text:
How to Be Compassionate
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Tenzin Gyatso, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, is the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people. He frequently describes himself as a simple Buddhist monk. Born in northeastern Tibet in 1935, he was as a toddler recognized as the incarnation of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama and brought to Tibet's capital, Lhasa. In 1950, Mao Zedong's Communist forces made their first incursions into eastern Tibet, shortly after which the young Dalai Lama assumed the political leadership of his country. He passed his scholastic examinations with honors at the Great Prayer Festival in Lhasa in 1959, the same year Chinese forces occupied the city, forcing His Holiness to escape to India. There he set up the Tibetan government-in-exile in Dharamsala, working to secure the welfare of the more than 100,000 Tibetan exiles and prevent the destruction of Tibetan culture. In his capacity as a spiritual and political leader, he has traveled to more than sixty-two countries on six continents and met with presidents, popes, and leading scientists to foster dialogue and create a better world. In recognition of his tireless work for the nonviolent liberation of Tibet, the Dalai Lama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. In 2012, he relinquished political authority in his exile government and turned it over to democratically elected representatives.
His Holiness frequently states that his life is guided by three major commitments: the promotion of basic human values or secular ethics in the interest of human happiness, the fostering of interreligious harmony, and securing the welfare of the Tibetan people, focusing on the survival of their identity, culture, and religion. As a superior scholar trained in the classical texts of the Nalanda tradition of Indian Buddhism, he is able to distill the central tenets of Buddhist philosophy in clear and inspiring language, his gift for pedagogy imbued with his infectious joy. Connecting scientists with Buddhist scholars, he helps unite contemplative and modern modes of investigation, bringing ancient tools and insights to bear on the acute problems facing the contemporary world. His efforts to foster dialogue among leaders of the world's faiths envision a future where people of different beliefs can share the planet in harmony. Wisdom Publications is proud to be the premier publisher of the Dalai Lama's more serious and in-depth works. Jeffrey Hopkins, Ph.D., served for a decade as the interpreter for the Dalai Lama. A Buddhist scholar and the author of more than thirty-five books and translations, he is emeritus professor of Tibetan and Buddhist studies at the University of Virginia, where he founded the largest academic program of Tibetan Buddhist studies in the West.
The Dalai Lama's latest publication, with his former interpreter Hopkins (Tibetan & Buddhist studies, emeritus, Univ. of Virginia), does not dwell on his life or experience, as some of his more popular recent titles have done; nor does it address specifically Buddhist concerns or spirituality. Rather, the Dalai Lama works here from the Buddhist places (awareness, non-attachment) to speak to general readers about habits that make for unhappiness (anger, for one) and the attitudes that increase contentment. -VERDICT Light on politics and even lighter on the more abstruse points of Tibetan Buddhism, this is a fine and accessible book for the everyday reader; excellent for the self-help market. (c) Copyright 2011. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.
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text:
Flight Jacket conservation
military artifact conservation
B.R. Howard was contracted by the U.S. Army and Education Center to conserve their badly deteriorating bomber jacket. The jacket belonged to First Lieutenant Robert L. Aston of the 67th Bombardment Squadron 44th Bombardment, Group H, 8th Air Force. Lt. Aston served as a navigator onboard a B-24 Liberator Heavy Bomber. Over the course of his flight career, Lt. Aston flew 35 missions earning him the Distinguished Flying Cross with one Oak Leaf Cluster and an Air Medal with six Oak Leaf Clusters.
The jacket was transported to our studio for conservation. The exterior of surfaces were carefully cleaned using cotton swabs and aqueous cleaning solutions to reduce spewing oil and remove dirt and oily grime. The old surgical tape repairs and adhesive residue were carefully removed. The detached arm was aligned in its proper position and secured using reversible heat set fabric strips. Areas of missing leather were filled using small sections of vegetable-tanned cowhide. These leather inserts were secured onto polyester fabric backing material using the same heat setting material. All repairs made to the leather shell were then in-painted using a reversible in-painting palette. Metal components were cleaned and coated. Upon completing the stabilization and repair of the artifact, B.R. Howard & Associates textile conservator and mount makers designed and fabricated an exhibit case which incorporated a padded internal support structure and external cavity/pressure mount system. The combination case and mount allowed both sides of the jacket to be viewed and provide the needed support required to safely exhibit the flight jacket.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Netherlands: Anouk will release new album in November
by Roy Knoops August 24, 2014 10:48 pm 274 views
Dutch rock-singer Anouk, who represented The Netherlands at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, Sweden, will be releasing her new album in November 2014.
Anouk revealed the news on her Facebook page. The title of the album will be Paradise And Back Again. Other details are as yet unknown. Anouk is also enjoying a happy personal life: on the 29th of June 2014, she gave birth to her fifth child, a baby-boy named Sion Jethro.
Anouk Teeuwe (The Hague, 1975) is the most popular and successful female Dutch rock-artist. She represented her country at the ESC 2013 in Malmö, Sweden, with the dark ballad Birds. With this song she managed to get The Netherlands into the grand final of the ESC for the first time in nine years. Moreover, Anouk gained a top-ten position in the final, earning a ninth place with 118 points.
Stay tuned to ESCToday for the latest news on Anouk, The Netherlands and the Eurovision Song Contest.
ESC Sweden 2013
Roy Knoops
Roy is our Dutch editor. Big fan of the competition for many years. He's reporting on all kinds of Dutch news!
Malta/Norway: Alexander Rybak ends short visit in Malta
Denmark: A new Emmelie in Drunk tonight video


Our PFTH furnace is particularly adapted to the treatment of large size parts mainly found in aeronautical applications, such as landing gears. This vertical vacuum oil quenching furnace is also present in other industries that need to process heavy loads or long shafts.
This fully automated installation is specifically recommended for perfect reproducibility of results and increased productivity.
1. A high-temperature furnace (up to 1350°C) using low pressure carburizing solutions developed by ECM Technologies.
2. A high-efficiency oil quenching tank with cold water double-wall and integrated propellers.
3. An oil buffer tank, fully integrated underground in order to save floor space .
4. A mechanized elevator system, fast load transfer cycles. An original motorized clamp system supports the load in the furnace.


Connecticut residents share their photos of their favorite trick-or-treaters in their Halloween finest. Want to share your photos? Email ed@ctnews.com with the name and hometown of the featured trick-or-treater(s).
Sylvia Pinheiro, 11, of Brookfield dresses up for Halloween. She even did the makeup herself!
Julian wears a homemade Optimus Prime Transformer costume for Halloween.
Kyleigh, 9, and her 7-month-old puppy Delilah from Stamford made the journey to Hogwarts this Halloween.
Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Cowardly Lion and the Tin Man take on the town on Halloween.
Brett Sylvester and Emma Sollenne represent two sides of the law in Greenwich.
Jackson, Isabella and Charlotte from Norwalk are quite the trick-or-treat trio.
Emma Carpio of Stamford conquers trick-or-treating as Wonder Woman.
Leo Castagna of Newtown went with the classic 'Michael Myers' look.
The cast of 'Monsters, Inc.' was spotted in Stamford – featuring Kamera Dukes as Boo, Michaela Dukes as Sully and Antonio Davis as Mike Wozowski.
Nate, 3, and Alex, 1, get ready to trick or treat.
Jigsaw on the loose in a North Stratford neighborhood.
Sebastian, 3, of Naugatuck meets Spiderman at Trunk-or-Treat in Trumbull.
Charlotte, Keira and Jaden of Greenwich are ready for some Halloween candy.
Bruiser and 8 Ball are ready to greet trick or treaters.
Autumn, 10, and Jack, 7 of Stratford make the most of Trunk or Treat at Eli Whitney Elementary School.
Sienna is ready to trick or treat in Westport!
Danbury's Matthew Peralta is ready to blaze through Halloween.
Linus, Edie and Paco all dressed up for Halloween at Pacific Cafe in Pacific Cycling & Triathlon in Stamford.
Paul Ferris and Emmett Hourihan dress up as a two-headed monster in Stamford.
These trick-or-treaters got political with their costumes.


It is getting towards the springtime here in the UK, and it is likely that many of us will be hoping to lose a little weight before the warmer weather heads our way! A great thing to do is check out the diets we are eating at this time of year. It is likely that sugar forms a large part of many of our food choices.
Sugar is an essential product for our body, providing energy to our cells. The quantity we eat in our modern diet however, is far too much for our bodies to cope with. The sugar ends up being stored on our body as fat, making us overweight, unhappy and stressed.
One way to reduce the amount of sugar we eat is to keep a food diary for a few days and highlight the items which are high in sugar. Some of these items are actually quite surprising, like shop bought bread, sauces, marinades and yoghurts. Of course, there are obvious ones like chocolate, sweets, cakes and biscuits too! Once you can see where you are eating sugar, you can make healthier food swaps.


Asadi, M., Shariatmadari, N., Karimpour-Fard, M., Noorzad, A., (2017), "Validation of Hyperbolic Model by the Results of Triaxial and Direct Shear Tests of Municipal Solid Waste", Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, pp 1-13.
Asadi, M., Shariatmadari, N., Karimpour-Fard, M., (2017), "Investigation of fiber effect on the mechanical behavior of municipal solid waste by different shearing test apparatuses", International journal of Environmental Science and Technology.
Ehsani, M., Shariatmadari, N., Mirhosseini, S.M., (2017), "Experimental study on behavior of soil-waste tire mixtures",Scientia Iranica. Transaction A, Civil Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp 65.
Shariatmadari, N ., Karimpour-Fard, M., Shargh, A., (2017), "An Experimental Investigation of Liquefaction Resistance of Sand-Ground Rubber Mixtures", Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering.
Shariatmadari, N ., Karimpour-Fard, M., Shargh, A., (2017), "Evaluation of liquefaction potential in sand-tire crumb mixtures using the energy approach" International Journal of Civil Engineering.
Shariatmadari, N ., Karimpour-Fard, M., Shargh, A., (2017), "Undrained Monotonic and Cyclic Behavior of Sand-Ground rubber Mixtures", Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration.
Shariatmadari, N ., La, B. A., Nezhad, H. E., Askari, B., (2016), "Investigating the Stress–Strain and Failure Behavior of Soils Contaminated with Urban Solid Waste Leachate: A Case Study from the Landfill Area of Saravan, Rasht", International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 7, pp 451-457.
Keramati, M., Shariatmadari, N., Karimpour-Fard, M., Shahrbabak, M. N., (2016), "Dynamic Behaviour of MSW Materials Under Cyclic Triaxial Testing: A Case of Kahrizak Landfill, Tehran, Iran", Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering , Vol. 40, No. 2, pp 75-83.
Ehsani, M., Shariatmadari, N., Mirhosseini, S. M., (2015), "Shear modulus and damping ratio of sand-granulated rubber mixtures" Journal of Central South University, Vol. 22, No. 8, pp 3159-3167.
Shariatmadari, N ., Sadeghpour, A. H., Mokhtari, M., (2015), "Aging Effect on Physical Properties of Municipal Solid Waste at the Kahrizak Landfill", Iran, International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 13, No 1.
Shariatmadari, N ., Sadeghpour, A. H., Razaghian, F., (2014), "Effects Of Aging On The Shear Strength Behavior Of Municipal Solid", Iran, International Journal of Civil Engineering. Vol. 12, No. 3.
Heshmati, A. A., Shariatmadari, N., Mokhtari, M., (2014), "Compression ratio of municipal solid waste simulation using artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro- fuzzy system (ANFIS)", Earth Sciences Research Journal.
Heshmati, A. A., Shariatmadari, N., Mokhtari, M., (2014), "Design and fabrication of a large- scale oedometer", Journal Of Central South University.
Karimpour-Fard, M., Shariatmadari, N., Keramati, M., Jafari-Kalarijani, H., (2014), "An Experimental Investigation On The Mechanical Behavior Of MSW",International Journal of Civil Engineering. Vol. 12, No. 4, Transaction B: Geotechnical Engineering, pp 292-303.
Shariatmadari, N ., Saeedijam, S., (2012), "The effect of thermal history on thermo-mechanical behavior of bentonite-sand mixture", International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp 162-167.
Asadi, A., Huat, Bujang. B. K., Moayedi, H., Shariatmadari, N., Parsaie, A., (2011), "Electro-Osmotic Permeability Coefficient of Peat with Different Degree of Humification", International Journal of Electrochemical Science, nt. J. Electrochem. Sci , Vol. 6, pp 4481-4492.
Asadi, A., Huat, Bujang. B. K., Hanafi, M. M., Mohammad, T. A., Shariatmadari, N., (2011), "Chemico-geomechanical sensitivities of tropical peat to pore fluid pH related to controlling electrokinetic Environment", Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp 481-487.
Asadi, A., Huat, Bujang. B. K., Moayedi, H., Shariatmadari, N., Parsaie, A., (2011), "Changes of hydraulic conductivity of silty clayey sand soil under the effects of municipal solid waste leachate", Vol. 6 , No. 12, pp 2869-2874.
Asadi, A., Shariatmadari, N., Moayedi, H., Huat, Bujang. B. K., (2011), "Effect of MSW Leachate on Soil Consistency under Influence of Electrochemical Forces Induced by Soil Particles", Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, Vol. 6, pp 2344-2351.
Karimpour-Fard, M., Machado, S. L., Shariatmadari, N., Noorzad, A., (2011), "A laboratory study on the MSW mechanical behavior in triaxial apparatus", Waste Management, Vol. 31, pp 1807-1819.
Shariatmadari, N ., Saeidijam, S., (2011), "The Effect of Elevated Temperature on Compressibility and Swelling of Bentonite-Sand Mixtures", Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 16, pp 137-146.
Shariatmadari, N ., Salami, M., Karimpour-Fard, M., (2011), "Effect of inorganic salt solutions on some geotechnical properties of soil-bentonite mixtures as barriers", International Journal of Civil Engineering , Vol. 9, No. 2, pp 103-110.
Kamalan, H., Sabour, M. R., Shariatmadari, N., (2011), "A Review on Available Landfill Gas Models", Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp 79-92.
Shariatmadari, N ., Abdoli, M. A., Ghiasinejad, H., Mansouri, A., Alimohammadi, P., (2010), "Analysis of Help Model Application in Smi-Arid Areas, Study on Tehran Test Cells", International Journal of Civil Engineering , Vol. 8, No. 2, pp 174-186.
Shariatmadari, N ., Abdoli, M. A., Ghiasinejad, H., Alimohammadi, P., (2010), "Assesment of HELP Model Performance in Arid Area, Case Study: Landfill Test Cells in Kahrizak", Research Journal of Environmental Science, Vol. 4, pp 359-370.
Machado, S. L., Karimpour-Fard, M., Shariatmadari, N., Carvalho, M. F., Do Nascimento, J. C. F., (2010), "Evaluation of the geotechnical properties of MSW in two Brazilian landfills", Waste Management, Vol. 30, pp 2579-2591.
Ohadi, V. R., Yong, R. N., Shariatmadari, N., Saeidijam, S., Goodarzi, A. R., Safari-Zanjani, M., (2010), "Impact of carbonate on the efficiency of heavy metal removal from kaolinite soil by the electro-kinetic soil remediation method", Journal Of Hazardous Materials, pp 87-94.
Asadi, A., Huat, Bujang. B. K., Hanafi, M. M., Mohamed, Th. A., Shariatmadari, N., (2010), "Physicochemical sensitivities of tropical peat to electro-kinetic environment", Geoscience Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp 67-75.
Asadi, A., Huat, Bujang. B. K., Hassim, M., Mohamed, Th. A., Hanafi, M. M., Shariatmadari, N., (2009), "Electroosmotic Phenomena in Organic Soils, American Journal of Environmental Sciences", Am. J. Environ. Sci, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp 310-314.
Asadi, A., Huat, Bujang. B. K., Hanafi, M. M., Mohamed, Th. A., Shariatmadari, N., (2009), "Role of organic matter on electroosmotic properties and ionic modification of organic soils", Geoscience Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp 175-181.
Asadi, A., Huat, Bujang. B. K., Shariatmadari, N., (2009), "Keeping Electrokinetic Phenomena in Tropical Peat into Perspective", European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp 281-288.
Shariatmadari, N ., Machado, S. L., Nourzad, A., Karimpour-Fard, M., (2009), "Municipal solid waste effective stress analysis", Waste Management, Vol. 29, pp 2919-2930.
Saeedi, M., Jamshidi, A., Shariatmadari, N., Falamaki, A., (2009), "An Investigation on the Efficiency of Electro kinetic Coupled with Carbon Active Barrier to Remediate Nickel Contaminated Clay", Int. J. Environ, Vol. 3 , No. 4, pp 629-636.
Shariatmadari, N ., Weng, Ch. H., Daryaee, H., (2009), "Enhancement of Hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)] Remediation from Clayey Soils by Electrokinetics Coupled with a Nano-Sized Zero-Valent Iron Barrier", Environmental Engineering Science, Vol. 26, pp 1071-1079.
Falamaki, A., Shariatmadai, N., Noorzad, A., (2008), "Strength Properties of Hexametaphosphate Treated Soils", Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-environmental Engineering. ASCE , pp 1215-1218.
Shariatmadari, N ., Eslami, A., Karimpour-Fard, M., (2008), "Bearing Capacity of Driven Piles in Sands from SPT Applied to 60 Case Histories", Iranian journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp 125-140.
Shariatmadari, N ., Falamaki, A., (2007), "Electrokinetic Removal of Phenol and Petroleum Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Clays", Kuwait Journal of Science Engineering, Vol. 34, No. 13, pp 73-90.
Shariatmadari, N ., Sabour, M. R., Kamalan, M. R., Mansouri, A., Abolfazlzadeh, M., (2007), "Applying Simple Numerical Model to Predict Methane Emission from Landfill", Journal of Applied Science, Vol. 7, No. 11, pp 1511-1515.
Shariatmadari, N ., Falamaki, A., (2006), "Effect of Soil Type in Removal of Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Clay by Electrokinetics", International Journal of Eng, Science, Vol. 4, No. 17, pp 55-65.
Shariatmadari, N ., Chaichi, P., Moazami, M., (2006), "The Survey of Ground Surface Settlement Caused by Cut and Covers Tunnel Excavation in Tabriz Subway", Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 21, pp 455.
Eslami, A., Shariatmadari, N., and Karimpoor-fard, M., (2005). "Determining Ultimate Capacity of Deep Foundations Using SPT and/or SPT-CPT Equivalent Result", Journal of School of Eng. Printed in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Vol. 17, No. 1, pp 37-58.
Davoodi, M. H., Shariatmadari, N., and Samimi, M., (2003), "Investigation of Barikan Landslide", International Journal of Eng. Science, (IUST), Vol. 14, No. 2, pp 161-174.
Shariatmadari, N ., Badv, K., Arabloo, A. M., (2002), "Experimental Determination of Diffusion Coefficient for Fine Soil", International Journal of Eng. Science. (IUST), Vol. 13, No. 2, pp 73-88.
Shariatmadari, N ., Falamaki, A., (2000), "Electrokinetic Remediation of Phenol from Contaminated Clay", International Journal of Eng. Science. (IUST), Vol. 12, No. 2, pp 67-75.
Shariatmadari, N ., Karbalaeiali, S., Saeidijam S., (2012), "EKGs Application for Hydro-Mechanical Behaviour Changing in Saturated Clay", International Symposium on ground improvement, Brussels, Belgium.
Shariatmadari, N ., Karimpour-Fard, M., Keramati, M., Jafari-Kalarijanin, S. H., Neyebi, A., (2011), "Fiber Content Impact On The Shear Strength Of Msw Materials In Direct Shear Tests", Thirteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Sardiania, Italy.
Shariatmadari, N ., Mansouri, A., Zarrabi, M., (2011), "Monitoring the Temperature in a Sanitary Landfill in Tehran", Geo-Frontiers, Texas.
Shariatmadari, N ., Machado, S. L., Noorzad, A., Karimpour-Fard, M., Keramati, M., Jafari-Kalarijanin, S. H., (2010), "Shearing Rate Effect On Mechanical Behavior Of MSW Materials", Fifth International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics , San Diego, California.
Shariatmadari, N ., Salami, M., (2010), "Effect of Salt Solutions Found in Landfill Leachate on some Properties of Soil-Bentonite Mixtures as liners", Sixth International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics, New Delhi, India.
Shariatmadari, N ., Karimpour-Fard, M., Keramati, M., Jafari-Kalarijanin, S. H., (2010), "Mechanical response of MSW materials subjected to shearing in direct shear test apparatus", The 4th International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics, Tehran, Iran.
Shariatmadari, N ., Mahdi, M., (2010), "Analysis of interaction in excavation of adjacent tunnels", Geotechnical challenges in megacities, Moscow.
Shariatmadari, N ., Mahdi, M., (2010), "Back analysis of Tehran metro tunnel construction using the FLAC-3D", Geotechnical challenges in megacities, Moscow.
Shariatmadari, N ., Machado, S. L., Noorzad, A., Karimpour-Fard, M., Mansouri, A., (2009), "Loading Rate Evaluation On The Mechanical Behavior Of Saturated Msw Materials", Twelfth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium , Cagliari, Italy.
Shariatmadari, N ., Mansouri, A., Zarrabi, M., Karimpour-Fard, M., (2009), "Effect of Waste Compaction in Landfill Settlement – A case Study in Iran", Twelfth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Sardinia.
Noorzad, A., Falamaki, A., Shariatmadari, N., (2009), "Fine-grained soil improvement by electrokinetic injection", 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Alexandria, Egypt.
Shariatmadari, N ., Mansouri, A., (2008), "A comparison among empirical settlement rediction functions- A case study in IRAN", Eleventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium , Sardinia, Italy.
Shariatmadari, N ., Mansouri, A., Karimpour-Fard, M., (2008), "Monitoring the Landfill Settlement, Case study: Tehran Sanitary Landfill', Proceedings of the Eighth Japan-Korea-France joint seminar in Geo-environmental engineering , Kyoto, Japan.
Shariatmadari, N ., Daryaee, H., (2008), "Simultaneous Effect of Electrokinetics and Zero-valent iron Application As a PRB for Cr (VI) Removal from Contaminated Soils", 9th International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology and Global Sustainable Development, Hong Kong , pp 345-355.
Shariatmadari, N ., Shabani, A., (2008), "Landfill Settlement Prediction: An Emprical Model Based on Artificial Neural Networks", Safety Health and Environmental World Congress, Rio de Janeiro.
Shariatmadari, N ., Mansouri, A., Karimpour-Fard, M., (2007), "Empirical Settlement Redaction Functions A case study in Iran", Eleventh International waste management and landfill symposium, Sardinia.
Shariatmadari, N ., Mansouri, A., Karimpour-Fard, M., (2007), "A Comparison Among Emprical Settlement Rediction Function – A Case Study in IRAN", Eleventh International waste management and landfill symposium, Sardinia.
Shariatmadari, N ., Chaichi, P., Moazami, M., (2006), "The Survey of Ground Surface Settlement Caused by Cut and Covers Tunnel Excavation in Tabriz Subway", Proceeding the ITA WTC, South Korea, Seoul.
Shariatmadari, N ., Samimi, M., Rezania, M., (2004), "Investigation and Treatment Analysis of Barikan Landslide", Proceeding of The Fifth International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, New York, NY , Paper No. 203.
Shariatmadari, N ., Farrokhi, M., Falamaki, A., (2004), "Prediction of Partition Coefficients for Cadmium by Neural Networks", 57th Canadian Geotechnical Conference. Hilton Quebec, Quebec City, Canada.
Shariatmadari, N ., Falamaki, A., (2004), "Remediation of Hydrocarbons From Contaminated Soil by Electrokinetics", 1st National Congress of Civil Engineering. Tehran, Iran.
Koliji, A., Shariatmadari, N., (2004), "Effect of Material properties on the Stability of Solid Waste Landfills and potential Failure mechanisms", 57th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Quebec City, Session 2D , pp 9-14.
Shariatmadari, N ., Rezania, M., (2003), "Investigation of Surface Settlement Induced by Underground Metro Excavation in Tehran", Proceeding of The Sixth International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geo-mechanics , Oslo, Norway, pp 355-361.
Shariatmadari, N ., Garga, V. K., (2001), "Effect of pH Enhancement in Efficiency of Electrokinetic Decontamination", 54th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Calgary. Canada.
Shariatmadari, N ., Garga, V. K., Falamaki, A., (2001), "Phenol Removal from Contaminated Clay by Electrokinetics", 2nd Australia - New Zealand Conference on Environmental Geotechnics.
Shariatmadari, N ., Garga, V. K., (1996), "Decontamination of Zinc Polluted Kaolinite with Electrokinetic process", 49th, Canadian Geotechnical Conference, St. John. Canada.


text:
Q: UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: TypeError: Assignment to constant variable I am doing my where clause outside the findAll() method to allow the user to send filter's or not in the request body. One of the values on my request body is categoryId that can be sent or not.
This is my code :
     const where = {}
        if (categoryId) {
            where = { '$subcategories.category_id$': categoryId
         }
        }

    try {
            const establishments = await establishment.findAll({
                attributes: [
                    "id",
                    "description",
                    "latitude",
                    "longitude",
                    [sequelize.literal(' (6371 * acos ( '
                        + 'cos( radians(' + latitude + ') ) '
                        + '* cos( radians( latitude ) ) '
                        + '* cos( radians( longitude ) - radians(' + longitude + ') )'
                        + '+ sin( radians(' + latitude + ') )'
                        + '* sin( radians( latitude ))))'), 'distance']
                ],
                include: [{
                    attributes: [],
                    model: subcategory, as: 'subcategories',
                    required: false,
                },
                {
                    attributes: ["id", "name"],
                    model: certificate, as: 'certificates',
                    required: false,
                },
                ],

                where: {
                    where
                },

                establishments: ['id'],
            });
 } catch (error) {
        console.log(error)
        res.status(400).json({ Error: "Error while fetching the establishment" });
    }

Error given :
UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: TypeError: Assignment to constant variable.
 UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: Unhandled promise rejection. This error originated either by throwing inside of an async function without a catch block, or by rejecting a promise which was not handled with .catch()

A: You cannot assign values to const variables once it is declared.
either use let
let where = {}
or
const where = {}
if (categoryId) {
  where['subcategories.category_id'] = categoryId
}

change where: { where } to where: where

A: const where = {}

If you create a variable with const, then you can't redeclare it again. You should use let instead.
let where = {}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Coronavirus update: Centre relaxes restrictions on transportation of goods
Hindustan Times | New Delhi, Mar 30
The home ministry reiterated that groceries, earlier classified as an essential commodity, will also include items such as hand wash, surface cleaners, battery cells, toothbrush and oral care products
The Union home ministry has decided to relax restrictions on transportation of all goods in addition to essential commodities across states and union territories.
The latest directive was among two communications sent to all states, laying down more clarifications on what constitutes as essential commodities and services that can be carried out during the lockdown. The ministry also reiterated that states need to ensure the lockdown is enforced strictly and the movement of migrant labours is halted.
"With the first addendum, transportation of all goods, without distinction of essential and non-essential, have been allowed," said the letter sent on Sunday to all state chief secretaries by Union home secretary Ajay Bhalla.
The reference to the first addendum was to an order issued on March 25 by the home ministry, adding "inter-state movement of goods and transport for inland and exports" as one of the exceptions in the rule banning all air, rail and road transport.
"Allowing transportation of all goods would mean that truckers stuck in highways across the country after the lockdown would be able to reach their destination. It would also let truckers who are not stuck and without items, freeing up more capacity for essential services," said a government official aware of the discussions to add the exceptions, asking not to be named.
"Should the need arise for mass transport of items to any corner of the country, transportation capacity would hence be available," the official added.
While non-essential items will be moved, the ban on their sale – including through websites such as Amazon and Flipkart -- continues.
Home secretary Bhalla and Union cabinet secretary Rajiv Gauba also spoke to chief secretaries and state police chiefs on Sunday morning, when it was communicated that individual district officials will be held responsible for the implementation of the lockdown.
The home ministry reiterated that groceries, earlier classified as an essential commodity, will also include items such as handwash, surface cleaners, battery cells, toothbrush and oral care products.
The services of the Red Cross have also been included in the list of those exempted from the ban.
The letter also referenced other directions in the second order, which include prohibiting home owners from seeking rent from people for a month and employers from withholding salaries.
"Our top priority at this time is delivery products that customers need the most. We continue to resume services gradually, adding in more cities as we get the necessary clearances and passes from the local authorities. We are first serving existing orders for essential products and accepting new orders for these items only. We continue to work with the Central and local authorities to urgently enable us to deliver essential products to customers, so that they can continue to stay home and keep India safe," digital retailer Amazon said in a statement.
Courtesy: Hindustan Times
Hindustan Times
India tackling another wave of pandemic with caution and confidence: PM Modi
India's strength is an example for the whole world at the moment, PM Narendra Modi said at the WEF's Davos Agenda summit
Over 156 crore doses administered as India completes 1 year of Covid-19 vaccination campaign
PM Narendra Modi lauded the efforts of those associated with the Covid-19 vaccination drive
Claims of under-reporting of COVID-19 deaths are ill-informed, baseless & misleading: Health Ministry
The reports are based on a study which seems biased in nature, the ministry said
India vs Disinformation
IndiaVsDisinformation.com is an online news portal which brings to you authentic information about the world's largest democracy.


Small Multi-Use Refrigerator Magnets for Refrigerator, Science, Crafts - Tiny Round Disc, Sliver, Approximately, 20Pcs Magnet Cold Box Magnet Office Magnet Stud Magnet Magnetism Strong Prefect Refrigerator Magnets For Fridge,Also Can be used As Craft Magnets.Prefect Size And Easy to Find. these magnets are perfect to be used as refrigerator magnets, dry erase board magnet, whiteboard magnet, office magnets, fridge magnets, DIY magnets and much more. corrosion resistant Magnets made from Brushed Nickle silver satin material.


text:
Q: FingerPrint Scanner in Windows tab I want to use Secugen Biometric in windows tab application.
I want to read the user finger print from my application but I am not able to do so
finger print working fine for the default windows sign in, I did much R & D
Please help me to find resolution
http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/38881/Fingerprint-Reader-Integration-using-the-M-SYS-SDK
it is also not working


The leader of the proscribed Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), Nnamdi Kanu, has been condemned by the acting National Chairman of the United Patriots, Chukwudi Ezeobika, over his call for a referendum on Biafra on February 16 to coincide with the presidential election.
Ezeobika, in a statement on Saturday, said the call was irresponsible, unpatriotic and misplaced.
Reacting to the IPOB leader's call, Ezeobika said being aware of the deplorable state of affairs in Nigeria under the President Muhammadu Buhari-led All Progressives Congress government, it was disturbing for anyone to encourage the Igbo to boycott the general elections especially the Presidential and National Assembly elections in place of a referendum.
He said, "The consequence of this unfortunate call for a referendum by Nnamdi Kanu cannot be overemphasized hence my genuine call on all Igbo wherever they are in Nigeria to jettison this irresponsible call and turn out en masse to vote for a presidential candidate of their choice come February 16.


We regularly review and draft contracts of employment and Service Agreements for Directors. Doing so enables us to highlight some important areas for you to consider.
The starting point is the interaction of the contract with other documentation, in particular, the offer letter and staff handbook.
Our view is that the offer letter should be limited in what it says about the benefits/terms being provided simply to avoid the risk that the two contradict each other leading to confusion or uncertainty. Ideally, the focus of the offer letter is to sell the role and organisation, rather than detailing all the terms of employment.
In relation to the staff handbook, our view is that this should be 'non-contractual'. That way you shouldn't need to seek your staffs' consent every time there is a change in law and various policies/rules need updating.
The starting point for the contract is section 1 of the ERA (available here http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18/section/1) which dictates what information must be included in every contract of employment. There are other sections that need to be considered as referred to in s1 ERA, but the key point to highlight is that these are here to protect the employee, not you.
Our view is that while the contract must comply with s1 ERA, it can (and should) go further to offer your organisation greater protection. The contract is your opportunity to balance some of your employees' rights and to protect your business.
Provided the contract is in writing the terms specified in it will be 'express'. In addition to these, the courts can also 'imply' terms between you and your employees. Some of the implied terms place obligations on you (such as to provide a suitable working environment), whereas others are placed on the employee (such as, the duty of fidelity).
For any areas that require the employee's express consent, you must ensure this is secured, and the contract is the easiest place to do so. This will be for things like your ability to make lawful deductions and to process personal data (see below).
While your employees are under obligations not to use or disclose confidential information during their employment, the obligation ceases when their employment ends.
In order to protect your organisation, you should consider and clearly state what information is confidential and that the obligations not to disclose it extend beyond the termination of employment.
This area also highlights how confidential information is used within your organisation. Here IT policies can be key to detail the practical ways in which your confidential information can/cannot be used by employees, especially when it comes to the security.
We usually hear from employers that clauses preventing an employee's activities after the termination of their employment are unenforceable. We disagree.
We shall shortly be circulating an article on this topic, which will contain further information.
These link heavily to clauses dealing with restrictions especially when considering garden leave provisions. The general rule is that the longer the notice period, the better protected an employee is (as it will cost you more to dismiss).
We usually advise that clients have different notice periods in place, in particular, to reflect the notice required during and after probationary periods.
Once a probationary period has been passed, notice periods usually increase, but you can have different levels of notice from you and the employee.
You will process 'personal data' about your employees and, to do so, you need their express consent (see above). While it is usual to have policies governing how your organisation will process 'personal data', the contract can be the easiest place to secure their express consent.
When the new General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) come into force next year, these rules will become even stricter and the penalties more onerous.
The amount you pay when an employee is on sick leave can impact on the level of absences in your organisation; the more generous you are, the more absence may be an issue. Often organisations pay more than just SSP or will only pay SSP and retain discretion to pay more. This is common, but it poses a risk.
If you inadvertently treat one (or one group) of employees less favourably than another, this can lead to allegations of discrimination. The most obvious issues lie with those employees who are 'disabled' within the meaning of the Equality Act 2010. A disabled employee is likely to have more time off owing to their illness and such less favourable treatment will probably amount to discrimination on your part.
There are strict rules that apply when it comes to deducting money from an employee's salary. If an unlawful deduction is made, the employee is entitled to recover the sum deducted and you will be prevented from recovering the amount.
The legislation views wages as sacrosanct (Wages Act 1986), and the only way to be able to deduct money is to have the employee's express consent that in certain circumstances money can be deducted from their pay. Owing to the need to have this as an express term, the contract is the best place to provide for this.
There are many other areas to a contract that need careful consideration and drafting. Contracts should also be regularly reviewed and updated, where necessary.
If you would like to speak with us regarding a review of your contracts, or for more information, please contact us.


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GSU announces performance line up
STATESBORO — The Georgia Southern University Performing Arts Center has announced the 2013-14 season, including tributes to Johnny Cash and Patti Page, Broadway performances, the Moscow Festival Ballet and more.
"We are excited about the wide range of talents and performances this season will bring to the Georgia Southern campus and Statesboro community," Performing Arts Center director Carol Thompson said. "From Broadway stars to nostalgic tributes, this series of eclectic performances is sure to entertain audiences of all ages."
The season kicks off at 7:30 p.m. Sept. 26 with "Broadway Boys." Other season performances include the Hungarian State Folk Ensemble on Oct. 17, Sandy Hackett's Rat Pack show on Nov. 1, and "Ring of Fire: The Music of Johnny Cash " on Nov. 21.
The season will continue in 2014 with "Flipside: The Patti Page Story" on Jan. 14, a comedy about Groucho Marx on Feb. 1, and the Moscow Festival Ballet performing "Cinderella" on Feb. 21.
A tribute to Judy Garland and Liza Minnelli in "Liza & Judy: Together Again!" will be performed March 6. The season will close on April 11 with "Hot on Broadway," featuring Tony Award-winning cast members performing the songs and dances of today's Broadway hits.
Previous season-subscription holders can renew their subscriptions from Aug. 5-21. New season subscriptions may be purchased from Aug. 26-Sept. 26.
Tickets for individual performances go on sale to the general public on Sept. 12.
To purchase tickets, contact the Performing Arts Center's Box Office at 912-478-7999 between 10 a.m.-4 p.m., Monday through Friday.
Tickets also are available one hour prior to curtain on the show date.


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About FCD
Some Principles of Statecraft: How To Think About "Annapolis"
Foreign Policy Oslo/Peace Process
by LanoitYarco October 22, 2007 February 13, 2019 040
The Camp David formula "land for peace," the basis of the forthcoming Annapolis Summit, is rooted in an erroneous and fatal assumption. That certain Arab leaders agree to negotiate with Israel on the basis of this formula has induced politicians in Israel and abroad to regard such Arabs as "moderates." This assumption stands in striking contrast to principles of statecraft enunciated by Prince Metternich, the great 19th century Austrian statesman on whom Henry Kissinger wrote his doctoral dissertation.
According to Metternich, "to base one's conduct in an important undertaking on faith in the moderation of one of the contracting parties is asking for trouble … to build on air, to gamble the future on one throw." This faith animated Shimon Peres and Yossi Beilin, the architects of the disastrous Oslo or Israel-PLO Agreement of 1993. The same faith animates Benjamin Netanyahu's insistence on "reciprocity" when dealing with Arab leaders. It was this historically unfounded faith that led him to sign the Wye River Memorandum, which surrendered large areas of Judea and Samaria to Yasser Arafat—a major step toward an Arab Palestinian state.
As Metternich saw, to expect the leaders of a dictatorship (such as the Fatah- or Hamas-led Palestinian Authority) to be moderate is like asking them to destroy the foundation of their existence. What follows (with parenthetic comments) are related Metternichean principles of statecraft:
(1) Any plan conceived in moderate terms must fail when the circumstances are set in the extreme. In any situation where each of the possible lines of action involves difficulty, the strongest line is the best. (Notice how the United States constantly asks Israel to exercise "self-restraint" or moderation vis-a-vis its enemies, be it Hamas or Fatah. Moderation is not a virtue when fighting for your survival.)
(2) Compromise is the easy refuge of irresolute or unprincipled men. Of course compromise is appropriate when dealing with temporary and partial interests. But a nation's survival is not a matter of compromise. (Nations have permanent strategic interests, for example, territorial depth. Israel's control of the Golan Heights does not threaten Syria, Syrian control of the Golan would threaten Israel if only because Syria is a military dictatorship.)
(3) Nations with democratic forms of government are not for that reason the natural allies of each other or the implacable foes of dictatorships. (This crucial principle was demonstrated at Camp David in 1978 and will be operating at the projected Annapolis Summit.)
(4) In this age of publicity the first concern of government must be this: not only to be right, but, even more important, to see that everything is called by its right name. (This principle has been constantly violated by Israeli governments steeped as they have been in the mendacious "peace process." Indeed, as a former Israeli ambassador and adviser to Shimon Peres told me in three decades ago, "We can't lie as well as the Arabs.")
(5) Weaker states can ill-afford merely to react to events; they must also try to initiate them. (The contrary was taught by the late Professor Yehoshafat Harkabi, head of Israel's "War College" and reputed mentor of Mr. Peres. It is in this light that we should understand Israel's policy of self-restraint toward Arab Palestinian terrorists. No less than Ariel Sharon once said that "self-restraint is strength"—a possibly sensible attitude when applied to individuals but absurd when applied to nation like Israel struggling against an enemy religiously committed to Israel's annihilation.)
(6) We must rely for the execution of our plans on ourselves alone and on such means as we possess. (Israeli governments repeatedly violate this principle by relying excessively—I repeat excessively—on the United States. The eminent Bernard Lewis warned that when the U.S. serves as the "honest broker," Arab and Israelis negotiators end up negotiating with the U.S. The result is predictable: Israel is called upon to make "confidence building gestures" like releasing hundreds of Arab terrorists and ceding Jewish land for nothing.)
(7) When called upon to handle important matters, the statesman must tackle them vigorously. For this to happen it is necessary that the course decided upon should not only be clear in the eyes of the Cabinet, but should also be made clear in the eyes of the public.
This principle has been violated again and again by virtually every Israel government. No wonder: the cabinet consists of rival political parties incapable of pursuing a coherent, long-range, and resolute national strategy. In fact, the average duration of an Israeli government is less than two years!
What indeed are we to say of a system of government that enabled Likud leader Ariel Sharon to become Labor's surrogate prime minister by adopting Labor's policy of "unilateral disengagement" which he had campagned against in the January 2003 election?
Hence I ask: where are the pundits with candor and courage enough to say that every few years the people of Israel exercise their political freedom and then relapse into servitude? Where are the lovers of Am Yisrael that will enlighten the people and liberate them from the democratically elected despotism leading this deeply confused country to Munich 2?
A Jewish Philosophy of History—Updated & Revised
Motion of No-Confidence in Israel
LanoitYarco
Collateral Damage and Cocker Spaniels
LanoitYarco July 28, 2006 February 13, 2019
Why Peace Eludes Israel
LanoitYarco September 25, 2007 February 13, 2019
From Martin Buber to Michael Oren
LanoitYarco August 5, 2009 June 5, 2019
The Likud Is Dead: And So Is Politics
A Legacy of Betrayal
Feiglin's Superficiality
Israel's Existential Dilemma
To Hell With the United Nations! Welcome Israel!
A Sovereign Statehood
Beliefs & Perspectives
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Constitution & Rights
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Disengagement
Electorate/Demographics
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Intifada & Terrorism
Iranian Threat
Islam & Arab
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LanoitYarco December 2, 2009 June 5, 2019
by LanoitYarco December 2, 2009 June 5, 2019 0
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The Foundation Blog strives to provide Israel and USA News, and offers a wide range of statistics and analyzed opinions of many correspondents who highlight developments and events from Jewish people and communities in Israel and the USA as well. If you would like to know more about reliable political news and if you need more information about today in Israel news, do not hesitate to contact foundation1.org
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Today in Israel News
The Research Institute Oslo Peace plans research on the circumstances and all conditions in order to manage peaceful relations between states, people and groups. This is an independent institute that owns its personal editorial offices and journals. By following the Foundation Blog, you will be updated about Israel and USA news and also the latest democratic political news.
The Particularism that Nurtures Universalism
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What is a Jew and What is a Jewish State?
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Everyone loves angels. These little angel ornaments will warm the Christmas season and can keep you company long after the last ornament is tucked away. Measures 4.9" high. Made of beech wood and cotton/polyester.


Join the growing number of Metro Vancouver residents interested in collaborative home ownership. Send us a note to join our events email list or for information on how to get more actively involved. You will receive an email within 3 business days including a link to a survey about you and your housing interests. Please help us out by taking 5 minutes to complete this survey. Thank you.


Not sure what happened, but apparently I did not sumbit this the first time. I am trying to create a situation where room exits will change when the player "flips a switch" of some sort. I thought movement restrictions might help, but it looks like that's mostly for locking doors. I tried to use a task setup, thinking I could have the player move into a seperate map, and then have them teleported back past that special room once completed, but then I realized that I still have the movement issue when they come back to the area. The idea is not that a door is locked, but basically that it returns them back to the start of the room sequence until the flip the switch, which then permanently changes the last room exit to continue onto the map insead of returning to start.
You need to create a general task with the same command line as the "Player movement" task.
This should have restrictions that it only runs if the player is in the correct room, tries to go in the direction of the door, and the switch is in the position that returns them to the start.
Don't put any text in the failure messagebox of any of these restrictions.
In the actions of this task move the player back to the start of the room sequence and execute the "Look" task so they know where they are.
You are a peach, thank you!


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Apple makes history, becomes world's first $1trn company
Justice Okamgba
Justice Godfrey Okamgba is Businessamlive Reporter.
You can contact him on justice.okamgba@businessamlive.com with stories and commentary.
August 2, 2018409 views0 comments
Apple, makers of globally popular iPhone, iPad and iPod and smart watches, made history on Thursday when it became the world's first $1 trillion company to be listed, crowning a decade-long rise triggered by its ubiquitous iPhone that transformed it from a niche player in personal computers into a global powerhouse spanning entertainment and communications, according to monitored news agency reports.
The tech company's stock jumped 2.8 percent to as high as $207.05, bringing its gain to about nine percent since Tuesday when it reported June-quarter results above expectations and said it bought back $20 billion of its own shares.
Apple's stock market value is greater than the combined capitalization of Exxon Mobil, Procter & Gamble and AT&T. It now accounts for 4 percent of the S&P 500.
Daily Mail reported that as of about 5:30 p.m. on Tuesday, Apple's market cap stood at about $935.3 billion – a few billion shy of the $1 trillion mark predicted by analysts and investors.
Confirmation of such a result was not expected to come until markets opened on Wednesday, but chief executive Tim Cook said he was delighted with the figures reported. That confirmation however came on Thursday.
'We're thrilled to report Apple's best June quarter ever, and our fourth consecutive quarter of double-digit revenue growth,' Apple CEO Tim Cook said in a statement.
'Our [third quarter] results were driven by continued strong sales of iPhone, Services and Wearables, and we are very excited about the products and services in our pipeline.'
According to data gathered by business a.m., Apple's valuation stood at $753 billion Q1, $749 billion Q2, $791 billion Q3, and Q4 $868,880 billion in 2017.
As of 30 June 2015, Apple was the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization. Apple's worldwide annual revenue in 2010 totaled US$65 billion, growing to US$127.8 billion in 2011 and $156 billion in 2012.
For more than 30 years, Apple computer was largely a maker of personal computers, including the Apple II, Macintosh, and Power Mac lines, but it faced rocky sales and low market share during the 1990s.
Recently, Apple was beaten by Chinese Huawei to become second largest smartphone seller. Data from IDC shows that smartphone vendors shipped a total of 342 million units during the second quarter, down 1.8 percent from the 348.2 million units in the year-ago period.
It's the third straight quarter showing a year-over-year decline in smartphone shipments — and the first time in eight years Apple hasn't been the number one or two smartphone company in terms of market share.
Nigerian banks' overnight rates moderate as N93.74bn maturing OMO bills hit the system
Nigeria's efforts at broadening non-oil revenue base have so far proven largely unsuccessful, Moody'...
Analysts foresee rise in oil prices but not up to $100
Global water market to reach $915bn by 2023 as oil and commodity prices recover
Nigeria's debt office says debt rebalancing has reduced interest rate, improved private sector lendi...
NNPC assures of petroleum products supply nationwide, allays fear of scarcity
$300m Diaspora Bond to attract more inflows as Nigeria tops in global remittance receipt
Oil falls near 2% as U.S.-China trade war intensifies
BREAKING: SEC orders Oando Group CEO Wale Tinubu, others to resign
TagsApple Exxon Mobil Procter & Gamble and AT&T Tim Cook
PreviousScandinavian countries lead European telecoms industry
NextNigeria central bank issues revised cheques clearing rules effective Sept 1
Analysts foresee rise in Nigeria's August inflation on supplementary budget spending
Frontpage July 26, 2018
World stocks rise to six-month highs on optimism over U.S.-China trade, soft Brexit hopes
Frontpage April 3, 2019
Stocks mixed, dollar gains as trade news awaited
Frontpage March 5, 2019
FG begins 2020 budget preparation, warns against inflating personnel cost
Frontpage June 5, 2019
Central bank governors see rising rates as most significant risk in 2018
Frontpage April 16, 2018


text:
Air Loom (2019)
Ealing Feeder (2017)
Guest spots and other early work
Giant – opera in development
Robotic art
Album Ealing Feeder
Giant - electroacoustic opera in development
Eugene O'Neill's The Hairy Ape
The Twilight Zone on stage
BBC R4 docs on songbird learning and echoes
Daphne Oram - Radiophonic pioneer
Machine music from 1804
Sidebar here
acoustics of music animal intelligence Arp 2500 Baird Bird Fancyer's Delight birds and music bird training brown note Carnival Catalyst clog dancing dubstep Early Music early television Edison phonograph experimental instruments Fairlight Gilbreths history of drum machines history of sound recording infrasonic music infrasound Kraftwerk Lost and Found Orchestra Mellotron musical saw national physical laboratory organ pipes physics of music Sawchestra saw player Science Museum stores serinette skiffle Spacedog Steampunk Stooky Bill subwoofer talking birds Taylorism TEDx Brighton Televisor The Bird Fancyer's Delight ventriloquist's dummy White Mischief Wurlitzer Sideman
Amulet 14 September 2019
Guest spots and other early work 12 September 2019
Ealing Feeder (2017) 12 September 2019
Air Loom (2019) 27 January 2019
Paul Hamlyn Award for composers 21 December 2018
The Bird Fancyer's Delight – background notes
This Radio 4 documentary aired at 1:30pm on 5 July 2011. It's repeated at 3:30pm on Saturday 9 July.
Now available on the BBC iPlayer.
For those of you who would like to know more about The Bird Fancyer's Delight, here are some references I've found as I researched this topic, including transcripts from the British Library, music excerpts, photographs of a serinette and details of contributors to the show. I hope you find them interesting.
Thanks to the reviewers in the Observer, Telegraph, Times and Independent who were kind enough to give the show such a good write-up. Thanks also to the marvellous Project Moonbase, retrofuturistic podcasters, for giving the show an honourable mention in show number 38.
We know we can teach birds to talk and sing. But were birds ever used as primordial, feathered music recorders? Did we use them to bring popular music into our homes on command before the advent of the phonograph, the gramophone and radio?
In this Radio 4 documentary, produced by Neil McCarthy, I take this question to biologists, bird keepers, musicians and others and revealing some surprising curiosities in the archives — oddities that should fascinate anyone with an interest in birdsong, music or early sound recording.
This radio piece is packed with some of my favourite bird training ephemera, including 1700s dance tunes and some wonderful 1950s bird training records. Human contributors include ornithologist Geoff Sample, poet Katrina Porteous, behavioural ecologist Tim Birkhead, composer Aleks Kolkowski and Yorkshire's 'Champion of Champion' roller canary fancyer Ken Westmorland.
Contributors to the show
This show was developed from a talk I presented a couple of years ago at Dorkbot London and later at The Last Tuesday Society, London. The show's producer was Neil McCarthy – Neil and I met when I presented a short piece on the Edison phonograph and the alleged voice of Queen Victoria, for another Radio 4 documentary.
Here are a few of the people you can hear in the show (in order of appearance):
Aleksander Kolkowski – composer with an interest in bird song training and early sound recording and playback technology
Tim Birkhead – behavioural ecologist from Sheffield University, and author of the book the Red Canary, a book on the culture of breeding and rearing songbirds and the evolutionary biology of birdsong
Ken Westmorland – 'champion of champions' roller canary fancier
Geoff Sample – ornithologist and wildlife sound recordist
Katrina Porteous – poet, historian and broadcaster whose work is inspired by the culture and landscape of the Northumberland coast
I also spoke to these other very helpful experts who you don't get to hear on the show:
Grant Findlay – former chairman of the Budgerigar Society
June Holmes – archivist of the Natural History Society of Northumbria. June is an expert on the late Sparkie Williams, who now graces a case in the Great North Museum: Hancock. Sparkie currently shares an exhibition case with a number of other bird specimens but June is trying to raise funds for a dedicated display.
Nicholas Lander – expert on the history of the recorder. The two woodcuts on this page are from Nicholas' site.
Steve Nichols – Chief Executive of the Parrot Zoo (aka the UK National Parrot Sanctuary). Steve spoke to me at length about the ethics of keeping caged birds. Many of the parrots and parakeets at the sanctuary come from caring owners who are no longer able to look after their pets (with a lifespan in captivity in excess of 50 years, many parrots outlive their owners). Sadly, some parrots and parakeets end up at the sanctuary after being discarded by buyers who expected them to talk. When birds don't talk readily and are rejected by their owners and left alone for long periods of the day, they become lonely and exhibit distressed, self-harming behaviour – a problem Steve often finds with new arrivals at the sanctuary.
Don Rowell and Linda Heighton – champion budgerigar fanciers
Derek Smith – researcher of Sparkie Williams who is currently trying to make a documentary about Sparkie and his trainer Mattie.
The Serinette
La Serinette (the bird organ), Jean-Baptiste Chardin, 1751
Hanging in The Louvre, this painting by Jean Baptiste Siméon Chardin shows a woman playing a serinette or bird organ.
The serinette has short, high-pitched pipes so it plays tunes in the same register as birdsong when you turn the handle. It was used as an automatic alternative to wind instruments such as recorder or flageolet. Popular in France throughout the eighteenth century, the serinette was used to play tunes to birds to encourage or train them to sing ('serin' is French for canary).
In this painting, we can see the woman smiling at her caged birds, presumably because they were singing. But there's a mystery: were the birds simply chirping along, with their own song, in the style of the canaries of Virginia Belmont? Or were they mimicking the tune of the serinette?
A couple of years ago, I was lucky enough to see a serinette in the Musée de la Musique Mécanique, Les Gets, France. You can clearly see the pins which push up levers, opening pipe valves, as the barrel turns. The serinette can play several tunes which were listed on the lid. Tunes are selected by moving the barrel slightly to the left or right — this engages different sets of pins:
Lid of serinette, listing a Gavotte and other tunes
Ken Westmorland's Roller Canaries
Ken's roller canaries are bred for their song, not their colour. Rather than singing the high-pitched trills and cheeps that attract female canaries in the wild, these birds have been bred over many generations to make soothing, low-pitched purring sounds and clucks. The roller canary makes most of these distinctive sounds with its beak closed. One element of its song, the glock, is said to be like the sound of water slopping in a bucket.
In the show, you hear Ken explaining that his birds' talents are largely down to genetics. His prize specimens are particularly good at learning roller sounds. In conversation, Tim Birkhead agreed that Ken, in breeding his prize birds, has been selecting the best students of these strange sounds. Morphologically, there's nothing to distinguish Ken's birds from other captive-bred canaries – it's all down to their ability to learn roller song.
The Bird Fancyer's Delight
Throughout the show, you can hear my short renditions of these tunes from 1717, published by Richard Meares and his rival John Walsh. Each tune is named after a particular bird and was written to be taught to the bird in question. The bullfinch has more tunes than any other, adding some credibility to the claim that these were tunes to be taught to birds – bullfinches are known to be particularly good students of human song. You can hear a bullfinch whistling a German folksong in the show.
Some of the pieces are performed on the sopranino, a tiny recorder that pitches the tunes in a closer register to birdsong. The rest are performed on a treble recorder which is an octave lower and easier on the ears. As these tunes are used as incidental music, I've performed them without the customary repeats. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, these tunes were almost certainly played on a bird flageolet, a relative of the recorder which was very high in pitch.
There is a general consensus that these tunes were too long and complex to be taught to birds, although in conversation, Tim Birkhead and I agreed it would be fascinating play a tune on a sopranino to a bird several times a day, every day, and see if he could learn it. Early experiments with these tunes, by bird expert Bill Thorpe in the 1950s, presented birds with tape recorded versions of the songs. But songbirds may learn better from a live tutor who presents songs in a social context (Baptista and Petrinovich, 1984).
A selection of melodies from the Bird Fancyer's Delight:
For canary chorus and pipe organ, featuring a vocal solo by George Sawtelle
From Virginia Belmont's Famous Singing and Talking Birds
A former high kicker from The Ziegfeld Follies, Virginia was inspired to try bird training when she met Joseph Belmont in the early 1930s. Joseph was a 'featured act' in Ziegfeld's show, where he would perform a Canary Opera with his school of singing birds.
Virginia married Joseph and opened a bird shop in the roof gardens of the dazzling Rockerfeller Center, New York, in 1935 where she regularly performed with her own birds. She also toured America with her famous talking Mynah Birds, AC, DC and TV, sponsored by the electricity company Westinghouse. This is the company who also made the wonderful smoking, talking robot Electro who appeared in the 1939 New York World's Fair.
At the end of the show, you can hear Virginia's birds duetting with a live tenor. They are chirping along, in their own song, rather than mimicking the tenor's tune.
Notes from Virginia's own record sleeve (c1960?):
"Love of life – animals – birds – people – has kept this vibrant and charming human being almost decades younger than her age (now in her 65th year). She has a gift of magic with people and pets. They feel her warmth and enthusiasm immediately when in her presence, and she has an uncanny ability to heal them when they come to her".
Hear more of Virginia's birds and music on the wfmu.org archive.
Train your Bird in Stereo
This minimalist masterpiece from 1958 claims to harness the power of stereo recording – a new technology at the time – to increase the bird's attention span and improve learning. Side one explains how to use the record and make the most of your 'pet potential'. Side two is the training session itself – a trippy succession of endlessly repeating phrases, delivered from alternate sides of the stereo field. Side two was meant to be played in a darkened room 'after winning your pet's friendship and admiration', through the taming tips on side one.
Published on the Americana label, Train your Bird in Stereo was devised and recorded by Henry J Bates and Robert L Busenbarn, a pair of bird fanciers who set up a bird farm together in 1952. Bates and Busenbarn claimed their vocal lessons were effective with parakeets, cockatiels, mynah birds, macaws, cockatoos, Amazons and 'all talking birds'.
Hear Train your Bird in Stereo on the wfmu.org archive.
Sparkie Williams
Champion Talking Budgie, 1958, in conversation with Philip Marsden, the 'TV Budgie Man':
The Lark Ascending
Ralph Vaughan Williams, 1920
This quasi-improvisatory, pentatonic piece for violin and orchestra evokes skylark song and the soaring flight of this British songbird. Williams' inspiration was the George Meredeth poem To a Skylark. According to popular legend, Williams was arrested when he was spotted jotting down this piece while watching troop ships out at sea, at the outbreak of the First World War – a young boy had seen him scribbling and assumed he was some kind of spy.
In this documentary, this piece plays under Katrina Porteous' reading of her own poem Skylark.
A performance of The Lark Ascending with Janine Jansen and the BBC Concert Orchestra:
Messiaen expected to be remembered as a transcriber of birdsong as much as a composer. Many of his works feature motifs transcribed directly from birds, which he slowed down to incorporate in his music. When Alex Kolkowski talks about the painting by Chardin, at the beginning of the show, you can hear some of Messiaen's bird-inspired organ music under our conversation (exact reference for this music to follow – when I'm back at home with my CDs).
Here's a charming video of Messiaen and pianist Yvonne Loriod, showing how his music is inspired by birdsong:
Whistling bullfinch
This recording of a bullfinch trained to sing a German folktune can be found on the British Library CD Bird Mimicry (2006). Also on this CD is the sound of a jay imitating a computer modem, a starling making the sounds of a chicken and a bowerbird mimicking workers sawing wood and hammering. There's also a brief appearance from Newcastle's finest: Sparkie Williams, champion talking budgie 1958.
Mechanical Landscape with Bird
Aleksander Kolkowski, 2002
Kolkowski wrote music in imitation of canaries which was played to a group of canaries every day, just like the music in the original Bird Fancyer's Delight. The music was played on a new serinette, designed and built by Martin Riches. The canaries were reared and trained by Helmut Mossmann.
Eventually, the canaries were brought into the concert hall where they duetted with human musicians playing Stroh violins. Fashionable in the early twentieth century, Stroh violins had phonograph-like horns, rather than a violin body, to amplify the sound of their strings. Some of the canaries' performance was recorded on their successor, The Edison phonograph.
The Mechanical Nightingale (incidental music for the documentary)
Sarah Angliss 2011
I composed these short snatches of incidental music in response to some of the themes of the show – in particular the story of the Emperor and the Nightingale, an allegorical tale from Hans Christian Anderson which Katrina Porteous tells in the show.
In this music you can hear slowed-down nightingale song, as sung by the nightingale then imitated by a 'mechanical nightingale' – my robotic carillon. I was inspired to experiment with slowed-down birdsong after my conversation with Geoff Sample. Towards the end of the show, Geoff plays skylark song and slows it down 14 times, revealing its great complexity and musicality.
Transcripts from bird training treatises
Treatises for teaching birds to sing and talk were written from the early eighteenth and were in fashion until the phonograph came along at the end of the nineteenth century. Here are a couple of examples – I've transcribed these from originals in the British Library.
These transcripts mention the cruel practice of 'stopping' – depriving a bird of food and light to give the impression that spring is starting later in the year. Many songbirds come into their song at the onset of spring so stopping could be used to make birds sing out of season. Stopped birds were used as tutors for next year's birds – and to lure migrating birds into bird catchers' clapnets.
John Ramlings
October 1st 1794
The New and Complete Bird-Fancyer; or Bird-Fancyer's Recreation and Delight. Containing the Newest and Very Best Instructions for Catching, Taking, Feeding, Rearing, &c. all the Various Sorts of Song-Birds, particularly Nightingales, Larks, Goldfinches, Bullfinches, Robins, Canary-Birds, Black-birds, Thrushes, Starlings, Linnets, &c. &c. Including, among other particulars, A full Account of all their several Distempers, and the best Methods of curing them. Likewise the surest Means of distinguishing the COCK from the HEN, and of learning them to sing to the greatest Perfection. Together with Many other useful Particulars relative to Singing Birds, too numerous to mention in a Title-Page.
The whole Revised, Corrected, and Improved, By Mr. William Thompson, Late Gardener to the Duke of ANCASTER (sic), and Author of New Gardeners Calendar; who has made the Management of Birds his favourite Study upwards of Twenty Years.
Assisted by the most eminent Fanciers.
Embellished with a beautiful Frontispiece, elegantly designed and executed.
Printed for Alex. Hogg, at the Original King's Arms, No. 16, Pater-Noster-Row
[Price only one shilling]
No well executed work of this kind having yet appeared, treating wholly of Singing-Birds, we here present the Public with one, compiled from our own observations, and confirmed by the experience of others, who have been curious in the breeding and bringing up of Singing-Birds. And as nothing magnifies and sets forth the power of the Supreme Being more than these pretty harmless animals, whether we reflect on their velocity, beauty, or the variegated colours of their feathers, so, in every respect they raise infinite delight and satisfaction to their keepers, and sweetly recompence their trouble and charge in bringing them up, by their pleasant harmony. We enjoy in our houses or aviaries, all the melody of the woods. ..
How to stop a Linnet, or any other Bird, and make them sing after they moulted off
The stopping of a bird is of greatest use to the bird-catchers, and likewise such as would have them a sweet song, you must let your bird, before you stop him, be a year old or better, and keep him in a back cage, so that he may be able to find his victuals in the dark; you may put him in a stop about the middle of May. The nature of a Stop is, to have a case made fit for the purpose, then put in your birds and leave the door open till you are satisfied they have found their meat and water, then darken them by degrees 'till they are quite dark, and when you see they have found their meat and water then cover them with a blanket or any thick cloth that is warm, keeping them very hot; you may look at them, once in two or three days, give them fresh water, and blow their seeds:
It is not best to clean their cages above once a month, by reason the hotness of their dung forces them to moult. You should take a bit of stick or knife, to keep their dung down, to prevent dirtying their feathers, and then let them continue in this close stop for three months, by which time they will be moulted off, then open them a little and a little by degrees; take off the blanket first, and let them stand so three or four days, then open the door a little way, then take them out and clean their cages, after that put them in again with the door half open for two or three days longer, then take them out and put them in a warm place, so that they come to the air by degrees; put them a little beet-leaf and liquourice in the water, this with a blade of saffron, which is a very good thing, when he is drawn of a stop. After you have drawn them out of a stop, you will find them to sing still more and more, so that they will be for the bird-catcher's use, or to learn any other birds their song; those birds will continue in song 'till about Christmas, or after, by which time most young birds are come to their song.
The bird-branchers are very plentiful to be catched in June, July, or August, and likewise flight-birds about Michaelmas in great quantities: I have known forty of fifty dozen catched in one day with clap-nets.
The Bullfinch
This is a very fine bird both for its beauty and learning songs, but his natural one is very indifferent. He may be learned to pipe almost any tune at command, you may also learn him to talk. Some are tought to speak and whistle at command; and when they have once got a tune, they seldom forget it, not even if they hand amongst other birds. They are very valuable, if well brought up, and are sometimes sold for nine or ten guineas a bird.
How to feed them
You may feed them and bring them up the same way as you do a Linnet, only when they feed themselves, give them more canary-feed than a Linnet. Generally give them the better half canary-feed, and the rest rape; and if you find them out of order, give them a little fine hemp-feed, and a little saffron in the water; give them likewise a little Woodlark's victuals, the same as you would do a Linnet. Take them out when about twelve or fourteen days old; when kept four or five days, or a week, you may begin to pipe, whistle, or talk to them what you have a mind they should learn. A gentleman that piped to one from a fortnight old to two months, and then being obliged to leave his bird and go into the country for six months, before he returned his bird whistled nearly three parts of the tune, notwithstanding he had no-body to pipe or tune to him in his absence.
The Canary-Birds
These birds we formerly had brought from the Canaries, and no where else, and are generally known by that name; but we have abundance of that kind come from Germany, so we call them by the names of the country, German birds, but I believe their first original were brought from the Canary islands. Those brought from the Canaries are not so much in esteem with us as formerly, for those brought from Germany and France far exceed them in handsomeness and song. German birds having many fine jerks and notes of the Nightingale and Tit-lark.
The nature of the Canary-birds is quite contrary to all others, for as other birds and subject to be fat, they never are, (I mean the cocks when in song) for the great metal of the birds, and his lavish singing, will hardly suffer him to keep flesh on his back.
To chuse a bird for song
If you hear him sing before you buy him, then you are sure you have not bought a hen for a cock. As to the song, I count it good, when it is begun something like the Sky-lark, then running on the notes of the Nightingale, which if he begins well, and holds it long, nothing in my mind can be sweeter; but as the fancies of men are as different as either the colours or songs of the bird, so their eyes and ears are the best judges for their fancies, yet I shall not fail to give me opinion and judgement to those who have not had experience in this delightful and innocent amusement.
The next obervation is, a bird that begins with the sweet of the Nightingale, and ends with the song of the Tit-lark, is both harmonious, sprightly, and very delightful to the ear.
These notes are distinguished by the Sweet Jugg, followed by a swelling slut/flut, with the water-bubble, and then the sprightly song of the Tit-lark, chewing and whisking several times in a breath; a bird that will go on sweetly thought his song in this manner, withouth breaking off, may be said to be a good song bird.
Some fanciers are pleased when a Canary-bird only sings the song of the Tit-lark, which is indeed very pleasant and delightful. Others only fancy that bird which begins like the Sky-lark, and holds his song all the while in the same manner, having long notes and sweet, but I think not much variety in it.
If these instructions may not as first truly qualify a person, let this serve in general, that they chuse which is most agreeable to their own ear, and that which holds the song the longest, without breaking off short, with harsh scraping notes, or disagreeable whining.
To know a cock from a hen
The way then to distinguish between the cock's song, and the hen's jabbering is, that the cock, let him sing ever so indifferent, almost every time he strikes a note, you may easily perceive the passage of his throat to heave with a pulsive motion, swelling like a little pair of bellows all the time he is warbling out his pretty notes, which never happens to a hen; for let her make what noise she will, and resemble singing ever so well, this motion is never observed in her throat as it is in the cock's.
Bickers and Bush
The Thrush, Blackbird, Blackcap, Redstart, Mocking-Bird, Raven, Jackdaw, Jay, Starling, Magpie, Chaffinch, Bullfinch, Siskin and Hawfinch. How to Rear them in Sickness and in Health.
The song-thrush, Its powers of imitation
…If you wish to teach a thrush to "pipe", you must begin as soon as he is fledged, taking care even that during the first few weeks of his life he is not allowed to hear the voice of one of his own species; for, if he at once acquires his natural note, you will find considerable difficulty in making him discard it for the sake of your artificial music. A flute, or an ordinary tin whistle, is the best instrument with which to teach the thrush. You need not, however, as in the case of the bullfinch, blackbird, and some others, rise at daybreak to give your pupil his lesson; a bright warm afternoon will do very well, only it will be as well to cover up the cage, so as totally to exclude the light, for an hour before you begin.
Some thrushes possess imitative powers to a marvellous degree; tunes played on wind instruments, or whistled by the mouth, they will catch up and learn with a precision that is astounding. I have read and been told many stories, some ludicrous, some grave, concerning this faculty of the thrush; but the most curious and interesting is the following, furnished me by a friend at Manchester, a person on whose veracity I can rely.
There lived, on the skirts of the city, a thriving woodchopper; he had a capital business, employed several hands, and his workshop adjoined his dwelling-house. He was a particularly cheerful man, and from morning till night the din made by his chopper, and by the choppers of his boys, was rivalled by his incessant singing and whistling. Well, one day, in spite of his thriving business, in spite of his cheerfulness and singing and whistling, the wood-chopper committed suicide. To the surprise and dismay of his wife and his workmen, he was found hanged to a beam.
The woodchopper's wife was a woman of business; therefore, after having her husband's body removed to the house, and allowing the workpeople an hour or two to discuss the calamity, she set them to work again. It was a sultry summer afternoon, and, what with the heat, and the sight of the ugly beam, and the thought as to what had so shortly before been hanging there, the choppers rose and fell very languidly indeed, and the men and boys spoke to each other in whispers. Suddenly every mouth was ajar with terror, all the hair in the wood-shed rose on the heads of its owners, for, pealing through the place, was heard the familiar tune "William at the Garden Gate", in the unmistakeable whistle of the dead wood-chopper! The men and boys rushed from the place, and went and told the widow; they then returned all together, and, just putting their heads inside the door, listened. With the exception of blocks, and choppers, and billets, the shed was empty; still, from invisible lips, issued "WATGG", clear, shrill, unearthly! Neither for love nor money would man or boy venture within the shed to split another billet.
The place was haunted. Sometimes the most profound silence would reign in the shed for hours, and then would come a sudden burst of the ghostly whistling, scaring away listeners from chinks and keyholes. The widow advertised the business, but no man was found bold enough to buy it. So passed on three months, and the power woman was fairly on the road to ruin. One day, however, while seated at her window, she saw a bird fly from the neighbouring copse, alight on the roof of the deserted wood-shed, and immediately pipe up the now dreaded tune. Thus the mystery was cleared up. It was a thrush, who, attracted by the wood-chopper's music, had listened until he had learned it, and, proud of the accomplishment, returned to the same spot every day to publish his scholarship.
How to teach the blackbird
The blackbird will learn any easy tune that is played to him on a flute or other wind instrument, and whistle it accurately. If, however, you wish to give him this sort of education, you must prepare yourself for some little trouble. You must begin with the bird when he is two months old, and give him a lesson, all alone in a room, in the dusk of the evening and at daybreak in the morning. Some birds learn better while their bellies are empty, but the blackbird will not stand this treatment. Give him a moderate breakfast or supper, and then before you begin the lesson hang in his sight a lively worm. This is to be a reward for good behaviour. Then slowly and distinctly play a few bars of the air you wish the bird to learn. He will pay great attention while you are playing, with his head on one side and both ears evidently wide open. After you have repeated the lesson, say twenty times, leave off, and keep quiet, giving the bird an opportunity to try the air if he has a mind. If he should attempt it, instantly give him the worm, caressing him and making a great fuss all the while. Do not fear but that a few days he will understand all about the worm, will look out for it, and do his best to earn it.
When a blackbird once learns a tune, he never forgets it nor any part of it. I once knew a bird that could whistle "Polly Hopkins" with wonderful accuracy. His owner sold him, at the same time making the purchaser acquainted with the bird's favourite tune. As soon as the gentleman got him at home he at once hung up the blackbird, and, going to the piano, struck up "Polly Hopkins". The bird's new master, however, introduced parts into the tune that he had never heard before; so, after listening awhile, he began hissing, fluttering his wings, and otherwise signifying his distaste of the entire performance. Much surprised, the gentleman left off playing, and then the blackbird opened his throat, and favoured his new master with his version of "Polly Hopkins", nor would he listen with patience to any other version.
The same blackbird, after staying in the service of the above-mentioned gentleman for two years, was adopted by a serious family, where "Polly Hopkins" and all such profanity was sedulously avoided. Whenever poor "Joe" (the blackbird's name) attempted to strike up the old tune, a cloth was thrown over his cage, and he was silenced. The family consisted of an old lady and her two daughters, and every night, at seven o'clock, prayers were read and the "Evening Hymn" sung, and Joe, who was an obedient bird, and anxious to conform to the habits of the house, speedily learned the tune, and regularly whistled it while the old lady and her daughters sang it. This went on for six or seven years, when the mother died, and the daughters separated, and Joe, now an aged blackbird, fell into new hands; but to his dying day he never gave up the "Evening Hymn." Punctually as the clock struck seven he tuned up, and went straight through with it with the gravity of a parish clerk.
The polylogistic powers of blackbird are such that it can imitate almost every inhabitant of the farmyard,–the gobble of the turkey, the crowing of the dunghill cock, and the "cluck" of the hen to her chicks. Some naturalists even go so far as to assert that it may be taught to utter words; but it would require evidence of my own ears to induce me to give credence to that assertion.
The mocking-bird
…The Mexican name for this little creature is "the bird of four hundred tongues". "In extent and variety of its vocal powers," says Wilson, "the mocking-bird stands unrivalled by the whole feathered songsters of this or perhaps any other country. ….The ease, elegance, and rapidity of his movements, the animation of his eye, and the intelligence he displays in listening to and laying up lessons from almost any other species of the feathered creation within his hearing are really surprising, and mark the peculiarity of his genius. To these qualities we may add that of a voice full, strong, and musical, and capable of almost every modulation, from the clear and mellow tone of the wood-thrush to the savage scream of the bald eagle. In measure and accent he faithfully follows his originals; in force and sweetness of expression he greatly improves upon them. In his native groves, mounted on top of a tall bush or half-grown tree in the dawn of the dewy morning, while the woods are already vocal with a multitude of warblers, his admirable song rises pre-eminent over every competitor."
Nothing comes amiss to the mocking bird, the bark of a dog, the tremulous quavering of the canary, the creak of a wheel-barrow, or the soft-cooing of a wood-pigeon. Southey well describes the marvellous bird :—
That cheerful one who knoweth all
The songs of all the winged choristers
And in one sequence of melodious sounds
Pours all its music.
In a domesticated condition, however, the mocking-bird's chief characteristic renders it impossible that he should be regarded as a sober chamber musician. For awhile he will be content with his own natural melody, which consists of from two to six short full notes, but the least noise is sufficient to disturb the flow of his natural melody, and one suggestion giving rise to another, you presently hear a Babel of bird music almost impossible to bear. "His imitations of a brown-thrush", says a well-known naturalist, "are frequently interrupted by the crowing of cocks: the exquisite warblings of the blue-bird are by no means improved by the screaming of swallows or the cackling of hens; the shrill reiterations of the whip-poor-will are introduced into the simple melody of the robin. The uninitiated look round for the original, and then find that what appeared to be the product of a number of performers is really that of a single bird before us."
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