text:
Kalmiopsis RiversA homegrown movement to protect the clear waters and wild rivers of Oregon's Kalmiopsis & Wild Rivers Coast
Mountains & Rivers
The Kalmiopsis and Its Wild and Scenic Rivers
Rough and Ready Creek
Baldface Creek
North Fork Smith River
Hunter Creek Headwaters
Rough & Ready/Baldface Creeks Withdrawal Area
Hunter Creek Withdrawal Area
Mining Threat
Red Flat Mining Project
Cleopatra Mining Project
20-year Southwest Oregon Mineral Withdrawal
Southwest Oregon Mineral Withdrawal
Mineral Withdrawal Legislation
About mineral withdrawals and the 1872 Mining Law
Mining companies in race with Oregon Senators
In a race that could decide whether the wild near-pristine watersheds of Rough and Ready Creek, Baldface Creek and the North Fork Smith River are protected or strip mined for nickel, the mining companies appear to be winning. Senators Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley and Rep. Peter DeFazio have repeatedly asked the Obama Administration to help them protect the area by withdrawing the National Forest and Bureau of Land Management lands in the two watersheds from mining and the location of new claims under the 1872 Mining Law.
The Wild & Scenic North Fork Smith is protected in California. In Oregon, some of the best salmon and steelhead habitat in the Smith River system is subject to mining. (Northwest Rafting photo)
The Administration has not acted on the requests. In their correspondence with the Secretaries of Interior and Agriculture, the Oregon congressioinal delegation members expressed concern about the impacts of nickel strip mining on this fragile botanically rich area and its wild world-class salmon and steelhead rivers—the North Fork Smith, Illinois and Chetco. Now we have a proposal to mine at Rough and Ready Creek and to conduct exploratory drilling, for the purpose of developing a ~ 2700 acres block of mining claims at Baldface Creek. The mining companies are demonstrating that Senators Wyden and Merkley and Rep. DeFazio were justified in their concerns.[1]
Baldface Creek—Senators Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkely and Rep. Peter Defazio have asked the Obama Administration to help them protect this pristine wild creek (Norhtwest Rafting Co. photo)
The Obama Adminstration's inaction has given two mining companies time to strengthen their hold on these Oregon treasures. While the home state Senators' three requests to the Administration to withdraw the areas from the antiquated Mining Law remain bogged down in tired excuses for not protecting these areas from mining, the mining companies' proposals are moving forward. When Red Flat Nickel Corporation came to the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest with their proposals in October of 2012, the local Forest began preliminary work on the mining plans of operation. Scoping for the proposal is expected in August.
Red Flat Nickel is proposing to conduct exploratory drilling at approximately 59 sites in the South Kalmiopsis Roadless Area above Baldface Creek and the National Wild and Scenic North Fork Smith River. The company's other proposal is for drilling an unknown number of sites at Red Flat in the headwaters of the Pistol River. The company would have ordinarily had to get in line, but to expedite the work Red Flat Nickel Corp. is paying for the Environmental Assessment and analysis, with the Forest Service doing the work.
Baldface Creek, just above where it flows into the National Wild and Scenic North Fork Smith River. The Creek's waters are startling clear (© Barbara Ullian photos)
To be fair to the agency, their surface mining regulations required them to process mining plans of operation submitted to them. However, Congress also granted the Secretary of Interior—upon the request of a land managing agency—the authority to withdraw federal public lands from the Mining Law. So it seems the Senators' desire to withdraw these Forest Service Eligible Wild and Scenic Rivers and their watersheds—on behalf of their constituents and all Americans—appears to have less weight with the Obama Administration than mining companies desire to mine the minerals on federal public lands for free.
Update 6/5/2-13: The latest information is that Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest staff will prepare the environmental documents, with the mining company paying for the work. The decision maker will be the Wild Rivers District Ranger. Scoping for the mining plan in the Baldface Creek/North Fork Smith Watershed will likely begin in August. To get on the Forest Service's mailing list for what's known as the Cleopatra Project click here and scroll down to "Participate in the Forest Service analysis of the mining proposal at Baldface Creek." Also ask to be on the mailing list for the Red Flat mining plan of operation.
Approximate location of Red Flat Nickel Corp. claims in North Fork Smith River Watershed in Oregon. In California, the North Fork is protected from mining by the Smith River National Recreation Area Act.
According to reports run on BLM's LR2000 data base of mining claims, Red Flat Nickel Corporation holds 239 active lode claims on Siskiyou National Forest lands in Curry County, Oregon. If all the claims are 20 acres in size, this amounts to about 4,780 acres. The claims are on what are called nickel laterites, which are simply ancient soils formed from the exposure and weathering of ultramafic rock from the basement floor of the ocean's crust.
The soil contain heavy metals that are toxic to most plants. As a result, on this stark red, other-worldly landscape are found unique plant communities of species, which have adapted over millions of years to the harsh conditions. According to John Sawyer, Professor Emeritus of Biology at Humboldt State University, the serpentine terrain of Josephine, Curry and Del Norte counties has one of the highest percentages of rare and endemic plants in North America and its mostly found on the Siskiyou and Six Rivers National Forests.
The soils formed from ultramafic and serpentine rock are also known to contain naturally occurring asbestos, which is not a problem unless areas containing the asbestos are disturbed. Read the USDA Forest Service's information about the dangers of naturally occurring asbestos and about the geology and unique flora of the Klamath-Siskiyou Serpentines.
The Wild and Scenic North Fork Smith River is a world-class salmon and steelhead river with natinally outstanding water quality. It's a favorite class of rafters and kayakers (Northwest Rafting Co. photo)
What little is known about Red Flat Nickel's immediate proposal at Baldface Creek is found in an Oregon Department of Water Resources public file. Click here to access the public file records. According to project description, the drilling is to occur spring/summer of 2013 pending permission from the Forest Service. The accompanying map shows 59 separate drill sites. the maps included in the project description were poor quality. We've attempted to overlay the claim area on a USGS map of the area (see above). The map shows the approximate locations and should be considered provisional.
Internet searches show that 80% of the ordinary shares of Red Flat Nickel Corporation plus an approximately $15 million dollar loan is owned by the foreign investment corporation, St. Peter Port Capitol Limited of Guernsey, United Kingdom.
[1] Rough and Ready Creek is a tributary of the Wild and Scenic Illinois River. Read more about the threats to Rough and Ready Creek in future posts.
Filed Under: Baldface Creek, News, Rough and Ready Creek
← Wild river fans want Rough and Ready and Baldface Creeks protected
Rough and Ready and Baldface Creeks among America's most endangered rivers →
Kalmiopsis-Wild Rivers Coast
Wildlands & Rivers
Hunter Creek Mineral Withdrawal Area
The Threats
Copyright© 2011-2018 Friends of the Kalmiopsis/RoughandReadyCreek.Org


for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it."
The Sabbath should be the BEST day of the week for the family. With careful planning during the six days of the week, and special attention on the Seventh-day, God's special day will be the best day of the week.
Letters have come to me from several persons with the request that I should write in regard to the manner in which we should observe the Sabbath. We have the Bible plain and clear upon this subject. We should not leave the work of the six working days to be done on the Sabbath. Through Moses the Lord said to the children of Israel: "Tomorrow is the rest day of the holy Sabbath unto the Lord; bake that which ye will bake today, and seethe that ye will seethe; and that which is left lay up to be kept until morning."
The manna was as coriander seed and the color of bdellium. And the people went about and gathered it, and ground it in the mills or beat it in a mortar, and baked it in pans, and made cakes of it. Thus there was something to be done in the preparation even of the heaven-sent bread for the children of Israel. This was a test for them. God desired to see whether or not they would keep the Sabbath holy. The Lord told the children of Israel that this work must be done on the preparation day, Friday. On that day they were to bake that which they would bake, and seethe that they would seethe.
The word of God comes down through the ages to this time. This direction from the lips of Jehovah is for our spiritual interest, or it would not have been spoken. God would have the Sabbath day kept as a day of rest and spiritual devotion; any careless inattention in reference to this is displeasing to Him.
Keep holy the Sabbath day at whatever sacrifice to yourself. Never allow the holy day of the Lord to be disregarded by yourselves or by your children. All through the week keep the Lord's holy Sabbath in view; for that day is to be devoted to the service of God. It is a day when the hands are to rest from worldly employment, and when the soul needs to receive special attention.
From the very cradle the children are to be educated, and right impressions given to their mind. They are to be instructed in regard to the knowledge of God and His holy commandments. The first lessons impressed upon the child are never forgotten.
Then search the Scriptures, parents. Be not only hearers, be doers of the word. Meet God's standard in the education of your children. Let them see that you are preparing for the Sabbath on the working days of the week. All preparations should be made, every stitch taken in the six working days; all cooking for the Sabbath should be done on the preparation day. It is possible to do this; and if you make it a rule you can do it.
The command is, "Bake that ye will bake today, and seethe that ye will seethe; for tomorrow is the rest day of the holy Sabbath." That day is not to be given to the cooking of food, or pleasure seeking, or worldly employment. Explain your work and its purpose to your children, and let them help themselves and their parents in their preparation to keep the Sabbath according to the commandment.
Lead your children to consider the Sabbath as a delight, the day of days, the holy of the Lord, honourable. Do not allow yourself to spend the precious hours of the Sabbath in your bed. The heads of the house should be astir early. On Friday the clothing of the children, looked after during the week, should be all laid out by their own hands under the direction of the mother, so that they can dress quietly, without any confusion, or rushing about, and hasty speeches.
In the morning the family should gather about the table quietly; and it would be well if on the Sabbath there should ever be a simple, palatable meal, yet something that would be considered a treat, all prepared--something that they do not have every day of the week. Then either before or after the meal should come the family worship. This should be a service in which the children could all take a part. All should have their Bibles, each reading a verse or two. Then a simple hymn may be sung, followed, not by a long, wearisome prayer, but a simple petition, telling the Lord in the simplest manner their needs, and expressing their gratitude for God's mercies and blessings.
On the Sabbath, parents should give all the time they can to their children, that they may make it a delight. I have seen many families where father, mother, and the older members of the household take themselves away from the younger children, and leave them to amuse themselves the best they can. After a while the children become weary and go out of doors, and engage in play or some kind of mischief. Thus the Sabbath has no sacred significance to them.
In pleasant weather parents can take their children out for a walk in the fields and forest, and talk to them of the lofty trees, the shrubs, and the flowers, and teach them that God is the Maker of all these things. Then teach them the reason for the Sabbath,--that it is to commemorate God's creative works. After working six days, He rested the seventh, and blessed and hallowed the day of His rest. Thus the most profitable instruction can be given.
The sweet story of Bethlehem can be repeated. Present before them Christ as the babe in Bethlehem, a child obedient to His father and mother, a youth industrious, and helping to support the family. Thus you can teach your children that Christ was a child like themselves, and that He knows the trials and perplexities, the temptations, the weariness, the joys, and the happiness of youth. Read them the interesting stories in Bible history. Thus the day to them will be the best of the seven.


Chris Pratt is all about love.
The "Guardians of the Galaxy" star addressed his church amid the controversy surrounding the institution's alleged anti-LGBTQ behaviour.
"It has recently been suggested that I belong to a church which 'hates people' and is 'infamously anti-LGBTQ.' Nothing could be further from the truth," Pratt wrote on his Instagram Story. "I go to a church that opens their doors to absolutely everyone.
Pratt's statement comes after Canadian actress Ellen Page condemned Stephen Colbert for not questioning Pratt on "The Late Show" about Hillsong Church's stance regarding the LGBTQ community. "His church is infamously anti LGBTQ so maybe address that too?" she tweeted on Feb. 7.
Pratt recently lent his voice to "The Lego Movie 2: The Second One". You can next see him opposite Dane DeHaan and Ethan Hawke in "The Kid" and in the highly anticipated "Avengers: Endgame".


text:
Q: Resharper External Attributes with MSTest's [DeploymentItem] In certain cases (like when writing URIs in XAML), ReSharper magically figures out I am writing out a relative path to a file in the current project and offers very useful smart-completion for it, and a warning if I misspell something and get it wrong, and even goes to the file if I ctrl+click it.
Can I somehow tell ReSharper to do the same when I'm typing in the parameter to MSTest's DeploymentItem attribute?

A: This should work through an external annotation.  Open the following file:

C:\Program Files (x86)\JetBrains\ReSharper\v7.1\Bin\ExternalAnnotations\Visual Studio\Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.UnitTestFramework.xml

(Or whatever version of Resharper you're using.)
Add these lines inside the assembly tag:
<member name="M:Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting.DeploymentItemAttribute.#ctor(System.String)">
    <parameter name="path">
        <attribute ctor="M:JetBrains.Annotations.PathReferenceAttribute.#ctor" />
    </parameter>
</member>
<member name="M:Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting.DeploymentItemAttribute.#ctor(System.String,System.String)">
    <parameter name="path">
        <attribute ctor="M:JetBrains.Annotations.PathReferenceAttribute.#ctor" />
    </parameter>
</member>

That tells Resharper to throw the PathReference attribute on the path parameter of both constructors of DeploymentItem.
However, after testing for some time now I cannot see this attribute working on anything that I try within the C# text editor.  It could be that it doesn't work for my version (7.1), but I'm a bit stumped.  Perhaps someone can add to this?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We weigh every decision based on our character as a company and as individuals. Nothing has more value than our integrity.
We are safe: We follow our health and safety policies and always seek additional ways to prevent illness and injury.
We have no time for politics, mind games, gossip, partial truths, or outright falsehoods. Whether it is popular or not, the truth of a situation is the best basis for effective action and decision making.
We are accountable for what we say. In the rare case that a commitment may slip, we renegotiate a new promise well in advance.
Nothing can torpedo our overall effectiveness like protecting our ego. We recognize that in business we do not always get our way. A humble, servant attitude is vital to the RBB culture.
We have a relentless quest for learning that matches the pace of change around us. Constant learning is our only defense against irrelevancy personally, professionally, and as a business. We overcome painful experiences by improving our methods and decisions.
We know the measurements that define our success and strive to achieve ever-higher performance levels. We acknowledge effort and reward results. We understand that profitability is required for longevity.
"Well done" is always welcome and encouraging.
Email beats silence, a phone call beats email, and face-to-face beats a call.
We acknowledge our shortcomings with a sincere apology – without excuse, shame, or grudge.
By defining these common behaviors in terms of what they look like, there is one common understanding. Are we perfect? Well, no… but that's why we need the standard!
In Part 3, the final installment of this series, we will explore how we work together.


Description: This work was created following a trip to Bali. Opposites and alternatives underpin many aspects of Balinese culture (black and white, good and evil, etc). The banyan tree epitomises these extremes. This strangling fig is a parasite which eventually kills its host tree, yet it provides physical shade and spiritual consolation. It grows for hundreds of years, symbolises eternal life, fertility and power, and is sacred to both Hindus and Buddhists. It denotes the unity of Indonesia (one country with many far-flung roots) and thus appears on the coast of arms.
I admire the way the Balinese people accept and resolve all the dualities in their lives. I was also impressed by the large, over-arching banyan trees, which cast their protective shadow over all spiritually-important places.
I made paper from banana trunk to create this banyan branch. It features antonyms, in both Indonesian and English, on the front and back of each leaf, each side being an essential part of the whole.


text:
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// <copyright file="SerializableSurrogate.cs" company="David Eiwen">
// Copyright © 2016 by David Eiwen
// </copyright>
// <author>David Eiwen</author>
// <summary>
// This file contains the SerializableSurrogate class.
// </summary>
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

namespace IndiePortable.Formatter
{
    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.Linq;
    using System.Reflection;
    using System.Runtime.Serialization;

    /// <summary>
    /// Provides a serialization surrogate for all types that are marked with the <see cref="SerializableAttribute" /> attribute
    /// and do not implement <see cref="ISerializable" />.
    /// </summary>
    /// <seealso cref="ISurrogate" />
    public sealed class SerializableSurrogate
        : ISurrogate
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The backing field for the static <see cref="Default" /> property.
        /// </summary>
        private static readonly ISurrogate DefaultBacking = new SerializableSurrogate();

        private SerializableSurrogate()
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the default <see cref="SerializableSurrogate" />.
        /// </summary>
        /// <value>
        ///     Contains the default <see cref="SerializableSurrogate" />.
        /// </value>
        public static ISurrogate Default
        {
            get { return DefaultBacking; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the target type for the <see cref="SerializableSurrogate" />.
        /// </summary>
        /// <value>
        ///     Contains the target type for the <see cref="SerializableSurrogate" />.
        /// </value>
        /// <remarks>
        ///     <para>Implements <see cref="ISurrogate.TargetType" /> implicitly.</para>
        /// </remarks>
        public Type TargetType { get { return typeof(object); } }

        /// <summary>
        /// Retrieves data from an <see cref="object" /> whose type is marked with the <see cref="SerializableAttribute" /> attribute.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="value">
        ///     The <see cref="object" /> populated with data.
        /// </param>
        /// <param name="data">
        ///     The <see cref="ObjectDataCollection" /> instance that shall be populated with data from <paramref name="value" />.
        /// </param>
        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">
        ///     <para>Thrown when:</para>
        ///     <para>  - <paramref name="value" /> is <c>null</c>.</para>
        ///     <para>  - <paramref name="data" /> is <c>null</c>.</para>
        /// </exception>
        /// <exception cref="ArgumentException">
        ///     <para>Thrown when:</para>
        ///     <para>  - the type of <paramref name="value" /> is not marked with the <see cref="SerializableAttribute" /> attribute.</para>
        ///     <para>  - the type of <paramref name="value" /> implements the <see cref="ISerializable" /> interface.</para>
        /// </exception>
        /// <remarks>
        ///     <para>Implements <see cref="ISurrogate.GetData(object, ObjectDataCollection)" /> explicitly.</para>
        ///     <para>
        ///         The type of <paramref name="value" /> must be marked with the <see cref="SerializableAttribute" /> attribute,
        ///         but must not implement the <see cref="ISerializable" /> interface.
        ///     </para>
        /// </remarks>
        void ISurrogate.GetData(object value, SerializationInfo data)
        {
            // throw exception if value is null
            if (value == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(value));
            }

            // throw exception if data is null
            if (data == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(data));
            }

            var type = value?.GetType().GetTypeInfo();

            // throw exception if type is not marked with SerializableAttribute
            if (!GraphIterator.IsMarkedSerializable(type))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(
                    $"The type of {nameof(value)} must be marked with the {nameof(SerializableAttribute)} attribute.",
                    nameof(value));
            }

            // throw exception if type implement ISerializable
            if (GraphIterator.ImplementsISerializable(type))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(
                    $"The type of {nameof(value)} must not implement the {nameof(ISerializable)} interface.",
                    nameof(value));
            }

            var typeVersion = GetTypeVersion(type);

            // if type does not implement ISerializable
            foreach (var field in type.DeclaredFields.Where(f => f.CustomAttributes.Any(a => a.AttributeType == typeof(SerializedAttribute))))
            {
                data.AddValue(field.Name, field.GetValue(value));
            }
        }

        /// <inheritdocs />
        void ISurrogate.SetData(ref object value, SerializationInfo data)
        {
            // throw exception if value is null
            if (value == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(value));
            }

            // throw exception if data is null
            if (data == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(data));
            }

            var type = value?.GetType().GetTypeInfo();

            // throw exception if type is not marked with SerializableAttribute
            if (!GraphIterator.IsMarkedSerializable(type))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(
                    $"The type of {nameof(value)} must be marked with the {nameof(SerializableAttribute)} attribute.",
                    nameof(value));
            }

            // throw exception if type implement ISerializable
            if (GraphIterator.ImplementsISerializable(type))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(
                    $"The type of {nameof(value)} must not implement the {nameof(ISerializable)} interface.",
                    nameof(value));
            }

            var typeVersion = GetTypeVersion(type);
            foreach (var field in type.DeclaredFields)
            {
                var fieldVersionSpans = GetFieldVersionSpans(field);
                var versionSpans = (from vs in fieldVersionSpans
                                    where vs.Item1 <= typeVersion && typeVersion <= vs.Item2
                                    select vs).ToArray();

                // if the field has no version spans or at least one version span could be found
                // if no matching version span could be found -> simply don't set the field's value
                if (fieldVersionSpans.Count() == 0 || versionSpans.Length >= 1)
                {
                    field.SetValue(value, data.GetValue(field.Name, field.FieldType));
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the serialization version of a <see cref="Type" />.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="info">
        ///     The <see cref="TypeInfo" /> providing more information about a <see cref="Type" />.
        /// </param>
        /// <returns>
        ///     Returns the version of the specified <see cref="Type" />.
        /// </returns>
        private static Version GetTypeVersion(TypeInfo info)
            => info.CustomAttributes.Any(a => a.AttributeType == typeof(SerializedVersionAttribute))
                    ? info.GetCustomAttribute<SerializedVersionAttribute>().Version
                    : null;

        /// <summary>
        /// Retrieves the <see cref="Version" /> spans of a specified field.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="info">
        ///     The <see cref="FieldInfo" /> that shall be used.
        /// </param>
        /// <returns>
        ///     Returns the <see cref="Version" /> spans of a specified field.
        /// </returns>
        private static IEnumerable<Tuple<Version, Version>> GetFieldVersionSpans(FieldInfo info)
            => from attr in info.GetCustomAttributes<SerializedFieldVersionAttribute>()
               select new Tuple<Version, Version>(attr.MinVersion, attr.MaxVersion);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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galactic coordinates of the sun
If we define our reference frame as being at rest relative to 1.6 million quasars observed by Gaia, then all objects seen by Gaia experience aberration due to Gaia's orbit around the Sun, the motion of the Sun relative to the solar system barycentre, the motion of the solar system barycentre around the Galactic centre, and the motion of the Milky Way relative to the quasar reference frame. It is a Cartesian coordinate system in which location coordinates are (X,Y,Z) and velocity vectors are (U,V,W) with the sun at (0,0,0). Which means in reality, their full descriptions are Heliocentric Equatorial and Heliocentric Galactic. A Galactic Chart. The galactic environment of the Sun Priscilla C. Frisch Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Abstract. In module 2 we saw that the local disk can be decomposed into the gas layer, which is very thin (of order 50 pc), the young disk which is of a similiar scale height, and the old disk which dominates and is much thicker (of order 250 pc). We adopt the orientation of the Galactic plane as the normal to the north pole of Galactic coordinates defined by the IAU (Blaauw et. Introduction¶. Equatorial coordinates are best suited for our purposes as … The imaginary: our sun and Earth are at the center of a great celestial sphere of stars. To describe the motions in the Milky Way, it is convenient to consider a cylindrical coordinate system centered on the Sun. Initially defined by the IAU in 1958, the galactic coordinate system was thereafter in 1984 transformed from the B1950.0 FK4-based system to the J2000.0 FK5-based system. For this purpose, two ecliptical systems are used: The heliocentric coordinate system with the Sun in its center, and the geocentric one with the Earth in its origin, which can be transferred into each other by a coordinate translation. By specifying the orientation of the north galactic pole in terms of its equatorial coordinates, equatorial coordinates can be converted into ~, and vice ... phase of the moon magnitude, apparent magnitude, absolute magnitude, color Both of these coordinate systems are heliocentric, meaning they use the sun (Sol) as the origin (0,0,0 in xyz). This iscurrently located in the vicinity of 27 Sagittarius. Query a list of coordinates Enter the name of an ASCII file produced by a text editor containing one coordinate per line: If you have a high number of coordinates to submit, please use the dedicated and faster service offered by CDS where you can select your file and SIMBAD: CDS-Xmatch : … This frame requires specifying the Sun-Galactic center distance, and optionally the height of the Sun above the Galactic midplane. In the galactic coordinate system, the reference is a plane through the sun parallel to the mean plane of the galaxy. By assuming a constant rotation velocity, we can computing from the galactic coordinates and the radial velocity of every pixel the true distance from the sun of the emitting parcel of gas. al. Nearby stars have relative motions to our Sun. Galactic coordinate, in astronomy, galactic latitude or longitude.The two coordinates constitute a useful means of locating the relative positions and motions of components of the Milky Way Galaxy. This map is plotted in galactic coordinates - the plane of the Milky Way galaxy passes across the middle of this chart with the zero point of galactic latitude and longitude pointing directly at the galactic centre. "The galactic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system in spherical coordinates, with the Sun as its center, the primary direction aligned with the approximate center of the Milky Way galaxy, and the fundamental plane approximately in the galactic plane." This means you'll take the equatorial x, y, and z coordinates and feed them into three equations. Galactic coordinates are coordinates based on the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy, which is inclined about 63° to the celestial equator, and centered on the Sun, with the zero point of longitude and latitude pointing directly at the galactic center. Galactic Suns. Coordinate systems. The galactic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system in spherical coordinates, with the Sun as its center, the primary direction aligned with the approximate center of the Milky Way galaxy, and the fundamental plane parallel to an approximation of the galactic plane but offset to its north. This map is a plot of all the stars visible with the naked eye. By simply associating the pixel's observed antenna temperature with this true position in the Galaxy the false colour map is generated. Here's an animated depiction of equatorial, ecliptic, and galactic coordinates on the celestial sphere. 1960). GALACTIC COORDINATE SYSTEMS. The galactic coordinate system is centered on our Sun. Bases: astropy.coordinates.BaseCoordinateFrame. There are approximately 9000 stars visible with the naked eye. Wikipedia. Horizontal coordinate system. $\begingroup$ I prefer the X,Y,Z galactic coordinate system: In that system the sun is at 0,0,0. Module 7 Kinematics and space distribution of disk stars Most of the stars near the Sun belong to the Galactic Disk. Every system was located by its XYZ coordinates; X measured the system's "east-west" location, Y measured its "north-south" location, and Z measured its distance above or below the galactic plane. The Galactic Coordinate System coordinates Jeff Bondono Coordinate systems are used to allow us to specify the location of a point. A coordinate or frame in the Galactocentric system. The position of the Sun is assumed to be on the x … The galactic longitude is measured in the plane of the Milky Way, with the origin at the Sun, and l = 0 degrees pointing towards the Galactic Center and l = 90 degrees pointing in the direction in which the Sun is moving. A more natural coordinate system to use in the analysis of the Milky Way (and even extragalactic objects) is the Galactic coordinate system, where: The Galactic equator; is chosen to be that great circle on the sky approximately aligned with the Milky Way mid-plane. It moves about 220km/s around the galactic center. If your star data is in epoch 1950.0 (like the Gliese data), use the equations below from Bruce Webster's New Perspectives on Nearby Stars, … The earth core, at the first dimensional level, has been merged with the core of parallel earths in future timelines, thus, weaving together with the Galactic Suns.The opening of inner gates into the parallel allows for new integrations of Cosmic to Galactic Plasmic Sun Source, that is becoming more accessible in the earth crust, and this is called the Aqualine Sun. The galactic coordinates approximate a coordinate system centered on the Sun's location. The galactic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system centered on the Sun and aligned with the center of the Milky Way. The galactic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system in spherical coordinates, with the Sun as its center, the primary direction aligned with the approximate center of the Milky Way galaxy, and the fundamental plane parallel to an approximation of the galactic plane but offset to its north. Positive X is in the direction toward the galactic center (The sun is approximately 70 light years above the galactic plane, depending on what source you read since the plane is not well defined. galactic coordinates. The galactic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system in spherical coordinates, with the Sun as its center, the primary direction aligned with the approximate center of the Milky Way galaxy, and the fundamental plane approximately in the galactic plane.It uses the right-handed convention, meaning that coordinates are positive toward the north and toward the east in the fundamental plane. galactic coordinate system celestial coordinate system in spherical coordinates, with the Sun as its center. Out will pop the galactic x,y,z. Galactic coordinates referred to the location of star systems in the galaxy. See also: ♦ Galactic Coordinates ♦ Milky Way Galactic Center [Munkasey M.] The nucleus or center of our Galaxy. The X axis passes thru the sun with the positive direction being toward the center of the galaxy. Galactic longitude and latitude give directions to a star, but not its distance from the Sun. The fundamental plane divides the celestial sphere into two equal hemispheres and defines the baseline for the latitudinal coordinates, similar to the equator in the geographic coordinate system.The poles are located at ±90° from the fundamental plane. The galactic coordinate system. Given that, I think that one way to convert from the Sun-centered Galactic coordinate system used by professional astronomers to a new one that's relative to the Galactic center would be the following: 1. The interstellar cloud surrounding the solar system regulates the galactic environment of the Sun and constrains the physical characteristics of the interplanetary medium. Several coordinate systems are used in astronomy, and each has its own ad-vantages. Upload media Wikipedia: Subclass of: celestial coordinate system: Authority control Q385487 BabelNet ID: 03258467n. Galactic coordinates. Celestial coordinate system in spherical coordinates, with the Sun as its center, the primary direction aligned with the approximate center of the Milky Way galaxy, and the fundamental plane parallel to an approximation of the galactic plane but offset to its north. Epoch 1950.0. The coordinates subpackage primarily provides specialty astropy.coordinates frame classes for coordinate systems defined by the stellar streams, and for other common Galactic dynamics tasks like removing solar reflex motion from proper motions or radial velocities, and transforming a proper motion covariance matrix from one frame to another. The center line of the Milky Way determines the galactic equator.. What are typical relative motions of nearby stars? The galactic coordinate system disregards celestial equators and celestial poles. (ie. What you have to do is perform a coordinate transform to convert from equatorial to galactic co-ords. The transformation thus far has aligned the \(x'\) axis with the vector pointing from the Sun to the GC, but the \(y'\) and \(z'\) axes point in an arbitrary direction. It dips some 500 light-years above and below the galactic plane just beyond our solar system, within 500 light-years of the Sun. The distance needs to be determined by other means, such as parallax for nearby stars. The following table lists the common coordinate systems in use by the astronomical community. The galactic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system in spherical coordinates, with the Sun as its center, the primary direction aligned with the approximate center of the Milky Way galaxy, and the fundamental plane parallel to an approximation of the galactic plane but offset to its north. 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galactic coordinates of the sun 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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An evaluation of whether propensity score adjustment can remove the self-selection bias inherent to web panel surveys addressing sensitive health behaviours
Andrew Copas ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8968-59631,
Sarah Burkill1,2,
Fred Conrad3,
Mick P. Couper3 &
Bob Erens1,4
In health research, population estimates are generally obtained from probability-based surveys. In market research surveys are frequently conducted from volunteer web panels. Propensity score adjustment (PSA) is often used at analysis to try to remove bias in the web survey, but empirical evidence of its effectiveness is mixed. We assess the ability of PSA to remove bias in the context of sensitive sexual health research and the potential of web panel surveys to replace or supplement probability surveys.
Four web panel surveys asked a subset of questions from the third British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3). Five propensity scores were generated for each web survey. The scores were developed from progressively larger sets of variables, beginning with demographic variables only and ending with demographic, sexual identity, lifestyle, attitudinal and sexual behaviour variables together. The surveys were weighted to match Natsal-3 based on propensity score quintiles. The performance of each survey and weighting was assessed by calculating the average 'absolute' odds ratio (inverse of the odds ratio if less than 1) across 22 pre-specified sexual behaviour outcomes of interest comparing the weighted web survey with Natsal-3. The average standard error across odds ratios was examined to assess the impact of weighting upon variance.
Propensity weighting reduced bias relative to Natsal-3 as more variables were added for males, but had little effect for females, and variance increased for some surveys. Surveys with more biased estimates before propensity weighting showed greater reduction in bias from adjustment. Inconsistencies in performance were evident across surveys and outcomes. For most surveys and outcomes any reduction in bias was only partial and for some outcomes the bias increased.
Even after propensity weighting using a rich range of information, including some sexual behaviour variables, some bias remained and variance increased for some web surveys. Whilst our findings support the use of PSA for web panel surveys, the reduction in bias is likely to be partial and unpredictable, consistent with the findings from market research. Our results do not support the use of volunteer web panels to generate unbiased population health estimates.
Health surveys conducted by government and academic researchers have traditionally used probability sampling of addresses and data collection facilitated by an interviewer who visits the address, for example the third British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3) [1]. Such surveys are considered broadly representative of the general population and a 'gold standard' method, although they have some limitations such as poor coverage of hard-to-reach groups and susceptibility to nonresponse bias. By contrast in market research surveys are now widely conducted by inviting members of volunteer web panels to participate. Web panels provide comparatively cheap and quick data collection on individuals whose basic demographic characteristics are already known [2] and hence are appealing in principle to health researchers as a method by which to replace or supplement a traditional survey if concerns over bias can be resolved.
Population internet coverage is now high and increasing in many countries, for example it is estimated to be over 90% among 16–44 year olds in the UK [3]. Therefore almost all the general population is eligible to join a web panel, though some coverage bias may still be evident since the declining group without internet access is becoming increasingly different to those with access [4,5,6]. Furthermore a web panel survey is typically representative of the general population by design in terms of certain demographic characteristics which are used to set quotas for the sample. Nevertheless the primary concern about web panel surveys is that they are non-probability and likely to suffer from self-selection bias, arising because individuals who join web panels differ from those who do not. Nonresponse bias can also be substantial since the response rate within a panel for a particular survey is typically very low [7].
We commissioned four different web panel surveys in which participants were asked a range of sexual behaviour and other questions identical to those asked in Natsal-3. Two web surveys followed a standard methodology and two other web surveys set additional quotas using data from Natsal-3 in the hope this would reduce any bias. In earlier work, by comparing estimates for key behaviours and attitudes with Natsal-3, we established however that the bias in the web panel surveys was too substantial for their use to be recommended in this topic area, even when additional quotas were set [8]. In this paper we investigate the ability of propensity score adjustment (PSA) to reduce bias at the analysis stage.
Propensity scores have been proposed for a range of uses in the analysis of observational epidemiological studies [9, 10]. In market research PSA is widely used for web panel surveys [11], although attempts at empirical validation of the reduction in bias have had mixed findings [12,13,14] and a recent task force reported that PSA should not be expected to remove all bias [15]. The basis of PSA is to identify a set of auxiliary variables, available in both the web survey and the census (or a large probability sample reference survey), that reflect key dimensions in which web survey participants differ from the general population. In this context the propensity score measures the propensity to be in the web survey rather than in the census, or reference survey, as applicable. Auxiliary variables may be selected because they are also associated with the outcomes of interest. PSA then ensures the distribution of auxiliary variables in the web panel survey broadly matches that in the census or reference survey, for example through weighting [16, 17]. The assumption of PSA is that this matching removes the self-selection bias in the web survey [18, 19]. In market research key auxiliary variables reflecting attitudes or behaviours known as "webographics" are used [20, 21]. For estimation of wages Steinmetz et al. used data concerning self-reported quality of life and quality of working life [12], whereas for estimation of a range of outcomes Mercer et al. used measures of political attitudes and engagement [13]. In market research, reference surveys have been conducted to allow PSA [11, 22]. Web panel surveys together with PSA can however be used more widely and cheaply if a reference survey specific to each research topic is not required, i.e. if auxiliary variables measured in the census or multipurpose reference surveys are sufficient. PSA may decrease the precision of estimates, so this must be counter-balanced against any reduction in bias [23].
This study makes an important contribution to the ongoing debate as to whether PSA is effective in reducing or eliminating the bias that is inherent in web panel surveys. We assess the issues in health where web surveys are currently little used, but in principle there could be considerable demand, and makes a unique contribution by addressing a research topic of high sensitivity. Multiple web surveys are used which allows us to investigate consistency of PSA performance and Natsal-3 allows us to investigate whether a topic-specific reference survey is required for the adjustment.
Four web surveys (each with at least 2000 participants) were conducted between May and July 2012 by three different well known and reputable market research companies based in the UK, see earlier work for details [8]. Two web surveys used basic quotas (identified as B-1 and B-2 in this paper) defined by age, sex, region and partnership status. Two surveys used modified quotas (M-1 and M-2), which were set using additional variables not normally used such as age finished full-time education and frequency of drinking alcohol. However the market research companies involved struggled to fill the modified quotas. Neither survey could find enough people who finished their education before age 17 years, and the survey set additional quota failed to meet all of them falling short of large (≥4 person) households, infrequent drinkers of alcohol (less than once a week), and those expressing intolerance of same-sex relationships. These quotas had to be relaxed in order to ensure we gained enough responses within the given time frame.
Natsal-3 was undertaken between September 2010 and August 2012 and 15,162 participants aged 16–74, resident in Britain participated. Eight thousand nine hundred sixty-nine of these participants were in our age group of interest (18–44 years), see [1] for further details.
Propensity score model selection
For each web survey separately we built multiple propensity score models in successive stages, including in the model selection process at the first stage only demographic variables, and then progressively more variables at each subsequent stage including sexual identity (stage 2), non-sexual behaviours (stage 3), attitudes (stage 4) and finally the richest model at the stage 5 in which key selected sexual behaviour variables could be selected. For each stage a backward stepwise model selection process was conducted based on logistic regression using survey participation (web or Natsal-3) as the outcome variable, and the selection process was conducted separately for males and females. At the second and later stages those variables selected at the previous stage were included in the model with certainty and further variables were selected only if they were statistically significant (p < 0.05) after adjusting for the variables already included. Overall there were 5 stages, and 5 corresponding PSAs for each survey and gender. The regression models were fitted to weighted data. The standard weights for Natsal-3 were used, based on selection weighting and then post-stratification by age, sex and region to the 2011 census distribution [1]. For participants in each web survey, 'initial' weights were based on post-stratification by age and sex to the 2011 census. Table 1 show the variables included in the process at each stage of model building, and the variables selected for the propensity score model for each of the 4 web surveys by gender.
Table 1 Variables selected by PSA stage: for males and females
Propensity score weights calculation
For each web survey, stage, and gender, all participants from both web survey and Natsal-3 were given a propensity score which was the fitted probability from the corresponding logistic regression model. For weighting, five equally sized subclasses were defined by the quintiles of the score of participants for both surveys combined, as commonly recommended [4, 21] and in the original development of propensity score methods by Rosenbaum and Rubin [9, 10]. For each subclass the 'PSA ratio' was calculated equal to the ratio of the proportion of Natsal-3 in the subclass to the proportion of web survey participants in the subclass, each proportion calculated using the same weights used to fit the propensity regression models (standard weights for Natsal-3 and 'initial' weights for each web survey). The PSA weight for each web survey participant at each stage was the product of their initial weight and the PSA ratio for the stage corresponding to the participant's subclass. This ensured that for each web survey at each stage, by each gender, the distribution across the subclasses weighted by the PSA weights matched Natsal-3 under standard weighting. If a participant had a missing propensity score due to missing data for any of the variables in the model, their age-within sex weight was used.
Analysis and variance estimation
Twenty-two outcome variables were included in the analysis (see Tables 2 and 3). These key outcomes used in initial Natsal-3 publications were defined a priori by the set used in our previous paper looking into the impact of quota setting on web panel estimates [8], after excluding those lifestyle variables, attitudes and behaviours which were available for selection into the propensity score models at stages 3–5. These outcomes were binary; categorical outcome variables were recoded to binary in order to avoid multiple outcomes for the same variable. We obtained an odds ratio (OR) for each outcome, for the web survey relative to Natsal-3, under PSA weighting at each stage for each web survey in comparison to Natsal-3 (under standard weighting) from binary logistic regression. As a measure of the performance of the web survey (and PSA weighting) relative to Natsal-3, average absolute ORs were then calculated across the 22 outcomes, where by absolute OR we mean the OR, or 1/OR if the OR is less than 1 [8]. Average absolute ORs were calculated at each of the 5 stages in order to ascertain whether estimates were improved when PSA was applied. As we view Natsal-3 as minimally biased the absolute ORs are viewed as a measure of bias in the web surveys relative to the Natsal-3 estimates.
When PSA is used through weighting, the variance of the estimates typically increases with the number of variables included in the propensity score model since this makes the weights more variable, so there is a trade-off between bias and precision [4, 21]. The weights used for PSA have uncertainty because they are created using estimates from a model, and to account for this and sampling variability we used replicate weights to obtain a bootstrapped standard error (SE). The focus of the paper is the comparison of each web survey with Natsal-3 and how PSA weighting affects these comparisons. For PSA Natsal-3 is viewed as a reference standard and hence the uncertainty in Natsal-3 estimates is ignored. For each web survey and each PSA weighting stage we calculate the SE for the absolute OR corresponding to each outcome. We use the average of this SE across all 22 outcomes as our measure of precision and to see graphically how this varies across the five stages of PSA weighting for each web survey. We note that larger ORs have larger SEs in general and hence also interpret any changes to the SE from PSA in light also of how the absolute ORs are changed.
All analyses were conducted using STATA 12.
To assess the performance of PSA, we show average absolute ORs relative to Natsal-3 for each of the 4 web surveys across the 22 selected outcomes separately for males (Fig. 1a) and females (Fig. 1b). It seems that under PSA weighting the average absolute OR decreases with increasing stage, i.e. as more variables are used in the PSA. This reduction in bias is however modest for female participants. The impact of PSA seems to differ according to web survey, with those web surveys starting with the highest average absolute ORs when the age-sex weight is applied showing the largest decrease in bias under PSA. This results in a partial 'convergence' in the absolute bias between the 4 web surveys with each successive PSA stage, at least for males. It can also be seen that there is more bias for males even after stage 5 PSA than for females when just the age-sex weight is used. The smaller improvements seen under PSA for females than males may be partly attributable to less bias before PSA.
a Average absolute odds ratio across 22 outcomes: males. b. Average absolute odds ratio across 22 outcomes: females
We intentionally included sexual identity as the only additional variable at stage 2 so as to assess the impact of this variable of special interest because it is a demographic factor and yet closely related to sexual behaviour. For all web surveys and for both males and females this variable was selected to contribute to the PSA weighting (see Table 1). For males, compared to other stages, bias was most clearly reduced moving from stage 1 to stage 2 (Fig. 1a). However improvements across subsequent stages were also substantial for some web surveys. For females, there does not seem to be any single PSA stage which substantially improved results across all web surveys.
To assess whether PSA weighting has achieved broadly unbiased estimates, and to illustrate the variation in PSA performance across outcomes, we also present estimates for each outcome in the 'best performing' survey for males and females in Tables 2 and 3 respectively. For women we select B-2 as best performing survey because it has the smallest average absolute OR at all PSA stages (Fig. 1b), and for men we also select B-2 because it has joint smallest average absolute OR at stage 5 PSA and the best reduction in bias from PSA (Fig. 1a). To aid interpretation we have informally described bias relative to Natsal-3 as small where the absolute OR is less than 1.25, moderate where it is in the range 1.25–1.67, and large if greater than 1.67.
Table 2 Estimated prevalence of each of 22 key preselected behaviours in males in the best performing survey (WS-B2), before and after PSA weighting in five stages and in Natsal-3 for comparison, odds ratios and bias assessment
Table 3 Estimated prevalence of each of 22 key preselected behaviours in females in the best performing survey (WS-B2), before and after PSA weighting in five stages and in Natsal-3 for comparison, odds ratios and bias assessment
We see that a substantial proportion of estimates across the 22 outcomes remained noticeably biased under PSA weighting compared to Natsal-3, particularly for males, even by stage 5 and having selected the best performing surveys. For males (Table 2) stage 5 PSA weighting did reduce bias for all 6 outcomes affected by large bias under only age-sex weighting, to a moderate level for 5 outcomes and a small level for one (1+ same gender partners in the last 5 years). For outcomes affected by small or moderate bias under age-sex weighting the performance of PSA weighting was less impressive. Most outcomes affected by moderate bias retained moderate bias under PSA weighting and for 4 outcomes affected by small bias this increased to moderate under PSA weighting (e.g. heterosexual sex on 5+ occasions in the last 4 weeks). Of 22 outcomes 15 were moderately biased after stage 5 PSA weighting. For females (Table 3) bias was also reduced to a degree for all 3 outcomes affected by large bias under age-sex weighting, though this remained large for one outcome (easy to talk to parents about sex at age 14). Bias was reduced to small for 3 of the 8 outcomes affected by moderate bias under age-sex weighting. For only one outcome did bias increase to moderate from small through PSA weighting. Even in this survey however bias was judged to be moderate or large for 9 of 22 outcomes after stage 5 weighting.
For both males and females there is some evidence of the expected trade-off between bias and precision. The average SE is seen to increase across the stages of PSA (Fig. 2a and b) for two of the four surveys in women, and among men for survey B-1 which has the greatest reduction in bias. In other surveys the SE is little changed but since the absolute OR is reduced (towards 1) by PSA an unchanged SE can be seen also as a decrease in precision.
a. Average standard error of odds ratio across 22 outcomes: males. b. Average standard error of odds ratio across 22 outcomes: females
This investigation aimed to assess whether PSA is an effective means of removing the self-selection and other biases of web panel surveys whilst maintaining an acceptable degree of precision. The results suggest that PSA can reduce bias, i.e. estimates became closer to the reference survey Natsal-3. However these improvements were not consistent across variables or web surveys, and in some cases estimates moved further away from the reference. The reductions in bias were not sufficiently large and consistent in general for estimates to be seen as broadly unbiased, even after the final stage PSA which was based in part upon data for outcomes of interest obtained from a topic-specific reference survey. A decrease in precision from PSA was suggested in all surveys and very clear for two surveys among women and one for men.
Our findings suggest that PSA may improve estimates more when these estimates, before PSA, are more heavily biased. This may arise because a larger number of variables are selected by the PSA modelling process, meaning a larger number of variables contribute to the propensity score weighting. For those surveys which performed best under only age-sex weighting, we saw only minimal improvements from PSA.
For men we saw a 'convergence' in bias between web surveys, as measured by the average absolute odds ratio, over successive PSA stages as more variables are included in the adjustment. This however does not imply any convergence in the bias for individual outcomes, and web surveys still differed in an unpredictable way. The findings suggest that PSA at analysis can achieve some of the bias reduction hoped for by setting modified quotas at the design stage, and this is to be expected. However it is important to remember that PSA reduces bias by weighting to match the reference survey or census which is less efficient (less precision) than matching by design.
We found that using only demographic variables in the PSA, as available from the census or a general reference survey, did not begin to counteract the bias in the web surveys (in fact for most surveys we saw bias increase). This has also been found in market research and led to the use of "webographics" including key attitude variables [21]. In our study, because we had a topic specific reference survey, we were able to also use attitudes relating to the topics of interest and even some behaviours as auxiliary variables but this did not fully remove bias. Nevertheless reductions in bias from PSA were evident in all web surveys to a greater or lesser degree, and this increased as more auxiliary variables were used in the PSA. Sexual identity was a helpful auxiliary variable and may be viewed as a webographic in the context of sexual health. Homosexual and bisexual identities were much more common in web panel survey participants and also associated with outcomes of interest. If we added more and more outcomes of interest as auxiliary variables in the PSA, estimates might continue to improve and eventually be deemed sufficiently unbiased for practical use, but then the web surveys would contribute little additional information as for all these key outcomes they would simply duplicate the information from the reference survey. We cannot exclude the possibility that researchers might over time be able to develop "health webographics" that could be used with volunteer web panel surveys addressing health research topics and included in one or more reference surveys. However our findings give no encouragement to believe such webographics would be fully effective in reducing bias through PSA, and their effectiveness even in market research where they are most developed is unclear [12]. An empirical investigation similar to ours but in the context of politics in the USA had similar findings to ours [13], whilst others conclude adjustment for any observable characteristics will be generally insufficient [6].
An important limitation is that, though we view Natsal-3 as superior to the web surveys because of its probability sampling and treat it as a broadly unbiased 'benchmark', it is not impossible that the web surveys might provide more accurate estimates for some behaviours. The greater anonymity afforded to web panel participants could result in the higher levels of disclosure seen for some sensitive behaviours in some surveys [24]. Indeed findings from analysis of a web follow up study to Natsal-3, in which the same respondents were asked the same questions roughly a month after their initial interview, suggest possible mode effects for some behaviours [25]. Furthermore PSA is designed to account for differences between the web panel survey participants and the general population and is not expected to remove any reporting bias arising for example from mode effects. We have not investigated how PSA affects bias in the estimation of associations, and in further work we shall investigate whether PSA is more effective for that purpose than for estimating population prevalence.
Although probability sampling and face-to-face interviewing are still the preference of government and academic researchers, decreasing response rates and increasing costs make the prospect of using alternative methods appealing [26]. Web panel surveys offer in principle significant cost savings if used in a standalone fashion. There are also other possibilities to use web panels in conjunction with probability surveys. Firstly web panels might provide 'boosts' of additional participants for either the whole population or for subgroups of particular interest that may be hard to find or uncommon in the general population. Secondly, if the probability survey is general or multipurpose in its nature then web panels may be used to provide detailed information for topics of special interest. An alternative approach is to either directly combine probability sampling with survey self-completion online, possibly allowing greater anonymity as might suit surveys of sensitive topics, or to invite participants in a previous probability survey to complete an online survey.
In earlier work [8] we established that setting quotas for web panel surveys alone does not provide unbiased estimates in our context of the sexual behaviour of the British general population. Therefore here we investigated whether PSA based on either standard demographic factors or topic-specific information can consistently reduce most or all of the bias affecting web panel surveys. At least in our context, where moderate changes in behaviour over time would be of great interest, we have considered the bias seen even after extensive PSA to be unacceptable. Different degrees of bias may be tolerated in other contexts. Nevertheless our main conclusion which supports evidence from other contexts [e.g. 13] is that volunteer web panels, even if conducted in conjunction with a reference survey so that the richest possible PSA is used, cannot be recommended in general to provide accurate population estimates.
The Natsal-3 data have been archived at the UK Data Archive: http://www.data-archive.ac.uk/
Natsal-3 :
Third British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles
Propensity score
PSA :
Propensity score adjustment
SE:
Standard error
Erens B, Phelps A, Clifton S, Mercer CH, Tanton C, Hussey D, et al. Methodology of the third British National Survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles (Natsal-3). Sex Transm Infect. 2014;90:84–9.
Looseveldt G, Sonck N. An evaluation of the weighting procedures for an online access panel survey. Survey Res Methods. 2008;2:93–105.
Office for National Statistics. Statistical bulletin, internet access- households and individuals; 2013. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_275775.pdf. Accessed Jan 28, 2014.
Lee S. Propensity score adjustment as a weighting scheme for volunteer panel web surveys. J Off Stat. 2006;22:329–49.
Couper MP, Gremel G, Axinn WG, Guyer H, Wagner J. West BT New options for national population surveys: the implications of internet and smartphone coverage. Soc Sci Res. 2018;73(1):221–35.
Capacci S, Mazzocchi M, Brasini S. Estimation of unobservable selection effects in on-line surveys through propensity score matching: an application to public acceptance of healthy eating policies. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0196020.
Shih T-H, Fan X. Comparing response rates from web and mail surveys: a meta-analysis. Field Methods. 2008;20:249–71.
Erens B, Burkill S, Couper MP, Conrad F, Clifton S, Tanton C, et al. Nonprobability web surveys to measure sexual behaviors and attitudes in the general population: a comparison with a probability sample interview survey. J Med Internet Res. 2014;16:e276.
Rosenbaum P, Rubin D. The central role of the propensity score observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika. 1983;70:41–55.
Rosenbaum P, Rubin D. Reducing bias in observational studies using subclassification on the propensity score. J Am Statist Ass. 1984;79:516–24.
Duffy B, Smith K, Terhanian G, Bremer J. Comparing data from online and face-to-face surveys. Int J Mark Res. 2005;47:615–39.
Steinmetz S, Bianchi A, Tijdens K, Biffignandi S. Improving web survey quality: potentials and constraints of propensity score adjustments. In: Callegaro M, Baker R, Bethlehem J, Göritz AS, Krosnick JA, Lavrakas PJ, editors. Online panel research: a data quality perspective, John Wiley and Sons; 2014.
Mercer A, Lau A, Kennedy C. For weighting opt-in samples, what matters most? Pew Research Center report; 2018.
Mercer A, Kreuter F, Keeter S. Stewart EA theory and practice in nonprobability surveys: parallels between causal inference and survey inference. Public Opin Q. 2017;81(S1):250–71.
Baker R, Brick JM, Bates NA, Battaglia M, Couper MP, Dever JA, et al. Report of the AAPOR task force on non-probability sampling; 2013.
Baker R, Blumberg SJ, Brick JM, Couper MP, Courtright M, Dennis, et al. Research synthesis: AAPOR report on online panels. Public Opin Q. 2010;74:711–81.
Bethlehem JG, Biffignandi S. Handbook of web surveys. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
Bethlehem J. Selection bias in web surveys. Int Stat Rev. 2010;78:161–88.
Schonlau M. Couper MP options for conducting web surveys. Stat Sci. 2017;32(2):279–92.
Schonlau M, van Soest A, Kapteyn A. Are "Webographic" or attitudinal questions useful for adjusting estimates from web surveys using propensity scoring? Surv Res Methods. 2007;1:155–63.
Schonlau M, van Soest A, Kapteyn A, Couper M. Selection bias in web surveys and the use of propensity scores. Sociol Methods Res. 2009;37:291–318.
Schonlau M, Zapert K, Simon L, Sanstad K, Marcus S, Adams J, et al. A comparison between a propensity weighted web survey and an identical RDD survey. Soc Sci Comput Rev. 2004;22:128–38.
Golinelli D, Ridgeway G, Rhoades H, Tucker J, Wenzel S. Bias and variance trade-offs when combining propensity score weighting and regression: with an application to HIV status and homeless men. Health Serv Outcome Res Methodol. 2012;12:104–18.
Tourangeau R, Yan T. Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychol Bull. 2007;133:859–83.
Burkill S, Copas A, Couper MP, Clifton S, Prah P, Datta J, et al. Using the web to collect data on sensitive behaviours: a study looking at mode effects on the British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0147983.
Lee S, Valliant R. Estimation for volunteer panel web surveys using propensity score adjustment and calibration adjustment. Sociol Methods Res. 2009;37:319–43.
We thank the study participants in Natsal-3 and in the web panel surveys, the team of interviewers at NatCen Social Research and the researchers and programmers at the three market research agencies that carried out the web panels.
Natsal-3 was funded by grants from the UK Medical Research Council (G0701757) and the Wellcome Trust (084840), with support from the Economic and Social Research Council and the Department of Health. The four web panel surveys were funded by a supplementary grant from the Wellcome Trust. The sponsors played no role in the study design, data interpretation, data analysis or writing of the paper. Natsal-3 is a collaboration between University College London (London, UK), the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (London, UK), NatCen Social Research (London, UK), Public Health England (formerly the Health Protection Agency), and the University of Manchester (Manchester, UK). The supplementary study of web panel surveys also included collaborators from the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, US).
Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
Andrew Copas, Sarah Burkill & Bob Erens
Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Sarah Burkill
Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Fred Conrad & Mick P. Couper
Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Bob Erens
Andrew Copas
Fred Conrad
Mick P. Couper
This study was conceived and designed by BE, AC, FC and MC. The first draft was written by AC. The statistical analysis was conducted by SB. All authors commented on drafts of the paper. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Andrew Copas.
Participation in Natsal-3 and the web surveys was based on fully informed consent. The study was approved by the Oxfordshire Research Ethics Committee A (reference number 12/SC/0070).
Copas, A., Burkill, S., Conrad, F. et al. An evaluation of whether propensity score adjustment can remove the self-selection bias inherent to web panel surveys addressing sensitive health behaviours. BMC Med Res Methodol 20, 251 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-020-01134-4
Internet survey
Web survey
Selection bias
Sexual behaviour


The D&M Dinner Knife 12-Pack Flatware Set, Silverware includes 12 dinner knives. Items are made of stainless steel for durability and everyday use. Knives are made of 420 stainless steel to retain the sharpness of knife edge and teeth. The flatware has a simple design for a comfortable grip that can be held by anyone. Set can be used in both formal events and casual dining. Dishwasher safe and has a mirror polish finish.
Made of stainless steel for durability and everyday use. Knives are made of 420 stainless steel to retain the sharpness of edge and teeth.


TW Steel CB223 50mm Canteen Watch has a gold PVD case and bracelet, and a sunray green dial. Powered by a Japanese quartz movement, the watch features a date window at 3 o'clock, and gold hands and indices. On its side is the brand's signature crown cap, attached to the case with a hook.


Unexpectedly my friend and me got front row tickets for a modern version of the Carmen opera. I have a crush on an opera singer/actor now (the same guy who starred in Macbeth), but mostly I am in love with this theatre's architecture and atmosphere. My friend took those pictures which I will use to remind me that I should come back to Bologna very soon and not only for studying.
THE PLAY: Interpreting classical plays in a new way is always risky, because it means adding a new perspective to a story that was already impressing before your idea came along. You either take the original to a whole new level of awesomeness in a different context, with focus on a differnet aspect or a brave surprising spin that still fits to the concept… or you completely miss the point of the old story because you desperately try to force your view and your idea on to it. (This is what bad film directors do with famous books. They chop up the origninal story until it fits to their image of it.) This version of Carmen directed by Bologna-born Pietro Babina did both: It modernized the story so mercilessly that it became ridiculous: with dancing little devils and annoying, terribly dressed tourists, with a lot of colours, confetti and pathos. But this is also what made the well-known story fresh and lively again. This version is brave and weird, not a half-assed redecoration of what we've seen before.
It is not a coincidence that the director of the orchestra, Frédéric Chaslin from Paris, was applauded more than anyone else. I sat right in front of the orchestra and it was amazing. Keep in mind, this admiration is coming from someone who writes concert reviews for every genre but actually prefers Punkrock and Experimental.
The set design was, as the whole opera, bold instead of subtile. Like a pop art version of the original. Personally I liked the set design in Macbeth better, because it didn't seem to scream: Notice me, I'm so special and hip! But after the break, when atto terzo (act three) started, the set design's obvious allusion to the refugee crisis was not funny anymore but cynical: A huge "Europe dream" flight advertisement in the back, people caged behind fences, the cast looking like they are on the run. If this already sounds disturbing to you, wait for the last act. In act four everything is colourful, loud and absurd again. My first thought was: "What the hell?!" After Carmen is killed by Don Josè, the dead people dance because… who cares, why. The crowd is confused in the end, which I bet must have put a smile on the director's face.
This review is taken from my personal Bologna Journal. Please note that English is my second language and I may still make some mistakes.
The opera is also scheduled for March 26 an 29 in the Teatro Comunale di Bologna (not to be confused with the Carmen K dance performance in April). The language in this version of the opera is French with Italian translation on screen.


We scuplted this adorable dog bone ornament by hand then cast it in fine pewter. We will hand stamp the names of your four-legged loved ones onto the front of the bone. Add more optional personalization to the back of the bone too! We add a patina to the letters and brush the bone to a matte finish. Bone hangs from a red ribbon.
Bone measures 2 3/4" x 1 1/4"


Large commercial trucks have the potential to cause and/or contribute to devastating motor vehicle accidents. This is in part due to their large size. Not only are fully-loaded trucks significantly taller than passenger vehicles, but they can weigh twenty to thirty times more than a passenger vehicle. The large size of a truck can affect the ability of the truck to stop suddenly in the event of a traffic incident, particularly if a truck driver is nodding off due to long hours on the road.
The truck driver either falls asleep at the wheel, is incapacitated by health emergency such as a seizure or heart attack, or is otherwise physically impaired. While a seizure or heart attack is unpredictable, fatigued drivers are actually regulated. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations limit the number of hours a truck driver can be on-duty and on the road without breaks.
The truck driver is inattentive, is distracted by something either outside or inside the truck, such as a phone call or a text message, or fails to observe a situation adequately for another reason.
The truck driver is drives too fast for conditions, misjudges the speed of other vehicles, or follows other vehicles too closely. According to the truck crash causation study, truck drivers can also exceed the speed limit simply because they feel the pressure from their employers to get as much driving done within the regulated window.
To drive a commercial truck, the driver must be 21 years old, know enough English to read and understand traffic signs, have a valid commercial driver's license, and successfully complete a driver's road test. Truck drivers who do not meet these qualifications can be unaware of adverse conditions, particularly if they are novices or cannot speak English.
The truck driver either panics, overcompensates steering, or exercises poor directional control.
A truck driver cannot have any detectable amount of alcohol or drugs in their system while driving a truck, while on duty, or any time they are in physical control of a truck. According to the truck crash causation study, over the counter drug use, illegal drug use, or alcohol use was a cause in twenty percent of large truck accidents.
A truck driver must inspect their equipment and make sure it is in good working order at all times. Federal regulations require that a commercial truck cannot be driven unless the driver is satisfied that the mechanics, including brakes, lights, and wipers, are in good working condition.
Brake problems were a causative factor in twenty-nine percent of all truck accidents between April 2001 and December 2003.
Truck drivers also need to inspect the loads they are hauling. Both truck drivers and their employers should make sure that the load is properly distributed and adequately secured. Four percent of all truck accidents are caused by a cargo shift.
Accidents involving large trucks can be serious and can result in catastrophic injuries or even death. If you are involved in a truck accident it is important that you speak with an experienced Sacramento Truck Accident Attorney to determine whether you have a claim.
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text:
Home / Shop / Science, Medicine & Natural History / Physiography: An Introduction to the Study of Nature – Thomas H. Huxley (1881)
Physiography: An Introduction to the Study of Nature – Thomas H. Huxley (1881)
Title: Physiography: An Introduction to the Study of Nature
Author: Thomas H. Huxley
Publisher: Macmillan, London, 1881. 3rd edition.
Condition: Leatherbound, prize binding. Very good. Some rubbing to gilt on spine, corners bumped, and slight wear to cover. Marbled edges and endpapers. Prize plate on endpaper. Slight foxing. 2 coloured maps, 3 colour plates, and numerous black-and-white illustrations. Binding tight, text very clean. 385pp. App 7″ by 5″.
SKU: huxley-physiography Categories: Science, Medicine & Natural History, All Rare Books Tag: Gift Ideas
Rain and Dew
The Crystallisation of Water
The Chemical Composition of Pure Water
The Chemical Composition of Natural Waters
The Work of Rain and Rivers
Ice and its Work
The Sea and its Work
Slow movements of the land
Living Matter
The Formation of Land by Animal Agencies
The Geological Structure of the Basin of the Thames
The Distribution of Land and Water
The Figure of the Earth
About the author (from Wikipedia):
Thomas Henry Huxley PC PRS FLS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist specialising in comparative anatomy. He is known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
Huxley's famous debate in 1860 with Samuel Wilberforce was a key moment in the wider acceptance of evolution and in his own career. Huxley had been planning to leave Oxford on the previous day, but, after an encounter with Robert Chambers, the author of Vestiges, he changed his mind and decided to join the debate. Wilberforce was coached by Richard Owen, against whom Huxley also debated about whether humans were closely related to apes.
Huxley had little formal schooling and was virtually self-taught. He became perhaps the finest comparative anatomist of the later 19th century. He worked on invertebrates, clarifying relationships between groups previously little understood. Later, he worked on vertebrates, especially on the relationship between apes and humans. After comparing Archaeopteryx with Compsognathus, he concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs, a theory widely accepted today.


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