text:
Q: There is no transfer of audio between two device in WebRTC over WIFI neither Mobile data(LTE) I have used STUN server but while connecting a mobile with mobile data then there is no audio from the connection. So I got a TURN Server and I have setted up the TURN server in flutter app but still there is no data transfer
import 'dart:convert';

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter_webrtc/flutter_webrtc.dart';
import 'package:firebase_core/firebase_core.dart';
import 'package:cloud_firestore/cloud_firestore.dart';

void main() async {
  WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
  await Firebase.initializeApp();
  runApp(MyApp());
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MaterialApp(
      title: 'Flutter Demo',
      theme: ThemeData(
        primarySwatch: Colors.blue,
        visualDensity: VisualDensity.adaptivePlatformDensity,
      ),
      home: MyHomePage(title: 'WebRTC lets learn together'),
    );
  }
}

class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
  MyHomePage({Key key, this.title}) : super(key: key);

  final String title;

  @override
  _MyHomePageState createState() => _MyHomePageState();
}

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
  CollectionReference firebaseInstance =
      FirebaseFirestore.instance.collection("dmeet");
  RTCPeerConnection _peerConnection;

  MediaStream _localStream;
  RTCVideoRenderer _remoteRenderer = RTCVideoRenderer();
  var docId = TextEditingController();
  var l;

  var document;

  _createOfferSdp() async {
    RTCSessionDescription description =
        await _peerConnection.createOffer({'offerToReceiveAudio': 1});
    Map<String, dynamic> session = {"sdp": description.sdp};
    document = firebaseInstance.doc();
    document.collection("sdp").doc("offersdp").set(session);
    await _peerConnection.setLocalDescription(description);
    // document.collection("icecandidate").snapshots().listen((result) async {
    //   dynamic candidate = new RTCIceCandidate(
    //       result['candidate'], result['sdpMid'], result['sdpMlineIndex']);
    //   await _peerConnection.addCandidate(candidate);
    // });
    // print(session);
    _peerConnection.onIceCandidate = (event) {
      if (event.candidate != null) {
        Map<String, dynamic> icecandidate = {
          "candidate": event.candidate,
          "sdpMid": event.sdpMid,
          "sdpMlineIndex": event.sdpMlineIndex
        };
        document.collection("candidate").doc().set(icecandidate);
      }
    };
  }

  bool remotesaved = false;

  _createAnswerSdp() async {
    firebaseInstance
        .doc(docId.text)
        .collection("sdp")
        .doc("offersdp")
        .get()
        .then((value) async {
      var remoteSession = value.data()["sdp"];
      RTCSessionDescription description1 =
          RTCSessionDescription(remoteSession, "offer");
      await _peerConnection
          .setRemoteDescription(description1)
          .then((value) async {
        RTCSessionDescription description2 =
            await _peerConnection.createAnswer({'offerToReceiveAudio': 1});
        Map<String, dynamic> session = {"sdp": description2.sdp};
        firebaseInstance
            .doc(docId.text)
            .collection("sdp")
            .doc("answersdp")
            .set(session);
        final iceCandidate = await firebaseInstance
            .doc(docId.text)
            .collection("candidate")
            .get();
        iceCandidate.docs.forEach((element) async {
          print("Candidate ${element.data()["candidate"]}");
          dynamic candidate = RTCIceCandidate(element.data()['candidate'],
              element.data()['sdpMid'], element.data()['sdpMlineIndex']);
          await _peerConnection.addCandidate(candidate);
        });
      });
    });

    if (remotesaved) {}
  }

  showAlertDialog(BuildContext context) {
    // set up the buttons
    Widget cancelButton = FlatButton(
      child: Text("Cancel"),
      onPressed: () {},
    );
    Widget continueButton = FlatButton(
      child: Text("Continue"),
      onPressed: _createAnswerSdp,
    );

    // set up the AlertDialog
    AlertDialog alert = AlertDialog(
      title: Text("AlertDialog"),
      content: TextField(
        controller: docId,
      ),
      actions: [
        cancelButton,
        continueButton,
      ],
    );

    // show the dialog
    showDialog(
      context: context,
      builder: (BuildContext context) {
        return alert;
      },
    );
  }

  initRenderer() async {
    await _remoteRenderer.initialize();
  }

  @override
  void initState() {
    _createPeerConnection().then((pc) {
      _peerConnection = pc;
    });
    initRenderer();
    // _localStream.initialize();
    super.initState();
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _remoteRenderer.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  _getUserMedia() async {
    final Map<String, dynamic> mediaConstraints = {
      'audio': true,
      'video': false,
    };

    MediaStream stream = await navigator.getUserMedia(mediaConstraints);

    // _localStream = stream;

    // _peerConnection.addStream(stream);

    return stream;
  }

  _createPeerConnection() async {
    Map<String, dynamic> configuration = {
      "iceServers": [
        // {"url": "stun:stun.l.google.com:19302"},
        {
          "url": "turn:numb.viagenie.ca",
          "username": "*******@gmail.com",
          "credential": "******",
        }
      ]
    };

    final Map<String, dynamic> offerSdpConstraints = {
      "mandatory": {
        "OfferToReceiveAudio": true,
        "OfferToReceiveVideo": false,
      },
      "optional": [],
    };

    _localStream = await _getUserMedia();

    RTCPeerConnection pc =
        await createPeerConnection(configuration, offerSdpConstraints);
    pc.addStream(_localStream);

    pc.onIceCandidate = (e) {
      if (e.candidate != null) {
        l = json.encode({
          'candidate': e.candidate.toString(),
          'sdpMid': e.sdpMid.toString(),
          'sdpMlineIndex': e.sdpMlineIndex,
        });
        print("Her $l");
      }
    };

    pc.onAddStream = (stream) {
      print('addStream: ' + stream.id);
      _remoteRenderer.srcObject = stream;
    };

    return pc;
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Container(
        child: Center(
          child: Row(
            children: [
              Flexible(child: RTCVideoView(_remoteRenderer)),
              ElevatedButton(
                child: Text("Create"),
                onPressed: _createOfferSdp,
              ),
              ElevatedButton(
                onPressed: () {
                  showAlertDialog(context);
                },
                child: Text("Join"),
              )
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

Though I have Used TURN server still there is no audio transfer what may be the possible solution for it?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The new entity will be headed by Andy Taylor (pictured), who was last at InfoGroup, and had spells with Cap Gemini and Experian earlier in his career.
DefinitiveIQ will offer clients market research, profiling, data analytics, data management and customer profiling to enhance their marketing performance and develop effective campaigns.
Taylor said that the company currently employs between 80 and 100 people and will continue to work with parent company Panovus' client base, as well as looking to win business from new customers.
it really is a shame then that they bill their clients for days that were not worked. By the way the are formely known as slipstream and they went in to administration and are still under investigation.


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text:
in: Concepts
Phlogiston, the
A 2007 image from the Hubble telescope looking at the Carina Nebula in deep space. The image is often used to show the colors of the Phlogiston. https://www.noao.edu/icarchives/image_caption.070503.html
"The Phlogiston, The Rainbow Ocean, The Flow - an endless sea of every color" - gnome astronomer Hub-El, describing the unimaginably huge expanse between crystal shells
2 Planar Layout
3 Qualities of the Phlogiston
4 Fire in the Flow
The phlogiston is that which is outside and between crystal shells. It appears as an infinite fog of swirling colors.
The Flow's vastness is dominated by flowrivers, which link crystal shells in a mind-bogglingly gigantic 3-D web. Flowrivers are useful to spacefarers because they (greatly) facilitate travel between the crystal shells. In many cases, a journey directly to a specific crystal shell would take many years, but the journey can easily be shortened to a much smaller amount of time by following the flowrivers from one shell to the next. (Hence, navigation in the phlogiston is a tricky connect-the-dots activity).
It is not possible to see a flowriver (though detailed measurements can detect a significant increase in the drift of the multi-colored fog in one or two directions). They are felt more than seen; an individual sitting on a spelljammer helm can easily realize that a starship has entered a flowriver.
Most flowrivers are two-way, allowing passage in either direction between two crystal shells. However, some are one-way, so it is not advisable to try to double back along a one-way flowriver (doing so poses the same difficulties as not using a flowriver at all).
Planar Layout[]
The Manual of the Planes would have probably termed the phlogiston as a Transitive Plane had it been included in that volume, and in many ways, that's exactly what the Rainbow Ocean is. (It is still considered a part of the Material Plane, however, as are all known crystal shells). Nevertheless, there are features within the rainbow fog and even occasional phlogiston inhabitants.
Qualities of the Phlogiston[]
The Flow is softly luminous, so light sources are not necessary on a ship's open decks while in the phlogiston. Visibility is quite limited, however - treat the phlogiston as heavy fog for that purpose.
Most places within the phlogiston look exactly alike, but there are known, and dreaded, Dark Regions from which few have returned. A feature unique to the Rainbow Ocean is the strange flow beacon, an object that resembles a rapidly spinning star. No one has ever determined who built these devices, nor what they do.
Fire in the Flow[]
The phlogiston is extremely flammable within any kind of air, so the use of fire is highly inadvisable in the Flow. Even a spark can set off a small, fiery explosion. If a spell is cast that produces flame, it goes off instantly, centered on the caster, and it is considered to be cast as if on a plane with the minor fire-dominant trait.
For this reason, combat casters in the Rainbow Ocean tend toward the use of other energies besides fire, especially electrical.
Material Plane
Crystal Shells
Flow Beacons
Dark Regions of the Phlogiston
Phlogiston Inhabitants
Phlogiston article at the Forgotten Realms Wiki, a wiki for the Forgotten Realms campaign setting.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How do I cast/convert an array of objects to generic type T when T is defined as an array? Given a generic class Foo<T> with a method public T Convert(string value), I am trying to handle the possibility that T is defined as an array.
For example, T as a simple type:
Foo<int> foo = new Foo<int>();
int bar = foo.Convert("123");
// bar == 123

But also, T as an array:
Foo<int[]> foo = new Foo<int[]>();
int[] bars = foo.Convert("1,2,3");
// bars = [1, 2, 3]

Here is class Foo with an invalid cast that I'm not quite sure how to resolve.
public class Foo<T>
{

    public T Convert(string value)
    {
        Type t = typeof(T);
        if (t.IsArray)
        {
            string[] values = value.Split(',');
            Type elementType = t.GetElementType();
            // this cast is invalid
            return (T)values.Select(v => elementType.IsEnum ? Enum.Parse(elementType, v, true) : ChangeType(v, elementType)).ToArray();
        }
        else
        {
            return (T)ChangeType(value, t);
        }
    }

    private object ChangeType(string value, Type type)
    {
        if (type.IsGenericType && type.GetGenericTypeDefinition().Equals(typeof(Nullable<>)))
        {
            if (value == null)
            {
                return default;
            }
            type = Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(type);
        }
        return System.Convert.ChangeType(value, type);
    }

}

A: You are not really using the features of generics here, except getting the type via typeof(T). So a solution without generics would be:
public class Foo
{
    public object Convert(string value, Type t)
    {
        if (t.IsArray)
        {
            string[] values = value.Split(',');
            Type elementType = t.GetElementType();
            var array = Array.CreateInstance(elementType, values.Length);
            for (var i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
            {
                array.SetValue(elementType.IsEnum ? Enum.Parse(elementType, values[i], true) : ChangeType(values[i], elementType), i);
            }
            return array;
        }
        else
        {
            return ChangeType(value, t);
        }
    }

    private object ChangeType(string value, Type type)
    {
        if (type.IsGenericType && type.GetGenericTypeDefinition().Equals(typeof(Nullable<>)))
        {
            if (value == null)
            {
                return default;
            }
            type = Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(type);
        }
        return System.Convert.ChangeType(value, type);
    }
}

Note that I use Array.CreateInstance to create e.g. a proper int[] instead of the object[] created by your values.Select(v => elementType.IsEnum ? Enum.Parse(elementType, v, true) : ChangeType(v, elementType)).ToArray().
If you want, you can still have a generic version on top of it:
public class Foo<T> : Foo
{
    public T Convert(string value)
    {
        return (T)Convert(value, typeof(T));
    }
}

A: Why not keep your impl that understands Foo<int> and use it to make an array:
int[] bars = "1,2,3".Split(",").Select(foo.Convert).ToArray();

This way the calling method can be the one who knows how the array is arranged rather than baking it into Convert as a CSV:
int[] bars = "1-2-3".Split("-").Select(foo.Convert).ToArray();

I do wonder what you really gain over swapping foo.Convert out for int.Parse though.. Looks like you're writing a large, confusing, slow mega parser for little gain over offering a static Parse method per your custom type and calling it as per above


Several months ago, I requested the book Raising Grateful Kids in an Entitled World by Kristen Welch from our local library and then forgot that I had requested it. In a case of perfect timing, it showed up on my holds shelf just before the Thanksgiving Season.
One of the first steps toward raising grateful kids is to recognize the need for it. Our culture is obsessed with chasing after more and more possessions to find identity and happiness. When we teach our kids about contentment, gratefulness, and service, we are standing up against our culture.
We have a lot to be grateful for, including big, juicy turkeys. Happy Thanksgiving everyone!
Last year, I went to a neighbor's house to purchase some Legos from her kids who had outgrown them. The kids were trying to make some cash by selling old toys. My neighbor said that her fifth-grade son felt he needed certain brands of clothing to fit in at school. He wanted his mom to buy him a pair of $70 socks. No, that's not a typo. Seventy dollars! I asked her to repeat the amount because, until that point in time, I didn't even know they sold socks that cost $70.
After this conversation, I had a renewed sense of gratitude for homeschooling. I know that one day soon my kids will be more immersed in the broader culture of consumerism, but homeschooling is buying us (no pun intended) a few more years to keep all of that at bay. I have to fight against materialism in raising my kids, but not to the extent some of my neighbors do.
After reading Kristin Welch's book on Raising Grateful Kids, I took notes on her seven recommended steps to free kids from the entitlement trap.
2) STRESS THE VALUE OF MONEY – Give kids a lump sum each week or month, as you deem appropriate. Let them manage some money on their own to pay for things they want. This will teach kids the value of a dollar and teach them how to save. They will also be more grateful for your hard work to earn money.
3) EMPHASIZE THE VALUE OF HARD WORK – Hard work teaches kids to be grateful and instills work ethic. Kids should experience manual labor and help with family projects.
4) TEACH RESPONSIBILITY AND MANAGE CONSEQUENCES – Kids will make mistakes, but if we don't require something of them when mistakes are made, they will not learn a lesson and will keep making the same mistakes. Doling out consequences can be as painful for parents as they are for kids, but failure can be the best teacher.
5) TEACH THE BENEFITS OF DELAYED GRATIFICATION – Our culture demands instant gratification. Make kids wait for what they want. When the thing waited for is finally achieved, it is a much sweeter reward. I read in another book once that said it's a good idea to have kids make a list of things they want. When they want something new, tell them to add it to the list so they can decide what to prioritize when they have the available funds.
6) GIVE KIDS A LARGER WORLDVIEW – Perspective is one of the most important gifts we can give our kids and ourselves and service is one of the best ways to package it. If we see life through only one lens, we believe the misconception that everyone in the world has what we do and our blessings start looking a lot like expectations. Allow kids to experience discomfort and serve those who are in need.
7) STRIVE TO INSTILL FAITHFULNESS – Faithfulness—the tenacity to continue—is almost a foreign concept in our culture. You are a living an example to your kids. You are showing them that when the going gets hard, you dig in your heels and you are faithful.
Let us be strong, dare to be different, and continue to stand up to our culture. Doing the work necessary to combat entitlement and help instill gratitude in our kids will be worth it!
I am so grateful that my 5th grade daughter is content and grateful. Last year, when I anyone asked what she wanted for Christmas, she said, "Just surprise me." And she says the same thing this year. For her birthday, we always have it with just us and her grandparents because she has the same birthday as her grandpa. Well, this year, everyone was sick except me and her. So we went to our little local museum, I took her ice skating, and we went to a movie. She was happy about our special day together.


text:
MLB teams ready to battle for a championship
Nick Despotakis, Reporter|September 29, 2020
Tim Gouw-Pexels
An overview of Rogers Centre, home of the Toronto Blue Jays, one of the 2020 playoff teams.
The MLB postseason bracket is finalized and teams are ready to compete for a championship starting Sept. 29.
The American League wild card series will begin on Tuesday and will be a three game battle between the Toronto Blue Jays and the Tampa Bay Rays in Tropicana Field.
Tampa Bay is expected to win the series due to the amount of depth in their pitching staff. They finished the season with a team ERA of 3.56, good for third best in all of baseball.
The Blue Jays were not expected to make the postseason in 2020 and will be the underdogs in the series. They have decent pitching and offense, but it will not be enough to get past the Rays.
The second AL wild card series will be in Minneapolis on Tuesday night where the Houston Astros will take on the Minnesota Twins.
The Twins are an all-around power house with both pitching and offense to carry them to victory against the Astros.
Houston is lacking in pitching, especially after losing their ace Justin Verlander to Tommy John surgery. Teams will be looking to destroy them after their discovered cheating scandal in 2017.
The Oakland Athletics are looking to win their first playoff series since 2006 and have a decent shot at doing so against a very young, but talented Chicago White Sox team.
The A's have been fantastic the last three seasons, but have failed to win a playoff series. The White Sox made the playoffs for the first time since 2008 and are one of the most exciting and youngest teams in baseball.
The A's will end their drought and beat the White Sox led by their strong pitching staff that finished the season with a 3.77 ERA, good for fifth in all of baseball.
The NL wild card series starts on Sept. 30 where the St. Louis Cardinals will face off against the San Diego Padres.
The Cardinals are competitive every season having made the playoffs 13 times since 2000, winning two World Series titles.
The San Diego Padres made the postseason for the first time since 2006 and have the most exciting team in their franchise history being led by two MVP candidates in Fernando Tatis Jr. and Manny Machado.
They also made crucial trades at the trade deadline which will help them tremendously in the postseason.
The Padres will beat the Cardinals led by their powerful offense who finished fourth in home runs (95) and third in runs scored (325).
The Cincinnati Reds are taking the field against the Atlanta Braves at Truist Park in Atlanta.
The Reds pitching staff did great this season finishing seventh in baseball with a 3.84 ERA. They were led by starting pitchers Trevor Bauer and Sonny Gray who are both in consideration for the NL Cy Young award.
The Atlanta Braves have been competitive for most of the past three decades and own the record for most consecutive division titles winning 14 in a row from 1991-2005.
They are one of the best offensive teams in the sport finishing second in batting average (.268), second in home runs (103) and first in runs batted in (338).
It is going to be a great battle between a great pitching staff and an elite offense.
The Atlanta Braves will beat the Cincinnati Reds led by MVP candidate Freddie Freeman who has been one of the best players in baseball for the past five seasons.
The Miami Marlins are taking on the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field. They barely missed out on the postseason last year after being competitive the five years prior, winning the World Series in 2016 for the first time in 111 years.
The Marlins just made the postseason for the first time since they won the World Series in 2003. They were not expected to even come close to making the playoffs, but were led terrifically by manager Don Mattingly.
Mattingly is a great manager, but the Marlins will not beat the Chicago Cubs. The Cubs are not unbeatable, but they are better than the Marlins in every major category and have players with successful postseason experience in Anthony Rizzo, Kris Bryant and Javier Baez.
Finally, the Los Angeles Dodgers will take the field against the Milwaukee Brewers.
It's simple. The Dodgers are the best team in baseball finishing with a whopping 42 wins and 17 losses, good for a .717 winning percentage.
The Brewers barely snuck into the postseason finishing with a 29-31 record to finish eighth in the NL seeding.
The Dodgers will destroy the Brewers and will make it look easy doing so. They are better than the Brewers in every aspect of the game, dominating in both pitching and hitting.
They have a team ERA of 3.02, the best in baseball. They also have a fantastic line up finishing first in home runs (118), second in RBI's (327) and first in runs scored (349).
A shortened season does not change the legitimacy of winning the World Series. Every team is working hard to bring a championship back to their respected fans.
Nick Despotakis can be reached at orionmanagingeditor.com or @nick__despo on Twitter.
Chico State baseball 'frustrated' with cancelled season
Robinson Cano: a 16-year veteran caught cheating for the second time in his career
Freeman, Abreu awarded MVPs in respected leagues.
Dodgers finally claim World Series trophy
MLB opens investigation on Turner for violating protocols
NCAA football postpones numerous games due to COVID-19
Lizzie Wilson: a former junior college volleyball athlete brings her talents to the Wildcats
CCAA shuts down sports for remainder of school year
Sam Mulock: a pitching star for the Wildcats
The Athletics have all the pieces for a World Series title run
San Francisco Giants in hunt for playoff spot
Chico State baseball players discuss unorthodox recruitment process
Chico State baseball reflects on cancelled season
Brothers represent their hometown on the baseball diamond


text:
Q: How to set Default font-family I want to set default font family as 'Open Sans', sans-serif; for the whole project but nothing works. Am using Sencha Touch 2.3.1

A: Do it through CSS:
* {
    font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif !important;
}

A: Add font file with .otf extension in \resources\css folder and replace all default font family to 'Open Sans', sans-serif in app.css file it will work.


text:
October 8, 2012 October 8, 2012 Dan O.
Halloween Horror Movie Month: 28 Days Later (2003)
When in doubt, make 'em fast.
28 days later after a rage-virus has swept the area and turned every infected person into crazy zombies, bicycle courier Jim (Cillian Murphy) awakes from a coma in the deserted intensive care unit of a London hospital. He soon meets up with a fellow survivor, Selena (Naomia Harris), and both embark on a journey to get themselves the hell out of London, and also, be able to get themselves out alive.
I'll never, ever forget the first time that I saw this movie. I was probably in 8th grade, and it was late at-night (on a school-night of course), and I stumbled upon the beginning of this flick on FX and thought to myself, "It's 10 o'clock. Should I watch this movie for the next 3 hours and be extremely tired tomorrow, or should I go to sleep, catch it another time, and get my 9 hours of perfect sleep? Hmmm…." Thankfully, I went with the first option and to be honest, it didn't matter how late it was because my ass wasn't getting any sleep at all that night after watching this. Seriously, that movie kept me up all night and at one-point, I was afraid to even go to the bathroom because it was a dark hallway, and I thought I heard noises. Little did I know that it was just my dog, but still, you couldn't have told me that at that time and place because I was so wrapped-up in what I just saw that my mind wasn't taking anything else in.
This whole dumb story about me and my first-viewing with this flick may come off as random and unneeded, but in my case, it totally is. See, I rarely ever get scared by horror films because I for one, know that they aren't ever grounded in-reality. Iconic horror characters like Michael Myers, Jason Vorhees, Freddy Krueger, and etc., don't scare me because I know they aren't real and most likely, never will be real. But, what really scared me about this movie was how it didn't have those elements, instead, everything felt, looked, acted, and played-out, as if it was all real and could actually happen in a world like ours. Yes, I know it all sounds pretty freakin' goofy that I would assume a zombie apocalypse would ever run rampant in our world and go out like this, but seriously, just think about it: they don't even have to be zombies, they can just be a bunch of infected human-beings that have no control over anything in their minds. Seriously, it could happen and if it doesn't, I will be glad to be proven wrong, but that is why this movie scared the utter bajeebers out of me 5 years ago when I first saw it, and that's why it still does now.
Most of the credit for scaring the hell out of me has to go to Danny Boyle and what he does with this material. Instead of making this your typical zombie-movie where all we see is a bunch of people shooting blood and guts, we get an actual story-based type of approach that not only fits the characters in it, but also the mood that Boyle has set for us as well. Right from the beginning with those iconic shots of a deserted London, we know that we are placed in a post-apocalyptic world that is sad, depressing, and as dark as you're ever going to get with any other film of this nature, and the way Boyle sets it off is exactly how he allows it to all play-out.
Of course we all know what a post-apocalyptic world looks like: no people, no civilization, no order, and in some cases, no nothing, but there's something so realistic-feeling about this world that Boyle paints that has me still frightened to this day. See, it seems like this could happen any day, any place, at any time, and it doesn't matter where it begins or where it ends because it's going to sweep the globe as soon as possible. That's the way you mostly have it with any type of zombie/virus movie, but this one is different because it feels like a real-threat. These people can run, they can hide, and they can do whatever they want, but one of these days, they may not be so lucky and end-up biting the dust sooner than they may think. This urgent sense of danger and doom surrounds this flick in every single shot, and it never goes away, which is why I'm still clinging to my pillow as we speak.
None of this would ever feel so realistic and dangerous if it wasn't for Boyle, and this guy sure as hell doesn't lose that idea in his head. See, the best thing about Boyle is that he isn't just a type of director that shoots the scenes, gets good performances from the cast, and calls it a day. Nope, this guy is all about everything else in-between all of that and it shows so perfectly here. The digital-camera brings an extra grainy-look to the flick that puts us inside of this cold and dark world that never seems to have a bright day; the music comes in at times at makes you feel happy, then makes you feel sad, and then makes you feel like your about to go crazy by how tense everything is (I'm talking about you, tunnel scene); and the color-schemes that Boyle chooses for each and every scene bring out a certain amount of beauty to each scene, as dark and hideous as it may be (the red dresses during the last-act just freakin' popped-out at me). Basically, when it comes right down to it, Boyle is a guy that looks at everything in a flick, makes it better, and gives it his own little stylistic touches that in some ways, may come off as too "artsy", but in other ways, it comes off as fan freakin' tastic.
But, let's not forget people, this is not your typical zombie story that we have all seen a hundred times before-hand, because believe it or not, there's actually a story here that talks about something more than you might expect from a movie about a bunch of ragged-up killers on the loose. The film talks about how it sometimes takes a devastating act like an apocalypse or a break-down in society to show you who evil human-beings can be. This point is never really hammered-through to you until the last 45 minutes when the story takes a dramatic turn, but you get an essence of that the whole time throughout and you also feel like the only way most people can get through such terrible events like this, is by love and friendship with the people around you. That's why the "romance" here works, because it's shoe-horned in and quick for a reason, people need each other in the world no matter what. There's also a juicy little piece of context in here about how we, as people, have been killing each other for years and years and years, but now have to actually go-forth with that in a society where that's the only-option. It's a fairly obvious point you can pretty much gather right from the first scene or two, but it's still one worth mentioning because it goes beyond what you normally expect in a movie about zombies.
Jeez, I feel like I've gone on way too long about this movie but the fact is, after seeing it over 8 times now, I still can't get enough of it and look at each and every scene as if it was just another piece of art that Boyle chose in his mind and was somehow able to paint it all out onto film. The sturdy story that takes over the first hour or so, does change-up drastically by the last hour and becomes more of an action/thriller type of movie but even that still works, even if it is a bit conventional. Still, though, I realized there was a lot more to this plot than just blood, guts, and violence, and in a way, all of that shit that does go down in the end sort of justifies it's point and by what it's trying to say. Trust me, the plot-conventions and cliches are more than you think they are, and that's the whole beauty and uniqueness of this movie.
Boyle also did something very daring and smart with this movie and chose people for the roles, that were the normal people you'd see in movies like these, let alone in movies in general. I mean now, these people are pretty big-stars, but before this, they looked like nothing else except for just real people, that were stuck in a real world, and tried their hardest to find happiness in it. Cillian Murphy does a great job with his role as Jim because the guy starts out as such a wimp, and dumb-ass that seems to be a bit way too in over his head with the world he has yet to get a grasp hold onto, but after awhile, builds up enough courage and steam of his own to actually have you believe that this guy can really stick up for himself and survive in this world. The transformation Jim goes through isn't touched-upon enough, in my book, but is still shown in a believable and understandable way, thanks to both Boyle and Murphy themselves.
Rounding out the rest of the cast is a nice line-up that all do perfect jobs with the limited-material that they're given. Naomie Harris plays Selena as a bad-ass that would kill you in seconds if she had to, but also shows there's a lot vulnerability to her as well that makes her seem more well-rounded as a human-being rather than just a straight-up, vicious beotch; Brendan Gleeson is a delight to watch as Frank, the loving father that always seems to look on the bright-side to any situation and kept me smiling the whole time he was on-screen; Megan Burns wasn't so good as the daughter, but I think she was supposed to underplay this role a bit so I can't be too hard on her; and last, but certainly not least, is Christopher Eccleston as Major West, a guy who comes off as a knight in shining armor right from the start, but starts to slowly change your mind about him and you never, ever know what this guy is going to do next. I like that with characters and I think Eccleston handles that well and shows to be more of a human-being, rather than just showing off as a villainous d-bag.
Consensus: Maybe, just maybe, I'm in the minority with this one but 28 Days Later is one of my favorite horror films of all-time. The world that Boyle paints is as devastating and frightening as it gets; the characters are more well-rounded and developed than the script actually gives them credit for; the scares and chills get to you by the utter feel of realism that shoots-out in every frame of this picture; and the message about who we are as humans and what we'll do to live-on in life is as heartbreaking and brutally honest as it can get. Definitely go out there and see it, not just to be scared, but also to be a bit enlightened as well.
9.5/10=Full Effin' Price!!
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Marvin Campbell
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Squasher88 says:
Just watched this for the first time last night. I totally concur with your enthusiam! I love when the guy says it's simply "people killing people". It really hammers home the reality of the situation. Those red dresses really popped with me too and I also thought the daughter was a bit strange. So, I think we had a very similar viewing experience. 🙂
I'm glad because I freakin' love this movie! It brings so much reality to such a fantasy-like sequence that it's hard to believe it happening any other way.
The daughter is terrible! Easily the worst part of the film. I've watched 28 Days Later 5 or so times now and I try to skip her dialogue. There's a part when they're in the tower block deciding whether they should stay or go with Jim and she monotonously says, "we should go, we are not safe her".
She's actually a punk singer now under the alias, Betty Curse. Google her or check her wiki out: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Burns
Aside from that, I fully agree with you and I'd give the film a similar rating! Nice one Dan.
Yeah, she's pretty lame but it's fine, because the rest of the film makes up for that. Thanks Ben!
VictorsMovieReviews says:
I typically don't go for horror movies, but I went for this one.
Good review. It scared the s&!t out of me for the same reasons you mentioned.
It still scares the shit out of me, even if I have seen it way too many times.
I generally don't like horror movies, but I have to admit that 28 days later is one of my absolute favorites. It's so well done, fast paced, creepy and believeable!
One of my favorite horror movies for all of the same reasons you mentioned. Nice one Jeanette!
Great post, that scene when he's walking the empty streets is so eerie and effective.
It's beyond iconic and with great reason: it's beautiful and terrifying at the same time.
Damn good horror film, And its British! 😀
That's always good!
Evan Crean says:
I already loved this film before I bought it on blu-ray. After I got it and watched it though, I decided that it may be the best blu-ray purchase I've made so far. Never has a horror movie looked so damn sexy as it does with Boyle at the helm. This compelling flick cemented him as one of my favorite working directors. 28 Days Later definitely sticks with you. It's scary, beautiful, and it has fantastic characters.
Dave Enkosky says:
I loved the hell out of this back when it came out but I haven't seen it since then. I gotta give it another watch.
You gotta my man! It's a great watch whenever you check it out.
You didn't go too long talking about this movie. A good portion of my senior thesis was devoted to 28 Days Later. It's so good on so many levels, especially once you start analyzing the effect of some of the content decisions, like having fast zombies or the fact that you are giving a view of what humans could be stripped down to as part of the animal kingdom.
John Murphy's score really helps the movie." In The House – In A Heartbeat" alone is amazing.
What an awesome topic! What did you end up getting on it?
I actually really enjoyed writing it. I wrote a zombie screenplay and the critical part with it was mostly discussing zombies and movies and some highlights on themes and choices for my script. Best part was saying my research was watching movies.
My college has a lame grading system for our independent study/thesis. It's Good, Satisfactory, or No Credit. I got a Good.
Chip Lary says:
Horror doesn't do much for me as a genre, but 28 Days Later is one of the horror films that I do recommend to others. (The sequel, not so much.)
28 Days Later… (2002) [REVIEW] | The Wolfman Cometh says:
[…] Halloween Horror Movie Month: 28 Days Later (2003) […]
» Movie Review – The Frighteners (Director's Cut) Fernby Films says:


text:
Q: jQuery function not attached to dom elements I am trying build a web page that will construct elements from JSON file and attach click function to those elements.
$(document).ready(function(){

 $.ajax({
        url: 'database.php',
        type: "POST",
        dataType: 'json',
        success: function (datas) {
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$('.ip').click(function () {
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});

});

the code above builds the elements successfully but the click function is not working.

A: You can use the on function instead, it is used to apply event handlers to elements that are not yet created.
Where you have your current click setup, try something like this instead:
$(document).on('click', '.ip', function(){
    alert($(this).children('#ids').text());
});

As @Pete has suggested, it is not a good idea to assign the same id attributes within a loop, they should be unique to the document. Consider finding them via class names instead, so you could alert something like:
alert($(this).children('.MyIdsSpan').text());


text:
\section{Introduction}
Heavy ion collisions at the energies corresponding to the upper part of the RHIC Beam Energy Scan program represent an interesting case for exploration in the framework of hydrodynamic approach. From one side, the distributions of produced hadrons are approximately boost invariant in the range of a few units of rapidity around midrapidity - the picture well established in heavy ion collisions at the higher collision energies (top RHIC and LHC). From the other side, at such energies the effects of finite baryon density start to play a role, due to finite baryon stopping.

In this respect the AFTER@LHC program \cite{Brodsky:2012vg, Trzeciak:2017csa, Kikola:2017hnp, Massacrier:2017oeq} looks promising, as it plans to use the LHC beam in a fixed target mode operation, colliding heavy ios (lead-lead, lead-xenon) at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=72$~GeV. Because of the fixed-target nature of the experiment one can measure hadron production in a wide interval of rapidities, up to the projectile/target rapidity. Also, STAR experiment at RHIC plans Phase II of the Beam Energy Scan program with the upgraded detector which will allow for a larger rapidity coverage. In this work we assess a rapidity dependence of the properties of matter created in such reactions, in the framework of viscous hydrodynamic + cascade model, vHLLE+UrQMD. The structure is as follows: in Section 2 we briefly describe the model and show the rapidity dependence of thermodynamic parameters at the end of the hydro stage, in Section 3 we discuss the resulting observables, and make conclusions in Section 4.

\section{Model and thermodynamics at particlization}

We use a hydro+cascade model vHLLE+UrQMD to simulate the heavy ion reactions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=72$~GeV. The initial stage of the reaction is described with hadron/string cascade UrQMD \cite{Bass:1998ca}. At the hypersurface of constant Bjorken proper time $\tau_0=\sqrt{t^2-z^2}=0.64$~fm/c the system is {\it fluidized}, i.e.~the energy-momenta and charges of initial state particles are distributed to the hydrodynamic grid. This way we obtain a 3 dimensional initial state with nonzero baryon, electric charge and - in event-by-event calculation - strangeness densities, which are propagated in the hydrodynamic stage by solving the corresponding charge conservation equations. On Fig.~\ref{fig-densities} we show event-averaged initial energy and baryon densities in the center of the transverse plane, x=y=0, as a function of the spacetime rapidity $\eta$. We note that the baryon density distribution from the UrQMD initial stage is different from the other dynamical initial state model in \cite{Shen:2017bsr}. However, in our case the initial state also has certain longitudinal flow which is stronger than the boost invariant one. This results in a stronger propagation of the baryon density to higher geometrical rapidities. The initial state also contains a finite angular momentum of the system, which is important for the description of global $\Lambda$ polarization in heavy ion collisions \cite{Karpenko:2016jyx}. The subsequent evolution is treated in the framework of a 3 dimensional event-by-event viscous hydrodynamic approximation with vHLLE code \cite{Karpenko:2013wva}.

\begin{figure}
 \begin{center}
 \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{initialDensities}
 \end{center}
 \caption{Event-averaged initial energy and baryon densities for the hydrodynamic stage, in the center of the transverse plane, x=y=0, as a function of the spacetime rapidity $\eta$. The simulation is performed for 0-5\% central PbPb collison at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=72$~GeV.}\label{fig-densities}
\end{figure}

When the energy density in the local rest frame of a fluid element reaches the value of $\epsilon_{\rm sw}=0.5$~GeV/fm$^3$, and the equation of state of matter is well described in terms of a non-interacting hadron resonance gas, a so-called particlization is performed, i.~e.~change from fluid medium to particle description. At this point we use the Cooper-Frye prescription \cite{Cooper:1974mv}. The post-hydrodynamic evolution - hadronic rescatterings and resonance decays - is performed again with the UrQMD cascade.

The value of $\epsilon_{\rm sw}=0.5$~GeV/fm$^3$ has been chosen in a previous analysis \cite{Karpenko:2015xea} to optimally describe the observables (including hadron chemistry) in the full range of RHIC BES energies, therefore we use this setting as ``universal'' and use it to check what happens in a ``rapidity scan'' at a fixed collision energy instead of a collision beam energy scan.

Whereas the energy density at the particlization surface is fixed by construction, the charge densities (baryon, electric and strange) are given by the hydrodynamic evolution. As a result the densities vary across the hypersurface. The Cooper-Frye prescription used to sample hadrons at the particlization hypersurface is based on grand canonical ensemble. Therefore we recalculate temperature, baryon, electric and strange chemical potentials according to hadron gas EoS for given energy, baryon and strange densities on each element of particlization hypersurface. Naturally, the resulting temperature and chemical potentials vary across the hypersurface as well, and their distribution is visualized on Fig.~\ref{figT}. The color coding on this figure correspond to intensity of particle emission from surface elements with given spacetime rapidity and given value of temperature. The actual range of temperatures and chemical potentials is even wider if one looks at all hypersurface elements irrespective of their contribution to the total particle production. Fig.~\ref{figT} demonstrates that (i) the average baryon chemical potential grows away from midrapidity, (ii) the variation of the baryon chemical potential even at fixed spacetime rapidity is quite substantial, which constrasts the conventional picture of particular collision energy probing via chemical freeze-out a particular point on the QCD phase diagram \cite{Andronic:2017pug}. In fact as one can see from Fig.~\ref{fig-phaseDiag}, due to inhomogenity of the initial energy and baryon densities in all space directions, different fluid elements cover certain areas on the $T-\mu_{\rm B}$ plane in the course of their evolution. Fluid slices with higher spacetime rapidity cover strips at larger $\mu_{\rm B}$ as initial ratio of baryon to energy density grows with (modulus of) rapidity. This way the different rapidity slices scan different areas of the phase diagram in the course of their evolution.

Whereas the trajectories in the $T-\mu_{\rm B}$ plane on Fig.~\ref{fig-phaseDiag} do not depend on the particlization criterion, the temperature and chemical potential distributions on the particlization hypersurface clearly do. However, the main factor here is independent propagation of baryon current in hydrodynamic phase. Therefore a different choice of particlization criterion, e.g.~a fixed temperature, will result in qualitatively similar distribution of baryon chemical potential at the particlization hypersurface.
\begin{figure}
 \hspace{-25pt}\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{T-rap-pb72-0005}
 \hspace{-15pt}\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{mub-rap-pb72-0005}
 \caption{Distribution of temperature and baryon chemical potentials across the particlization hypersurface as a function of momentum rapidity of produced hadrons. Color encode the rate of particles produced with a given value of rapidity from a surface element with given temperature or baryon chemical potential. The event-by-event hydrodynamic calculation is performed for 20-30\% central PbPb collison at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=72$~GeV.}\label{figT}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
 \begin{center}
 \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{phaseDiagramSweep}\\
 \vspace{-20pt}
 \end{center}
 \caption{Trajectories (represented by points) on the $T-\mu_{\rm B}$ plane, covered by the slices of the fluid corresponding to different rapidities. Color encode the rapidity of the slice. The simulation is performed for averaged initial state corresponding to 20-30\% central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=72$~GeV.}\label{fig-phaseDiag}
\end{figure}

\section{Rapidity dependence of observables}
The resulting rapidity distributions of pions, kaons and protons in the model are shown on Fig.~\ref{fig-dndy}. As the temperature at the particlization hypersurface is virtually flat up to geometrical rapidity $\eta=\pm3$, the rapidity shape of the pion and kaon yields is mostly defined by the change of the rapidity-differential effective volume $\Delta V_{\rm eff}=\int d\sigma_\mu u^\mu$ with geometrical rapidity. In addition to that, the increase of mean baryon chemical potential away from midrapidity enhances the production of baryons and suppresses antibatyons.
\begin{figure}
 \includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{dndy_id_pb72-0005}
 \includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{netp_pb72-0005}
 \caption{Rapidity distributions of identified hadrons (left panel) and rapidity distribution of net protons (right panel) at 0-5\% central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=72$~GeV from the event-by-event model calculations.}\label{fig-dndy}
\end{figure}
A shallow doubly-peaked structure in rapidity distribution for protons, combined with monotonic decrease of antiproton production with rapidity, results in somewhat more pronounced doubly-peaked structure for net protons, see right panel of Fig.~\ref{fig-dndy}. Comparing to existing results at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=62.4$~GeV from BRAHMS experiment at RHIC \cite{Arsene:2009aa} we conclude that the peak value of the net proton distribution is close to the experimental value, whereas the hole at midrapidity is not reproduced well due to the baryon charge distribution from UrQMD initial state.

\begin{figure}
 \begin{center}
 \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{v2EPrap_72gev}
 \end{center}
 \caption{Elliptic flow of all charged hadrons as a function of rapidity, for 20-30\% central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=72$~GeV from the event-by-event model calculations.}\label{fig-v2}
\end{figure}

Finally we calculate the elliptic flow coefficient at different momentum rapidities using event plane method, and show the results on Fig.~\ref{fig-v2}. The elliptic flow exhibits peaks around pseudorapidity $\eta=\pm 2$. Such rapidity structure is driven by two effects: (i) the eccentricity of the initial state slightly increases as one departs from zero spacetime rapidity region of the initial state, see Fig.~\ref{fig-hydro}, left, and (ii) because of the doubly-peaked structure of the initial energy density the lifetime of the hydro stage as a function of geometrical rapidity peaks around $\eta=\pm2$.

\begin{figure}
 \includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{eccentricity_rapidity}
 \includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{thydro_rapidity}
 \caption{Eccentricity of initial state as a function of spacetime rapidity (left panel) and mean proper time of particlization as a function of momentum rapidity of particle (right panel) for 20-30\% central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=72$~GeV from the event-by-event model calculations.}\label{fig-hydro}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
In this work we have discussed the rapidity dependence of thermodynamic quantities and basic hadronic observables in $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=72$~GeV PbPb collisions in the framework of viscous hydro+cascade model vHLLE+UrQMD. The initial state from the UrQMD cascade provides baryon, electric charge and strangeness densities along with the energy density. The initial baryon density profile is translated to the growth of effective baryon chemical potential with rapidity at the particlization (chemical freezeout), with no extra parameters.

More generally, different rapidity slices of the system cover different regions in the $T-\mu_{\rm B}$ plane during their evolution. Such a ``rapidity scan'' in addition to the collision energy scan can be a finer tool to study the QCD phase diagram at the RHIC BES energies.

\subsection{Acknowledgements}
The author acknowledges enligthening discussions with Dr.~Daniel Kiko\l{}a and Dr.~Barbara Trzeciak. The work is supported by Region Pays de la Loire (France) under contract no.~2015-08473.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Mr. Rao Remala
Mr. Rao Remala is currently with Cronus Ventures, LLC. Prior to this, he was a Technical Director at Microsoft Corporation and was the 29th employee and the first Indian to write code and give shape to the ubiquitous Microsoft Windows program.
In a 21-year period with this Microsoft, Mr. Remala directly reported to Mr. Bill Gates and worked on many of the company's best known products - Basic, Cobol Compiler, Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, OLE 1.0, OLE 2.0, Office 95, and Office 97.
He held a range of positions from an individual contributor, to Group Manager, Product Unit Manager and finally Director and was an integral part of the team that essentially defined the personal computing industry.
Before Microsoft, he worked at DCM, Computer R&D center, and then at Hindustan Computers Limited (HCL).
Mr. Remala is currently an angel investor and philanthropist. He has a Bachelor's degree from REC Warangal India and Master's degree in Computer Science from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur India.


text:
More info on Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam)
Invasion of Srirangam Temple
Significance of the Temple
The Orlov Diamond
Sri Ranganatha Mahatmyam
Darshan, Sevas and Festivals
Ramanuja and Srirangam
Temple and Religious Works
Nearby Temples
Other notable temples with the same name
Parthasarathy Temple
Tirumala Venkateswara Temple
Guruvayur Temple
Padmanabhaswamy temple
Udupi Sri Krishna Matha
Jagannath Temple (Puri)
Divya Desams
Srivilliputhur Divya Desam
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam): Wikis
For information about other temples of Lord Ranganatha, see Ranganathaswamy Temple (disambiguation).
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple
Srirangam Temple Gopuram
Date built:
unknown (it existed in some form for the last 2000 years)
Primary deity:
Ranganatha
Dravidian architecture
Srirangam, Tamil Nadu
The Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam, Tamil Nadu, India is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Ranganatha, a reclining form of Lord Vishnu. It is the first and foremost among the 108 Divya Desams, the holy abodes of Lord Vishnu. The temple chariot festival is famous during the 21 day Vaikunta Ekadasi when the Vaishnavite text, Tiruvaimozhi is recited before Lord Vishnu.
1 The temple
2 Legend
2.1 Invasion of Srirangam Temple
2.2 Significance of the Temple
4 The Orlov Diamond
5 Sri Ranganatha Mahatmyam
6 Prasadam
7 Darshan, Sevas and Festivals
8 Composers
8.1 Ramanuja and Srirangam
8.2 Temple and Religious Works
9 Nearby Temples
10 Other notable temples with the same name
Main Entrance of the Srirangam Temple as of June 2008
Pillars of Srirangam Temple
The temple occupies an area of 156 acres (6,31,000 m²) with a perimeter of 1,116m (10,710 feet) making it the largest temple in India[1] and one of the largest religious complexes in the world. In fact, Srirangam temple can be easily termed as the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world (Angkor Wat being the largest non-functioning temple). However, lots of shops restaurants and flower market occupies the first two pragarams out of seven (Pragarams are the inner columns surrounded by the compound walls (mathil suvar) while the outer column known as Mada veethi). Thus the other massive Tamil temples like Chidambaram (Nataraja swamy Temple), Tiruvannamalai (Annamalaiyar temple), Meenakshi Amman Temple claim to be the biggest temples (Note- all these massive temples are entirely dedicated for the religious rituals and massive in size, structure and tradition.) The temple is enclosed by 7 concentric walls (mathil suvar)with a total length of 32,592 feet or over six miles. These walls are enclosed by 21 Gopurams (Towers).
Among the marvels of the temple is a Hall of 1000 Pillars (actually 953).
Non-Hindus can only go up to the sixth wall but not inside the gold topped sanctum sanctorum.[2].
Though the term Kovil is generically used in Tamil to signify any temple, for many Vaishnavas the term Kovil exclusively refers to this temple, indicating its extreme importance for them(For shavites and other Tamil Hindus Chithambram (Nataraja swamy Temple) is referred as kovil). The presiding deity Lord Ranganathar is praised in many names by His devotees, including "Nam-Perumal" (our Lord in Tamil), "Azhagiya Manavalan" (The beautiful groom in Tamil), while His divine wife Ranganayaki is affectionately called "Thayar" (Holy Mother).
Apart from the main shrine of Ranganathar, the complex also houses shrines of dozens of forms of Lord Vishnu including Sudarshana Chakra, Narasimha, Rama,Hayagreeva, Gopala Krishna, separate shrines for Ranganayaki and dozens of other shrines for the major saints in the Vaishnava tradition, including Ramanuja. The temple follows the Thenkalai sect of Iyengars, but it is also worshipped by traditional Vadakalai sect of Iyengars, as is the case with all Vaishnavite shrines.
Sri Ranganatha Swamy
Sri Ranganathar Kovil
Temple Name:
Alias Name:
Thiruvarangam alias Sri Rangam
God Name:
Sri RanganathaSwamy
Goddess Name:
Ranganayaki Thayaar
Pushkarni:
Chandra Pushkarni
Vimanam:
Pranavaakriti Vimanam
State and Country:
TamilNadu, India
Sriranga Mahathmiyam is the compilation of religious accounts of the temple, detailing the origins of its greatness. According to it, Lord Brahma, the Lord of Creation in Hindu mythology was once in a state of deep meditation and in His supreme trance received the gift of the Lord Vishnu's idol, "Ranga Vimana". He was told by the Supreme Lord that there would be seven other appearances of such idols on earth -- Srirangam, Srimushnam, Venkatadri (Tirumala), Saligram (Muktinath), Naimisaranya, Totadri, Pushkara and Badrinath.[3] The idol was then passed on by Brahma to Viraja, Vaiswatha, Manu, Ishwaku and finally to Rama. Lord Rama, himself an avatar of Vishnu, worshipped the idol for a long time, and when he returned victoriously from Sri Lanka after destroying Ravana, he gave it to King Vibhishana as a token of appreciation for the latter's support for Rama against his own brother, Ravana. When Vibhishana was going via Trichy en route to Sri Lanka, the Lord wanted to stay in Srirangam.
The location where the Ranganathan idol was placed was later covered by an overgrowth of deep forests, due to disuse. After a very long time, a Chola king, chasing a parrot, accidentally found the idol. He then established the Ranganathaswamy temple as one of the largest temple complexes in the world.
According to historians, most dynasties that ruled the South—Cholas, Pandiyas, Hoysalas, Nayakkas—assisted with renovation and in the observance of the traditional customs. Even during periods of internal conflicts amongst these dynasties, utter importance was given to the safety and maintenance of these temples.
The temple is mentioned in Tamil works of literature of the Sangam era, including the epic Silapadikaram (book 11, lines 35-40) [4]:
" On a magnificent cot having a thousand heads spread out, worshipped and praised by many, in an islet surrounded by Kaveri with bellowing waves, the lying posture of the One who has Lakshmi sitting in his chest
āyiram viritteḻu talaiyuṭai aruntiṟaṟ
pāyaṟ paḷḷip palartoḻu tētta
viritiraik kāviri viyaṉperu turuttit
tiruvamar mārpaṉ kiṭanta vaṇṇamum
However, archaeological inscriptions are available only from the 10th century AD.[5].
A view of the main gopura of the Ranganathaswamy temple in Srirangam. Source:The National Geographic Magazine, Nov. 1909
During the period of invasion by Malik Kafur and his forces in 1310–1311, Namperumal was stolen and taken to Delhi. In a daring exploit, devotees of Srirangam ventured to Delhi and enthralled the emperor with their histrionics. Moved by their talent, the emperor was pleased to gift them the presiding deity of Srirangam, which was requested by the performers. Things took a drastic turn immediately. Surathani, his daughter, fell in love with the deity and followed him to Srirangam. She prostrated herself to the God in front of the Sanctum Sanctorum and is believed to have attained the Heavenly Abode immediately. Even today, a painting of "Surathani" (known as "Thulukha Nachiyar" in Tamil) can be seen in the Arjuna Mandap adjacent to the Sanctum Sanctorum for whom, "chappathis" are made daily.
Having assumed that the magical power of the deity had killed his daughter, there was a second invasion to Srirangam in 1323 A.D. This time it was more severe. The presiding deity was taken away before the emperor's troops reached Srirangam by a group led by the Vaishnavite Acharaya, Pillai Lokacharyar, who died en-route to Thirunelveli in Tamil Nadu. The Goddess "Renganayaki" was taken in another separate procession. Swami Vedanta Desika, instrumental in planning the operations during the siege of the temple, closed the Sanctum Sanctorum of the temple with bricks, after the processions of the presiding deities had left—thereby protected the temple for generations to come.
13,000 Sri Vaishnavas, the people of Srirangam, laid down their lives in the fierce battle to ensure that the institution was protected. In the end, "Devadasis", the danseuse of Srirangam, seduced the army chief, to save the temple.
After nearly six decades, the presiding deity returned to Srirangam and the same Swami Vedanta Desika, who had built a brick wall in front of the sanctum sanctorum, broke it open. We learn that the deity of Srirangam had lived in the hills of Tirumala Tirupati for quite a long period of time.
It is not surprising to note that the temple and the life of the people, even today, are intertwined. The Lord is their Ruler and also their Child. It is believed that Sriman Narayana presently lives in Srirangam and not in His abode, Vaikuntham.
Stone carving at Ranganathaswamy temple in Srirangam. Source:The National Geographic Magazine, Nov 1909
Religious documentation informs us that this temple is the only one of its kind for Lord Vishnu that was sung in praise by all the Alwars (Divine saints of Tamil Bhakthi movement), having a total of 247 "pasurams" (hymns) in its name. Acharyas of all schools of thought -- Advaita, Vishistadvaita and Dvaita -- recognize the immense significance this temple, regardless of their affiliation.
The temple amazes us with its astounding architecture and sculptural beauty. The "hall of 1000 pillars" (actually 953) is a fine example of a planned theatre-like structure and opposite to it, "Sesha Mandap", with its intricacy in sculpture, is a delight. The Rajagopuram (the main gopuram that is one of the tallest temple religious structures in the world) did not reach its current height of 73 m. until 1987, when the 44th Jeer of Ahobila Mutt initiated the process with the help of philanthropists and others.
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple is located on Sri Rangam Island, in the middle of the Kaveri river, at 10°51′44″N 78°41′24″E / 10.862114°N 78.690133°E / 10.862114; 78.690133. The elevation is 60 meters, or 196 feet.
The Orlov diamond is a large diamond that is part of the collection of the Diamond Fund of the Moscow Kremlin. The origin of this resplendent relic – described as having the shape and proportions of half a hen's egg – can be traced back to the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, where it once served as the eye of the presiding deity.
There are in total eight Svayam Vyakta Ksetras ("self-manifested shrines"), of Lord Vishnu, according to Sri Vaisnava philosophy namely, Srirangam, Srimushnam, Venkatadri, Saligramam, Naimisaranyam, Totadri, Pushakara and Badrinath. Of these, Srirangam is the first and of foremost importance. The temple is situated on an island, enclosed by the Kaveri river and Kollidam river. It is the foremost of Pancharanga Kshetrams.
On most days, the devotees are treated to Chakra pongal (a type of sweet made with jaggery, pulses and rice), Puliyodarai and thayir sadam (rice with yogurt/curd) prasadam (offering).
There are Festivals throughout the year. Vaikunta Ekadesi is the most important festival in Sri Rangam. ThiruKalyana festival during Tamil month of Panguni is celebrated with pomp and glory.
Srirangam cannot be discussed without mentioning the great Vaishnavite scholar of Ramanujacharya who attained divinity here. His "Thaan-ana Thirumeni" (the symbolic body) is preserved and offered prayers even today after 8 centuries. His Shrine is found in the fourth "prakara" of the temple and his "Thirumeni" is preserved in the temple by applying saffron and camphor every six months in a ritualistic style. He is found seated in the Padmasana, depicting the Gnyana-Mudrai with his Right Palm.
"Kovil Ozhugu" is a codification of all temple practices, religious and administrative, shaped and institutionalised by Sri Ramanuja after receiving the due rights from Sri Periya Nambi.
The doctrine of Vishishta-advaita philosophy, Sri Bhashyam was written and later compiled by Swami, over a period of time. During his stay in Srirangam, he is said of have written "Gadhya Thrayam", which is recited in the temple everyday. The temple is a center for the Vishishtadvaita school where Sanskrit Vedas and Tamil works are preached and taught with great reverence.
Apart from Vedas, Upanishads, Ithihasas and Puranas, the general works of Sanathana Dharama, the following were exclusively composed in Srirangam.
Sri Bhashyam - Sri Ramanuja
Sriranga Gadhyam - Sri Ramanuja
Sri Renganathashtakam - Adi Shankaracharya
Paduka Sahasram - Swami Vedanta Desika
Rengaraja Stavam & Gunaratnakosham - Sri Parasar bhattar
Rengaraja Sthothram - Kurathazhwar
Bhagavaddhyana Sopnam & Abheethi Stavam - Swami Vedanta Desika
Thondaradippodi Alvar and Thiruppaana Alvar are sung exclusively on Ranganatha. Andal attained Sri Ranganatha on completion of her Thiruppavai (a composition of 30 verses) in Srirangam. All Acharayas of Hinduism till date offer their prayers to this God. In toto there were 247 hymns of the 4000 Pasurams (Nallayira Divyaprabandham) composed here. Except Madhurakavi Alvar, all the other eleven Alwars have done Mangalasasanam (Praise) about the Ranganathar in Srirangam.
Alvars
Number of Pasurams
1 Periyalvar 35
2 Aandaal 10
3 Kulasekara Alvar 31
4 Thirumalisai Alvar 14
5 Thondaradippodi Alvar 55
6 Thiruppaan Alvar 10
7 Thirumangai Alvar 73
8 Poigai Alvar 1
9 Bhoothathalvar 4
10 Peyalvar 2
11 Nammalvar 12
This temple is rightly called the "Bhoologa Vaikuntam" (heaven on earth).
It is said that if Srirangam is to live in prosperity, then all other Divya Desams(108) would thrive with religious fervour.
Muthuswamy Dikshitar composed a krithi 'Rangapuravihaaraa' on Lord Ranganatha in the ragam Brindavana Saranga, which has been popularized by M.S. Subbalakshmi.
Thiruvanaikaval Temple
Thiruvallarai Temple
Sri Ranganathaswami Temple (Srirangapattana). The deity at this temple is known as "Adi Ranga."
Sri Ranganathaswami Temple (Shivanasamudra) at Shivanasamudra. The deity at this temple is known as "Madya Ranga."
^ "Tiruvarangam Divya Desam". http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/df001.html.
^ India By Sarina Singh, Joe Bindloss, Paul Clammer, Janine Eberle
^ ""Srirangam - the temple par excellence"". http://www.ramanuja.org/sv/temples/srirangam/.
^ Silappadikaram, book 11, lines 35-49
^ ""Indelible impressions "". Aug 25,2003. http://www.blonnet.com/life/2003/08/25/stories/2003082500130300.htm.
Thiruvarangam
Ramanuja.org Divyadesams
Srirangam Temple in Architectural Perspective
Pasuram set to the Raga Hindolam - YouTube Video
Famous Vishnu temples
Tirumala · Srirangam · Badrinath · Kanchipuram · Guruvayur · Puri · Thiruvananthapuram · Udupi · Srivilliputhur · Tiruvallikeni · Tripunithura · Ambalappuzha · Aragalur
Coordinates: 10°51′44″N 78°41′24″E / 10.862114°N 78.690133°E / 10.862114; 78.690133
Categories: Vishnu temples | Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu | Temples around Trichy | 108 holy temples of Vishnu
Tiruvarangam Divya Desam - Tiruvarangam (Srirangam) Divya Desam
"Indelible impressions " - The Hindu Business Line : Indelible impressions
Srirangam Temple in Architectural Perspective - My Travel Logs: Srirangam Renganatha Swamy Temple
Pasuram set to the Raga Hindolam - YouTube - Pacchai Ma Malai - Hindolam
Nathamuni-Alavandar.org - Dedicated to Shriman Nathamungal and Shri Alavandar - Nathamuni-Alavandar.Org
Srirangam
Up to date as of August 19, 2010


Dynamic driveway entry and beautiful statement door sets the tone for this sprawling single story in the highly sought-after gated community of Schaffer Ranch. Largest floor plan in the quaint and quiet 21 custom home community. Bursting with charm, you'll admire the many features within the home including crown molding, surround sound, fireplaces in the formal living and separate family room and ceiling fans in all the bedrooms.


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Differential inhibition of cellular and Sindbis virus translation by brefeldin A
Molina, S., Sanz, M. A., Madan, V., Ventoso, I., Castello, A. and Carrasco, L. (2007) Differential inhibition of cellular and Sindbis virus translation by brefeldin A. Virology, 363(2), pp. 430-436. (doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.001) (PMID:17360015)
Full text not currently available from Enlighten.
Brefeldin A is a macrolide compound that interferes with the secretory pathway and also affects protein synthesis in mammalian cells. As a result, this antibiotic impedes the maturation of viral glycoproteins of enveloped viruses and viral genome replication in several virus species. In the present work, we show that translation of subgenomic mRNA from Sindbis virus, which in contrast to cellular translation is resistant to brefeldin A after prolonged treatment. The phosphorylation of eIF2α as a result of brefeldin A treatment correlates with the inhibition of cellular translation, while late viral protein synthesis is resistant to this phosphorylation. The effect of brefeldin A on Sindbis virus replication was also examined using a Sindbis virus replicon. Although brefeldin A delayed viral RNA synthesis, translation by non-replicative viral RNAs was not affected, reinforcing the idea that brefeldin A delays viral RNA replication, but does not directly affect Sindbis virus protein synthesis.
This study was supported by Grant (BFU2006-02182/BMC) from DGICYT and an Institutional Grant awarded to the Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" by the Fundación Ramón Areces.
Castello, Professor Alfredo
Molina, S., Sanz, M. A., Madan, V., Ventoso, I., Castello, A., and Carrasco, L.
College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Infection & Immunity
College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Infection & Immunity > Centre for Virus Research
Professor Alfredo Castello


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Watch Metallica's Video for New Song "Moth Into Flame"
Taken from their upcoming album Hardwired…To Self-Destruct
Photo by Shirlaine Forrest/WireImage
Metallica have shared a new song, "Moth Into Flame," along with its video. They perform the track in the Tom Kirk-directed clip. Watch it below. "Moth Into Flame" is taken from the band's upcoming album Hardwired…To Self-Destruct, the first full-length from the core lineup of the band since 2008's Death Magnetic. In August, they shared the video for the title track, "Hardwired." The new album is out November 18 via Blackened Recordings.
Revisit "Adjust Tracking: The Surprise Success of Metallica's Video for 'One'" on the Pitch.
Watch Metallica's "Hardwired" video:
TagsVideoMetallicaMetal


I installed the nVidia framework. I noticed the BIOS is empty in the config window... is that why it's not working? I'm sure it's not a problem with the game ISOs, since they've worked with a windows version of pcsx2.
FYI I run on the new macbook pros that came out last week!
I certainly hope specs aren't what's slowing down the performance.
in fact you have to extract the bios from your PS2 and integrate it to pcsx2 as stated in the guide linked above.
Little of topic,What is iR3000A ? Isn't iR5900 core of PS2 ?


Many people are not aware of the financial benefits of formalising a property settlement when it comes to the transfer of property from one party to another.
Mr B provided instructions to our office with respect to Family Law purposes in early March 2016. Mr B explained that he and his defacto partner of 28 years were separating and needed assistance with the division of their assets. Mr B further explained that he and Mrs B were on reasonably good terms and had a rough idea on what they would like to have happen with their property.
Our Solicitor provided Mr B with advice in relation to his position and the dividing of property and proposed that Consent Orders was the best option for Mr and Mrs B to resolve all financial matters between them on a final basis. Entering into Consent Orders also relieved Mr and Mrs B from having to attend Court.
Our Solicitor then made contact with Mrs B and put forward the formal proposal for the property settlement. Mrs B confirmed that she agreed with the proposal and instructed that she would sign the Consent Orders when given to her. Mrs B was pleased that our Solicitor contacted her by phone, rather than serving her with an informal and aggressive letter.
On 24 March 2016 Mr B attended our office, reviewed and approved the drafted documents. On 29 March 2016 Mrs B signed the same documents.
The signed Consent Orders were lodged with the Court on 29 March 2016 and were granted and made final by the Court on 31 March 2016.
This represents a fourteen-day turnaround from Mr B's instructions to our office to the making of a legally binding Consent Order severing the financial relationship and resolving property matters between Mr and Mrs B, protecting each of them into the future.
Family Focus Legal aims to provide exceptional service all of our client's legal needs and in this case were immediately able to commence implementing the Orders, including the transfer of a property into Mr B's sole name.
Given that Mr and Mrs B were able to quickly reach agreement, Family Focus Legal were able to fix their legal costs early in the matter.
Additionally, based on Mr and Mrs B's property value, had they simply attended to transferring the property without the aid of Consent Orders Mr B would have been liable to pay approximately $22,490.00 in stamp duty. Instead, our office was able to seek a full stamp duty exemption on Mr B's behalf saving him over $20,000.00!
As an additional gesture of support, our office completed a Will for Mr B at no cost. This ensured that all of his immediate legal needs were taken care of and his future is certain in respect of his financial and legal matters.
Kim and Kanye have done it, so has Sarah Jessica Parker and Neil Patrick Harris. Surrogacy of children is by no means a new concept, but it is something that has never been considered mainstream in Australia.
Our Conveyancing Team here at Family Focus Legal are all registered members of PEXA (Property Exchange Australia). Pexa was created to provide a national online solution for Conveyancing transactions.
If you are buying vacant land with the intention of constructing a dwelling, we recommend that a soil test be carried out prior to purchasing the land, provided the vendor does not have a recent report to provide you.
If you'd like us to help, please click on one of the buttons below or on the right.
We are a modern, dedicated and innovative law practice located in Camden in Sydney's Macarthur region. We have a dedicated team who work closely with our clients to assist and navigate them through their legal matters.


Can I grind emmer into flour using my food processor, or do I have to use a mill?
Unfortunately, food processors are not suitable for milling flour because they are designed to chop rather than grind. While it may be possible to run the processor long enough to eventually get whole grains like emmer berries broken down, the tiny individual pieces will be of uneven size (unsuitable for use as a flour) and in the process the hard grain will dull or even damage your food processor blades. You may even burn out your motor.
In contrast, a mill actually grinds grain with a hard, blunt surface that will not dull, producing consistently fine-textured flour.
Can you recommend a grain mill that can make it like grits or flour?
I'm afraid we haven't ground emmer in our test kitchen yet, so I can't recommend a specific mill from experience. If you want to skip that step, we do offer pre-ground emmer flour and cracked emmer cereal.


Many schools in today's society have found themselves plagued with violence, from minor physical altercations to mass shootings. At Murphy & Rudolf, LLP, we strive to provide compassionate and tenacious legal services for cases involving school violence. Contact our Worcester criminal defense lawyers today at (508) 744-3038 to learn more about our criminal defense services.
While the occasional altercation is to be expected from children, the level of violence has reached staggering new heights in recent decades. Almost daily one hears news of another child or teacher assaulted or murdered. Mass shootings today are occurring at schools more often, and often at the hands of young people.
Politicians and NGO's spend their time and money trying to find ways to curb the future violence that is insinuating itself into the school system. Meanwhile, it is up to the justice system to deal with those youths who have fallen prey to it in the present. If your child has been arrested for violence committed at school, the prospect of losing him or her to prison can be heartbreaking and terrifying.
When defending juvenile offenders, our Worcester criminal defense attorneys can patiently help our juvenile clients understand the events surrounding them throughout the trial process. One of the challenges of defending charges of school violence is the fact that there are usually numerous witnesses and potentially security camera footage of the incident. While the testimony of other students can often be proven unreliable, juries often view teachers, administrators, and staff with greater credibility.
Murphy & Rudolf, LLP provides compassionate Worcester criminal defense lawyers who can walk you and your child through the legal process. Children, even those who have strayed into delinquency, deserve justice. We can work hard to defend your child in the courtroom and seek a positive solution.
Request a FREE Consultation or Call (508) 744-3038.


MEXICO CITY, April 26 (Reuters) - Mexico's National Hydrocarbons Commission (CNH) said on Thursday that national oil company Pemex will tender for partners in seven onshore areas to form joint venture projects.
The CNH said that Pemex will have a 45 percent stake in the onshore areas scheduled to be tendered on Oct. 31. The tender, which represents more than 20 sites that have been grouped into seven areas, should generate up to $870 million dollars of investment.
Pemex has tempered expectations for the year after failing to find partners on its Ayin-Batsil shallow water development and the Nobilis-Maximino deepwater project, whose tender was canceled in December due to lack of interest. Pemex will not operate the projects.
By mid-year 2017, Pemex was considering 160 onshore and offshore areas for development. Now just seven more modest onshore projects are planned for such partnerships in the states of Veracruz, Chiapas and Tabasco, according to company statements.
Crude production in the areas covered by the tender is expected to reach a total of up to 58,000 barrels per day (bpd) in 2022-2023, up from the current production of 33,000 bpd, the CNH said during the presentation. Gas production is expected to rise to 310 million cubic feet per day, up from 190 million cubic feet per day at present.
"These are allocations that we already have in production, which already have a certain level of proven reserves; that's exactly why we are choosing to move them to partners to invest in them and boost production," said Gabriel Macias, who is part of Pemex's legal team.
The government of President Enrique Pena Nieto enacted a wide-ranging reform in 2013-2014 to encourage foreign investment and end the slide in oil output to multi-year lows.
The reform ended Pemex's 75-year monopoly over the energy sector, one of the key generators of revenue for the government.


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Category: The Charter, Legal Rights (Sections 7-14)
An End to Mandatory Minimum Sentences?
By Chenoa Sly
Published June 27, 2018 |
Imagine a college student returning from a spring-break trip to Seattle with one joint (cannabis) who is arrested for importing a controlled substance, convicted, and sentenced to 7 years in prison. The Supreme Court of Canada considered these hypothetical facts in R v Smith, a 1987 case where the mandatory minimum sentence of 7 years for importing a controlled substance was found to be unconstitutional because it violated the right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment by the government.[1] Mandatory minimum sentences continue to plague the criminal justice system because they are often found to be unfair. Those accused of crimes with mandatory minimum sentences have no recourse other than to challenge the Criminal Code sections as unconstitutional – this in spite of the current government's promise to review them.
Senator Kim Pate said in April 2018 that she would introduce a bill into the Senate that would allow judges to decide whether or not to apply a mandatory minimum when sentencing an offender.[2] The Senator's move comes in response to the criticisms against mandatory minimum sentences and the current government's lack of action to review them, despite the topic being on the federal agenda since 2016.[3]
When an accused person is found guilty, a sentencing judge cannot change mandatory minimum time that the offender must serve in jail if that mandatory minimum is included in the Criminal Code section. The judge must comply with the sentence, regardless of the offender's circumstances. Mandatory minimum sentences have always been used for some offences, such as murder. However, the number of offences for which they were required was significantly increased under the Harper government on the basis that they would decrease crime and deter repeat offence.[4] There is little evidence to support these assumptions.[5] Their increased use has been criticized for adding to the backlog of cases in the courts and for reducing the discretion of judges to consider the individual circumstances of an accused person. This restriction of discretion is contrary to sentencing principles.[6]
Many mandatory minimum sentences are being challenged in the courts using section 12 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which states that "everyone has the right not to be subjected to any cruel and unusual treatment or punishment"[7] because some mandatory minimum sentences are not proportional to the offences for which an accused is sentenced. In other words, sending a college student to jail for 7 years for crossing the border with a single joint (perhaps their first) has been challenged as being more than excessive and a cruel and unusual punishment.
Most mandatory minimum sentences are for drug offences, impaired driving, firearms offences, and sexual offences involving children. Some mandatory minimum sentences depend on the circumstances of the offence: the age of victims, use of firearms, repeat offending, type of drug (for drug offences), or location of incident (e.g. school). For example, in the case of impaired driving, the mandatory minimum sentence increases with repeat offences. For a first offence, the mandatory minimum punishment is a fine of not less than $1,000; for a second offence, imprisonment for not less than 30 days; and, for each subsequent offence, imprisonment for not less than 120 days.[8] Other mandatory minimum sentences apply in all circumstances, such as those related to child pornography and sexual violations against children.[9]
According to a Statistics Canada report, supporters of mandatory minimum sentences believe they deter potential offenders: simply having the mandatory minimum in place emphasizes the seriousness of the offence and thus provides a deterrent. The view is that potential offenders will think twice about committing the offence because they know the government takes that offence seriously and because there are severe penalties attached to it. Supporters also suggest mandatory minimum sentences prevent re-offending because they keep the offender in prison longer.[10] They have suggested that mandatory minimum sentences result in more predictable sentences and more consistency because they reduce differences in sentencing that result from race, gender, or economic status.[11]
There is little evidence, however, that mandatory minimum sentences are successful in deterring potential offenders or reducing re-offence (save for some evidence of a deterrence effect for impaired driving[12]).[13] And while sentences might be more consistent, there is some evidence that mandatory minimum sentences can result in overly harsh penalties and that longer stays in incarceration can increase rather than deter recidivism."[14]
Critics of mandatory minimum sentences say that they clog the courts. Offenders have no incentive to plead guilty for offences where they cannot be offered a reduced sentence in exchange for their plea.[15] Instead, many offenders opt to go to trial in the hope that they will be found not guilty. The trial takes up court time, and may include a time-consuming and complex Charter challenge against the mandatory minimum sentence for breaching section 12 of the Charter. The time these challenges take up has become increasingly important in light of a Supreme Court of Canada ruling last year that put strict maximums on the time a case could take to go through the courts.
Mandatory minimum sentences have also been criticized because they are contrary to the principles of sentencing.[16] The Criminal Code states that the fundamental principle of sentencing is proportionality which means a sentence should reflect both the "gravity of the offence and the degree of responsibility of the offender."[17] A trial judge should be able to weigh the evidence, the facts and the circumstance of the accused – they are in the best position to appreciate all the circumstances of the case. Mandatory minimum sentences reduce the judge's discretion to consider individual circumstances as a prescribed amount of jail time is pre-determined. This results in longer sentences for more people, which can financially strain the justice system. More discretion in sentencing would allow judges to more effectively tailor sentences and for example, assign "community-based sentences" (like community service, or probation), which are currently unavailable if an offence carries a mandatory minimum sentence of imprisonment, even when the accused person presents no danger to the community."[18]
The Charter Challenge – Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Shortly after the Charter was passed in 1982, the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) found a mandatory minimum sentence of 7 years unconstitutional in the case of R v Smith.[19] The offence was for importing any quantity and any type of illegal narcotic. The Court decided that the punishment appropriate for Mr. Smith, given the circumstances of his offence – he was caught importing seven and a half ounces of cocaine and had prior drug convictions. However, the Court decided, that the sentence would be too severe for a hypothetical first-time offender who was a college student returning from a winter break trip to the USA with a single joint.[20] Therefore, the Court struck down that part of the Criminal Code because it was a breach of section 12 of the Charter.
After Smith, and several unsuccessful challenges to mandatory minimums at the Supreme Court of Canada,[21] the Court struck down two more mandatory minimum sentences using section 12 of the Charter.[22] In R v Nur in 2015, the Supreme Court struck down a sentence of 3 years (5 years for a second offence) for possessing a prohibited or restricted firearm because it would be grossly disproportionate for people committing the offence through a licence infraction – for example, they forgot to renew their firearms licence for a few days.[23] A mandatory minimum sentence would not allow the judge to take that fact into consideration in sentencing the offender. In R v Lloyd in 2016, the Supreme Court struck down a sentence of 1 year for possession of a controlled substance with intent to traffic. The Court said that the sentence would be too severe for an addicted person who is only sharing the substance with their similarly-addicted spouse. Further, the mandatory minimum sentence would not allow judges to lower the sentence when the offender had completed an addiction program and become sober before trial.[24]
Since 2016, there have been more than 25 cases where a lower court (a provincial court) has struck down a mandatory minimum sentence because it is considered "cruel and unusual punishment."[25]
For a mandatory minimum sentence to violate section12 it must be grossly disproportionate to the offence – grossly disproportionate means "more than merely excessive."[26].[27] In the Smith case, the sentence was found to be grossly disproportionate for a hypothetical college student in possession of a single, perhaps even a first, joint.[28] Therefore, it was a breach of section 12 of the Charter.
Once a breach of the Charter is established, the government must provide a rationale for its legislation Charter and the Court then uses section 1, the justification section of the Charter to determine whether the Charter breach is reasonable. In the case of mandatory minimum sentences, it has been difficult for the government to show that the imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence for the purpose of deterring other potential offenders is a minimal impairment of the right not to be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment.[29] There are other ways to deter the public from committing crimes than those which impose long, often unnecessary sentences on all offenders who commit the crime regardless of circumstances.[30]
Mandatory minimum sentences are criticized for clogging the courts, for being contrary to principles of sentencing, and for breaching section12 Charter rights. There is little by way of evidence to justify using them. They appear to be on the way out either through continued rulings by courts who find they violate section 12 of the Charter or by legislation such as that being proposed by Senator Pate to give judges discretion as to whether or not to use them.
Not all mandatory minimum sentences will be ruled unconstitutional, because not all of them result in grossly disproportionate sentences. Mandatory minimum sentences such as those used to deter drunk driving, do serve some purposes when used appropriately and in the right circumstances.. The increase in the use of mandatory minimum sentences for the unverified purpose of deterring crime however, appears to have created greater problems than it has solved.
Given the backlog of cases in the courts, and the need for trial within a reasonable time as well as the unreasonable nature of some mandatory minimum sentences, it appears to be high time something was done about them. Senator Pate's proposal to introduce a bill giving sentencing judges discretion regarding mandatory minimums will hopefully serve to address some of these issues.
[1] R v Smith, [1987] 1 SCR 1045, 40 DLR (4th) 435 [Smith cited to SCR].
[2] The Canadian Press, "Sen. Kim Pate to introduce bill aimed at mandatory minimum penalties", CBC News (10 April 2018), online: < http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/kim-pate-mandatory-minimum-penalties-1.4613214>.
[3] Sean Fine, "Mandatory-minimum sentencing rules unravelling into patchwork", The Globe and Mail (4 march 2018), online: < https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/mandatory-minimum-sentencing-rules-unravelling-into-patchwork/article38205652/>.
[5] See Canada, Solicitor General Canada, The Effects of Prison Sentences and Intermediate Sanctions on Recidivism: General Effects and Individual Differences, by Paula Smith, Paul Gendreau & Claire Goggin, catalogue No JS42-103/2002 (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada 2002); Canada, Department of Justice Canada, Mandatory Minimum Penalties: Their Effects on Crime, Sentencing Disparities, and Justice System Expenditures, by Thomas Gabor & Nicole Crutcher, rr2002-1e (Research and Statistics Division, Department of Justice Canada, 2002); Canada, Statistics Canada, Mandatory minimum penalties: An analysis of criminal justice system outcomes for selected offences, by Mary Allen, Catalogue no. 85-002-X (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 29 August 2017) at 3.
[6] R v Nur, 2015 SCC 15 at para 44, [2015] 1 SCR 773 [Nur].
[7] Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s 12, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11 [Charter].
[8] Criminal Code, RC C 1985, c C-46, s 255(1) [Criminal Code].
[9] Canada, Statistics Canada, Mandatory minimum penalties: An analysis of criminal justice system outcomes for selected offences, by Mary Allen, Catalogue no. 85-002-X (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 29 August 2017) at 3.
[11]Ibid.
[12] See Lawrence W Sherman, "Police Crackdowns: Initial and Residual Deterrence" (1990) 12 Crime and Justice 1; Faye E Taxman & Alex Piquero, "On preventing Drunk Driving Recidivism: An Explanation of Rehabilitation and Punishment Approaches" (1998) 26:2 Journal of Criminal Justice 129; Daniel S Nagin, "Deterrence and Incapacitation" in Michael Tonry, ed, The Handbook of Crime and Punishment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998) 345.
[13] See Canada, Solicitor General Canada, The Effects of Prison Sentences and Intermediate Sanctions on Recidivism: General Effects and Individual Differences, by Paula Smith, Paul Gendreau & Claire Goggin, catalogue No JS42-103/2002 (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada 2002); Canada, Department of Justice Canada, Mandatory Minimum Penalties: Their Effects on Crime, Sentencing Disparities, and Justice System Expenditures, by Thomas Gabor & Nicole Crutcher, rr2002-1e (Research and Statistics Division, Department of Justice Canada, 2002); Canada, Statistics Canada, Mandatory minimum penalties: An analysis of criminal justice system outcomes for selected offences, by Mary Allen, Catalogue no. 85-002-X (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 29 August 2017) at 3.
[14] Canada, Statistics Canada, Mandatory minimum penalties: An analysis of criminal justice system outcomes for selected offences, by Mary Allen, Catalogue no. 85-002-X (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 29 August 2017) at 3.
[15] Sean Fine, "Mandatory-minimum sentencing rules unravelling into patchwork", The Globe and Mail (4 march 2018), online: < https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/mandatory-minimum-sentencing-rules-unravelling-into-patchwork/article38205652/>.
[16] R v Nur, supra note 6 para 44.
[17] Criminal Code, supra note 7, s 718.1.
[18] Elizabeth Sheehy & Isabel Grant, "Senator Kim Pate's bill freeing judges from the constraints of mandatory minimum sentences will help address over incarceration and court delays, " Policy Options (8 May 2018), online: <http://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/may-2018/cleaning-up-the-mandatory-minimums-mess/>.
[19] Smith, supra note 1.
[20] Ibid at 1053
[21] R v Luxton, [1990] 2 S.C.R. 711, 58 CCC (3d) 449; R v Goltz, [1991] 3 SCR 485, 67 CCC (3d) 481; R v Morrisey, 2000 SCC 39, [2000] 2 SCR 90; R v Latimer, 2001 SCC 1, [2001] 1 SCR 3; R v Ferguson, 2008 SCC 6, [2008] 1 SCR 96.
[22] Nur, supra note 6; R v Lloyd, 2016 SCC 13, [2016] 1 SCR 130 [Lloyd].
[23] Nur, supra note 6.
[24] Lloyd, supra note 22.
[26] Smith, supra note 1 at 1073; Nur, supra note 6 at para 39.
[27] Nur supra note 6 at para 56.
[29] See Smith, supra note 1; Nur supra note 6; Lloyd, supra note 22.
[30] Smith, supra note 1 at 1080
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