text:
Sights by Type
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Eyrarbakki
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Hot Springs (6)
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eyrarbakki, Eyrarbakki, 820
Eyrarbakki - Reykjavik
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Directions to Eyrarbakki
Eyrarbakki is a small village on the south coast of Iceland which about 150 years ago was one or the main cities in Iceland. That's why it has a lot of historic houses, and when the queen of Denmark painted an altarpiece, she chose to give it to the large wooden church in Eyrarbakki, it being the major city in the area.
There is an interesting folk museum there that documents the history of the town and the country, some restaurants like for instance the Red House, famous for its lobster soup.
Eyrarbakki is also a great place to just park your car, admire the town's storied buildings and walk along the beautiful and dramatic coastline.
Address: eyrarbakki , South Iceland, 820
North Iceland, North Iceland
Akureyri: The Capital of the North! The perfect jumping-off point from which to explore the rest of the North. Walk around the charming old town, check out the museums an...
Reykjavik-Area, Capital Area
Mýrdalsjökull
Vik, South Iceland
Mýrdalsjökull is a glacier in southern Iceland, situated to the north of Vík í Mýrdal and to the east of the smaller glacier Eyjafjallajökull................
Various-locations-around-Iceland, Reykjavik
As one of the most amazing and immense natural wonders of Iceland, it has quickly become one of the most visited attractions for both locals and travellers................
Fimmvorduhals
Fimmvörðuháls is a beautiful walking route in Southern Iceland and one of the most popular trails too................
Hraunfossar
Borgarnes, West Iceland
On road 518 in West Iceland, approximately a 55km drive away from the town of Borgarnes, the Hraunfossar 'lava falls' are a great destination for an afternoon's activity....
The Reykjavik Family Park
Reykjavik-Centre, Capital Area
The Reykjavik Family Park is an ideal place to spend the day with your family. It's located in Laugardalur, a family friendly outdoor area close to the heart of Reykjavik...
Gatklettur
Snaefellsnes, West Iceland
An arched rock on the Snaefellsnes peninsula in western Iceland.............
Beljandi
Breiddalsvik, East Iceland
Beljandi is situated in East Iceland and is quite isolated, making it a little more difficult to access.............
Herðubreið
Lake-Myvatn, North Iceland
Often called "Queen of Icelandic mountains", Mount Herðubreið is a 1682m high table mountain situated on the Oskjuleið Route in the highlands of north-east Iceland...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Crafts & Corks Sundays Due to popular demand, a 3rd class has been added for this very popular craft. We are now taking reservations for the 11:00am-1:00pm for the craft pictured below. Come join us and enjoy glass of wine or a mimosa! Please call 440-298-9838 OR visit Eventbrite to purchase tickets!- 6 tickets available!!!!


text:
<?php
/* vim: set expandtab tabstop=4 shiftwidth=4: */
namespace Egulias\ProvincesBundle\Model\DataFixtures\ORM;

use Doctrine\Common\DataFixtures\FixtureInterface;
use Egulias\ProvincesBundle\Entity\SpainProvince;
use Egulias\ProvincesBundle\Entity\Province;

class LoadSpanishProvinces implements FixtureInterface
{
    public function load($manager)
    {
        $sp = new SpainProvince();
        $provinces = $sp->getProvinces();

        foreach ($provinces as $id => $r) {
            $sp->setId($id);
            $region = $manager->getRepository('EguliasProvincesBundle:Region')
                        ->findOneBy(array('id' => $sp->getRegionId()));

            $province = new Province();
            $province->setId($id);
            $province->setName($sp->getName());
            $province->setRegion($region);
            $manager->persist($province);

        }
        $manager->flush();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Charles Barkley gives a huge tip to waiter, his college tuition fees
By Chris V. Thangham Jul 26, 2008 in Sports
Charles Barkley heard about a waiter at the restaurant he frequently visits who dropped out of college due to financial hardships. The ex-basketball star decided to pay his remaining tuition fees.
Christian Abate was majoring in education at Temple University and wanted to become a teacher. But because of financial pressures, he dropped out of school and put his education on hold for a few years.
Abate worked as a busboy for eight years at Saloon, an Italian restaurant in Philadelphia. He became friendly with one of the regular customers, Charles Barkley, an ex-Philadelphia 76ers basketball player and currently working with TNT Sports.
Last summer, during one of his visits to Saloon, Barkley asked about Abate's teaching career. When Abate said he dropped out because of lack of finances, Barkley felt sorry for him.
Instead of giving him a tip, Barkley said he will pay for his tuition fees. Abate was hesitant at first and Barkley told him that he needs an answer by the end of his meal. Abate accepted Barkley's offer.
Barkley told Philly.com: "He's a nice kid…He was working with kids, I loved that he wanted to be a teacher, and I wanted to help him."
Abate was very happy and he said he will be forever grateful to Barkley for giving him a second chance in life. Abate will graduate next May.
Barkley also has given $1 million to his Alabama high school Leeds, another million to Corningstone High in a poor area in Birmingham, Alabama and $1 million to Auburn University.
Thanks to Barkley, Abate will be able to help hundreds of students and shape their careers.
More about Charles barkley, Tips, Waiter
charles barkley tips waiter


text:
package cf;

import java.math.BigInteger;

/**
 * @author debmalyajash
 *
 */
public class StoryOfByte {

	/**
	 * @param args
	 */
	public static void main(String[] args) {

	}

	String ComputerUnitsToByte(int capacity, String unit) {
		BigInteger b = new BigInteger("1024");
		BigInteger v = new BigInteger("" + capacity);
		String[] u = new String[] { "KB", "MB", "G", "TB", "P" };
		for (int i = 0; i < u.length; i++) {
			v = v.multiply(b);
			if (u[i].equals(unit)){
				break;
			}
		}

		return v.toString();
	}

	String ComputerUnitsToByte1(int capacity, String unit) {
		BigInteger b = new BigInteger("1024");
		BigInteger v = new BigInteger("" + capacity);
		if ("KB".equals(unit)) {
			return b.multiply(v).toString();
		}
		if ("MB".equals(unit)) {
			return b.multiply(v).multiply(b).toString();
		}
		if ("G".equals(unit)) {
			return b.multiply(v).multiply(b).multiply(b).toString();
		}
		if ("TB".equals(unit)) {
			return b.multiply(v).multiply(b).multiply(b).multiply(b).toString();
		}
		if ("P".equals(unit)) {
			return b.multiply(v).multiply(b).multiply(b).multiply(b)
					.multiply(b).toString();
		}
		return "";
	}

	String ComputerUnitsToByte0(int capacity, String unit) {
		if (unit.equals("KB"))
			return "" + (capacity * 1024);
		if (unit.equals("MB"))
			return "" + (capacity * 1048576);
		if (unit.equals("G"))
			return "" + (capacity * 1073741824);
		if (unit.equals("TB"))
			return "" + (capacity * 1099511627776L);
		if (unit.equals("P"))
			return "" + (capacity * 1125899906842624L);
		return "";
	}

}


text:
By dewsburyrams / 28th June 2019
Amber Ribbon help with ground maintenance
Dewsbury Rams have been working closely with the Amber Ribbon on various ground refurbishments, one of these are the stadium waste pumps.
The Club & Amber Ribbon have come together to resolve the issue, and the club can now confirm that the project was a success. The Amber Ribbon have contributed towards the cost of renewing the on ground waste pumps.
With a stadium that is now 25 years old, maintenance and renewal of certain parts are required. Drainage and plumbing although not the most attractive of subjects non the less is vitally important to the functioning of the stadium.
The Club have also secured a maintenance contract and sponsorship deal with GW Pump Services of Leeds.
Ady Marsh representing the club said: "The Amber Ribbon play a major part helping the Rams on & off the field. Also thanks to Gary at GW Pumps with their installation work of the new pump system & subsequent sponsorship deal."
Gary at GW Pump Services said: "We are pleased to work with Dewsbury Rams RLFC, I have a lot of respect for club's like Dewsbury Rams who I know at times find things difficult with funding stadium improvements, a stadium that is owned by the club. I am looking forward to our sponsorship and maintenance agreement."


Last year, I did a list of things I'm grateful for, and since I'm still grateful for all those things, I decided to mix it up this year and write a series of thank you notes.
Thank you for letting us take over your house, eat all your food, and use all your sunscreen, and for hosting us for the second year in a row for a dream Thanksgiving. I love turkey with all the fixings, or I should say all the fixings with a little turkey, especially when I don't have to make it myself. And I love leaving single degree weather in Boston for a few days to have fun in the sun with you.
Thank you for continuing to be the purest, most wonderful thing in the world.
Thanks for giving Rosie so much love and taking care of her over Thanksgiving. We are so lucky to count you as our friends, and still sort of hoping you'll leave Damon with us over Christmas.
Sometimes your village runs a 10K with you and then cheers you on at the dance off afterwards.
Hillary was right about a lot of things, but especially about it taking a village to raise a child. I feel unbelievably fortunate to have the one I have. Mom, Dad, Gram, Marie, Jip, Dee, Nisha, Barb – I don't know what I'd do without you, but it would definitely involve more crying, frequently abandoned children, and less wine.
Whether you comment on the blog (the best of you), comment on Facebook, or just secretly read my posts and never tell anyone, I appreciate your support. I'm sorry I've abandoned you lately. I've been a little "disorganized" and don't have my life "together" and don't understand how to "use" quotation marks. But thank you nonetheless and happy Thanksgiving to all of you!
Happy Thanksgiving! Your letters and lists are always fun to read even when you get a little behind.
Aw, Brad. Thankful for you!
Thankful for having a friend like you in my life! Hope to see you soon – I'm officially a Masshole again.
Yayyyy! Can't wait to see you. Thankful for you too.
Thank you for writing a blog!


text:
// Copyright 2017 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package google.registry.tmch;

import static com.google.common.base.CharMatcher.whitespace;
import static com.google.common.io.BaseEncoding.base64;

import com.google.common.io.ByteSource;
import google.registry.testing.TestDataHelper;

/** Utility class providing easy access to contents of the {@code testdata/} directory. */
public final class TmchTestData {

  private static final String BEGIN_ENCODED_SMD = "-----BEGIN ENCODED SMD-----";
  private static final String END_ENCODED_SMD = "-----END ENCODED SMD-----";

  /** Returns {@link ByteSource} for file in {@code tmch/testdata/} directory. */
  public static ByteSource loadBytes(String filename) {
    return TestDataHelper.loadBytes(TmchTestData.class, filename);
  }

  /** Loads data from file in {@code tmch/testdata/} as a String. */
  public static String loadFile(String filename) {
    return TestDataHelper.loadFile(TmchTestData.class, filename);
  }

  /** Extracts SMD XML from an ASCII-armored file. */
  static byte[] loadSmd(String file) {
    String data = loadFile(file);
    return base64()
        .decode(
            whitespace()
                .removeFrom(
                    data.substring(
                        data.indexOf(BEGIN_ENCODED_SMD) + BEGIN_ENCODED_SMD.length(),
                        data.indexOf(END_ENCODED_SMD))));
  }
}


Central Ave. between Girard Blvd. & Washington St.
This free event features fun for the whole family including the Old Route 66 Car Show, Mother Road Art Market, Kids Zone & Youth Central, food trucks and live entertainment throughout Nob Hill.


text:
World activists demand release of Suu Kyi
The Jakarta Post / By Lilian Budianto
Hundreds of participants in the World Movement for Democracy (WMD) symposium in Jakarta have signed a petition calling for the release of Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi and a fair trial for Malaysia's Anwar Ibrahim.
Kim Campbell, a member of the steering committee of the WMD and former prime minister of Canada said, the issue of progress towards democracy in Malaysia and Myanmar had loomed over the symposium that brought together 600 activists from around 110 countries.
Former deputy prime minister of Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim, who also addressed the WMD in Jakarta, has been facing a trial over accusations of sexual harassment against an aide. Meanwhile, Myanmar is likely to see no change in its upcoming elections as the opposition leader Suu Kyi has been barred from running from office under new poll regulations.
"We call for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and a fair trial for Anwar Ibrahim. The petition will be presented to the ASEAN Secretary-General Surin Pitsuwan," said Campbell.
Democracy in Southeast Asia has hogged the spotlight in the WMD 6th symposium as human rights activists have been sharing information on the latest situations in their home countries. Besides Malaysia and Myanmar, recent bloody uprising in Thailand has also grabbed attention with much sympathy for the embattled Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva. Protests in Thailand have claimed the lives of over 20 people, including a journalist and soldiers.
Carl Gershman, president of the National Endowment for Democracy, said the Thai government had a reputation for non-violence and the recent death toll had hinted at the scale of the urgency forcing the government to take action.
Khin Maung Win, deputy director for the Democratic Voice of Burma, said the Thai crisis was the fault of ousted prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra, who has financed protests.
The WMD also presented honors to four worldwide democracy activists on Wednesday for their efforts to advance freedom and democracy amid government crack-downs.
Iran's Mahnaz Afkhami, Russia's Dokka Itslaev, Venezuela's Roberto Patino and Syria's Radwan Ziadeh will receive the John Boyce Hurford honor. Hurford was a philanthropist who helped form WMD.
Mahnaz was a lecturer in literature before becoming involved in the women's movement, which has put her life under constant threat. Mahnaz has been involved in the "One Million Signatures Campaign" to end gender inequality in Iran.
Mahnaz said, "the campaign aimed at collecting one million signatures in support of granting women equal legal status as men". At present, men have the sole right to divorce and except in special cases, the right to custody of children. "
Dokka Itslaev from Russia's Memorial Chechnya has been working on promoting human rights in the North Caucasus, which has been under close government control over a local insurgency. "The government has continued to clamp down on journalists and freedom movement activists," said Dokka. Dokka pointed to the death of one Memorial Chechnya activist, Natalia Estermirova, last year.
Roberto Patino from Venezuela is a student movement leader in the Caracas's Student Federation of Simon Bolivar University. The 21 year old student of manufacturing engineering has been involved in the student freedom movement since he was 17 and the peace movement.
Radwan Ziadeh from Syria has been living in exile in the US for years since the government blacklisted him for his vocal opposition to injustice.
Tags: Human Rights, One Million Signatures
« Democracy Courage Tribute Acceptance Speech on Behalf of the Iranian Women's Movement
Essentials of Political Participation »


text:
A Media Education Programme for Students in India to Challenge Misinformation
Internews announces a joint media literacy project for school students from grades 9-12, together with BBC News World Service and DataLEADS. Credit Pippa Ranger/Department for International Development/CC
After successfully training hundreds of journalists and media educators and citizens throughout India on fact-checking and media literacy, Internews announces a joint media literacy project for school students from grades 9-12, together with BBC News World Service and DataLEADS.
"BBC Young Reporter India", launched by BBC News World Service in partnership with Internews and in collaboration with DataLEADS, adapts components of the successful BBC Young Reporter and BBC Beyond Fake News programme in the UK, helping students step into a reporter's shoes and practice critical thinking, to confidently choose trustworthy information and reject online misinformation.
Starting July 2021, participating students will be trained by a group of passionate and experienced programme trainers – including media educators from some of the top media colleges and universities in India and factcheckers. Each session will lead students through exercises to improve their digital and media literacy skills, using real-life examples from news and current events. After the workshops, students will have the opportunity to produce videos, bulletins, skits and poems to be featured in a BBCnewsletter and participate in the network's and partners' future events and media coverage. They will also get participation certificates.
If you are a media educator, a fact-checker or a school teacher keen to join the network as a trainer, please apply here. Interested schools and teachers will also be able to sign up soon to seek training for their students and be a part of this initiative.
Schools will receive access to the programme curriculum, expert trainers' practical workshops, and online resources. They will also benefit from events, training, and resources offered by the media colleges and programme partners.
Talking about the project, Marie Helly, the Head of BBC Beyond Fake News , says,
"The BBC is delighted to have this opportunity to expand its successful media education programme across India. 1000s of students have already benefited from our classroom workshops in the UK, Nigeria, Kenya, Ukraine and Brazil. The need for young people to know how to understand and verify the information that fills their screens and feeds is now an essential part of a 21st century education.
The COVID pandemic has shown us how much harm misinformation can do. There is an urgent need for young people to have the tools to think critically and understand the difference between what is real and what is fake."
"At Internews, we understand that accessing information is only a first step. The real challenge is that while people have embraced technology and moved to digital, they are often unable to critically assess the information they read online and find facts they need make informed choices," said Surabhi Malik, Internews' Programme Director and Country Lead for India. "Critical thinking is a must-have skill in today's digital era. We're thrilled to team up with BBC News, World Service and DataLEADS to address the next generation on this key subject and be able to empower the young minds to fight misinformation and become more informed citizens of tomorrow."
"We're delighted to work with Internews and the BBC in this important information literacy initiative in India," says Syed Nazakat, Founder of DataLEADS. "This initiative is a significant investment in the media literacy of our school children to foster empowered citizenship in the digital age. This programme will offer children tools and approaches to access and evaluate online information they receive from a variety of sources, helping them to develop literacy skills and critical thinking."
Disinformation/Misinformation


This film follows the return to New Zealand of the WWII soldiers from the 28th Maori Battalion. It shows various communities preparing food and festivities at local marae (Porirua is featured at the start of the film). Large quantities of food are prepared for cooking in a hangi up and down the country. Food is prepared for a huge feast on the waterfront, chicken, pork and seafood.
The soldiers disembark at Pipitea Warf, 780 men who fought through Greece and Crete, Egypt and Tunisia, through Italy and Fiesta. Their casualty rate was five in seven.
The powhiri consists of singing and dancing, songs and crying. The film contains numerous Maori songs and dances. Celebrations go on into the evening.
Soldiers returned to local Pa (traditional Maori family meeting places), and took part in emotional cultural ceremonies of reuniting families. Kuku Ohou is featured, a memorial to Jack Seymour who died in Libya. Ngaruawahia is the final welcome ceremony featured.


text:
In-form Australia eye victorious start against lesser experienced Afghanistan
After noteworthy wins in both their warm-up matches, Australia, the defending champions, begin as hot favourites against Afghanistan in the fourth match of the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2019 in Bristol on Saturday.
Afghanistan v Australia
2019 ICC Cricket World Cup, Match 4
Saturday, 1 June; 10.30am local, 09.30am GMT
The Aussies have lived up to their reputation, peaking just at the right time. Not many would've given them a chance until a few months ago, but emphatic series wins in India and UAE, and the return of their stalwarts, Steve Smith and David Warner, makes them one of the most dangerous sides in the tournament.
While Aaron Finch hasn't been able to carry his form in the warm-ups, Usman Khawaja's consistency adds up to a formidable top order. Their bowling unit is as strong as any in this World Cup, with skills and experience alike in both pace and spin departments. A collective, well-rounded performance in both the warm-ups, including a 12-run win against hosts and tournament favourites England, present enough challenge for the skipper and the staff to pick the final eleven.
On the other hand, a heavy defeat to England in their last warm-up, by no means, would dismay the ever-confident Afghanistan side. They might be the least experienced team in terms of ICC tournament appearances, but are capable of unsettling any opposition with a skilled set of match-winners in their ranks.
While their win against Pakistan gave a further evidence of their capabilities as a unit, a batting collapse against hosts England would've acted as an eye-opener. Skipper Gulbadin Naib will hope for a good start from his top-order batsmen against a strong Australian bowling unit. Considering the opposition, the enigmatic spin trio of Rashid, Nabi and Mujeeb might well have a strong influence in the game's outcome.
Rashid Khan (Afghanistan): Currently ranked third in the MRF Tyres ICC ODI Rankings for bowlers, the 20-year old will look to bring his experience of playing against most of the Australian batsmen in the Big Bash League, into play in batting friendly conditions in Bristol.
Steve Smith (Australia): Steve Smith's century against the hosts, England, in their first warm-up game gave us a fair glimpse of his skills and a staggering fortitude. His abilities to counter spin with his sublime wrists, would come in handy against the quality of Rashid and Nabi in the middle overs.
Saturday is expected to be a fine, dry and warm day, with lengthy spells of sunshine. West Indies amassed 421 against New Zealand here in their final warm-up game on Tuesday and another run-fest can be expected with short boundaries at the County Ground. Dry conditions might bring spinners into play as it did in Afghanistan's win against Pakistan last week.
Afghanistan: Gulbadin Naib (capt), Mohammad Shahzad (wk), Noor Ali Zadran, Hazratullah Zazai, Rahmat Shah, Asghar Afghan, Hashmatullah Shahidi, Najibullah Zadran, Samiullah Shinwari, Mohammad Nabi, Rashid Khan, Dawlat Zadran, Aftab Alam, Hamid Hassan, Mujeeb ur Rahman
Australia: Aaron Finch (c), David Warner, Usman Khawaja, Steve Smith, Shaun Marsh, Alex Carey (wk), Marcus Stoinis, Glenn Maxwell, Mitchell Starc, Kane Richardson, Pat Cummins, Jason Behrendorff, Nathan Coulter-Nile, Adam Zampa, Nathan Lyon
Gulbadin Naib
Aaron Finch
David Warner
Usman Khawaja
Alex Carey
Noor Ali Zadran
Hazratullah Zazai
Rahmat Shah
Asghar Afghan
Hashmatullah Shahidi
Najibullah Zadran
Samiullah Shinwari


Uncertainty Division members blog (albeit very infrequently) at Made Up Words, which covers both what's happening to us on tour and thoughts and ideas on theatre, art and indeed life in general while we're not working on a show.
Our early touring shows, from the summer 2003 tour of Out Of Your Mind to the 2005/06 winter tour of Impromime, have diaries where the cast and crew recorded thoughts and events as they occured or happened to us.
Previously we had a non-touring diary called Uncertainty … And So On, which was written by James Aylett and James Lark; this has since moved to Talk To Rex.


text:
Starts on Tuesday 14 January on 1Magic (103) at 21:30
Teen trouble as a football player goes from poor to posh in All American
The first season of US youth drama All American gets an A for amazing, while the teens get a B for backstabbing, a C for cheating, and an F for fighting, as the teenage football star Spencer James (Daniel Ezra) discovered that the grass isn't always greener on the other side, but rather where you water it.
All American is not a sports show; it's light on football lingo and is more about the fish-out-of-water journey of Spencer who is trying to balance his poverty-stricken home life and his childhood values with the upper class, although often fake, glitzy world of LA's most elite suburb. Daniel, who is actually British, knew nothing about American football before he got the role. "I knew nothing. I grew up playing a bit of basketball and soccer," he said in an interview.
From rags…
Rising football star Spencer James has a chance of a lifetime. He's recruited by Beverly Eagles coach Billy Baker (Taye Diggs) to not only leave behind the public-school system, but also to leave behind a life of gangs, crime and dysfunction. But there's definitely no warm welcome when Spencer joins the football team at Beverly Hills High, as he's met with anger, resentment and racism. His one-in-a-million chance at making it big just got a whole lot harder. And the fact that seeing how people on the other side of the fence live, work and party, Spencer gets sucked into this good life but has to bring himself back down to Earth in order to reach his goals. Taye says the series "is really interesting, it's very layered, and it's fun. There's so much outside of all of the cliffhanger moments – the politics involved, the sports, the relationships, the different neighbourhoods, monetary brackets; love. There's so much."
Season 1 recap
Spencer's increased popularity at Beverly Hills High had him mix with new friends and even form some new romances. Coop looked for her father but was conflicted about actually meeting him. Asher continued his spoilt brat attitude but was forced by Layla to re-evaluate his life. And Billy had to face some hard truths to make sure he got his family back on track.
Season two kicks off right after the Beverly Eagles won the state championship but there's not much to celebrate as Spencer faces a tough decision that could change his reputation for good. And Grace and Corey sit down to tackle some issues regarding their family.
Each episode is the title of a classic rap song from the world's biggest hip-hop stars like Tupac, Jay Z, Kendrick Lamar and Warren G. Some titles include California Love, m.A.A.d City, Bring the Pain, and Lose Yourself.
Season 2 of All America starts on Tuesday 14 January on 1Magic (103) at 21:30
Download and watch later
Get the DStv Now app (Apple or Android) and download episodes to watch on your phone or tablet – just remember to connect to the Wi-Fi first so there are no surprise data costs.


Tweed Terrace. Tweed Terrace House challenges typical Gold Coast architecture. Comprised of two pods, the unique home was conceived by Mexican architect Javier Senosiain and made reality by.
Its other Australian hotels are the Swissotel Sydney, Travelodge Docklands and the DoubleTree by Hilton Melbourne. "With new developments and redevelopments across our properties, our current focus is.
It said the hotels were the Ibis on Bencoolen and Ibis Novena in Singapore, Four Points by Sheraton and Swissotel Sydney in Sydney, Travelodge Docklands in Melbourne and Hilton Nagoya in Japan. The.
the Colombian Hotel in Oxford Street last month. On Tuesday, Singapore's Kum family sold Travelodge Docklands in Melbourne for $107 million to Singaporean developer Sing Holdings.
Room was comfortable. Central location (though hard to find for a first time visitor because it is on a small side street. Price was very good compared with most downtown Melbourne hotels. All the.
AUSTRALIA is preparing for a mini tourism boom next month when more than 20,000 international visitors head Down Under for the British and Irish Lions rugby tour, despite reports many were shunning.
Singapore's wealthy Kum family has sold the Travelodge Docklands in Melbourne for $107 million to listed Singaporean developer Sing Holdings, six months after scrapping the sale of the bulk of its M&L.
Known around the world for its football teams and cutting-edge music scene, Manchester is a cosmopolitan and friendly place. As the self-styled "Capital of the North", it is a regional hub for shopping, culture and museums.
The Savoy, a Fairmont-managed five star hotel is located on the Northbank of the River Thames steps away from Covent Garden. View our map and directions.
Three British soldiers, two armed with automatic rifles, and man at left with a Stirling sub-machinegun, shelter behind a wall in the Andersonstown area of Belfast, Northern Ireland on Nov. 1, 1971, during riots which followed the shooting of two policemen.
Listed Singapore property developer Sing Holdings has snapped up a Travelodge hotel in Melbourne's Docklands for $107 million. The 14-storey, 3.5 star hotel at 66 Aurora Lane, west of Southern Cross.
Toxteth has a very long history of its own. Entering history as two manors, the area became a hunting forest, and a Royal Park. For almost 400 years this prevented the area from changing or developing to any great extent, and the amount of agriculture that was allowed in the forest was very small.
Budget hotel chain Travelodge has revealed some of the most unusual items left behind in its 557 UK hotels during 2018. As part of its annual lost and found audit, the brand discovered a whole host of.
Colliers International recently sold the Travelodge Docklands in Melbourne for $107 million to listed Singaporean developer Sing Holdings, on behalf of the Kum family. Mr Moors and Colliers.
It is understood that M&L has a listing in either Australia or Singapore up for discussion. Kum paid $54 million for Travelodge Docklands in Melbourne in 2011, $90 million for Sydney's Swissotel in.
Hartlepool (/ ˈ h ɑːr t l ɪ p uː l / HART-li-pool) is a town in County Durham, England.The town lies on the North Sea coast, 7 1 ⁄ 2 miles (12 km) north of Middlesbrough and 17 miles (27 km) south of Sunderland.The town is governed as part of the Borough of Hartlepool, a unitary authority which also controls outlying villages such as Seaton Carew, Greatham and Elwick.
Other Trips. Greenwich Not really out of London, but there's plenty to see in this village on the river with a proud maritime history. Go by river and come back by the Dockland's Light Railway (or vice versa). The DLR runs through the old docks on the north side of the river, as well as Canary Wharf – a futuristic development (the tube station there won a major architectural award) and the.
Combustible cladding has been discovered on the Travelodge building in Aurora Lane, Docklands.Credit:Penny Stephens Combustible cladding has been identified on the Travelodge Hotel in Docklands. Some.
Over 2015 Colliers sold a number of large hotels including the Travelodge Docklands at 66 Aurora Lane, Melbourne sold to a Singaporean based group, Sing Holdings Limited. In Sydney, the agents sold.
The deal is the latest in a string of Singaporean acquisitions in Australia's hotel sector with investment group Sing Holdings late last year making its first foray in the country, acquiring.
Asian investors have been particularly active in the Melbourne market of late with listed Singaporean developer Sing Holdings paying $107 million for the 291-room Travelodge Docklands and.
Find your perfect accommodation choice in Melbourne with Stayz. The best prices, the biggest range – all from Australia's leader in holiday rentals.
investment manager iProsperity acquired the Novotel Melbourne Glen Waverley for $73.7 million on behalf of Asian investors and listed Singaporean developer Sing Holdings bought the Travelodge.
If you visit Travelodge Docklands, in Melbourne, you'll see the future in action. Yes, there are still human beings behind the desk, but check out that Grab and Go fridge on the left of the lobby –.


Earlier this month, over 800,000 young immigrants were thrown into legal limbo as the Trump administration decided to end the DACA program. A bipartisan group of lawmakers in Congress have re-introduced the Dream Act, a bill proposal that would give young immigrants an opportunity stay in the country. Right now we have a real opportunity to pass a clean Dream Act that provides a path to citizenship without criminalizing our communities. Every dream deserves a fighting chance and together, we can make a change!
Join us starting September 27th through October 2nd on the Virtual March at the U.S. capitol and let's break the internet for a #cleanDREAMact!


Do you want to have a coffee with me?
For most of us coffee represents a means to stay awake, a moment of pleasure shared with friends, a vice, a ritual or an excuse to meet new people. We often decide to go out "for coffee" or desperately look forward to the next "coffee" break.
It seems that nine out of ten people drink at least once a day one of the following types of coffee: instant, natural, "3 in 1" or cappuccino, and that one in three Romanians always carries with him a sachet of soluble coffee.
In the Romanian market, coffee covers three segments: roasted, soluble and various specialties. Even now, more than 50% of Romanians prefer to have their coffee in a traditional way, the so-called Turkish coffee, brewed in a pot. Nevertheless, most people nowadays tend to opt for the easiest way to prepare coffee, choosing mostly the "3 in 1" types of coffee. In this way, they have everything they need to make a delicious coffee in one sachet: coffee, sugar, milk.
In comparison to other European states, Romanians don't tend to drink a lot of coffee: about 2.3 kg pro capita. To put things in perspective, according to the International Coffee Organization the Finnish drink 11.94 kg of coffee pro capita, whereas Austrians and Germans about 7.6 kg, respectively, 7.4 kg pro capita. Even our neighbours drink more coffee than we do: Hungarians 3,32 kg pro capita and Bulgaria and Serbia about 3 kg.
Highly educated people prefer instant coffee, while students and young people opt for the '3 in 1' varieties. Women remain the biggest fans of coffee drinks like cappuccino, caffe latte or latte macchiato.
Not that long ago, during the 1930s, Romanians used to have their morning coffee at their favourite coffeehouse while reading the local or national newspaper. It seems that this habit has caught up in recent years, judging by the increasing number of coffeehouses opening up all across the country. Amongst these can also be seen big chains, such as Starbucks, present in a number of important cities in Romania.
Below you will find the ads for two of the most popular coffee brands in Romania.
I never thought I'd become a coffee drinker. But one day I decided to make some hot chocolate with coffee instead of hot water. It was delicious, and I loved the buzz. Now I always drink my coffee with some cocoa powder added…or liquid hot chocolate if that's all that's available.


text:
Q: Getting extra single quotes in output I'm solving a simple code in Python to print randomly generated ticket number. But when I'm printing list of ticket number it is giving extra single quotes.
Please refer to below code:
#PF-Exer-22
import random

def generate_ticket(airline,source,destination,no_of_passengers):
    ticket_number_list=[]
    src = source[0:3]
    dest = destination[0:3]
    listof_passonger = []
    random_number_list = []
    random_number = 0
    random_number = 102
    for loop  in range(0, no_of_passengers):

        #if(random_number in random_number_list):
        #random_number = random.randint(101,500)
        #else:
        #random_number_list.append(random_number_list)
        random_number = random_number + 1
        ticket_number = airline + ":" + src + ":" + dest + ":" + str(random_number)
        ticket_number_list.append(ticket_number)

    return ticket_number_list

print(generate_ticket("AI","Bangalore","London",7))

while executing above code my output is :-
['AI:Ban:Lon:103', 'AI:Ban:Lon:104', 'AI:Ban:Lon:105', 'AI:Ban:Lon:106', 'AI:Ban:Lon:107', 'AI:Ban:Lon:108', 'AI:Ban:Lon:109']

but my expected output is :-
[AI:Ban:Lon:103,AI:Ban:Lon:104,AI:Ban:Lon:105,AI:Ban:Lon:106,AI:Ban:Lon:107]

As you can see there is no single code is expected output.
Please refer to the below image:

A: This is the expected behavior when dealing with a list of strings in python.
Example

# Declaring a list
L = [1, "a" , "string" , 1+2]
print L
L.append(6)
print L
L.pop()
print L
print L[1]

Output
[1, 'a', 'string', 3]
[1, 'a', 'string', 3, 6]
[1, 'a', 'string', 3]
a

In case you don't want to display the ' in your output. You can print the elements individually or make use of the join() function as show below.
# Sample code
val = ['A', 'B', 'C']
print(':'.join(val))

# Result
A:B:C

A: Your function returns a list of strings. When you try to print this list it shows that the individual elements in the list are strings.
So, to get the desired output all you need to do is the following:

*

*Store the result of your function in a list.

*Access individual items on this list which will then be in your desired format.

The resulting code will look like this
def generate_ticket(airline,source,destination,no_of_passengers):
    ticket_number_list=[]
    src = source[0:3]
    dest = destination[0:3]
    listof_passonger = []
    random_number_list = []
    random_number = 0
    random_number = 102
    for loop  in range(0, no_of_passengers):

        #if(random_number in random_number_list):
            #random_number = random.randint(101,500)
        #else:
            #random_number_list.append(random_number_list)
        random_number = random_number + 1
        ticket_number = airline + ":" + src + ":" + dest + ":" + str(random_number)
        ticket_number_list.append(ticket_number)

    return ticket_number_list

print(generate_ticket("AI","Bangalore","London",7))
l = generate_ticket("AI","Bangalore","London",7)
for item in l:
    print(item)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Did anyone else notice how the dead space series ended up just like the Aliens movies. Like, the first one is a very scary, nerve racking horror game, the second a action packed thriller, and the third a sub par action movie trying to be something its not.
i mean, i didn't HATE it but I didn't LOVE it either, and as Shawn said, its ridiculous how hard it is just to be able to watch it. It's hardly user friendly.


Jo Hampson and her family were one of several RAF families who attended our special screening of Disney's Planes. In this guest blog, Jo tells us what she and her family enjoyed about the screening.
"You'll never guess what?" my husband yelled as he came rushing through the door after a long shift at work. My first thought as always was that it would be something to do with his work. Exciting for him but maybe not so for me.
"I've got us four tickets to go and see an advance screening of Disney's Planes!" he said. I was equally as excited and we couldn't wait to tell our children.
We live at RAF Odiham with our two children, Lilly who is seven and Josh who is four.
My husband and I have been married for nine years and during that time my husband has done over 1,200 days away. As such he has missed many important and exciting events in the children's lives. We were thrilled that this was something we could do as a family.
We waited until the tickets arrived in the post and then we showed the children. They were beside themselves. Josh has been a huge fan of Lightning McQueen and the Cars films since they were released.
His Cars cars have always been his comfort toys – particularly when his daddy is away and I really thought he would burst with excitement.
We all got up early on the morning of the screening and my children wanted to wear their best clothes as Daddy looked so smart in his No1 uniform.
When we arrived at the Curzon Mayfair we were greeted by some lovely (and exceptionally polite) Air Cadets. We had our photograph taken and felt like very special guests as we took our seats.
The Air Cadets played wonderful music which Josh really enjoyed. Children's entertainers kept the children giggling by making jokes and balloon planes.
The film started and it was our first time at a 3D screening. Wow! The planes seemed to come right out of the screen.
The film was amazing and had all the usual Disney magic and thrills. It is still a talking point between my children. Favourite characters have already been chosen, Lilly thought Rochelle was wonderful and Josh was very taken with Dusty. I have been asked several times to tell Santa that Josh would like the film for Christmas on DVD.
We were all so pleased to have been invited to the screening by the RAF Benevolent Fund. A truly magical experience that we shall not forget in a hurry.


text:
SOURCE: Chronicle of Higher Ed
Andrew Bacevich calls on historians to do political history
tags: history
by Andrew Bacevich
Andrew J. Bacevich is professor emeritus of history and international relations at Boston University. His new book, America's War for the Greater Middle East, will be published by Random House in April.
In Donald Rumsfeld's famous taxonomy of known knowns, known unknowns, and unknown unknowns, the History That Matters (HTM) occupies its own special niche. That niche consists of mythic knowns.
All history is selective and interpretive. In the HTM, mythic knowns determine the process of selection and interpretation. Chief among the mythic knowns to which most Americans (academic historians excepted) subscribe are these:
● that history itself has an identifiable shape, direction, and destination;
● that history is purposeful, tending toward the universal embrace of values indistinguishable from American values;
● that in the interests of propagating those values, history confers on the United States unique responsibilities and prerogatives.
By no means purporting to tell the whole story, the HTM reduces the past to its pith or essence. Like the Ten Commandments, it identifies specific shalts and shalt nots. Like the Sermon on the Mount, it prescribes a code of behavior. In doing so, the HTM makes the past usable. Endlessly reiterated in political speech and reinforced by popular culture, the "lessons" of this usable past prescribe what the United States — the indispensable nation — is called upon to do and what it must refrain from doing.
This usable past finds expression in a straightforward narrative depicting the 20th century as the first American Century, shaped throughout by the actions (or inaction) of the United States. Although incorporating setbacks and disappointments, the narrative culminates in reassuring triumph. On balance, things are headed in the right direction.
The prevailing version of the usable past is worse than unusable. In the United States, it obstructs serious debate over the use and misuse of power. No less than was the case in the 1920s-30s and 1960s-70s, the times call for revisionism. The task for historians this time around is to reframe the entire 20th century, seeing it for the unmitigated disaster that it was and recognizing its profound moral ambiguity without, however, succumbing to moral equivalence.
To cling to the History That Matters is to make real learning impossible. Yet for academics to critically engage the HTM in a way that might affect public understanding of the past requires a revival of fields that have become decidedly unhip. The HTM is essentially a war and politics narrative, and the present-day historical profession does not emphasize political, diplomatic, and military themes. Today it's race, class, gender, and sexuality that claim pride of place. The effect, whether intended or not, is that comforting fantasies go unchallenged and lodge themselves ever more deeply in the public consciousness. So the "Good War" remains ever good, with the "Greatest Generation" ever great.
Not without reason, members of the historical profession tend to view the HTM as a caricature or cartoon. Yet their very disdain provides one explanation for why it persists. In effect, the myths sustaining this fatuous narrative go unchallenged. For ordinary citizens, "history" becomes what they see on TV — the History Channel! — or what they hear from agenda-peddling politicians....
Read entire article at Chronicle of Higher Ed


text:
The Craze for Big Banks
TOPICS:BankingCapitalMudra
BY: Professor R Vaidyanathan April 6, 2017
Now the clamor is for big, bigger and biggest. Particularly in the banking sector. After the merger of subsidiaries with SBI, there is a talk of merging other banks. The chief of Kotak opines that only five banks will remain in future.
This craze for big banks with big balance sheets was prevalent in the eighties in US/Europe. But after the banking and financial crisis of 2008, there is a re-think about this. Issue is whether "bigness" by itself will provide efficiency and customer service along with profitability. With the induction of technology in banking services, size is no more a big issue. Even a small bank can be part of a network.
Banking is essentially a relationship based activity even though rules are important. Knowing the customer, his business needs and his product lines and trends in that sector are all important for the banker. In our context, in public sector banks, specialization is not common and transfers are regular. The branch manager spends more time in managing the personnel activities of a branch rather than the customer /market centric activities. If he is transferred to a rural or semi urban branch, then he keeps counting the days to return to his home base. Hence, he is not fully involved in his "catchment Areas".
Bharat's Economy is dominated by Partnership and Proprietorship firms. They constitute nearly 50% of our GDP. In services sector like construction/trade [wholesale and retail]/transport/restaurants/professional services like plumber, carpenter, painter, electricians etc. they constitute as much as 70 to 80 percent.
But unfortunately, bank credit is not adequately available to them since existing commercial banks are more focused towards big corporates. In 1990, corporates had 30% of the share of bank credits whereas these non-corporates had 58%, and it became 40% and 42% respectively by 2015. The remaining bank credit went to the Government. Up to Rs. 10 crore credit limits were 61% of outstanding in 2005, which became 46% in 2015. [Source: Basic statistical returns—various issues—RBI]
Out of the total credit needs of our economy, nearly 55 to 60% is met by non-bank sources like money lenders /chits/NBFCs etc. Banks are not geared to meet the credit needs of small businesses which are the engines of our economic growth. The earlier mentioned service sector activities are growing at more than 8% per annum – real growth rates — in the last decade, and they all borrow at 2 to 6% per month. The bank lending rates are not material to them.
Bigger banks become more "system" oriented and look at "paper" ratios like current ratios and debt service coverage .They do not distinguish between customers. If a customer has not repaid in 90 days then it is bad debt and needs to be provisioned, irrespective of the "nature" of customers and issues.
Bigger banks rely on technology and some even charge for customer to meet its managers and call it as "personal banking". The longer the "chain" between the banker and customer, greater is the probability of failures. We need more of small banks catering to local communities and local businesses. We need banks which understand the aspirations of the emerging entrepreneurial class in small towns and villages. We need to enact MUDRA Act to integrate our credit markets, including money lenders, and help local banks, which understand local customers, flourish. Many local banks have served the community very well like City Union Bank [CUB] in TN; Federal Bank in Kerala; TJSB–Sahakari bank in Maharashtra etc.
Experts talk about banks having larger balance sheets—for what? Are our banks planning to have hundreds of branches in France/USA/Germany? Will they be allowed, in the context of decline in the glamour for globalization? Most developed countries are increasingly inward looking — Le Pen of France says that there is a need to save France from Globalization.
This is exactly the wrong time for Bharat to be a Globalizer — but we always imitate failed models of West to learn later that they are not working.
The fetish about larger/bigger equated to 'better and efficient' is most absurd in the era of technology in banking which is altering the way banks function. A mobile phone is becoming a bank these days and the bank with 20,000 branches may become a dinosaur. The imported experts and big consulting firms are like snake oil salesmen. They sell that which helps them, not the country. We imitated the Soviet model in the fifties and sixties, which was a failed model, and we are imitating the US model now which is recognized in the US as a failed model.
But we refuse to learn from the failures of others as well as our own, and that is one interesting quality of ours.
Professor R Vaidyanathan
Prof R. Vaidyanathan: Cho. S Ramaswamy Visiting Chair Professor of Public Policy SASTRA University & Professor IIM-B[Rtd]


DrushCommand::buildAliasesFromConfig protected function Extract Drush command aliases from config array.
DrushCommand::buildDefinitionFromConfig protected function Build a command definition from Drush command configuration array.
DrushCommand::buildHelpFromConfig protected function Build a command help from the Drush configuration array.
DrushCommand::createInputOptionsFromConfig protected function Creates input definitions from command options.
DrushCommand::getCategory public function Get Category of this command.
DrushCommand::setCategory public function Sets the category title.
DrushCommand::__construct public function DrushCommand constructor.
* decent job of building a PsySH command proxy for it. Wheee!
*   Drush command configuration array.
* Get Category of this command.
* Sets the category title.
// Force the 'backend' option to TRUE.
// Add a newline after so the shell returns on a new line.
* Extract Drush command aliases from config array.
* Build a command definition from Drush command configuration array.
// First create all global options.
// Add command specific options.
* Creates input definitions from command options.
* Build a command help from the Drush configuration array.
* Currently it's a word-wrapped description, plus any examples provided.


text:
Genetic diversity and characterization of arsenic-resistant endophytic bacteria isolated from Pteris vittata, an arsenic hyperaccumulator
Yunfu Gu ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8238-93601,
Yingyan Wang1,
Yihao Sun1,
Ke Zhao1,
Quanju Xiang1,
Xiumei Yu1,
Xiaoping Zhang1 &
Qiang Chen1
Alleviating arsenic (As) contamination is a high-priority environmental issue. Hyperaccumulator plants may harbor endophytic bacteria able to detoxify As. Therefore, we investigated the distribution, diversity, As (III) resistance levels, and resistance-related functional genes of arsenite-resistant bacterial endophytes in Pteris vittata L. growing in a lead-zinc mining area with different As contamination levels.
A total of 116 arsenite-resistant bacteria were isolated from roots of P. vittata with different As concentrations. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of representative isolates, the isolates belonged to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. Major genera found were Agrobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, and Bacillus. The most highly arsenite-resistant bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration > 45 mM) were isolated from P. vittata with high As concentrations and belonged to the genera Agrobacterium and Bacillus. The strains with high As tolerance also showed high levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production and carried arsB/ACR3(2) genes. The arsB and ACR3(2) were most likely horizontally transferred among the strains.
The results of this study suggest that P. vittata plants with high As concentrations may select diverse arsenite-resistant bacteria; this diversity might, at least partly, be a result of horizontal gene transfer. These diverse endophytic bacteria are potential candidates to enhance phytoremediation techniques.
Arsenic (As) is a trace metalloid element present in various soil and water ecosystems and originated from both natural processes and human activities [1]. Chronic exposure to soil As possess potential health risks to environment and human health because of its toxicity and carcinogenicity [2]. Moreover, soil contamination with As affects the physiology, growth, and grain quality of crops. For example, the As concentrations in rice grains from Chenzhou, China, exceeded the maximum allowable value of 0.5 mg kg− 1 (dry weight) [3]. However, the efficient remediation of As-contaminated soil and water is a major environmental challenge, calling for the development of sophisticated remediation strategies.
Phytoremediation employs plants to accumulate, transfer, stabilize, and remove trace elements from polluted soils and water systems. It has received considerable attention due to its economic and environmental benefits [4]. However, there are several limiting factors affecting the effectiveness of phytoremediation, including plant growth rate, contaminant phytotoxicity, root biomass decrease, and limited uptake of contaminants [5]. In terms of suitable plant species, the arsenic hyperaccumulator plant P. vittata. L (Chinese brake fern) has potential to be used in the phytoremediation of As-contaminated soils, since it is able to accumulate more than 1000 mg kg− 1 of As in its fronds [6]. Plant-associated microbes could affect the efficiency of metal extraction by plants and thereby enhance phytoremediation processes [7, 8]. They play an important role in the transformation of arsenic, including arsenite (As(III)) oxidation, arsenate (As(V)) respiration, and As(V) reduction, thus affecting the bioavailability and toxicity of As in soils [9]. However, our knowledge about endophytic microorganisms associated with P. vittata and their roles in As tolerance and transformation is severely limited.
Endophytic bacteria, which have great potential in enhancing phytoremediation processes [7, 10], can colonize internal plant parts, without any detrimental effects on the hosts [11]. Such bacteria are diverse and influenced by edaphic properties and contaminant contents of both the soil and plant tissue [12, 13]. Some endophytes can promote plant growth by improving nutrient uptake and increasing resistance to metals, suggesting their application in phytoremediation [14]. Bacteria have developed different strategies to transform arsenic, including cytoplasmic arsenate reduction, arsenite oxidation, respiratory arsenate reduction, and arsenite methylation [15]. The reduction of arsenate, followed by the extrusion (efflux) of arsenite, is the main mechanism of arsenate tolerance in bacteria [16]. Arsenite efflux is carried out by membrane carrier proteins or pumps, such as ArsB or ArsAB complexes and Acr3p. Although the arsenite transporter genes arsB and Acr3p have been identified in various soil bacterial species [17], knowledge about these genes in endophytic bacteria is still lacking. Moreover, the relation between genotypes and arsenite resistance levels has not been addressed. Thus, studying the diversity and distribution of indigenous bacterial endophytes in P. vittata is crucial to improve phytoremediation strategies for As-contaminated sites.
In this context, we isolated endophytic bacteria from P. vittata from a Pb-Zn mine soil for analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and arsenite transporter gene (e.g. arsB and Acr3p) diversity. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the distribution and diversity of arsenite-resistant endophytic bacteria in P. vittata with different arsenic contamination levels; and (2) investigate the arsenite transporter genes and correlate their presence to the arsenic resistance level of the bacteria. We hypothesized that the distribution and diversity of endophytic bacteria and their arsenite transporter genes are related to the As concentration in P. vittata roots.
No specific permits were required for the described studies. No specific permissions were required for these locations/activities because sample collection did not involve endangered or protected species or privately owned location.
Study sites and sampling strategy
Sampling was performed in the Tangjia Pb-Zn mine in Hanyuan, Sichuan (29°24′39" N, 102° 39′ 24" E), 890 m above sea level. The area has a mean annual temperature of 18.5 °C, with a mean annual precipitation of 486 mm and an average annual evaporation of 1553 mm. Based on the findings of a previous field survey, P. vittata is the dominant species in this area [18].
With regard to the distribution of the slag heaps, four different soils within the mining area, with different arsenic contamination levels, were selected: an ore outlet (site S2) and a tailing dam with smelting wastes and wastewater (site S3) with high As-contamination levels, and an ore charge heap (site S4) and a slag heap (site S5) with intermediate levels. A field used to cultivate summer rice and winter wheat, approximately 10 km from the mine area, was chosen as a non-contaminated control site (site S1). Soil and ferns samples (reproductive stage) were collected in August 2016 with the permission of the land owner. For this, three plots of 16 m × 10 m were randomly established in each site; each plot was divided into four 8 m × 5 m sampling subplots. Fresh roots and the corresponding rhizosphere soils from three individual P. vittata plants were sampled from each subplot. The samples from the subplots were pooled and homogenized to form a composite plot-level sample.
Root and soil samples were placed in polyethylene bags at 4 °C and transported to the laboratory for analyses. For metal analysis, roots were washed with distilled water and dried to constant weight at 55 °C. Dried roots were ground into a fine powder and digested with HNO3/HClO4 (87/13 v/v). Soil samples were air-dried at ambient room temperature (25 °C) and sieved through a 6-mm sieve. Then metals in the soil samples were extracted with aqua regia. Total concentrations of As, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd in root extractant and aqua regia were determined using an inductively coupled-plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-AES, IRIS Intrepid II, Thermo Electron, USA) [19]. Soil pH was determined with a potentiometry method, using a soil-to-water ratio of 1:5 [20]. Soil water content (WC) was determined after oven-drying at 105 °C for 48 h [20]. Soil total nitrogen (TN) and organic carbon (SOC) were analyzed via the potassium dichromate oxidation-external heating method and the alkaline hydrolysis diffusion method, respectively [20].
Isolation of as-resistant endophytic bacterial strains
The P. vittata root samples were washed with tap water, followed by three rinses with deionized water and sterilization by sequential immersion in 70% (v/v) ethanol for 2 min and 1% mercuric chloride for 1 min; subsequently, samples were rinsed three times with sterile water. Water from the last rinse was plated on Luria–Bertani's (LB) agar to test whether the root surface was successfully disinfected. Surface-sterilized roots (approximately 0.5 g) were ground by a mortar and pestle in 5 ml of ddH2O. Sterile quartz sand was added to the mortar to improve cell wall disruption. Serial dilutions were plated on LB medium containing 800 μM NaAsO2 and incubated at 28 °C for 7 days. Single colonies were picked and restreaked several times to obtain pure isolates. Isolates were stored on LB medium at 4 °C.
Genomic DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and ARDRA
Genomic DNA of the isolates was extracted from isolates grown in 5 mL of LB liquid medium at 28 °C with 150 rpm for 18 h, using the standard phenol-chloroform method described by Chang et al. [21]. The 16S rRNA gene was amplified in a T100 ™ thermal cycler (Bio-Rad, Hemel Hempstead, UK), using a pre-denaturation step at 94 °C for 4 min, followed by 30 cycles of 50 s at 94 °C, 55 s of annealing at 57 °C, 80 s extension at 72 °C, and a final extension for 8 min at 72 °C. The PCR mixture (25 μL) contained 50 ng of DNA template, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 2.5 U Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, USA), 1× PCR buffer, 100 pmol of the primers BSF 8/20: 5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′; BSR1541/20: 5′-AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCCGCA-3′ [22], and 200 μM of each dNTP. The PCR products were checked by electrophoresis in a 1% (w/v) agarose gel with 0.5 μg mL− 1 ethidium bromide; subsequently, obtained PCR products (1.5 kb) were purified with a Gel Extraction Kit (SBS Genetech, Shanghai, China).
In the amplified rDNA restriction fragment analysis (ARDRA), purified PCR products (about 5 μl) were digested at 37 °C for 4 h, using the restriction enzymes HhaI, HaeIII, MspI, and TaqI. Based on colony morphology and the 16S rRNA gene ARDRA pattern, representative isolates were selected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing in an ABI3730XL automatic sequencer at Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China).
Amplification of arsB and ACR3(2) genes
The arsB genes were amplified with the degenerate primers darsB1F (5'-GGTGTGGAACATC- GTCTGGAAYGCNAC-3′) and darsB1R (5'-CAGGCCGTACACCACCAGRTACATNCC-3′) [17]. The ACR3 (2) genes were amplified with the primers dacr5F (5'-TGATCTGGGTCATGATCTTCCC- VATGMTGVT-3′) and dacr4R (5'-CGGCCACGGCCAGYTCRAARAARTT-3′) [17]. The PCR products were purified with a Gel Extraction Kit (SBS Genetech, Shanghai, China) and sequenced as described above.
DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis
All amplified products were sequenced using an ABI3730XL automatic sequencer at Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). Similar sequences were searched using BlastN for 16S rRNA gene and BlastX for arsB/Acr3p. Sequences from the isolates and reference sequences from GenBank were checked manually and edited to the same lengths, using the software package ClustalX 2.0 [23]. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by the neighbor-joining distance method, using the software package MEGA 5.0 [24]. The reliability of inferred trees was tested with 1000 bootstrap replicates.
Determination of arsenite resistance and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore production
The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), defined as the lowest concentrations of arsenic as NaAsO2 that inhibited growth in chemically defined medium (CDM) broth, were tested in triplicate. Stock solutions of NaAsO2 were prepared in ddH2O and sterilized. Isolates were inoculated in 3 mL of CDM broth supplemented with 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 36, 42, and 48 mM NaAsO2 and incubated at 28 °C for 4 days. Low salt phosphate (LSP) agar plates without NaAsO2 were used as controls. The IAA production was measured as described by Sheng et al. [25], while production of siderophores was evaluated using the chrome azurol-S (CAS) analytical method [26, 27].
Nucleotide sequence accession numbers
The sequences obtained in this study were deposited in the NCBI GenBank database under accession numbers MF185755–MF185785 for 16S rRNA genes, MF185786–MF185798 for arsB, and MF185799–MF185803 for ACR3(2).
Analysis of variance and the Student–Newman-Keuls (SNK) test (P < 0.05) were used to compare treatment means. All analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA).
Soil physicochemical parameters and metal contents
All soils in the sampling sites were alkaline. However, the pH in the mine area was significantly higher than that in the non-contaminated control site S1 (Table 1). Soil WC in the control site was higher than in the mining area. The highest TN and SOC levels were detected at S1 and the lowest at S5. The highest concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, and As were detected at S3 (Table 1).
Table 1 The physico-chemical properties and heavy metal contents of the soils
Metal concentrations in P. vittata roots
Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, and As in the P. vittata roots varied significantly (P < 0.05; Table 2). Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb, and As were highest at S2, while the Zn level was highest at S3. Compared with the control site, the Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, and As concentrations were 2.7 to 6.2 (S2), 2.44 to 6.59 (S3), 0.77 to 6.27 (S4), and 2.04 to 6.34 (S5) times higher, respectively.
Table 2 Heavy metals concentration in the P. vittata roots from different sampling sites
Diversity and phylogeny of endophytic bacteria
A total of 116 As-resistant endophytic isolates were obtained. To estimate the diversity, the 16S rRNA genes of the isolates were analyzed by ARDRA, resulting in 16 different ARDRA patterns (Table 3). The 46 representative isolates, selected based on colony morphology and ARDRA, carried 16S rRNA genes 99–100% similar with the reference sequences in GenBank. The representative isolates belonged to five genera in four families: Alphaproteobacteria (17 isolates, one genus), Gammaproteobacteria (eight isolates, two genera), Actinobacteria (three isolates, one genus), and Firmicutes (18 isolates, one genus) (Fig. 1). Fifteen of the isolates were obtained from the slag heap site (S5), 12 from the tailing dam site (S3), seven from the ore charge heap site (S4), nine from the ore outlet site (S2), and three from the control site (S1) (Fig. 1). Most of the isolates from the slag heap site belonged to the genus Agrobacterium. The majority of the isolates from the tailing dam site, the ore charge heap site, and the ore outlet site belonged to the genus Bacillus, while the isolates from the control site belonged to the genera Rhodococcus and Agrobacterium.
Table 3 Plant growth promoting characteristics of endophytic bacterial isolates from P. vittata. L.
Relationships between the representative isolates and the reference strains based on 16S rRNA gene (~ 1500 bp) phylogenetic analysis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for arsenite and the presence of arsenite-resistance genes ArsB/ Acr3(2) are indicated in squared brackets. Sequences from this study are in bold type. Bootstrap values over 50% are shown on the branching points. The scale bar indicates 2% nucleotide sequence substitution. Isolates with capital L were isolated from the P. vittata roots collected from site S5, with X from site S4, with W from site S3, with K from site S2, and with C from site S1
Arsenite resistance levels and plant growth-promoting properties of the isolates
In the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test for arsenite, all strains grew in 15 mM, 36 in 36 mM, 19 in 42 mM, and 5 in 48 mM NaAsO2 (Fig. 1). All 17 Agrobacterium tumefaciens isolates showed high MICs (≥ 30 mM), while the Rhodococcus sp. isolates showed low MICs (≥ 15 mM). Among the Pseudomonas isolates, the isolates containing arsB showed higher MICs than those without arsB. The average MIC of the 10 Acr3(2)-carrying isolates (40.9 ± 4.5 mM) was higher than that of the five arsB-carrying isolates (25.8 ± 2.3 mM). Five of the 19 highly arsenite-resistant isolates (MIC > 42 mM) were obtained from P. vittata roots with high arsenic levels (Fig. 1, Table 2). Isolates from the control site showed lower average MIC than the other isolates (Fig. 1).
In total, 28 out of the 46 isolates produced both IAA and siderophores (Table 3). The majority of the isolates produced 17.7–103.9 μg ml− 1 IAA. Isolates L8 (Rhizobium sp.), L11 (Rhodococcus equi), L31 (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), and X10 (Bacillus megaterium) produced over 90 μg ml− 1 of IAA. Two-thirds of the sequenced endophytes produced siderophores. Isolates L8 (Rhizobium sp.), K5 (Bacillus subtilis), and X4 (Bacillus sp.) produced more siderophores than the other isolates.
Horizontal transfer of the arsenite transporter genes arsB and Acr3(2)
A total of 16 arsenite transporter genes, including five arsB genes and 11 ACR3(2) genes, were successfully amplified (Fig. 2). In the sequence analyses with the BlastX algorithm, the arsB and Acr3(2) formed separate clusters (Fig. 2). The arsB and Acr3(2) sequences of the isolates were similar to those from Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, respectively. The Acr3(2) sequences were divided into separate subgroups, similar to either Acr3(2) from Agrobacterium sp. or from Ensifer sp. Agrobacterium sp. L5, L8, L9, and L19 carried Acr3(2) similar to those of Ensifer sp. (Fig. 3). Gammaproteobacterial Stenotrophomonas sp. W22 carried Alphaproteobacteria type Acr3(2) (Fig. 3). The Bacillus sp. K6 carried arsB similar to those of the Gammaproteobacteria clade (Fig. 3). All of these, possibly horizontally transferred ACR3(2) and arsB genes, were obtained from isolates from the highly As-contaminated mining area.
Relationships between the representative isolates and the reference strains based on arsenite transporters ArsB and Acr3(2)
Comparison of 16S rRNA gene (A) and arsB/ACR3(2) (B) phylogenies. The sequences are subsets from Figs. 1 and 2
Plants that accumulate As can provide a specific environment for bacterial endophytes to adapt to high As concentrations [28]. In this work, we isolated and characterized bacterial endophytes from the roots of P. vittata, an arsenic hyperaccumulator growing in the Pb-Zn mine tailings in Southwest China [18].
In our study, we isolated 116 As-resistant bacterial endophytes. Despite the small number of isolates, the As-resistant bacterial endophyte community was diverse. The representative isolates were affiliated with Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Rhodococcus, Agrobacterium, and Bacillus. Of these, Agrobacterium, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas species have previously been reported as metal-resistant endophytes in other As-contaminated sites [29,30,31]. Arsenite-resistant Stenotrophomonas strains have been isolated from As-contaminated soil and water [32], but, to our knowledge, endophytic arsenite-resistant Stenotrophomonas and Rhodococcus have not been isolated earlier. Most of the representative isolates belonged to Agrobacterium (phylum Proteobacteria) and Bacillus (phylum Firmicutes). Similarly, Ni-resistant bacterial endophytes from Alyssum bertolonii belonged mainly to Firmicutes and Actinobacteria [33]. Moreover, 14 endophytes isolated from Sedum alfredii belonged mainly to Proteobacteria (57%) and Firmicutes (43%) [34]. Taken together, these results suggest that the predominant bacterial endophytes in heavy metal-accumulating plants belong to Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria [35]. These highly adapted groups may accelerate the degradation of complex soil compounds by producing extracellular enzymes, and thus stimulate the growth of other bacteria in As-contaminated rhizosphere soil [36].
Endophytic bacteria can increase the growth and development of plants growing in contaminated sites and their metal resistance by producing the phytohormone IAA and siderophores [37,38,39]. Siderophores are organic molecules with a high affinity for Fe(III) ions and form complexes with other metals, thus participating in nutrient mobilization and metal availability to plants [40, 41]. Bacterial siderophore production may be stimulated by heavy metals and can alleviate the toxicity of heavy-metals to plants by increasing the supply of iron [41]. Arsenic-resistant strains isolated from P. vittata have been reported to produce siderophores [39]. Most of the isolates in our study produced IAA or siderophores, indicating that the endophytes may help their host plant to colonize As-contaminated sites [38].
In our study, P. vittata roots from sites S2 and S3 (with high As-concentrations) hosted a higher diversity of arsenite-resistant bacteria. In addition, the resistance levels of the isolates were also higher than those among isolates from sites with intermediate and low As concentrations. The 19 strains with arsenite MICs over 40 mM were all isolated from P. vittata growing in the Pb-Zn mining area. Previous studies have proposed that high As-contamination levels are likely to exert a strong selective pressure, thereby decreasing microbial diversity [17, 42]. However, in our study, P. vittata was widely distributed in the Pb-Zn mine area [18], which may result in the evolution of more bacterial species that are well adapted to highly arsenic-contaminated P. vittata. Moreover, Huang et al. [43] reported that in a long-term field site (1951-present), arsenite-resistant endophytic microbial communities of P. vittata had had sufficient time to adapt to metal and/or metalloid stress. Zhu et al. [35] found that the diversity of As-resistant endophytes in soil with high arsenic levels was higher than that in less contaminated soil. These results suggest that endophytic bacteria have adapted to high arsenic stress levels and maintained their diversity in P. vittata after long-term exposure to high As-levels [44].
Exploring the relations among the degree of arsenite resistance, the distribution and diversity of the arsenite transporter gene families of the bacterial endophytes is a key goal of microbial ecology. The ACR3(2) genotypes were previously reported to be predominant over arsB in bacterial strains isolated from As contaminated soil [17], which was similar to findings in our study. To cope with arsenic toxicity, multiple sets of arsenic resistance genes and operons were developed in the genome of nearly every bacterial species sequenced to date. For example, the full genome sequence of strain Brevibacterium linens AE038–8 contained three ars operons (arsC, ACR3 and arsR) and two copies of the arsO gene [45], Thiomonas sp. possessed two operons (aio and ars system) [46], while Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009 carried three sets of arsenic resistance determinants (ars1, ars2, and ars3) on the chromosome [47]. Previous study has reported that soil bacteria could acquire multiple resistance determinants via chromosomal duplication or horizontal gene transfer, allowing them to cope with long-term arsenic toxicity [44]. Surprisingly, in our study, none of the isolates carried both types of arsenite transporter genes, even though both these genes are commonly found on the same operon. The ACR3 may have a higher affinity to arsenite and a higher rate of arsenite transport than arsB, which makes it more effective [44]. Accordingly, compared to the arsB gene-containing strains, strains having ACR3(2) mostly showed higher arsenite resistance in our study.
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays an important role in allowing a microbial community to rapidly adapt to a new environmental stress like heavy metal contamination, and thus could play an important role in the adaptation of the endogenous endophytic community [39]. In our present study, ACR3(2) appeared to be more easily transferred than arsB, and the transfer would be possibly stimulated by the exponential growth of environmental pollution as proposed in a previous study [48]. Cai et al. [44] have reported that arsenite transporter genes were transferred between Aeromonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Comamonas in highly As-contaminated soils. Similarly, the phylogenetic discrepancies between 16S rRNA genes and ACR3(2)/arsB indicate that ACR3(2) might have been horizontally transferred, especially in the isolates from P. vittata roots containing high As-levels. The HGT process may have occurred under the high arsenic pressure and resulted in increased functional and species diversity [49, 50], which may have practical applications in equipping the natural endophyte populations capable of resisting As and does not require long-term establishment of the inoculant strain.
We investigated the distribution and diversity of arsenite-resistant endophytic bacteria in P. vittata roots, collected from five soils with different levels of As-contamination, and studied the arsenite resistance and arsenic transport genes of the isolates. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes were the predominant taxa. The distribution and diversity of cultivable endophytes were affected by the arsenic concentration in P. vittata. A high number of the isolates were resistant to high concentrations of As and multiple heavy metals and showed plant growth-promoting characteristics. Horizontal gene transfer of ACR3(2) and arsB was detected in some of the isolates from P. vittata roots with high As concentrations. Overall, this study provides valuable information about endophytic bacterial species in relation with As transport and As-resistance genes. Our results contribute to the knowledge on the diversity and distribution of As-resistant endophytic bacteria that may be applied in the phytoremediation of As-contaminated sites.
ARDRA:
Amplified rDNA restriction fragment analysis
Chrome azurol-S
CDM:
Chemically defined medium
DNA:
Deoxyribonucleic acid
IAA:
Indole-3-acetic acid
Luria–Bertani
MICs:
Minimum inhibitory concentrations
PCR:
Post hatch
RNA:
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid
SLP:
Salt low phosphate
SOC:
TN:
total nitrogen
WC:
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The authors would like to thank Menglin Chen, Dingjian Pan, Qiaoling Lu, and Jingpeng Luo for the excellent technical support.
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 41201256). Besides financing the funding bodies played no role in study design, collection of data, or manuscript preparation.
Sequences obtained in this study were deposited in the NCBI GenBank database with accession numbers MF185755–MF185785 for 16S rRNA genes, MF185786–MF185798 for arsB, and MF185799–MF185803 for ACR3(2).
Department of Microbiology, College of Resource Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
Yunfu Gu, Yingyan Wang, Yihao Sun, Ke Zhao, Quanju Xiang, Xiumei Yu, Xiaoping Zhang & Qiang Chen
Yunfu Gu
Yingyan Wang
Yihao Sun
Ke Zhao
Quanju Xiang
Xiumei Yu
Xiaoping Zhang
Qiang Chen
YFG designed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. YHS conducted the experiment. YYW analyzed the basic soil and plant physicochemical data. XMY constructed the phylogentic tree. KZ and QJX participated in the initial draft and the revision of the manuscript. XPZ coordinated the study, designed portions of the experiments. QC revised the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Yunfu Gu.
Gu, Y., Wang, Y., Sun, Y. et al. Genetic diversity and characterization of arsenic-resistant endophytic bacteria isolated from Pteris vittata, an arsenic hyperaccumulator. BMC Microbiol 18, 42 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-018-1184-x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-018-1184-x
Pteris vittata
Endophytic bacteria
Arsenite resistance
Arsenic transport genes
Horizontal gene transfer


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Will the price quoted go up after an initial introductory period?
Aside from cost, network speed is usually the deciding factor when it comes to choosing the right internet service provider without cable or phone. That's not to say that faster is always better. Many households don't actually need a high-speed connection for their daily internet needs. If you plan to stream audio or video or play games online, however, you'll need a fairly high-speed connection.
On the other hand, if you plan on mainly browsing the web and answering emails, a lower-speed connection should be just fine. If a high-speed connection isn't available in your area and you still want to stream video, don't be disheartened; reports have found that speeds as low as 5 Mbps are sufficient to stream most content on Netflix.
Since faster connections are often more expensive, consider your needs wisely before choosing an internet plan. Note, too, that advertised speeds don't always match the actual speeds you'll get at home. Ask a potential ISP if it will allow you to conduct an in-home test before signing up.
Should I Buy My Own Modem or Router?
Modern internet service requires specialized equipment (a modem, for example) that typical households often lack. While internet service providers can provide this equipment for their customers, there are often monthly rental charges attached. Most internet providers charge between $10 and $20 each month to rent modems and routers in addition to monthly service fees. After a few years, those costs can add up to hundreds of dollars.
Buying your own modem and/or router can cost significantly less in the long run and give you the freedom to keep the item should you move or switch ISPs. While you might be tempted to price-shop for a modem or router, investing in the newest, fastest tech can ensure you the best internet speeds and long-term use.
Before buying a modem or router, consult with your ISP to determine what type of each you'll need and which ones they recommend. Don't be pressured into renting one from your ISP if you don't have to; nearly every internet connection is compatible with a wide range of modem and router technologies and brands.
Unfortunately, millions of U.S. households still do not have many choices available when it comes to broadband access, particularly in rural areas. Only slightly more than 50 percent of American households living in rural areas have access to broadband internet. For various economic and topographical reasons, installing the required infrastructure for broadband internet is still difficult in these areas.
Several companies like HughesNet and WildBlue have sprung up to fill this gap by providing broadband satellite internet to rural areas. However, these satellite providers still aren't available in every location. If you can't find one, try the United States Department of Agriculture's Rural Development program. It has several grant programs designed to bring broadband access to rural areas. These require a lengthy application process and have limited annual budgets but can be the perfect solution in certain parts of the country.
What If I Need a Home Phone?
Don't let the need for a home phone keep you from cutting the cable and switching to an internet-only plan. Thanks to a technology known as Voice over Internet Protocol, or VoIP, it's now possible to connect a phone to the internet and use it in the same way you would a landline phone. There are dozens of VoIP providers on the market, but like any technology, there are clear standouts.
Skype has a subscription plan which allows you to receive and make phone calls through your computer or mobile device, while VoIP providers like Ooma and Vonage allow you to use an actual home telephone handsets. Like any utility choice, do your research before jumping into a commitment. A little bit of planning can go a long way in the end.