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history of hadoop pdf
Twenty years after the emergence of relational databases, a standard PC would come with 128kB of RAM, 10MB of disk storage and, not to forget 360kB in the form of double-sided 5.25 inch floppy disk. Hadoop is the application which is used for Big Data processing and storing. However, the differences from other distributed file systems are significant. Imagine what the world would look like if we only knew the most recent value of everything. Now seriously, where Hadoop version 1 was really lacking the most, was its rather monolithic component, MapReduce. It's co-founder Doug Cutting named it on his son's toy elephant. The cost of memory decreased a million-fold since the time relational databases were invented. Shachi Marathe introduces you to the concept of Hadoop for Big Data. In July 2005, Cutting reported that MapReduce is integrated into Nutch, as its underlying compute engine. Think about this for a minute. Is that query fast? Around this time, Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and many others started doing serious work with Hadoop and contributing back tooling and frameworks to the Hadoop open source ecosystem. Experience. Since you stuck with it and read the whole article, I am compelled to show my appreciation : ), Here's the link and 39% off coupon code for my Spark in Action book: bonaci39, History of Hadoop:https://gigaom.com/2013/03/04/the-history-of-hadoop-from-4-nodes-to-the-future-of-data/http://research.google.com/archive/gfs.htmlhttp://research.google.com/archive/mapreduce.htmlhttp://research.yahoo.com/files/cutting.pdfhttp://videolectures.net/iiia06_cutting_ense/http://videolectures.net/cikm08_cutting_hisosfd/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB4TQJyhwYxZZ6m4rI9-LyQ BigData and Brewshttp://www.infoq.com/presentations/Value-Values Rich Hickey's presentation, Enter Yarn:http://hadoop.apache.org/docs/current/hadoop-yarn/hadoop-yarn-site/YARN.htmlhttp://hortonworks.com/hadoop/yarn/. "Replace our production system with this prototype?", you could have heard them saying. In February, Yahoo! It took them better part of 2004, but they did a remarkable job. Google didn't implement these two techniques. In 2003, they came across a paper that described the architecture of Google's distributed file system, called GFS (Google File System) which was published by Google, for storing the large data sets. Behind the picture of the origin of Hadoop framework: Doug Cutting, developed the hadoop framework. In February 2006, Cutting pulled out GDFS and MapReduce out of the Nutch code base and created a new incubating project, under Lucene umbrella, which he named Hadoop. Another first class feature of the new system, due to the fact that it was able to handle failures without operator intervention, was that it could have been built out of inexpensive, commodity hardware components. Hadoop is an open-source software framework for storing data and running applications on clusters of commodity hardware. So it's no surprise that the same thing happened to Cutting and Cafarella. The Hadoop framework application works in an environment that provides distributed storage and computation across clusters of computers. I asked "the men" himself to to take a look and verify the facts.To be honest, I did not expect to get an answer. Although the system was doing its job, by that time Yahoo!'s data scientists and researchers had already seen the benefits GFS and MapReduce brought to Google and they wanted the same thing. At roughly the same time, at Yahoo!, a group of engineers led by Eric Baldeschwieler had their fair share of problems. Is it scalable? It provides massive storage for any kind of data, enormous processing power and the ability to handle virtually limitless concurrent tasks or jobs. Hadoop Architecture That's a testament to how elegant the API really was, compared to previous distributed programming models. Again, Google comes up with a brilliant idea. He was surprised by the number of people that found the library useful and the amount of great feedback and feature requests he got from those people. Once the system used its inherent redundancy to redistribute data to other nodes, replication state of those chunks restored back to 3. storing and processing the big data with some extra capabilities. In December of 2011, Apache Software Foundation released Apache Hadoop version 1.0. Something similar as when you surf the Web and after some time notice that you have a myriad of opened tabs in your browser. Hadoop is used in the trading field. MapReduce and Hadoop technologies in your enterprise: Chapter 1, Introducing Big Data: Provides some back-ground about the explosive growth of unstructured data and related categories, along with the challenges that led to the introduction of MapReduce and Hadoop. Before Hadoop became widespread, even storing large amounts of structured data was problematic. And he found Yahoo!.Yahoo had a large team of engineers that was eager to work on this there project. Their idea was to somehow dispatch parts of a program to all nodes in a cluster and then, after nodes did their work in parallel, collect all those units of work and merge them into final result. The reduce function combines those values in some useful way and produces result. Do we commit a new source file to source control over the previous one? Inspiration for MapReduce came from Lisp, so for any functional programming language enthusiast it would not have been hard to start writing MapReduce programs after a short introductory training. This was also the year when the first professional system integrator dedicated to Hadoop was born. Hadoop is a collection of libraries, or rather open source libraries, for processing large data sets (term "large" here can be correlated as 4 million search queries per min on Google) across thousands of computers in clusters. Financial burden of large data silos made organizations discard non-essential information, keeping only the most valuable data. Doug Cutting, who was working at Yahoo!at the time, named it after his son's toy elephant. Those limitations are long gone, yet we still design systems as if they still apply. Hadoop was named after an extinct specie of mammoth, a so called Yellow Hadoop. By March 2009, Amazon had already started providing MapReduce hosting service, Elastic MapReduce. employed Doug Cutting to help the team make the transition. Hadoop is an Open Source software framework, and can process structured and unstructured data, from almost all digital sources. It has many similarities with existing distributed file systems. We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. framework for distributed computation and storage of very large data sets on computer clusters In 2008, Hadoop was taken over by Apache. It only meant that chunks that were stored on the failed node had two copies in the system for a short period of time, instead of 3. Cutting and Cafarella made an excellent progress. There are mainly two components of Hadoop which are Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and Yet Another Resource Negotiator(YARN). acknowledge that you have read and understood our, GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Introduction to Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS), Difference Between Hadoop 2.x vs Hadoop 3.x, Difference Between Hadoop and Apache Spark, MapReduce Program – Weather Data Analysis For Analyzing Hot And Cold Days, MapReduce Program – Finding The Average Age of Male and Female Died in Titanic Disaster, MapReduce – Understanding With Real-Life Example, How to find top-N records using MapReduce, How to Execute WordCount Program in MapReduce using Cloudera Distribution Hadoop(CDH), Matrix Multiplication With 1 MapReduce Step. When it fetches a page, Nutch uses Lucene to index the contents of the page (to make it "searchable"). It has a complex algorithm … Now he wanted to make Hadoop in such a way that it can work well on thousands of nodes. As the pressure from their bosses and the data team grew, they made the decision to take this brand new, open source system into consideration. Having previously been confined to only subsets of that data, Hadoop was refreshing. The traditional approach like RDBMS is not sufficient due to the heterogeneity of the data. At its core, Hadoop has two major layers namely − Later in the same year, Apache tested a 4000 nodes cluster successfully. So Hadoop comes as the solution to the problem of big data i.e. and all well established Apache Hadoop PMC (Project Management Committee) members, dedicated to open source. HDFS is highly fault-tolerant and is designed to be deployed on low-cost hardware. If no response is received from a worker in a certain amount of time, the master marks the worker as failed. Here is a tutorial. Do we keep just the latest log message in our server logs? The main purpose of this new system was to abstract cluster's storage so that it presents itself as a single reliable file system, thus hiding all operational complexity from its users.In accordance with GFS paper, NDFS was designed with relaxed consistency, which made it capable of accepting concurrent writes to the same file without locking everything down into transactions, which consequently yielded substantial performance benefits. Source control systems and machine logs don't discard information. It had to be near-linearly scalable, e.g. As the company rose exponentially, so did the overall number of disks, and soon, they counted hard drives in millions. 2. There are plans to do something similar with main memory as what HDFS did to hard drives. by their location in memory/database, in order to access any value in a shared environment we have to "stop the world" until we successfully retrieve it. RDBs could well be replaced with "immutable databases". Now this paper was another half solution for Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella for their Nutch project. Chapter 2, … Rich Hickey, author of a brilliant LISP-family, functional programming language, Clojure, in his talk "Value of values" brings these points home beautifully. By the end of the year, already having a thriving Apache Lucene community behind him, Cutting turns his focus towards indexing web pages. Senior Technical Content Engineer at GeeksforGeeks. You can imagine a program that does the same thing, but follows each link from each and every page it encounters. Although MapReduce fulfilled its mission of crunching previously insurmountable volumes of data, it became obvious that a more general and more flexible platform atop HDFS was necessary. Emergence of YARN marked a turning point for Hadoop. How much yellow, stuffed elephants have we sold in the first 88 days of the previous year? Hadoop, an open source framework for wrangling unstructured data and analytics, celebrated its 10th birthday in January. In 2010, there was already a huge demand for experienced Hadoop engineers. We are now at 2007 and by this time other large, web scale companies have already caught sight of this new and exciting platform. Writing code in comment? Hadoop was named after an extinct specie of mammoth, a so called Yellow Hadoop.*. It is an open source web crawler software project. The Hadoop framework transparently provides applications for both reliability and data motion. Apache Spark brought a revolution to the BigData space. The core part of MapReduce dealt with programmatic resolution of those three problems, which effectively hid away most of the complexities of dealing with large scale distributed systems and allowed it to expose a minimal API, which consisted only of two functions. Please use ide.geeksforgeeks.org, generate link and share the link here. After a lot of research on Nutch, they concluded that such a system will cost around half a million dollars in hardware, and along with a monthly running cost of $30, 000 approximately, which is very expensive. Keep in mind that Google, having appeared a few years back with its blindingly fast and minimal search experience, was dominating the search market, while at the same time, Yahoo!, with its overstuffed home page looked like a thing from the past. But as the web grew from dozens to millions of pages, automation was needed. And in July of 2008, Apache Software Foundation successfully tested a 4000 node cluster with Hadoop. So he started to find a job with a company who is interested in investing in their efforts. The three main problems that the MapReduce paper solved are:1. Doug Cutting knew from his work on Apache Lucene ( It is a free and open-source information retrieval software library, originally written in Java by Doug Cutting in 1999) that open-source is a great way to spread the technology to more people. So, together with Mike Cafarella, he started implementing Google's techniques (GFS & MapReduce) as open-source in the Apache Nutch project. TLDR; generally speaking, it is what makes Google return results with sub second latency. It has been a long road until this point, as work on YARN (then known as MR-297) was initiated back in 2006 by Arun Murthy from Yahoo!, later one of the Hortonworks founders. Hadoop Architecture. they established a system property called replication factor and set its default value to 3). "But that's written in Java", engineers protested, "How can it be better than our robust C++ system?". Having Nutch deployed on a single machine (single-core processor, 1GB of RAM, RAID level 1 on eight hard drives, amounting to 1TB, then worth $3 000) they managed to achieve a respectable indexing rate of around 100 pages per second. The next generation data-processing framework, MapReduce v2, code named YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator), will be pulled out from MapReduce codebase and established as a separate Hadoop sub-project. In order to generalize processing capability, the resource management, workflow management and fault-tolerance components were removed from MapReduce, a user-facing framework and transferred into YARN, effectively decoupling cluster operations from the data pipeline. Hadoop was started with Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella in the year 2002 when they both started to work on Apache Nutch project. Its origin was the Google File System paper, published by Google. In the event of component failure the system would automatically notice the defect and re-replicate the chunks that resided on the failed node by using data from the other two healthy replicas. paper by Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat, named "MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters", https://gigaom.com/2013/03/04/the-history-of-hadoop-from-4-nodes-to-the-future-of-data/, http://research.google.com/archive/gfs.html, http://research.google.com/archive/mapreduce.html, http://research.yahoo.com/files/cutting.pdf, http://videolectures.net/iiia06_cutting_ense/, http://videolectures.net/cikm08_cutting_hisosfd/, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB4TQJyhwYxZZ6m4rI9-LyQ, http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Value-Values, http://hadoop.apache.org/docs/current/hadoop-yarn/hadoop-yarn-site/YARN.html, Why Apache Spark Is Fast and How to Make It Run Faster, Kubernetes Monitoring and Logging — An Apache Spark Example, Processing costs measurement on multi-tenant EMR clusters. Distribution — how to distribute the data3. Hadoop was started with Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella in the year 2002 when they both started to work on Apache Nutch project. Facebook contributed Hive, first incarnation of SQL on top of MapReduce. 2008 was a huge year for Hadoop. Hadoop is a framework that allows users to store multiple files of huge size (greater than a PC's capacity). One such database is Rich Hickey's own Datomic. "That's it", our heroes said, hitting themselves on the foreheads, "that's brilliant, Map parts of a job to all nodes and then Reduce (aggregate) slices of work back to final result". Hadoop History – When mentioning some of the top search engine platforms on the net, a name that demands a definite mention is the Hadoop. So at Yahoo first, he separates the distributed computing parts from Nutch and formed a new project Hadoop (He gave name Hadoop it was the name of a yellow toy elephant which was owned by the Doug Cutting's son. This paper spawned another one from Google – "MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters". ZooKeeper, distributed system coordinator was added as Hadoop sub-project in May. In 2009, Hadoop was successfully tested to sort a PB (PetaByte) of data in less than 17 hours for handling billions of searches and indexing millions of web pages. It took Cutting only three months to have something usable. It was of the utmost importance that the new algorithm had the same scalability characteristics as NDFS. Soon, many new auxiliary sub-projects started to appear, like HBase, database on top of HDFS, which was previously hosted at SourceForge. In January, 2006 Yahoo! We can generalize that map takes key/value pair, applies some arbitrary transformation and returns a list of so called intermediate key/value pairs. The article will delve a bit into the history and different versions of Hadoop. Hadoop revolutionized data storage and made it possible to keep all the data, no matter how important it may be. It was originally developed to support distribution for the Nutch search engine project. Yahoo! See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks. The failed node therefore, did nothing to the overall state of NDFS. Part I is the history of Hadoop from the people who willed it into existence and took it mainstream. In this four-part series, we'll explain everything anyone concerned with information technology needs to know about Hadoop. In January of 2008, Yahoo released Hadoop as an open source project to ASF(Apache Software Foundation). The engineering task in Nutch project was much bigger than he realized. When there's a change in the information system, we write a new value over the previous one, consequently keeping only the most recent facts. (b) And that was looking impossible with just two people (Doug Cutting & Mike Cafarella). That meant that they still had to deal with the exact same problem, so they gradually reverted back to regular, commodity hard drives and instead decided to solve the problem by considering component failure not as exception, but as a regular occurrence.They had to tackle the problem on a higher level, designing a software system that was able to auto-repair itself.The GFS paper states:The system is built from many inexpensive commodity components that often fail. Here's a look at the milestones, players, and events that marked the growth of this groundbreaking technology. The article touches on the basic concepts of Hadoop, its history, advantages and uses. These both techniques (GFS & MapReduce) were just on white paper at Google. Please write to us at contribute@geeksforgeeks.org to report any issue with the above content. Hadoop was created by Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella in 2005. Hadoop is designed to scale up from single server to thousands of machines, each offering local computation and storage. Understanding Apache Spark Resource And Task Management With Apache YARN, Understanding the Spark insertInto function. How has monthly sales of spark plugs been fluctuating during the past 4 years? Hadoop - HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System), Hadoop - Features of Hadoop Which Makes It Popular, Sum of even and odd numbers in MapReduce using Cloudera Distribution Hadoop(CDH), Difference Between Cloud Computing and Hadoop, Write Interview Having heard how MapReduce works, your first instinct could well be that it is overly complicated for a simple task of e.g. Hadoop was based on an open-sourced software framework called Nutch, and was merged with Google's MapReduce. And Doug Cutting left the Yahoo and joined Cloudera to fulfill the challenge of spreading Hadoop to other industries. That is a key differentiator, when compared to traditional data warehouse systems and relational databases. What was our profit on this date, 5 years ago? 2.1 Reliable Storage: HDFS Hadoop includes a fault‐tolerant storage system called the Hadoop Distributed File System, or HDFS. The initial code that was factored out of Nutc… contributed their higher level programming language on top of MapReduce, Pig. MapReduce then, behind the scenes, groups those pairs by key, which then become input for the reduce function. History of Hadoop Apache Software Foundation is the developers of Hadoop, and it's co-founders are Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella. A few years went by and Cutting, having experienced a "dead code syndrome" earlier in his life, wanted other people to use his library, so in 2000, he open sourced Lucene to Source Forge under GPL license (later more permissive, LGPL). FT search library is used to analyze ordinary text with the purpose of building an index. So with GFS and MapReduce, he started to work on Hadoop. Any further increase in a number of machines would have resulted in exponential rise of complexity. In October 2003 the first paper release was Google File System. The majority of our systems, both databases and programming languages are still focused on place, i.e. … Hickey asks in that talk. It had 1MB of RAM and 8MB of tape storage. Hadoop The Hadoop Project is a Free reimplementation of Google's in-house MapReduce and distributed lesystem (GFS) Originally written by Doug Cutting & Mike Cafarella, who also created Lucene and Nutch Now hosted and managed by the Apache Software Foundation 5 / 26 He is joined by University of Washington graduate student Mike Cafarella, in an effort to index the entire Web. Hadoop History. Let's focus on the history of Hadoop in the following steps: - In 2002, Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella started to work on a project, Apache Nutch. The performance of iterative queries, usually required by machine learning and graph processing algorithms, took the biggest toll. In August Cutting leaves Yahoo! And later in Aug 2013, Version 2.0.6 was available. There are simpler and more intuitive ways (libraries) of solving those problems, but keep in mind that MapReduce was designed to tackle terabytes and even petabytes of these sentences, from billions of web sites, server logs, click streams, etc. 8 machines, running algorithm that could be parallelized, had to be 2 times faster than 4 machines. Other Hadoop-related projects at Apache include are Hive, HBase, Mahout, Sqoop, Flume, and ZooKeeper. The memory limitations are long gone, yet…. Apache Nutch project was the process of building a search engine system that can index 1 billion pages. Of course, that's not the only method of determining page importance, but it's certainly the most relevant one. Instead, a program is sent to where the data resides. The story begins on a sunny afternoon, sometime in 1997, when Doug Cutting ("the man") started writing the first version of Lucene. Introduction: In this blog, I am going to talk about Apache Hadoop HDFS Architecture. Doug, who was working at Yahoo! The road ahead did not look good. Application frameworks should be able to utilize different types of memory for different purposes, as they see fit. Apache Nutch project was the process of building a search engine system that can index 1 billion pages. Still at Yahoo!, Baldeschwieler, at the position of VP of Hadoop Software Engineering, took notice how their original Hadoop team was being solicited by other Hadoop players. Having a unified framework and programming model in a single platform significantly lowered the initial infrastructure investment, making Spark that much accessible. Was it fun writing a query that returns the current values? It must constantly monitor itself and detect, tolerate, and recover promptly from component failures on a routine basis. For the un-initiated, it will also look at high level architecture of Hadoop and its different modules. They desperately needed something that would lift the scalability problem off their shoulders and let them deal with the core problem of indexing the Web. Hadoop development is the task of computing Big Data through the use of various programming languages such as Java, Scala, and others. The Hadoop was started by Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella in 2002. On Fri, 03 Aug 2012 07:51:39 GMT the final decision was made. What do we really convey to some third party when we pass a reference to a mutable variable or a primary key? Number of Hadoop contributors reaches 1200. There's simply too much data to move around. Initially written for the Spark in Action book (see the bottom of the article for 39% off coupon code), but since I went off on a tangent a bit, we decided not to include it due to lack of space, and instead concentrated more on Spark. What were the effects of that marketing campaign we ran 8 years ago? In retrospect, we could even argue that this very decision was the one that saved Yahoo!. He calls it PLOP, place oriented programming. On one side it simplified the operational side of things, but on the other side it effectively limited the total number of pages to 100 million. Since values are represented by reference, i.e. The enormous benefit of information about history is either discarded, stored in expensive, specialized systems or force fitted into a relational database. It is a well-known fact that security was not a factor when Hadoop was initially developed by Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella for the Nutch project. Hadoop is an open source framework overseen by Apache Software Foundation which is written in Java for storing and processing of huge datasets with the cluster of commodity hardware. and goes to work for Cloudera, as a chief architect. Now, when the operational side of things had been taken care of, Cutting and Cafarella started exploring various data processing models, trying to figure out which algorithm would best fit the distributed nature of NDFS. A Brief History of Hadoop • Pre-history (2002-2004) – Doug Cutting funded the Nutch open source search project • Gestation (2004-2006) – Added DFS &Map-Reduce implementation to Nutch – Scaled to several 100M web pages – Still distant from web-scale (20 computers * … Just a year later, in 2001, Lucene moves to Apache Software Foundation. Hadoop framework got its name from a child, at that time the child was just 2 year old. When they read the paper they were astonished. Hadoop has its origins in Apache Nutch, an open source web search engine, itself a part of the Lucene project. Different classes of memory, slower and faster hard disks, solid state drives and main memory (RAM) should all be governed by YARN. HDFS & … Knowledge, trends, predictions are all derived from history, by observing how a certain variable has changed over time. Financial Trading and Forecasting. This cheat sheet is a handy reference for the beginners or the one willing to … One of most prolific programmers of our time, whose work at Google brought us MapReduce, LevelDB (its proponent in the Node ecosystem, Rod Vagg, developed LevelDOWN and LevelUP, that together form the foundational layer for the whole series of useful, higher level "database shapes"), Protocol Buffers, BigTable (Apache HBase, Apache Accumulo, …), etc. But this paper was just the half solution to their problem. reported that their production Hadoop cluster is running on 1000 nodes. By using our site, you Six months will pass until everyone would realize that moving to Hadoop was the right decision. And you would, of course, be right. So in 2006, Doug Cutting joined Yahoo along with Nutch project. It has democratized application framework domain, spurring innovation throughout the ecosystem and yielding numerous new, purpose-built frameworks. Fault-tolerance — how to handle program failure. The hot topic in Hadoop circles is currently main memory. He wanted to provide the world with an open-source, reliable, scalable computing framework, with the help of Yahoo. Being persistent in their effort to build a web scale search engine, Cutting and Cafarella set out to improve Nutch. One of the key insights of MapReduce was that one should not be forced to move data in order to process it. In the early years, search results were returned by humans. The fact that they have programmed Nutch to be deployed on a single machine turned out to be a double-edged sword. A brief administrator's guide for rebalancer as a PDF is attached to HADOOP-1652. There are mainly two problems with the big data. Relational databases were designed in 1960s, when a MB of disk storage had a price of today's TB (yes, the storage capacity increased a million fold). In 2012, Yahoo!'s Hadoop cluster counts 42 000 nodes. Hadoop is an important part of the NoSQL movement that usually refers to a couple of open source products—Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), a derivative of the Google File System, and MapReduce—although the Hadoop family of products extends into a product set that keeps growing. It is a programming model which is used to process large data sets by performing map and reduce operations.Every industry dealing with Hadoop uses MapReduce as it can differentiate big issues into small chunks, thereby making it relatively easy to process data. As the World Wide Web grew in the late 1900s and early 2000s, search engines and indexes were created to help locate relevant information amid the text-based content. and it was easy to pronounce and was the unique word.) Index is a data structure that maps each term to its location in text, so that when you search for a term, it immediately knows all the places where that term occurs.Well, it's a bit more complicated than that and the data structure is actually called inverted or inverse index, but I won't bother you with that stuff. It was practically in charge of everything above HDFS layer, assigning cluster resources and managing job execution (system), doing data processing (engine) and interfacing towards clients (API). Hadoop is an open source, Java-based programming framework that supports the processing and storage of extremely large data sets in a distributed computing environment. at the time and is now Chief Architect of Cloudera, named the project after his son's toy elephant. Perhaps you would say that you do, in fact, keep a certain amount of history in your relational database. * An epic story about a passionate, yet gentle man, and his quest to make the entire Internet searchable. Original file  (1,666 × 1,250 pixels, file size: 133 KB, MIME type: application/pdf, 15 pages) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons . That's a rather ridiculous notion, right? Apache Hadoop is a powerful open source software platform that addresses both of these problems. So, they realized that their project architecture will not be capable enough to the workaround with billions of pages on the web. Since their core business was (and still is) "data", they easily justified a decision to gradually replace their failing low-cost disks with more expensive, top of the line ones. First one is to store such a huge amount of data and the second one is to process that stored data. So they were looking for a feasible solution which can reduce the implementation cost as well as the problem of storing and processing of large datasets. The page that has the highest count is ranked the highest (shown on top of search results). The fact that MapReduce was batch oriented at its core hindered latency of application frameworks build on top of it. Although Hadoop is best known for MapReduce and its distributed file system- HDFS, the term is also used for a family of related projects that fall under the umbrella of distributed computing and large-scale data processing. How Does Namenode Handles Datanode Failure in Hadoop Distributed File System? When Google was still in its early days they faced the problem of hard disk failure in their data centers. This was going to be the fourth time they were to reimplement Yahoo!'s search backend system, written in C++. In 2007, Hadoop started being used on 1000 nodes cluster by Yahoo. The Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is a distributed file system designed to run on commodity hardware. Their data science and research teams, with Hadoop at their fingertips, were basically given freedom to play and explore the world's data. In January, Hadoop graduated to the top level, due to its dedicated community of committers and maintainers. counting word frequency in some body of text or perhaps calculating TF-IDF, the base data structure in search engines. In December 2004 they published a paper by Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat, named "MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters". In 2004, Google published one more paper on the technique MapReduce, which was the solution of processing those large datasets. At the beginning of the year Hadoop was still a sub-project of Lucene at the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). New ideas sprung to life, yielding improvements and fresh new products throughout Yahoo!, reinvigorating the whole company. Development started on the Apache Nutch project, but was moved to the new Hadoop subproject in January 2006. Hadoop quickly became the solution to store, process and manage big data in a scalable, flexible and cost-effective manner. Following the GFS paper, Cutting and Cafarella solved the problems of durability and fault-tolerance by splitting each file into 64MB chunks and storing each chunk on 3 different nodes (i.e. In other words, in order to leverage the power of NDFS, the algorithm had to be able to achieve the highest possible level of parallelism (ability to usefully run on multiple nodes at the same time). Hadoop supports a range of data types such as Boolean, char, array, decimal, string, float, double, and so on. Apache Lucene is a full text search library. memory address, disk sector; although we have virtually unlimited supply of memory. There are mainly two components of Hadoop which are Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and Yet Another Resource Negotiator(YARN). Baldeschwieler and his team chew over the situation for a while and when it became obvious that consensus was not going to be reached Baldeschwieler put his foot down and announced to his team that they were going with Hadoop. The whole point of an index is to make searching fast.Imagine how usable would Google be if every time you searched for something, it went throughout the Internet and collected results. Apache Hadoop History. With financial backing from Yahoo!, Hortonworks was bootstrapped in June 2011, by Baldeschwieler and seven of his colleagues, all from Yahoo! The root of all problems was the fact that MapReduce had too many responsibilities. Apache Hadoop is the open source technology. It contained blueprints for solving the very same problems they were struggling with.Having already been deep into the problem area, they used the paper as the specification and started implementing it in Java. (a) Nutch wouldn't achieve its potential until it ran reliably on the larger clusters He soon realized two problems: In 2007, Yahoo successfully tested Hadoop on a 1000 node cluster and start using it. Hadoop History. Parallelization — how to parallelize the computation2. Hado op is an Apache Software Foundation project. *Seriously now, you must have heard the story of how Hadoop got its name by now. According to its co-founders, Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella, the genesis of Hadoop was the Google File System paper that was published in October 2003. MapReduce was altered (in a fully backwards compatible way) so that it now runs on top of YARN as one of many different application frameworks. Hadoop implements a computational paradigm named Map/Reduce , where the application is divided into many small fragments of work, each of which may be executed or re-executed on any node in the cluster. It consisted of Hadoop Common (core libraries), HDFS, finally with its proper name : ), and MapReduce. In 2005, Cutting found that Nutch is limited to only 20-to-40 node clusters. Additionally, Hadoop, which could handle Big Data, was created in 2005. Wait for it … 'map' and 'reduce'. Since they did not have any underlying cluster management platform, they had to do data interchange between nodes and space allocation manually (disks would fill up), which presented extreme operational challenge and required constant oversight. wasn't able to offer benefits to their star employees as these new startups could, like high salaries, equity, bonuses etc. Excerpt from the MapReduce paper (slightly paraphrased): The master pings every worker periodically. Cloudera offers commercial support and services to Hadoop users. Since then Hadoop is evolving continuously. MapReduce is something which comes under Hadoop. The decision yielded a longer disk life, when you consider each drive by itself, but in a pool of hardware that large it was still inevitable that disks fail, almost by the hour. During the course of a single year, Google improves its ranking algorithm with some 5 to 6 hundred tweaks. Now they realize that this paper can solve their problem of storing very large files which were being generated because of web crawling and indexing processes. And currently, we have Apache Hadoop version 3.0 which released in December 2017. What they needed, as the foundation of the system, was a distributed storage layer that satisfied the following requirements: They have spent a couple of months trying to solve all those problems and then, out of the bloom, in October 2003, Google published the Google File System paper. History of Hadoop. This whole section is in its entirety is the paraphrased Rich Hickey's talk Value of values, which I wholeheartedly recommend. The Origin of the Name "Hadoop" The name Hadoop is not an acronym; it's a made-up name.The project's creator, Doug Cutting,explains how the name came about: The name my kid gave a stuffed yellow elephant. Consequently, there was no other choice for higher level frameworks other than to build on top of MapReduce. After it was finished they named it Nutch Distributed File System (NDFS). The Apache Hadoop History is very interesting and Apache hadoop was developed by Doug Cutting. It is part of the Apache project sponsored by the Apache Software Foundation. For command usage, see balancer. They were born out of limitations of early computers. For its unequivocal stance that all their work will always be 100% open source, Hortonworks received community-wide acclamation. OK, great, but what is a full text search library? Hadoop has turned ten and has seen a number of changes and upgradation in the last successful decade. Often, when applications are developed, a team just wants to get the proof-of-concept off the ground, with performance and scalability merely as afterthoughts.
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history of hadoop pdf — No Comments


text:
Fan Chants
Real Football Songs and Chants
Fanchants.com - No1 site for real football songs and chants
Everton F.C is an English club from Liverpool currently competing in the Premier League. The number of their achievements is really impressive. They won the League Championship nine times and FA Cup five times. Furthermore, Everton hold a record of 114 seasons in the top division.
Since the formation in 1878 until the WWII they have been repeating success after success. They were one of the founding members of the Football League in 1888 and only two seasons later they won their first League Championship in 1890-91. Next time they were champions of the League was in 1914-1915. In the meantime, in 1906, they won the FA Cup. In 1925, the club set the record of 60 goals in the top flight league in 39 matches.
After a number of great achievements, the club experienced rough times due to internal problems, and in 1927 was relegated to the Second Division. Fortunately, this decline did not last long, and Everton were back to the top flight already in 1931-32 and won Championship for the fourth time right away. Their second FA Cup came in 1933, and not long after, they were champions of the League for the fifth time in 1938-39.
When the competition was resumed after the WWII, in 1946, Everton again had a hard time coming back to the top. They managed to earn their promotion only in 1953-54, finishing as a runners-up in their third season in the Second Division. They have been competing in the top flight ever since.
Everton had another successful era with Harry Catterick in 1962-63 when they won the League Championship for the sixth time. In 1966 they were winners of the FA Cup again, and in the season 1969-70 they won the League Championship again. At this point, the club was the only one to achieve five consecutive years in European competitions.
This chain of achievements was interrupted once again and it wasn't until Howard Kendall took over that the most successful era of the club started. Already in 1984, they won FA Cup again and the League Championship in 1984-85 and in 1986-87. Their only European trophy came in 1985 winning the European Cup Winners' Cup. They were very close to hold a treble of the League, European Cup Winners' Cup and FA Cup in this season but they lost against Manchester United in the FA Cup finals.
Recently, in the 2015-16 season, Everton came as far as to semi-finals of both the League Cup and FA Cup but were defeated in both.
Everton F.C is an English club from Liverpool currently competing in the Premier League. The number of their achievements is really impressive.
Bristol City were founded in 1894 and in 1897 were admitted in the Southern League. They joined the Football League in 1901.
Southampton joined the Football League Third Division (which was in 1921 split into South and North) in 1920. They won on their first attempt and were promoted into Second Division where they stayed for 31 year.
Rotherham United F.C was founded in 1925 when the two clubs Rotherham Town and Rotherham County were merged into one.
About Football Chants
Football is the world's most popular sport and a pastime for millions of fans around the globe. If you are one of those fans, you are in the right place as you can find all the most important information on all the best clubs in the world in a single place.
If you are on the lookout for useful information or the most interesting trivia about your favorite football clubs from top tiers of world football such as the Premiership, Championship, Bundesliga or La Liga, our site will provide you with one of the single best sources of such information.
Best Football Chants
True football fans know the value of a good football chant, and we have dedicated an entire section of our site to the best football chants. After all, every big football club out with a big fan base has chants that their fans can be identified by and we have decided to find them all and teach you which chant represents which club.
Copyright © - All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap | Contacts

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Security.Principal;
using System.Text;

using MbUnit.Core.Exceptions;

namespace MbUnit.Framework
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Class containing generic assert methods for the verification of Roles and Identity information.
	/// </summary>
	public sealed class SecurityAssert
	{
		private SecurityAssert(){}

		#region Authentication and Identity related
        /// <summary>
        /// Asserts that <paramref name="identity"/> is authenticated.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="identity">The <see cref="IIdentity"/> being tested.</param>
		public static void IsAuthenticated(IIdentity identity)
		{
			Assert.IsNotNull(identity);
			Assert.IsTrue(identity.IsAuthenticated,
			              "Identity {0} not authentitcated",
			              identity.Name);
		}

        /// <summary>
        /// Asserts that <paramref name="identity"/> is not authenticated.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="identity">The <see cref="IIdentity"/> being tested.</param>
		public static void IsNotAuthenticated(IIdentity identity)
		{
			Assert.IsNotNull(identity);
			Assert.IsFalse(identity.IsAuthenticated,
			              "Identity {0} authentitcated",
			              identity.Name);
		}

        /// <summary>
        /// Asserts that the current windows identity is authenticated.
        /// </summary>
		public static void WindowIsAuthenticated()
		{
			IsAuthenticated(WindowsIdentity.GetCurrent());
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Asserts that the current windows identity is not authenticated.
		/// </summary>
		public static void WindowIsNotAuthenticated()
		{
			IsNotAuthenticated(WindowsIdentity.GetCurrent());
		}

        /// <summary>
        /// Asserts that the current windows identity is in <param name="role"/>.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="role">The <see cref="WindowsBuiltInRole">role</see> to which the current windows identity should belong.</param>
		public static void WindowsIsInRole(WindowsBuiltInRole role)
		{
			WindowsPrincipal principal = new WindowsPrincipal(WindowsIdentity.GetCurrent());
			Assert.IsTrue(
				principal.IsInRole(WindowsBuiltInRole.Administrator),
				"User {0} is not in role {0}",
				principal.Identity.Name,
				role
				);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Asserts that the current windows identity is in the <see cref="WindowsBuiltInRole.Administrator"/> role.
		/// </summary>
		public static void WindowsIsInAdministrator()
		{
			WindowsIsInRole(WindowsBuiltInRole.Administrator);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Asserts that the current windows identity is in the <see cref="WindowsBuiltInRole.Guest"/> role.
		/// </summary>
		public static void WindowsIsInGuest()
		{
			WindowsIsInRole(WindowsBuiltInRole.Guest);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Asserts that the current windows identity is in the <see cref="WindowsBuiltInRole.PowerUser"/> role.
		/// </summary>
		public static void WindowsIsInPowerUser()
		{
			WindowsIsInRole(WindowsBuiltInRole.PowerUser);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// Asserts that the current windows identity is in the <see cref="WindowsBuiltInRole.User"/> role.
		/// </summary>
		public static void WindowsIsInUser()
		{
			WindowsIsInRole(WindowsBuiltInRole.User);
		}
		#endregion

		#region SQL Injection
		// http://sqljunkies.com/WebLog/rhurlbut/archive/2003/09/28/243.aspx

		#endregion

		#region Buffer overrun

		#endregion
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The secret to TOP DOG success when dealing with the challenge of chemicals is the refusal to use anything but polyurethane (PU) in its premium line of protective garments. When compared to other materials, fabrics, or films used in similar applications, PU delivers much better protection against a wider range of chemicals than products made from vinyl, polyolefin, or polyethylene. This is because of the chemistry make-up of the products. All of these cost less than PU which is why so many try these products first. Polyolefin is more resistant to some of the alcohols and some solvents that can sometimes damage PU. But they have very little strength and are more stiff and heavier as compared to PU. Products made from vinyl, polyolefin, or polyethylene do very poorly with the most common cleaning chemical in the food processing business, sodium hydroxide, whereas PU is outstanding when used with this chemical. This is why PU is the number one best reason to use it in food processing facilities.
Another TOP DOG secret to chemical resistance is getting the right balance between thickness, hardness, and softness. TOP DOG PU garments are manufactured using the highest quality PU film with a durometer hardness rating of 82A. This delivers the soft and suppleness required for human garments but delivers great strength together with outstanding abrasion and chemical resistance that you can count on to keep people safe!
Independent laboratory comparative tests typically involve a 30-day, total 100% immersion test in the chemical to establish a consistent baseline for comparison between all materials, fabrics, and PU film being tested. Each product will react differently to each chemical. This reaction is dependent upon several items, such as what the product is made from, product thickness, the temperature of the chemical, the level of concentration, and the interaction of other chemicals if there is more than one chemical being exposed to the product at the same time. Independent laboratory tests are typically conducted with the chemical at 20°C to establish a consistent baseline for comparison. Higher or lower temperatures of the chemicals will cause reactions to sometimes be different. Chemistry is complicated. This is why PU is the correct choice because it handles very well the complex challenges of chemistry.
From a practical standpoint, humans are not exposed to a total immersion of chemicals in the workplace. What is more relevant and important to an employee is the need for continuous good splash protection. The volume of chemicals and the frequency of the splashing are very important factors that must be considered. Therefore, it is important to recognize that if a TOP DOG product rates as "Fair" or "Not Recommended" with a particular chemical, the test was done in as 100% immersion for 30-day. In reality, the workplace application is not in a total immersion scenario. The product will very likely still provide satisfactory splash protection for a reasonable amount of time. One such example is acetic acid over 5% concentration where some discoloration and swelling of the PU film is likely but the film will not fail to provide protection. Another example is nitric acid which is NOT recommended with PU. However, when the PU is exposed to the nitric acid, there is severe swelling of the PU film and discoloration but no other failure in the PU film. The longer that the chemical stays on the PU, the more will be the discoloration and swelling. However, the employee is well protected in a splash protection application. Some discoloration and swelling of the PU film is not proof of failure to provide good splash protection. It might not look so pretty, but it may very well be doing its job because PU is a superior choice for protection.
If a TOP DOG product is rated as "E=Excellent" with a particular chemical, then the user can expect to have no swelling of the PU film, no discoloration, and no cracking from continuous 100% immersion in the chemical. This is true for a very wide range of concentration levels of the chemicals if TOP DOG rates it as "E" for excellent. A rating of "F=Fair" indicates that there will be some swelling and some loss of PU properties (but not failure). A rating of "N=Not Recommended" indicates that there will be significant loss of properties and significant swelling (but not immediate failure).
Yes, PU is very, very good against a vast number of chemicals as compared to other materials, fabrics, and films. However, PU will fail (meaning the film will dissolve and fall apart) with some chemicals even with very low levels of concentration. Some chemicals are simply more dangerous than others, even in small levels of concentration. There will only be a small number of situations where PU will fail like this because it is not perfect against all chemicals. The reality is, however, that it is very uncommon to find dangerous chemicals in the workplace with more than 5% or 10% level of concentration. Pure muriatic acid is very nasty. In TOP DOG tests in total 100% immersion, the PU film took 15 days to fall apart. However, it gave good splash protection for several months.
Even if the TOP DOG chemical resistance chart states "F" or "N", it will be important to ask the end user of the TOP DOG garments to make both an immersion test and a splash test by using the TOP DOG mini aprons with the chemical. Given all of the variables involved, this is the only way to 100% prove what will happen. When all situations are different, the smart buyers choose PU as their first choice.
TOP DOG's manufacturer's independent laboratory testing center will conduct tests if chemical resistance data is not presently available. Distributors are asked to provide TOP DOG with the chemical manufacturer's MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) which will correctly identify the active ingredients in the chemical and the exact dilution level. With this accurate data, tests can be then arranged with TOP DOG's manufacturer's independent laboratory testing center.
TOP DOG's PU garments can be counted on to provide superior protection against most common chemicals found in the workplace! This claim cannot be made by other manufacturers of protective garments and still offer strength and longevity with softness and be lightweight.


text:
World Bank leader arrives in Sudan, 1st visit in 50 years
huynh995September 30, 2021
The nation has for years struggled with an array of financial woes, together with an enormous finances deficit and widespread shortages of important items and hovering costs of bread and different staples. Circumstances worsened after the oil-rich south seceded in 2011 after a long time of struggle, taking with it greater than half of public revenues and 95% of exports.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/world-bank-leader-arrives-in-sudan-1st-visit-in-50-years/2021/09/30/784c66aa-21c0-11ec-a8d9-0827a2a4b915_story.html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=wp_world | World Financial institution chief arrives in Sudan, 1st go to in 50 years
huynh995
Opinion: What's worth streaming in October 2021: 'Succession,' 'Dune,' 'You' and much more
Where to Find Chili Chug Splash
'Needle spiking' in Britain sparks Night In bar boycott by young women, students
Opinion | Canada's Conservative Party is in shambles
Here's How You Opt Out Of Advance Monthly Payments – CBS DC
Rhys McClenaghan exposes 'anti-gender' bed myth at the Olympics
North Korea says U.S. is overreacting to latest missile test, casts doubt on talks – National


text:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.2/css/bootstrap.min.css"/>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII"/>
<title th:text="#{label.pages.home.title}">home</title>

success

token
token

login


text:
Hours: Mon 10:30-noon, Wed 6:30pm-8:00pm and by appointment
Email: clerk@hinsdalema.gov
Town Clerk Dawn Frissell
The Town Clerk performs administrative and supervisory functions in connection with the maintenance of official municipal records, the issuing of various licenses and official Town documents, management of the Town census, and the direction of election activities.
2019 Dog Licenses Now Available at Town Clerk Office - beginning January 2, 2019
PLEASE MAKE SURE YOU LICENSE YOUR DOG AND/OR RENEW ALL DOG LICENSES. A LATE FEE WILL BE ASSESSED AFTER MARCH 31.
Fee Schedule:
Spayed/Neutered $10
Not Neutered: $20
Kennel License 2-8 dogs $50
Kennel License 9 or more dogs $100
A late fee of $25 each dogs will be charged to owners not registering their dogs by March 31, 2019
A Rabies Clinic will be held on Tuesday, January 29 at the Hinsdale Fire House from 5-6pm.
Sponsored by Wahconah Veterinary Services.
Cost is $10, with half the proceeds donated to the Hinsdale Public Library.
Important Changes to Open Meeting Law Regulations - Effective October 6, 2017
The Attorney General's office promulgated revisions to the Open Meeting Law ("OML") regulations at 940 CMR 29.00 – 29.11. While several of the amendments are organizational or intended to remove superfluous terms, there are also several important substantive changes. This update summarizes the most important amendments to the regulations, which may be found in their entirety at the Attorney General's website at https://www.mass.gov/the-open-meeting-law. Public bodies must familiarize themselves with these new regulations, which are currently in effect.
940 CMR 29.02 - Definitions
The definition of "intentional violation" has been revised to remove reference to reliance on advice of the public body's legal counsel. However, reliance on the advice of legal counsel remains a defense to a claim of intentional violation if the body made a "good faith attempt at compliance [with the OML] but was reasonably mistaken."
940 CMR 29.03 - Notice Posting Requirements
The principal change to this section concerns the "alternative posting location" for meeting notices. Notices must still be filed with the city or town clerk's office. However, Section 29.03(2)(a) now states that the clerk shall post notice in a location "in, on or near" the municipal building that houses the clerk's office and that is visible at all hours (an exterior bulletin board, for example).
Importantly, the regulations now expressly provide that a municipality may use its official website to satisfy the "all hours" requirement. It is no longer necessary to post meeting notices in two locations. The decision to use the website as the official posting location must be made by the "chief executive officer", generally the Mayor in a city and the Board of Selectmen in a town, although reference should be made to a municipal charter if applicable. Municipalities that previously designated the municipal website for this purpose need not repeat the process. Be aware, however, that notice of the designation of the website as the official posting location must itself be posted on or adjacent to the city or town hall, with instructions as to how to locate the website. Copies of posted meeting notices must be accessible at the clerk's office during normal business hours.
If the website is the official posting location, the Attorney General's regulation requires "every effort" to insure that the website is accessible at all times. If a website becomes inaccessible for any reason within 48 hours of a meeting, the clerk or other person responsible for the website must restore access to the website posting within 6 hours of when the problem is discovered. If this cannot be accomplished, then the meeting notice will be considered to be insufficient and "the public body must re-post notice of its meeting for another date and time." [emphasis added]. This could have significant implications for public hearings that have been advertised, etc., making a functioning website meeting calendar very important.
Finally, the regulations expressly provide that the date and time of a meeting notice posting must be recorded "thereon or therewith." If the meeting notice is amended, the date and time of the amendment must also be conspicuously recorded in the same manner.
940 CMR 29.04 - Certification
The municipal clerk remains responsible for providing any new public body member with copies of the OML, the Attorney General's regulations, and the Attorney General's "Open Meeting Law Guide" located on the Division of Open Government's ("Division") website. The member must submit a certification of receipt to the clerk within two weeks.
Importantly, however, the regulations now require the municipal clerk to provide new members with all Division OML determinations of violation issued to that public body within the previous five years. While this also appears to be the clerk's responsibility, be reminded that the municipal clerk does not receive these determinations when issued by the Division. Therefore, a public body that receives any such determination must maintain its own file and provide copies to the clerk's office.
Another new provision states that individuals that serve on multiple public bodies must submit a certification for each body, and further that members that are reappointed or reelected must sign a new certification.
940 CMR 29.05 - Complaints
The Attorney General has clarified two important points in the complaint process. First, the regulation now states that if an OML complaint is filed with a public body but not on the Attorney General's official complaint form, the body "need not address" such complaint. In addition, the regulation now specifically states that although the public body may delegate responsibility to prepare a response to the complaint to another individual, the body must meet prior to a final response being sent to the complainant to review the complaint and discuss its response and any remedial action it might take.
The regulations at 940 CMR 29.05(7) now state the established position of the Attorney General that a complaint must be filed within 30 days of the alleged violation or 30 days after the violation "should reasonably have been discovered." Complaints must still be filed both with the public body and with the municipal clerk.
Section 29.05(9) authorizes use of a mediation process if a complainant files multiple complaints. This process would be at the city or town's expense, however. If a municipality seeks to engage in mediation, and the complainant declines, the Attorney General may decline the complainant's request to review the OML complaint and issue a determination.
940 CMR Section 29.07 - Resolution
Notably, the revised regulations deleted the requirement that the Attorney General conduct a formal hearing in front of an administrative law judge before issuing an order to nullify a public body's action, or reinstate an employee whom the Attorney General concluded was terminated in violation of the OML. Another important revision requires the municipality to notify the Attorney General in writing within 30 days of action taken to comply with a determination of violation.
940 CMR Section 29.10 - Remote Participation
This section has been revised by deleting the five "permissible reasons" for participating remotely. Instead, a member of a public body may participate remotely if that member's attendance would be "unreasonably difficult." The new regulation also recognizes that a commission on disability may allow remote participation at its discretion, and further that unlike other public bodies using remote participation, it is not mandatory for a quorum to be physically present in the meeting room.
940 CMR 29.11 - Meeting Minutes
The new regulations resolve uncertainty as to the time frame for approval of meeting minutes. Approval of open and executive session meeting minutes must now occur within the next three meetings or 30 days, whichever is later. If approval takes longer, the public body will need to demonstrate to the Attorney General that good cause exists for the delay.
In summary, the new regulations add several new provisions of which public bodies must be aware. If you have any questions about these new regulations, or any other aspect of the Open Meeting Law, please contact Attorneys Brian W. Riley (briley@k-plaw.com), Lauren F. Goldberg (lgoldberg@k-plaw.com) or any other member of the firm's Government Information and Access Group at 617.556.0007.


Millions of office workers wake up before the sun even rises to squeeze in their daily trip to the gym but recently, endorphin-seekers have been leaving their workouts until the late night.
The latest fitness phenomenon sweeping across the nation is the concept of the workout as an exhilarating night on the town, in which fitness clubs host disco-lit classes of high-octane, boot-camp style routines set to pumping music played by DJs.
Eager fans of places like SoulCycle and Barry's Bootcamp in New York and Nightclub Cardio in Houston, are treated to sweaty sessions of booty shaking, iron-pumping and high speed cardiovascular exercise with an open door policy to anyone wearing sneakers and post-workout 'pretend'tini's' made from Vitamin Water.
Jennifer Brugh-Tanguy, the founder of Nightclub Cardio told MailOnline: 'It seems that to get into a cool club nowadays you have to look the proper part – perfect hair, make-up a skirt and of course uncomfortable high heels.
The fitness visionary also saw an appealing opportunity to create a place where women could go wild on the dance floor without the pressure of being asked for a phone number.
A faithful follower of her jam-packed evening sessions explained: 'I am married and my husband does not like to dance – as a result I don't go out to nightclubs.
'Nightclub Cardio has revitalized my spirit, giving me the ability to go to a night club to let loose and just dance as a form of exercise during "safe hours"'.
At Barry's Bootcamp and SoulCycle however, though devotees revel in the music and atmosphere, the emphasis lies more on harder, better, faster, stronger.
Lines form outside these Manhattan locations with determined fans desperate to nab a spot in the gruelling classes.
At Barry's Bootcamp, a favourite of Kim Kardashian, Selma Blair and Jenny McCarthy, groups move around 'stations' that incorporate weights and running machines, while resident DJ's spin mash-ups of the latest chart-topping tunes.
Barry's Bootcamp regulars can expect to burn 1,000 calories in just one session according to the website.
Some turn up in gold lam leggings looking for a good time on a Saturday night like Devin Murphy, 28, who told the New York Times: 'It sounds crazy to be so excited about working out on a Saturday night, but Joey is such a great trainer and his classes are almost impossible to get into.
Others favour the pulse-raising SoulCycle and Flywheel spinning classes where instructors turn up on skate boards and shout pysch-up chants like: 'It's Saturday night. You want ecstasy This is it in its purest form.' Those classes are topped off with champagne and smoothies for the less adventurous.
But whether it is calorie-burning, iron-pumping, interval sprinting to Rihanna or grooving on the dancefloor in comfortable sneakers that motivates the exercise fans at these clubs, one thing unites them all: They go looking for a good time and that's exactly what they get.


Oral health care is a critical component of comprehensive HIV medical management. Development of oral pathology is frequently associated with an underlying progression of HIV-disease status. A thorough soft-tissue examination may reveal pathology associated with dysphagia or odynophagia. Dental problems can result in or exacerbate nutritional problems. In addition, psychosocial and quality-of-life issues frequently are associated with the condition of the oral cavity and the dentition.
Primary health care providers should make an initial dental referral for every patient under their care. Oral health care providers should examine all patients on a semiannual basis for dental prophylaxis and other appropriate preventive care.
The primary health care provider should examine visually and through palpation the patient's lips, labial and buccal mucosa, all surfaces of the tongue and palate, and the floor of the mouth. The gingiva should be examined for signs of erythema, ulceration, or recession.
Patients presenting with oral mucosal, gingival, or dental lesions should be referred promptly to an oral health care provider for appropriate diagnostic evaluation and treatment.
Health care providers should instruct patients in preventive oral health care, including dental visits, brushing, flossing, and the use of fluorides and antimicrobial rinses.
In the later stages of HIV disease, greater numbers of oral lesions and aggressive perio-dontal breakdown are more likely; therefore, oral health care visits should be scheduled more frequently.


Hester is an Office Manager with much experience with the English and Dutch languages.
Hester has a great interest in Dutch & English language & culture (especially Great Britain). Since 2016 she has her own business Pronounce.eu and sells an online training "Dutch Pronunciation".


text:
Awards At The First Quarter Mark
The NHL season is 12 games in which means we're at the first quarter mark of the season and it's time to make some award predictions based off a relatively small sample size! Looking at stats and not-so-deep analysis of how players have played, we've come up with the following results for who would take home the major awards if the season were to end today. Sure this all means shit with 36 games to go in the season, but it's interesting to see what players have been award-worthy out the gate.
Take a look and tell us what you think:
Hart Memorial Trophy - Thomas Vanek
If it wasn't for Vanek the Buffalo Sabres would be sitting at the bottom of the NHL (which would make us very happy), but he's kept them in games they had no right being in. Of his 11 goals, 9 are when his team's trailed or been tied; he's not just scoring the last goal in a blowout. Vanek is lighting it up with two 5-point games already with no signs of slowing down. MVP in the NHL thus far although his team is shit.
Vezina Trophy - Craig Anderson
It pains us to say that Craig Anderson has been lights out for the Ottawa Senators, but with a 6-2-2 record and league-leading numbers like a 1.49 GAA and .950 SV% he's been one of the most consistent goalies in 2013. He's playing like he did when he first came to Ottawa and if he keeps it up he'll definitely be in the running for the Vezina (which we hope he doesn't because we're Leafs fans).
James Norris Memorial Trophy - Erik Karlsson
Karlsson not only leads all defencemen in goals, but he also leads his team with 5 on the season. His offence is still there with 9 points and a league-leading 53 shots on goal, but his defence has been consistent and he is a +5 through 12 games. While many expected him to fall off a bit from his Norris winning season in 2011-12, Karlsson is easily proving that his 78-point season was no fluke.
Calder Trophy - Vladimir Tarasenko
This a toughie with such a great crop of rookies to choose from, but we're going to with Vladimir Tarasenko of the St. Louis Blues. The Rookie of the Month for January has made it clear he can be an elite player in the NHL with 5 goals and 10 points. NHL fans have finally seen what they've been missing from this KHLer. Playing on a deep Blues team, the Russian will see less ice time than other candidates, and potentially even more from the young Russian player ruiner, Ken Hitchcock.
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy - Andrei Markov
Markov has been a broken down man the last few years with his right knee hanging on to his body with duck tape. Having only played a combined 20 NHL games the previous two seasons, Markov has returned to his All-Star form with 10 points in 11 games so far this season. The injury bug hasn't hit him yet, but if he manages to shake it for the season he definitely deserves to take home this award and be mocked by Hologram Bill Masterton.
Jack Adams Award - Bruce Boudreau
The Ducks have surprised us all and sit 4th overall in the league with 17 points in 11 games. Not bad for a team that finished in the lottery last year. Boudreau has the Ducks buying into his system and must be treating himself to ice cream after every game. The scariest thing is the Ducks have been successful without their big guns scoring and a 30-year-old rookie goaltender.
Frank J. Selke Trophy - Jonathan Toews
It's time Toews gets some love for his great two-way game. He's been one of the Hawks top penalty killers and takes all the important faceoffs for his team. Toews is +9 so far in 12 games and has been a complete player in both ends by putting up a point-per-game. Toews has been in the running the past few years and was a finalist in 2011, so based on how this award is normally handed out to people not named Pavel Datsyuk - he's due.
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy - Martin St. Louis
Marty has already won this award twice and was seeking a 3-peat before Brian Campbell politely took the award last year. St. Louis is off to a very gentlemanly start with only 2 PIMs (a suspect hooking call that made Guy Boucher do this) and he's lighting it up with Stamkos and Conacher with 16 points through 11 games. Basically he puts up big points and stays out of the box... and probably helps the elderly cross the street safely.
Posted by Dirty Dangle at 12:16 AM
Zetterberg gets my vote for the Hart Memorial Trophy.
Vanek will fade and be out of the top 10 in scoring by the end of the season.


The guests awoke to 1 1/2 " of fresh powder on the ground. The forecast is calling for more. The high yesterday never reached above freezing. 31 was the high with a low of 21. We are awaiting the big storm to hit.
That picture makes me feel cold even while I am sitting inside a warm condo.
Amazing! A simply amazing photo. Thanks.
Thanks so much for your posts and your enthusiasm. I've only made it up to LeConte eight times, but the mighty mountain is in my mind and my soul every day.
I have a map of the Smokies posted in front of my desk at work. Pasted over LeConte is a quotation I like, "When I am here I touch the hand of God."
What a difference a few days can make! I love this surreal photo.
Beautiful winter wonderland! Wish we were there!
I LOVE this picture! I think I'll go have some hot chocolate (not as good as yours) and sit and just look at this picture for a while and pretend I'm looking out a window. Thanks, Allyson for sharing your world with ours!
I really wish I was there now. Beautiful picture again Allyson. Thank you for sharing.
If I did not have to work today I would love to be hiking up in that beautiful scenery.PLease enjoy the beauty on behalf of the rest of us who long to be there but can't.
Wow!Our group missed this by just four days. I was grateful for all of the sunshine while we were there, but the snow would have been a blast. Thanks for the picture.
Beautiful pic! Thanks for sharing. Simply gorgeous area of the world!
What gorgeous photography! I am enjoying the snow vicariously through you. Your work is very much appreciated.
Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow! Beautiful photograph! Time for you all to cozy up to the fireplace!!!
Winter Wonderland. God's beauty everywhere up there! Thanks for sharing your pictures with the world.
Thanks Allyson for the updates. How much snow so far?
6 inches and counting. It is currently 21 degrees and still snowing.
Absolutely beautiful! Several years ago I spent the night in the LeConte shelter with nearly a foot of snow and 18 degrees. Sitting by the fire at the Lodge, sipping hot chocolate, and watching the falling snow does seem a bit more appealing! Wish I were there, too!
So hard to believe we were just there Tuesday night this week and hiked in short sleeves and 50 deg weather. Hiked in to Ramsey today it seemed like Narnia. About 4" of snow on everything starting about 2 miles into the hike. Nothing at the trail head.
Can't wait to see what it looks like in the morning.
Thank you for the wonderful pictures and information. I look forward to being able to see snow on the mountains some day soon with my husband.
If 441 is closed, head around on I-40 west and get off at the Foothills Parkway east if it is open. If not continue to the Cosby/Gatlinburg exit (don't recall the number) but you can get to Gatlinburg from there via Hwy 321. Good luck and great hiking.
My friend Ron and I am hiking up there Wed. staying the night and hiking down Thur.
Coming up Rainbow then down Bullhead.
I am from the Huntsville, AL area.


text:
Q: Why is Gatling pausing before sending Requests Gatling 3.0.3 is pausing for 25 seconds before the injection.
I am using the Radius Plugin bpabdelkader/gatling-radius I've already developped to load test our Radius Server.
My sample Scenario is as follows:
import io.gatling.core.Predef._

import com.ngenia.radius.Predef._
import com.ngenia.radius.protocol._

class RadiusSimulation extends Simulation {

  implicit val radiusProtocol: RadiusProtocol = radius
    .host("10.20.30.40")
    .sharedKey("mySharedKey")
    .replyTimeout(100) // 100 ms

  val scn = scenario("Access Request")
    .feed(csv("data/dataFeeder.csv").circular)
    .exec(
      radius("Access Request")
        .username("${username}")
        .password("${password}")
        .properties(
          Map(
            "NAS-Identifier" -> "${NAS-Identifier}",
            "NAS-IP-Address" -> "${NAS-IP-Address}",
            "Calling-Station-Id" -> "${Calling-Station-Id}",
            "Called-Station-Id" -> "${Called-Station-Id}"
          ))
        .authenticate()
    )

  setUp(scn.inject(atOnceUsers(1000))).protocols(radiusProtocol)
}

Once launched, I can see 1000 users waiting for 25 sec before the Injection began
Select run description (optional)

17:15:26.944 [INFO ] i.g.c.s.w.ConsoleDataWriter - Initializing
17:15:26.944 [INFO ] i.g.c.s.w.LogFileDataWriter - Initializing
17:15:26.949 [INFO ] i.g.c.s.w.ConsoleDataWriter - Initialized
17:15:26.955 [INFO ] i.g.c.s.w.LogFileDataWriter - Initialized

================================================================================
2019-07-08 17:15:31                                           5s elapsed
---- Requests ------------------------------------------------------------------
> Global                                                   (OK=0      KO=0     )

---- Access Request ------------------------------------------------------------
[                                                                          ]  0%
          waiting: 1000   / active: 0      / done: 0
================================================================================

================================================================================
2019-07-08 17:15:36                                          10s elapsed
---- Requests ------------------------------------------------------------------
> Global                                                   (OK=0      KO=0     )

---- Access Request ------------------------------------------------------------
[                                                                          ]  0%
          waiting: 1000   / active: 0      / done: 0
================================================================================

================================================================================
2019-07-08 17:15:41                                          15s elapsed
---- Requests ------------------------------------------------------------------
> Global                                                   (OK=0      KO=0     )

---- Access Request ------------------------------------------------------------
[                                                                          ]  0%
          waiting: 1000   / active: 0      / done: 0
================================================================================

================================================================================
2019-07-08 17:15:46                                          20s elapsed
---- Requests ------------------------------------------------------------------
> Global                                                   (OK=0      KO=0     )

---- Access Request ------------------------------------------------------------
[                                                                          ]  0%
          waiting: 1000   / active: 0      / done: 0
================================================================================

Simulation RadiusSimulation started...
log4j:WARN No appenders could be found for logger (org.tinyradius.util.RadiusClient).
log4j:WARN Please initialize the log4j system properly.
17:15:51.676 [INFO ] i.g.c.c.i.Injector - StoppedInjecting

================================================================================
2019-07-08 17:15:51                                          25s elapsed
---- Requests ------------------------------------------------------------------
> Global                                                   (OK=9      KO=0     )
> Access Request                                           (OK=9      KO=0     )

---- Access Request ------------------------------------------------------------
[--------------------------------------------------------------------------]  0%
          waiting: 0      / active: 991    / done: 9
================================================================================

================================================================================
2019-07-08 17:15:56                                          30s elapsed
---- Requests ------------------------------------------------------------------
> Global                                                   (OK=317    KO=0     )
> Access Request                                           (OK=317    KO=0     )

---- Access Request ------------------------------------------------------------
[#######################---------------------------------------------------] 31%
          waiting: 0      / active: 683    / done: 317
================================================================================

================================================================================
2019-07-08 17:16:01                                          35s elapsed
---- Requests ------------------------------------------------------------------
> Global                                                   (OK=650    KO=0     )
> Access Request                                           (OK=650    KO=0     )

---- Access Request ------------------------------------------------------------
[################################################--------------------------] 65%
          waiting: 0      / active: 350    / done: 650
================================================================================

================================================================================
2019-07-08 17:16:06                                          40s elapsed
---- Requests ------------------------------------------------------------------
> Global                                                   (OK=966    KO=0     )
> Access Request                                           (OK=966    KO=0     )

---- Access Request ------------------------------------------------------------
[#######################################################################---] 96%
          waiting: 0      / active: 34     / done: 966
================================================================================

17:16:07.446 [INFO ] i.g.c.c.i.Injector - All users of scenario Access Request are stopped
17:16:07.447 [INFO ] i.g.c.c.i.Injector - Stopping
17:16:07.449 [INFO ] i.g.c.c.Controller - Injector has stopped, initiating graceful stop

================================================================================
2019-07-08 17:16:07                                          40s elapsed
---- Requests ------------------------------------------------------------------
> Global                                                   (OK=1000   KO=0     )
> Access Request                                           (OK=1000   KO=0     )

---- Access Request ------------------------------------------------------------
[##########################################################################]100%
          waiting: 0      / active: 0      / done: 1000
================================================================================

17:16:07.485 [INFO ] i.g.c.c.Controller - StatsEngineStopped
Simulation RadiusSimulation completed in 15 seconds
Parsing log file(s)...
17:16:07.529 [INFO ] i.g.c.s.LogFileReader - Collected ArrayBuffer(D:\Bitbucket\gatling\target\gatling\radiussimulation-20190708151526921\simulation.log) from radiussimulation-20190708151526921
17:16:07.535 [INFO ] i.g.c.s.LogFileReader - First pass
17:16:07.555 [INFO ] i.g.c.s.LogFileReader - First pass done: read 3001 lines
17:16:07.563 [INFO ] i.g.c.s.LogFileReader - Second pass
17:16:07.656 [INFO ] i.g.c.s.LogFileReader - Second pass: read 3001 lines
Parsing log file(s) done
Generating reports...

================================================================================
---- Global Information --------------------------------------------------------
> request count                                       1000 (OK=1000   KO=0     )
> min response time                                     12 (OK=12     KO=-     )
> max response time                                    143 (OK=143    KO=-     )
> mean response time                                    16 (OK=16     KO=-     )
> std deviation                                          6 (OK=6      KO=-     )
> response time 50th percentile                         15 (OK=15     KO=-     )
> response time 75th percentile                         16 (OK=16     KO=-     )
> response time 95th percentile                         21 (OK=21     KO=-     )
> response time 99th percentile                         31 (OK=31     KO=-     )
> mean requests/sec                                   62.5 (OK=62.5   KO=-     )
---- Response Time Distribution ------------------------------------------------
> t < 800 ms                                          1000 (100%)
> 800 ms < t < 1200 ms                                   0 (  0%)
> t > 1200 ms                                            0 (  0%)
> failed                                                 0 (  0%)
================================================================================

Reports generated in 0s.
Please open the following file: D:\Bitbucket\gatling\target\gatling\radiussimulation-20190708151526921\index.html

Process finished with exit code 0

Another point: As you can see, the 1 second test, +/- a few seconds for the final requests to complete, has gone on for 15 seconds !!!!
Thanks in advance for your help

A: As a matter of sharing experience about the problem described above, it seems that my Radius calls are blocking, that's why the actors are executing Sequentially !!!!!
the solution consists in Asyncifying the Radius calls using Scala Future/onComplete blocks.
here's the main custom Action:
package com.ngenia.radius.action

import scala.util.{Failure, Success}

import io.gatling.core.action._
import io.gatling.core.session.Session
import io.gatling.core.stats.StatsEngine
import io.gatling.commons.util.Clock

import scala.concurrent.Future
import scala.concurrent.ExecutionContext.Implicits.global

import com.ngenia.radius.client
import com.ngenia.radius.client.RadiusUtils
import com.ngenia.radius.protocol.RadiusProtocol
import com.ngenia.radius.request._

case class RadiusAction(
                         requestType: Type,
                         radiusAttributes: RadiusAttributes,
                         radiusProtocol: RadiusProtocol,
                         clock: Clock,
                         statsEngine: StatsEngine,
                         next: Action
                       ) extends RadiusLogging {

  override def name: String = "RADIUS"

  override def execute(session: Session): Unit = {

    implicit val iSession = session

    val start = clock.nowMillis

    val future = Future {
      client.RadiusClient.sendRequest(radiusProtocol, requestType, radiusAttributes)
    }

    future.onComplete {
      case Success(response) => {
        log(start, clock.nowMillis, response._2, radiusAttributes.requestName, session, statsEngine)
        next !
          session
            .set("Acct-Session-Id", RadiusUtils.sessionId)
            .set("Framed-IP-Address", RadiusUtils.framedIPAddress(response._1))
      }
      case Failure(e) => e.printStackTrace
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Michelman Promotes from Within, Appoints Two Group Vice Presidents
CINCINNATI, OH (July 18, 2017) – Michelman, a global developer and manufacturer of environmentally friendly advanced materials for industry, has announced the appointment of two new Group Vice Presidents. Ms. Ginger Merritt, Michelman's China Country Manager, has been tapped as the company's new Vice President of Coatings, while Ms. Lisa DiGate, Global Director of R&D Systems at Michelman, has been appointed the company's new Vice President of Printing and Packaging.
Ms. Merritt brings extensive experience and leadership skills to the position. She was most previously Vice President of the Polymers Division, China, for Wacker Chemicals; served as Chairman & General Manager for Wacker Polymers Systems; Vice President of Worldwide Sales & Marketing at Agion Technologies; and Global Marketing Manager, Can Sealants at WR Grace & Co.
Merritt earned her MBA from Columbia University, and holds a Master of Science in Chemistry from the University of Houston. She will be based out of Michelman's Shanghai office and will maintain her role as Country Manager, China.
According to Dr. Rick Michelman, Executive Vice President, Chief Growth & Technology Officer at Michelman, "Since joining Michelman, Ginger has created a well-defined and actionable plan to accelerate growth for China and is taking bold steps to execute on that plan through product development, partnerships, and customer intimacy. She has also improved collaboration between China and our three business groups. With Ginger's drive, and passion for exceptional service, we think our customers will be as excited about this appointment as we are here at Michelman."
Ms. DiGate also adds far reaching and deep experience to the Michelman team. DiGate brings more than 25 years of cross-functional leadership experience from DuPont, having served in numerous roles including Global Business Director for the Packaging Graphics Business, Global Business Director for Teflon® Consumer and Industrial, and most recently, as Business and Function Transformation Leader. She also held leadership roles in supply chain, strategy, customer service, marketing and sales.
DiGate earned a degree in Chemical Engineering from Cornell University. She will be based out of Michelman's headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio.
According to Dr. Rick Michelman, "Lisa has quickly developed relationships and strategies that have pushed our traditional way of thinking. She has been instrumental in the upgrading of our early stage product development processes, and has brought fresh new ideas on collaborative new product development programs. We believe her experience and passion will help drive the Printing and Packaging group to new levels of excellence."


which was covered by a graffiti of fraternity insignia.
A Meeting of Minds pictures an outdoor marketplace. A banner, held aloft by doves Reads "Mercado La Paloma". Tall columns draw the viewer into the Mercado. The columns are flanked with vendors selling fruit, food, flowers and the like; musicians play and weavers weave on wooden looms. In the foreground people are gathered; talking, cooking, eating, enjoying music and watching artisans at work.
Pictured in the crowd are persons important to our community, mingling with great figures from the past millennium: e.g. Albert Schweitzer, Albert Einstein, Leonardo da Vinci, Rosa Parks, Eleanor Roosevelt, Aldous Huxley, George Bernard Shaw, Mahatma Gandhi, Charles Darwin, Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, Ann Frank, Lucille Royball Allard, Rita Walters, Charles Darwin, Sister Diane Donoghue and Bruce Saito as well as many Health Promoters, Vista Volunteers, children and adults who are participating and contributing toward making this, our community a welcoming, thriving, diverse and artistic place.
The mural pictures the flow of ideas (represented by these figures) from the last millennium through to the present and into the Future.
From Leonardo da Vinci to Sister Elizabeth, (a ninety year old Sister of Social Service who is still working with children at St. Vincent's School) to the young artists and babies in our community who are continuing to advance the philosophical ideals that create and foster a healthy, diverse, peaceful and beautiful community into the next millennium.


Required reading and assignments for AP and some honors courses.
Many honors and AP courses assign required summer work for which students are responsible on the first day of class. Students who are moved into honors and AP classes over the summer (and even at the end of the summer) are responsible for this work, too.
To start next year in a positive mode, please find and complete this work before the end of the summer using the tabs above. All assignments are posted here as soon as teachers submit them. If the assignment you seek isn't updated for 2018 please contact the department head.


Uber has aggregated over six years of trip data into a new website called Movement, which analyzes travel times and traffic across cities the ride-sharing company has been operating in. The data not only offers a fascinating insight into travel duration times compiled from millions of independent trips, but also offers the ability to examine traffic flow changes over different periods of time.
Uber initially envisions the information will be of use to city officials and urban planners, enabling districts a better understanding of where and how improvements to road networks can be made.
The initial launch website is only accessible to specifically approved parties, such as city officials and planners, but Uber intends to open access to the general public within the next couple of months. Four cities are currently integrated into the system, Washington, Boston, Manila and Sydney, but the company plans to add many more.
Movement works by breaking up individual Uber trips into pieces, anonymously logging the time it takes to travel throughout various parts of a city. Uber's head of transportation, Andrew Salzberg, explained that the company has been developing Movement for nine months with a view to finding a balance between sharing the valuable data the company is accumulating and maintaining privacy for its customers.
"The goal with this is how do we make data available for obvious public interest and public purpose while maintaining privacy controls on individual riders and individual drivers and trips," Salzberg told Business Insider.
For several years, Uber has been battling with different cities over everything from how much data it gives local government officials, to whether its presence is even legal, so the release of Movement feels like a significant strategic shift and olive branch from this big disruptive presence in urban transport.
Take a closer look at Uber's Movement in the video below.


My condolences to all you members out there in Oklahoma. Some of you might not see this message for awhile until you get your internet and cell service back but I mean it. I've lived near there and have been through my fair share of tornado devastation myself. Truly one of the worst natural disasters you can go through. Makes you realize how short life is and to appreciate your loved ones more for the limited time we have with them.
I didn't know all this was going on until a member on my site who is in Oklahoma started crying and complaining in our site's chatbox. Didn't know what she was talking about, checked the news and my jaw just dropped.
It's been on the news all day here, im quite in awe of how "selective" it was... houses flattened to the ground, yet 10 meters away, a house untouched.
That's actually why a tornado is so powerful. All the energy is focused in such a small area.
Not the same tornado, but one from Oklahoma a couple years past.
Tornados aren't measured by "Categories" - those are Hurricanes.
lol I got the category 4 rating from some news article my bad.
That's how tornadoes usually are. They will hit a few houses, leave the ground and "jump/skip" over a few and then come right back down. Also what stewart said they focus so much energy into one small area.
Granbury, Texas (20 minutes from me) was hit hard by a tornado last week when these huge storms started popping up everywhere.
Just had the sirens blast in my ear drums a few minutes ago (luckily it wasn't serious), most likely just testing them to make sure they still work. The town I live in doesn't do tests I guess.
Lmao, as I was about to post this the sirens went off again.
What a great time to live in Tornado Ally.
In 1976 the town I am from (Minden, IA) had a tornado. It came during an annual carnival, took out the town's dance hall but left the Ferris wheel standing about 20 feet away. Tornadoes are just nutty-random.
It has been upgraded to an EF5.
When you see the ground scoured like that and just foundations left, it's usually a good bet that it was an EF5. About the only safe place is below ground level or in a VERY well built safe-room. We get a few around here and the wife and I are probably going to keep this house for a "few" more years, so I'm looking at getting my younger brother to bring some of his equipment down and us dig a big hole in the back yard and then lay out a storm cellar (1ft re-enforced concrete) in it and then cover it over and put a gazebo over it.
Tornados everywhere this time of year here in the Midwest. This one in Moore missed me by only a 100 miles or so. Two others came within 45 miles of Dodge City a couple of days ago. We usually get a 100 or so each Spring. One really has to pay attention to the weather and have a storm radio near your bedside so you can hear when they are coming. One several years back wiped out a neighboring town...the WHOLE town. Greensburg, KS is only 47 miles from me. To this day you can drive through and the trees are still noticeably stripped of their small branches. Most of the town has rebuilt. Some are still rebuilding. My cousin was in a shelter and was still speared in the chest with a 2 x 4 and spent 4 months in a hospital. Mother nature is awesome and deadly.
When you see the ground scoured like that and just foundations left, it's usually a good bet that it was an EF5.
There isn't much difference between a high-end EF4 and a low-end EF5 - both are extremely dangerous and deadly. In this case, it was just about 10mph wind speed what made it finally upgraded to a EF5. It's just that the categorization requires a line to be drawn at a certain speed.
About the only safe place is below ground level or in a VERY well built safe-room.
Yup, a wind speed of 200mph or more is hardly survivable without some seriously solid protection around you.
The highest wind speed I've ever witnessed was around 100mph while on a hiking/climbing tour and it was already very, very scary even though we were able to take shelter. Twice this speed must be hell on earth.


Breast Cancer What signs of breast cancer are there other than a lump? Find out where olive oil ranks among the 2 best oils for cooking and 2 worst oils. From medical treatments to unusual chemistry, poop is intriguing.