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Tramways history
MR-63 car at Exporail
10 Billion Rides
50 years of métro history
50 years of old photos of métro stations
50 years of advertising
50 years of history in video
Governance since 1861
Bus history
Paratransit history
Brief history of public transit tickets in Montréal
Exhibit: Le métro, véhicule de notre histoire
Our website turns 20
The métro symbol
100 years of buses
The STM's archives
Trains and Tunnels
Horse-drawn winter tramway on St. Catherine Street (around 1877)
Horse-drawn tramways
The first tramways, which were drawn by horses along rails installed in the public roads, appeared in England in 1807. In Montreal, the harsh winters and steep inclines delayed the introduction of this type of network. It was only in 1861 that the city's first public transportation company, the Montreal City Passenger Railway Company (MCPRC), was created. The MCPRC hired an American, Alexander Easton, to build its six mile (10 km) network. Construction began on September 18, 1861 and a first line was put into service along today's Notre-Dame Street on November 27. A second line was inaugurated a few days later on Saint-Antoine Street.
Each horse-drawn tramway had two employees: the driver and the conductor, who sold the tickets and collected the five-cent fare. Workers, who earned less than a dollar per day at the time, couldn't yet afford this service reserved for a certain elite group. People simply hailed the tramway to have it stop and pick them up, and they could even ask the driver to wait a few minutes for them! In its first year, the company logged a million trips. Three types of cars were used: the summer tramway, which had open sides, the winter or sled tramway, which was very useful when the rails were covered with snow and ice, and the omnibus, a wheeled vehicle used when the rails were impassable, such as during the spring melt.
Click on these STM Archives pictures to enlarge them.
Electric tramways
The first electric tramways appeared in Europe in the early 1880s. In Montreal, the electrification of the network was delayed because the management of the Montreal Street Railway Company (MSRC)—which had replaced the MCPRC in 1886 and had close to 1,000 horses—had misgivings. However, the work finally began in the summer of 1892 and the city's very first electric tramway, the Rocket, was put into service on September 21, 1892. Within two years, the network was completely electrified, and ridership doubled during that same period from 10 million trips to 20 million. Meanwhile, a system of transfer tickets was tested to facilitate changing from one express line to another.
The electric tramways were much faster than horses and were soon serving Sault-au-Récollet (1893), the parish of Saint-Laurent (1895), Bout-de-l'Île (1896) and Lachine (1897). At the same time, the MSRC introduced double-truck tramways, which were longer and more spacious. Most importantly, the company inaugurated the Pay As You Enter (PAYE) tramway, the first public transit vehicle in the world in which passengers paid when they boarded instead of waiting for an agent to collect the fare. That same year, the MSRC also introduced its famous observation tramway, which would delight generations of Montrealers, young and old alike. Ridership reached 50 million in 1905 and hit the magic 100-million mark in 1910.
The golden age of tramways
Created in 1911, the Montreal Tramways Company (MTC) quickly acquired all of the other transit companies on the Island of Montreal. This private monopoly caused some concern for the general public, who were worried about the quality of the service offered. Late that year, the new company opened its first repair shops in Youville, where the metro's primary maintenance shops are currently located. A few years passed before the creation, in 1918, of the Montreal Tramways Commission, a public organization tasked with supervising the activities of the Montreal Tramways Company. This new balance worked quite well and the tramways were on the cusp of their golden age in Montreal.
At its peak in the early 1920s, the Montreal tramway network comprised over 300 miles (500 km) of tracks and more than 900 vehicles carried nearly 230 million passengers per year. In 1924, the first network map was distributed and the tramway cars began indicating the route number. That same year, the first solotrams (tramways operated by one employee) appeared and passengers now had to board at the front of the vehicle. In 1925, a huge terminus was opened on Craig Street, today's Saint-Antoine West. In 1929, the MTC moved its offices just next door and, the following year, the company launched its Mount Royal tramway line.
Tramways at war
After dominating the city's landscape for years, tramways now faced competition from buses, which were introduced in Montreal in 1919 and had their own division as of 1925. The early rickety buses were quickly replaced by quality vehicles which, although they could not carry as many passengers as the tramways, could be deployed rapidly and less expensively as the city evolved. After several smaller-scale tests, the first major replacement of a tramway by a bus occurred in 1936 in the city's east end, on Notre-Dame Street. The bus was no longer a simple complement to the tramway but its direct competitor.
World War II breathed new life into the tramways. The Transit Controller appointed by the federal government in 1941 required the MTC to limit its use of gasoline and tires. The company was thus forced to return its old tramways to service and purchase a few more second-hand. In 1944, it also put into service the PCC tramways, the last tramway model used in Montreal, of which it received only 18. So it was an aging fleet of tramways that served Montreal through the Second World War and made it possible to achieve a peak ridership in 1947 of 398,349,773 passengers transported during the year.
Tramways retired
Faced with the criticism of the MTC's private monopoly, the City of Montreal created the Montreal Transportation Commission (MTC) in August 1950. The Commission appropriated the assets of the Montreal Tramways Company on June 16, 1951, including a large number of old tramways at the end of their useful life. The tramways needed to be replaced quickly, but with what type of vehicle? Although powered by electricity, tramways were no longer very popular in the early 1950s. They were not as flexible as buses and many motorists accused them of blocking downtown traffic. So the decision was made to replace them all with buses over a period of some ten years.
In the end, it took eight years to retire the tramways, with the CTM purchasing some 1,300 buses to replace its 939 tramway cars. And that was how "the trams" gradually disappeared from the city's streets, such as Sainte-Catherine Street, where a parade was organized in 1956 for the event. On August 30, 1959, another parade marked the retirement of the last tramways in Montreal, on Papineau Avenue and Rosemont Boulevard. It was the end of an era—nearly 100 years of tramways in Montreal.
Board's work


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Home Artworks Untitled
Robyn Denny (1930 - 2014)
© Robyn Denny
Abstract artist Robyn Denny, currently lives and works in London. He studied at St Martin's School of Art from 1951 to 1954 and at the Royal College of Art from 1954 to 1957. He has taught painting at Hammersmith College of Art, Bath Academy of Art and at the Slade in London. His first solo exhibition was held in London in 1958 and he was the youngest artist to have a retrospective exhibition at the Tate Gallery, in 1973. He is known for his designs in the interior of Embankment Tube.
The Paradise Suite
height: 84.20 cm, width: 65.40 cm
Gift from the collection of Liesel Schwab, in recognition of the welcome she received in Britain as a refugee from Nazi Germany, arranged by her daughter Baroness Neuberger, July 2009
br: Denny '69 5/75
collection of Liesel Schwab, presented via her daughter Baroness Neuberger 2009

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Seagate 1.0TB 2.5 Expansion Portable – Black – USB 3.0 – PC – Simple and Instant Storage. The drive is automatically recognised by the Windows operating system no software to install and nothing to configure. Drag and drop to save files to the Expansion portable drive .
Seagate 2.0TB 2.5 Backup Plus Portable – Black – USB 3.0 – MAC & PC – Back Up and Protect Photos Videos and More – Automatically. Protect your data with easy flexible backups. Save photos automatically from your social networks. Share photos and videos to social networks with a click. 2-year 200GB access to OneDrive (Value R 2000.00) is included when you purchase a Backup Plus Slim Portable Drive.
Seagate 2.0TB 2.5 Backup Plus Portable – Blue – USB 3.0 – MAC & PC – Back Up and Protect Photos Videos and More – Automatically. Protect your data with easy flexible backups. Save photos automatically from your social networks. Share photos and videos to social networks with a click. 2-year 200GB access to OneDrive (Value R 2000.00) is included when you purchase a Backup Plus Slim Portable Drive.
Seagate 2.0TB 2.5 Backup Plus Portable – Red – USB 3.0 – MAC & PC – Back Up and Protect Photos Videos and More – Automatically. Protect your data with easy flexible backups. Save photos automatically from your social networks. Share photos and videos to social networks with a click. 2-year 200GB access to OneDrive (Value R 2000.00) is included when you purchase a Backup Plus Slim Portable Drive.
Seagate 2.0TB 2.5 Backup Plus Portable – Silver – USB 3.0 – MAC & PC – Back Up and Protect Photos Videos and More – Automatically. Protect your data with easy flexible backups. Save photos automatically from your social networks. Share photos and videos to social networks with a click. 2-year 200GB access to OneDrive (Value R 2000.00) is included when you purchase a Backup Plus Slim Portable Drive.
Seagate 2TB 2.5 PLUG AND PLAY Portable – Black – USB 3.0 – any generation of PS4( PS4PS4 slim and PS4 Pro.Fast and simple set no tools required.
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Seagate 4.0TB 2.5 Backup Plus Portable – BLUE – USB 3.0 – MAC & PC – Back Up and Protect Photos Videos and More – Automatically. Protect your data with easy flexible backups. Save photos automatically from your social networks. Share photos and videos to social networks with a click. 2-year 200GB access to OneDrive (Value R 2000) is included when you purchase a Backup Plus Slim Portable Drive.
Seagate 4.0TB 2.5 Backup Plus Portable – RED – USB 3.0 – MAC & PC – Back Up and Protect Photos Videos and More – Automatically. Protect your data with easy flexible backups. Save photos automatically from your social networks. Share photos and videos to social networks with a click. 2-year 200GB access to OneDrive (Value R 2000) is included when you purchase a Backup Plus Slim Portable Drive.
Seagate 4.0TB 2.5 Backup Plus Portable – SILVER – USB 3.0 – MAC & PC – Back Up and Protect Photos Videos and More – Automatically. Protect your data with easy flexible backups. Save photos automatically from your social networks. Share photos and videos to social networks with a click. 2-year 200GB access to OneDrive (Value R 2000) is included when you purchase a Backup Plus Slim Portable Drive.
Seagate 4.0TB 2.5 Expansion Portable – Black – USB 3.0 – PC – Simple and Instant Storage. The drive is automatically recognised by the Windows operating system no software to install and nothing to configure(Plug and play). Drag and drop to save files to the Expansion portable drive.


The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), a self-regulatory organization (SRO) in the U.S., has issued a new warning about cryptocurrency-related stock fraud.
In a new post on its website, FINRA urged investors to do their homework when it comes to public companies that tout their activities involving blockchain or cryptocurrencies.
The warning is perhaps a timely one, given several recent moves by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to halt trading of several publicly traded stocks, as well as a swath of announcements by previously uninvolved companies that are now working on blockchain projects.
Among the latter group is Long Island Iced Tea Corp., which announced today that it was changing its name to Long Blockchain Corp after "shifting its primary corporate focus towards the exploration of [and] investment in opportunities that leverage the benefits of blockchain technology." As reported by Bloomberg, the stock price for Long Island soared by more than 200 percent in the wake of its announcement.
In August, the SEC warned investors about the risk of public stock pump-and-dump schemes that use cryptocurrency as a marketing tool.
"These frauds include 'pump-and-dump' and market manipulation schemes involving publicly traded companies that claim to provide exposure to these new technologies," the agency said at the time.


text:
Q: How to continue execution after a throw exception in Java? I am reading HTML files from a folder using xml parser that store the clean code in tagNode
try {
    Document doc = new DomSerializer(props, true).createDOM(tagNode);
} catch (Exception ex) {
 ex.printStackTrace();
}

But one of the files is giving me an error :
org.w3c.dom.DOMException: INVALID_CHARACTER_ERR: An invalid or illegal XML character is specified.

How I can continue running the program after the exception is caught ?

solution #1
    try
    {
            File folder = new File(path);
            File[] listOfFiles = folder.listFiles();
        FileWriter fstream = new FileWriter("dataset.txt");
            BufferedWriter br= new BufferedWriter(fstream);

for (int i = 0; i < listOfFiles.length; i++) {
{
        try {
            Document doc = new DomSerializer(props, true).createDOM(tagNode);
        } catch (Exception ex) {
         ex.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    } catch (Exception ex) {
         ex.printStackTrace();
        }

Given a way around it , why I am getting this error ?

A: Use a try/catch block
try{
   Document doc = new DomSerializer(props, true).createDOM(tagNode);
}
catch(DOMException e){
   //error handling here if you want
}

 //we now hit more code

A: If you are processing a list of files like you mention above you only need the try-catch block that is inside of the for loop:
File folder = new File(path);
File[] listOfFiles = folder.listFiles();
FileWriter fstream = new FileWriter("dataset.txt");
BufferedWriter br= new BufferedWriter(fstream);

for (int i = 0; i < listOfFiles.length; i++)
{
    try
    {
       Document doc = new DomSerializer(props, true).createDOM(tagNode);
    }
      catch (DOMException de)
      {
         de.printStackTrace();
      }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


1 Aquatic Ecosystem Associates, 3674 Planta Road, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1M2, Canada.
2 Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
3 School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
4 Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
5 School of Earth and Ocean Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
We addressed the question of bottom-up versus top-down control of marine ecosystem trophic interactions by using annual fish catch data and satellite-derived (SeaWiFS) chlorophyll a measurements for the continental margin of western North America. Findings reveal a marked alongshore variation in retained primary production that is highly correlated with the alongshore variation in resident fish yield. The highest productivity occurs off the coasts of Washington and southern British Columbia. Zooplankton data for coastal British Columbia confirm strong bottom-up trophic linkages between phytoplankton, zooplankton, and resident fish, extending to regional areas as small as 10,000 square kilometers.
Satellite imaging of chlorophyll shows that local areas with more phytoplankton in the ocean off nort hwestern North America also contain larger fish populations.


The balance of refurbishment and new build for Eltham Hill School has been through intense investigation to achieve a viable scheme.
The project involved retention of the original 1920s building, front wall and a listed summer house, while replacing the 1970s extension with a new three-storey block and sports hall. During construction, the school was required to remain in occupation, achieved through careful phasing.
The new, main teaching building, provides general and specialist teaching accommodation and is organised around a central street and learning hub. This has provided a new heart to the school and was used as a blank canvas to create a student artwork as part of the design process, integrated into the digital media curriculum for that year.
Our partnership with the school has led to a number of student initiatives including work placements; a leadership conference; construction industry careers events, and a competition to design artwork for the new atrium.
The first phase completed in September 2012 and following the refurbishment of the existing buildings and the construction of the new dining hall, the united campus opened in September 2013.
The scheme is environmentally responsible; it gained a BREEAM Excellent rating and carbon funding through designing in a 60% reduction in carbon emissions.


Following a November gusher, droplets from the gutter pool pin oak leaves within interconnecting light-circles, splayed upon earth-toned pavers. Variegated browns—cordovan, burnt umber, russet, tan, sepia, beaver—quicken our senses to this drama, its ordinariness melding into the extraordinary.
It's about the circles, many enclosed within larger ones outlined in dark chocolate, ephemeral and translucent. Within our watery depths a corresponding shimmering occurs. It's like glancing into a parallel universe and relishing its treasure. We feel whole despite the paradox of the leaves' decomposition within such raw beauty.
Such glimpses of our Creator's imprints afford a critical wetness in this time of killing drought.
We just have to pause and look for them. They are all around us.


I am here to make your special event everything you want and more.
I work closely with ALL my couples to create and deliver the PERFECT ceremony for them and their vision: PERSONALISED, HEARTFELT and FUN!
I was honoured to perform my 400th wedding in April 2018 (woohoo!) and I'm extremely humbled to have been awarded Victorian Celebrant of the Year for 2017 and I was voted #1 Female Celebrant for the Brides Choice Awards in 2018!
With a background in secondary teaching, I'm friendly, enthusiastic, attentive, professional and highly organised. I want this experience to be relaxed and enjoyable for you and I'm committed to making both the lead up to your big day, and your special occasion, the very BEST it can be.
While I'm based in Melbourne, I frequent the Yarra Valley, Mornington Peninsula, the Dandenong Ranges and I'm more than happy to travel to country Victoria, interstate and even overseas!!!
An obligation free meeting where we get to know each other and discuss lots of wonderful ideas for your ceremony.
The preparation and lodgement of all official paperwork.
Unlimited assistance via phone or email.
A rehearsal to put your mind at ease- we go over the finer details eg. timing of processional, positions and movements, all the things that help make a ceremony run flawlessly (the small things make a world of difference).
A decorative certificate for you to keep.
A premium service from beginning to end.
Highly competitive rates - please contact me for my prices.
A state of the art PA system with quality sound- this includes a headset (for me) and wireless microphone (for vows and readings).
For an additional fee, I also offer fun and inexpensive dance lessons (I have over 30 years ballroom dancing experience).
Why don't you follow me on Instagram @melbournecelebrantdanielle & click on the appropriate icon to visit my Facebook page!


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Takahashi Outdoors
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Home George Washington National Forest George Washington National Forest – Veach Gap Trail
George Washington National Forest – Veach Gap Trail
Katarina 2017-10-29	 George Washington National Forest / Hiking / Virginia / Wildflowers
Autumn Hike at Veach Gap Trail
In late October we went hiking on Veach Gap Trail in George Washington National Forest. The shuttle hike to the summit with the beautiful views and two campsites is 3.5 miles each way, or 7 miles round. However, we went a bit beyond that point to fill a gap in our trail log, hiking about 8 miles.
Wildflowers near the Trailhead
There were a few wildflowers growing near the parking lot, but we didn't see any more on the trail. Sadly, it's now that time of year when wildflowers become rare.
I think that this is Sweet Goldenrod, Anise-scented Goldenrod, or Solidago odora, a member of the Aster family (Asteraceae). It favors dry fields and open woods. A native wildflower, it grows in eastern and south-central North America. The crushed leaves of Sweet Goldenrod give off a anise scent. A tea can be brewed from its leaves and dried flowers.
I struggled identifying it, though. Sweet Goldenrods normally bloom July to September. It is also possible this is Canada Goldenrod / Tall Goldenrod, but those usually have serrated leaves. This one didn't. Canada Goldenrods bloom August to November, so the timing would make more sense. Still, it's possible that it's just a late blooming Sweet Goldenrod. I've found on multiple occasions that my Audubon Society wildflower book can be slightly off on timing.
Frost Aster
Frost Aster, White Heath Aster, Hairy White Oldfield Aster, or Symphyotrichum pilosum, is a member of the Aster family (Asteraceae) and blooms September to October. A native plant, it grows mostly throughout eastern and central North America.
What helped me identify it was the white color, leaves both long and small (and slightly hairy near the stem), and a hairy stem.
Veach Gap Trail
It was a crisp autumn morning, and the freshly fallen leaves crunched under our feet as we made our way along the trail.
There were still colorful leaves on the trees, making for lovely fall scenery.
We came upon this plant on our path.
Eastern Bottlebrush Grass
Eastern Bottlebursh Grass, or Elymus hystrix, is a member of the Grass family (Poaceae). They flower June to August, and are normally green, but you can see they dry out to a beige color in fall. A native plant, Eastern Bottlebrush Grass grows throughout eastern and central North America.
The trail itself is not tough, with an elevation gain of about 1,000 ft over 3.5 miles to the summit, much of which is a relatively flat ridge trail. About 1.5 miles in you pass by a campsite next to an almost dried-out stream. It might be a good place to camp after there's been rain.
Closer to the summit, after passing through a valley, the trail became steeper.
Climbing up, we got a lovely autumnal view of Fort Valley and Massanutten Mountain.
Near the top of the mountain we walked along a rocky ridge with sparser trees.
In one area the trees had clearly been struck by lightning. This stark tree stood out.
You can see that the lightning didn't obliterate the tree, or burn it down, but went down the cracks in the bark. Perhaps it was conducted down this way because the water from the rain had concentrated in the cracks.
There were several trees like this. It was interesting to see and we took a bunch of pictures of it.
Broomsedge
Broomsedge, Broomstraw, Sedge Grass, Sage Grass, or Andropogon virginicus, is a member of the Grass family (Poaceae). A native plant, it grows mostly throughout the eastern and central United States in old fields, pastures, clearings, and along roadsides.
It looked distinctive, and I thought I could find it easily in my research, but this is not one of the grasses included in the National Audubon Society Field Guide to Wildflowers Eastern Region that I usually use to identify flowers and plants. I found out what it was by asking on the Capital Naturalist Facebook page. Alonso Abugattas Jr., who runs the page, as well as other members, are always so helpful.
Looking East from the top of the ridge there are three viewpoints, including one at a large campsite, with a great vista of Page Valley. Shenandoah National Park (SNP) is in the distance. Almost directly across from this point is the start of the North District of SNP and Dickey Ridge Visitor Center. For the longest time I thought that this was called Shenandoah Valley. Actually, you can call it Shenandoah Valley, but Shenandoah Valley covers a larger geologic and cultural area, including several smaller valleys.
You can also see the snaking South Fork of the Shenandoah River from the viewpoint. The South Fork winds through Page Valley and the North Fork winding through Shenandoah Valley, with the two converging just above Front Royal, VA to form the Main Stem. The Shenandoah River goes on to meet the Potomac River at Harpers Ferry, WV. If you're interested to learn about why the river has this distinctive meandering shape, I'd recommend reading this page from NASA.
Recommended as a Hike
Veach Gap Trail was not too strenuous, but enough of a hike to get good exercise, and had gorgeous views at the top. On that warm fall day there were a lot of visitors, and I can see why. Even though there were many people, there are a few viewpoint spots at the top, providing enough space for plenty of people to enjoy the view. It's a great option for anyone in the area looking for a good day hike.
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Wusthof Classic Ikon 2 Piece Chef's & Paring Knife Set
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Explore the exclusive selection of Bohemian Treasure's boho style earrings. We offer wide range of handcrafted earrings made with crystals, gemstones, gold & silver to inspire your inner goddess.
If you are looking for a unique pair of earrings with boho style touch then Bohemian Treasure is the place to find inspiration to fit your personal look. Our boho style earrings are designed to give a modern and timeless feel. If you're a fan of gold, silver and brass jewelry, here you'll probably find everything you've ever wanted.
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Our jewelry line is created to connect the wearer with it's intentions of cultivating a fulfilling life. Here you can find the best selection of everyday pieces, from minimalist/elegant style studs, dainty dangles, fine crystal earrings to delicate gemstone or simple drop earrings. For those who are into bold or statement jewels we offer gorgeous playful, stand-out pieces with vibrant feel. Either the boho style earrings appear minimal or bold, they will turn heads wherever you wear them.
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Critique written by Yeppoon Art Dealer Frank Mackenzie-Hunt
I am usually comfortable with most forms of art but Anthony White's Moon Franchise Agreement makes me feel uncomfortable even within modern definitions of art. Andy Warhol challenged our mass produced consumer ideals by painting Coke bottles and Campbell's soup cans but White is the first artist to challenge society's mass produced businesses by making his own franchise agreements into works of art. The fact that the franchise agreements are for exclusive sales territory on the moon demonstrates the extremes that mass produced business franchises have gone to and which we, the public, now accept. Just like the impersonal experiences we receive when dealing with franchises, White also makes his franchises impersonal as the agreement is only made to "the owner" of the agreement. I am confronted with the unwelcome reality that he produces artwork not just for visual pleasure but also for financial gain. It reminds me of an early exhibit of Anthony White's artwork which was sponsored by Brisbane BMW where he wrote, "For art to be truly beautiful, there must be an element of investment as well." This touches the deeper reality of our contemporary lives. Exploitation pervades our modern lives; sometimes it is unwitting, sometimes deliberate.
The Caption Says
I hereby give the owner of this agreement the exclusive right to sell all official Anthony White Artwork between __ latitude and __ longitude on the Earth's Moon's surface.
Anthony White agrees to supply the owner of this agreement with his artwork at wholesale prices in order that the owner of this contract be able to conduct the business of reselling Anthony's artwork in the aforementioned exclusive territory on the Moon.
This agreement is transferable, but cannot be sold for less than the price that the current owner has paid for it.
In order to know the future of art I invented it.


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De Oranje Vrijstaat (Afrikaans: Oranje-Vrystaat) was een onafhankelijk land in Zuidelijk Afrika in de tweede helft van de 19e eeuw dat geregeerd werd door de Nederlandstalige Boeren. De hoofdstad van de republiek was Bloemfontein. De natuurlijke grenzen van de Vrijstaat waren de Oranjerivier in het zuiden, de Vaalrivier in het noordwesten en de Drakensbergen in het oosten.

De Vrijstaat werd in 1854 opgericht door de Voortrekkers en was samen met de Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (Transvaal) de belangrijkste Boerenrepubliek in Zuid-Afrika. Onder de regering van Johannes Henricus Brand (1823-1888) groeide de Vrijstaat uit tot een stabiele republiek. Een militaire alliantie met Transvaal leidde in 1899 tot de inmenging van de Vrijstaat in de Tweede Boerenoorlog en de daaropvolgende verovering van de Vrijstaat door het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Het gebied staat tegenwoordig bekend als de Zuid-Afrikaanse provincie Vrijstaat.

Geschiedenis

Voorgeschiedenis

Vanaf 1652 werd de Kaapkolonie in het uiterste zuiden van Afrika gekoloniseerd door de Nederlandse VOC. De Nederlandse kolonisten (waarvan velen van Duitse en hugenootse afkomst) leefden hier voornamelijk als eenvoudige boeren en vergroeiden zich met Afrika tot Afrikaners. In 1806 werd de Kaapkolonie voorgoed overgenomen door het Verenigd Koninkrijk, maar vele Afrikaners waren ongelukkig met hun nieuwe Britse regering en hunkerden naar vrijheid. In de jaren 30 van de 19e eeuw verliet een grote stroom boeren als Voortrekkers de Kaapkolonie met de Grote Trek, om in het woeste binnenland van Zuid-Afrika hun eigen thuisland te stichten.

Vóór de stichting van de Oranje Vrijstaat stond het gebied tussen de Oranje- en Vaalrivier bekend als de Transoranje of Transgariep, dat voornamelijk werd bevolkt door de Griekwa in het zuiden, door de Basotho in het oosten en de Tswana zoals de Barolong in Thaba Nchu en het westen van het gebied. De eerste Europeanen staken aan het einde van de 18e eeuw voor het eerst de Oranjerivier over, waaronder trekboeren die met hun kudden op zoek waren naar verse grasvelden. Tijdens de Mfecane (ca. 1820) werden de Basotho door de Nguni zoals Mzilikazi uit de Transoranje verdreven. Onder leiding van koning Moshoeshoe I vestigden zij zich in het hedendaagse Lesotho, waarop de Transoranje dunbevolkt achterbleef.

De eerste Europese nederzetting in Transoranje was de zendelingenpost Philippolis, in 1823 gesticht door de Schotse zendeling John Philip. In 1826 vestigde de Griekwakapitein Adam Kok II zich met zijn volgelingen te Philippolis, dat de hoofdstad werd van de Griekwastaat Adam Koksland.

Vestiging
In de jaren 30 en 40 van de 19e eeuw volgden de Nederlandstalige Voortrekkers, die zich na de Britse annexatie van de Kaapkolonie en de Republiek Natalia in de Transoranje vestigen. De eerste nederzetting van de Voortrekkers in de Transoranje was Winburg, gesticht door Voortrekkerleider Andries Hendrik Potgieter op 16 oktober 1836. Op 9 april 1844 fuseerde Potgieter de republiek Winburg met de republiek Potchefstroom tot de Republiek Winburg-Potchefstroom. Andere Boeren vestigden zich te Adam Koksland, waar zij regelmatig in conflict kwamen met de plaatselijke Griekwa. In mei 1845 raakten de Boeren en Griekwa slaags bij Zwartkopjes, waarop een Britse resident te Philippolis werd geïnstalleerd. Tegen het einde van 1846 waren er zo'n 2000 Voortrekkersgezinnen gevestigd in de Transoranje.

Op 3 februari 1848 werd de volledige Transoranje door gouverneur Harry Smith van de Kaapkolonie omgedoopt tot de Britse Oranjeriviersoevereiniteit. Hij liet een garnizoen van slechts zestig man achter in de nieuwe hoofdstad Bloemfontein. Onder leiding van Andries Pretorius kwamen de anti-Britse Boeren uit Winburg tegen de Britse regering in opstand en op 21 juni werd Bloemfontein veroverd. Zij werden echter op 28 augustus door Harry Smith verslagen bij de Slag bij Boomplaats, en de meeste anti-Britse Boeren vluchtten naar de Transvaal.

Vanwege de voortdurende conflicten met de Basotho in het zuidoosten erkenden de Britten uiteindelijk toch de onafhankelijkheid van de Oranje Vrijstaat op 17 februari 1854, en het land werd onafhankelijk op 23 februari 1854, met de ondertekening van de Conventie van Bloemfontein.

Conflicten

Met hun onafhankelijkheid werden de conflicten met de Basotho nu een zaak van de Boeren. Als eerste staatspresident kozen de burgers Josias Philip Hoffman, een vriend van koning Moshoeshoe. Hoffman probeerde de geschillen op te lossen door Moshoeshoe een vat buskruit te schenken zonder zijn besluit aan de Volksraad voor te leggen. Na grootschalig verzet voelde Hoffman zich gedwongen om af te treden en werd hij opgevolgd door Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff, die het openbaar bestuur van de Vrijstaat versterkte en de eerste initiatieven nam op gebied van onderwijs.

Ondertussen wilde staatspresident Marthinus Wessel Pretorius van de Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek de twee republieken tot één machtige staat fuseren en beweerde dat hij het leiderschap over de Vrijstaat van zijn vader geërfd had. In de verwachting dat hij gesteund werd door de Vrijstaatse bevolking arriveerde hij op 22 februari 1857 in Bloemfontein en een dag later probeerde hij een staatsgreep te plegen. Pretorius werd echter teruggestuurd en op 25 mei stonden de twee gewapende facties tegenover elkaar. Doordat Pretorius zich terugtrok kon een oorlog worden voorkomen en op 1 juni erkenden de twee Boerenrepublieken elkaars onafhankelijkheid. Beide republieken werden bondgenoten tot het einde; Pretorius zou later nog tegelijkertijd staatspresident worden van de Vrijstaat en de ZAR.

Moshoeshoe was nog steeds vastberaden om de Transoranje te heroveren, en in maart 1858 brak na herhaaldelijke grensconflicten de Eerste Basotho-oorlog uit. De Basotho wisten zich kundig te verweren tegen het offensief van de Vrijstaat. Omdat Transvaalse steun uitbleef wendde de Vrijstaat zich tot de Britse gouverneur van de Kaapkolonie, George Grey. Grey sloot vrede tussen de twee partijen en president Boshoff trad af. Hij werd opgevolgd door Marthinus Wessel Pretorius.

Bloei
Onder het presidentschap van Pretorius kende de Vrijstaat een betrekkelijk rustige periode van welvaart. In 1861 vertrokken de Griekwa onder kapitein Adam Kok III uit Adam Koksland naar het oosten, waar Oost-Griekwaland werd gesticht. Op de landen van de Griekwakapitein Nicolaas Waterboer en het bevriende Barolonghoofd Moroka na lag nu het volledige gebied tussen de Oranje- en Vaalrivier in handen van blanken.

Nadat de advocaat Johannes Henricus Brand in 1865 tot president van de Oranje Vrijstaat werd verkozen, bloeide de republiek op tot een zowel politiek als economisch sterke staat. Na de zoveelste grensgeschillen verklaarde hij in 1865 de oorlog aan Moshoeshoe. De Tweede Bashotho-oorlog werd overtuigend gewonnen door de Vrijstaat, al bleek Moshoeshoe's fort Thaba Bosiu onoverwinnelijk. In april 1866 werd een vredesverdrag gesloten, maar toen Moshoeshoe niet veel later de voorwaarden schond brak in juli 1867 de Derde Basotho-oorlog uit. Met militaire steun van Transvaal werden de Basotho voorgoed verslagen en vroeg Moshoeshoe aan koningin Victoria om Britse bescherming, waarop het protectoraat (en later kroonkolonie) Basutoland ontstond.

Diamanten
In 1866 werd de Eurekadiamant gevonden bij Waterboersland, het land van Griekwakapitein Nicolaas Waterboer in het westen van de Vrijstaat, wat leidde tot een enorme instroom van gelukszoekers vanuit de hele wereld. Het land was voorheen op zo weinig waarde geschat dat er nog geen duidelijkheid was over de rechtmatige eigenaar van het land, waarop de mijnwerkers zelf de wetteloze republiek West-Griekwaland oprichtten. De ontdekte diamantvelden werden opgeëist door zowel de Vrijstaat, Transvaal, het Verenigd Koninkrijk als Nicolaas Waterboer. Volgens staatspresident Brand zat het gebied sinds de Conventie van 1854 inbegrepen bij de Vrijstaat. De strijd werd uiteindelijk verloren door de Vrijstaat nadat gouverneur Keate van de Natalkolonie het gebied in 1871 toewees aan Waterboer, die zichzelf onder Britse bescherming stelde. Hierop schoot de stad Kimberley ten westen van de Vrijstaat uit de grond. Staatspresident Brand reisde persoonlijk af naar Londen om zijn zaak te bepleitten en ontving een vergoeding van £90.000.

Desondanks bleef de Vrijstaat financieel gezond. Waar Transvaal in 1874 met een staatsschuld van £720.000 kampte meldde de Vrijstaat datzelfde jaar een begrotingsoverschot. De overheid investeerde deze winst in wegen, bruggen, publieke gebouwen en scholen.

Eerste Boerenoorlog
In 1877 werd het failliete Transvaal geannexeerd door het Verenigd Koninkrijk, maar de Transvalers poogden dit in 1880 met geweld terug te draaien toen de Eerste Boerenoorlog uitbrak. Omdat president Brand de goede relaties met beide partijen wilde behouden, bleef de Vrijstaat neutraal tijdens het conflict en diende Brand als vredesbemiddelaar. De oorlog werd door Transvaal gewonnen en de republiek kreeg zijn onafhankelijkheid terug.

President Brand overleed in 1888 na 24 jaar in functie en werd opgevolgd door respectievelijk Francis William Reitz en Marthinus Theunis Steyn, die een sterkere band met Transvaal nastreefden. In maart 1889 sloten de zusterrepublieken een militaire alliantie.

Tweede Boerenoorlog

Na de Transvaalse ontdekking van goud bij de Witwatersrand en het daaropvolgende probleem met de uitlanders stegen de spanningen tussen Transvaal en het Verenigd Koninkrijk tot een kookpunt. Op 11 oktober 1899 verklaarde de Transvaalse staatspresident Paul Kruger de oorlog aan het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Trouw aan hun militaire alliantie vocht de Vrijstaat mee aan Transvaalse zijde.

Ondanks een goed begin van de oorlog voor de Boeren werd Bloemfontein op 13 maart 1900 door Lord Roberts veroverd. Tijdens de guerrillafase waren het vooral de Vrijstaatse militairen die het meest onverzettelijk bleken, waaronder president Steyn en generaal Christiaan de Wet. Om de bittereinders tot overgave te dwingen hanteerden Lord Roberts en Lord Kitchener de tactiek van de verschroeide aarde. Boerderijen werden platgebrand en Boerenvrouwen en hun kinderen werden opgesloten in overvolle en onhygiënische concentratiekampen. De kampleiding verwaarloosde de gevangenen en zorgde onvoldoende voor medische diensten, onderdak en voedsel. Als gevolg stierven 27.927 blanke en ongeveer 20.000 zwarte gevangenen aan honger, ziekte of uitputting. Het was met name aan de inzet van de klokkenluidster Emily Hobhouse te danken dat het sterftecijfer vanaf 1902 spectaculair daalde. Inclusief de kampslachtoffers betreurden de Boeren in totaal ongeveer 34.000 doden tegenover 22.000 Britten. In totaal waren tienduizenden boerderijen van Boeren vernield.

Op 31 mei 1902 werd het Verdrag van Vereeniging getekend en werd de Oranje Vrijstaat omgedoopt tot de Britse Oranjerivierkolonie. Op 31 mei 1910 werd de Oranje Vrijstaat een provincie van de Unie van Zuid-Afrika, die thans nog steeds bestaat onder de naam Vrijstaat.

Topografie
De Oranje Vrijstaat was een binnenstaat en grensde in 1899 met de klok mee aan de Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, de Natalkolonie, Basutoland en de Kaapkolonie. Het landschap van de republiek werd gekenmerkt door uitgestrekte grasvelden.

De republiek bestond in 1892 uit negentien districten: Bloemfontein, Winburg, Caledonrivier, Moroka, Rouxville, Wepener, Ladybrand, Ficksburg, Bethlehem, Harrismith, Vrede, Heilbron, Kroonstad, Hoopstad, Boshof, Jacobsdal, Fauresmith, Philippolis en Bethulie.

Maatschappij

Staatsinrichting
De Oranje Vrijstaat was een parlementaire republiek. De staatspresident werd om de vijf jaar verkozen en werd bijgestaan door een Uitvoerende Raad. Het hoogste gezag lag bij het parlement, de Volksraad, wiens leden om de vier jaar werd verkozen. Stemrecht was weggelegd voor meerderjarige mannen van Europese afkomst met staatsburgerschap. Ook kleurlingen en zwarten die zich dusdanig hadden aangepast aan de Europese cultuur maakten kans op stemrecht. Het Nederlands was de ambtelijke taal van de Vrijstaat, met uitzondering van het gedeeltelijk Engelstalige hooggerechtshof. De lokale rechtspraak lag per district in handen van de landdrost.

De grondwet van de Oranje Vrijstaat werd op basis van de Grondwet van de Verenigde Staten geschreven door de Nederlandse onderwijzer Jacobus Groenendaal, en werd door de Volksraad goedgekeurd op 10 april 1854. De vlag en het wapen van de Oranje Vrijstaat werden ontworpen door de Hoge Raad van Adel, na een verzoek aan koning Willem III der Nederlanden, en onthuld op 23 februari 1857.

Religie
De Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk telde verreweg het meeste aantal leden in de republiek. De Engelstalige bevolking richtte anglicaanse en methodistische gemeenten op.

Leger
De staatspresident was de opperbevelhebber van het Vrijstaatse leger. Alle blanke mannen van 16 tot 60 jaar waren dienstplichtig en maakten deel uit van het Boerencommando, dat werd aangevoerd door een veldkornet.

Economie
De industrie van de Vrijstaat bestond voornamelijk uit veeteelt en landbouw, met wol, huiden en struisvogelveren als voornaamste export. In 1875 werd het aantal boerderijen op 6.000 tot 7.000 geschat. De republiek was ook rijk aan steenkool. Na het verlies van de West-Griekwalandse diamantvelden in 1871 hield de Vrijstaat twee diamantmijnen over: bij Jagersfontein en in mindere mate bij Koffijfontein. De import van de republiek bestond uit ijzer- en etenswaren, alsmede wol-, katoen- en zijdeproducten.

Onderwijs
De Oranje Vrijstaat had een uitstekend georganiseerd onderwijssysteem. Initiatiefnemer voor het Vrijstaatse onderwijs was de Brit George Grey, oprichter van de prestigieuze Grey's College te Bloemfontein.

Bevolking
In 1890 werd de bevolking van de Oranje Vrijstaat geschat op 77.716 blanken en 129.787 niet-blanken. De blanke bevolking bestond voornamelijk uit Boeren en in mindere, doch aanzienlijke mate uit Britten.

Postzegels

De republiek begon postzegels uit te geven in 1868, en bleef dit doen tot 1897. Het enige ontwerp dat werd gebruikt bestond uit een oranje boom, met de inscriptie Oranje Vrij Staat langs de kanten.

Presidenten

De staatspresidenten van de Oranje Vrijstaat waren:

Historisch land in Zuid-Afrika
Historische republiek
Geschiedenis van Vrijstaat
Afrikaners

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Nikolai Dmitriyevich Titkov (; born 18 August 2000) is a Russian football player who plays as a central midfielder for FC Orenburg on loan from FC Lokomotiv Moscow.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Professional Football League for FC Kazanka Moscow on 17 July 2019 in a game against FC Kolomna.

He made his debut for the senior squad of FC Lokomotiv Moscow on 25 September 2019 in a Russian Cup game against FC Baltika Kaliningrad.

He made his Russian Premier League debut for Lokomotiv on 5 December 2020 in a game against FC Rubin Kazan, he substituted Vitaly Lisakovich in the 90th minute of the game.

On 19 June 2021, he joined FC Orenburg on loan. On 16 June 2022, Titkov returned to Orenburg, again on loan.

Career statistics

References

External links

2000 births
Sportspeople from Ryazan
Living people
Russian footballers
Association football midfielders
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players
FC Orenburg players
Russian Premier League players
Russian First League players
Russian Second League players


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You will find below the horoscope of Philippe Gazeau with his interactive chart, an excerpt of his astrological portrait and his planetary dominants.
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Devoted, intelligent, and honest character. Success is more likely to be experienced in ordinary occupations than in prominent jobs. This degree is good for careers in primary education or in priesthood.
Philippe Gazeau, born on February 20, 1954 in Niort (birth time source: Didier Geslain, birth certificate), is a French architect and urban planner.
Here are some character traits from Philippe Gazeau's birth chart. This description is far from being comprehensive but it can shed light on his/her personality, which is still interesting for professional astrologers or astrology lovers.
In a matter of minutes, you can get at your email address your astrological portrait (approximately 32 pages), a much more comprehensive report than this portrait of Philippe Gazeau.
Philippe Gazeau, the nocturnal North-western quadrant, consisting of the 4th, 5th and 6th houses, prevails in your chart: this sector favours creativity, conception and some sort of specialization or training, with helpfulness and relations as strong components. You need others' cooperation in order to work properly, although you are not very expansive: creating, innovating and thinking are what matter most to you because this self-expression enriches you and totally satisfies you.
The predominance of Water signs indicates high sensitivity and elevation through feelings, Philippe Gazeau. Your heart and your emotions are your driving forces, and you can't do anything on Earth if you don't feel a strong affective charge (as a matter of fact, the word "feeling" is essential in your psychology). You need to love in order to understand, and to feel in order to take action, which causes a certain vulnerability which you should fight against.
Cheers for communication and mobility, Philippe Gazeau! The predominance of Air signs in your chart favours and amplifies your taste for relations and for all kinds of short trips, whether real (travels) or symbolic (new ideas, mind speculations). You gain in flexibility and adaptability what you lose in self-assertion or in pragmatism.
The Mutable mode is the most emphasized one in your natal chart, Philippe Gazeau, which indicates a mobile character that is curious and thirsty for new experiences and evolution. You are lively and flexible, and you like to react quickly to solicitations, but don't confuse mobility with agitation, since this is the danger with this configuration - and with you, stagnation is out of the question. Security doesn't matter as long as you are not bored. You optimize, you change things, you change yourself... all this in a speedy way.
Your angular houses, namely, the 1st, 4th, 7th and 10th houses, are very emphasized in your chart, Philippe Gazeau: according to the Tradition, they are the strongest and most dynamic houses. Should the rest of your chart concur, angular houses suggest that you are an enterprising, energetic and assertive man. Indeed, angular houses are said to generate impulsions and to give a powerful and domineering personality.
The three most important planets in your chart are Neptune, Venus and the Sun.
In your natal chart, the three most important signs - according to criteria mentioned above - are in decreasing order of strength Libra, Pisces and Leo. In general, these signs are important because your Ascendant or your Sun is located there. But this is not always the case: there may be a cluster of planets, or a planet may be near an angle other than the Midheaven or Ascendant. It may also be because two or three planets are considered to be very active because they form numerous aspects from these signs.
The 5th, 1st and 4th houses are the most prominent ones in your birth chart. From the analysis of the most tenanted houses, the astrologer identifies your most significant fields or spheres of activity. They deal with what you are experiencing - or what you will be brought to experience one day - or they deal with your inner motivations.
After this paragraph about dominant planets, of Philippe Gazeau, here are the character traits that you must read more carefully than the previous texts since they are very specific: the texts about dominant planets only give background information about the personality and remain quite general: they emphasize or, on the contrary, mitigate different particularities or facets of a personality. A human being is a complex whole and only bodies of texts can attempt to successfully figure out all the finer points.
You are sensitive to beauty, Philippe Gazeau, and your emotional reactions are often of an aesthetical order because, even in the appearances, balance and harmony are necessary for your well being. You easily identify with others, you have a talent for emphasizing their best qualities and you solve their problems with tact and diplomacy. You endlessly weigh the pros and the cons and you constantly try to please your interlocutors. In doing so, you may develop a strong dependency because you need their approval too much. It is difficult for you and your entourage to deal with your indecisiveness because it inclines you towards contemplation more than towards creation and you are tempted to procrastinate unless you try to charm others into doing things for you. But as long as harmony prevails... isn't it what matters?
Compassion and self-sacrifice: you are fond of this romantic mode and you are willing to express your feelings, the intensity of which is unlimited, Philippe Gazeau. With excitement and imagination, you dream your amorous relationships as much as you actually live through them. The line between the concrete world and your huge hopes is so tenuous that you don't know anymore where it is, although your particularly rich sensuality prompts you to experience your feelings concretely. You want to share communion and passion with your partner. The lyrical flights of your feelings break from your heart as waves that you do not attempt to control because they give you a real, almost voluptuous and carnal joy. You give a lot – sometimes too much - without reservation, almost without propriety, totally revealing your vulnerability during your amorous exchanges because you are sure of the quality and the might of your feelings: they are so powerful and overwhelming that you are aware that nothing can resist them.
Unless salient factors indicate otherwise, Philippe Gazeau, your nature is not very extroverted and your tendency is to keep to yourself emotions that may run very deep. Your will prompts you to create some sort of security, or cocoon, around you.
Philippe Gazeau, you are a real Goliath and you often excel in sport; your thirst for conquests prompts you to constantly launch new challenges. The enthusiasm you put in your undertakings is perfectly well supported by your moral concepts and an idealism compatible with the values of the society you live in. You are pragmatic, enterprising and sometimes, naive. You do not pay attention to details and you launch various great adventurous projects that are all doomed to success. In a few rare cases, you can funnel your huge energy into more philosophical, even spiritual or religious enterprises, where your entire fieriness works wonders. On the sexual plane, your ardour and your spontaneity are your main assets. The danger is that you may spread yourself too thin in the sense that you may forget about faithfulness, particularly during the extensive faraway travels you are so fond of.
This text is only an excerpt from of Philippe Gazeau's portrait. We hope that it will arouse your curiosity, and that it will prompt you to deepen your knowledge of astrology, as well as to visit and use the wide range of free applications at www.astrotheme.com.
Your Life Path is influenced by the number 5, Philippe, which indicates changing and off the beaten track destinies. Your activities are varied and placed under the sign of adaptability, and multiplication of resources. More than anyone else, you need to enhance your learning capacities and the broad-mindedness. You must cope as well as you can with changes and transformation occurring in your life. Indeed, Life Path 5 brings about destinies which are prone to twists and turns, as well as to upheavals. Therefore, your life's main orientation may vary considerably at certain stages, and if your destiny is that of adventurers whose course is fraught with obstacles, it may also turn you into an exceedingly unstable person through lack of nuance. You accumulate experiences and enrich your know-how with each crucial period. Your adaptation skills enable you to go through all the successive stages of your life without ever being destabilised by new situations.


text:
package com.cloud.network;

import com.cloud.utils.component.Adapter;

public interface IpAddrAllocator extends Adapter {
	public  class IpAddr {
		public String ipaddr;
		public String netMask;
		public String gateway;
		public IpAddr(String ipaddr, String netMask, String gateway) {
			this.ipaddr = ipaddr;
			this.netMask = netMask;
			this.gateway = gateway;
		}
		public IpAddr() {
			this.ipaddr = null;
			this.netMask = null;
			this.gateway = null;
		}
	}
	public class networkInfo {
		public String _ipAddr;
		public String _netMask;
		public String _gateWay;
		public Long _vlanDbId;
		public String _vlanid;
		public networkInfo(String ip, String netMask, String gateway, Long vlanDbId, String vlanId) {
			_ipAddr = ip;
			_netMask = netMask;
			_gateWay = gateway;
			_vlanDbId = vlanDbId;
			_vlanid = vlanId;
		}
	}
	public IpAddr getPublicIpAddress(String macAddr, long dcId, long podId);
	public IpAddr getPrivateIpAddress(String macAddr, long dcId, long podId);
	public boolean releasePublicIpAddress(String ip, long dcId, long podId);
	public boolean releasePrivateIpAddress(String ip, long dcId, long podId);
	public boolean exteralIpAddressAllocatorEnabled();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Mandalas are sacred, symmetrical designs that lend themselves to creatively beautiful edibles. I usually create salads and desserts as mandalas, using round platters for the traditional circular mandala form. But when I serve a salad for large groups, I often use big wooden trays I have for that purpose. For a salad, just use your imagination when it comes to ingredients.
Bed of salad greens: varieties of lettuce, a bit of fresh basil, and arugula, all cut into small pieces.


text:
package com.jcwhatever.nucleus.utils.text.format;

import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import com.jcwhatever.nucleus.utils.ArrayUtils;
import com.jcwhatever.nucleus.utils.PreCon;
import com.jcwhatever.nucleus.utils.text.components.IChatLineSettings;
import com.jcwhatever.nucleus.utils.text.components.IChatMessage;

import javax.annotation.Nullable;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;

/**
 * Settings for {@link TextFormatter}.
 */
public class TextFormatterSettings implements IChatLineSettings {

    private final Object _sync = new Object();
    private final Map<String, ITagFormatter> _formatters;
    private volatile char[] _escaped; // characters to escape
    private volatile FormatPolicy _lineReturnPolicy = FormatPolicy.FORMAT;
    private volatile FormatPolicy _unicodePolicy = FormatPolicy.FORMAT;
    private volatile FormatPolicy _colorPolicy = FormatPolicy.FORMAT;
    private volatile FormatPolicy _tagPolicy = FormatPolicy.FORMAT;
    private volatile boolean _isArgsFormatted = true;
    private volatile int _maxLineLen = -1;
    private volatile IChatMessage _linePrefix;

    private volatile char _escapedCache;

    /**
     * Specifies how a formatting aspects are handled.
     */
    public enum FormatPolicy {

        /**
         * Formatting component is formatted.
         */
        FORMAT,
        /**
         * Ignored the formatting component, left as is.
         */
        IGNORE,
        /**
         * Remove the formatting component.
         */
        REMOVE
    }

    /**
     * Constructor.
     *
     * @param formatters  A map of formatters to use.
     */
    public TextFormatterSettings(@Nullable Map<String, ITagFormatter> formatters) {

        ImmutableMap.Builder<String, ITagFormatter> builder = new ImmutableMap.Builder<>();

        if (formatters != null) {
            for (Entry<String, ITagFormatter> entry : formatters.entrySet()) {
                builder.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
            }
        }

        _formatters = builder.build();
    }

    /**
     * Constructor.
     *
     * @param formatters  The formatters to use.
     */
    public TextFormatterSettings(ITagFormatter... formatters) {
        PreCon.notNull(formatters);

        ImmutableMap.Builder<String, ITagFormatter> builder = new ImmutableMap.Builder<>();

        for (ITagFormatter formatter : formatters) {
            builder.put(formatter.getTag(), formatter);
        }
        _formatters = builder.build();
    }

    /**
     * Constructor.
     *
     * @param source      The {@link TextFormatterSettings} to copy.
     * @param formatters  The formatters to use. Overwrites source settings if duplicate.
     */
    public TextFormatterSettings(TextFormatterSettings source, ITagFormatter... formatters) {
        PreCon.notNull(formatters);

        _escaped = source._escaped != null
                ? Arrays.copyOf(source._escaped, source._escaped.length)
                : null;

        _lineReturnPolicy = source._lineReturnPolicy;
        _unicodePolicy = source._unicodePolicy;
        _colorPolicy = source._colorPolicy;
        _tagPolicy = source._tagPolicy;
        _isArgsFormatted = source._isArgsFormatted;
        _escapedCache = source._escapedCache;

        ImmutableMap.Builder<String, ITagFormatter> builder = new ImmutableMap.Builder<>();
        for (Entry<String, ITagFormatter> entry : source._formatters.entrySet()) {
            builder.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
        }

        for (ITagFormatter formatter : formatters) {
            builder.put(formatter.getTag(), formatter);
        }

        _formatters = builder.build();
    }

    /**
     * Constructor.
     *
     * @param source      The {@link TextFormatterSettings} to copy.
     * @param formatters  A map of formatters to use. Overwrites source settings if duplicate.
     */
    public TextFormatterSettings(TextFormatterSettings source,
                                 @Nullable Map<String, ITagFormatter> formatters) {
        PreCon.notNull(source);

        _escaped = source._escaped != null
                ? Arrays.copyOf(source._escaped, source._escaped.length)
                : null;

        _lineReturnPolicy = source._lineReturnPolicy;
        _unicodePolicy = source._unicodePolicy;
        _colorPolicy = source._colorPolicy;
        _tagPolicy = source._tagPolicy;
        _isArgsFormatted = source._isArgsFormatted;
        _escapedCache = source._escapedCache;

        ImmutableMap.Builder<String, ITagFormatter> builder = new ImmutableMap.Builder<>();
        for (Entry<String, ITagFormatter> entry : source._formatters.entrySet()) {
            builder.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
        }

        if (formatters != null) {
            for (Entry<String, ITagFormatter> entry : formatters.entrySet()) {
                builder.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
            }
        }

        _formatters = builder.build();
    }

    @Override
    public int getMaxLineLen() {
        return _maxLineLen;
    }

    @Override
    public TextFormatterSettings setMaxLineLen(int len) {
        _maxLineLen = len;
        return this;
    }

    @Override
    @Nullable
    public IChatMessage getLinePrefix() {
        return _linePrefix;
    }

    @Override
    public TextFormatterSettings setLinePrefix(@Nullable IChatMessage text) {
        _linePrefix = text;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Determine if format arguments are formatted before being inserted into the
     * format template.
     */
    public boolean isArgsFormatted() {
        return _isArgsFormatted;
    }

    /**
     * Set format arguments formatted before insertion.
     *
     * @param isFormatted  True to format, false to insert as is.
     *
     * @return  Self for chaining.
     */
    public TextFormatterSettings setIsArgsFormatted(boolean isFormatted) {
        _isArgsFormatted = isFormatted;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Determine if a character should be escaped.
     *
     * @param character  The character to check.
     */
    public boolean isEscaped(char character) {
        if (_escaped == null)
            return false;

        if (_escapedCache == character)
            return true;

        synchronized (_sync) {
            for (char escaped : _escaped) {
                if (escaped == character) {
                    _escapedCache = escaped;
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Get an array of characters that should be escaped.
     */
    public char[] getEscaped() {
        if (_escaped == null)
            return ArrayUtils.EMPTY_CHAR_ARRAY;

        synchronized (_sync) {
            return Arrays.copyOf(_escaped, _escaped.length);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set the array of characters to escape.
     *
     * @param escaped  The characters that should be escaped.
     */
    public TextFormatterSettings setEscaped(char... escaped) {
        PreCon.notNull(escaped);

        synchronized (_sync) {
            _escaped = Arrays.copyOf(escaped, escaped.length);
        }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Determine if line returns sequences should be formatted into actual line returns,
     * ignored, or removed.
     */
    public FormatPolicy getLineReturnPolicy() {
        return _lineReturnPolicy;
    }

    /**
     * Set line return sequences formatted into actual line returns, ignored, or removed.
     *
     * @param policy  The format policy to use.
     *
     * @return  Self for chaining.
     */
    public TextFormatterSettings setLineReturnPolicy(FormatPolicy policy) {
        PreCon.notNull(policy);

        _lineReturnPolicy = policy;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Determine if unicode sequences should be formatted into unicode characters.
     */
    public FormatPolicy getUnicodePolicy() {
        return _unicodePolicy;
    }

    /**
     * Set unicode sequences formatted into unicode characters, ignored, or removed.
     *
     * @param policy  The format policy to use.
     *
     * @return  Self for chaining.
     */
    public TextFormatterSettings setUnicodePolicy(FormatPolicy policy) {
        PreCon.notNull(policy);

        _unicodePolicy = policy;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Determine if color tags should be formatted into color codes, ignored, or removed.
     */
    public FormatPolicy getColorPolicy() {
        return _colorPolicy;
    }

    /**
     * Set color tags formatted into color codes, ignored, or removed.
     *
     * @param policy  The format policy to use.
     *
     * @return  Self for chaining.
     */
    public TextFormatterSettings setColorPolicy(FormatPolicy policy) {
        PreCon.notNull(policy);

        _colorPolicy = policy;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Determine if tags (excluding color tags) should be formatted, ignored, or removed.
     */
    public FormatPolicy getTagPolicy() {
        return _tagPolicy;
    }

    /**
     * Set tags (excluding color tags) formatted, ignored or removed.
     *
     * @param policy  The format policy to use.
     *
     * @return  Self for chaining.
     */
    public TextFormatterSettings getTagPolicy(FormatPolicy policy) {
        PreCon.notNull(policy);

        _tagPolicy = policy;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Get all default tag formatters.
     */
    public Collection<ITagFormatter> getFormatters() {
        return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(_formatters.values());
    }

    /**
     * Get all default tag formatters.
     *
     * @param output  The output collection to add results to.
     *
     * @return  The output collection.
     */
    public <T extends Collection<ITagFormatter>> T getFormatters(T output) {
        PreCon.notNull(output);

        output.addAll(_formatters.values());
        return output;
    }

    /**
     * Get a default tag formatter by case sensitive tag.
     *
     * @param tag  The tag text.
     */
    public ITagFormatter getFormatter(String tag) {
        return _formatters.get(tag);
    }

    Map<String, ITagFormatter> getFormatMap() {
        return _formatters;
    }
}


text:
Kurvoshsky Pogost () is a rural locality (a village) in Oshtinskoye Rural Settlement, Vytegorsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 177 as of 2002.

Geography
Kurvoshsky Pogost is located 77 km southwest of Vytegra (the district's administrative centre) by road. Ruchey is the nearest rural locality.

References

Rural localities in Vytegorsky District


Firstly Andy and I took a stroll up to the North col - this was by far the most exciting part of the trip so far. It was great to get finally get down to some serious rope, ice axe and crampon work on the mountain it's self. The route twists it's way up over 600m from ABC with the last 400m pitched between 45 and 80 degrees on a mixture of soft snow and blue ice. There are fixed lines available although they consist of something equivalent to my grans old washing line - just not as strong!
We spent three days on the col in total and felt surprisingly good considering it's over 150m higher than we have ever been before, never mind slept - not that you can really sleep at 7000m.
Once we were back down at ABC the winds started to hammer the mountain. I was woken suddenly one night thinking I was in an avalanche when I realized it was gusts of wind battering my force ten tent (sponsor mention) however it held it's ground - unfortunately our fantastic force ten HQ tent (that had been the envy of all) did not fair so well and is no more... I do feel it is important to mention that a mountain hardware HQ tent next to ours also bit the dust!
One thing about altitude is that it completely knocks your body for six - feeling completely exhausted by our exploits on the north col we (Ian, Andy, Jon + Jon Mislow, Lakpa Temba, Garth Miller, Dwain, Bruce - the other guys are attached to Dan's trip) decided to go Russian and retreat from the mountain (the Russians traditionally climb high then retreat very low to recover before attempting the summit).
so after a 12 hour journey split between a bolloxed old truck and 9 people + baggage sharing a 4x4 we have arrived in a boarder town called Zang aka Jangboo where the altitude is only 2300m. we are choking on the thick air and thick steaks for dinner... this place isn't exactly my favorite holiday destination but it's better that hurricane hit base camp. We are only here until Friday (4 days in all) before we head back to base camp feeling much stronger.
Our plan is get back to ABC for the 11th May and wait for a weather window that will allow us a shot at the summit. It sounds kind of strange, that after years of saying one day...everest... to all of a sudden be saying that within the next two weeks we will have given a shot at everest summit our best effort - having already climbed to over 7000m on the mountain and stayed for 3 days. That said we are in the fortunate position to not be in a rush for the summit - so should the window not look great we will bide our time at BC and ABC waiting until it is right.
We will be in touch again in about 4 - 5 days all being well.