text:
Een congruentiegenerator is een algoritme dat pseudotoevalsgetallen genereert, dat wil zeggen getallenrijen die deterministisch worden gegenereerd en dus niet echt willekeurig zijn, maar veel kenmerken van toevalsgetallen hebben. Congruentiegeneratoren zijn de bekendste en meestgebruikte pseudotoevalsgeneratoren.

Een congruentiegenerator wordt bepaald door de volgende parameters:
 het aantal toestandswaarden
 de modulus
 de multipliers
 de toename

en het algoritme waarmee een nieuw gegenereerd getal gegenereerd wordt voor  door de recurrente betrekking:

.

Daarin zijn  de startwaarden.

Reële toevalsgetallen in het interval [0, 1] kunnen verkregen worden als , mits  groot genoeg is om een voldoende nauwkeurige onderverdeling te geven.

De toestand van de generator voor de productie van  wordt gegeven door de startwaarden. Deze toestand legt (voor gegeven , , , ) alle volgende toevalsgetallen vast, omdat het volgende toevalsgetal en de volgende toestand door de huidige toestand bepaald worden. Er zijn  mogelijke toestanden, en daarom moet er na maximaal  stappen een eerdere toestand herhaald worden. De congruentiegenerator produceert dus een periodieke rij getallen, waarbij de lengte van de periode veel kleiner dan  kan zijn. In extreme gevallen is de lengte 1, en zal de generator altijd hetzelfde "toevalsgetal" geven. Bij het kiezen van de parameters is het dus onder andere van belang om te zorgen voor een periode die lang genoeg is.

Lineaire congruentie
Als , spreekt men van een lineaire-congruentiegenerator. Het algoritme is:

.

Is ook nog , dus

,

dan is er sprake van een multiplicatieve-congruentiegenerator. De multiplicatieve congruentie heet ook Lehmer-congruentie, naar D. H. Lehmer die dit algoritme in 1949 introduceerde.

Fibonacci-generator
Een Fibonacci-generator is een congruentiegenerator met ,  en , en bestaat uit de volgende componenten:
 Modulus
 Startwaarden
Met de volgende functie worden de pseudowillekeurige getallen gegenereerd:
.

Een kenmerk is dat de gevallen  respectievelijk  nooit voorkomen. Fibonacci-generatoren zijn dus niet geschikt als pseudotoevalsgenerator. Dit geldt met name voor wiskundige objecten waarvoor de productie van meer dan twee toevalsgetallen nodig is. Als men bijvoorbeeld probeert om een willekeurige wolk van punten in een kubus te genereren, dan zouden alle punten op twee vlakken liggen.

Vertraagde Fibonacci-generator
Het principe van de Fibonacci-generator kan worden gegeneraliseerd door niet de laatste twee, maar verder terug liggende waarden  te gebruiken om een nieuw toevalsgetal te genereren. Dit resulteert in een vertraagde (Eng. 'lagged') Fibonacci-generator:

met de startwaarden .

Dan is  en  en de andere  zijn nul. Hierbij wordt  in het algemeen even gekozen en  en  worden gekozen, zodat de polynoom in :  een primitieve polynoom modulo 2 is. De periode van de generator is dan minimaal .

 is een primitieve polynoom modulo 2 dan en slechts dan als  dat ook is. Zo kan men in plaats van  ook altijd  berekenen.

De volgende tabel geeft enkele waarden voor  en  die aan deze voorwaarde voldoen:

{| class="wikitable"
! A
| 2|| 31|| 55|| 73|| 98|| 100|| 135|| 258|| 607|| 3217|| 23209
|-
! B
| 1|| 13|| 24|| 25|| 27|| 37|| 22|| 83|| 273|| 576|| 9739
|}

Deze generator wordt ook gebruikt in de praktijk. Het geeft echter niet altijd volledig willekeurige getallen. Het probleem van de gewone Fibonacci-generator is slechts verschoven; nu komen  of  nooit voor. Er zijn zelfs nog meer tekortkomingen.

Als oplossing werd voorgesteld om altijd alleen gebruikmaken van  opeenvolgende nummers, en dan de volgende  tot  getallen te verwerpen. Dit werkt goed, maar zorgt voor een 5 tot 11 keer hogere computatietijd. De door Donald Knuth voorgestelde generator ranarray werkt op deze manier. Hierbij is  en , en van 1009 opeenvolgende getallen wordt slechts een blok van 100 getallen gebruikt.

Om voor een periode van  te zorgen, is alleen de minst significante bit in de toestandswaarde  van belang, dat wil zeggen, dat het van belang is of de bit even of oneven is. Het is mogelijk om de hogere orde bits naar behoefte te veranderen, om de kwaliteit van de resulterende toevalsgetallen te verbeteren. Bijvoorbeeld:

Verdere veralgemening
Men kan de vertraagde Fibonacci-generator verder veralgemenen door meer dan twee toestandswaarden te verwerken:
.
Hier is  het grootste element in . Om een periode van ten minste  te garanderen, moet ook hier de bijbehorende polynoom  of equivalent, de polynoom  een primitieve polynoom modulo 2 zijn (met een even modulus ). Een generator die zo opgebouwd is met  levert over het algemeen beter toevalsgetallen dan met , maar ook dit gaat ten koste van de rekentijd.

Met een verdere generalisering kan voor een gegeven  de lengte van de periode verhoogd worden en waarschijnlijk ook de kwaliteit van willekeurige getallen verbeterd worden.  is een priemfactor van . Voor de rekenregel

zullen de , met , zodanig worden geselecteerd dat de polynoom in

een primitieve polynoom modulo  is. Dan is de periode ten minste .

De vorige generator vloeit hieruit voort met  en  als een bijzonder geval, en  levert een multiplicatieve congruentiegenerator met periode .

De polynoom  is een primitieve polynoom modulo p als
 en
voldoen aan:
  is een primitief element modulo
 de polynoom  is congruent aan  (modulo )
 voor alle priemfactoren  van  is de graad van de polynoom  positief.

Hiervoor wordt polynoomrekening gebruikt en er wordt modulo  gerekend met de coëfficiënten (het zijn elementen van de quotiëntring ).

Algoritme

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
This is an HOWDOI build an msi package from a non windows machine using appveyor cloud service.

### Requirements

- a github account
- a github repo
- an appveyor account

### Repo setup

1. Add your repo to appveyor config
2. Generate a new Github API token (Settings->Personal access tokens->Generate new token). Give it authorizations to `repo`.
3. Save the new token!
3. Add a new `appveyor.yml` to the root of your repo
4. Encrypt the token value as an appveyor secure variable (AppVeyor->Dashboard->[Encrypt Data](https://ci.appveyor.com/tools/encrypt))
5. Modify below appveyor template

__appveyor.yml__

```yml
version: "{build}"

os: Windows Server 2012 R2

clone_folder: c:\gopath\src\github.com\mh-cbon\go-msi             # Change this

# trigger build/deploy only on tag
# if false, take care that %APPVEYOR_REPO_TAG_NAME% won t be set on commit
# this will fail the build
skip_non_tags: true

environment:
  GOPATH: c:\gopath
  GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT: 1
  CHOCOKEY:
    # Change this to your encrypted token value
    secure: xxxxx

install:
  # wix setup
  - curl -fsSL -o C:\wix310-binaries.zip http://static.wixtoolset.org/releases/v3.10.3.3007/wix310-binaries.zip
  - 7z x C:\wix310-binaries.zip -y -r -oC:\wix310
  - set PATH=C:\wix310;%PATH%
  # go setup
  - set PATH=%GOPATH%\bin;c:\go\bin;%PATH%
  - go version
  - go env
  # glide setup, if your package uses it
  - go get -u github.com/Masterminds/glide
  # go-msi setup, choose one
  # method 1: static link
  # - curl -fsSL -o C:\go-msi.msi https://github.com/mh-cbon/go-msi/releases/download/0.0.22/go-msi-amd64.msi
  # - msiexec.exe /i C:\go-msi.msi /quiet
  # - set PATH=C:\Program Files\go-msi\;%PATH% # for some reason, go-msi path needs to be added manually :(...
  # method 2: via gh-api-cli
  # - curl -fsSL -o C:\latest.bat https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mh-cbon/latest/master/latest.bat
  # - cmd /C C:\latest.bat mh-cbon go-msi amd64
  # - set PATH=C:\Program Files\go-msi\;%PATH%
  # method 3: via chocolatey
  - choco install go-msi -y

build_script:
  # your project setup
  - glide install
  # Change this
  - set MYAPP=go-msi
  - set GOARCH=386
  - go build -o %MYAPP%.exe --ldflags "-X main.VERSION=%APPVEYOR_REPO_TAG_NAME%" main.go
  - .\go-msi.exe make --msi %APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%\%MYAPP%-%GOARCH%.msi --version %APPVEYOR_REPO_TAG_NAME% --arch %GOARCH%
  - set GOARCH=amd64
  - go build -o %MYAPP%.exe --ldflags "-X main.VERSION=%APPVEYOR_REPO_TAG_NAME%" main.go
  - .\go-msi.exe make --msi %APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%\%MYAPP%-%GOARCH%.msi --version %APPVEYOR_REPO_TAG_NAME% --arch %GOARCH%

after_deploy:
  # Change this
  - set MYAPP=go-msi
  - .\go-msi.exe choco --input %APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%\%MYAPP%-%GOARCH%.msi --version %APPVEYOR_REPO_TAG_NAME%
  - choco push -k="'%CHOCOKEY%'" %MYAPP%.%APPVEYOR_REPO_TAG_NAME%.nupkg

# to disable automatic tests
test: off

# need this to deploy assets,
# note that each MUST must match only one file
artifacts:
  - path: '*-386.msi'
    name: msi-x86
  - path: '*-amd64.msi'
    name: msi-x64

# deploy section to github releases
deploy:
  - provider: GitHub
    # it should be possible to use a regexp like this /msi.*/,
    # but I could not make it work, let me know if you find a solution
    artifact: msi-x86, msi-x64
    draft: false
    prerelease: false
    description: "Release {APPVEYOR_REPO_TAG_NAME}"
    auth_token:
      # Change this to your encrypted token value
      secure: xxxxx
    on:
      branch:
        - master
        - /v\d\.\d\.\d/
        - /\d\.\d\.\d/
      appveyor_repo_tag: true
```

### Workflow

With this `appveyor.yml` config,
every time you create a tag and push it on the remote,
`msi` files are generated and uploaded to your github release.

`choco` package is generated from the amd64 build,
and uploaded to your choco account.

[go here](https://ci.appveyor.com/tools/encrypt)
to generate the secure variable containing your `choco` api key.

For an easy way to release,
you can use [gump](https://github.com/mh-cbon/gump),
with a script like this,

```yml
scripts:
  prebump: 666 git fetch --tags
  preversion: |
    philea -s "666 go vet %s" "666 go-fmt-fail %s" \
    && go run main.go -v
  postversion: |
    666 git push && 666 git push --tags \
    && 666 gh-api-cli create-release -n release -o YOURUSER -r YOURREPO --ver !newversion!
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I hope you all had wonderful new year celebrations and disproportional hangovers! Before I breeze into 2014, allow me to look back on 2013 one more time with this list of things I really enjoyed in the past year.
I thoroughly enjoyed Red Sparrow by Jason Matthews because I ♥ spies and female heroines and impossible love stories and ex-CIA agents writing novels. On the lesbian fiction front, I couldn't put down Lyn Gardner's Ice and Nicola Griffith's The Blue Place. Additionally, a must read (can't stress it enough) non-fiction book for writers (indie or not) is Write. Publish. Repeat. by Sean Platt and Johnny B. Truant.
The Sons of Anarchy season finale will be etched in my memory forever (nightmare-wise), but the show I enjoyed most was the Danish political drama Borgen. I still think of Birgitte Nyborg (and Katrine and even Kasper) regularly and do wonder what she's up to now. I also want to visit Copenhagen. And learn Danish. Tak.
I really can't decide between Gillian Anderson in The Fall and Robin Wright in House of Cards. So, in my imagination, after Claire Underwood finally kills Kevin Spacey (Gemma Teller style), Stella Gibson is miraculously transferred to Washington to interrogate her as the prime suspect and (obviously) hotness ensues.
Nicky and her big mouth in Orange Is The New Black.
Spotify! No more wires to transfer music from your computer to other devices. Endless hipster playlists. Cheap AND legal! Simply amazing.
Stop obsessing over Amazon rankings. Whether you check them ten times a day or not, it doesn't change anything. It devours energy you could spend on much more useful tasks, like writing.
Our US west coast trip this summer from Portland to L.A. and San Francisco. Such fun.
Miranda. She makes me feel so much better about myself, what with all the advice on social awkwardness and the spontaneously bursting out in song at inappropriate times.
I will be an aunty again in 2014!
Nicky! I have a total crush on her. Rawr.


text:
Fiji: Lautoka Urban Profile
EnglishРусскийEspañolFrançais中文العربيةPortuguesePortuguese
The Lautoka Urban Profiling consists of an accelerated, action-oriented assessment of urban conditions, focusing on priority needs, capacity gaps, and existing institutional responses at local and national levels. The purpose of the study is to develop urban poverty reduction policies at local, national, and regional levels, through an assessment of needs and response mechanisms, and as a contribution to the wider-ranging implementation of the Millennium Development Goals.
Fiji: Nadi Urban Profile
The Nadi Town Urban Profiling consists of an accelerated, action-oriented assessment of urban conditions, focusing on priority needs, capacity gaps, and existing institutional responses at local and national levels. The purpose of the study is to develop urban poverty reduction policies at local, national, and regional levels, through an assessment of needs and response mechanisms, and as a contribution to the wider-ranging implementation of the Millennium Development Goals.
Fiji: National Urban Profile
The Fiji National Urban Profile consists of an accelerated, action-oriented assessment of urban conditions, focusing on priority needs, capacity gaps, and existing institutional responses at local and national levels. The purpose of the study is to develop urban poverty reduction policies at local, national, and regional levels, through an assessment of needs and response mechanisms, and as a contribution to the wider-ranging implementation of the Millennium Development Goals.
Legacy content
Total value of UN-Habitat investments (2008-2015): US$ 199,782
Total number of UN-Habitat projects (2008-2015): 4 projects
Main donors: European Commission and the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific Secretariat through the Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme and the Government of Norway (Cities and Climate Change Initiative)
The Pacific has a very rapid rate of urbanization and high population growth and is not well enough prepared to cope with the challenges and opportunities that urban growth presents. UN-Habitat is well placed to assist Fiji to improve its urban management and planning practices and enable new thinking and actions about how best to evolve cities, towns and peri-urban areas for the future.
UN-Habitat provides training, expert advice, proven tools and methodologies for small-medium sized urban centres within alignment of national needs and demands as articulated in National Development Strategies. In the Pacific, this is framed in assisting countries meet their commitments to the Pacific Urban Agenda (Initiative 13.5, Pacific Plan). Fiji has an urban population of over 455,000 not including those communities located on the periphery of council administrative boundaries. Some municipalities are urbanizing more quickly than others, but all are confronting challenges related to growth. These include urban poverty and employment, environmental risk, land administration and infrastructure provision and maintenance. Whilst considerable efforts in the last 5 years have seen the formulation and application of a national housing policy and the adoption of a pro-poor approach for poverty alleviation, there remains a significant challenge to keep up with the demand for housing and water and sanitation service provision. The 2013 Constitution enshrines the rights to these services.
UN-Habitat projects in Fiji
Cities and Climate Change Initiative (CCCI), Lami Town
Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme (PSUP)
The Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme has provided initiative for strengthening relationships between national and sub-national government and with NGOs such as the Peoples Community Network (and associated City Wide Upgrading project with the Asian Coalition of Housing Rights) as well as active inclusion of land stakeholders such as the Taukei Land Trust Board as a critical partner in the Town Wide Upgrading project (accessing traditional land for development). PSUP provides additional support to an increasing focus on the development and adoption of inclusive policies and strategies for slum upgrading in line with the PSUP principles and contributing to the achievement of MDG 7 C and D.
Implementation Phase: Phase II
Duration: June 2014 – December 2015
Value: US$100000
Donor: European Commission and, the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific Secretariat
Implementing Partners: UN Habitat and the Ministry of Local Government, Urban Development, Housing and Environment; and the People's Community Network (a local NGO affiliated with the Asian Coalition of Housing Rights)
Profile cities/ location: Greater Suva Area (Lami Town, Suva City, Nasinu Town and Nausori Town), Nadi Town and Lautoka City
Regional Knowledge Management: Strengthening Pacific Urban Agenda Implementation
Key partners are national government, city and town councils, development partners.
UN-Habitat remains the key urban advocate in Fiji and maximized opportunities for continued building awareness of both national and development partners surrounding the benefits of improved management of urban growth. An immediate outcome has been for continued support for policy dialogue (a new post-disaster component to the national housing policy) and strategic implementation as well as increased press coverage of inadequate housing, and the urgent need to address the challenges that the rapid rate of urbanization brings. The PSUP has provided initiative for strengthening relationships between national and sub-national government and with NGOs such as the Peoples Community Initiative as well as active inclusion of land stakeholders such as the iTaukei Land Trust Board as a critical partner in the Town Wide Upgrading project (accessing traditional land for development). The Pacific's inaugural regional Housing Workshop (October 2012) allowed for a learning exchange of Fiji's housing policy development with other Pacific Island Countries. In terms of its climate and risk management projects, UN-Habitat's role has been one of capacity building, technical input and knowledge management.
Sarah MecartneyHPM-PacificUN-HabitatLevel 5, Kadavu House414 Victoria Parade Suva, Fijimecartney-unhabitat@un.org
Due to the country's particular exposure to climate related events, UN Habitat supports people and communities on Fiji in making their settlements more safe, resilient and sustainable. Technical support, consultation, trainings and assistance on different levels are provided to prepare decision-makers as well as the population for social, environmental and economic challenges in the present and the future.
The challenge. Increasing impacts of climate change together with growing urbanization and climbing population numbers are major challenges the country and its ...
Increasing impacts of climate change together with growing urbanization and climbing population numbers are major challenges the country and its population are facing. Rising sea levels, natural disasters increasing in frequency and intensity, soil erosion or flash flooding pose substantial threats across the country. Particularly in the context of informal settlements, poverty, unemployment, lack of sanitation and infrastructure often exacerbate climate change vulnerability. In Fiji, 20% of the urban population lives in informal settlements in high-risk peri-urban areas. Through its work, UN-Habitat supports institutional strengthening at the city- and community-level for enhanced local climate response and resilience strengthening.
55.9. per cent of Fiji's population live in urban areas
44% of the rural and 26% of the urban population live under the poverty line
20% of the urban population live in informal settlements in high-risk peri urban areas
UN-Habitat remains the key urban advocate in Fiji and maximized opportunities for continued building awareness of both national and development partners surrounding the benefits of improved management of urban growth. An immediate outcome has been for continued support for policy dialogue (a new post-disaster component to the national housing policy) and strategic implementation as well as increased press coverage of inadequate housing, and the urgent need to address the challenges that the rapid rate of urbanization brings.
Adaptation Fund Board
Bernhard Barth / Silvia Gallo
Human Settlements Officer / Urban Resilience Team Leader
ROAP / Fiji Country Office
Subscribe to Fiji

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This sporty jet boat is powered with the 210 hp fuel injected Mercury optimax V6 Sportjet motor to give amazing acceleration and unmatched versatility that you just don't see in the newer jet boats. It includes the trail, cover, wakeboard tower and more. Call or email for more information or to schedule a test drive.
This sporty jet boat is powered with the 210 hp fuel injected Mercury optimax V6 Sportjet motor to give amazing acceleration and unmatched versatility that you just don't see in the newer jet boats. It includes the trail, cover, wakeboard tower and more.


text:
Ruvyronza (također Luvironza) je rijeka u središnjoj Africi čiji izvor na planini Kikizi u Burundiju mnogi smatraju najudaljenijim izvorom rijeke Nil i time njezinim početkom.

Od izvora teče do uvira u rijeku Ruvubu pokraj grada Gitega. Ruvuba se ulijeva u rijeku Kageru koja se ulijeva u jezero Viktorija koje se smatra glavnim izvorom Bijelog Nila. Ukupne je dužine 182,4 km.

Izvori

Porječje Nila
Rijeke u Burundiju


Netgear nighthawk also provides whole-home connectivity you need for iPads®, smartphones, laptops, & more. Boost the range of your WiFi network to every corner of your home for maximum WiFi performance.
The NETGEAR Nighthawk AC1900 WiFi Range Extender also boosts your existing network range, delivering extreme dual band WiFi up to 1900Mbps. The 700mW high-powered amplifiers provide extreme range, while the dual core 1GHz processor enables maximum WiFi performance. It also works with any standard WiFi router & is ideal for HD video streaming & gaming. So, get the whole-home connectivity you need for iPads®, smartphones, laptops & more.
Netgear Nighthawk X4 AC2200 WiFi Range Extender, also delivering speeds up to 2.2Gbps. The powerful and compact X4 increases coverage up to 930 m² MU-MIMO lets you stream to multiple devices for faster speeds than traditional WiFi, while FastLane technology improves performance using both WiFi bands. High-power amplifiers and internal antenna array increase range for whole home coverage. Boost your WiFi to the Extreme with Nighthawk X4 Wall-plug extender.


Relatively few adults in Western Europe participate in religious activities. For example, across the 15 countries surveyed, a median of 22% say they attend religious services at least once a month. By comparison, regular religious service attendance is much more common in some other parts of the world with large Christian populations, including Africa, Latin America and the United States, and it is somewhat more common in Central and Eastern Europe.
The survey also asked about several other religious practices, including praying, sharing religious beliefs with others and donating money to religious organizations. These practices are also relatively rare across Western Europe.
Despite these low levels of religious practice, most people in the region say they believe in God (58% median), although few say they believe in God with absolute certainty (15% median). Elsewhere around the world, considerably higher shares say they believe in God with absolute certainty, including in sub-Saharan Africa (median of 89%), the United States (63%) and Central and Eastern Europe (median of 40%).
To provide a fuller picture of religious commitment across the region, researchers analyzed four standard measures of religious belief and practice together as an index: frequency of attendance at religious services, frequency of prayer, degree of importance of religion in the respondent's life and belief in God.
On this index, Portugal is the most religiously observant country in Western Europe, with more than a third of Portuguese adults (37%) showing high levels of religious commitment. Some other predominantly Catholic countries, including Italy (27%), Ireland (24%) and Spain (21%), also have relatively large shares of highly observant people. At the other end of the spectrum, just 8% of adults in predominantly Protestant Denmark are highly religious, and three-quarters of Swedes show low levels of religious commitment.
Overall, women and people ages 55 and older are more likely than men and younger adults to display high levels of religious commitment.
Roughly half or more people in most of the countries surveyed say they seldom or never attend religious services (median of 58%), while relatively few attend services at least monthly (22% median). Even in Italy, which has the highest share of people who attend at least monthly (43%) in the region, a substantial share seldom or never attend services (39%).
People in Western European countries are far less likely than people in several other parts of the world to attend religious services regularly. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, a regional median of 83% attend services monthly or more, and in Latin America, the corresponding figure is 64%. In the United States, 50% of adults say they attend services monthly or more. And in Central and Eastern Europe, a median of 32% attend religious services at least monthly.
In most countries surveyed, majorities or pluralities say religion is either "not too" or "not at all" important in their lives (median of 54%). Large majorities say this in Denmark (72%) and Sweden (72%), as do roughly six-in-ten or more adults in Belgium (64%), Finland (62%) and the UK (60%).
Fewer people say religion is either "very" or "somewhat" important in their lives (median of 46%), including a median of just 11% of adults who say religion is very important to them.
Still, in three countries – Ireland, Italy and Portugal — respondents are significantly more likely to say religion is very or somewhat important in their personal lives than to say it is not too or not at all important. The share of adults who say religion is at least somewhat important to them is especially high in Portugal (72%).
A median of just one-in-ten people (11%) across the 15 Western European countries surveyed say they pray daily, while nearly four times as many – a median of 40% – say they never pray. In several countries, at least half of adults say they never pray, including majorities in Sweden and Denmark (62% each).
Rates of daily prayer in the region are very low compared with several other regions surveyed by Pew Research Center – including Central and Eastern Europe, where a median of 27% across 18 countries pray daily. In the U.S., a slim majority of adults (55%) say they pray daily, and rates of daily prayer are even higher in Latin America (median of 67%) and sub-Saharan Africa (median of 77%).
Large majorities of Christians across the region are believers (median of 79%), but belief in God is far from universal among Western European Christians. For example, roughly three-in-ten or more Christians in Sweden, Belgium, Denmark and Finland say they do not believe in God.
The survey also asked those who said they believe in God how certain they are about their belief. Relatively few people across Western European countries are "absolutely" certain of God's existence: A median of 15% across the region express this view, compared with twice as many (median of 30%) who say they are only "fairly" certain. By comparison, a median of 36% of Western Europeans say they do not believe in God at all.
Only in Portugal does a plurality of the overall population (44%) express belief in God with absolute certainty. In Germany, just 10% of adults say they believe in God and are absolutely certain, while nearly four times as many (37%) say they are fairly certain that God exists and a similar share (36%) do not believe in God.
Four standard measures of religious observance – worship attendance, prayer, belief in God and importance of religion in one's life – were combined into an overall index of religious commitment. Using this index, researchers categorized respondents into three groups: high, moderate and low levels of religious commitment.
To be counted as showing a high level of religious commitment, a respondent had to report at least two of four highly observant behaviors or beliefs – attending religious services at least monthly, praying at least daily, believing in God with absolute certainty or saying that religion is very important to them.15 Those in the low commitment group, on the other hand, said at least two of the following: They seldom or never attend religious services, seldom or never pray, do not believe in God, or consider religion "not too" or "not at all" important in their life.
People with other combinations of responses – for example, those who say they attend religious services once or twice a year, pray once or twice a month, believe in God and are fairly certain, and consider religion somewhat important to them, or those who show mixed levels of observance across the measures (such as praying daily and attending religious services monthly but saying religion is not important in their lives and that they don't believe in God) –were categorized as having a moderate level of religious commitment.
Overall, relatively few people across the region score high on the index (median of 13%), while most Western Europeans score low (median of 58%). The remainder (median of 29%) fall somewhere in the middle.
People ages 55 and older are significantly more likely than both 18- to 34-year-olds and 35- to 54-year-olds to show high levels of religious commitment. And in Western Europe, as in many other parts of the world where Christians predominate, women generally are more religious than men. For example, 22% of women in Norway score high on the index, compared with 12% of men.
While the countries with the largest shares of highly religious people in the region have Catholic majorities (Portugal, Italy, Ireland and Spain), Catholics and Protestants overall show similar levels of religious commitment. A median of 14% among both Catholics and Protestants across the countries surveyed (with large enough sample sizes for either group) score high on the index.
In every country surveyed, Christians are more likely than religiously unaffiliated people to exhibit a high degree of religious observance; still, relatively few Christians score high on the index of religious commitment (median of 16%). For example, in Austria, 39% of Christians display low levels of religious commitment, while a plurality (46%) are moderately religious, and far fewer (15%) show high levels of observance.
In no country surveyed are a majority of Christians highly religious on the index, although substantial shares of Christians show high levels of engagement in Portugal (43%), the Netherlands (35%), Italy (31%) and Spain (31%).
The survey also asked about several other traditional religious practices, including wearing religious clothing or symbols, fasting during holy times and sharing one's religious beliefs with others. Few people across the region engage in these practices (regional medians of 17%, 12% and 8%, respectively).
Voluntarily giving money to one's church, mosque, synagogue or temple is somewhat more common: A median of 24% in the region say they donate to a house of worship. Still, in no country does even half of the population donate money to a religious organization.
In general, Christians are more likely than religiously unaffiliated adults to engage in these practices, but even among Christians, these practices are far from the norm. For example, only in two countries, Norway and the Netherlands, do majorities of Christians voluntarily give money to their churches (61% and 58%, respectively). And in Italy, the historic heartland of Catholicism, fewer than half of Christians (40%) typically wear or carry religious symbols or garments with them.
Across the region, more women than men donate money to a religious institution and wear religious clothing or symbols. And those without a college education are more likely to wear religious symbols than are college graduates.
Overall, young adults (ages 18 to 34) are less likely than older people to say they give money to religious organizations. But when it comes to fasting, wearing religious symbols or persuading others to adopt their religious beliefs, there is no clear pattern of differences between these age groups.
Across the region overall, Catholics are more engaged with some of these practices than are Protestants. For example, Catholics are more likely than Protestants to wear religious symbols (medians of 27% among Catholics and 15% among Protestants across the region) and fast during holy times (15% and 6%, respectively). But Protestants are somewhat more likely than Catholics to give money to their churches (34% median, compared with 27% among Catholics).


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Preparing for the BJCP Certification Exam
North America's only recognized judge certification program provides a structure for mastering the essentials of beer judging and an exam that recognizes accomplishment in expert beer evaluation.
Master the Essentials of Beer Evaluation-
How to Prepare for and Pass the Beer Judge Certification Exam
by Scott Bickham
As exam director of the Beer Judge Certification Program (BJCP), I am often asked what it takes to become a certified beer judge. Unfortunately, that question has no single answer because potential judges represent such a wide spectrum of knowledge and experience. Prospective judges, for example, can learn about beer styles by tasting, reading, brewing, or by a combination of these approaches. Most examinees are home brewers or professionals who recognize that their palate and style knowledge will improve through judging. Some no doubt also enjoy the friendly competition of seeing how well they stack up against friends and colleagues who have taken the exam.
This article presents some general guidelines for individuals and study groups preparing for the BJCP exam. It is intended for the large percentage of readers who are either interested in judging or who enter homebrew competitions on a regular basis and want to know more about the credentials of the judges.
About the BJCP
The BJCP is a membership organization that was founded in 1985 by the American Homebrewers Association (AHA) and the Home Wine and Beer Trade Association (HWBTA) to recognize people for both their judging ability and their knowledge of beer styles and brewing processes. Because judges need to translate their knowledge into practical evaluations of beer quality, communication skills are also important. Hands-on brewing experience, while helpful and recommended for beer judges, is not essential for passing the exam.
Judging levels are awarded on the basis of scores on a standard exam combined with experience points earned from judging, stewarding, or organizing BJCP-registered or AHA-sanctioned homebrew competitions. This system gives organizers of homebrew competitions a reliable method of objectively rating the abilities of those who volunteer to judge in their events.
It is anticipated that this certification system could also be used to provide qualified judges for commercial competitions, especially since many professional brewers are also members of the BJCP. The program currently serves over 1,500 active judges, with another 300 to 400 taking or retaking the exam annually. In many areas of the United States and Canada, these numbers represent barely enough growth to keep pace with the increasing number of competition entries.
The BJCP exam itself is closed book and comprises an essay portion worth 70% and a tasting portion worth 30% of the total score. The essay portion includes 10 questions covering beer styles and brewing techniques. The style questions typically ask for descriptions and comparisons of related beer styles, including information on the style's historical development, ingredients used, style parameters, commercial examples, and the brewing process. The box "Answering with Style — A Sample Question and Answer in the Styles Category" on page 47 provides an example of the content that is expected for the highest scores on a beer style question. The brewing techniques portion focuses on the relationship between the finished beer and the ingredients and the brewing processes behind it. Additionally, because judges represent the BJCP, 5% of the essay score is based on a summary of the purpose and levels of the program.
Although the current exams are formed from a large pool of essay questions, the BJCP exam committee is currently investigating the feasibility of replacing some of these essay questions with multiple choice questions.
The tasting portion requires that examinees judge four beers as if they were at a competition. Score sheets are evaluated on the basis of scoring accuracy, perception, descriptive ability, quality of feedback to the brewer, and completeness.
Exams are graded by volunteer national and master judges whose scores and comments are reviewed by both an associate exam director and the exam director. These reviews ensure that the scores from different exams and graders are consistent with the criteria for the various judging levels.
Although the combined essay and tasting format has proven effective at evaluating depth of knowledge as well as ability to communicate that information to brewers, it should be noted that it is more difficult to measure other desirable qualities such as perception and scoring skills. The graders use information from the proctors' score sheets and those of other examinees, but it is impossible to make a completely objective assessment without tasting the beers at the same time as those taking the exam. For this reason, the current BJCP exams weigh the tasting portion less than the essay portion, but alternatives are being discussed by the exam committee and by readers of JudgeNet, an internet mailing list.
Although the system contains obvious room for improvement, a statistical analysis of several sets of exams using a multifaceted Rasch model has shown that the essay exam is providing an outstanding measure of examinee proficiency (1). We are therefore confident in its ability to at least measure judging potential, with the hope that judging and tasting experience will correct any deficiencies in sensory and scoring skills.
Preparing for the Exam
Recommended reading: Several tools have been developed to help potential judges study for the exam. The most notable are the study guides written by Chuck Cox (2) and Greg Walz (3). Cox's guide was assembled in the early 1990s with the help of readers of JudgeNet and consists of an outline of the information and terminology needed to pass the exam. Walz's guide is a more verbose discussion of ingredients, brewing procedures, and flavors as they relate to beer styles and judging. The outlined Cox version is valuable because it encourages independent study; however, the verbose Walz version was used as the foundation for the BJCP Study Guide because information about beer styles and the judging process could be added and updated without radically changing the presentation format. The original version was modified by removing extraneous material that was too heavily focused on brewing and by updating the sections on the BJCP, beer styles, and the judging process. These changes condensed the Walz study guide to a more manageable size of 60 pages. It should be used as a supplemental resource to the recommended reading (see box, "Recommended Reading").
Jackson, Michael, Beer Companion (Running Press, Philadelphia, 1993).
Jackson, Michael, The New World Guide To Beer (Running Press, Philadelphia, 1988).
Jackson, Michael, The Simon and Schuster Pocket Guide to Beer (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1994).
Smith, Gregg, The Beer Enthusiast's Guide (Storey Communications, Pownal, Vermont, 1994).
Basic Home Brewing Techniques
Miller, Dave, Dave Miller's Homebrewing Guide: Everything You Need to Know to Make Great Tasting Beer (Storey Publishing, Pownal, Vermont, 1995).
Papazian, Charlie, The Homebrewers Companion (Brewers Publications, Boulder, Colorado, 1996).
BrewingTechniques magazine (New Wine Press, Eugene, Oregon), especially the regular column on "Brewing in Styles."
The Classic Beer Style Series (Brewers Publications, Boulder, Colorado). All volumes.
Fix, George, Principles of Brewing Science (Brewers Publications, Boulder, Colorado, 1989).
Noonan, Gregory J., New Brewing Lager Beer (Brewers Publications, Boulder, Colorado, 1996).
zymurgy magazine special issues (American Homebrewers Association, Boulder, Colorado).
While the BJCP Study Guide is useful as a review of information, it is not a substitute for reading the basic material on beer styles and brewing techniques. In fact, if used by itself or even in conjunction with tasting sessions, the reader will have difficulty answering the essay questions in sufficient depth. It has been distributed over the past six months through downloads from the BJCP web page (4) and to those who request hard copies.
Study groups: The next step in helping judges pass the exam is to organize study groups based on a syllabus of material that parallels the material covered in exams. This format may also be used for individual study, but it is easier and cheaper to taste several commercial examples as a group. The box on page 48, "Sample Study Program — Commercially Available Beers and Technical Study Topics," shows a 10-session course that has been effective in preparing judges for the BJCP exam in the past. Many homebrew clubs have run classes with similar formats, but the example syllabus can be refined or adapted to meet members' needs, especially those of members who are new to the process. The following describes the method we have found to be the most effective in organizing and managing BJCP study groups.
Answering with Style — A Sample Question and Answer in the Styles Category
The following is an example of a high-scoring answer to a BJCP exam question. The answer was written in less than 15 minutes; nevertheless, it contains a wealth of descriptive and technical information.
Q: Describe and differentiate Abbey and Trappist beers. Give commercial examples of each.
A: The primary difference between Abbey and Trappist beers is that the latter is an appellation that restricts its production to the six Trappist monasteries in the Low Countries. They are Chimay, Orval, Rochefort, Westmalle, and Westvletteren in Belgium and Schaapskooi in The Netherlands. Abbey beers on the other hand, are either brewed at monasteries in Belgium or by commercial breweries to which abbeys have licensed their names. Commercial examples of these include Affligem, Leffe, and Grimbergen.
Both Abbey and Trappist breweries are best known for the dubbel and tripel styles. The former is a tawny beer with an original gravity in the 1.060–1.070 range, 6–8% alcohol, and enough bitterness to balance approximately 20–25 IBUs. The color is generally deep ruby to brown and derived from both Belgian specialty malts and caramelized candi sugar. The flavor is dominated by a full-bodied malty sweetness reminiscent of plums, raisins, and black currants. Ester levels are generally subdued by Belgian standards, but some examples do have moderate bubble-gum or banana estery flavors. Tripels, on the other hand, are much paler in color at 3–5 °SRM, but have higher original gravities (1.070–1.090) and alcohol levels (7–10% v/v). The malts used are almost entirely Pilsener, with light candi sugar used to increase the alcohol content and prevent the body from being too cloying. Hop rates are again moderate at 25–30 IBUs, with some noble hop flavor and aroma acceptable. The ester levels are often more assertive in this style, while the increased alcohol content should be masked. Westmalle Dubbel and Tripel are classic examples of these styles.
Some Trappist breweries also produce beers that would better fit into the strong ale category because of their high ester levels or unusual brewing procedures. In the latter category are Chimay (Cinq Cents and Première) and Rochefort (6, 8, and 10) brews, which have very distinctive ester signatures from the yeast. Chimay also makes a drier example called Grand Reserve, which is more of an aperitif. One of the most unusual beers in Belgium is made by Orval, the only beer brewed by that monastery. It has a moderate gravity in the 1.055–1.060 range, is dry-hopped with East Kent Goldings, and is primed with a mixture of yeast strains that includes Brettanomyces. As the beer ages, the flavors become more complex, picking up leathery/oakey and even phenolic notes from the yeast.
One or two members of the study group are assigned to the task of collecting commercial and home-brewed examples of a given style. They also prepare and distribute handouts that outline the background and flavor and aroma characteristics of each style, as well as a technical topic relevant to the exam. All but one of the beers are then served blindly and discussed, with positive and negative attributes identified. After the tasting session, the group reviews a technical topic concerning ingredients, the brewing process, or beer flavors.
Finally, the study group takes a mini-exam made up of two essay questions taken from the BJCP question pool, and they judge the remaining beer using a beer judging score sheet. The exam questions should be correlated with the style and technical information presented in the class, with a 40-minute time limit, which is proportionate to the three hours required for the actual exam. The total time for each class should be approximately three to four hours, depending on the number of commercial examples and the depth of the presentations and discussions.
Sample Study Program — Commercially Available Beers and Technical Study Topics
Light lagers: American Light (Budweiser, Coors, Michelob); Pre-Prohibition Pilsener; Bohemian and German Pilseners (Pilsner Urquell, Bitburger, DeGroen's); Dortmunder Export (Stoudt's Gold); and Munich Helles (Augustiner Edelstoff).
Technical topic: Malt
The malting process, malt types, adjuncts, kilning, and the styles with which various malts are associated.
Amber and dark lagers: Vienna (Dos Equis, Negra Modelo); Oktoberfest/Märzen (Spaten, Paulaner); Munich Dunkel (Spaten); Schwarzbier (Köstritzer); Bock (Paulaner); Helles/Maibock (Ayinger, Fordham); Doppelbock (Paulaner Salvator, Ayinger Celebrator); and Eisbock (Kulmbacher Reichelbräu).
Technical topic: Water
Minerals, pH, hardness, adjustment, and water's effect on the development of beer styles.
Bitters and pale ales: Ordinary (Boddington Draught); special (Young's Ramrod, Fuller's London Pride); ESB (Fuller's); English and American pale ales (Bass, Whitbread, Sierra Nevada Pale Ale, Tupper's Hop Pocket); English and American IPA (Young's London Ale, Anchor Liberty, Sierra Nevada Celebration Ale); and California common (Anchor Steam).
Technical topic: Mashing
Mashing types used for various beer styles, mash schedules, and enzymes.
Brown, Scottish, and strong Scotch ales: Light and dark mild (Grant's Celtic Ale); English and American brown (Newcastle, Samuel Smith's Nut Brown Ale, Brooklyn Brown, Pete's Wicked Ale); Scottish light, heavy, and export (McEwan's Export, Belhaven, MacAndrew's); and Scotch (McEwan's, Traquair House).
Technical topic: Hops
Hop varieties, IBUs, hopping schedules, and hops' association with various beer styles.
Stouts and porters: Dry stout (Guinness Draught, Murphy's); sweet stout (Watney's, Mackeson's); oatmeal stout (Anderson Valley Barney Flats, Young's); foreign and imperial stout (Sheaf Stout, Samuel Smith Imperial Stout, Victory Russian Imperial Stout); brown porter (Anchor, Samuel Smith's Famous Taddy Porter); and Robust Porter (Sierra Nevada).
Technical topic: Yeast
Fermentation, characteristics of various yeast strains, yeast by-products, and yeasts' relationship to beer styles. Special techniques such as the Burton unions, Yorkshire square stones, and spontaneous fermentation should be reviewed.
Barleywines and old ales: English old ale (Theakston's Old Peculier, Thomas Hardy, Hair of the Dog Adambier); and English and American barleywines (Young's Old Nick, Sierra Nevada Bigfoot, Anchor Old Foghorn, Rogue Old Crustacean, Dominion Millennium, Victory Old Horizontal).
Technical topic: Brewing procedures
Sparging, boiling, fining, and carbonation methods. Reasons for each should be discussed, along with potential problems.
German ales, wheat beers, and Rauchbiers: Düsseldorf and North German Alt (Bolten Alt, Fordham Alt); Kölsch (none currently available); American wheat (Pyramid Wheathook, Anchor Wheat); Bavarian Weizen (DeGroen's, Paulaner, Victory Sunrise, Schneider Weisse); Dunkelweizen (Hacker-Pschorr); Weizenbock (DeGroens, Schneider Aventinus); Berliner Weiss (Kindl); and Bamberger Rauchbier (Kaiserdom, Schlenkerla).
Technical topic: Troubleshooting I
The first part of a discussion of how positive and negative attributes are perceived and produced, the beer styles with which they may be associated, and corrective measures. The flavor descriptors on the beer score sheet or the BJCP Study Guide should be split into two sections.
Strong Belgian and French ales: Dubbel (Postel, Trappe); tripel (Affligem, Westmalle); strong golden and dark ales (Duvel, Chimay, Orval, Scaldis, La Chouffe); bière de garde (Jenlain, St. Sylvestre 3 Monts); and saison (Saison du Pont).
Technical topic: Troubleshooting II
Other Belgian ales: Oud bruin and Flanders red (Rodenbach Grand Cru, Liefmans' Goudenband, Liefmans' Frambozenbier); gueuze and fruit lambic (assorted Boon and Cantillon lambics and De Keersmaecker's Mort Subite); wit (Celis White, Hoegaarden); and pale ale (Corsendonk Pale).
Technical topic: Recipe formulation
The selection of appropriate hops, malt, water, yeast, and brewing procedures for various beer styles. This approach is the reverse of standard judging, which often involves tracing the flavors and aromas in a beer to errors in the recipe or brewing process.
Dr. Beer (5) seminar: This is an informative and practical method of learning how isolated flavors taste in beer. A clean lager is generally doctored with near-threshold amounts of compounds that either occur naturally in beer or mimic those that do. Examples include artificial butter for diacetyl, sherry for sherrylike oxidation, vodka for alcohol, almond extract for nuttiness, grape tannin for astringency, hop oils for hop flavor and aroma, and lactic and acetic acid for sourness. It is recommended that those creating the doctored beer use a combination of amounts given in the literature and their own perceptions to determine how much of each flavor spike to add.
BJCP Exam Schedule as of May 28,1997
Phone/e-mail
Scott Bickham
NHC—Cleveland, OH
Rick Drake
HARDROCKENGR@msn.com
Ray Taylor
libertyray@earthlink.net
GABF—Denver, CO
Julianne Targen
Peter Garofalo
Bill Pfeiffer
Bruce Hammell
Larry Matthews
Shane Docherty
It is generally easy to persuade local beer experts to participate in the review sessions (bribery with free beer is very effective), but the work can also be divided among those studying for the exam. The commercial examples shown in the box on the opposite page are based on beers that are available in the Baltimore/Washington area, but a similar collection can be assembled in other geographic areas. The number of beers served in each class should be limited to 8–10, depending on the alcoholic strength and sample size, to prevent palate fatigue and to promote responsible drinking.
It is also recommended that a flat fee be charged for the class, payable in advance or at the first study session. The Brewers United for Real Potables (BURP) homebrew club (Alexandria, Virginia) set this fee at $50 for its most recent study course, and while this did not quite cover the actual expenses, the club gladly sponsored the remainder because of the intangible benefits of having an educated membership. This amount may seem a bit steep from a participant's perspective, but keep in mind that participants are tasting as many as 100 commercial examples and picking up invaluable information about beer styles and brewing processes.
The material in these classes can be comfortably covered in a time frame of 10–20 weeks, depending on the needs and experience of the study group. Shorter courses have the advantage of keeping the material fresh, whereas longer courses allow more intensive reading and reviewing between classes. Note that the lead time required to schedule a BJCP exam is approximately three months, which is helpful to remember when planning the study sessions.
The next step after forming your study group is to send a request to the exam director (currently, me) to sponsor a BJCP exam. He will work with the contact person to schedule the date, location, and administrator (typically a national or master judge) of the exam. Note that a study group is not required to take the exam, but that a minimum of five exam participants is required to set one up. Because of the labor-intensive process of scoring exams, only a limited number of exams are scheduled annually, and the exam calendar is filled on a first-come, first-served basis.
General recommendations: The key thing to remember is to have fun, but to take the exam seriously! The exam is criterion-based, so if the essay questions are not answered correctly or do not contain enough information (a good rule of thumb is one page per answer), then it will be difficult to get a passing score on the written portion. Similarly, if the descriptions and comments on the beer score sheets are weak, it will be difficult to pass the tasting portion.
The best approach is to read the recommended materials before the study sessions and review them along with the BJCP Study Guide before the exam. The style categories outlined in the accompanying syllabus are based on the BJCP Guidelines (4), but those used by the AHA for its national homebrew competition are also acceptable. The exam questions are written and graded in a manner that is independent of the particular style guidelines used as a reference.
Go for Mastery
For more information about the BJCP or the exam, consult the information sources listed in the References section of this article or leave voicemail for the exam director at the BJCP hotline, tel. 414/299-9145. BJCP study groups and exams are usually organized through local homebrew clubs, so if you do not currently belong to one you might look one up in your area. Ask your local homebrew supplies retailer for information about local clubs. The accompanying box lists the current exam schedule, with dates, locations, and contact persons.
The BJCP exam provides a fun means of refining your knowledge about beer styles and brewing techniques and enables you to give something back to your fellow brewers through competition judging and ongoing teaching and training. Taken together, the examination, certification levels, and judging service that the program offers help set a standard for knowledge and accomplishment in brewing and enhances the integrity of the pursuit of high-quality, hand-crafted beers.
(1) Edward Wolfe, personal communication.
(2) Chuck Cox's study guide is available on the Boston Wort Processors' web page at http://www.wort.org.
(3) The BJCP Study Guide is available on the BJCP web page at http://www.bjcp.org.
(4) Dr. Beer is a trademark of Jay Hersh. Information can be found on his web page at http://www.tiac.net/users/drbeer/homepage.htm.
Scott Bickham has a Ph.D. in condensed matter physics and is developing large-scale computational models of amorphous semiconductors at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D. C. He plans to relocate to New Mexico in July to investigate plasmas, polymers, and other materials at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Bickham has been home brewing and judging since 1991 and is currently the exam director of the BJCP.
All contents copyright 2021 by MoreFlavor Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this document or the related files may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher.


Ride 'n Tie rides require two humans and one horse – the fastest team wins over a marked course anywhere from 10 to 50+ km. Although the sport of Ride 'n Tie has been in existence since 1971, it is a relatively unknown sport that combines trail running, endurance riding and strategy. The object is to get all three team members across the cross-country course by alternating riding and running.
It is a mass start in an open area. Riders with horses and their corresponding runners are lined up, the Starter "opens" the trail and the excitement begins. As the event moves onto the narrower trails, care and consideration is needed – it is best if runners keep to the right so horses and riders can pass on the left. One team member starts out running, the other starts on the horse and rides down the trail as far as they think their partner can run (or walk) and still keep up a decent pace. At that strategic point the rider stops, dismounts, ties the horse to a tree or fence post, and continues down the trail on foot. The team member who started on foot gets to the horse, unties it, mounts and rides to catch their partner up ahead. When they get to their running team member they can either stop and exchange or ride further up the trail and tie the horse and then continue running. When, where and how a team exchanges is up to them, and this is where the strategy lies. Every trail runner has their strengths and weaknesses and the same is true for the horses.
The rules are simple. Horses must be five years of age or older to compete. As in all OCTRA disciplines, each horse has a vet check at the beginning, middle and end of the ride. For longer distances there is a vet check approximately every 8 km. Whoever rides the horse into the vet check must tie the horse and leave on foot for their partner who comes in on foot to have the horse vetted and then proceed on horseback after passing the check. Standard endurance vetting is used. "Fit-to-continue" gets you your completion. Only one person can use the horse at a time so no riding double and no tailing. The distances completed are also eligible for the Distance Reward Program.
Ride 'n Tie really gives you an appreciation and respect for the horse considering the miles traveled over the varying topography. It is strategy, teamwork and stamina – a reason to get in shape, to be a better rider and to help your horse. Factor all the strengths and weaknesses of two runners and one horse, along with weather conditions and the topography of the course, and you can understand why Ride 'n Tie is as much mental as physical. This is why such a growing number of runners and riders are joining the sport of Ride 'n Tie.


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Xinjiang's Uyghurs didn't choose to be Muslim, new Chinese report says
By Ben Westcott and Yong Xiong, CNN
Updated 1:14 AM EDT, Mon July 22, 2019
Demonstrators wave Uyghur nationalist flags in central Istanbul as they hold up photos of missing relatives caught up in China's crackdown on the Uyghur minority group.
PHOTO: Isil Sariyuce/CNN
Uyghurs plead for answers about family in China
China's heavy-lift Long March 5 rocket blasts off from its launch centre in Wenchang, south China's Hainan province on December 27, 2019. - China on December 27 launched one of the world's most powerful rockets in a major step forward for its planned mission to Mars in 2020. (Photo by STR / AFP) / China OUT (Photo by STR/AFP via Getty Images)
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China successfully launches Long March 5 rocket
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Uyghur gravesites in China wiped off the map
US President Donald Trump (L) and China's President Xi Jinping leave a business leaders event at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 9, 2017. Donald Trump urged Chinese leader Xi Jinping to work "hard" and act fast to help resolve the North Korean nuclear crisis, during their meeting in Beijing on November 9, warning that "time is quickly running out". / AFP PHOTO / Nicolas ASFOURI (Photo credit should read NICOLAS ASFOURI/AFP via Getty Images)
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Trump, China agree on 'phase one' trade deal
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA - DECEMBER 19: Former Vice President Joe Biden speaks during the Democratic presidential primary debate at Loyola Marymount University on December 19, 2019 in Los Angeles, California. Seven candidates out of the crowded field qualified for the 6th and last Democratic presidential primary debate of 2019 hosted by PBS NewsHour and Politico. (Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)
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Biden: China cannot be allowed to continue Xinjiang abuses
US and Chinese flags are seen as Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and China's Foreign Minister Wang Yi meet at the US Department of State May 23, 2018 in Washington, DC. (Photo by Brendan Smialowski / AFP) (Photo credit should read BRENDAN SMIALOWSKI/AFP/Getty Images)
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US blacklists 28 Chinese organizations and companies
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China retaliates after new US tariffs
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BEIJING, CHINA - NOVEMBER 9: Chinese President Xi Jinping and U.S. President Donald Trump attend a welcoming ceremony November 9, 2017 in Beijing, China. Trump is on a 10-day trip to Asia. (Photo by Thomas Peter-Pool/Getty Images)
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How will tariffs affect US, China trading?
This picture taken on January 7, 2015 shows a man using his mobile phone at a Xiaomi shop in Beijing. AFP PHOTO / WANG ZHAO / AFP / WANG ZHAO (Photo credit should read WANG ZHAO/AFP/Getty Images)
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Can Xiaomi survive a trade war?
ROCKTON, IL - OCTOBER 9: John Shedd, 85, loads a container with Bt-corn harvested from his son's farm October 9, 2003 near Rockton, Illinois. Shedd and his son farm 800 acres of the corn on farms in Illinois and Wisconsin. Bt-corn is a GMO (genetically modified organism) crop that offers growers an alternative to spraying an insecticide for control of European and southwestern corn borer. The Shedds sell the corn for use in ethanol. (Photo by Scott Olson/Getty Images)
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China has delved back centuries in an attempt to justify its controversial policies in the far-western region of Xinjiang, where experts say up to 2 million Uyghurs and other predominantly Muslim ethnic minorities have been held against their will in vast detention centers.
In a white paper released Sunday, the Chinese State Council Information Office painted Xinjiang as a religiously diverse community where a number of faiths had co-existed for centuries.
The 6,800-word document, released in full by state news agency Xinhua, said that Xinjiang "respects citizens' freedom to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion."
However, it also said Islam was introduced to region by force during a religious war in the 10th century, which ended Buddhism's centuries of dominance.
"The Uyghur conversion to Islam was not a voluntary choice made by the common people, but a result of religious wars and imposition by the ruling class," the report said.
"Islam is neither an indigenous nor the sole belief system of the Uyghur people," it added.
China is officially an atheist country, although around 18% of the country's citizens identify as Buddhist, 5% Christians and under 2% Muslim, according to the CIA Factbook.
The paper said the region's history had been distorted by "hostile foreign forces and separatist, religious extremist and terrorist forces."
It also took aim at the notion Uyghurs were descended from Turks. "Xinjiang has long been an inseparable part of Chinese territory; never has it been the so-called East Turkistan," the paper stated.
Beijing has had a long and fractious history with Xinjiang, a massive, nominally autonomous region in the far west of the country that is home to a relatively small population of around 22 million in a nation of 1.4 billion people.
The predominately Muslim Uyghurs, who are ethnically distinct from the country's majority ethnic group, the Han Chinese, form the majority in Xinjiang, where they account for just under half of the total population.
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The white paper says there are now 24,800 venues for religious activities in Xinjiang, including 24,400 mosques and 400 temples, churches and other places of prayer.
Uyghurs have likened China's campaign against their people to a form of "cultural genocide," with former camp detainees describing forced lessons in Communist Party propaganda and region-wide bans on Uyghur culture and traditions.
In 2017, long beards and face veils were banned in Xinjiang, as well as "choosing names in an abnormal way." In 2018, Chinese public servants began mandatory home stays with Uyghur families to help the Xinjiang residents "assimilate," and watch for frowned-upon religious or cultural practices. And, reports suggest that dozens of mosques have been destroyed in China's crackdown.
The Chinese government has denied it has re-education camps in Xinjiang, describing them as voluntary "vocational training centers."
Beijing has fiercely defended the centers as an important part of a program to combat Islamic radicalization, which the white paper said had risen worldwide after the Cold War, before spreading to Xinjiang.
"Drawing lessons from international experiences and in view of reality of the region, Xinjiang has taken resolute action to fight terrorism and extremism in accordance with the law," the paper said.
The white paper suggested that any criticism of attempts to crackdown on radicalization was "double standards."
"This kind of criticism betrays the basic conscience and justice of humanity, and will be repudiated by all genuine champions of justice and progress," the report said.


Home | Resources | Street Drugs | Is Your Teen Getting Drugs Online?
Is Your Teen Getting Drugs Online?
With online purchases for prescription drugs as an option, drugs are even more accessible to teens. Here are some ways to tell if your teen is buying drugs through the internet.
Check the internet history of your home computer, which logs all websites visited. However, be mindful of the fact that histories can be deleted. If your teen has their own computer, ask for their permission before you go snooping—you may be concerned, but you don't want to invade their privacy.
Online purchases usually require a credit card. If your teen has a credit card, check the monthly statements, which will tell you where every purchase was made. Look for anything that seems out of the ordinary, as some online dealers will have cover up names for their businesses.
If you have suspicions that your teen is doing drugs, talk to them. If they reveal they are doing drugs, ask them for their source. If they are getting drugs off the internet, block websites and take away their credit card so they can't make purchases. But most importantly, listen to them and get them professional help.
Do some research on the popular sites to buy drugs from, such as Tor and Evolution. Understand how these websites work by investigating user anonymity, the transaction process and the delivery system. Use your knowledge to check your teen's behavior—how often they're using their credit card, visiting these websites or receiving strange packages in the mail.


The Hose Monster™ utilizes a built-in-pitot (2 ½") or a precisely machined orifice plate (4 ½") and is used for hydrant flow testing, hydrant flushing, and fire pump testing.
The Hose Monster Company is committed to providing the best products in the world for testing fire pumps and fire hydrants. We are focused on providing solutions that help save lives and property by verifying fire protection systems perform when a fire occurs.
The Hose Monster™ utilizes a built-in-pitot (2 ½") or a precisely machined orifice plate (4 ½") and is used for hydrant flow testing, hydrant flushing, and fire pump testing. The patented design minimizes damage to landscaping and passing autos by controlling and dramatically reducing the force of flowing water. Zero thrust-it just lies there no matter how much water is flowing. And the pitot is reversible to prevent damage while flushing. The Hose Monster should be used with a length of hose; attachment directly to the hydrant is not recommended. NH threads standard; other threads available.


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History of Massena, New York, USA
Journey back in time to Massena, New York, USA
Visit Massena, New York, USA. Discover its history. Learn about the people who lived there through stories, old newspaper articles, pictures, postcards and genealogy.
The town was first settled circa 1792 by French lumberjacks. Massena was one of the first towns settled in St. Lawrence county and was incorporated in 1802. The town is named after one of Napoleon's field marshals, André Masséna, who commanded around that time.
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There is MUCH more to discover about Massena, New York, USA. Read on!
1854 - Massena
Massena, a post-township, forming the N. extremity of St. Lawrence co.. New York, on the St. Lawrence river. Population, 2870.
A New and Complete Gazetteer of the United States: Giving a Full and Comprehensive Review of the Present Condition, Industry, and Resources of the American Confederacy ... Thomas Baldwin (of Philadelphia.) Joseph Thomas January 1, 1854 Philadelphia : Lippincott, Grambo & Company 1854.
The Town of Massena - Organized in 1802.
MASSENA, the fourth town organized, lies in the extreme northeast part of the county, and received its...Read MORE...
Massena, a post-village in Massena township, St. Lawrence co., N.Y., on Grass River, about 38 miles E.N.E. of Ogdensburg. . It has a bridge across...Read MORE...
Power House, St. Lawrence River Power Co., Massena, N.Y.
Pittsburg Works - Massena, N.Y.
Massena, a banking poet-village in Massena township (town), St. Lawrence co., N.Y., on the Grass River, about 38 miles ENE. of Ogdensburg. The river...Read MORE...
Main Street, Massena, N.Y.
1943 - EIGHT PERSONS PERISH IN BLAST AT MASSENA, N.Y. WAR WORKERS TRAPPED AS THEY STOP FOR MEAL ON WAY TO ALUMINUM PLANT.
Massena, N. Y., Jan. 5 (AP) - Eight persons, seven of them night shift war workers, perished in an explosion and fire which destroyed a small...Read MORE...
1954 - August 10 - At Massena, New York, the groundbreaking ceremony for the St. Lawrence Seaway is held.
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Old Photos, Pictures, Advertisements and Postcards from Massena, New York, USA
Massena, New York, USA
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History and News of Massena, New York, USA
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MASSENA, the fourth town organized, lies in the extreme northeast part of the county, and received its... Read MORE...
Massena, a post-village in Massena township, St. Lawrence co., N.Y., on Grass River, about 38 miles E.N.E. of Ogdensburg. . It has a bridge across... Read MORE...
Massena, a banking poet-village in Massena township (town), St. Lawrence co., N.Y., on the Grass River, about 38 miles ENE. of Ogdensburg. The river... Read MORE...
Massena Then & Now 1926
Massena Then & Now 1926 (www.youtube.com)
Massena, N. Y., Jan. 5 (AP) - Eight persons, seven of them night shift war workers, perished in an explosion and fire which destroyed a small... Read MORE...
Massena, New York, USA Genealogy
Ancestors Who Were Born in Massena, New York, USA
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The Ameda Manual Breast Pump is a single hand-powered pump system. Meant to be used by one hand, the suction system works by gripping and squeezing the handle, creating a suction vortex. If your system is labeled sterile, you can start using it right away. If your pump is not labeled sterile, you must first boil all of its parts for 20 minutes, let it air dry, assemble together and proceed to start your feeding session.
Many reasons may require you to pump rather than to directly breastfeed your baby. It is a must-have for new mothers. Even if you are not planning a bottle fed session, you may be involved in a scenario where you would be unavailable or pressed for time for your feeding. An inexpensive tool that can come in handy at the last minute if needed. The single pump system can be used with all HygieniKit's.
Fast and gentle squeezes trigger milk release; whereas slow stronger squeezes to drain milk faster. The variation of speed and strength is set in adjustment by your own hand. Electronic breast pumps may have settings that can still cause discomfort for some women.


If you enjoy baked dishes, you'll love this week's recipe which I call a Vietnamese casserole. I wish more recipes were this simple–we lightly stir-fry some vegetables with crab meat, add in the noodles, seasoned chicken stock and then bake. Everything comes out piping hot, perfectly cooked and so delicious. The noodles are substantial enough that they can be served as a main dish. Without a doubt this also makes a great appetizer or a side dish. During the holiday seasoning, when there are many family get-togethers or dinner parties, this is my go-to dish because of its popularity and versatility.
This recipe uses canned crab meat which is minced. If you'd like more visible pieces of crab, use lump crab meat or imitation crab meat.
Not a fan of crab meat? Use chicken, beef, pork or seafood. Stir-fry the meat until it's halfway cooked, add the vegetables and then bake.
For convenience buy vegetables already chopped and shredded to reduce your prep time. You can also use a rotisserie chicken from your deli or other fully cooked meat for additional time-savings.
This dish can be served hot, cold or even a room temperature so, it's an all-around versatile dish.
These noodles are not overly seasoned, so serve them with a side of soy sauce and chili paste and let everyone season as desired. I also love squeezing some fresh lime juice on the noodles.
Soak bean thread noodles in warm water for 10 minutes.
Trim the ends off the green beans and then cut in half. Cut celery at a diagonal into thin slices. Cut the mushrooms into thick slices. Thinly slice the red onion.
Drain the crab meat into a fine strainer. Rinse with cold water and then drain.
Drain the noodles and toss gently to remove the excess water. Use scissors and cut the strands so they are a bit shorter.
Heat a large wok over Medium High heat and when hot add the sesame oil. Add the minced garlic and stir-fry for 15 seconds.
Add the green beans and celery and stir-fry for 2 minutes. Add the remaining vegetables and crab meat and stir-fry for 1 minute.
Turn-off the heat and add 1 Tbsp soy sauce and freshly ground black pepper. Combine together.
In a measuring cup, combine the chicken stock with 1 Tbsp soy sauce and 1 Tbsp oyster sauce.
Add the bean thread noodles to the wok and then drizzle the sauce over the noodles. Toss together making sure the noodles are completely coated with the sauce.
Line a 13X9 inch baking dish with foil. Pour the noodles into the dish and spread out into an even layer. Cover the dish with another large piece of foil sealing it completely.
Chi Trang oi, our family loves this recipe! Baking this dish is simply brilliant! Thank you for sharing.
Chi Trang oi, would this dish turn out just as yummy if I was to double the ingredients? I'd like to serve this at our Viet New Year pot luck party. Thank you!
Sorry for my late response. I am sure you've already made this. Doubling the recipe is just fine.
I tried this recipe, the baking method is brilliant, it's fail proof . Thank you so much.
This recipe is for my little sister who often wishes Vietnamese cuisine had more casserole-type dishes…lol. I am glad you enjoyed the recipe. Thanks for taking the time to share your results!
Thanks for sharing this recipe. It is so simple to make and yet very delicious. My family loves it very much!
I just saw the video and can't wait to make this! As it's Black Friday and I'm off, the next thing I'm going to do is print this out and go to the store to get everything and get busy in the kitchen! This looks sooooooo good!!!!!!!!
Hi Gary, this recipe will be super easy for you. Enjoy!


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Meyer este un nume de familie frecvent care se poate referi la:

Oameni

 Meyer, Adolf (1866 – 1950), psihiatru american de origine elvețiană
 Meyer, Adolf (1881 - 1921), arhitect
 Meyer, Adolf de (Photographer) (1868-1949)
 Meyer, Adolf Bernard (1840-1911), German anthropologist and ornithologist
 Meyer, Albert Cardinal (1903–1965), Roman Catholic Archbishop of Chicago
 Meyer, Albert (1870–1953), Swiss politician
 Meyer, Alfred (1891–1945), German Nazi official
 Meyer, Alfred Richard, nom de plume Munkepunke (1882-1956), German writer, see m:de:Munkepunke
 Meyer, Anthony (1920–2004), British soldier, diplomat, and Conservative Party politician
 Meyer, Austin, American software developer
 Meyer, Bertrand (born 1950), French computer scientist, designed the Eiffel programming language
 Bob Meyer (born 1939), American baseball player
 Meyer, Breckin (born 1974), U.S. actor and producer
 Meyer, Carl Friedrich (1803-1886), German physician and psychiatrist, see m:de:Carl Friedrich Meyer
 Meyer, Christopher (born 1944), former British Ambassador to the U.S.
 Meyer, Conrad Ferdinand (1825–1898), Swiss poet and writer
 Meyer, Debbie (born 1952), U.S. Olympic swimmer
 Meyer, Dina (born 1968), U.S. actor
 Meyer, Dirk, U.S. microprocessor designer
 Meyer, Drew, (born 1981) Major League Baseball player for the Texas Rangers, had his Major League debut in 2006
 Meyer, E. Y. (born 1946), Swiss writer, see m:de:E. Y. Meyer
 Meyer, Edgar (born 1960), U.S. double bassist
 Meyer, Eduard (1855-1930), German historian, see m:de:Eduard Meyer
 Meyer, Eric, U.S. web designer and author of books on Cascading Style Sheets
 Meyer, Ernst Hermann (1905-1988), German composer, pianist, and musicologist
 Meyer, Eugene (1875–1959), U.S. public official and newspaper publisher
 Meyer, Florian (born 1968), German football referee, see m:de:Florian Meyer
 Meyer, Frank (1909–1972), U.S. conservative political philosopher
 Meyer, Fred G. (1886-1978), U.S. retailer
 Meyer, Frederick Brotherton (1847-1929), British Baptist preacher
 Meyer, George (born 1956) U.S. TV comedy writer
 Meyer, George von Lengerke (1858–1918), U.S. Secretary of the Navy
 Meyer, Hannes (1889–1954), Swiss architect and director of the Bauhaus
 Meyer, Hans (1858-1929), German explorer and zoologist, made first "official" ascent of Mount Kilimanjaro, see m:de:Hans Meyer (Afrikaforscher)
 Meyer, Hans (born 1942), German football coach, see m:de:Hans Meyer (Fußball)
 Meyer, Heinrich August Wilhelm (1800-1873), German Protestant pastor and theologian
 Meyer, Heinrich Christian (1797-1848), German industrialist, see m:de:Heinrich Christian Meyer
 Meyer, Helga (died 2000), German opera singer
 Meyer, Herrmann Julius (1826-1909), German publisher, see m:de:Herrmann Julius Meyer
 Meyer, Joachim, German fencer, wrote Fundamental Descriptions of the Art of Fencing (1570)
 Meyer, Johan (died 1901), German-born pioneer of the Queensland Gold Coast
 Meyer, John C. (1919–1975), U.S. air force officer
 Meyer, Joseph (1796–1856), German industrialist and publisher
 Meyer, Joyce (born 1943), U.S. Christian Charismatic speaker and writer
 Meyer, Julie (born 1966), U.S.-born British investor, founded First Tuesday and Ariadne Capital
 Meyer, Julius Lothar (1830–1895), German chemist
 Meyer, Karl (born 1937), U.S. pacifist and political activist
 Meyer, Karl Otto (born 1928), Danish-minority politician in Schleswig-Holstein, see m:de:Karl Otto Meyer
 Meyer, Kirstine (1861–1941), Danish physicist
 Meyer, Krzysztof (born 1943), Polish composer, see m:de:Krzysztof Meyer
 Meyer, Kurt, New Zealand representative in the Cook Islands
 Meyer, Kurt (born 1944), Swiss politician
 Meyer, Kurt (1910-1961), German officer in the Waffen-SS
 Meyer, Laurenz (born 1948), German politician
 Meyer, Marshall (1930-1993), U.S. rabbi and human rights activist
 Meyer, Max Wilhelm (1853-1910), German astronomer, natural scientist, and writer, see m:de:Max Wilhelm Meyer
 Meyer, Nicholas (born 1945), U.S. film-maker
 Meyer, Paul (1840–1917), French philologist
 Meyer, Paul-André (1934-2003),French mathematician
 Meyer, Ray (born 1913), U.S. basketball coach
 Meyer, RJO "Boss""- founder of Millfield School
 Meyer, Russ (1922–2004), U.S. film director
 Meyer, Sabine (b. 1959), German clarinetist
 Meyer, Stephen C., U.S. theologian and "Intelligent Design" proponent
 Meyer, Thérèse (born 1948), Swiss politician
 Meyer, Tobias (născut în 1963), liderul departamentului de artă contemporană al casei de licitație Sotheby's
 Meyer, Urban (born 1964), U.S. American football coach
 Meyer, Viktor (1848–1897), German chemist
 Meyer, Yves (born 1939), French mathematician and scientist

Alte utilizări
 Meyer Corporation
 USS Meyer, a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy
 Meyer locomotive

Vezi și
 Von Meyer, Myer, Meyr, Meier, Meir, Mayer, Maier, Mayr, Mair
 Meyers, Myers
 Meyerson, Myerson

 German family name etymology
 List of Jewish surnames
 m:de:Meier
 http://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Meyer

Nume de familie


Ever since Esther Solar's grandfather met Death, her entire family has been cursed to suffer one great fear in their lifetime-a fear that will eventually lead each and every one of them to their graves. Take Esther's father, for instance- he's an agoraphobe who hasn't left the basement in six years. Then there's her twin brother, Eugene, whose fear of the dark goes far beyond the things that go bump in the night. And her mother, Rosemary, is terrified of bad luck.
As for Esther, she's managed to escape the curse?.?.?.?so far. She doesn't yet have a great fear because she avoids pretty much everything. Elevators, small spaces, crowds-anything that might trigger a phobia is off-limits and is recorded in her semi-definitive list of worst nightmares.
Esther thinks she has it all figured out, until she's reunited with an old classmate-and first crush-Jonah Smallwood. An unexpected friendship between the two develops and together they face one phobia at a time, only to discover the one fear they hadn't counted on- love.
Krystal Sutherland is the author of Our Chemical Hearts. She was born and raised in Townsville, Australia, a place that has never experienced winter. Since then she's lived in Sydney, where she edited her university's student magazine; Amsterdam, where she worked as a foreign correspondent; and Hong Kong. She has no pets and no children, but is fond of naming inanimate objects- in the Netherlands she owned a Dutch bicycle called Kim Kardashian, and a small, inflatable velociraptor called Herbert.


Dahl and his father captured the snake, but his mother was firm: the creature wasn t allowed to stay in the house.
That s when Laura Anderson, a local teacher, stepped in.
"I volunteered to pick up the snake," Anderson told CTV Edmonton. "It s been a few years since I had a snake so we just love having it around."
Anderson says her six-year-old son has grown particularly fond of the reptile, and even named the serpent "Dan the Snake."
"He is just elated to have an animal in the house," Anderson said. "I heard him whisper to the glass We ll be best friends. "
The junior high teacher said "Dan" has also been a hit with her students.
"It s gotten them to do a little bit of research too, which of course, as a teacher, is wonderful," she said.
Alberta Fish and Wildlife officers say the snake is likely a bull or gopher snake, species native to southern Alberta.
Officer Dennis Prodan said the snake isn t dangerous. However, the province does require owners to obtain a permit if they want to legally keep the snake in captivity.
Prodan said the permit helps protect the wild snake population from health threats.
"In a lot of cases, once the novelty wears off, people will release these animals back into the wild again," Prodan said.
When this happens, the officer said the released snakes could "inadvertently jeopardize the population" by introducing by parasites or diseases the wild snakes can t deal with.
Because of this, Prodan said permits are usually only issued to educational institutions and zoos.
Anderson said she plans to have wildlife officers officially ID the snake. If they tell her she can t keep it as a pet, then she says she ll give the reptile up, and let the officers decide where it should go.
Deadly snake found playing with a cat in truck in Niagara Falls, Ont.


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House Archives | Magic City Management, Inc.
We just rented a property from them, and so far they are amazing our leasing agent has probably the best personality ever, she went above and beyond for us, She got us into our new home quick and easy. We have rented through other places before and none even come close to our experience with Magic City, I'm so happy and grateful that we found them and would highly recommend them to anyone.
Best property management we have ever rented through! You can tell they genuinely care and their tenants are their main priority. Would recommend them to anyone looking to rent!
I am so glad I called them. I found a very nice, clean 3 bedroom home for my family and the rent was right in our price range!


Over-cornering is a frequent cause of car wrecks. Drivers who take corners too fast not only endanger themselves, they endanger everyone else on the road, as well. The corners on any given road are designed to be taken at the posted speed, no faster. If you've been in a Dallas car accident that was caused by someone taking a corner at speeds that were too high, you may be able to recover damages through a jury award or a settlement, and you shouldn't have to pay your medical bills on your own because someone else was reckless.
Pedestrians and visibility issues both present real hazards to drivers. Pedestrians may well assume—and justly so—that the drivers on the roads they use for foot traffic are obeying the posted speed limits. When drivers rush through, they pose real threats to life and limb. Such drivers have taken many lives already and will take many more. A wrongful death attorney is the best person to call if you've lost someone because a driver felt that their business was so pressing that everyone else's safety was not a real concern to them.
Remember that passenger vehicles are not designed to be driven at high speeds, even if they're capable of accelerating to those speeds. It's generally true that most drivers cannot outdrive their vehicles and that most vehicles are capable of driving at speeds faster than their owners are capable of maintaining safely. If someone has injured you or destroyed your property because they couldn't be bothered with obeying the speed limits, be sure to talk to a vehicle accident attorney. It may be the case that you can file for financial compensation as a result of your injuries, pain and suffering. If so, you may not have to face the damages alone.


We design experiential projection systems. We create media in 3D and 360. We make interactive games and living environments for museums and attractions. Most of all, we push the boundaries of media by staying innovative. In many cases, we invent new techniques and software solutions to solve problems inaccessible by the average media company. We are different.
Through the highly calibrated use of projection, high-end video servers, and custom 3D animation, projection mapping can create unbelievable illusions and tell unforgettable stories.
Massive video murals, large format projection content design. Let us help design your dream project.
We create, process, and manipulate 360 content. Stabilization, color correction, and CG enhancement. Full production pipeline.
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Our award winning team is here to support the visions brought to life by creative and advertising agencies.
Our projects have won many awards for their innovation and spirit. Thanks to the wonderful people we've worked with on these projects!
Our project won a Design & Art Direction Pencil Award for Dream Adventures.
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Have a look at some our favorite projects below. All animation and content is created in-house and perfectly tailored to the project, allowing us to create spectacular perspective magic.
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