text:
Commons:Stamps
Copyright rules by subject matter
Copyright rules by territory
Copyright tags
Commissioned works
Freedom of panorama
Government works
Threshold of originality
Unprotected works
When to use the PD-signature tag
Status of postage stamps in Eurasia.
Grey – stamps enter the public domain after the author has been dead for a certain number of years (70 in Europe, depends on the country in Asia)
Red – Stamps are in Public Domain
Yellow – Copyright of stamps expires 50 years after publication
In the case of Ireland post-1984 stamps copyright is extended up by 70 years.
Brown – Copyright of stamps expires a different number of years after publication (Iran 30 years, India 60 years)
Green – Rule varies by country. Netherlands: Stamps are copyrighted, but term differs depending on whether published before 1989 or not. Finland: Stamps published by the government (pre-1990 in Finland except Åland, presumably pre-2009 in Åland) are in the public domain. Stamps published by private companies such as Itella Oyj Abp and Posten Åland Ab are copyrighted and enter the public domain 70 years after the death of the author.
AfricaAmericasAsiaEuropeInsular OceaniaOthers
An image of a postage stamp must be in the public domain, or freely licensed, before it can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons.
Copyright rules for stamps vary from country to country. Stamps may be considered government works that are not protected by copyright, although there may be non-copyright restrictions on the ways in which the stamps can be used. They may be considered government or corporate works that are protected by copyright for a defined period such as 50 years after issuance. The copyright term may be based on the life of the contributors to the stamp design, and may extend for 70 years or more after the death of the last survivor.
The goal of this project page is to clarify the copyright situation of postage stamps. It contains information "transcluded" from pages that describe the relevant rules for each country.
See also: Commons:Stamps/Public domain templates
1 Abkhazia
2 Afghanistan
4 Algeria
5 Angola
6 Antigua and Barbuda
8 Armenia
10 Austria
11 Azerbaijan
12 Bahrain
13 Bangladesh
14 Barbados
15 Belarus
16 Belgium
17 Belize
18 Benin
19 Bolivia
20 Bosnia and Herzegovina
21 Botswana
22 Brazil
23 Brunei
24 Bulgaria
25 Burkina Faso
26 Burundi
27 Canada
28 Chile
29 China
30 Colombia
31 Costa Rica
32 Cuba
33 Czech Republic
34 Czechoslovakia
35 Ecuador
36 El Salvador
37 Ethiopia
38 Faroe Islands
39 Finland
41 Georgia
42 Germany
43 Outdated license templates, to be deleted or changed
44 Greece
45 Haiti
47 Iceland
48 India
49 Indonesia
50 Iran
51 Iraq
52 Republic of Ireland
54 Italy
56 Kazakhstan
57 Kenya
59 Latvia
60 Liechtenstein
61 Lithuania
62 Malawi
63 Malaysia
64 Manchukuo
65 Mexico
66 Moldova
67 Mozambique
68 Myanmar
69 Namibia
70 Netherlands
72 Nicaragua
73 North Korea
74 Ottoman Empire
75 Pakistan
76 Panama
77 Paraguay
78 Peru
79 Philippines
80 Poland
81 Romania
82 Russia
83 Tuva stamps
84 Seychelles
85 Singapore
86 South Africa
87 South Korea
88 Soviet Union
89 Spain
90 Sri Lanka
91 Sweden
92 Switzerland
93 Taiwan
94 Tajikistan
95 Thailand
96 Tonga
97 Turkey
98 Turkmenistan
99 Ukraine
100 United Arab Emirates
101 United Kingdom
102 United States of America
103 Uzbekistan
104 Venezuela
105 Universal Postal Union/ WADP/ WNS
106 References
Text transcluded from
COM:Abkhazia
use {{PD-AB-exempt}}
COM:Afghanistan
Copyright expires 50 years after first put in circulation.[2008 Article 16.1.6]. For stamps published more than 50 years ago (before 1 January 1973) use {{PD-Afghanistan}}.
COM:Albania
use {{PD-Albania-exempt}}
See also: Category:Stamps of Albania
COM:Algeria
COM:Angola
COM:Antigua and Barbuda
Public domain for the stamps published before 1 January 1973 (older than 50 years) if the work is anonymous. See {{PD-Antigua and Barbuda}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Antigua and Barbuda
COM:Argentina
The basic copyright law of Argentina is Law No. 11.723 of September 28, 1933, on Legal Intellectual Property Regime (Copyright Law, as last amended by Law No. 26.570 of November 25, 2009). There is no mention of stamps or official works in the law, but Article 8 (as translated) says that "The ownership of anonymous intellectual works belonging to institutions, corporations or legal persons shall last for 50 years from the date of publication of those works." The government of Argentina is an institution and not a natural person so assume that where a stamp is anonymous, it is out of copyright after 50 years. Use {{PD-AR-Anonymous}} where applicable. If the designer of the stamp is shown, the stamp will remain in copyright for seventy years after death.
See also: Category:Stamps of Argentina
COM:Armenia
use {{PD-AM-exempt}}.
Stamps appear to qualify as "state symbols and signs", which are not subject to copyright under the 2013 version of the copyright law [2013 Article 4.1(d)].
See also: Category:Stamps of Armenia
COM:Australia
Australia Post claims copyright ownership of Australian stamps for 50 years from publication (http://www.caslon.com.au/ipguide24.htm). Stamps published before 1 January 1973 can be tagged with {{PD-Australia}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Australia
COM:Austria
The Austrian postal service (Österreichische Post) has limited copyright for all stamps and the displayed images. The stamps can be used for sale, manufacture and advertising. For all other imaging requests (such as printing works, books or encyclopedias) the respective postage stamp designer needs to be contacted, since it is not advertising. This eliminates a general license as template for the German stamps. For each stamp a release must be obtained individually. The contact addresses of the designers are subject to data privacy.
See de:Wikipedia:Briefmarken#.C3.96sterreichische_Post.
See also: Category:Stamps of Austria
COM:Azerbaijan
use {{PD-AZ-exempt}}
An exception is File:1995 John Lennon..jpg.
See also: Category:Stamps of Azerbaijan
COM:Bahrain
COM:Bangladesh
. No Bangladeshi stamps might be uploaded before 2032 because the first stamps were issued on 29 July 1971 and the copyright term is 60 years from the author's death. The 1971 stamps might be uploaded by 2032.
COM:Barbados
COM:Belarus
use {{PD-BY-exempt}}
According to the Law of the Republic of Belarus No. 262-Z of May 17, 2011, "state symbols and signs (flag, coat of arms, anthem, awards, banknotes and other signs)" are not copyrightable.[262-Z/2011 Art.7(2)] According to the Postage Law of the Republic of Belarus No. 258-З of December 15, 2003, "postage stamp is an official (state) sign of postage printed on paper and carrying an artwork, and inscriptions "БЕЛАРУСЬ", "BELARUS", year of issue (in Arabic letters) and a par value (in Arabic figures). The par value of postage stamp may be designated in letters."[1]
COM:Belgium
In Belgium an image of a stamp is copyright free when the following conditions are fulfilled:
70 years after La Poste / De Post have issued the stamp AND 70 years after the designer of the image on the stamp has died.
The works of the following artists are in public domain because the artist died before 31 December 1945.
Baugniet, Charles (1814-1886)
Houyoux, Léon (1956-1940)
Meunier, Henri (1873–1922)
The work of the following artists will be in public domain on 1 January following 70 years after their death
Bonnevalle, Oscar (1920-1993)
De Bast, Jean (1883-1975)
Dolphyn, William (1935–2016)
Van Noten, Jean (1903–1982)
Vloors, Émile (1871–1952)
See also: Category:Stamps of Belgium
COM:Belize
According Belize's Copyright Act of 2000, where a protected work has been made by or under the direction or control of the Government and, apart from this subsection no copyright would subsist in the work, then copyright shall subsist therein by virtue of this subsection and shall initially belong to the State.[Cap.252/2000 Section 25(4)]
No special terms are specified for stamps or other government works, so standard copyright rules apply.
For stamps issued before Belizean independence (1981), crown copyright applies.
COM:Benin
See also: Category:Stamps of Benin
COM:Bolivia
The Law No.1322 of April 13, 1992 on Copyright states that copyright protection expires 50 years after the author's death calculated from 1 January following the year of death.[1322/1992 Article 18]
For "anonymous works ... and in pseudonymous works, the economic rights shall last 50 years after the works have been made known" also calculated from 1 January of the following year.[1322/1992 Article 19]
For stamps published more than 50 years ago (before 1 January 1973) use {{PD-Bolivia}}.
COM:Bosnia and Herzegovina
See also: Category:Stamps of Bosnia and Herzegovina
COM:Botswana
COM:Brazil
use {{PD-BrazilGov}}
See also: Category:Stamps of Brazil
COM:Brunei
See also: Category:Stamps of Brunei
COM:Bulgaria
See also: Category:Stamps of Bulgaria
COM:Burkina Faso
COM:Burundi
Stamps are not included among the types of work for which copyright does not apply.[Act 1/021 2005 Article 7]
If the author is known, a stamp would be protected for life + 50 years.[Act 1/021 2005 Article 58] Otherwise, as an anonymous or collective work it would be protected for publication + 50 years.[Act 1/021 2005 Article 60–61]
See also: Category:Stamps of Burundi
COM:Canada
There is no special provision in the copyright law for postage stamps. Section 12 of the 1921 Copyright Act of Canada states that for government works (work that is, or has been, prepared or published by or under the direction or control of Her Majesty or any government department) the copyright is 50 years following the end of the calendar year during which the work has been published. This is known as Crown copyright.
There are also special non-copyright regulations which apply: see https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._1292/page-1.html.
For stamps published more than 50 years ago (before 1st of January 1973) use {{PD-Canada-stamp}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Canada
COM:Chile
See also: Category:Stamps of Chile
COM:China
COM:Stamps China
See also: Commons:Stamps
As mentioned elsewhere (see Manchukuo and Wang Jingwei regime CRT pages), stamps issued by the government of Manchukuo, or the Wang Jingwei regime are nowadays in public domain, as both are considered as puppet regimes by Chinese Government, and hence never recognized.
Pending informations, but in normal cases Not OK for nearly all non-Manchukuo, non-Wang-regime stamps in China, because in most cases, the dates of birth of authors of those stamps are not publicly known, unless if that's issued before Jan 1, 1928 which is a {{PD-anon-expired}} case, we should de facto judge them as copyrighted by China Post or its affiliates (e.g. Beijing Stamp Factory).[2]
In rare cases, if the dates of birth of authors of some individual stamps are known, those can enter the public domain 50 years after the death of the creator.
See also: Category:Stamps of China
COM:Colombia
Stamps appear to be out of copyright after 70 years. If stamp is published before 1 January 1953 please use {{PD-Colombia}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Colombia
COM:Costa Rica
The basic copyright law of Costa Rica is: Ley Nº 6683 - Ley de Derechos de Autor y Derechos Conexos. There are no specific provision for copyrights of postage stamps, but all works are copyrighted until 70 years after the author's death. In the case of government agencies and other public entities the copyrights of official works expired after 25 years, and in special cases after 50 years (i.e. books), both since the original publication date.
See also: Category:Stamps of Costa Rica
COM:Cuba
Modern stamps of this country are not in public domain or their status is unknown. Cuba was under Spanish control until 1898 and then under U.S. control until the Republic was established on May 20, 1902. Accordingly, the copyright applicable to stamps issued during those time periods would be Spain and the U.S.
See also: Category:Stamps of Cuba
COM:Czech Republic
Postal stamps of Czechia (they are since 1993) are copyrighted 70 years after the author's death by both authors: an engraver and a graphic artist. They are not official works. Stamps are officially announced in Poštovní věstník (Postal bulletin, it is published at least since 2000) and texts in this bulletin is public domain but the stamps are copyrighted.
COM:Czechoslovakia
Postage stamps of Czechoslovakia (published in 1918-1939 and in 1945-1992) are copyrighted 70 years after the author's death by both authors: an engraver and a graphic artist. (see overview of artists)
Stamps issued before 1922 are PD with exception of portrait of TGM and Dove. Between 1934-1939 are PD stamps engraved by Bohumil Heinz with some exceptions (non PD graphic artist).
See also: Category:Stamps of Czechoslovakia
COM:Ecuador
Under the Intellectual Property Law (Codification No. 2006-13) there is no exception for stamps, which would be protected for 70 years from publication.
Protected works shall include, inter alia, the following: ... works of painting, drawing, engraving and lithography ....[2006-13 Art.8(f)]
The employer or commissioner owns copyright in works by made employees or commissioned.[2006-13 Art.16]
Where the holder of rights in a work from the time of creation of the work is a legal person, the period of protection shall be 70 years from the making, disclosure or publication of the work, whichever is the later.[2006-13 Art.81]
See also: Category:Stamps of Ecuador
COM:El Salvador
According to the 2017 revision, works owned by legal entities are protected for 70 years counted from 1 January of the year following that of first publication.[2017 Article 86(c)]
Translation of the specific permission to use images of postage stamps for non-commercial educational, philatelic and cultural purposes was contained in an email message dated 11 January 2007 from Silvia María Orantes, Head of the Philatelic Office, Government of El Salvador but commercial restriction images are not permitted here.
See also: Category:Stamps of El Salvador
COM:Ethiopia
. There are no specific laws on the copyright status of stamps. Ethiopian stamps are in the public domain 50 years after the date of issue, per the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Proclamation No. 410/2004, which states that "Economic rights shall belong to the author during his lifetime and to the heirs or legatees for fifty years from the date of death of the author" (Art. 20) and "The economic rights relating to an audiovisual work shall be protected for fifty years beginning from the date of making of the work or communication of the work to the public, which ever date is the latest."
See also: Category:Stamps of Ethiopia
COM:Faroe Islands
use {{PD-Faroe stamps}}
COM:Finland
use {{PD-FinlandStamp}}.
They are parts of decisions by an authority of Finland. The Finnish copyright law of 2005 specifies that no copyright exists in decisions or statements by an authority of Finland.[404/1961–2015 Sec.9]
Issued 1990 onwards
. Postage stamps first published after 1989, issued by Itella, are not in the public domain, and they should not be uploaded. Note however that Åland has its own stamps, which are not handled by Itella and different considerations apply. Because Posti- ja telelaitos, the authority for mail services, was changed from an authority to a company in the beginning of 1990, postage stamps published by Posti- ja telelaitos were not anymore parts of decisions by an authority. Most probably the copyright owner of postage stamps published after 1989 are the corporation Posti Group or the stamps' designer. A picture of a Finnish postage stamp first published after 1989 should be speedily deleted, unless permission has been granted by Posti Group, the designer of the postage stamp or a possible other copyright owner.
See also: Category:Stamps of Finland
COM:France
According to La Poste, French stamps have the same legal status as any other work of art. Stamps by designers deceased more than 70 years ago are public domain.[3]
The names of the artists are generally printed at the bottom of the stamps or its main picture. Check the individual artists death dates in the frwiki category: Dessinateur de timbres/Stamp designers and also the French Phil-ouest website that lists many more than have wiki articles.[4]
On 1st January 2015, it appears that all postage stamps of France issued until 1922 are in the public domain (doubts about the 1919 stamp known as "The Two Orphans" – cause: no information found on the date of death of Surand and Jarraud).
The following list of artists whose works are in public domain because they died before 31 December 1952 is non-exhaustive:
Barre, Jacques-Jean (1793–1855)
Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugène (1798–1863)
Barre, Désiré-Albert (1818–1878)
Merwart, Paul (1855–1902)
Blanc, Joseph (1846–1904)
Dubois, Alphée (1831–1905)
Chaplain, Jules (1839–1909)
Sage, Jules-Auguste (1840–1910)
Roty, Oscar (1846–1911)
Mouchon, Louis-Eugène (1843–1914)
Nézière, Georges de la (1878–1914)
Puyplat, Jules-Jacques (1843–1915)
Merson, Luc-Olivier (1846–1920)
Thévenin, Auguste (1856–1921)
Dumoulin, Louis (1860–1924)
Froment, Eugène (1844–1926 (?))
Paul Albert Laurens (1870–1934)
Ruffé, Léon (1864–1935)
Mignon, Justin Abel Francois Xaviér (1861–1936)
Dezarrois, Antoine (1864–1939)
Gandon, Gaston (1872–1941)
Delzers, Jean Antonin (1873–1943)
Degorce, Georges Léo (1894–1943)
Nézière, Joseph de La (1873–1944)
Grégoire, René (1871–1945)
Prudhomme, George Henri (1873–1947)
Cortot, Henri (1892–1950)[5]
Ouvré, Achille (1872–1951)
Works by the following artists will be in public domain on 1 January following 70 years after their death:
Hourriez, Georges (1878–1953)[6] @2024
Dulac, Edmond (1882–1953) @2024
Nézière, Raymond de la (1865–1953) @2024
Feltesse, Émile Henri (1881–1955) @2026
Barlangue, Gabriel Antoine (1874–1956) @2027
Dufresne, Charles Paul (1885–1956) @2027
Lemasson, Henri (1870–1956) @2027
Cheffer, Henry (1880–1957) @2028
Rigal, Louis Pierre (1888–1959) @2030
Munier, Pierre (1889–1962) @2033
Cocteau, Jean (1889–1963) @2034
Kieffer, Clément (1881-1964) @2035
Mazelin, Charles (1882–1964) @2035
Louis, Robert (1902–1965) @2036
Serres, Raoul (1881–1971) @2042
Cami, Robert (1900–1973) @2044
Lemagny, Paul Pierre (1905–1977) @2048
Spitz, André (1883–1977) @2048
Piel, Jules (1882–1978) @2049
Picart Le Doux, Jean (1902–1982) @2053
Monvoisin, Michel (1932–1982) @2053
Miró, Joan (1893–1983) @2054
Fernez Louis (1900–1984) @2055
Decaris, Albert (1901–1988) @2059
Delpech, Jean (1916–1988) @2059
Haley, Claude (1923–1988) @2059
Gandon, Pierre (1899–1990) @2061
Pheulpin, Jean (1907–1991) @2062
Cottet, René (1902–1992) @2063
Combet, Jacques (1920–1993) @2064
Lengellé, Paul (1908-1993) @2064
Peynet, Raymond (1908–1999) @2070
Hundertwasser, Friedensreich (1928–2000) @2071
Leguay, Marc (1910–2001) @2072
Durrens, Claude (1921–2002) @2073
Hertenberger, Claude (1912–2002) @2073
Bridoux, Charles (1942–2003) @2074
Dessirier, René (1919–2003@2074
Guillame, Cécile (1933–2004) @2075
Folon, Jean-Michel (1934–2005) @2076
Forget, Pierre (1923–2005) @2076
Lacaque, Eugène (1914–2005) @2076
Slania, Czeslaw (1921–2005) @2076
Schach-Duc, Yvonne (1933–2009) @2080
Sainson, Huguette (1929–2011) @2082
Mathieu, Georges (1921–2012) @2083
Béquet, Pierre (1932–2012) @2083
Leliepvre, Eugène (1908–2013) @2084
Wou-Ki, Zao (1920–2013) @2084
Markó, Serge (1926–2014) @2085
Taraskoff, Mark (1955–2015) @2086
Quillivic, René (1925–2016) @2087
Andréotto, Claude (1949–2017) @2088
See also: Category:Stamps of France
COM:Georgia
use {{PD-GE-exempt}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Georgia
COM:Germany
According to a decision by a German regional court (Landgericht Berlin) in a case of the heirs of German artist Loriot against the Wikimedia Foundation, announced 27 March 2012, German postage stamps are not "official works" according to § 5 I or II UrhG and are therefore not in the public domain, as previously assumed on Commons.
Stamps of other private entities are copyrighted as well. However, the usual German copyright expiration term applies - copyright expires 70 years after 1 January after death of the creator. Some individual stamps may be copyright-free for other reasons (e.g. simple graphic design). For a further discussion, see Wikilegal/Copyright of Images in German Postage Stamps
Outdated license templates, to be deleted or changed[edit]
See Commons:WikiProject Public Domain/German stamps review.
Template:PD-German stamps
for stamps of Deutsche Post AG, issued from 5 May 1995 on (imprint "Deutschland")
Template:PD-Deutsche Bundespost stamps
for stamps of Deutsche Bundespost (Federal Mail, including Saarland) issued from 1949 until 6 April 1995
Template:PD-Deutsche Bundespost Berlin stamps
for stamps of Deutsche Bundespost Berlin issued from 1949 until September 27, 1990
Template:PD-GDR stamps
for stamps of Deutsche Post der DDR (German Democratic Republic, 1945 - 1990)
Template:PD-DBZ stamps
for stamps issued by Allied Occupation authorities (1945 - 1949)
Template:PD-German Empire stamps
for stamps of Deutsche Reichspost (Imperial Mail, including foreign entities) issued before 1945
For stamps of the pre-Imperial German states the Template:PD-old applies.
See talk pages for updates.
See also: Category:Stamps of Germany
COM:Greece
Stamps by artists deceased more than 70 years ago (or pseudonymously designed more than 70 years ago, before 1 January 1953) are free. The copyright status of all other stamps issued before 1970 is disputed (possibly {{PD-GreekGov}} as government administrative documents). Stamps issued since 1970 follow the 70 years pma rule.
See also: Category:Stamps of Greece
COM:Haiti
. Stamps by artists deceased more than 60 years ago (or pseudonymously designed more than 60 years ago, before 1 January 1963) are free.[2005 Article 20–23]
See also: Category:Stamps of Haiti
COM:Hungary
Stamps of Hungary are probably not in the public domain.
Although Hungarian copyright law denies copyright protection for "means of state direction" (Act No. LXXVI. of 1999], I.4), the recommendation by the Council of Copyright Experts rejects a similar arguments for banknotes and suggests that "means of state direction" applies to specific, "official" uses of a work.[7][8] The same logic is presumed to apply to stamps as well. Assume copyrighted until general term of protection expires.
Also refer to Commons talk:Stamps/Public domain#Hungary and Commons:Undeletion requests/Archive/2013-10#File:1888 Kodaly 500.jpg
See also: Category:Stamps of Hungary
COM:Iceland
COM:India
: Stamps are now covered under {{GODL-India}}. In addition, all Indian stamps older than 60 years are in the public domain. See en.wikipedia discussion here and here.
Use either {{GODL-India}} or {{PD-India}} where appropriate. Material issued by the Government of India before independence may be covered by {{PD-UKGov}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of India
COM:Indonesia
under Article 43(b) of the 2014 Copyright Law.
Please use {{PD-IDGov}} for images of Indonesian postal stamps. However, please note that it has not been determined if modifications or derivatives can be made to works enumerated in Article 43 (Please read the Commons discussion on the issue here).
See also: Category:Stamps of Indonesia
COM:Iran
: All stamps published before 22 March 1993 are in the public domain because according to the Law for the Protection of Authors, Composers and Artist Rights, Iran stamps designed before 22 March 1993 become public domain after 30 years since, "In the following cases images fall into public domain after 30 years from the date of publication or public presentation (Article 16): In cases where the work belongs to a legal personality or rights are transferred to a legal personality." Iranian stamps are copyrighted and their copyright belong to Iran Post which is a "legal personality". In those cases use {{PD-Iran}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Iran
COM:Iraq
: For stamps published more than 50 years ago (before 1st of January 1973) use {{PD-Iraq}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Iraq
COM:Ireland
Irish stamps issued by the Department of Posts and Telegraphs before 1984 are official works and those over 50 years old are in the public domain (published before 1 January 1973). Use {{PD-IrishGov}} to tag them. Since 1 January 1984, when An Post was established Irish stamps are copyright to the company.
COM:Israel
Paragraph 51 of Israeli Postal Services Statute 1986, in its 2004 revised version stipulates that the State owns full copyrights for Israeli stamps. The Israeli copyright statute from 2007 determines that the State's copyrights expire on 1 January of the 51st year after the creation of the work. Hence, only stamps created 50 or more years ago are in the public domain. Template:PD-IsraelGov would be appropriate to indicate their copyright status.
COM:Italy
Until specific information becomes available, apply the 70 years pma rule (or 70 years after issue for anonymous/pseudonymous stamps), so stamps by designers deceased more than 70 years are public domain. Where there are joint authors, such as an engraver and a designer, the copyright term starts following the death of the last survivor.
{{PD-Italy}} does not apply to Italian stamps. The law contains no exceptions to standard copyright law for stamps.
Stamps sometimes contain date and author. The Stamp Art blog, while not necessarily reliable, does list designers and some engravers of Italian stamps and Italian stamp designers, so may be worth reviewing.[9] The following list of artists whose works are in public domain because they died on or before 31 December 1950 is non-exhaustive:
Ferraris, Giuseppe (engraver) (1791–1869 )
Joubert Ferdinand (1810–1884)
Matraire, Francesco (- c1884 )
Wyon, Leonard Charles (1826–1891)
Bigola, Ludovico (1822–1905 )
Michetti, Francesco Paolo (1851–1929 )
Del Neri, Edoardo (1890–1932)
Calcagnadoro, Antonino it (1876–1935 )
Sezanne, Augusto (1856–1935)
D'Urso, Nicola (1877–1937)
Cellini, Guiseppe (1855–1940)
Savage, Robert (engraver: ABNC) (1868–1943)
Terzi, Aleardo (1870–1943)
Constantini, Giovanni (1872–1947 )
Chiappelli, Francesco (1890–1947)
Works by the following artists will remain protected until 70 years after their death:
Mezzana, Corrado (1890–1952) @2023
Rondini, Guiseppe (1881–1955) @2026
Paschetto, Paolo Antonio (1885–1956) @2027
Grassi, Vittorio (1878–1958) @2029
Frigerio, Federico (1873–1959) @2060
Cambellotti, Duilio (1876–1960) @2031
Morbiducci, Publius (1889–1963) @2034
Cossio, Carlo (1907–1964) @2035
Di Fausto, Florestano (1890–1965) @2036
Parmeggiani, Carlo (1881–1967) @2038
Parrini, Manlio (1901–1968) @2039
Mancioli, Corrado (1904–1968) @2039
Conti, Gian Battista (1878–1971) @2042
Lalia, Alfredo (1907–1971) @2042
Marussig, Guido (1885–1972) @2043
Guerrini, Giovanni (1887–1972) @2043
Garelli, Franco (1909–1973) @2044
Lerario, Giovanni (1913–1973) @2044
Retrosi, Virgilio (1892–1975) @2046
Morelli, Enzo (1896–1976) @2047
Ortona, Ugo (1888–1977) @2048
Cisari, Giulio (1892–1979) @2050
Melis, Melkiorre it (1889–1982) @2053
Zainea, Serban (1907–1990)[1] @2061
Garrasi, Renato (1915–1990)(some sources say 1954) @2061
Dominioni, Paolo Caccia (1896–1992) @2063
Marangoni, Tranquillo (1912–1992) @2063
Ferrini, Renato (1910–2005) @2076
Tuccelli, Maria Maddalena-(b. 1951)
The following artists have unknown death dates:
Liana Ferri (stamp designs 1934)[10]
Gustavo Petronio (active c1920s–1950s)[11]
Alberto Repettati (c.1896-1940s)
Dino Tofani (1895–?1930)
C. Vincenti (1930s)
COM:Japan
Stamps more than 70 years old or published before 1 January 1968 are in the public domain, per {{PD-Japan}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Japan
COM:Kazakhstan
use {{PD-KZ-exempt}}
Pursuant to Article 8 of Law No. 6-I of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Copyright and Associated Rights dated June 10, 1996, "official symbols and signs (flags, coats of arms, decorations, bills and coins and other official symbols and signs)" are not copyrighted.[419/2015 Article 8] Pursuant to Article 1 of Law No. 386-II of Kazakhstan On Post dated February 8, 2003, official signs of postage include "stamps, souvenir sheets, stamped covers, postcards, postage meter marks and other signs introduced into circulation by the authorised agency, which confirm that postal operator services have been paid."
See also: Category:Stamps of Kazakhstan
COM:Kenya
. The Copyright Act 1966 states that "any work eligible for copyright which has been created pursuant to a commission from the Government" is copyrighted "until the end of the expiration of fifty years from the end of the year in which it was first published" [2]. For stamps published more than 50 years ago (before 1 January 1973) use {{PD-Kenya|1}}.
(if prior to December 1965) per {{PD-UKGov}}
See also: Category:Stamps of Kenya
COM:Laos
. Law No. 38/NA of November 15, 2017, on Intellectual Property does not mention stamps, and nothing that could be interpreted as stamps is included in the list of unprotected works.[38/NA/2017 Article 94]
See also: Category:Stamps of Laos
COM:Latvia
use {{PD-LV-exempt}}
According to the Copyright Law of the Republic of Latvia: of April 6, 2000, Section 6, "State approved, as well as internationally recognised official symbols and signs" are "Non-Protected Works", therefore all stamps are in Public Domain.
See also: Category:Stamps of Latvia
COM:Liechtenstein
According to the Law of May 19, 1999, on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, "Copyright protection shall not subsist in ... means of payment".[1999-2006 Art.5]
However, Liechtenstein generally emulates Swiss law, and Liechtenstein's Copyright Act is based on the Swiss text. The majority of Swiss copyright law commentaries does not consider stamps "means of payment".[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]It is therefore likely that Liechtenstein stamps are protected by copyright as well.
In the past, {{PD-Liechtenstein}} was used for uploads of stamps from Liechtenstein, but this should not be done in the future, unless it's possible to produce evidence for the public domain claim.
See also: Category:Stamps of Liechtenstein
COM:Lithuania
use {{PD-LT-exempt}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Lithuania
COM:Malawi
Under Malawi's Copyright Act, 2016, the copyright term for works by the government is 50 years from the date of first publication and for works by individual authors is life of the author plus fifty years.[26/2016 Section 35(1a),(1e)] Since the first stamps of Malawi were issued on 6 July 1964, the earliest any stamp of Malawi was PD in 2015 (and even then only if the artwork depicted on the stamp is a government work).
See also: Category:Stamps of Malawi
COM:Malaysia
According to article 23 of The Copyright Act 1987 (act 332), works by the Government Organizations are subject to copyright until the beginning of the year following 50 years after publication, so only stamps more than 50 years old may be uploaded and they should use the template {{PD-Malaysia}}. This applies until 1992 when the Malaysian post office was corporatized as Pos Malaysia, so the normal artistic copyright term likely applies (life plus 50 years), unless as a corporate work the term of publish plus 50 years applies.
See also: Category:Stamps of Malaysia
COM:Manchukuo
Manchukuo
use {{PD-Manchukuo-stamps}}.
As China has always claimed Northeast China without recognizing Manchukuo, any copyright of Manchukuo stamps would have expired no later on 1 January 1996. China limits corporate copyright to 50 years since publication, and it is no longer known who designed the stamps.
See also: Category:Stamps of Manchukuo
COM:Mexico
See also: Category:Stamps of Mexico
COM:Moldova
use {{PD-MD-exempt}}.
According to the law on Copyright of the Republic of Moldova no. 293-XIII of 23 November 1994 (Amended by Law no. 1268-XV, of 25 July 2002) Article 7. refers to "State emblems and official signs (flags, armorial bearings, decorations, monetary signs, etc.)" as Works Not Protected by Copyright; therefore images of stamps are deemed to be in the public domain.
See also: Category:Stamps of Moldova
COM:Mozambique
Mozambique copyright law instituted in 2001 states that copyright subsists for 70 years following completion for "works of applied art" which appears to cover stamps.
See also: Category:Stamps of Mozambique
COM:Myanmar
Under S.18 of the Copyright Act of 1911 (promulgated 1914 and sometimes known as the 1914 Act), Government works of Myanmar are copyright for 50 years from first publication (before 1 January 1973).
See also: Category:Stamps of Myanmar
COM:Namibia
According to the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Protection Act 6 of 1994, copyright of government-produced work is held by the state, and lasts for a period of 50 years after publication [6/1994 Section 6(5)]. The Namibian post was originally a department of the government's Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication, and became Namibia Post Ltd, or NamPost, in 1992. Before its independence in 12 June 1968 {{PD-SAGov}} may apply.
See also: Category:Stamps of Namibia
COM:Netherlands
See nl:Wikipedia:Beleid voor gebruik van media/Postzegels (In Dutch).
Prior to 1 January 1989, the government-owned corporation PTT considered Dutch stamps as being created by the PTT company and as such was considered their author. In The Netherlands copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author. With stamps issued prior to 1989, copyright expires 70 years after publication.
From 1 January 1989 onwards, the PTT became the private company TNT Post. The rules are sometimes different compared to the period before 01-01-1989; for example, when there is more than one author of a stamp.
As of 2023 Dutch stamps created in the period 1852–1952 are considered to be Public Domain.
COM:New Zealand
In New Zealand, the Crown Copyright is defined by Sections 2(1), 26 et 27 of the 1994 Copyright Act. It lasts 100 years, with exceptions. It protects the work created by a person employed or engaged by the Crown, Ministers of the Crown, offices of Parliament and government departments. See Wikipedia:Crown copyright.
According to this law, images of New Zealand stamps are in the public domain :
50 years after issue for stamps issued before 31 December 1944 (Template:PD-NZ-50-years on the Wikipedia in English). Use {{PD-NZ-50-years}}. All stamps from 1944 and before are thus in the Public Domain.
100 years after issue for stamps issued between 1 January 1945 and the 31 March 1987 by the New Zealand Post Office as a Department of the Government. No stamps from 1945 onward will therefore become public domain before 1 January 2045.
COM:Nicaragua
Stamps are not mentioned among the works not subject to copyright.[312/1999 Article 16]
See also: Category:Stamps of Nicaragua
COM:North Korea
. According to North Korean copyright law as of 2006, "the property rights to a copyrighted work or a copyrighted visual art work whose author is an institution, enterprise or organization shall be protected for up to 50 years from the moment of its publication."[1532/2006 Article 24]
If published before 1 January 1973 use {{PD-DPRKOld}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of North Korea
COM:Ottoman Empire
use {{PD-Ottoman}}.
COM:Pakistan
Not OK. Use {{PD-Pakistan-stamp}} for stamps whose copyright has expired
Copyright ownership of stamps is maintained by the Government of Pakistan, as stamps in Pakistan are issued by Pakistan Post, which works under the Government of Pakistan. According to Pakistan's Copyright Ordinance, 1962, stamps can be classified as artistic:
"artistic" work' means: ... a painting, a sculpture, a drawing (including a diagram, map, chart or plan), an engraving or a photograph, whether or not any such work possess artistic quality.[XXXIV/2000 Section 2(c.i)]
"Government work" means a work which is made or published by or under the direction or control of ... the Government or any department of the Government.[XXXIV/2000 Section 2(m)]
in the case of a Government work, Government shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein.[XXXIV/2000 Section 139(d)]
Copyright in a Government work shall, where Government is the first owner of the copyright therein, subsist until 50 years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is first published.[XXXIV/2000 Section 22(1)]
See also: Category:Stamps of Pakistan
COM:Panama
Under the Law No. 64 of October 10, 2012, stamps are not excluded from protection (e.g. as official texts).[64/2012 Article 13]
Copyright lasts for 70 years after death of the author or coauthor, or 70 years from publication if the work is anonymous or pseudonymous [64/2012 Article 59–60]. However, the economic rights for works created by authors who died before Law 15 of 8 August 1994 came into force will have the duration of 80 years as provided for in the Administrative Code of 1917.[64/2012 Article 194] In effect, works by authors who died after 1942 are still protected. For older stamps, if applicable, use {{PD-Panama}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Panama
COM:Paraguay
: Stamps are not mentioned in Law No. 1328/98 on Copyright and Related Rights, and are not included in the categories that are not protected.[1328/1998 Article 8]
See also: Category:Stamps of Paraguay
COM:Peru
Stamps created prior to 1971
Some stamps were created by Casa de Correos y Telégrafos, today Ministry of Transport and Communications-owned Servicios Postales del Perú (Serpost). In Law No. 13714 of 1961, works by the government had a duration of 25 years and its copyright expired before 1996.
For stamps created by the Government and published before 1971 use {{PD-Peru-organization}}, for other works use {{PD-old-auto}} where applicable.
Stamps created since 1971
The basic law on copyright in Peru is contained in Legislative Decree No. 822 of April 23, 1996.
There is no special mention of stamps in this law as "official work".[822/1996 Art.9] Copyright lasts for 70 years from death, calculated from the 1 January following the year of death, or for 70 years from the year of disclosure for anonymous and pseudonymous works.[822/1996 Art.52–53]
See also: Category:Stamps of Peru
COM:Philippines
use {{PD-PhilippineGov}}
Works by the government of the Philippines are not protected by copyright. A prior approval of the government is necessary for exploitation of such works for profit. However, the clause for prior approval is determined to be a non-copyright restriction and can be safely ignored for the purposes of Wikimedia Commons by policy. (See discussion).
Warning while Philippine stamps are public domain as works of the Philippine government, one must also take into account the underlying derivative works that may appear in the stamps, such as photographs from non-free sources and copyrighted artworks. Section 176.3 of the copyright law provides that the copyright in a work is not invalidated by its "publication or republication by the government in a public document." See also this April 2020 deletion request and this May 2021 deletion request.
COM:Poland
According to Article 4, case 2 of the Polish Copyright Law Act of February 4, 1994 "normative acts and drafts thereof as well as official documents, materials, signs and symbols are not subject to copyrights".
Such materials should use {{PD-Polishsymbol}}. Unfortunately it is unclear if Polish stamps and banknotes are considered official materials, signs or symbols by Polish law. In 2009 about 900 files with Polish stamps were deleted (see Commons talk:Stamps/Archive 1#Polish stamps are copyrighted for the discussion).
See also: Category:Stamps of Poland
COM:Romania
use {{PD-RO-exempt}}.
According to the Romanian Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights Law no. 8/1996 of 14 March 1996 with further amendments Chapter 3 Article 9 "means of payment" shall not benefit from the legal protection accorded to copyright; therefore images of stamps are deemed to be in the public domain.
COM:Russia
use {{PD-RU-exempt|stamps}}
Pursuant to Article 1259.6 of Part IV of the Civil Code (No. 230-FZ) of the Russian Federation dated 8 December 2006, official symbols and signs (flags, emblems, orders, banknotes, and the like), as well as symbols and signs of municipal formations are not copyrighted. Pursuant to Article 2 of Federal Law No. 176-FZ of the Russian Federation On Postal Service dated July 17, 1999, official signs of postage include "postage stamps and other signs put on mail that give evidence that postage has been paid".
Article 1.1 of Official Postage Signs and Special Postmarks Regulations, put into force on 26 May 1994 by Order 115 of the Ministry of Communication of the Russian Federation, defines the official postage signs concretely and labels postage stamps, souvenir and miniature sheets, stamped envelopes, and postal stationery cards as the postage signs. Even works still under copyright can be used by the Russian post, without altering the copyright status of the work used.[20]
A copyrighted painting can be used on an envelope or such and {{PD-RU-exempt}} will apply, without turning the painting into a Public Domain work. Prerequisite is that the Russian post acquired permission from the copyright-holder. We can safely assume that the Russian post has come to an agreement with the copyright-holder of such work.
Tuva stamps[edit]
use {{PD-RU-exempt}}.
From 1921 to 1944, Tuva constituted a sovereign, independent nation under the name of Tannu Tuva, officially, the Tuvan People's Republic, or the People's Republic of Tannu Tuva. The independence of Tannu Tuva, however, was recognized only by its neighbors: the Soviet Union and Mongolia.[21] Since 1944 Tuva has been part of the Russian Federation.
See also: Category:Stamps of Russia
COM:Seychelles
Before June 1976
use {{PD-UKGov}} Seychelles was a British colony until June 1976; its stamps of the colonial era are covered by the "Crown Copyright", which expires after 50 years and puts the stamps in the public domain (see Crown copyright and {{PD-UKGov}}).
use {{PD-Seychelles}}.
Postage stamps first published 25 years ago or later are not in the public domain, and should not be uploaded.
COM:Singapore
All stamps are under the copyright of the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA). No stamps may be reproduced without paying royalties to the IDA, if requested.
According to Singapore's copyright law, stamps become public domain 70 years after the death of the engraver or 70 years after their issuance, if governmental work. Use {{PD-SG-artisticwork}}.
The Singapore Philatelic Museum has been appointed to administer approval for reproduction.[22]
See also: Category:Stamps of Singapore
COM:South Africa
South African stamps older than 50 years (published before 1 January 1973) are in the public domain, use {{PD-SAGov}}
See also: Category:Stamps of South Africa
COM:South Korea
According to Articles 39 to 44 of the Copyright Act of the Republic of Korea, copyrighted works enter the public domain 70 years after publication when made public in the name of an organization. Use {{PD-South Korea}} if published before 1 January 1963.
See also: Category:Stamps of South Korea
COM:Soviet Union
Since, according to intergovernmental and international treaties, Russian Federation is a legal successor to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the tag {{PD-RU-exempt}} (please see "Russia" above) also applies to images of postage stamps, stamped covers and stamped post cards (postal stationery) of the RSFSR and USSR.
COM:Spain
Communication with Spain's Philatelic Bureau suggests no public domain. Permission to scan images of Spanish stamps requires a specific request to the, Sociedad Estatal de Correos y Telégrafos.
According to Spanish copyright law, while most official works are not protected by copyright, standalone images are specifically exempted, and the author retains copyright. So it is safe to assume that Spanish stamps are copyright their designers, in which case they are protected for 70 years after the author's death, or 80 years if the author died before 1988. If the designer is unknown, the stamp falls into the public domain 70 years after it was issued, or 80 years if issued before 1987.
See also: Category:Stamps of Spain
COM:Sri Lanka
. The Intellectual Property Act No 36 of 2003 is silent on stamps, so assume copyrighted until general term of protection expires. It seems that stamps would be public domain if published before 1 January 1953, use {{PD-Sri Lanka}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Sri Lanka
COM:Sweden
Swedish stamps do not seem to have a copyright exception in Sweden, so stamps are in PD 70 years after the death of the engraver.
See also: Category talk:Stamps of Sweden
See also: Category:Stamps of Sweden
COM:Switzerland
According to Article 5 of the Federal Act on Copyright and Related Rights, "copyright does not protect [...] means of payment". However, the prevailing view among legal commentators is that stamps are not considered means of payment and do not fall under any other exemption clause. They therefore enjoy copyright protection.[23]
See also: Category:Stamps of Switzerland
COM:Taiwan
According to the TIPO[24], stamps are considered as normal copyrighted artworks, not government works. Old stamps can be public domain following the #Terms section above.
See also: Category:Stamps of Taiwan
COM:Tajikistan
use {{PD-TJ-exempt}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Tajikistan
COM:Thailand
The copyright of postage stamps is held by Thailand Post and lasts 50 years. Public domain for stamps published before 1 February 1973.[2537/1994 Sec.23]
See also: Category:Stamps of Thailand
COM:Tonga
The copyright situation is unclear.
The Post Office Act (1933, 1977) does not mention copyright.[25]The Copyright Acts 2002 states that,
For a collective work other than a work of applied art ... the economic and moral rights are protected for fifty years from the date on which the work was either made, first made available to the public, or first published, whichever date is the latest.[2002 Sec.18]
A "work of applied art" is an artistic creation with utilitarian functions or incorporated in a useful article, whether made by hand or produced on an industrial scale.[2002 Sec.2] The economic and moral rights are protected for twenty five years the making of the work.[2002 Sec.18]
Thus, any stamp published more than 50 years ago should be in the public domain.
See also: Category:Stamps of Tonga
COM:Turkey
Under Law No. 5846 of December 5, 1951 (as amended up to decision no 2020/29 of Constitutional Court of Turkey on July 17, 2020),
The rights in works created by civil servants, employees and workers during the execution of their duties shall be exercised by the persons who employ or appoint them; provided that the contrary may not be deduced from a special contract between such persons or from the nature of the work.[5846/1951 Article 18]
If the first author is a legal person, the term of protection shall be 70 years from the date on which the work was made public.[5846/1951 Article 27]
The copyright for stamps therefore belongs to the Turkish government and lasts 70 years from publication. Thus, any stamp issued 70 or more years ago (published before 1 January 1953) is public domain.
See also: Category:Stamps of Turkey
COM:Turkmenistan
According to Law No. 257-IV of January 10, 2012, Article 7, state symbols and signs (flag, coat of arms, anthem, awards, banknotes and other signs) are not copyrightable; therefore the postage stamps of Turkmenistan are in public domain. Use the {{PD-TK-exempt}} tag for each image.
See also: Category:Stamps of Turkmenistan
COM:Ukraine
use {{PD-UA-exempt}}.
According to the Article 10 of the Law of Ukraine on Copyright and Related rights, all Ukrainian stamps are in the public domain. They are defined as "state signs" in the Law of Ukraine On Postal Service (4 October 2001) :
Postage stamp means a state sign manufactured according to the procedure set forth by legislation, with specified face value and state, serving as the tool of payment for postal services provided by the national operator.[26]
See also: Category:Stamps of Ukraine
COM:United Arab Emirates
The 2002 UAE law states that such works as stamps are protected for 50 years starting from 1 January of the publication year. Yet the 1992 law gave a 25 years copyright protection (starting from the publication date). This means that all UAE postage stamps printed before 1977 are in public domain. Stamps issued after that year should wait 50 years.
One may tag Template:PD-United Arab Emirates stamp to any such image.
COM:United Kingdom
. British stamp designs published before 1st October 1969 were "Crown Copyright", which expired after 50 years and put the stamps in the public domain. (See Crown copyright.) This also applies to the stamps of the various territories of the British Empire prior to their independence.
In 1969, the Post Office was established as a non-Crown body. Since then, the copyright of new British stamps has been held by the Post Office or Royal Mail in its own right, so in general no stamp may be uploaded.
COM:United States
According to Title 17 of the United States Code, the copyright status of stamps depends on when they were first issued.
In the public domain as a work of the federal government. Use {{PD-USGov}}
1978 onward
Copyrighted by the United States Postal Service after 1 January 1978 (the date on which the Copyright Act of 1976 went into effect).[27] Written permission is needed.[28]
COM:Uzbekistan
use {{PD-UZ-exempt}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Uzbekistan
COM:Venezuela
Stamps are not mentioned in the Law on Copyright 1993, and do not qualify as an excluded category.[1993 Article 4]
Copyright lasts for 60 years from death, calculated from the 1 January following the year of death.[1993 Article 25] The copyright in anonymous or pseudonymous works shall expire after 60 years counted from January 1 of the year following that of the first publication thereof.[1993 Article 27]
Use template {{PD-Venezuela}} where applicable.
See also: Category:Stamps of Venezuela
Universal Postal Union/ WADP/ WNS[edit]
The Universal Postal Union, in conjunction with the World Association for the Development of Philately (WADP), has developed the WADP Numbering System (WNS), launched on 1 January 2002. The web site (https://www.wnsstamps.post/en/Stamps-Search) has entries for some 160 countries and emitting postal entities, with over 25,000 registered stamps since 2002. Many of them have images, which generally remain copyrighted by the issuing country, but which the UPU and WADP permit to be downloaded.
Some citation text may not have been transcluded
↑ 15 декабря 2003 г. № 258-З О почтовой связи – Postage Law of the Republic of Belarus No. 258-З of December 15, 2003 (in Russian). Retrieved on 2019-02-05.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CivilPRC
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named LaPosteRepro
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Phil-Ouest
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CatawikiCortot
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hourriez
↑ A Szerzői Jogi Szakértő Testület szakvéleményei. Bankjegy-, illetve pénzérme-kép szerzői jogi védelme, felhasználása; a szerzői jogok jogosultja. Ügyszám: SZJSZT (September 2001).]
↑ Council of Copyright Experts. Hungarian Intellectual Property Office. Retrieved on 2019-03-26.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named StampArt
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ferri
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Petronio
↑ Cherpillod in Müller/Oertli, Urheberrechtsgesetz, 2nd ed. 2012, Art. 5 para. 3
↑ Barrelet/Egloff, Das neue Urheberrecht, 3rd ed. 2008, Art. 5 para. 5
↑ von Büren/Meer in von Büren/David, SIWR II/1, 3rd ed. 2014, para. 379
↑ Hilty, Urheberrecht, 2011, para. 130
↑ Dessemontet, Le droit d'auteur, 1999, para. 413
↑ Gilliéron in Werra/Gilliéron, Propriété intellectuelle, 2013, Art. 5 LDA para. 9
↑ von Büren, Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte, ZSR 1993, 193-222, 200
↑ disagreeing: Rehbinder/Viganò, URG, 3rd ed. 2008, Art. 5 para. 3 [included by analogy]
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named RF115
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tuva1992
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SingPhil
↑ W Egloff in D Barrelet and W Egloff (eds), Das neue Urheberrecht (4th edn, Stämpfli 2020) art 5 para 5 («da sie keine Zahlungsmittel sind und auch sonst unter keine Ausnahmebestimmung fallen»); R von Büren and MA Meer in R von Büren and L David (eds), Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte (3rd edn, Helbing & Lichtenhahn 2014) para 379 («es handelt sich bei ihnen nämlich nicht um offizielle Zahlungsmittel, da sie keinen gesetzlichen Kurs haben und nicht in Zahlung genommen werden müssen»); I Cherpillod in BK Müller and R Oertli (eds), Urheberrechtsgesetz (URG) (2nd edn, Stämpfli 2012) art 5 para 3; RM Hilty, Urheberrecht (2nd edn, Stämpfli 2020) para 254 («zumal der im Vorentwurf von 1987 enthaltene Schutzausschluss im Rahmen des bundesrätlichen Entwurfs wieder gestrichen worden war»); P Gilliéron in J de Werra and P Gilliéron (eds), Propriété intellectuelle (Helbing & Lichtenhahn 2013) art 5 LDA para 9. Contra M Rehbinder and AP Viganò (eds), URG (3rd edn, Orell Füssli 2008) art 5 para 3 («Zahlungsmittel (Geldscheine und Münzen) sind [...] nicht mehr geschützt [...] Analoges wird aber auch für Briefmarken zu gelten haben (streitig)»).
↑ 電子郵件920523. TIPO (2003-05-23).
↑ Tonga Consolidated Legislation: Post Office Act Acts 12 of 1933 and 29 of 1977. Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute. Retrieved on 2019-03-16.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ZakonPost
↑ http://about.usps.com/corporate-social-responsibility/stamp-collecting.htm#asc8
↑ http://about.usps.com/doing-business/rights-permissions/welcome.htm USPS site
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text:
Jennifer L. Plitsch
Washington +1 202 662 5611 jplitsch@cov.com Download V-card
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Jennifer Plitsch is co-chair of the firm's Government Contracts practice group, where her practice includes a wide range of contracting issues for large and small businesses in both defense and civilian contracting. Her practice involves advising clients on contract proposal, performance, and compliance questions as well as litigation, transactional, and legislative issues. She has particular expertise in advising clients on intellectual property and data rights issues under the Federal Acquisition Regulations and Bayh-Dole Act, and has significant experience in negotiation and compliance under non-traditional government agreements including Other Transaction Authority agreements (OTAs), Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs), Cooperative Agreements, Grants, and Small Business Innovation Research agreements.
For well over a decade, Ms. Plitsch's practice has focused on advising clients in the pharmaceutical, biologics and medical device industry and she advises such clients on all aspects of both commercial and non-commercial agreements with various government agencies including VA, HHS, DoD and USAID. She advises a range of life sciences clients on Federal Supply Schedule contracts, including the complex pricing requirements imposed on products under the Veterans Health Care Act, as well as the 340B program. She also has significant experience advising on the requirements of various programs under which vaccine products and biodefense medical countermeasures are procured by the Government, representing over a dozen clients in developing and supplying medical countermeasures in conjunction with the Biodefense Advanced Research and Development Authority, the National Institutes of Health and various Defense-related entities.
Representation of contractor in competing for, and performing, various research and development contracts for development of vaccine technology and domestic production capacity with HHS as well as production contracts for various vaccine products with HHS, CDC, and state governments.
Representation of contractor in bid protest litigation at the U.S. Court of Federal Claims regarding Military Housing Privatization Initiative competitions.
Representation of contractor in federal trial and appellate court litigation regarding novel issues arising under the Contract Disputes Act.
Advice to various pharmaceutical manufacturers regarding Federal Ceiling Price calculations for sales on the Federal Supply Schedules, administered by the VA, as well as other questions arising in the performance of contracts under the VA Master Agreement.
Advice to various manufacturer's regard obligations under the TRICARE and 340B programs.
Assistance to pharmaceutical manufacturer in investigation and assessing potential price reduction cause violations under its VA FSS contract.
Advice to pharmaceutical manufacturers regarding ethical constraints in interactions with government healthcare providers.
Advice regarding application of the Trade Agreements Act to various pharmaceutical products.
Advice to contractor providing support services to the military in Iraq in responding to legislative requests for information and hearing testimony.
Advice to foreign biodefense contractor in diligence review and acquisition of US biodefense manufacturer.
Representation of construction contractor and its principal in debarment proceedings before FHWA.
Representation of government contractor in challenging release of various contract information under the Freedom of Information Act.
Providing advice to the Washington Humane Society regarding the negotiation and performance of its contract with the D.C. Government.
Representation various nonprofit contractors in negotiating and complying with government contracts, subcontracts and grants.
Successful representation of two African American Farmers in claims of discriminatory lending practices against the United States Department of Agriculture.
Successful representation of a putative class of inmates in challenging the use of five-point restraints in a Virginia state correctional facility.
United States Department of the Treasury, General Counsel's Office (General Law and Ethics and Enforcement Sections), Honors Attorney (1998-1999)
Trump Administration Renews Focus on Anti-Human Trafficking Efforts
January 14, 2020, Inside Government Contracts
The Trump Administration has declared this month National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month, calling on industry associations, law enforcement, private businesses, and others to work toward ending modern slavery and human trafficking. This proclamation follows the Administration's efforts to combat human trafficking, which we have previously ...
Momentum In Drug Pricing Reform: House Passes New Legislation on the Heels of Presidential Candidates' Drug Pricing Proposals
December 19, 2019, Inside Government Contracts
Late last week, House Democrats passed Speaker Nancy Pelosi's Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act. This bill would, among other things, permit the Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS") to negotiate lower prices for 250 of the costliest drugs on behalf of Medicare beneficiaries and other consumers. Although this particular legislation ...
OFCCP Proposes Rule Removing TRICARE Health Care Providers from Its Regulatory Authority
November 18, 2019, Inside Government Contracts
On November 6, 2019, the Department of Labor's Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs ("OFCCP") issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking ("NPRM") aimed at resolving what OFCCP describes as a "decade of confusion."[1] At issue is a long-standing question concerning the scope of OFCCP's enforcement authority over health care providers participating in ...
How Much Is Enough? Federal Circuit Appeal May Decide Level of U.S. Manufacturing Required Under the TAA
October 22, 2019, Inside Government Contracts
A long-standing dispute over the approach to country of origin determinations under the Trade Agreements Act ("TAA") may soon be resolved, as the Federal Circuit recently heard oral argument in one of two cases presently examining key aspects of this statute. Among other questions presented, the court may decide the standard for determining whether a...… ...
PAHPAI Reauthorizes Key Biodefense Initiatives and Provides Opportunities for Industry Partners
October 2019, Government Contracting Law Report
White House Seeks Input from Biotech Stakeholders on Bioeconomy
September 17, 2019, Inside Government Contracts
Last week, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy ("OSTP") issued a request for information ("RFI") to learn how the Government can more effectively "support scientific discovery, the development of technological advances, and increase the impact of a vibrant bioeconomy on the Nation's vitality and our citizens' lives." 84 Fed. Reg. 47561 ...
July 8, 2019, Inside Government Contracts
Late last month, the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness and Advancing Innovation Act of 2019 (PAHPAI) was signed into law.[1] The Act is a much anticipated reauthorization of the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act, originally passed in 2006.[2] The legislation is a key development in strengthening the country's ability to respond to bio-threats, ...
Rights in Government-Funded IP: Changes May be on the Horizon
May 3, 2019, Inside Government Contracts
Many entities engaged in federally funded R&D have closely monitored the efforts of the National Institute of Standards and Technology ("NIST") over the last year as it has studied strategies for maximizing U.S. innovation through government-funded research. Last week, NIST published its findings in NIST Special Publication 1234, Return on Investment Initiative ...
Save the Date – BARDA Industry Day Is Coming
August 31, 2018, Inside Government Contracts
Registration will open soon for the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority's ("BARDA") 2018 Industry Day to be held on October 29 and 30 at the Grand Hyatt in Washington, D.C. This event has been an integral part of BARDA's outreach efforts to the life sciences community since 2007, and the newest version of this...… Continue Reading The post ...
Accessing US Government Funds for Research and Development
August 9, 2018, Biotech and Money
DoD Seeks Streamlined Procurements of Innovative Technologies – Other Transaction Agreements and the Commercial Solutions Opening Pilot Program
The Department of Defense (DoD) has once again emphasized its willingness to engage with commercial companies and other non-traditional contractors to try to expedite and simplify its procurement of innovative technologies. In particular, the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) indicated that it plans to enter directly into Other Transaction Authority ...
Takeaways From Senate 'Buy American' School Lunch Bill
May 29, 2018, Law360
Bipartisan Legislation Aims To Strengthen "Buy American" Requirement Under National School Lunch Program
May 17, 2018, Inside Government Contracts
[A modified version of this blog post was published in Law360.] Last month, Senators Dan Sullivan (R-AK) and Maria Cantwell (D-WA) introduced legislation to "improve the requirement to purchase domestic commodities or products" under the National School Lunch Program (the "NSLP") and the School Breakfast Program (the "SPB"). Even if this legislation fails to ...
Acetris Questions Made-In-US Standard For Drugs
Oregon HB 4005: New Reporting Requirements for Drug Manufacturers, Health Insurers
March 15, 2018, Covington Alert
On Tuesday, March 13, 2018, Oregon Governor Kate Brown signed into law House Bill 4005 (HB 4005), which imposes substantial new state reporting requirements on pharmaceutical manufacturers regarding drug pricing, including details on manufacturer-sponsored patient assistance programs.
Gov't Contracts Group Of The Year: Covington & Burling
Covington was named a 2017 Government Contracts Practice Group of the Year by Law360. According to Fred Levy, the group is unique due to the breadth and depth of experience that its attorneys have, and its seamless interaction with other top-tier practice groups at the firm. "I think we're a very cohesive practice group," he says. "It really incentivizes our ...
Contractors Face Choices Challenges With New Paid Sick Leave Rules
November 1, 2016, BNA Federal Contracts Report
Final Sick Leave Rule Offers Little Relief For Contractors
September 29, 2016, Law360
Jennifer Plitsch is quoted in a Law360 article regarding the U.S. Department of Labor's final rule requiring federal contractors to provide paid sick leave to employees. According to Plitsch, "I can't say we've had any clients who have said, 'I'm done with the federal government; I'm never going there again,' but I do think there is increasing concern about the ...
Non-TAA-Compliant Covered Drugs Must be Offered to the VA in the Coming Weeks
The United States Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA") recently announced a significant change in policy that will allow it to purchase drug products that were previously unavailable due to the Trade Agreements Act ("TAA") because they were manufactured in countries with whom the United States does not have a procurement agreement in place. The VA has issued a ...
Leading Government Contracts Group Joins Covington
WASHINGTON, DC, May 1, 2015 — Covington is significantly expanding its government contracts practice with 20 lawyers from one of the nation's top government contracts groups, including its former chair and leaders in contractor tort liability, bid protests, procurement fraud, trade secrets and employment. The group of five partners and 15 other lawyers from ...
FAR Council Proposes New Rules on Inverted Corporations; Congress Voices Support
April 2015, Government Contracting Law Report
Contractors Face Significant Compliance Burdens as Administration Tracks Effectiveness of Labor Regulations
March 10, 2015, BNA Federal Contracts Report
New Human Trafficking Rule Imposes Compliance Obligations on All Government Contractors and Subcontractors Starting March 2015
February 2, 2015, Covington E-Alert
2015, BNA Federal Contracts Report
Contracting With Inverted Corporations: The Latest Rules
HHS Issues PREP Act Declaration Covering Ebola Vaccines
December 10, 2014, Cov Africa
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS") published a declaration today under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness ("PREP") Act covering activities relating to three Ebola vaccine candidates that are currently in development. The declaration went into effect on December 3, 2014 and extends liability protection to manufacturers, ...
HHS Looks To Existing Procurement Tool For Ebola Drugs
White House Continues Push for Contractor Labor Rules
The Government Contracts Update
August 28, 2014, Covington E-Alert
August 1, 2014, Covington E-Alert
July 21, 2014, Covington E-Alert
June 30, 2014, Covington E-Alert
June 9, 2014, Covington E-Alert
May 27, 2014, Covington E-Alert
March 26, 2014, Covington E-Alert
DoD and GSA Release Joint Report on Incorporating Cybersecurity Standards Into the Acquisition Process
January 6, 2014, Covington E-Alert
December 12, 2013, Covington E-Alert
December 2, 2013, Covington E-Alert
FAR Council Extends Deadline for Comments on Proposed Human Trafficking Rule
FAR Anti-Trafficking Rule: 10 Lingering Questions
November 7, 2013, Law360
U.S. Chamber Releases Covington Co-Authored Report on Chinese Opportunities in U.S. Infrastructure Sector
WASHINGTON, DC, October 24, 2013 — The U.S. Chamber of Commerce yesterday released a significant report, co-authored by Covington & Burling, assessing the opportunities for Chinese participation in the U.S. infrastructure sector. The other co-authors were the economic research and advisory firm The Rhodium Group and the strategic advisory firm Sphere Consulting. ...
October 18, 2013, Covington E-Alert
October 4, 2013, Covington E-Alert
From International to Interstates: Assessing the Opportunity for Chinese Participation in U.S. Infrastructure
October 2013, U.S. Chamber of Commerce
Covington Promotes Nine Lawyers to Partnership
WASHINGTON, DC, October 1, 2013 — Covington & Burling is pleased to announce that it has elected nine lawyers to its partnership effective today. "We're delighted to welcome these nine lawyers to our partnership," said Timothy Hester, chair of Covington's management committee. "They are all excellent lawyers who will bring great value and service to our ...
New Proposed Rules to Enhance Contractors' Responsibilities in the Fight Against Human Trafficking
September 27, 2013, Covington E-Alert
September 6, 2013, Covington E-Alert
Covington Advises MedImmune in Acquisition of Amplimmune
NEW YORK, August 26, 2013 — Covington & Burling is advising MedImmune, AstraZeneca's global biologics research and development arm, on the acquisition of Amplimmune, a privately held biologics company focused on developing novel therapeutics in cancer immunology. Under the terms of the merger agreement, MedImmune will acquire Amplimmune shares for an initial ...
Department of Labor Moves Forward on Affirmative Action Regarding Individuals with Disabilities
August 8, 2013, Covington Advisory
HRSA Issues Final 340B Orphan Drug Exclusion Rule Imposing New Obligations on Covered Entities and Creating New Risks for Manufacturers
FAR Council Issues Interim Rule to Make Open-Ended Indemnity Clauses Unenforceable
DoD to Consider Purchase of a New Health IT System
Innovative Approaches to Legal Risk Management
District Court Concludes that Hospitals Are "Subcontractors"
What Drug Manufacturers Need to Know About 340B in 2013
March 25, 2013, BNA's Health Care Policy Report
March 7, 2013, Covington E-Alert
OFCCP Issues Directive Regarding Federal Contractor Use of Criminal History Information in Hiring Decisions
New Obligations Regarding Nondisplacement of Qualified Workers
HHS Proposes to Amend Acquisition Regulations Regarding Application of Bayh-Dole Act and Data Rights
Executive Order Enhances Government Contractors' Responsibilities in the Fight Against Human Trafficking
Covington Advises Meda on Acquisition of Jazz Pharmaceuticals' Women's Health Products
LONDON, 06 September, 2012 — Covington & Burling LLP acted as legal advisers to Meda in an agreement with Jazz Pharmaceuticals to acquire a portfolio of six pharmaceutical products for women for $95 million in cash. The largest and most important product in the portfolio is Elestrin, a patented product with sales of almost 100 MSEK, that doctors prescribe for ...
Office of Federal Procurement Policy Considering Extending FAPIIS Reporting Requirements
Covington Advises University on Creation of Bioinformatics Database
SAN FRANCISCO, May 2, 2012 — Covington & Burling LLP advised the University of California, Santa Cruz on the creation of a national, federally-financed bioinformatics database. The database will serve as a secure repository for storing, cataloging, and accessing cancer genome sequences, alignments, and mutation information from leading cancer-related projects ...
Big Four Pricing 101
May 2012, ACI Big Four Pharma
Overview of the "Big Four" and the VHCA
May 2012, ACI "Big Four" Pharmaceutical Pricing Boot Camp
Covington Advises Thomson Reuters In $1.25 Billion Sale of its Healthcare Business
NEW YORK, April 23, 2012 — Covington & Burling represented Thomson Reuters in a definitive agreement to sell its Healthcare business to an affiliate of Veritas Capital for $1.25 billion in cash. The sale, expected to close in the next few months, is subject to regulatory approval and customary closing conditions, including the expiration or termination of ...
The World Trade Organization Adopts a Revised Agreement on Government Procurement
Final VA Rule on Promotion of Drugs and Drug-Related Supplies Imposes Broad Prohibitions and New Procedural Hurdles on Pharmaceutical Company Representatives
FAPIIS Final Rule on Public Access to Contractor Information Allows Contractors Limited Opportunity to Dispute Data Release
Reauthorization Opens Up SBIR Funds to Small Businesses With Venture Capital, Hedge Fund, or Private Equity Backing
Executive Order Creates Board to Oversee Spending on Federal Funds
HRSA Issues Proposed Rule Implementing Orphan Drug Exclusion for Certain 340B Program Purchases
Interim DFARS Rule Imposes New Business System Regime and Contract Payment Withholding System
Proposed Executive Order Would Require Government Contractors to Report Political Spending
The Cost of Transparency: Challenges Posed by the New FAPIIS Requirements
April 26, 2011, BNA's Federal Contracts Report
Covington Advises ClaimTrust, Inc. in Sale to Craneware PLC
NEW YORK, March 15, 2011 — Covington & Burling LLP advised ClaimTrust, Inc. in the company's recent sale to Craneware PLC (AIM: CRW.L). Craneware PLC is the market leader in automated revenue integrity solutions for the U.S. healthcare market. ClaimTrust, Inc. is a software-as-a-service revenue cycle technology provider to hospitals in the United States. The ...
The Impact of a Federal Government Shutdown on Government Agencies and Contracts
New Regulations Will Mandate Public Disclosure of Contractor Information in FAPIIS Database
Health Care Reform: 340B Drug Pricing Program
April 2010, Covington E-Alert
Federal Government Contracts Pricing: FSS, VA, DOD, and More
November 2009, ACI Rx Drug Pricing Conference
Final Rule Requires Federal Contractors to Certify Regarding Certain Business Activities in Sudan
Department of Defense Releases Additional Guidance for Implementation of the New TRICARE Rule
Covington Announces Four New Counsel
WASHINGTON, DC, April 7, 2009 — Covington & Burling LLP is pleased to announce the promotion of four lawyers to of counsels and special counsels. The new of counsels are as follows: Heather Haberl represents local, regional, and national owners, developers, property managers, tax-exempt organizations, and other users in all aspects of real estate ...
DoD Final Rule Mandates Deeply Discounted Pricing for TRICARE Retail Pharmacy Sales
"Buy American" Provisions in Stimulus Package Stir Controversy - Government Contracts
New Rule Will Require Contractors To Report Wrongdoing To The Government And Impose Stricter Ethics And Compliance Obligations
Covington Advises Intercell in Acquisition of Iomai Corporation
WASHINGTON, DC, August 7, 2008 — On August 5, Intercell AG completed its acquisition of Iomai Corporation (now known as Intercell USA, Inc.) in a deal that will create a leading traveler's vaccine portfolio. Covington & Burling LLP advised Intercell on the transaction. Intercell is a growing biotechnology company which focuses on the design and development of ...
Congress Requires Pharmaceutical Manufacturers to Provide Deeply Discounted Prices for Covered Drugs Purchased at TRICARE Retail Pharmacies
Legal 500 US, Government Contracts (2016-2018)
Washington DC Super Lawyers, Government Contracts (2014-2018)
Charles F.C. Ruff Pro Bono Lawyer of the Year (2001)
Global Supply Chain Toolkit
We help clients navigate the legal, reputational, and regulatory risks that can arise across their global supply chains.
Harvard Law School, J.D., 1996
Drew University, B.A., 1993
summa cum laude with specialized honors in Political Science
Judicial Clerkship
Hon. Anne Thompson, U.S. District Court, District of New Jersey, 1996 - 1998


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Q: number of right angle triangles in $n$-sided regular polygon In a regular polygon of $12$ sides , three vertices are selected at random to form a triangle. Then no. of right angle triangles formed.
And also find probability that triangle formed is equilateral given that triangle formed is obtuse.
Solution I try:
Total number of triangles is $\displaystyle \binom{12}{3}$  and number of equilateral triangle is $4$ .how i find right angle triangle and obtuse angle triangle.

A: For the right triangle question . . .

Pick a vertex $P$, and consider triangle $APB$, where $A,B$ are two other vertices.

Then triangle $APB$ has a right angle at $P$ if and only if $AB$ is a diameter.

For each $P$, there are $5$ diameters which don't meet $P$.

Since there are $12$ choices for $P$, it follows that there are $(12)(5) = 60$ right triangles, hence the probability of getting a right triangle is
$$\frac{60}{\binom{12}{3}}=\frac{60}{220}=\frac{3}{11}$$

For the non-obtuse triangle question . . .

Define the vertex distance between two vertices as the least number of vertex steps to get from one vertex to the other.

For distinct vertices $A,P,B$ of the $12$-gon, triangle $APB$ has an obtuse angle at $P$ if and only if $A,B$ are not diametrically opposite, and $P$ is strictly between $A$ and $B$ on minor arc $AB$.

Suppose distinct vertices $A,B$ of the $12$-gon are not diametrically opposite.

Then the vertex distance from $A$ to $B$ is at least $2$, and at most $5$.

For each $k \in \{2,3,4,5\}$, there are $12$ choices for a chord $AB$ for which the vertex distance from $A$ to $B$ is $k$, and $k-1$ choices for the point $P$, hence the number of obtuse triangles is
$$\sum_{k=2}^5 (12)(k-1) = 12(1+2+3+4)=120$$

It follows that of the ${\large{\binom{12}{3}}}$ possible triangles,
$${\small{\binom{12}{3}}}-120=220-120=100$$
of them are non-obtuse, and of those, $4$ are equilateral, so the probability of getting an equilateral triangle, given that the chosen triangle is non-obtuse is
$$\frac{4}{100}=\frac{1}{25}$$

If you want "acute" instead of "non-obtuse", a minor adjustment is needed . . .

Of the ${\large{\binom{12}{3}}}$ possible triangles,
$${\small{\binom{12}{3}}}-(60+120)=220-180=40$$
of them are acute, and of those, $4$ are equilateral, so the probability of getting an equilateral triangle, given that the chosen triangle is acute is
$$\frac{4}{40}=\frac{1}{10}$$

A: Hint:
Denote $O$ the centre of the regular dodecahedron, and $A_1,\dots, A_{12}$ its vertices. Computing the angles in triangles $OA_iA_{i+1}$, you can check the only way to obtain a right triangle $A_iA_jA_k$  is to take three consecutive vertices.

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A police chase that originated in Vanderburgh County ended in Henderson after stop sticks were deployed, and the suspect tried to run away on foot.
HENDERSON -- A police chase that originated in Vanderburgh County ended in Henderson Tuesday afternoon after stop sticks were deployed, and the suspect -- 27-year-old Tevin Latrell Woodruff of 1202 North Third Avenue in Evansville -- tried to run away on foot.
At one point during the chase, Woodruff is alleged to have rammed a police car and also is accused of driving 80 mph down the center turning lane on U.S. 41-North.
After the driver of the Ford Focus fled on foot near the ramp to the Audubon Parkway at the Kentucky 425 Bypass, he was apprehended by a K-9 with the Vanderburgh County Sheriff's Office and taken into custody.
According to a news release, Henderson Dispatch was advised that deputies with Vanderburgh County Sheriff's Office were in pursuit of a 2017 Ford Focus and were southbound on U.S. 41, entering Kentucky at about 2 p.m. Tuesday.
"HPD officers were able to deploy spike strips near the ramp to the Audubon Parkway. The Ford Focus ran over the strips and came to a final stop near the KY 425 exit. The driver of the Ford Focus then fled on foot, but was apprehended by a K9 with the Vanderburgh County Sheriff's Office."
Woodruff has been charged with Fleeing or Evading Police 1st Degree - Motor Vehicle; Fleeing or Evading Police 2nd Degree - On Foot; and Operating on a Suspended or Revoked Operator's License; and No Insurance 1st offense.
Woodruff was also served with a Bench Warrant for Failure to Appear in Henderson District Court and a Bench Warrant for Failure to Appear for Pre-Trial in Webster County District Court.


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Paytm IPO Pros and Cons | Should You Invest In Paytm IPO
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November 2, 2021 9:26 am EDT
It is the season of IPOs. Have you been trading for quite some time or have you been newly interested in this market? This is the right place for you to know more about the IPO and trading in general. In this particular article, we will talk about the pros and cons of the Paytm IPO. Paytm is the leading financial service in our country. Recently, it had announced launching its IPO and raising capital to invest in acquiring assets and partnerships. Therefore, without further ado, let's list down the pros and cons also that investing will be easier for you.
About Paytm
The digital payment service began in August 2010. The owners of the service are – the founder Vijay Sekhar Sharma and ONE97 communications limited. It was originally located in Noida. Initially, the app provided DTH and prepaid mobile recharge services. Three years later, it also included landline and postpaid mobile recharge services. Gradually, this e-commerce diversified to include online water, gas, cab, and bus tickets. The app is available in 11 different languages. In 2016, the QR code payment method was launched. Since then, it's become more accessible and easier for the general public. This has been especially useful during the pandemic.
Currently, this financial and e-commerce service has a total of 58 million account holders. The investors are some of the big names in the industry like- Softbank and AGH holders. The company is valued at $19.9 million.
The One97 Communications Limited company has announced to launch its IPO from November 8-10. The price band was announced on 27th October. The initial stage ends on 10th November. The company has planned to raise a massive amount of Rs. 18,300 cr, making it the largest ever IPO of India. This is twice the amount as last year when it originally began. The individual share is available for approx Rs. 2200 and the minimum quantity is 6. You can apply for a maximum of 15 lots and 90 shares. You have to keep certain important dates in mind. On November 15th, the lots will be finalized and the next day (16th November), the refund process will begin. The listing will be made available to you from November 18th and finally, it ends on the 25th of November. You can access it directly through the UPI of the app.
Paytm IPO Pros
The app has been around for almost a decade. The reason for its prolonged operation is the trust that it has gained due to the customers' services. The app has become reliable for customers through its easy access, reach and range. The leading financial service provides a wide range of services such as DTH recharge, grocery shopping, several payments, loans, etc. The payment instruments are also better. In addition, the technology and innovation of the product have helped the app to grow better and successfully. The company operates through self-reliant network services therefore, there is low cost. Due to this, it has the advantage of lending services to its customers at a low price and it benefits the profits of the company as well. The company has an excellent management system therefore, it can handle a wide range of services, merchants, and customers. The promotion work of the company is also been running on successful grounds. The reason why it has gained several new customers.
Paytm IPO Cons
The app has competition from several leading services from the industry such as Mobikwik, Freecharge, Phone pe, etc. These are beneficial and profitable for the customers as well. In addition, the company had faced a loss in revenues for some years. Therefore, this will also create new doubts in the mind of the investor. Along with this, the pandemic has also generated losses for the company. The company is highly dependent on outsiders and other financial institutions for investment and financial services. The transaction volume is high due to the previous customers in comparison to the new customers in the platform. Due to the competition from the market, the company is dependent on other parties for the growth of its business.
As we have listed the pros and cons of the IPO, we recommend you calculate all the aspects before investing. In this upcoming IPO season, you can access different articles and stay informed from our website
.Check Out More Article By The Author
Apply or IPO Here


There's nothing more frustrating than being disconnected from friends and family while traveling for an extended period of time. But thanks to advances in technology, all you need is Wi-Fi and a few cool international tech accessories to keep in touch. Check out a few tips below.
Contact your mobile phone provider to check if your phone will work overseas and ask about an international call and text rates, including roaming fees. If costs are too high, you can purchase a local prepaid phone with no contract. Alternatively, you can purchase an unlocked phone with a World (or local) Travel SIM card for use in another country.
Contact your hotel or surrounding cafe's, bookstores, etc., to inquire about Wi-Fi access. Although there are several hotels, cafe's and restaurants in the U.S. that offer free Wi-Fi, when traveling internationally, some hotels may charge a small fee. Additionally, the Open Signal app can help you find the closest wireless hotspots.
Check whether your airport has Wi-Fi. Free Wi-Fi access is the answer to most traveler's prayers when departing, arriving or getting stuck for an extended period of time. Check out this great list of Airports with Wi-Fi compiled by Airfare Watchdog.
Connect at 30,000 to 40,000 feet on several airlines. Many airlines have started offering Wi-Fi in flight, but take note; it comes with a cost. And as CNBC reports, not all Wi-Fi is created equal. Reportedly, Virgin America, Delta, and Southwest customers have the best chance of getting Wi-Fi; while United, American, and Alaskan Airlines customers have fairly good to better chances at Wi-Fi.
Check out this great chart compiled by CNBC which details the probability of having WI-Fi access. Additionally, if you have an American Express Platinum card, you're in luck. The Boingo American Express Preferred Plan offers complimentary, unlimited Wi-Fi access. Travelers can also receive Wi-Fi access on up to four devices to more than 1,000,000 hotspots worldwide and pay no Wi-Fi roaming fees.
This post is sponsored by Hilton Worldwide – a leading global hospitality company since 1919. Experience world class service at one of our 12 hotel brands and connect with Hilton Worldwide on FB & IG!


text:
RCA Studio II är en spelkonsol tillverkad av RCA, och först utgiven i januari 1977. Maskinen slutade tillverkas 1979. efter hård konkurrens från bland annat Fairchild Channel F och Atari VCS.

Källor

Fotnoter

Produkter lanserade 1977
Spelkonsoler

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text:
ACLU of Colorado sends letters to Weld County…
ACLU of Colorado sends letters to Weld County and 11 Colorado cities and towns calling for end of barring felons from serving in municipal roles
LONGMONT, CO – FEBRUARY 24: Vote signs are seen outside the Voter Services and Polling Center at the Boulder County St. Vrain Community Hub in Longmont on Feb. 24, 2020. Voter service centers where voters can drop completed ballots, vote in person, request a replacement ballot, register to vote and update voter registration, opened Monday for the March 3 primary election. (Matthew Jonas/Staff Photographer)
By Austin Fleskes | afleskes@prairiemountainmedia.com |
PUBLISHED: November 4, 2022 at 3:28 p.m. | UPDATED: November 4, 2022 at 4:44 p.m.
The American Civil Liberties Union of Colorado has sent a letter to 12 Colorado government bodies demanding that they all end "unlawful restrictions" in their individual charters that bar people with prior felony convictions from running for municipal office.
The list of letter recipients included 11 cities across the state as well as Weld County, according to a release from the ACLU of Colorado; Northern Colorado towns Fort Collins, Greeley, Johnstown and Windsor were on the list.
Fort Collins' municipal code says no person who has been convicted of a felony can be eligible to be a candidate for or hold a councilmember office seat. Windsor's municipal code reads almost the same, stating that no person who has been convicted of a felony shall be eligible to be elected or appointed to the office of mayor or board member.
The ACLU said these rules, which they describe as a "categorical barrier to candidacy," is a "a direct violation of the Colorado Constitution, which protects the right to run for office as a fundamental right of citizenship." The release said even if a person does face prison time, the constitution protects their right to run for office once they complete their sentence unless they are convicted of five listed crimes relating to violation of the public trust; these include embezzlement of public monies, bribery, perjury, solicitation of bribery and subornation of perjury, according to the release.
The municipal bans, the ACLU said, apply to felony convictions outside of those five exceptions which "(violate) both the rights of citizenship and equal protection of the laws guaranteed under the Colorado Constitution."
"These laws exemplify the collateral consequences that attach to a criminal conviction, with disproportionate harm to individuals and communities of color," said Annie Kurtz, ACLU of Colorado staff attorney, in the release. "The court's decision sends a powerful message that formerly incarcerated people are not second-class Coloradans — that they belong on ballots for public office."
The ACLU has asked each municipality for a response within two weeks, though did not say in the release what would happen if they did not receive a response.
Austin Fleskes
(Opinion) Beth Kowitt: M&M's introduces a new level of crazy in the culture wars


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Gradiometer
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Mechatronics and precision instruments
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Home › blog › The drilling area of oil wells reached 31,000 meters
The drilling area of oil wells reached 31,000 meters
Deputy Managing Director of the National Iranian Drilling Company in drilling operations said: the drilling area of oil and gas wells in the first four months of this year in the oil-rich areas of the country with the use of the company's rigs reached 31 thousand and 35 meters.
According to the public relations of the National Iranian Drilling Company, Hamid Reza Khoshiand on Sunday (August 25) added: During this period, the drilling operations of 39 exploratory, developmental, descriptive and repair wells were completed and delivered to the applicant and exploiting companies.
He stated: Of these wells, one was an exploratory ring, 15 development rings, a descriptive ring and 22 additional repair rings, of which 31 wells have been drilled in the scope of activities of the National Company for Southern Oilfields.
Khoshyand said: "Also, from the aforementioned wells, three wells were drilled and finalized in the operational area of the Iranian Offshore Oil Company, four in the development projects of the Oil Engineering and Development Company and one for the exploration management of the National Iranian Oil Company."
Deputy Managing Director of the National Iranian Drilling Company in drilling operations, noting that the company owns more than 70 onshore and offshore drilling rigs, added: "Currently, 9 onshore rigs of the company's fleet are moving in operational positions."
Start of management project under the name of research project
Start of management project under the name of research...
Agro-industry
Sugarcane Company
We have formed a company in the field of design, manufacture and production of advanced electronic equipment and tools so that we can take a step in meeting the technological needs of the country by relying on modern science and experience.
All rights reserved by fannavarane madarpardaze arta novin


Air, earth, water, fire and ether.
Adjacent to a river, 45 temporary light installations have been set up.
Driftwood, tree trunks and rocks, served as natural projection surfaces.
a symbiosis between real and virtual. A Real Virtuality.
along the river, transformed into mesmerizing shapes and patterns.
and the core feature of each Element.


This deco dotted plate by kate spade new york® is the perfect punctuation for any casual place setting. Combine it similar pieces or add color with nonpatterned dinner plates from the "all in good taste" collection to enhance your table setting!
all in good taste Deco Dot Accent Plate is rated 4.7 out of 5 by 3.
Subtly striking with a dash of bold sculpted stripes, this four-piece set of fruit bowls from Kate Spade New York makes setting the table an utter delight.


IPONTIX - an independent and owner-operated Corporate Finance-Boutique - primarily advises many mid-caps and family owned companies in the DACH-region, internationally acting financial investors and family offices. IPONTIX covers the four business areas: M&A-advisory, financial advisory for debt and equity as well as capital market advisory. Today, IPONTIX - launched in 2000 - ranks among the leading consulting firms for the "German Mittelstand".
Our ideal candidate holds at least a bachelor degree in economics, has working experiences in relevant branches. Good scores are important but not everything: commitment, team-spirit, smartness count.


IoT Global Awards announced yesterday that Flexera won the Securing IoT – Product of the Year awards! IoT Global Awards recognize excellence in IoT innovation. The mission is to discover the very best company, product and individual talents in the IoT industry. IoT Global Awards bring together a panel of judges from across the value chain and some of the best known corporations in the sector to help find the most innovative solutions.
Flexera was recognized for Securing IoT – Product of the Year. In this category, judges were looking for "the product or service that will do most to enhance the security of current or future IoT applications, and which will advance the cause of the Internet of Things (IoT)". We are honored that IoT Global awards recognize Flexera's excellence and market leadership in IoT Security.


else:				# curdb is not empty.
if rv != curdb[rk]:	# same iprange, replaced cc2.
else:			# rk does not exist in curdb.
if rk.overlaps(lk):	# yes, overlaps.
if cn > 0:		# curdb side contains newdb side.
elif cn < 0:		# curdb side is contained by newdb side.
-- cidr matches. cc2 doesn't. terminate existings and insert with new cc2.
-- exists in database, but not in the new data. terminate trange.
-- not exists in db, but does in the new data. insert.
-- existing entry in db contains new data. split existing one and update.
-- newdata contains existing one(s). update existings and insert the new.