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Carved out of Life: The Art of Emu Egg Carving
The following essay was first published as a preview for the exhibition Carved out of Life curated by Clinton Nain and held at at Craft Victoria from 18 June till 24 July 2010. The essay was published in Art Guide Australia, July/August 2010.
Installation image of carved Emu eggs by Lucy Williams.
Two years ago, the contemporary Indigenous artist Clinton Nain acquired his first emu egg. It was by Esther Kirby – a family friend of Nain's, and the daughter of renowned Wiradjuri 'boss carver' Sam Kirby. The object resonated with the young artist, its muted patina of green and grey whispering softly as though each incised layer revealed a hidden world. And yet, as he delved into this verdant haze, Nain could find little clarity or illumination: carved emu eggs have rarely appeared in critical literature or major exhibitions. In frustration, he decided to curate his own survey, Carved out of Life: the Art of Emu Egg Carving at Craft Victoria, in a valiant attempt to "highlight the importance and significance of a neglected medium."
To most Australians, carved emu eggs are items of kitsch, synonymous with craft markets and tourist outlets. Amongst southern Indigenous peoples, however, they are objects of considerable communal identification. Brenda Croft has noted, that by the mid-20th Century, carved emu eggs were a popular decorative item in Indigenous homes, serving to "affirm and Indigenous identity within the domestic environment." [i] For Nain, however, their significance is more profound: "Denied traditional forms of cultural expression, Indigenous communities adopted the emu egg as a medium to tell stories, explain totems and reveal knowledge of land, place and identity … strengthening and retaining links to the past."
With the rise of post-colonial theory, this kind of claim has been a common refrain in Indigenous art criticism. Colonial modes of art production are reclaimed as acts of artistic subterfuge through which forbidden pre-colonial knowledge is preserved beneath the cover of western aesthetics. The problem with this kind of revisionism is that it creates a static and uniform criterion of value, in which Indigenous artworks can only be 'significant' or 'important' insomuch as they contain some hidden cultural cache; some link to the past; some authentic 'Aboriginality.' This is not to suggest that carved emu eggs might not be rich in such 'traditional' cultural content, but rather, that such an emphasis obscures a more complex cultural history that might offer a greater insight into this enigmatic medium.
Carved emu egg by Jonaski Takuma, 1895 – 1905, Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.
The practice of carving emu eggs arose in the mid-19th Century. It was not originally considered an Aboriginal medium, in fact, one of the most successful early carvers was a Japanese craftsman named Jonaski Takuma who set up shop in Sydney's Strand Arcade in 1893. The aesthetic of the first carved emu eggs belonged firmly to the ornate decorative style of the late Victorian era. Their content, on the other hand, was resolutely nationalist, reflecting the idealised bush ethos pioneered by The Bulletin, Henry Lawson and the Heidelberg painters. In the post-War years, this aesthetic and ideology was superseded by a more modernist vision of Australian design and identity. Coupled with new government restrictions on the harvesting of emu eggs, the practice of carving emu eggs became increasingly rare amongst non-Indigenous artisans.
It was around this same time that the carving of emu eggs began its remarkable ascendancy amongst Indigenous communities. This coincidence is illuminating, for just as non-Indigenous Australians were dismantling the vision of bush nationalism embodied in carved emu eggs, it was appropriated by Indigenous artists for an entirely different ideological purpose. Like the Hermannsburg School of watercolour painting, emu egg carving was an introduced medium that demonstrated skill, craftsmanship and expertise, while its content professed a uniquely Aboriginal affinity with the landscape. The medium itself neatly balanced a dichotomy of assimilation and self-assertion: carved onto an objet whose acquisition required the knowledge of the hunter-gatherer, it suggested an inherent physical link to Indigenous heritage, while the realist images etched upon it implied a reconciliation with western aesthetic values.
Prior to the 1970s, there was little discernible difference in either content or style, between carved emu eggs produced by Indigenous and non-Indigenous artists. In some instances, artists of both cultures worked side by side. However, as issues such as land rights and Indigenous self-determination began to gain momentum, many Indigenous artists began to seek a more assertive vision of Indigenous identity. Carvers like Bluey Roberts, Badger Bates and Adrian 'Ringo' Morten began to replace realist imagery with an array of neo-traditional Aboriginal designs, drawing upon elements of rock art, desert painting and the traditional markings of their southern Indigenous tribes. Others, like Esther Kirby or Western Australian artist Barry Belotti, retained the realism of their predecessors, but used it to critique colonial incursion. Writhing from the surface, Kirby's depictions of Indigenous faces wear a mask of suffocating anguish, as though silenced by the confines of an imposed visual language.
Esther Kirby, Carved Emu Egg, 2010.
Clinton Nain is absolutely correct in arguing that carved emu eggs deserve greater critical attention. For the past century, southern Indigenous people have been exploring the medium, changing its style and content to reflect their changing historical, social and political situation. Critically evaluating these developments offers a unique opportunity to explore the complex cultural history of southern Indigenous people, their continued negotiation with modernity, and the historical forces that have constructed contemporary Indigenous identity. They reveal how seemingly fixed notions of identity, place or culture are remodelled, reappropriated and reused for changing political, ideological or personal reasons. It is precisely these indicators that show how artists negotiate the forces of history and shed light upon the world in which we live. Just as Indigenous and non-Indigenous craftsmen once worked side by side, perhaps in these tiny globes we might see a vision of the world that we share, as much as the differences that we inscribe upon it.
[i] Brenda Croft, 'The Gift of Seeing with Fingers', Tactility: Two Centuries of Indigenous Objects, Textiles and Fibre, exhib. cat., National Gallery of Australia, 2003.
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Tagged as Aboriginal art, Adrian Ringo Morten, Art, Badger Bates, Barry Belotti, Bluey Roberts, Brenda Croft, Carved out of Life, Clinton Nain, Craft Victoria, Emu Egg Carving, Heidelburg school, Hermannsburg, identity, Jonaski Takuma, Lucy Williams, nationalism, Sam Kirby, Victoria
Gladdy Kemarre: Anwekety (Bush Plum)
The following essay was first published in the exhibition catalogue Utopia produced by Mossenson Galleries on occasion of the 2010 Melbourne Art Fair. It was later reprinted in both English and Korean in the exhibition catalogue Josie Kunoth Petyarre & Gladdy Kemarre, produced by Mossenson Galleries on occasion of the 2011 Korean International Art Fair.
Gladdy Kemarre, Anwekety (Bush Plum), 2011, acrylic on canvas.
There is a transformative element to the paintings of Gladdy Kemarre. As we stare into their delicate calligraphy of dots, we could be gazing into the night sky, watching the seven sisters be chased across the Milky Way. If we squint, perhaps we can imagine ourselves looking from the window of an aeroplane as it whisks us over the suburbs of Melbourne, Sydney or Perth. Or perhaps is it a more distant, empty landscape that we are viewing from a great height: a landscape that seems to move beneath us as the shifting light of the sun dances across its open plains.
In the paintings of Gladdy Kemarre, the viewer floats into the canvas, just as her delicate skeins of dots shimmer across our horizon. Once immersed, the effect is very literally like that of a dream, the gentle soaring feeling of stepping into the engulfing desert heat, whose thick red winds swelter round the body as though bobbing in a flooded river of extraordinary antiquity. We are transported to places that we have never been, and yet which haunt us with an uncanny familiarity. For in the paintings of Gladdy Kemarre we are transported to her country, a county that she knows intimately; so intimately, that it cannot be expressed in words, but requires a language of intuition and emotion. With a patient refinement, they offer a gentle, motherly reflection on the interconnectedness of all things, a sparkling meditation on the Dreaming as it binds us all together. These are women's stories, told through generations as part of a contract with the landscape. This contract ensures its fertility, its regenerative power, and its ability to spiritually and physically nourish the Anmatyerre.
Gladdy was born around 1950 at Mount Swann in her father's country. The daughter of Clara Kngwarreye and Kwementyay Pwerle, she was brought up in the Harts Range region with her late sister Ally Kemarre and her brother Billy Benn Perrurle. The siblings grew up learning the traditions of their Anmatyerre people and how to paint through ceremonial body designs. From the 1970s, she was involved in art at Utopia, firstly through the Utopia Women's Batik Group and later as a painter of considerable acclaim. She was involved in the landmark exhibitions A Picture Story (1988) and A Summer Project (1988-9) and has participated in major exhibitions in Australia, Europe and America. Her works have been acquired by many major public collections, including the National Gallery of Australia, the National Gallery of Victoria and the Art Gallery of New South Wales. In 2009 she was a finalist in the Wynne Prize at the Art Gallery of New South Wales and was awarded first prize in the both the Mount Buller Art Awards and City of Swan Art Awards. This year, Gladdy's success has continued to rise through her selection as finalist in The King's School Art Prize, The Stanthorpe Art Prize, The Albany Art Prize, The Fletcher Jones Painting Prize and The Waterhouse Natural History Prize.
In a career spanning four decades, a single motif has dominated Gladdy's paintings, continually finding new expressions, just as the rolling seasons bring new life to the desert. Anwekety or 'bush plum' is a Dreaming story given to Gladdy by her grandmother. A type of bush tucker with needle-like leaves and small round edible berries, women collect the fruit into coolamons, to be eaten fresh, dried or mixed into paste. Viewed from above, the changing seasonal colours of the bush plum dominate the flora on the ground in Ahalpere Country. The story of the bush plum is crucial to Alywarre and Anmatyerre women's ceremonies, and is intricately intertwined with the Dreaming songlines of the whole country. It is a story not only of physical nourishment, but also of spiritual sustenance, being closely connected to the sacredness of Ahalpere Country.
Shimmering constellations of fruit emerge in these paintings from tiny points of colour that are meticulously worked into shifting layers that evoke the desert landscape. As a result, they produce a sparkling vision of country that shows the unity of all things – of place, people, flora, ceremony – with the sacred Dreaming. Through their reference to ceremonial body painting and their invocation of the continuum of the Dreaming, the present both a spatial and temporal circularity that acts as a metaphor for the relationship between the local and the universal. The joyful rhythms of the canvas reflect Gladdy's pride in passing down the story of the bush plum, just as her grandmother did before her, and her keenly felt joy of renewing her traditions. Just as the changing seasons come to renew the landscape, the paintings of Gladdy Kemarre challenge us to transform the way we see the world, to float upon their Dream into the far reaches of the Eastern Desert to the sacred Ahalpere Country.
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Tagged as A Picture Story, A Summer Project, Aboriginal, Aboriginal art, Ally Kemarre, Anmatyerre, Anwekety, Art, Australian art, Awelye, Billy Benn, Bush Plum, Gladdy Kemarre, Utopia
Josie Kunoth Petyarre: Sugarbags
Below is an extended version of the essay, 'Preview: Josie Kunoth Petyarre: Sugarbags', first published in Artist Profile Magazine, Issue 15, May 2011, pp.122-123. It was later reprinted in both English and Korean in the exhibition catalogue Josie Kunoth Petyarre & Gladdy Kemarre, produced by Mossenson Galleries on occasion of the 2011 Korean International Art Fair.
Josie Kunoth Petyarre, Sugarbag Story 2011, acrylic on canvas, 61 x 151 cm.
For many people, Aboriginal art is an impenetrable mystery. Despite its stunning beauty, there is a lingering sense that it will forever speak of a distant world, unreachable to those uninitiated into its sacred mysteries. But for those who take up the exquisite challenge posed by Aboriginal art, the question remains: how do we interpret these works, which speak such an alien visual language? Faced with this problem, many viewers first response is to ask for the story or 'Dreaming' that informs the artwork, in the hope that this narrative might offer some entry point into these difficult abstract works.
In approaching the latest body of paintings by the Anmatyerre artist Josie Kunoth Petyarre, this is certainly one interpretative route that we could take. Although best known as a figurative painter, this new body of work represents the most sustained body of abstract paintings in Petyarre's 25-year artistic career. However, one should be careful not to limit one's reading of these paintings to a breakdown of their 'Dreamings', nor should one make too much of Petyarre's recent moves into abstraction. For that would be to miss the clear lessons of Petyarre's career, and to replay the primitivist desires that have sought to continually cast Aboriginal art as part of an arcane, primeval cultural context.
Josie Kunoth Petyarre, Sugarbag Story 2011, acrylic on linen, 122 x 183 cm.
If we survey Petyarre's career, we find a marked continuity of concerns. Central to these concerns has been the centrality and adaptability of the Dreaming cosmology that shapes the Indigenous worldview. In his influential 1956 essay, 'The Dreaming', W.E.H Stanner described the Dreaming as the guiding principle by which Aboriginal Australian's understand the universe. It is, he argued, "a kind of logos or principle of order transcending everything significant for Aboriginal man."[1] While it is easy to conceive this concept in the complex iconographies and hidden spiritual depths that underpin the cryptic forms of Aboriginal abstraction, in the paintings of Josie Kunoth Petyarre we see the Dreaming, not as something distant and mysterious, but something ever present, which runs through all places, people and things, from the past to the present, the sacred and the everyday. In this sense, they are a perfect illustration of the pervasiveness of the Dreaming logos described by Stanner.
The daughter of Polly Kngale, Josie Kunoth Peytarre was born in 1959 at Utopia Homestead. Occupying 1800 square kilometers of the remote Eastern Desert, Utopia Station was been part of the last great push of pastoral expansion into Australia's wilderness. Its red open plains, dusted lightly with Spinifex and wildflowers, offered the promise of serenity and prosperity. However, scorching hot days and freezing nights, scarcity of surface water and sparse vegetation, untold legions of flies and mosquitoes, all conspired to make conditions intolerable for the new settlers. By the 1970s, only the crumbling Ozymandias-like remnants of the station era remained, paving the way for a successful land rights claim, which in 1980 returned the newly designated Utopia Aboriginal Lands to their traditional owners.
Like many women at Utopia, Josie Kunoth Petyarre began creating art as part of the Utopia Women's Batik Group that emerged in the late 1970s. In 1987, she was included in the landmark exhibition, A Picture Story, which brought the practice of batik to its sumptuous conclusion. Containing all of the major artists from Utopia, it highlighted the resplendent diversity of approaches to the medium. The following year, she was included in the exhibition A Summer Project, which introduced these same artists to the practice of acrylic painting on canvas, creating the conditions for emergence of one of Australia's most important painting movements.
In 1987, Josie Kunoth Petyarre was still a young woman. The catalogue for A Picture Story shows her as a beaming 28-year-old, a young mother with a wistful smile and an unflappable demeanour.[2] It was the older artists in the exhibition who garnered the most attention, in particular, Petyarre's aunt Emily Kame Kngwarreye (c.1910-1996). With their striking visual affinity to American abstract expressionism, Emily's grand abstractions opened new possibilities for the understanding and appreciation of Indigenous art. At the same time, they cast a long shadow that has obscured the diversity of artistic practice that has been a continual presence at Utopia.
Whether bold and gestural (such as the paintings of Emily Kngwarreye or Minne Pwerle) or delicate and ethereal (Kathleen Petyarre or Gladdy Kemarre), the art of Utopia quickly became indelibly associated in the popular imagination with abstract painting. However, as the batik created by Petyarre for A Picture Story reveals, abstraction was always only one part of the art tradition at Utopia. Ngayakweneme (The Hungry People) is a vibrant Dreaming tableau in which armed warriors feud over the distribution of food, while tiny ethereal spirits haunt the crevices of the landscape. Twenty years later, this flair for action and detail would culminate in Petyarre's grand narrative paintings of bush football carnivals and community life at Utopia.
In the shade of Utopia's celebrated abstractionists, the work of figurative artists has often been dismissed as naïve or 'inauthentic' fusions of western and Indigenous traditions. Such criticisms are nearsighted, ignoring the fact that figurative elements were present from the genesis of Utopian art, even amidst the artworks of celebrated abstractionists like Emily Kngwarreye and Kathleen Petyarre. The distinction that is commonly assumed between 'abstract' and 'figurative' works is a peculiarly western one. In part, this is because western aesthetics does not have the same sense of the inherent sanctity of decoration that is present in Indigenous culture (that is, the power of abstract designs to convey secret or sacred meanings). For Indigenous artists, traditional designs are rarely non-objective in the way that is implied by the categorisation of 'abstract art'. Historically, when Indigenous art-styles have become more abstract, it has been through either a desire to hide or obscure secret/sacred content, or in an effort to tailor the work to suit market trends. If we move beyond this dichotomy of abstract and figurative, we can begin to see the figurative tradition at Utopia as offering its own peculiar insights into the development of art at Utopia. This neglected movement offers a unique insight into both traditional and contemporary existence at Utopia, while revealing its own internal processes of artistic innovation and development.
Josie Kunoth Petyarre, Sugarbag Story 2011, acrylic on linen, 91 x 121 cm.
For most of her life, Petyarre has lived on remote outstations, where the production of art is a ubiquitous part of the daily routine. Petyarre, however, remained in the background, producing occasional works, but never really stepping out of the shadow cast by her celebrated elders. This would change rapidly in 2005, when she began working with the art-advisor Marc Gooch. Starting primarily as a carver, Petyarre produced one of the most innovative bodies of carvings to ever emerge from Utopia.
Using wild colours and unexpected forms, she produced works that reflected her life and personality. According to Marc Gooch, "Each one was like a self-portrait, revealing her spontaneity and individuality."[3] Petyarre's first body of sculptures contained all the conventional motifs of Utopian carving – there were extraordinary figures in ceremonial dress, feathered birds, and a colourful array of dogs, echidnas and camels. But alongside this wild menagerie, a different picture of life at Utopia began to emerge, as Petyarre produced a series of more contemporary objects including a bright pink Toyota and a meticulously detailed police van.
Soon, Petyarre's husband Dinni Kunoth Kemarre also began producing sculptures. Together, the pair would 'head out bush' with their axes to find the soft-wooded Bean Trees (Erythrina vespertilio). Sometimes these trips would require 100 kilometre long drives to find appropriate trees. After felling the tree, they would bring the trunk back to their camp, where they would carve it using tomahawks, files, sandpaper and a large rasp. Together, the pair would produce 16 football players (one for each team in the Australia Football League) which would be make up the exhibition Centre Bounce held at the AFL Hall of Fame in Melbourne between March-July 2007.
The opening of Centre Bounce afforded Josie and Dinni the opportunity to visit Melbourne. It was an eye-opening event for the pair, never having travelled before to such a metropolis. While older artists often view cities with an unflustered nonchalance, Josie and Dinni were captivated. The scale, the lights, the country and the fauna (including Melbourne's ubiquitous possums) inspired a new body of works that perfectly captured the meeting of these two very different worldviews.
Josie Kunoth Petyarre, Melbourne Story 2007, 153 x 122, acrylic on canvas.
Returning to Utopia, Petyarre unexpectedly embarked on a series of paintings that sought to synthesise all of the complex experiences of their visit to Melbourne. They produced several extraordinary large-scale canvases that assimilate the cityscape of Melbourne into a Central Desert sense of geography. These maps of the city incorporate Melbourne landmarks – the MCG, St Kilda beach and pier, Luna Park, the Royal Exhibition Building, Fitzroy Gardens, Swanston Street, St Paul's Cathedral and Federation Square – into an Anmatyerre spatial logic. In a fascinating and vivid meeting of two visual experiences, the paintings present an engrossing, enlivening picture of the urban landscape as seen from a radically different cultural background.
What was most notable about these paintings, was that for Petyarre, urban and remote were placed in an even and connected system of exchange – in a very similar way to which sites of significance are connected in Tingari paintings. This equality of exchange was made brilliantly explicit in a spectacular diorama that Josie and Dinni created for the inaugural Basil Sellers Art Prize held at the Ian Potter Museum of Art at Melbourne University in 2008. In this installation, scenes of professional and community football were literally placed side by side as part of a co-joined narrative. The cultural diaspora of football was no longer framed as one-directional, but working along a songline mentality in which all action and places are connected. By this relational logic, travel and movement unites significant places – the MCG becoming just one stop on a football songline that unites Utopia with the capital cities of Melbourne or Perth.
A similar episteme can be seen the series of 'bush football' paintings which Petyarre commenced around the same time. Structurally, these works bear a striking visual affinity to the classic 'circle and grid' paintings of first generation Papunya Tula artists like Old Walter Tjanpitjinpa or Anatjari No.III Tjakamarra. In the archetypal Tingari painting, a central circular motif is used to represent a significant gathering place, ceremonial ground or waterhole, from which travel lines radiate outwards to other points of connected significance. Just as the circle provides both the visual and narrative focal point in these Tingari paintings, in Josie's bush football scenes the centre point is provided by the oval football field. From this point in the painting, action radiates outwards in a series of dramas that are both connected and independent of the central event. As Nick Tapper has observed:
In these football paintings, the central motif of the oval as a capacious elliptical space organises two different types of action: the regulated play on the field, and the carnival atmosphere off it. The representation of football becomes not just about the players' participation, but about the overall participatory spirit enjoyed by sportspeople and spectators alike.[4]
The result is a vivid tableau of all-over action. Although it acts as pivot to this action, the football match itself is not exclusively preferenced, and in some works is completely overwhelmed by the scale of events going on around it. In this way, the whole world is absorbed and united within this immutable and adaptive cosmology of the Dreaming.
Josie Kunoth Petyarre, Bush Football Carnival 2010, acrylic on canvas, 151 x 151 cm.
How then, might we extend this logic to a reading of Josie Kunoth Petyarre's most recent paintings of 'Sugarbags', which explode across the canvas like fireworks of brilliant colour? Dr. Diane Mossenson, who has represented and championed Petyarre's work since 2005, and knows her paintings intimately, has described these paintings as an artistic breakthrough for Petyarre. Mossenson is undoubtedly correct; in these works, there is a clear sense of an artist refreshing herself, finding liberation with a representational form that is both tradition, but open enough to allow for considerable personal expression. Bruce McLean of the Queensland Art Gallery has noted:
Josie and Dinni are true innovators within their tradition, effecting change and integrating it into everyday practice. Tradition and change are intrinsically linked. Change is inevitable in all living cultures, and the form that change takes relies on the vision of the instigator. In the [art] of Josie Kunoth Petyarre and Dinni Kunoth Kemarre we get a sense of past, present and future.[5]
This fusion of innovation and tradition is clearly evident in Josie's Sugarbag paintings, where the recognisable forms of desert paintings are flung together with a compelling joie de vivre that shows an artist clearly relishing the experimental possibilities of the motif. After several years of mining the world around her for inspiration, the openness of this format is clearly vivifying.
Josie Kunoth Petyarre, Sugarbag Story 2011, acrylic on canvas, 200 x 200 cm.
However, it would be wrong to overstate the extent that this expressive freedom is derived from the 'abstract' nature of the sugar bag motif. In Indigenous Australian parlance, the term 'sugar bags' is used to describe the sweet honey made by one of around 14 species of native stingless bees found across Australia. As a visual motif, it is one of the most variable and iconic in Australian Indigenous art. For thousands of years, sugar bags have adorned the faces of rock-art sites in the Kimberley, Arnhem Land and the Central Desert. With the dawn of the Indigenous art movement, the sugar bag emerged as an emblem of seemingly endless iconic possibility. In the paintings of artists as diverse as Bardayal 'Lofty' Nadjamerrek, Jack Britten, Barney Ellaga, Jimmy Wululu and Lucy Ward, it has provided both a source of sweet inspiration and potent formal potential.
In most instances, the sugar bag is a symbol of tripartite significance. On the one hand it refers directly to the bush honey collected from the hollows of trees or crevices of rock shelters. On a more abstract level, the sugar bag usually refers to a particular Dreaming associated with a specific place. Lastly, the painting of sugar bags is often used to assert a totemic or ancestral connection to that particular place. In this sense, therefore, it is a visual metaphor of physical, personal and spiritual dimensions. According to Petyarre, these paintings contain 'all the sweetness of the bush' – not just the sugar bags themselves, but also the colourful bush grevillea and corkwood flowers that produce the honey, the changing colours of the season, and the travel of the bees across the landscape. In Petyarre's case, this is landscape of her father's Alhalkere country of Utopia in the eastern desert, to which the sugar bag Dreaming is associated.
In Petyarre's sugar bag paintings we can see an artist using a stored cache of visual ideas – circles, dots, dashes – and twisting them in order to find new ways to depict the overlap of country and culture; to represent the shifting metaphors of the physical, geographical and spiritual. What could be waterholes or sandhills, winding rivers or desert blooms all come together in a personal experiment in colour and form. This is not a form of experimentation structured along modernist lines of non-objectivity, but rather, one structured around a particularly Anmatyerre reasoning, in which the sugar bag as bush tucker is as much a lived reality as the ancestral connections that it connotes in both the spiritual and everyday environment. If we see Josie Kunoth Petyarre's sugar bag paintings, not as a break from her figurative works, but as a parallel articulation of the same episteme, we can begin to see them as two different, but complimentary articulations of a world is absorbed and united within the immutable cosmology of the Dreaming. The alchemy of Petyarre's innovation is her ability to continually find new ways to express this ancient cosmology.
[1] W.E.H. Stanner, "The Dreaming," (1958) reprinted in The Dreaming and Other Essays (Melbourne: Black Inc. Agenda, 2009), 58.
[2] Annemarie Brody, A Picture Story: 88 Silk Batiks from the Holmes à Court Collection (Perth: Heytesbury Holdings, 1990)
[3] Marc Gooch, personal correspondence with author, 2010.
[4] Nick Tapper, "Bush Football: The Kunoth Family," exhibition room brochure, Mossenson Galleries, Melbourne, 18 August-5 September 2009.
[5] Bruce McLean, "Dinni Kunoth Kemarre and Josie Kunoth Petyarre," in Xstrata Coal Emerging Indigenous Art Award, exhib. cat., Queensland Art Gallery, 11 July-12 October 2008.
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Tagged as Aboriginal art, AFL, AFL Hall of Fame, Art, Australian art, Bruce McLean, Dinni Kunoth Kemarre, Emily Kngwarreye, Josie Kunoth Petyarre, Marc Gooch, Mossenson Galleries, Nick Tapper, Rodney Gooch, Sugarbag, Utopia
Bob Gibson Tjungurrayi
The following essay was written to accompany Bob Gibson Tjungurrayi: The First Solo Exhibition held at Mossenson Galleries, Perth, November 10 till December 5, 2009. The exhibition was presented in conjunction with Tjarlirli Art (Tjukurla, Western Australia).
Bob Gibson Tjungurrayi, Walatu, 2009, acrylic on canvas.
In a haze of incandescent orange and green, a series of concentric squares pulsate with the searing heat of the Western Desert. The colours meld and overlap, creating a transparency of paint that flutters across the ground of the painting. These are the designs of the Tingari ceremony – secret men's business that takes place near the remote community of Tjukurla on the edge of Lake Hopkins. Each square is roughly painted, revealing the artist's hand as it moves with a gestural intensity across the canvas, giving them a pulsating irregularity. These works sing of the majesty of the Western desert with a tongue rough-hewn by the shifting sands.
Bob Gibson Tjungarrayi was born at Papunya in 1974, before moving with his family to Tjukurla during the time of the homelands movement. The son of renowned artist Mary Gibson, Bob paints his ancestral stories with a raw intensity. His palette of wild hues reveals an unrestrained joy for experimentation, tempered with nostalgia as he recalls his father's country around Patjarr and his mother's country of Kulkuta.
In Bob Gibson's paintings, the raw, physical experience of country is transmuted into paint. Underpinning this representation is the attendant spiritual and cultural knowledge that informs the Anangu view of the landscape. Gibson's works are not simply unmediated depictions of country, but integrated and resolved extensions of cultural knowledge. His works are filled with uncanny, indefinable artistic allusions – whether the rigid Tingari of Ronnie Tjampitjinpa, the dense over-painting of Lorna Fencer Napurrula or the fiery brushwork of Johnny Warangkula Tjupurrula. Each is transformed into Gibson's personal style. The artist's hand becomes an expression of the cultural continuum, picking up on a wealth of knowledge and influence, and using it to create something entirely new.
The Dreamings that underpin Gibson's ancestral country are brought forward via his unique painterly style. This double-take between the familiar and the idiosyncratic is the central tension that drives the work. This distinction between the shared/communal cultural experience and the highly personalised artistic vision – between the iconic and the aesthetic – creates a visual metaphor for the difference between 'seeing' the country and 'knowing' the country. This latter form of viewing is not the unmediated sight of the tourist or visitor, but rather, the informed understanding of an initiated viewer. It sees beyond the physical manifestations of the landscape, focusing instead on the underlying spiritual dimension. This is why, under Gibson's hand, the Dreaming sites at Lake Hopkins can be portrayed in such a myriad of ways, each revealing a different aspect of this sacred geography.
For the Western viewer this is a highly challenging visual problem. After four decades of the Aboriginal art movement, there has developed a familiarity with the classic iconographies of desert painting, along with its predominant artistic styles. Some may even consider themselves 'connoisseurs' of Aboriginal art, able to rattle off the names of collectible artists from every corner of the country. And yet, what is this but the superficial frosting of a market driven appetite? Perhaps all we can see are brush-strokes on the canvas, the expressions of a profound knowledge of which we will never truly comprehend. The secrets of the Tingari remain hidden.
In the work of Bob Gibson we find an invitation. Gibson's paintings are all about inter-relation; of colour and form, of tension, reaction and interplay; the challenge of raw brushstrokes against flat planes of colour. They are a celebration of individual expression within the cultural continuum. In doing so, they ask us to question the nature the aesthetic, the very ways in which ancient iconographies can be remodeled and innovated, and show us how one artist can create a unique artistic statement, while remaining true to their ancient cultural knowledge.
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Tagged as Aboriginal art, Art, Australia, Bob Gibson, Johnny Warangkula, Kulkuta, Lake Hopkins, Lorna Fencer, Mary Gibson, Mossenson Galleries, Papunya, Patjarr, Ronnie Tjampitjinpa, Tingari, Tjarlirli Art, Tjukurla, Tjungurrayi, western desert
Loongkoonan and Lucy Ward: Ngarranggarni Mananambarra
The following essay was written to accompany the exhibition Loongkoonan and Lucy Ward: Ngarranggarni Mananambarra at Mossenson Galleries in Melbourne, March 23 – April 23, 2006.
Loongkoonan, Bush Tucker in Nyikina Country, acrylic on canvas, 2006
When I was young I footwalked all over Nyikina country. Footwalking is the proper (only) way to learn about country and remember it. I paint Nyikina country the same way that eagles see country when they are high up in the sky.
Loongkoonan
I remember when I first saw the paintings of Loongkoonan. It was December 2004, and although aged in her 90s, Loongkoonan had only recently commenced painting. Sparse and raw, with ragged and scratchy brushstrokes jutting awkwardly across the canvas, her paintings betrayed little of the refinement and elegance that would soon emerge in her art. And yet, exhibited as a body of 26 small canvases in the exhibition River Stories,[1] they evinced a palpable sense of experimentation. Each canvas revealed an artist eagerly trialling a range of iconographies and styles in order to depict her beloved Nyikina country. Within the blank expanse of the canvas, Loongkoonan was exploring the sacred places that defined her and her people. By depicting them on canvas, she was at once revisiting these places and at the same time entering new territory. In these crudely painted canvases, the artist was setting to work on an epistemic project that would mature into a uniquely Nyikina representation of place. As the first Nyikina artist to undertake such a project, they represented a profoundly significant and unmediated 'first sight'.[2]
Installation image showing Loongkoonan: River Stories, Mossenson Galleries, Cartlon, 2005
If this first exhibition signaled the commencement of such a project, the past twelve months have seen Loongkoonan refine it into a singular vision that balances grace and delicacy with an unmistakable emotive urgency. Far from the sparse roughness of her early paintings, Loongkoonan's new works are gentler, softer – yet at the same time much more busy. Covered in overlapping dots, they shimmer with a delicate melding of colour and form that is reminiscent of early post-Impressionism. Beyond a purely painterly or aesthetic refinement, however, this development is indicative of an intense distillation of the culturally specific visual language that Loongkoonan was searching for in her earliest works. In order to grasp the significance of such a development, it is necessary to understand the social and cultural circumstances that define and bound the art and life of Loongkoonan and her painting partner Lucy Ward.
Although they belong to different language groups, the experiences that shaped Loongkoonan (born circa 1910) and Lucy Ward (born circa 1920) have considerable parallels. Both artists were born on the burgeoning cattle stations of the Kimberley. As young women, they worked on these stations, cooking, riding horses and mustering sheep and cattle. Like many Indigenous pastoral workers, they looked forward to the arrival of the Wet Season when they would footwalk their clan estates collecting bush tucker, medicine and spinifex wax. These experiences were formative for both artists and instilled in them a respect for the traditional systems of culture and learning that had guided their people for millennia. This knowledge is encapsulated in the concepts of Ngarranggarni and Mananambarra referred to in the current exhibition's title.
In his book Mates: Images and Stories from the Kimberley, the anthropologist and sociologist Kevin Shaw describes the Mananambarra[3] as the senior custodians of Indigenous Law. Their lives and world-view, he argues, are shaped by their adherence to the fundamental and mystical truths of the Ngarranggarni. Usually equated with the concept of the Dreaming, Ngarranggarni is an all-encompassing term that refers to creation, history and traditional law of the Indigenous people of the Kimberley.[4] According to Shaw, the Mananambarra are "barometers of community spirit, respect for individuality, creativity and passion for environment and justice". Their principle value system, derived from the Ngarranggarni is based on a complex agglomeration of knowledge and learning acquired through persistence and hard work. These values are clearly reflected in the dedication with which Lucy Ward and Loongkoonan have thrown themselves into painting. Both artists choose to paint almost every day, and the focus and energy of these women is testament to the incredible work ethic of the Mananambarra, which rejects idleness and sloth. In a more profound sense, however, this dedication reveals a desire to record their stories as part of the duty of Mananambarra to preserve this knowledge for future generations.
It is this desire to document and preserve the knowledge of the Ngarranggarni that has propelled the visual program within Loongkoonan's painting. This can be seen in the subtle shift in Loongkoonan's work between specificity and totality. Take for instance, the distillation of themes that has occurred in her work since River Stories. Of the 26 paintings included in River Stories, most works depicted specific places within Nyikina country. In both their titles and imagery, the paintings referred to clearly identifiable locales, such as Mount Anderson (Jarlmadanka), Udialla and Liveringa Hill. In contrast, most of Loongkoonan's new works bear the seemingly generic title of Bush Tucker. Far from being generic, however, these works perform a complex double-take between specificity and totality. Whereas the early works were sparse in their composition and generally referred only to a single geographical locale, Loongkoonan's new works are packed with detail. Snakes, rivers, bush plums, coolamons, mountains, floodwaters, dancing grounds and springs all jostle for position in these loaded canvases, as though Loongkoonan is trying to literally enact Emily Kngwarreye's metaphysical claim to paint the 'whole lot'.
That said, in a more figurative or allegorical sense, these works are complex mappings of substantial cultural knowledge. This is clearly evident in the proud and central discursive position that Loongkoonan places on knowledge of bush skills.
In my time there was plenty of tucker in the bush. My mother and the old girls who grew me up taught me how to find sugarbag (bush honey) in trees and in the ground. They showed me how to make limirri (processed spinifex wax). Limirri from Nyikina country is Number One.
Beyond a simple botanical reference, 'bush tucker' acts as a metonym for the accumulated knowledge of the Mananambarra. Just as Loongkoonan laments the declining availability of 'tucker in the bush' – undoubtedly due to the ecological degradation caused by the pastoral industry – 'bush tucker' serves as a referent for a different time, when the hierarchies of knowledge and learning were respected. In many ways, this nostalgia lends the works a sense of solemnity and loss. And yet, this sorrowful tenor rarely impedes the sense of pride and joie de vivre that dominates Loongkoonan's paintings. As much as these works lament the decline of the cultural values upheld by the Mananambarra, they are also defiant statements of the continuation of Indigenous culture, offering a vision of hope that this cultural knowledge can be saved and passed on to future generations.
Lucy Ward, Wandjina, acrylic on canvas, 2006
This optimism is, in part, due to the temporal resilience of the Ngarranggarni, the way in which it resists being defined purely in terms of the past but is instead involved in a constant back-and-forth dialogue between past, present and future. This is clearly evidenced in the paintings of Lucy Ward. As a Ngarinyin woman, painting plays a central role in the remembering process that connects Ward to her country and culture. For thousands of years, the Ngarinyin have used the painting of Wandjina spirits to forge a direct connection to the Dreaming. During the Dreaming, Wandjina controlled the elements and were instrumental in shaping the landscape and law. The Wandjina left their images on the cave walls in order to watch over the land and the Ngarinyin people. By repainting the Wandjina, the Ngarinyin create a direct and unbroken link to the Dreamtime. It is with immense fondness that Ward recalls watching her father and grandfather paint these spirit figures on the cave walls, and it is with great reverence that she continues this tradition on canvas.
Like Loongkoonan, Ward also paints 'bush tucker'. Ward's bush tucker, however, is generally restricted to the painting of 'sugarbags' or bush honey pods. These 'sugarbags' are Ward's personal totem and connect her to the country of her birth. "I was born in Ngarangarri country," she declares. "Ngarangarri is the honey dream; ngara minbinya, honey is good tucker." Ward's sugarbags are depicted as an array of brightly coloured dots, often organised into irregularly shaped squares. As a simultaneous symbol of the physical, spatial and the personal, these seemingly abstract shapes create a complex metaphor for identity and country. They become part of a sacred and personal geography that Marcia Langton has termed 'placedness' or "site-markers of the remembering process and of identity itself."[5] This 'placedness' transcends Western notions of temporality. For Ward, the past is not, as L.P. Hartley famously suggested, 'a foreign country', but rather a familiar (and specific) country that situates and unites all moments in time.
Lucy Ward, Wandjina and Sugarbag, acrylic on canvas, 2006
As it is the act of painting that constitutes this 'remembering process', placedness preferences the process of painting over the final product. Each mark on the canvas becomes like a fingerprint, betraying the trace of its creator's application. Both visually and semiotically, this trace becomes a potent metaphor for the shuttling between time and space that underlies these paintings. Just as this shuttling allows Loongkoonan to balance nostalgia with hope, so it also allows Ward to balance an idiosyncratic playfulness with the profound pathos that emerges from her heartfelt respect for the traditions and rituals of her people. Simultaneously innovative and traditional, these works inhabit a temporality that is neither past, present, nor future, but is rather part of the sacred link that connects Loongkoonan and Lucy Ward to the timeless and sacred Ngarranggarni.
[1] Omborrin and Loongkoonan: River Stories, Indigenart, The Mossenson Galleries, Carlton, Victoria, 23 February-23 March 2005.
[2] Prior to Loongkoonan, the only noted Nyikina artist was Butcher Joe Nangan. Born around 1902, Nangan established a reputation for his skilful engravings on boab nuts and pearlshell, before turning his talents to producing delicate and detailed figurative images of flora, fauna, along with scenes of ceremonial, historical and mythological significance. Whilst Nangan's works reveal an immense cultural knowledge, they remained rooted in the Western figurative style and therefore signify a markedly different visual and epistemological project than that of Loongkoonan. See Kim Ackerman, 'Butcher Joe Nangan' in Sylvia Kleinhart and Margo Neale, The Oxford Companion to Aboriginal Art and Culture, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2000.
[3] The plural form of the singular Manambarra.
[4] Kevin Shaw, Mates: Images and Stories from the Kimberley, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2004.
[5] Marcia Langton, 'Sacred Geography: Western Desert traditions of landscape art', Hetti Perkins and Hannah Fink (eds.), Papunya Tula: Genesis and Genius, exhib. cat., Art Gallery of NSW, Sydney, 2000, p. 267 and Marcia Langton, 'Dreaming Art' in Nikos Papastergiadis (ed.), Complex Entanglements: Art, Globalisation and Cultural Difference, Rivers Oram Press, London,
2003, 42-56.
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Tagged as Aboriginal, Aboriginal art, Art, Australia, Kevin Shaw, Kimberley, Loongkoonan, Lucy Ward, Manambarra, Mananambarra, Marcia Langton, Mossenson Galleries, Ngarinyin, Ngarranggarni, Nyikina, Omborrin
Shane Pickett: Kaanarn
Kaanarn: 'There is Truth in the Landscape'
The following essay was written to accompany the exhibition Shane Picket: Kaanarn at Mossenson Galleries in Perth from February 17 till March 11, 2006.
Shane Pickett, Guardians of the Good Energy Spirit, 2006
For three decades, Shane Pickett has defined himself as a painter of the landscape. "There is truth in the landscape," he declares. "It is from the landscape that all our culture and beliefs come." In recent years, this project has seen Pickett move from the delicate figurative landscapes of his youth, into large-scale abstract paintings of the type that have culminated in his current exhibition Kaanarn. The title of Pickett's exhibition draws on the Nyoongar word meaning 'true.' Consistent with his statements, Pickett cites this move into abstraction as being part of his progress towards uncovering the illusive 'truth' in the landscape.
In the works I have made and the life I have lived I have been very much honest to nature. Nature is honest and I try to bring that out. My career has been a journey, expanding in scope; as I have grown in maturity, my work has become less like a photograph and has tried to explore the deeper meaning of the landscape.
I would like to begin this catalogue essay by asking the meaning of this transformation in Pickett's work. In the history of Western art, the movement from figuration to abstraction has been a common one for many artists. Amongst Indigenous artists, however, it is a decidedly less common phenomenon. This question takes on an added pertinence when one considers Pickett singular role in inaugurating a revitalised tradition of Nyoongar abstraction as seen in the recent works of emerging artists like Troy Bennell and Ben Pushman.[1] In order to answer this question, I would first like to return to the unlikely time and place of France in 1905.
Considering Pickett's invocation of the 'truth' in nature, it is difficult not to recall Cezanne's famous letters to Emile Bernard. In a letter dated 23 October 1905, Cezanne wrote to Bernard, "I owe you the truth in painting and I will tell it to you." In the letters that followed, Cezanne argued that in order to achieve 'truth in painting' it was necessary for the painter to absorb him or herself in the study of nature, and to "forget everything that has gone before us." Truth in painting could not be achieved through imitation, but rather by learning to create paintings that worked like nature.
Through this distinction, Cezanne was attempting to establish a viable relationship between imitation and abstraction – between the desublimated, haptic act of being 'in nature' and the sublimated, mediated and perspectival act of painting. Sadly, Cezanne would die in 1906 without ever really reconciling this space between vision and representation, and the negotiation of this space would remain one of modernism's defining problems.Whilst this may seem a digression, it is my belief that Pickett's work presents a profound and critical response to the epistemic space created by this question – a question that might be seen to propel the course of Western modernism and its colonising claims toward universalism. In order to explore this connection, it is necessary to return to the very beginning of Pickett's artistic journey where we might find the seeds of Kaanarn.
Shane Pickett was born in 1957 in the wheat-belt town of Quairading, east of Perth. From an early age, he was encouraged and inspired by artistic family members. By his late teens he was exhibiting regularly in a landscape style that was easily reconcilable with the Carrolup tradition of Parnell Dempster, Revel Cooper and Reynold Hart. And yet, despite his familial and cultural connections to this tradition, Pickett's works were quite markedly different to those of his Carrolup predecessors. Unlike his cousin and contemporary Lance Chadd/Tjyllyungoo, Pickett did not appear to adopt the theatrical schemata that distinguished landscape painting of the South West. His approach to the landscape was considerably more lyrical and textured – characteristics that have led Brenda L. Croft to rightly suggest a closer affinity to the works of Albert Namatjira.
This comparison is illuminating. Like his cousin Tjyllyungoo and his elder brother Byron, Shane Pickett began painting in the 1970s at a time when young Indigenous Australians were finding a new faith in their Aboriginal voice. Whilst Shane's work was never as politically explicit as that of his elder brother, its political dimension should not be dismissed. As Brian Fitzpatrick has noted, Shane has always exhibited "a quiet form of social activism." The desire for recognition and respect of Nyoongar cultural values is a regular refrain of Pickett's artist statements and interviews.
Shane Pickett, Bunuroo Heat Wave, 2006
If artists like Bryron represented a very visual and politically explicit side of urban Indigeneity, Tjyllyungoo and Shane Pickett were more concerned with the spiritual and metaphysical side of Nyoongar culture. Their political defiance lay less in activism than in the reclaiming and preserving the long held spirituality of their Nyoongar people. One of Pickett's earliest works in the Art Gallery of Western Australia quite literally encapsulates this spiritual dimension. Entitled Waagle – Rainbow Serpent 1983, the work presents a fantasy-style representation of the Rainbow Serpent in the act of creating the Nyoongar people.
It is in this context that the attraction and influence of Namatjira must be understood. For although Namatjira's landscapes were depicted in the realist Western mode of watercolour painting, by the late 1970s the hidden cultural depths of these paintings were beginning to be recognised. In the subtle differences between Namatjira's paintings and those of his tutor Rex Battarbee, critics began to see a critical space in which Namatjira used mimicry to present a concealed Indigenous view of the landscape. Through this tactic, Ian Burn and Ann Stephen argued that Namatjira created a 'double vision' that articulated "a crisis of authority" in which the hierarchy of Western vision was disrupted. In Namatjira's art, they declared, "for the first time, the landscape looks back at us: it meets and deliberately crosses the viewer's gaze of possession."[2]
For an advocate of 'quiet social activism', this strategy must have seemed an ideal way of slyly reempowering Nyoongar cultural values. Certainly it offered a culturally specific way of exploring and representing the 'deeper meaning' of the landscape. And yet, by his abandonment of figurative landscape, we might presume that this was a tactic whose usefulness Pickett soon exhausted. A clue to his reasoning can be found in Pickett's comments regarding one of his first tentative explorations into abstraction.
In 1988, Shane Pickett was commissioned to produce an image for the Fifth Marcel Grossman conference at the University of Western Australia. Whilst the choice of the art of a young Nyoongar artist to represent a conference of international physicists might have seemed incongruous, Pickett took the conference's theme 'Views of the Universe' as an invitation to explore the possible intersections between his Nyoongar spirituality and the conference's focus on universal phenomena. Entitled Supernova, the painting Pickett produced combined dappled areas of texture with brilliant bursts of colour in a symbolic depiction of an exploding star. Speaking on the work, Pickett commented:
I see the supernova as a natural force that is the source of all energy and all life. Some people might call it 'God' but I see it as a spiritual creator with no name.We try to tie everything down with a title, but when we do most people mistake the title for reality.[3]
Whilst Pickett's comments rearticulated the metaphysical and spiritual concerns of his earlier works, they also signify one of his earliest articulations of a suspicion of the space between nature and representation – precisely that space that preoccupied Cezanne. That this acknowledgement of this space occurs with his first moves away from figuration provides a telling insight into the motives behind Pickett's move from figuration into abstraction and reveals the conceptual limits that Pickett found in the strategy of mimicry adopted from Namatjira.
The strategy of mimicry is a typically postcolonial strategy of resistance. And yet, as a strategy it is forged with difficulties. The most central of these is that it necessitates difference and therefore repeats the very structures of otherness that it attempts to subvert. In an incisive article on the problems of postcolonialism, Rasheed Arareen notes that in this situation, cultural difference is not situated as a site of continuity, but rather as a sign to maintain difference.[4] Namatjira's work then, gets caught in an inescapable circularity in which it can only be defined by its similarity and difference to the dominant cultural paradigms. Namatjira's art can only be critical in so much as it assimilates Western art, but at the same time it can only be critical in so much as it is incomplete in this assimilation. In a passage that helps shed considerable light on Pickett's move away from the allegorical landscape style of Namatjira, Rex Butler comments:
If in one way the first [desublimated, tactile, preceding vision] precedes the second [sublimated, panoramic, perspectival], in another way it can only be perceived within it, it is only a retrospective effect of it … it is lost in being found, and thus found in being lost. It is not a blindness opposed to sight, but a blindness within sight or a blindness that allows sight … The problem set by the painting , therefore, is … how do we pass from a seeing without reading (that first, haptic experience of the landscape, that of the explorer making his way through it) to a reading without seeing (that second, exclusively visual experience of the landscape, that of the art historian)?[5]
It is precisely this difficulty that we can see in Pickett's frustration at the ontological space between nature and representation articulated in his comments about Supernova. When I pressed Pickett on the meaning of these comments, the artist provided a fascinating and thoroughly unpredictable response. "Naming', he declared, 'has done a lot of damage to Indigenous families. It has caused a lot of struggle hurt and hate." Pickett's direct association of this passage between nature and representation as being inherently colonial provides a direct answer to Butler's question of how one passes between this space. As Butler continues, the problem is the missing ahistorical kernel that propels the whole system – that allows this system of Western vision to take place in the first place. For Pickett the answer is stunningly obvious. This whole process, from Cezanne to Namatjira and beyond, is propelled by modernity and its attendant bugbears of imperialism, capitalism and colonialism.
It is this system that Pickett seeks to evade in his transition to abstraction. Signalling a move away from the 'photographic' (synecdoche) to the 'deeper meaning' (totalised), Pickett attempts to entirely evade the paradigm of modernism by entering an entirely different temporal zone. Pickett achieves this through the metaphysical nexus of the 'Dreaming.' In a symbolic rejection of the notion of modernism's progress, Pickett adopts the supposed peak of modernism's progress (abstraction) while at the same time using this abstraction to refer to an older origin (that of pre-colonial Nyoongar culture). In entering into the secret and sacred cosmology of the Dreaming, Pickett distances himself from the problematic space between seeing and reading, and instead places the emphasis on a hierarchical system of information and learning. In a gesture that completely confuses Western teleology, Pickett creates a new tradition from these origins, while at the same time abandoning another tradition (that of the Carrolup painters.)
Shane Pickett, Campfires of our Yesterday's People, 2006
This temporal zone of the Dreaming is however, intrinsically linked to the world of the present. As David Abram has noted, the Dreaming "was never wholly cut off from the sensuous world of the living present. They were not projected entirely outside of the experienced world, but were felt as the mystery and hidden depth of the sensuous world itself."[6] It is this secret 'truth' that Pickett uncovers in the landscape and it is this truth to which Pickett refers in two of his most majestic works included in Kaanarn. In the paintings Campfires of our Yesterday's People at Closing Day and its companion piece Embers of the Dreaming during Wanyarang, Pickett allows the glimpse of fire on the horizon. "In the Dreamtime', he tells us, 'the properties of fire were stored in a number of places: the Balga and Banksia bushes, harder timbers such as Jarrah and Redgum, and the flints of certain rocks." Pickett has defined his aims as a painter as being the 'rekindling of cultural strength' amongst young Nyoongar people. In this context, the metaphor of the balga and the banksia bushes is a powerful one, for it reveals the emergent possibilities of the Dreamtime. This fire is always within the Dreaming, ready to rekindle and renew to those who know where to look.
[1] It is a remarkable fact that in 2003 when the Art Gallery of Western Australia surveyed Western Australian Indigenous art from the South West for their landmark exhibition South West Central, there was an almost complete absence of abstract painting. Pickett was included with eight works spanning his career, of which only one – the monumental triptych Traditional Story 2001 could be considered truly abstract.
[2] Ian Burn and Ann Stephen,"Albert Namatjira:The White Mask", in Rex Butler (ed.), Radical Revisionism: An Anthology of Writings on Australian Art, Institute of Modern Art, Brisbane, 2005, p.231.
[3] Shane Pickett quoted in Alex Harris, 'This artist brushes up on science', The West Australian, 18 June 1988.
[4] Rasheed Arareen, 'Come What May: Beyond the Emperor's New Clothes', in Nikos Papastergiadis (ed.), Complex Entanglements, Artspace, Woolloomooloo, p.138.
[5] Rex Butler, A Secret History of Australian Art, Craftsman House, 2002, p.116.
[6] David Abram, The Spell of the Sensuous, Vintage Books, New York, 1996, p.220.
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Tagged as Aboriginal art, Albert Namatjira, Art, Art Gallery of Western Australia, Australian art, Ben Pushman, Mossenson Galleries, Nyoongar, Shane Pickett, Troy Bennell, Western Australia
Two Way Traffic: Yiwarra Kuju: The Canning Stock Route
The following review was first published in Art Guide Australia, January/February 2011, pp.45-48. Yiwarra Kuju: The Canning Stock Route was held at the National Museum of Australia (Canberra) from 30 July 2010 till 26 January 2011.
Jan Billycan, Kiriwirri 2008 acrylic on linen, 79.5 x 59.5 cm
Yiwarra Kuju: The Canning Stock Route, currently on display at the National Museum of Australia is a remarkable exhibition. It arose from a relatively simple premise to explore the Indigenous histories underpinning the lands traversed by the Canning Stock Route. It evolved into a groundbreaking partnership between FORM, the National Museum and nine remote Indigenous art centres, amassing an incredible repository of hundreds of paintings, tens of thousands of photographs and dozens of hours of video footage.
Like everything about the project, Yiwarra Kuju is the result of an exhaustive process of community consultation. Just as the project sought to uncover the previously maligned Indigenous histories of the Canning Stock Route, the exhibition seeks to alter the museum experience in order to give Indigenous voices authority within the hallowed cultural realm of the museum. This is certainly a lofty aim, and Yiwarra Kuju has set something of a new benchmark for community involvement in the museum sector. And yet, as with any project this ambitious, it inevitably raises as many questions as it answers.
Central to these questions is the sheer pragmatics of how to present an Indigenous voice within the museum context. To this end, Yiwarra Kuju has opted for a number of bold curatorial interventions. Some of these are simple gestures, such as the decision to hang paintings of the Seven Sisters story near the ceiling, so that one is forced to crane skywards in order to view them; others signify profound philosophical attempts to challenge the classical museum experience.
Nora Nangapa, Nora Wompi, Bugai Whylouter and Kumpaya Girgaba, Kunkun 2008, acrylic on canvas, 124.5 x 294 cm
The most startling of these is the overwhelming amount of support material on display in Yiwarra Kuju. The gallery spaces are simply bursting at the seams with text panels, video displays, text panels, photographs, text panels, multimedia displays and more text panels. In the lavish catalogue accompanying the exhibition, the artist Clifford Brooks declares:
We wanna tell you fellas 'bout things been happening in the past that hasn't been recorded, what old people had in their head. No pencil or paper. The white man history has been told and it's today in the book. But our history is not there properly. We've got to tell 'em through our paintings.
But despite Brooks' faith in the veracity of painting, the 80 works in the exhibition are accompanied by literally thousands of words of text. The effect is so overwhelming, that one often feels that it is the paintings that are the support material, and not vice versa. Certainly, the aesthetic elements of the works are consistently downplayed in Yiwarra Kuju, and at a recent forum in Melbourne, the co-curator John Carty was at pains to stress, "It's not about the art." This raises the inevitable question, why use art as the bedrock for an exhibition that is ostensibly historical in focus?
At the heart of this is a question of cross-cultural engagement. The Canning Stock Route was not a traditional Indigenous passage, but was artificially forged between 1908-1910 by a team led by surveyor Alfred Canning. Cutting across the country of several different cultural and language groups, it was like a colonial scar that paid no heed to the pre-existing borders of traditional ownership. And yet, after its short life as a stock route, the Canning Stock Route was soon appropriated by Indigenous people to facilitate their own movement across country. By using the Stock Route as the locus for the exhibition, Yiwarra Kuju offers a complex double-take, eloquently described by community representatives Ngarralja Tommy May, Putuparri Tom Lawford and Murungkurr Terry Murray as a "two ways" story. On the one hand, the exhibition is all about tradition (the pre-existing ownership and stories that underpin the country the Stock Route bisects), on the other, it is a story about change, adaptation and engagement.
Painting provides the perfect metaphor for this cross-cultural story, presenting a unique testament to the stunning marriage of tradition and innovation. Unfortunately, this is a concept that only gels in a few salient points in Yiwarra Kuju. In part, this is due to the extraordinary democracy of the hang, in which most works are evenly spaced along two black walls, arranged, not according to style or visual affinity, but according to content, in a long run that is intended to replicate the process of crossing country. This curatorial decision creates inevitable visual tensions. There is a massive disparity of both styles and quality across the exhibition, and in many cases, works with similar content are not necessarily visually complimentary. The uniform dramatic spotlighting serves some works well, but it is inappropriate for others, particularly more subtle works, which get lost in the glary haze.
This rejection of traditional notions of aesthetics is symptomatic of the rejection of what are perceived as Western art historical values. This leads to a profound failure to recognise the cross-cultural dialogic work that these paintings already perform. Standing before the most stunning paintings in Yiwarra Kuju – such as those by Rover Thomas, Daisy Andrews or Jarren Jan Billycan – it is difficult not to be taken aback by these artists' individual ability to create dynamic new visual languages for expressing ancient stories, and in doing so, to take their culture forward in dynamic an unexpected ways. The juxtaposition of related artists painting related stories about related places in vastly different styles raises inevitable questions about the diaspora of style in Western desert painting and the historical and social forces that have shaped its development. This invokes notions on the role of representation, the nature of cultural change and the changing role of aesthetics in Indigenous society.
Rover Thomas, Canning Stock Route 1989, ochre and natural binders on canvas, 105.5 x 60.5 cm, Holmes à Court Collection.
These are necessarily art historical questions that demonstrate the urgent need for new cross-cultural methodologies for Indigenous art history. Yiwarra Kuju: Canning Stock Route offers the first, imperfect steps towards a model of engagement in which Indigenous artists are able to present their history and culture in the manner that they best see fit. This should not mean that it is above criticism, but that it becomes part of an essential ongoing critical dialogue. Perhaps the most exciting thing about the Canning Stock Route project is that with the acquisition of the entire collection by the National Museum of Australia, it will become a permanent resource for future Indigenous artists, curators and historians. Over time, hopefully it will yield many more exhibitions, and through continued engagement with the collection, reveal many more as yet uncovered stories.
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Tagged as Aboriginal art, Alfred Canning, Art, Art Guide Australia, Australia, Bugai Whylouter, Clifford Brooks, Daisy Andrews, Henry Skerritt, Jan Billycan, John Carty, Kumpaya Girgaba, National Museum of Australia, Nora Nangapa, Nora Wompi, Rover Thomas, The Canning Stock Route, western desert, Yiwarra Kuju
Patrick Kunoth Pwerle
The following is an extended version of a catalogue essay published in Nicole Foreshore and Brian Parkes, (eds.), Menagerie: Contemporary Indigenous Sculpture, Object: Australian Centre for Craft and Design, Strawberry Hills, New South Wales, 2009, pp.80-83.
Patrick Kunoth Pwerle, Thipe (Yellow Bird) 2008
Patrick Kunoth Pwerle was born in 1981 at Artekerre in the remote eastern desert region of Utopia. Since commencing his art practice in 2007, Kunoth Pwerle's oeuvre has been singularly devoted to the subject of birds. A wild aviary has sprung from his artistic imagination. Whether eagle, owl, emu or hawk, each is created unique, coloured with its own eccentric disposition. But beyond revelling in natural variety, Patrick Kunoth Pwerle's dedication to avian form reveals an intuitively modernist project of repetition and refinement in which the artist explores the reductive potential of both the sculptural medium and his favoured motif.
Kunoth Pwerle is not the first sculptor to become obsessed with the figure of the bird. Almost a century earlier, the image of the bird in flight launched Constantin Brâncuşi on a forty-year journey of artistic refinement. Brâncuşi saw his art practice as an evolutionary search for pure form, never abandoning the natural world, but reducing it to its most basic elements in order to lay bare the underlying nature of the image. Comparing the sculptures of Brâncuşi and Kunoth Pwerle, the attraction of the streamlined avian form becomes readily apparent. For both artists, it is a form that is easily suggested using only a small number of oblique visual cues (the curve of the body for instance, or the point of the beak).
Constantin Brâncuşi, Bird in Space 1923, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Over his short career, Kunoth Pwerle has developed a skilful sculptural shorthand for depicting birds, which often relies on no more than a few brief incisions to indicate wings, tails or beaks. Unlike Brâncuşi, who saw the reductive process as a means of capturing the essence of the image, in Kunoth Pwerle's work this process is used in deference to the unaltered natural medium. Carved from the soft wood of the bean tree (erythrina vespertilio), it is the medium (rather than the image) that dictates form, allowing the natural object to express itself in a totemic intensity. Not only does this enable Kunoth Pwerle to exploit a boundless, naturally occurring variety of forms; more importantly, it offers a distinctly Indigenous metaphor for the connectedness of all things. The figure and the form are united, not in opposition, but in a holistic union, with obvious parallels to the poetic mythos of the Dreaming. The birds are literally returned to the branches as the figure returns to the form; the object to the subject; the aesthetic to the natural order; and so on. Kunoth Pwerle's project takes on an evolutionary aesthetic logic that provides a striking metaphor for the intersection of modern art and Indigenous cosmology; something that we might begin to see as a uniquely Indigenous modernism.
Patrick Kunoth Pwerle began making art in 2007 under the influence and encouragement of his parents Dinni Kunoth Kemarre and Josie Kunoth Petyarre. Since 2005, Josie and Dinni have spearheaded a revival in the Utopian sculptural tradition that first emerged in the late 1980s under the stewardship of art co-ordinator Rodney Gooch. Since 2007, Dinni and Josie have risen to prominence as consummate observers and compulsive chroniclers. In their art, the minutiae of everyday life becomes a worthy subject for artistic exaltation, demonstrating an artistic vision unencumbered by restrictive binary notions of 'traditional' and 'contemporary.' Art has always been a part of the Indigenous cultural backdrop, connecting Indigenous people to the world around them and the immutable Dreaming. The art of Dinni and Josie showed just how adaptive this cosmology could be.
Kunoth Pwerle's earliest works show a clear debt to his parents' observational style. And yet, as Kunoth Pwerle gained confidence as an artist, he quickly abandoned their astute attention to detail in favour of a plastic freedom. As his parents' work became more detailed and naturalistic, Kunoth Pwerle's sculptures became more abstract, dispensing with all unnecessary representational elements.
Patrick Kunoth Pwerle, Thipe (Red Bird) 2008
Compounding this move towards a sculptural abstraction, Kunoth Pwerle's works have more recently developed a painterly dimension that further distances any suggestion of naturalism. Drawing upon the broad gestural brushstrokes and overlapping dot-work that has characterised Utopian painting, Kunoth Pwerle's use of paint often seems less about defining the form, than highlighting its very objecthood. At times, Kunoth Pwerle's paintwork seems to allude to the ceremonial body painting tradition, further highlighting the totemic nature of the object. At other times it seems to almost camouflage the form, as though the sculptural object was no more than a sounding board for a painterly experiment. And yet, whilst Kunoth Pwerle's sculptures push referentiality to its very limits, they maintain a confidence in their connectedness to the landscape, defiantly foregrounding the link between his modernist project and his Anmatyerre homelands.
Patrick Kunoth Pwerle was born at the dawn of the Utopia art movement. If artwork has been one of the principle fields upon which Indigenous Australians have engaged with the wider world – through which they have bridged the tribal and the modern and showed their traditions to be both contemporary and relevant – then Patrick Kunoth Pwerle has grown up at the frontier of this exquisite intersection of Indigenous cosmology and modernity. His work offers us a way to look beyond these rigid binary positions and see the very possibilities of a Utopian modernism.
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Tagged as Aboriginal art, Anmatyerre, Art, Australian art, Constantin Brâncuşi, Dinni Kunoth Kemarre, Josie Kunoth Petyarre, Menagerie: Contemporary Indigenous Sculpture, Object: Australian Centre for Craft and Design, Patrick Kunoth Pwerle, Rodney Gooch, Utopia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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La camera rossa (Röda rummet) –  romanzo di August Strindberg del 1879
La camera rossa (The Red Room) – romanzo di H. G. Wells del 1896
 La camera rossa  (La chambre rouge) – romanzo di Françoise Mallet-Joris del 1956

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Mardeen Ahmad, Staff Writer
Grossmont College's Vice President of Student Services, Marsha Gable, has been appointed as the interim president following the current president, Dr. Nabil Abu-Ghazaleh's retirement announcement. Abu-Ghazaleh officially announced his retirement in September, stating he wants to "spend more quality time with my wife."
Gable's term as interim president is slated to begin Jan. 1, 2021. With Gable having provided almost 25 years of service in higher education, Chancellor Lynn Neault referred to her as a "natural choice for interim president" in a press release.
"She has demonstrated that she has the skills and the talent to guide the college through this leadership transition," Neault said.
"I very much look forward to my interim leadership role at Grossmont College and engaging with an excellent community of students, staff, faculty and administrators."
— Marsha Gable, Vice President of Student Services
Since 2015, Gable has served as Grossmont's Vice President of Student Services overseeing fiscal planning, administrative duties, and more recently, led the transition of student services to a remote format in the wake of the pandemic.
"I very much look forward to my interim leadership role at Grossmont College and engaging with an excellent community of students, staff, faculty and administrators," Gable said.
She is passionate about social justice and displays that as an active member on Twitter, sharing informative posts and commenting on the crucial topic.
Grossmont President Plans for Retirement
That passion translates to her work, being involved heavily in Grossmont's Via Rápida First-Year Experience Program. Via Rapida aims to provide underprivileged students with the resources they need to have a successful freshman year at Grossmont.
The school hopes to appoint a permanent President by June of 2021.
Twenty-one year old in her third year at Grossmont who can't wait to expand her journalism skills this semester.
Defusing A Bomb
Grossmont's Financial Future
Welcome to the Career Center
New Interim Dean of Admission and Records and Financial Aid
The Enrollment Plunge
Asbestos: It's Not Actually a Bad Thing?
New Chancellor
Spring Registration Assistance
New Chancellor Around the Corner


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Richard Cashin
For the twenty-first episode of our 'Building the Future' series, we join Richard Cashin, President of One Equity Partners, and former member of the U.S. Olympic rowing team, who discusses his first meeting with Norman Foster, and collaborating with him on a philanthropic project in New York City. Their shared passion for cycling and outdoor sports brought the two men together almost fifteen years ago.
As Cashin recalls, Norman Foster joined in a cross-country cycling route, with former Olympians and professional athletes. Knowing Norman Foster only by reputation, Cashin and fellow enthusiasts wondered if he would last the course. Despite the long route, Norman Foster kept pace for the duration, prompting some to ask: 'Can you believe this guy?'
The new boathouse for non-profit organisation Row New York is a project Cashin was closely involved in. Originally envisaging a utilitarian structure, Cashin remembers expanding the project's scope to realise 'the best boathouse in the world'. Approaching Norman Foster for a design, the latter stated he had never worked on this type of building before, but that he was 'willing to think about it'.
The resulting design far exceeded Cashin's expectations: 'You've never seen anything like it', he affirms. This multipurpose addition to banks of the Hudson River will act as a 'beacon' and 'gathering point' for the neighbourhood. Created for non-profit organisation Row New York, Cashin explains how the demanding rigour and stamina of rowing can assist disadvantaged children to acquire life skills which enhance their prospects for higher education.


With specific reference to the Cartoon tester and the @danashby model.
Pick a site you're interested in and run the same identifying risk exercise against that site by yourself. Submit risks you have identified specific to that site on The Club.
Thanks for another interesting evening…look forward to next meetup.
I performed an interesting usability testing exercise for a gig on Upwork recently. It was a university job to identify usability risks and issues on a certain well known online auction site.
I had thought there was like zero chance of me finding anything.
However I ended up finding 25 risks and issues (as confirmed by the university where it turns out the Upwork research job was all about assessing the value of crowdfunded testing). I could have found more, but I filtered them away based on risk type and likelihood.
The job was slightly different from Heather's original challenge to us to find risks looking generally at a site, but to my mind it proves 2 points: (1) risks are out there even for large websites with big IT budgets and (2) categorizing the risks is important. I say the last point as during the job I came across non-usability risks and usability risks with a low likelihood of occurring both of which I filtered off and didn't raise.
It was an interesting job to do and I felt the additional perspectives I'd gained from the meetup helped.


When it comes to planning your destination wedding or honeymoon, the number of options out there can seem somewhat overwhelming. There are destinations all over the world to choose from, as well as handling the smaller details like colour schemes, party favours, bridal hair accessories and venue décor. Brides and grooms are spoilt for choice!
If you're feeling overpowered by ideas, or if you're struggling to think of any ideas at all for the most special day or holiday or your life, you've come to the right place.
Here at Escape Weddings, our inspiration portal is packed with all the ideas you could ever need to ensure your destination wedding or honeymoon is exactly as you dreamed it would be. From choosing the groom's shoes for a beach wedding to coming up with wedding cake ideas that will withstand tropical heat and humidity, we've got the solutions to all of your destination wedding and honeymoon conundrums.
Join us at any stage of the planning process – our valuable database is packed full of informative blogs and helpful guidance, whether you've only just got engaged or whether the countdown to the big day has started ticking.
You can also check out our fantastic forum to gain real-life advice from brides and grooms deep in the planning process – or experienced couples that have been there and done it all before! From gaining venue inspiration to getting the best deals on suppliers, our seasoned forum users are full of valuable advice that will help make planning your destination wedding or honeymoon a total breeze.
Location, flowers, style, colour schemes and weather all play an important part when deciding on groomswear. Find what factors you need to keep in mind and why they are important. You didn't think was going to be simple did you?
Save the date cards are a fabulous way to announce your engagement and reserve your wedding date with friends and family before the official invitation is even designed. They are also the ideal way to introduce the fact that you are having a destination wedding!
We know destination weddings better than anyone. We understand that planning a wedding abroad is more involved than getting married locally, so here are 7 simple steps to follow when you are planning to help you achieve your dream overseas wedding.
Your destination wedding planner is your most important supplier. You need to hire someone you are confident you can trust. Here are 25 important questions to ask your potential wedding planner before deciding whether they are the right wedding planner for you.
Flower crowns are back in fashion in a big way. They made the move from music festivals to brides in 2015, and their popularity is continuing into 2016. Here is a collection of 10 stunning bridal flower crowns to inspire your choice for your wedding headpiece.
What are the 6 Biggest Wedding Dress Trends?
The hottest 2016 wedding dress trends are here. Vera Wang, Carolina Herrera, and Justin Alexander are just three bridal designers who are shaking up styles, embellishments, and silhouettes to offer brides a wider choice of colours and styles than ever before.
Many couples struggle with the right way to word their wedding invitations, and get even more confused over inviting guests to their destination wedding. Learn what to say, and how to say it, so your guests can't wait to book their flight to be with you.
Do you know the difference between a stacked and a tiered wedding cake? Will you get more slices from a square cake than a round one? Knowing how to choose a wedding cake is about more than deciding on a colour and type of icing. These expert tips will help you make the right decision.
What are the Best Wedding Destinations of 2016?
Whether you like beaches or Broadway, want to spend your nights dancing until the sun comes up, or prefer to laze the days away with a cold cocktail in your hand, here is the list of the best places for a destination wedding and honeymoon in 2016.
A beautiful beach wedding does not simply happen. To help you create the day you've been dreaming about, here are 15 wedding planning tips from the experts covering everything from what to wear to how to get your guests to the ceremony.
The most popular day in to get married in Britain is a Saturday in June, but with only four of these each year, competition is fierce for the best suppliers and vendors. Should you compete with the masses, or is a winter wedding for you?