Cassation was announced. In other words, within 8-9 months, trials and investigations were conducted and completed in 3 separate courts. Considering the cumbersome nature of the Turkish judiciary and the fact that so many files have been accumulated, this is a surprising speed. Even if only notifications, defense periods, writing of reasoned decisions, their notification and appeal periods etc. are considered, the process can not be completed in 8-9 months. Naturally, it was not possible to present all evidence to the court and to discuss them in open hearings within this period.
Normally, the decisions of approval do not exceed one single page. However, it appears that the Chamber has accepted every evidence that is not discussed at the local courts and that it has touched all the subjects covered in the continuing cases including the notion of "mistake" in Article 30 of the Turkish Penal Code (TPC). So, what is the reason for this rush and writing such a detailed justification that contains issues not included in the case? The answer to this question is hidden in the news of the pro-government media like; "This decision, which counts the use of Bylock as a membership of the FETO, will be a guide for other courts,"[12] "The Court of Cassation refuted the defense of the people involved in the attempted coup."[13] It is understood that the file in Erzurum was chosen as the pilot file and it was concluded in a short time even though it is contradictory to the decision to overturn the verdict of Ergenekon Case made by the 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation. Of course, President Erdogan's statement that "serious verdicts of conviction will be made until the end of the year"[14] should be noted here. This statement could be considered as giving direction to the judiciary.
The primary purposes are to set a precedent for the continuing trials, to prevent the judges from making decisions contrary to government's point of view by telling them that "the Court of Cassation holds our opinion" and "the Court of Cassation is backing you."
This is the story of independence and objectivity of 16th Penal Chamber of the Court of Cassation. Unfortunately, the grave picture depicted in this article belongs to a supreme court. From the Criminal Courts of Peace to the Supreme Court, the same situation exists in all the stages of jurisdiction, and it is no longer possible to talk about judicial independence in Turkey. Naturally, it is not possible to talk about the existence of the rule of law in a place where judicial independence and legal (natural) judicial security are absent, fundamental rights and freedoms are abolished, and legal security of persons is not ensured.
In spite of all these facts, if there are people still claiming the existence of judicial independence in Turkey, let me ask them a question: After the suspension of the judges who made the decision to release the detained journalists, do you think that it is possible for the newly appointed judges to make the same decision?
[1] http://t24.com.tr/haber/akpli-ensarioglu-yasama-bizde-yurutme-bizde-yargi-bizde-her-sey-bizde,334979
[2] http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/m/haber/turkiye/604177/HSYK__ihraclarin_neden_darbeyi_bekledigini_acikladi.html
http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/m/koseyazisi/614303/HSYK_Baskanvekili__Avrupa_tercumeyi_bile_beklemedi.html
[3] http://www.yargitay.gov.tr/sayfa/basin-aciklamasi/documents/21112016BasinAciklamasi.pdf
[4] http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/tahliye-karari-verenler-aciga-alindi
https://m.bianet.org/bianet/insan-haklari/185129-21-gazeteci-icin-tahliye-karari-veren-hakimler-aciga-alindi
[5] http://www.milliyet.com.tr/hsyk-feto-cu-hakimler-icin-gundem-2322086
[6] http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/m/haber/turkiye/727559/_Bylock_kararı_bozuldu_Emsal_niteligindeki_karar_hukum_durdurdu.html
https://www.evrensel.net/haber/319569/bylocku-delil-saymayan-hakim-suruldu
http://www.adaletbiz.com/m/ceza-hukuku/gaziantep-bolge-adliye-mahkemesinden-bylock-bozma-karari-h156217.html
http://odatv.com/bylocktan-verilen-mahkumiyet-kararini-bozan-o-hakimler-suruldu-2705171200.html
[7] http://aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yargitayin-ilk-bylock-tespiti-gerekceli-kararda/842768
[8] http://aa.com.tr/tr/15-temmuz-darbe-girisimi/yargitayin-fetonun-darbe-girisimine-iliskin-ilk-onama-kararinin-gerekcesi-aciklandi/863575
[9]http://t24.com.tr/haber/almanyadan-sonra-ingiltere-darbenin-gulenciler-tarafindan-gerceklestirildigine-dair-bilgi-yok,395602
http://gazetekarinca.com/2017/03/britanya-parlamentosunun-raporu-gulen-hareketi-darbe-girisiminden-tamamiyla-sorumlu-olmayabilir
[10] http://washingtonhatti.com/2017/03/26/ingiliz-parlamentosu-da-gulencilerin-darbenin-arkasinda-oldugundan-emin-degil
[11] http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yargitay-izmir-askeri-casusluk-davasina-beraat-40259615
[12] http://aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yargitayin-ilk-bylock-tespiti-gerekceli-kararda/842768
[13] http://m.ahaber.com.tr/gundem/2017/07/21/yargitay-darbecilerin-savunmasini-curuttu
[14] http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/m/haber/siyaset/775865/_Yil_sonuna_kadar_ciddi_manada_mahk_miyet_kararlari_gelecektir_.html
« Being arrested for using encryption like being arrested for locking your front door or owning a safe.	Judges were expelled over bylock decisions »


text:
Like What You Like or Like What Others Like? Conformity and Peer Effects on Facebook
IFN Working Paper No. 886
27 Pages Posted: 28 Oct 2011 Last revised: 19 Aug 2014
See all articles by Johan Egebark
Johan Egebark
Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)
Mathias Ekström
Norwegian School of Economics (NHH) - Department of Economics; Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)
Users of the social networking service Facebook have the possibility to post status updates for their friends to read. In turn, friends may react to these short messages by writing comments or by pressing a Like button to show their appreciation. Making use of five Swedish accounts, we set up a natural field experiment to study whether users are more prone to Like an update if someone else has done so before. We distinguish between three different treatment conditions: (i) one unknown user Likes the update, (ii) three unknown users Like the update and (iii) one peer Likes the update. Whereas the first condition had no effect, both the second and the third increased the probability to express a positive opinion by a factor of two or more, suggesting that both number of predecessors and social proximity matters. We identify three reasonable explanations for the observed herding behavior and isolate conformity as the primary mechanism in our experiment.
Keywords: Herding Behavior, Conformity, Peer Effects, Field Experiment
JEL Classification: A14, C93, D03, D83
Egebark, Johan and Ekström, Mathias, Like What You Like or Like What Others Like? Conformity and Peer Effects on Facebook (October 14, 2011). IFN Working Paper No. 886. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1948802 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1948802
Johan Egebark (Contact Author)
Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN) ( email )
Grevgatan 34, 2nd floor
Stockholm, SE-102 15
Norwegian School of Economics (NHH) - Department of Economics ( email )
Helleveien 30
+47 55959817 (Phone)


This is a long term review of the Husqvarna Hatchet. I have used this hatchet for five years and in amongst my other axes is the small utility axe that I reach for more than others. At 35cm long is compares in length to Gransfors Bruks Wildlife Hatchet but the head of the 'Husky' is about a 1/3 heavier and much closer in weight to the GB Small Forest Axe. The profile is a little wider making it a marginally better splitter than these other two axes. Of course you would get more power and speed (due to to the longer handle) with the Small Forest Axe. Since owning this little axe I have hardly touched my Small Forest Axe. Its unfair to say it replaces it but this hatchet, paired with the larger Husky All-round axe (also reviewed on this blog), meets many of my wilderness needs. When it comes to packing one in my backpack for short trips then I reach for the hatchet every time. It allows me to do all the camp chores, splitting kindling and small diameter firewood, allows me to use for whittling projects and making cooking rigs and shelters, it even helps with skinning animals. At a push I could take down a small tree with it. A perfect little powerhouse.
Very back packable – short handle but punches above its weight.
Can be used as a little carving axe for spoons etc. However there are better carving axes out there.
Cheap – 25 GBP – compare this to GB axes at twice the price.
Poor sheath – replace this, make your own or 'mod' this one.
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