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Guilds: Drivers of Manufacturing and Commerce in the Middle Ages
Guilds dominated local politics and influenced national and international affairs.
By Dr. Gary Richardson
Professor of Economics
Guilds existed throughout Europe during the Middle Ages. Guilds were groups of individuals with common goals. The term guild probably derives from the Anglo-Saxon root geld which meant 'to pay, contribute.' The noun form of geld meant an association of persons contributing money for some common purpose. The root also meant 'to sacrifice, worship.' The dual definitions probably reflected guilds' origins as both secular and religious organizations.
The term guild had many synonyms in the Middle Ages. These included association, brotherhood, college, company, confraternity, corporation, craft, fellowship, fraternity, livery, society, and equivalents of these terms in Latin, Germanic, Scandinavian, and Romance languages such as ambach, arte, collegium, corporatio, fraternitas, gilda, innung, corps de métier, societas, and zunft. In the late nineteenth century, as a professional lexicon evolved among historians, the term guild became the universal reference for these groups of merchants, artisans, and other individuals from the ordinary (non-priestly and non-aristocratic) classes of society which were not part of the established religious, military, or governmental hierarchies.
Much of the academic debate about guilds stems from confusion caused by incomplete lexicographical standardization. Scholars study guilds in one time and place and then assume that their findings apply to guilds everywhere and at all times or assert that the organizations that they studied were the one type of true guild, while other organizations deserved neither the distinction nor serious study. To avoid this mistake, this encyclopedia entry begins with the recognition that guilds were groups whose activities, characteristics, and composition varied greatly across centuries, regions, and industries.
Guild Activities and Taxonomy
Syndics of the Cloth Merchants' Guild / Wikimedia Commons
Guilds filled many niches in medieval economy and society. Typical taxonomies divide urban occupational guilds into two types: merchant and craft.
Merchant guilds were organizations of merchants who were involved in long-distance commerce and local wholesale trade, and may also have been retail sellers of commodities in their home cities and distant venues where they possessed rights to set up shop. The largest and most influential merchant guilds participated in international commerce and politics and established colonies in foreign cities. In many cases, they evolved into or became inextricably intertwined with the governments of their home towns.
Merchant guilds enforced contracts among members and between members and outsiders. Guilds policed members' behavior because medieval commerce operated according to the community responsibility system. If a merchant from a particular town failed to fulfill his part of a bargain or pay his debts, all members of his guild could be held liable. When they were in a foreign port, their goods could be seized and sold to alleviate the bad debt. They would then return to their hometown, where they would seek compensation from the original defaulter.
Merchant guilds also protected members against predation by rulers. Rulers seeking revenue had an incentive to seize money and merchandise from foreign merchants. Guilds threatened to boycott the realms of rulers who did this, a practice known as withernam in medieval England. Since boycotts impoverished both kingdoms which depended on commerce and governments for whom tariffs were the principal source of revenue, the threat of retaliation deterred medieval potentates from excessive expropriations.
Merchant guilds tended to be wealthier and of higher social status than craft guilds. Merchants' organizations usually possessed privileged positions in religious and secular ceremonies and inordinately influenced local governments.
Craft guilds were organized along lines of particular trades. Members of these guilds typically owned and operated small businesses or family workshops. Craft guilds operated in many sectors of the economy. Guilds of victuallers bought agricultural commodities, converted them to consumables, and sold finished foodstuffs. Examples included bakers, brewers, and butchers. Guilds of manufacturers made durable goods, and when profitable, exported them from their towns to consumers in distant markets. Examples include makers of textiles, military equipment, and metal ware. Guilds of a third type sold skills and services. Examples include clerks, teamsters, and entertainers.
These occupational organizations engaged in a wide array of economic activities. Some manipulated input and output markets to their own advantage. Others established reputations for quality, fostering the expansion of anonymous exchange and making everyone better off. Because of the underlying economic realities, victualling guilds tended towards the former. Manufacturing guilds tended towards the latter. Guilds of service providers fell somewhere in between. All three types of guilds managed labor markets, lowered wages, and advanced their own interests at their subordinates' expense. These undertakings had a common theme. Merchant and craft guilds acted to increase and stabilize members' incomes.
Clerical guild / Wikimedia Commons
Non-occupational guilds also operated in medieval towns and cities. These organizations had both secular and religious functions. Historians refer to these organizations as social, religious, or parish guilds as well as fraternities and confraternities. The secular activities of these organizations included providing members with mutual insurance, extending credit to members in times of need, aiding members in courts of law, and helping the children of members afford apprenticeships and dowries.
The principal pious objective was the salvation of the soul and escape from Purgatory. The doctrine of Purgatory was the belief that there lay between Heaven and Hell an intermediate place, by passing though which the souls of the dead might cleanse themselves of guilt attached to the sins committed during their lifetime by submitting to a graduated scale of divine punishment. The suffering through which they were cleansed might be abbreviated by the prayers of the living, and most especially by masses. Praying devoutly, sponsoring masses, and giving alms were three of the most effective methods of redeeming one's soul. These works of atonement could be performed by the penitent on their own or by someone else on their behalf.
Guilds served as mechanisms for organizing, managing, and financing the collective quest for eternal salvation. Efforts centered on three types of tasks. The first were routine and participatory religious services. Members of guilds gathered at church on Sundays and often also on other days of the week. Members marked ceremonial occasions, such as the day of their patron saint or Good Friday, with prayers, processions, banquets, masses, the singing of psalms, the illumination of holy symbols, and the distribution of alms to the poor. Some guilds kept chaplains on call. Others hired priests when the need arose. These clerics hosted regular religious services, such as vespers each evening or mass on Sunday morning, and prayed for the souls of members living and deceased.
The second category consisted of actions performed on members' behalf after their deaths and for the benefit of their souls. Postmortem services began with funerals and burials, which guilds arranged for the recently departed. The services were elaborate and extensive. On the day before internment, members gathered around the corpse, lit candles, and sung a placebo and a dirge, which were the vespers and matins from the Office of the Dead. On the day of internment, a procession marched from churchyard to graveyard, buried the body, distributed alms, and attended mass. Additional masses numbering one to forty occurred later that day and sometimes for months thereafter. Postmortem prayers continued even further into the future and in theory into perpetuity. All guilds prayed for the souls of deceased members. These prayers were a prominent part of all guild events. Many guilds also hired priests to pray for the souls of the deceased. A few guilds built chantries where priests said those prayers.
The third category involved indoctrination and monitoring to maintain the piety of members. The Christian catechism of the era contained clear commandments. Rest on the Sabbath and religious holidays. Be truthful. Do not deceive others. Be chaste. Do not commit adultery. Be faithful to your family. Obey authorities. Be modest. Do not covet thy neighbors' possessions. Do not steal. Do not gamble. Work hard. Support the church. Guild ordinances echoed these exhortations. Members should neither gamble nor lie nor steal nor drink to excess. They should restrain their gluttony, lust, avarice, and corporal impulses. They should pray to the Lord, live like His son, and give alms to the poor.
Righteous living was important because members' fates were linked together. The more pious one's brethren, the more helpful their prayers, and the quicker one escaped from purgatory. The worse one's brethren, the less salutary their supplications and the longer one suffered during the afterlife. So, in hopes of minimizing purgatorial pain and maximizing eternal happiness, guilds beseeched members to restrain physical desires and forgo worldly pleasures.
Guilds also operated in villages and the countryside. Rural guilds performed the same tasks as social and religious guilds in towns and cities. Recent research on medieval England indicates that guilds operated in most, if not all, villages. Villages often possessed multiple guilds. Most rural residents belonged to a guild. Some may have joined more than one organization.
Guilds often spanned multiple dimensions of this taxonomy. Members of craft guilds participated in wholesale commerce. Members of merchant guilds opened retail shops. Social and religious guilds evolved into occupational associations. All merchant and craft guilds possessed religious and fraternal features.
In sum, guild members sought prosperity in this life and providence in the next. Members wanted high and stable incomes, quick passage through Purgatory, and eternity in Heaven. Guilds helped them coordinate their collective efforts to attain these goals.
Guild Structure and Organization
To attain their collective goals, guild members had to cooperate. If some members slacked off, all would suffer. Guilds that wished to lower the costs of labor had to get all masters to reduce wages. Guilds that wished to raise the prices of products had to get all members to restrict output. Guilds that wished to develop respected reputations had to get all members to sell superior merchandise. Guild members contributed money – to pay priests and purchase pious paraphernalia – and contributed time, emotion, and personal energy, as well. Members participated in frequent religious services, attended funerals, and prayed for the souls of the brethren. Members had to live piously, abstaining both from the pleasures of the flesh and the material temptations of secular life. Members also had to administer their associations. The need for coordination was a common denominator.
To convince members to cooperate and advance their common interests, guilds formed stable, self-enforcing associations that possessed structures for making and implementing collective decisions.
A guild's members met at least once a year (and in most cases more often) to elect officers, audit accounts, induct new members, debate policies, and amend ordinances. Officers such as aldermen, stewards, deans, and clerks managed the guild's day to day affairs. Aldermen directed guild activities and supervised lower-ranking officers. Stewards kept guild funds, and their accounts were periodically audited. Deans summoned members to meetings, feasts, and funerals, and in many cases, policed members' behavior. Clerks kept records. Decisions were usually made by majority vote among the master craftsmen.
These officers administered a nexus of agreements among a guild's members. Details of these agreements varied greatly from guild to guild, but the issues addressed were similar in all cases. Members agreed to contribute certain resources and/or take certain actions that furthered the guild's occupational and spiritual endeavors. Officers of the guild monitored members' contributions. Manufacturing guilds, for example, employed officers known as searchers who scrutinized members' merchandise to make sure it met guild standards and inspected members' shops and homes seeking evidence of attempts to circumvent the rules. Members who failed to fulfill their obligations faced punishments of various sorts.
Punishments varied across transgressions, guilds, time, and space, but a pattern existed. First time offenders were punished lightly, perhaps suffering public scolding and paying small monetary fines, and repeat offenders punished harshly. The ultimate threat was expulsion. Guilds could do nothing harsher because laws protected persons and property from arbitrary expropriations and physical abuse. The legal system set the rights of individuals above the interests of organizations. Guilds were voluntary associations. Members facing harsh punishments could quit the guild and walk away. The most the guild could extract was the value of membership. Abundant evidence indicates that guilds enforced agreements in this manner.
Other game-theoretic options existed, of course. Guilds could have punished uncooperative members by taking actions with wider consequences. Members of a manufacturing guild who caught one of their own passing off shoddy merchandise under the guilds' good name could have punished the offender by collectively lowering the quality of their products for a prolonged period. That would lower the offender's income, albeit at the cost of lowering the income of all other members as well. Similarly, members of a guild that caught one of their brethren shirking on prayers and sinning incessantly could have punished the offender by collectively forsaking the Lord and descending into debauchery. Then, no one would or could pray for the soul of the offender, and his period in Purgatory would be extended significantly. In broader terms, cheaters could have been punished by any action that reduced the average incomes of all guild members or increased the pain that all members expected to endure in Purgatory. In theory, such threats could have convinced even the most recalcitrant members to contribute to the common good.
But, no evidence exists that craft guilds ever operated in such a manner. None of the hundreds of surviving guild ordinances contains threats of such a kind. No surviving guild documents describe punishing the innocent along with the guilty. Guilds appear to have eschewed indiscriminant retaliation for several salient reasons. First, monitoring members' behavior was costly and imperfect. Time and risk preferences varied across individuals. Uncertainty of many kinds influenced craftsmen's decisions. Some members would have attempted to cheat regardless of the threatened punishment. Punishments, in other words, would have occurred in equilibrium. The cost of carrying out an equilibrium-sustaining threat of expulsion would have been lower than the cost of carrying out an equilibrium-sustaining threat that reduced average income. Thus, expelling members caught violating the rules was an efficient method of enforcing the rules. Second, punishing free riders by indiscriminately harming all guild members may not have been a convincing threat. Individuals may not have believed that threats of mutual assured destruction would be carried out. The incentive to renegotiate was strong. Third, skepticism probably existed about threats to do onto others as they had done onto you. That concept contradicted a fundamental teaching of the church, to do onto others as you would have them do onto you. It also contradicted Jesus' admonition to turn the other cheek. Thus, indiscriminant retaliation based upon hair-trigger strategies was not an organizing principle likely to be adopted by guilds whose members hoped to speed passage through Purgatory.
Guild master in supervision / Wikimedia Commons
A hierarchy existed in large guilds. Masters were full members who usually owned their own workshops, retail outlets, or trading vessels. Masters employed journeymen, who were laborers who worked for wages on short term contracts or a daily basis (hence the term journeyman, from the French word for day). Journeymen hoped to one day advance to the level of master. To do this, journeymen usually had to save enough money to open a workshop and pay for admittance, or if they were lucky, receive a workshop through marriage or inheritance.
Masters also supervised apprentices, who were usually boys in their teens who worked for room, board, and perhaps a small stipend in exchange for a vocational education. Both guilds and government regulated apprenticeships, usually to ensure that masters fulfilled their part of the apprenticeship agreement. Terms of apprenticeships varied, usually lasting from five to nine years.
The internal structure of guilds varied widely across Europe. Little is known for certain about the structure of smaller guilds, since they left few written documents. Most of the evidence comes from large, successful associations whose internal records survive to the present day. The description above is based on such documents. It seems likely that smaller organizations fulfilled many of the same functions, but their structure was probably less formal and more horizontal.
Relationships between guilds and governments also varied across Europe. Most guilds aspired to attain recognition as a self-governing association with the right to possess property and other legal privileges. Guilds often purchased these rights from municipal and national authorities. In England, for example, a guild which wished to possess property had to purchase from the royal government a writ allowing it to do so. But, most guilds operated without formal sanction from the government. Guilds were spontaneous, voluntary, and self-enforcing associations.
Guild Chronology and Impact
Mosaic of workers in the harbor city of Ostia in ancient Rome / Wikimedia Commons
Reconstructing the history of guilds poses several problems. Few written records survive from the twelfth century and earlier. Surviving documents consist principally of the records of rulers – kings, princes, churches – that taxed, chartered, and granted privileges to organizations. Some evidence also exists in the records of notaries and courts, which recorded and enforced contracts between guild masters and outsiders, such as the parents of apprentices. From the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, records survive in larger numbers. Surviving records include statute books and other documents describing the internal organization and operation of guilds. The evidence at hand links the rise and decline of guilds to several important events in the history of Western Europe.
In the late Roman Empire, organizations resembling guilds existed in most towns and cities. These voluntary associations of artisans, known as collegia, were occasionally regulated by the state but largely left alone. They were organized along trade lines and possessed a strong social base, since their members shared religious observances and fraternal dinners. Most of these organizations disappeared during the Dark Ages, when the Western Roman Empire disintegrated and urban life collapsed. In the Eastern Empire, some collegia appear to have survived from antiquity into the Middle Ages, particularly in Constantinople, where Leo the Wise codified laws concerning commerce and crafts at the beginning of the tenth century and sources reveal an unbroken tradition of state management of guilds from ancient times. Some scholars suspect that in the West, a few of the most resilient collegia in the surviving urban areas may have evolved in an unbroken descent into medieval guilds, but the absence of documentary evidence makes it appear unlikely and unprovable.
In the centuries following the Germanic invasions, evidence indicates that numerous guild-like associations existed in towns and rural areas. These organizations functioned as modern burial and benefit societies, whose objectives included prayers for the souls of deceased members, payments of weregilds in cases of justifiable homicide, and supporting members involved in legal disputes. These rural guilds were descendents of Germanic social organizations known as gilda which the Roman historian Tacitus referred to as convivium.
During the eleventh through thirteenth centuries, considerable economic development occurred. The sources of development were increases in the productivity of medieval agriculture, the abatement of external raiding by Scandinavian and Muslim brigands, and population increases. The revival of long-distance trade coincided with the expansion of urban areas. Merchant guilds formed an institutional foundation for this commercial revolution. Merchant guilds flourished in towns throughout Europe, and in many places, rose to prominence in urban political structures. In many towns in England, for example, the merchant guild became synonymous with the body of burgesses and evolved into the municipal government. In Genoa and Venice, the merchant aristocracy controlled the city government, which promoted their interests so well as to preclude the need for a formal guild.
Merchant guilds' principal accomplishment was establishing the institutional foundations for long-distance commerce. Italian sources provide the best picture of guilds' rise to prominence as an economic and social institution. Merchant guilds appear in many Italian cities in the twelfth century. Craft guilds became ubiquitous during the succeeding century.
Shoemakers guild / Wikimedia Commons
In northern Europe, merchant guilds rose to prominence a few generations later. In the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, local merchant guilds in trading cities such as Lubeck and Bremen formed alliances with merchants throughout the Baltic region. The alliance system grew into the Hanseatic League which dominated trade around the Baltic and North Seas and in Northern Germany.
Social and religious guilds existed at this time, but few records survive. Small numbers of craft guilds developed, principally in prosperous industries such as cloth manufacturing, but records are also rare, and numbers appear to have been small.
As economic expansion continued in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the influence of the Catholic Church grew, and the doctrine of Purgatory developed. The doctrine inspired the creation of countless religious guilds, since the doctrine provided members with strong incentives to want to belong to a group whose prayers would help one enter heaven and it provided guilds with mechanisms to induce members to exert effort on behalf of the organization. Many of these religious associations evolved into occupational guilds. Most of the Livery Companies of London, for example, began as intercessory societies around this time.
The number of guilds continued to grow after the Black Death. There are several potential explanations. The decline in population raised per-capita incomes, which encouraged the expansion of consumption and commerce, which in turn necessitated the formation of institutions to satisfy this demand. Repeated epidemics decreased family sizes, particularly in cities, where the typical adult had on average perhaps 1.5 surviving children, few surviving siblings, and only a small extended family, if any. Guilds replaced extended families in a form of fictive kinship. The decline in family size and impoverishment of the church also forced individuals to rely on their guild more in times of trouble, since they no longer could rely on relatives and priests to sustain them through periods of crisis. All of these changes bound individuals more closely to guilds, discouraged free riding, and encouraged the expansion of collective institutions.
For nearly two centuries after the Black Death, guilds dominated life in medieval towns. Any town resident of consequence belonged to a guild. Most urban residents thought guild membership to be indispensable. Guilds dominated manufacturing, marketing, and commerce. Guilds dominated local politics and influenced national and international affairs. Guilds were the center of social and spiritual life.
The heyday of guilds lasted into the sixteenth century. The Reformation weakened guilds in most newly Protestant nations. In England, for example, the royal government suppressed thousands of guilds in the 1530s and 1540s. The king and his ministers dispatched auditors to every guild in the realm. The auditors seized spiritual paraphernalia and funds retained for religious purposes, disbanded guilds which existed for purely pious purposes, and forced craft and merchant guilds to pay large sums for the right to remain in operation. Those guilds that did still lost the ability to provide members with spiritual services.
In Protestant nations after the Reformation, the influence of guilds waned. Many turned to governments for assistance. They requested monopolies on manufacturing and commerce and asked courts to force members to live up to their obligations. Guilds lingered where governments provided such assistance. Guilds faded where governments did not. By the seventeenth century, the power of guilds had withered in England. Guilds retained strength in nations which remained Catholic. France abolished its guilds during the French Revolution in 1791, and Napoleon's armies disbanded guilds in most of the continental nations which they occupied during the next two decades.
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Originally published by the Economic History Association, republished with permission for educational, non-commercial purposes.
Tags: Economy Guild History Medieval Middle Ages
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As a nurse, I'm pretty fastidious about getting my annual check-ups. It's the only time I see an MD because I've been blessed with good health.
But after my annual blood draw last month, I was referred to a hematologist, a doctor who specializes in blood disorders.
I was surprised, but not worried, because when I asked myself if something felt wrong in my body, my immediate "knowing" was Nope.
I also rationalized that if something was really wrong, I would've had an appointment immediately, but instead, I was given a date a month out.
I promptly forgot about it until I had to rearrange my work schedule to go, but feeling concerned didn't even occur to me.
Until, of course, I pulled up to a building today that read: "Cancer Care Center."
For the first time, it felt just a bit too real.
As I climbed the steps toward the bathroom, I asked myself again: Do I resonate with having cancer?
Again, I heard: Not one bit.
At the check-in desk, my blase attitude began to lean toward concern as I was handed a large stack of papers to fill out. When I mentioned that this was only a consultation, the gal replied that everyone--whether diagnosed with blood disorders or cancer--gets the same packet.
The visit suddenly felt a bit more worrisome.
Everyone in the waiting room looked my way and I imagined them thinking, "There's the new girl. She still looks well, but everything is about to change for her."
I sat next to a couple waiting for their loved one who was coming out of a procedure. I heard one of them whisper, "Thank you, Jesus" when a nurse informed them that all had gone well.
I filled out the stack of papers in minutes since most of my answers were negative: I do not have any symptoms. I don't have pain or nausea or headaches. I have no history of problems, and I only take 3 pills a day, two of them non-prescription.
Then I glanced at the TV screen on the wall that was showing a film about cancer survivors. I was surprised when I saw my sweet friends' face, her hair cropped close to her head, talking about her experience with cancer. She had survived, but her prognosis on that day was still unknown. I could see the sadness and worry in her eyes as she described life with cancer.
I suddenly felt such love and awe for her and for the painful and triumphant fight she had endured. I was nearly crying.
Then the thought hit me: This could be me, too. What if my world changes today, in an instant, just like Annie's had?
With blurry eyes, I returned my packet to the desk. My mind tried to imagine what life would look like with a diagnosis of cancer but I quickly dismissed it.
There is nothing wrong with me, I reminded myself.
Instead, I imagined what I wished I had done before today, before a possible and sudden change in plans.
I was standing in my living room, "knowing" that divorce was imminent. All that we'd planned for, saved for, and fought for was going to be lost. My only regret was that we'd wasted so much time doing things that barely mattered.
In that moment, I no longer cared about our money, our cars, or nice home, because it would soon be gone. What mattered was our happiness, our dreams, and living life fully.
That profound experience turned me around, pointing me toward a future of chasing dreams instead of merely wishing them to happen. I began to live boldly for the next several years.
Until I stopped. The details about why I stopped aren't important here, but the sentiment to continue living boldly was with me today.
There is little time to waste. It's time to go for everything I want. NOW.
My reverie was interrupted by someone calling my name. I was taken to my room where (no surprise) my blood pressure registered 150/100. I told the CNA how unfair it was to take it minutes before a consultation in a cancer care center.
She agreed and we shared a good laugh.
Minutes later, the doc came bounding in and his first words were: "What are you doing here?"
Assuming he was commiserating with me about the possibility that my life could change for me today, I answered, "I haven't a clue; you tell me."
He wheeled his chair close to me with his face inches from mine and said, "Nothing is wrong with you. Not one damn thing. You shouldn't even be here."
He opened his computer screen to show me an eight-year history of labs. Although I had an obvious trend toward falling lymphocyte values, my overall hematologic trend was perfect. I took my first normal breath since seeing Annie on the screen.
Doc led me to the check-out desk where he put my paperwork down on the counter in front of me. With his pen, he drew a slash across the page.
"No charge" he told the receptionist, then turned to me and reached for my hand. "Nice to meet you; I never want to see you here again." He winked as he walked away.
I teared up: for his generosity, for his humanity, and for my relief.
I knew all along that I was okay.
But the possibility that today could have just as easily ended in a different outcome scared me enough to consider how I live my life.
It also proved that I know, without any doubt, that I am aware of what is right and true for me and my life.
I have changes to make, big things to create, and places I want to go. Coming a bit too close to an altered future shook me up enough to expedite my roadmap.
I refuse to waste another minute indulging in fear or hesitance before venturing forward.
So this is my message for you: What do you already know to be true for yourself and your life?
My experience today also begs the question: If you had six months to live, what would you change today? What would you do, where would you go? How would you live?
Then go out there and do it.
Because your life can change with a single blood draw.
Are You Playing Full-Out in Your Life?
I am constantly reminded of how short our lives really are, and how crucial it is to our own state of happiness that we enjoy our lives to the fullest.
He had just lost his beloved 26-year-old niece, and he and his parents had stepped in to care for his great-nieces, who were 2 and 5 years old.
When kindergarten started for the 5-year-old that Fall, my friend was volunteering in her classroom and the activity that morning was to build something out of Legos, then show-and-tell it with the class.
My friend's niece confidently took her finished piece to the front of the class and set the square design onto the desk in front of her.
"It's a People-moving machine," she began. "It takes people to heaven," she explained while she maneuvered the claw-like appendage on the back of the "machine" and slid the Lego box across the table.
She went on to explain--as she bounced on her toes, clearly excited about her creation--that "Once you get to heaven, you have to answer one question to get through the gates."
"God will ask you: 'So, did you have fun?'"
As my friend relayed the story, he emphasized that the adults in the classroom went silent as they looked at each other in discomfort.
How could a child--who should've been grieving--be so wise?
I cried when I read that post, and nearly 3 years later, it's still hard for me to swallow.
Five powerful words: So, did you have fun?
This very young child had just lost her very young mother. She was living in a new home--surrounded by people she knew and loved--but it wasn't her environment, her home, or her familiar space.
Yet she already understood the value of life. And life continued despite her huge loss.
And according to her, life was about playing.
I played a lot when my kids were young. Having three to entertain daily was easy when I could take them to the park, the pool, McDonald's play area, a friend's home, a museum, or on some sort of trip.
The kids were both my excuse and my reason for playing. And we played hard. We also traveled often.
But now that they are off into their own lives, my level of play seems to have slowed down. I still play, but I don't often have the same child-like enthusiasm, or unbridled faith to race into new situations without some hesitance.
Being with my children brought out the kid in me. It also required that I play full-out, which I did. Some days, I was the biggest kid of all. And I loved it.
You'd think that now when I'm free from raising kids, I'd have this playing-thing down pat.
But you would be sadly mistaken.
Playing often gets stifled, put on the back burner, or ignored because I have other "important" things to do. And I usually attach it to needing money, but there are so many ways to play without costing a single cent!
How about you? Do you play enough? Do you play full-out? Or, like me, do you often use excuses to forego playing more?
I don't know about you, but I'm ready to change this self-defeating habit. I'm ready to stop making excuses and PLAY FULL-OUT!
I challenge you. And I challenge myself.
Let's go play like children. Like nobody's watching.
Pay It Forward...and Watch Magic Unfold!
As a voracious reader, I have a stack of books at my bedside at all times, ready for my nightly ritual of reading before sleep. And because I'm a self-help junkie, most of my books are about improving my life, which provides great fodder for my client's lives.
I'm particularly fond of books like The Secret, along with its precursor, Excuse Me, Your Life Is Waiting--both which use practical exercises to convince us (skeptics) that we really are being looked after, loved, and taken care of.
And that we really are cosmic magnets who can manifest anything we want.
Recently, I ran across another similar set of books by Pam Grout, and was instantly hooked. I wanted to try some of the exercises she outlines because it's fun AND because I'm skeptical by nature.
A bit of back story: it is not lost on me that magic happens to me all the time. Really. In many different forms, since I was a kid. It's comical sometimes because my "luck" and good fortune are very prolific.
You'd think I'd be a seasoned believer by now, but I'm not.
Sadly, I remain a skeptic about getting things that I really, really want. I receive free coffee and win raffles so often that they no longer surprise me.
But when it comes to what I long for, can I count on receiving those things, too?
In E-cubed, Grout shared a story about running around a large city with her daughter, leaving five dollar bills for people to find. She then challenged her readers to do the same, AND to expect some form of universal response within 72 hours.
So at the end of my vacation last week, I took her up on the challenge.
"I paid it forward today and was privileged to see the results. I was nearly in tears watching how it lit up her face; how she took a picture of her surprise; and how she kept staring and smiling. I was thrilled she had no idea who it was from."
The weird part is, I'd been led by my intuition to pay it forward to that particular empty seat. And when a woman sat down, she was told by the guy in charge that she was in the wrong seat. Undeterred, she said she'd been told to sit there by another personnel member.
"Money has been floating around me for weeks: free hotel stays; rebate checks in the mail; a hefty raise at work; gifts of coffee, a ferry ride, and Tony Robbins tickets; and a tax return that is just enough to pay off some debt!"
Do I think there is a correlation between paying it forward and receiving so much in return? You bet I do!
And do you know what the most surprising thing is?
Much of this monetary reward happened in just ONE WEEK!
When I purchased Pam's first book of the series, E-squared, I kept its sequel on my Amazon wish list to purchase at a later date.
Last week when I visited a used book store on an island that is only accessible by ferry, the first book I saw was a brand-new copy of E-cubed. It was sitting on the shelf in such a way that it was impossible for me not to spot it. The clincher? It cost just 8 bucks!
You guys, this is what magic looks like.
It feels like a giddy high.
And if often seems impossible.
But it is oh, sooooo fun to play!
Do you recognize magic when it happens?
Be on the look-out for it, because it's everywhere. You just have to be open to the possibility that it's real.
Then expect it to show up in some mysterious fashion. I say "mysterious" because it rarely shows up how we think it ought to.
I could've expected blessings in the form of bills; what I received was a big cosmic payback in the form of experiences, treats, dates, discounts, fun, and yes, some cash, too!
If you don't believe me, try paying it forward with a kind gesture, a free coffee, or anything you feel compelled to offer.
Then watch your life explode with a magical high-five!
After being raised in the mid-west, I migrated south for high school (with a year in Brazil) and college, and ventured west for a long marriage (and later, divorce)...and eventually landed in the northwest--my real home. Sigh.
I am a Teacher, Healer, Single Mother, Nurse, Coach, Columnist, Artist, Author, Traveler, Motivator...eager to share myself with you.
Are You Playing Full Out In Your Life?
HIS Problem Is Not MY Problem!
Would You Choose Option B?


text:
FYIdaho and Youth MOVE Idaho are a part of the Idaho Federation of Families for Children's Mental Health and are committed to supporting the Vision, Mission and Purpose of IFFCMH through direct family support and services. FYIdaho serves parents and caregivers of youth with mental health challenges through direct support and education. YMI (Youth MOVE Idaho), a chapter of Youth MOVE National, serves youth through programs that focus on peer support and advocacy.
For all of the information about what the Idaho Federation is doing, we invite you to our new website at fyidaho.org
FYIdaho
Whether looking to connect with local resources or local parents or if you need help navigating the youth mental health services available, we are here to help. We have designed our Family Support Line to help families navigate the youth mental health system, to provide support as they advocate for their child and family, and to empower parents to impact the youth mental health system in Idaho.
Youth MOVE Idaho
Youth M.O.V.E. Idaho is a youth-driven advocacy group that is a part of Youth MOVE National. We pursue emotional health, advocate for youth mental health issues, and help others become their own advocates. The goal is to make Idaho Youth M.O.V.E. chapters across the state to help bring awareness to mental health and advocate for youth voice.
IFF Mission
IFF is committed to improving, preserving and restoring the mental health of youth and families by:
Promoting youth and family voice to youth-serving systems;
Partnering with families to navigate and access resources and community supports;
Operating youth programs that empower youth to advocate for themselves and others;
Educating parents, professionals and others working with youth in a broad spectrum of topics relevant to youth mental health and illness.
IFF Vision
A world in which all children are offered opportunities to experience and realize their full potential.
IFF Purpose
The Idaho Federation of Families educates policy makers, professional organizations, legislators, educators, and the public about the needs of children with emotional, behavioral, and mental health challenges and their families. Fundamental to the Idaho Federation of Families is a focus on family participation and support.
Families of children in Idaho with emotional, behavioral, and mental health challenges identified a need for a statewide family organization so that their voices would be heard and their needs met. The Idaho Federation of Families for Children's Mental Health, Inc. was incorporated July 1, 1999 to provide an opportunity for families to work with all groups and individuals who wished to improve the lives of children.
Over time IFF has created partnerships with local, state and federal agencies to work on behalf of Idaho families experiencing youth mental health challenges. We have received federal funding from SAMHSA for almost 2 decades to be the Statewide Family Network for Idaho. We have a contract with Idaho's Department of Health and Welfare to provide family support, statewide education and advocacy on behalf of Idaho families with children and youth experiencing serious emotional disturbance.
In 2011 IFF created an Idaho Chapter of Youth MOVE National that continues to run youth programs that focus on peer support and advocacy.
In 2021 IFF created FYIdaho (Families and Youth of Idaho) as the new name under which they offer their direct support and educational work with families.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Sanjay Kumar Nishad
| Igniting the Imagination | Vicharalaya |विचारालय |
Central Govt. Employee News
Reservations for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (OBCs)
May 28, 2020 Sanjay Kumar Nishad My Government, RESERVATIONS, Reservations for OBCs One comment
Definition- OBCs for purposes of reservations would comprise of the castes and communities which are commonly mentioned in both the lists in the Mandal Commission Report and the State Governments lists. A list of such common categories has been brought out by the Ministry of Welfare. However, from this list, certain persons/sections will be excluded. The rest will be entitled for reservation.
Reservation for the SCs, STs and OBCs in Autonomous Bodies/ Institutions, etc- All the Ministries/Departments, etc, are requested to ensure that suitable provisions of reservation for SCs, STs and OBCs are made in the statutes/ Articles of Association of all the Autonomous Bodies/ Institutions un them and such provisions are implemented scrupulously.
Certificate- Any candidate claiming to belong to the OBC should obtain a certificate in the prescribed form signed by any of the specified authorities. No other certificate will be accepted. The authority should also certify that the candidate does not belong to any one of the Creamy Layers.
Revision of Income Criteria for Creamy Layer- It has been decided to raise the income limit form Rs. 6 Lakhs to Rs. 8 Lakhs p.a. for determining Creamy Layer amongs the other backward classes. This limit takes effect from 01-09-2017.
Condition to be added in the appointment order- The appointment order should state that the offer of appointment is subject to verification of OBC certificate and if the verification reveals that the claim is false, the services will be terminated forthwith without assigning any further reasons.
Reservations only in direct recruitment- 27% in civil post/services are reserved for OBCs. No reservation in promotions.
Sub-Quota of 4.5% for Minorities with effect from 01-01-2012- It has been decided to carve out a sub-quota of 4.5% for Minorities as defined under Section 2(C) of the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992, from within the 27% reservation for OBCs in Government employment.
Exemptions- Scientific /Technical posts for conducting, organizing, guiding and directing research, which are above the lowest Group 'A' Grade are exempted from the purview of reservation.
Relaxations and concessions-
Age limit for direct recruitment- Three years, for all posts.
Meritorious candidates not to be adjusted against reservation- OBC candidate recruited on the basis of merit on the same standards as for general candidate will not be adjusted against the 27% reservation.
Minimum Standard in examination/interview- In respect of written examination/interview for direct recruitment, relaxation of standards will be allowed for OBC candidates as in the case of SC/ST.
Liaison Officers- Deputy Secretary-in-charge of Administration or an officer of equivalent rank in each Ministry/Department Attached and Subordinate Offices will be appointed as Liaison Officer separately to look after the work relating to matters of reservation for OBCs.
Reservation for Other Backward CastesReservation for Other Backward ClassRESERVATIONSReservations for OBCs
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Sunder shankerlal khatri says:
Sir my name Sunder shankerlal khatri the caste is not right in my school or any other but I also come in caste list in KHATRI or KHATI so pls check and give me that decision
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Hearts of teen-agers begin to croon.
To be worshipped in schools making learning thrive.
As an idol on school stage, a seat she takes.
Except long, black curls where a crown glows.
As devotees they work hard, precious time spend.
Priest chants mantras, unhappy none.
The teachers serve the girls, no big deal.
Petals opened, scent fills the rooms.
Do they portend evil, some imperial beard?
No use now turning their big eye-balls.
They land in the premises to dispel gloom.
That's kept with much care as Cupid's dart.
Flowers flaunt their petals; hues, scents sing.
In spite of the Big eye-ball's Full Glare.
They know of the hidden stings that might rise.
Than to fall at this age for the Saint of Love.
When goddess, girls and teachers enjoy light.
Fill hearts with joy that sing and sway.
The saint and goddess stare from above.
Let us all be merry and not be sad.
*The first fortnight between New Moon Day and Full Moon Day is called Shukla Paksha.
**Saraswati (Sanskrit: सरस्वती, Sarasvatī) is the Hindu goddess of knowledge, music, arts, wisdom and learning.
***the fifth day in the period of waxing moon when People worship Goddess Saraswati to attain enlightenment through knowledge and to rid themselves of lethargy, sluggishness and ignorance.
before taking to your wings.
You then waft, drift along the breeze.
but the scent of the rose.
the fragrance of the flower ethereal.
of the fleshy corpse flower.
I wondered if you belonged to this world.
Such a macabre smell you are!
Seems right companions for you!
with sun plumes on my crown.
to take me deeper down.
pearls of lost days I had.
there's nothing to make it sad.
take me further to Thou.
while I feather me now.
"The Fool represents the child within us. A new area of life is explored with spirited carelessness. Remain childlike in this exciting phase. This card also stands for a deeper sense of spirituality. Probably you are about to explore different options. Watch out that you are not focused on just one direction. You are in need of profound knowledge. Your environment may not understand this desire completely. See it through. The fool believes in life and expects his path will be good and rewarding.
Yet we have no ears for Him.
My heart breaks every time when I hear people say Sanskrit is a dead language, meaning it is not spoken any where any more. Then I wonder at the meaning of 'Sanskrit'; 'Refined' it is. I came to learn that there is no word for expulsion in Sanskrit. What a joy to think of it in these dark days! No wonder we have lost all our refinement in our speech, behavior, taste and living, having traveled so far from the language that gave birth to thousand tongues in this land. Sorry, a mistake; it's still now a ceremonial language meant for Hindu religious rituals.
*Vanaprastha (Sanskrit: वनप्रस्थ) literally means "retiring into a forest". It is also a concept in Hindu traditions, representing the third of four ashrama (stages) of human life, the other three being Brahmacharya (bachelor student, 1st stage), Grihastha (married householder, 2nd stage) and Sannyasa (renunciation ascetic, 4th stage).
Vanaprastha is part of the Vedic ashram system, which starts when a person hands over household responsibilities to the next generation, takes an advisory role, and gradually withdraws from the world. This stage typically follows Grihastha (householder), but a man or woman may choose to skip householder stage, and enter Vanaprastha directly after Brahmacharya (student) stage, as a prelude to San yasa (ascetic) and spiritual pursuits.
the wild growth of weedy misery.
as I try to live and grow with them.
*Dandelions, a medicinal herb and a food crop.


text:
Cruise Line Brings Its Personalized Tech to Three New Ships
Kylie Selvage
Continuing in the theme of innovation — which seems to be very prevalent these past few months — Princess Cruises is expanding their award-winning and experience-enhancing technology to three more ships in the coming year. Their wearable OceanMedallion™ device is currently offered on the Caribbean Princess, and will soon be a new feature on the Royal, Sky, and Crown as well — resulting in what the line is calling the Princess MedallionClass™ experience.
Photo via Princess Cruises
What to Expect From the MedallionClass™ Experience
In addition to the Regal Princess, which will begin its journey as a Medallion-Class ship on February 17, guests can expect to see this technology on all Caribbean-sailing ships by the end of the year. Bringing the OceanMedallion™ to Royal Princess will also allow guests traveling to Alaska and Mexico to enjoy the perks as well.
"Starting in April, we will continue the expansion to a total of five Princess MedallionClass ships expected this year, as we continue on our path to fleet-wide activation," said Jan Swartz, President of Princess Cruises. "And we look forward to bringing the experience to new groups for the first time, such as those sailing to visit exciting destinations in Alaska and Mexico."
Some Key Features of the Ocean Medallion™ :
On-demand beverage delivery
Enhanced wi-fi capability
Hands-free room entry
New payment feature
TV shows and movies on demand
Simplified check-in process
Aside from the wearable device, the mobile-application itself offers digital games, scavenger hunts, casino-play, access to the daily schedule and more. And, according to Princess, guest satisfaction scores following traveling with the OceanMedallion ™ show high results. This comes as no surprise seeing as the device was honored by CES ® with the 2019 Innovation Award.
"Guests are finding their vacations enhanced with Princess MedallionClass on Caribbean Princess as a new and memorable experience, and we're ready to offer these experiences and personalized services to even more of our guests, including everyone who sails with us in the Caribbean in the fall and winter," said Swartz.
Mobile technology is definitely the trend in cruising right now. With Carnival testing out its on-the-spot pizza delivery service, and Royal Caribbean adding another ship to their app's list of supported vessels, it seems cruisers can expect to get an enhanced and more personalized experience with each cruise they embark on.
Which feature of the OceanMedallion ™ would you want to test out first?
Add This Around The World Cruise To Your Bucket List
What We Know About Royal Caribbean's Newest Cruise Ship
Hi, this may be of interest to you: Cruise Line Brings Its Personalized Tech to Three New Ships. This is the link: https://cruiseradio.net/cruise-line-brings-its-personalized-tech-to-three-new-ships/


text:
Branford Folk Music Society presents concert Dec. 12
Concert Connection: Music venues look ahead with concert dates
Hartford Jazz Society holding its concerts online
New Britain museum celebrates Martin Luther King Jr. with a week of events
Spectrum Gallery show, 'The Human + Animal Bond' opens Jan. 22
Blues Beat: Artists settle into a virtual groove
Concert Connection: See Patti LaBelle at Mohegan Sun in April
Wadsworth Atheneum holding activities in January
Blues Beat: Facebook Live lights up with weekly music
New Britain youth theater offers virtual winter theater classes
Westbrook gallery show, Peter, Paul & Nancy, opens Jan. 2
Entertainment // Music
Contributed photoBranford Folk Music Society oresents a concert featuring the dynamic fiddling and melodious singing of Lissa Schneckenburger, accompanied by the guitar stylings of Bethany Waickman on Saturday, Dec. 12.Journal Register Co.
BRANFORD >> The Branford Folk Music Society is offering up a concert featuring the dynamic fiddling and melodious singing of New Englander Lissa Schneckenburger, accompanied by the inventive guitar stylings of Bethany Waickman on Saturday, Dec. 12.
The show is set for 8 p.m. in the auditorium of the First Congregational Church of Branford, 1009 Main St., on the Branford Green. Admission is $15 for non-members, $12 for members and $5 for children 12 and under. For more information, call 203-488-7715 or access the society's new Web page at www.branfordfolk.org/
Longtime accompanist guitarist Bethany Waickman is well known in contra dance, square dance and Irish music circles. Waickman, who is Boston-based, also plays with the groups Firefly and Anadama.
The traditional music of New England can be as warm and comforting as a winter fire or as potent and exhilarating as a summer thunderstorm. Schneckenburger is a master of both moods, a winsome, sweet-voiced singer who brings new life to old ballads and a skillful, dynamic fiddler who captures the driving rhythm and carefree joy of dance tunes old and new.
Raised in a small town in Maine, she grew up with music. She began playing fiddle at age six, inspired by her mother's interest in folk music and a family friend who was a professional violinist. Soon she was studying with influential Maine fiddler Greg Boardman and sitting in with the Maine Country Dance Orchestra.
By the time she was in high school, Schneckenburger was playing concerts on her own, specializing in the sprightly New England dance tunes that combine influences from the British Isles and Quebec with homegrown twists that have been evolving since Colonial days.
Another of her major influences was the diverse musical community that Schneckenburger found at fiddle camps, where she had a chance to play with and learn from a wide variety of musicians including renowned Scottish fiddler Alasdair Fraser. She graduated in 2001 from the New England Conservatory of Music with a degree in contemporary improvisation, and since then has been performing in the U.S. and internationally as a solo artist and in ensembles for a growing audience of enthusiastic listeners. Schneckenburger plays with the group Low Lily.
This will be Schneckenburger's Branford debut. She was originally scheduled to perform this past February, but a snowstorm fcancelled of the concert. She will be joined by longtime accompanist guitarist Bethany Waickman, who is well known in contra dance, square dance and Irish music circles. Waickman, who is Boston-based, also plays with the groups Firefly and Anadama.


text:
Moses Kekuaiwa, né le  à Honolulu (Hawaï) où il est mort le , est un prince royal hawaïen, second fils de la régente Kinau et de son époux le gouverneur Mataio Kekūanāoa, il est le neveu et l'héritier du roi Kamehameha III et le frère des rois Kamehameha IV et Kamehameha V.

Biographie

Naissance et famille
Kekuaiwa est né le 20 juillet 1829 à Honolulu. Il a été nommé Kekuaiwa en hommage à sa défunte tante maternelle la reine Kamāmalu, également connue sous le nom de Kamehamalu Kekūāiwaokalani.

Il est le deuxième fils de Mataio Kekūanāoa et d'Elisabeta Kinau, alors régente du royaume, et donc un petit-fils du roi Kamehameha Ier. Sa grand-mère maternelle, Kalākua Kaheiheimālie était l'une des épouses de Kamehameha Ier , elle était aussi la sœur cadette de la reine Kaʻahumanu, l'épouse préférée du roi, qui a co-gouverné en tant que Kuhina Nui avec ses successeurs, dont Kamehameha II à partir de 1819.

Kekuaiwa avait plusieurs frères et sœurs dont Ruth Keelikolani (1826-1883), David Kamehameha (1828-1835), Lot Kapuāiwa (1830-1872), Bernice Pauahi (1831-1884), Alexander Liholiho (1834-1863) et Victoria Kamāmalu (1838-1866).

Éducation
Kekuaiwa avait dix ans en 1838 lorsque son oncle, le roi Kamehameha III, le plaça à l'école des enfants des princes, l'école exclusive pour les enfants éligibles à la Chambre des nobles. En tant que neveu du roi, il est choisi par ce dernier comme héritier potentiel.

En avril 1839, il fut nommé gouverneur de Kaui s'y rendit pour assumer le poste. Mais finalement, son arrivée fut retardée jusqu'à ce qu'il atteigne la majorité, ce qui n'arriva jamais. De son vivant, on l'appelait ainsi le « futur gouverneur de Kauai ».

Selon certains, Kekuaiwa, après son départ de l'école des princes, a rassemblé une compagnie de jeunes hommes hawaïens et les a entraînés au combat militaire dans le district de Koolau à Oahu. L'explication était qu'il prévoyait de mener un voyage à Tahiti, mais on soupçonnait également qu'il envisageait de s'emparer du trône d'Hawaï par la force.

Fiançailles
Kekuaiwa, en tant que mâle aîné de sa génération et descendant linéaire de Kamehameha Ier, devait épouser une haute princesse de rang pour assurer la succession de la lignée royale. Il était à l'origine fiancé à sa camarade de classe, Jane Loeau, la plus âgée des étudiantes de l'école royale. Finalement, en 1848, Kekuaiwa est fiancé à la princesse tahitienne Ninito Teraiapo, demi-sœur de la reine de Tahiti Pōmare IV, afin de renforcer les liens entre les monarchies tahitienne et hawaïenne. Elle a mis les voiles pour Hawaï en 1848 mais est arrivée à Honolulu après la mort du prince.

Décès
Kekuaiwa est décédé le 24 novembre 1848 à Honolulu lors d'une épidémie de rougeole. Il avait 19 ans et était célibataire et sans enfant. Son service funèbre a eu lieu le 30 décembre 1848, avec la présence de sa fiancée la princesse Ninito. Initialement enterré dans le vieux mausolée, ses restes ont été transportés avec ceux de son père et d'autres membres de la famille royale dans une procession aux flambeaux de minuit le 30 octobre 1865, au mausolée royal nouvellement construit.

Références

Naissance dans le royaume d'Hawaï
Naissance en juillet 1829
Décès en novembre 1848
Mort de la rougeole
Héritier du trône hawaïen
Décès à 19 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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If a corn or callus becomes very painful or inflamed, see your doctor. If you have diabetes or poor circulation, call your doctor before self-treating corns or calluses. Even a relatively minor injury to your foot could lead to an infected open sore (foot ulcer) that's difficult to heal. If a corn or callus persists or becomes painful despite your self-care efforts, medical treatments can provide relief. Your doctor can pare down thickened skin or trim a large corn with a scalpel, usually during an office visit. Your doctor may also suggest applying an antibiotic ointment to reduce the risk of infection.
Many people with bunions suffer from discomfort and pain from the constant irritation, rubbing, and friction of the enlargement against shoes. The skin over the toe becomes red and tender. Because this joint flexes with every step, the bigger the bunion gets, the more it hurts to walk. Over time, bursitis or arthritis may set in, the skin on the bottom of the foot may become thicker, and everyday walking may become difficult—all contributing to chronic pain. Severe hammer toe requires an operation to straighten the joint. The surgery may involve cutting or moving tendons, or fusing the joints of the toe together.
Bunions on the big toe often begin when an abnormal foot motion called excessive pronation transfers weight to the inner edge of the sole of the foot. This and other factors, such as having flatfoot and wearing tight-fitting shoes, can result in too much pressure on the joint at the base of the big toe, causing the big toe to bend in toward the smaller toes. For more information on yoga and bunions, there is a good article by Doug Keller in Yoga + Living Magazine from 2008 that you can find online. I hope the photos of Donald and JJ's bunion recommendations are helpful in your home practice.
structural deformities of the foot such as hammertoes and bunions that rub against the inside of the shoe. Part of the problem are shoes that don't accommodate the deformity. Home remedies for treating dry, cracked heels work well for getting rid of corns and calluses since both are caused by a build-up of dry skin. Read 8 tips for dry, cracked heels here. Thus, corns and calluses can interfere with the our walking and playing comfort. They can interfere with our ability to wear conventional shoes. They can force you to walk less or walk abnormally and, in turn, to cause other foot, ankle, knee, hip or back problems.
Hey, everybody needs this part. We'll look at each deal before you submit and make a determination if it's a strong short sale candidate so we don't waste our own time and then we'll get 'er done (as Larry the Cable Guy would say). Not only will you have my input as far as looking at your deal, but you'll also have direct contact with a few other members of my team regarding this part. You're now part of the Rivers of Income INNER CIRCLE.
Athlete's Foot – If you are an athlete of any kind then one thing you should always be trying to avoid getting is athlete's foot , which an infection of the foot caused by a fungus. Of course, you don't really need to be an athlete to get this. To avoid getting athlete's foot it is important to wear moisture wicking socks while you workout to prevent your feet from getting too moist. It is also important for everyone to dry their feet thoroughly after they get out of the shower.
Now that it's summer, we spend more time at the beach or swimming pool enjoying the warm weather. As an orthopedic surgeon that specializes in conditions of the foot and ankle, I tend to notice wet footprints across the pool deck or in the sand and cannot help but analyze the health of the individual's feet. One of the conditions that I notice is the high arched foot, medically termed pes cavus. This is noticeable by a footprint that is pronounced in the heel and forefoot, with very minimal or even absent impression in the middle part of the foot.
Franco Columbu – the Sardinian powerhouse was renowned for his deadlifting ability and regularly repped out with 700 pounds at the old Venice Gold's Gym in the early '70's – and that was more than three and a half times his bodyweight! Andy Bolton – This guy is definitely the Alpha male of the deadlifiting pack. No one has pulled 900+ pounds from the floor more times and at the 2003 Arnold Classic he smashed the record books with a 933 pound lift – and he made it look easy! Don't miss your opportunity to discover the secrets to defusing ticking health bombs that could be lurking in your body.
Walking is indeed an enjoyable activity for a lot of people They get to stay healthy and fit without having to exert too much effort and energy. However, this does not mean that you should not invest on the right equipments while at it. In fact, it pays to buy and use the most comfortable walking shoes. When buying a pair, there are several factors that you will have to consider first to ensure that you are getting the right comfortable walking shoes Remember that your shoes are considered your walking partner or buddy so there is an imperative need for them to be the best one out there.
An excessively high arch or too flat of an arch will need to be corrected to allow for adequate support and correction to help prevent worsening of a hammertoe. Custom orthotics, prescribed by a podiatrist, can easily be made in the office and can be worn in the majority of good supportive shoes on a daily basis. Wearing the orthotics at least 75 percent of the time can help improve foot structure and help prevent further deformity progression. A podiatrist can also provide toe alignment splints and gel toe cushions that can be used as conservative care for the hammertoe.
Though using over-the-counter insoles is a cost-effective way for tackling the problem of plantar fasciitis, if you are willing to spend more money, you can buy custom orthotics. Custom-made insoles are designed to fit your feet. If you don't wish to opt for the customized orthotics, you could get check out the prefabricated orthotic supports that are available over the counter. Those who are planning to use orthotic arch support for plantar fasciitis, must make sure that they increase the duration for which they wear the orthotic support in a gradual manner. These are reputed brands that are recommended by most podiatrists.


Is there a current issue with your co-worker right now? Your dream may be showing you how to sort it out. Was your co-worker helpful or harmful to you in your dream? Or was your co-worker helpless? If harmful you may need to address this in waking life. Sometimes your co-worker will be standing in for a aprt of your personality that is like him or her. What quality or fault do you have in common with this person? Or what quality of this person would you like to have for yourself?


This is a lecture presented at ISEA2011, Istanbul.
Can "softwarization" of media process currently underway define a new method of education?
In the encounter between dataflow, live coding and cartography will high light the emergence of a new approach in learning digital art. The need to manage this wealth of information in always more effective ways have determined the centrality of software in the cultural domain by creating a de facto "data hyper democracy" in which the media disappears and everything is translated into code.Among the necessary conditions that have made that possible free software, also knows as FLOSS, is one of this.
FLOSS has first made evident the cultural and ethical inherent in the production of software, making of it a political campaign and generating the technical and political context in which different artists, researchers, hackers were able to freely experiment with different degrees of manipulation of digital data. During this experimental season have been developed educational methods (and only after production methods) that have the ability to maintain different levels of abstraction simultaneously: graphical programming languages based on dataflow paradigm. This approach allows developer to draw the software and then transform the conceptual diagram in code that, in the form of visual blocks are connected to each other through a relational logic. The logic diagram that follows does not distinguish between the physical world and data information and it seems to organize the incoming and outgoing information and process similar to what a mind map does.
It is precisely in the approach to a relational mapping method, where the concepts and actions are correlated with each other in a visual way, just by giving priority to the relations between actors, it's possible to get good results both in terms of accessibility of computer science as of learning skills. Learning skills related to the possibility, entirely contemporary, to better understand the socio/technological process behind the technology it self. If today digital knowledge is considered of strategic importance for advanced industrial cultures, it may not be considered just as the ability to handle procedures of a given computer program. It should be considered as a process of understanding what goes on behind a computer.


text:
Q: execute  command with jquery I am writing text from the textarea into the database and want to show it in the frontend (slider) with the html -

clicking on the next slide I grab the content of .categorytext and have to execute with .html() otherwise it's writing in plain text text "
" text - is there a way to just execute the
 in categorycontent that it's not possible to execute other html commands just the
?!
slider.ev.on('rsBeforeAnimStart', function(event) {
    console.log("test");

    var currSlide = $('.rsSlide').eq(slider.currSlideId);
    var content = currSlide.find('.categorytext').text(),
    categorycontent = currSlide.find('.categorytext');
    //var html = currSlide.find('.categorytext').html();

    //This allows all HTML tags to be rendered as HTML
    if (content.indexOf('
') >= 0) {
        $('.categorytext').html(content);
    }
});

A: something like this :
function insertWithBreaks(str, element, empty) {
    var arr = str.split(/
/gi);
    if (empty) $(element).empty();
    $.each(arr, function(_, a) {
        var node = document.createTextNode(a);
        $(element).append(node).append('
');
    });
}

FIDDLE
to be called as
var str = 'this is a string
And this is a new line ?';

insertWithBreaks(str, $('#result'), true);

I'm assuming HTML is written in the textarea, and that you're not just trying to get the newlines ?

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xanax, a prescription drug used to help symptoms of anxiety and panic disorders. Now days, I think it is more abused than it is taken for panic disorders. It is taken as a pill or crushed and snorted and is often referred to as "zannie bars."
"Dude, I just took 2 zannies at the end of third period and I'm so messed up."
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Alprazolam. More commonly known as Xanax. A short acting benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety.
Don't ya just love wakin up in the morning after droppin a few zannys and having no idea what happened for the past 12 hours?
Get a zanny mug for your dad Abdul.
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Though absolutely stunning, she doesn't think she is at all.
Likes to see the world through a camera lens.
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Zanny's are rare and special. If you meet one, don't let her go.
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Rihanna wore this black-fringed long sleeve one piece in the music video for Shakira's international hit single, "Can't Remember You." Rihanna can be seen wearing this revealing costume throughout the video. The song debuted on "Billboards" Hot 100 at twenty eight becoming Shakira's highest-debuting track in the region, the song went on to peak at fifteen on the chart. On January 13, 2014, the audio of "Can't Remember to Forget You" was uploaded to Shakira's VEVO account and has since garnered over 240 million views.
The items are in good condition and are accompanied by a certificate of authenticity from the costume house. Presented by The Golden Closet, your premier source for iconic screen used wardrobe, props, and music entertainment memorabilia.


text:
General News Thu, 13 Jun 2019
Incompetent Valerie Sawyer evidence of Mahama's lack of vision – NDC group
A pressure group affiliated to the opposition National Democratic Congress, NDC Action Movement, has descended heavily on party stalwart Valerie Sawyer, for expressing what they believed to be disparaging remarks about the founder of the party J J Rawlings and his commemoration of the June 4 uprising, ABC News Ghana can report.
The group insists that the position of the former Senior Chief Advisor under the Mahama administration is hypocritical and an attempt to put into disrepute the principles the NDC party was built on.
In an article published on Monday, Valerie Sawyer condemned the anniversary celebration of the June 4, 1979 coup by former President Rawlings suggesting it is insensitive to the families of those who were innocently killed.
She expressed in the said article that contrary to the notion that there were some gains made from the coup that overthrew the Supreme Military Council II led by General Akuffo, the party and nation have never witnessed anything worthy of commendation emanating from the coup.
"I know I will receive a barrage of attacks for saying this – but anytime I hear June 4, 1979, or December 31, 1981, I cringe. Usually, when these dates come up, I simply attend to other things to distract myself because I find it difficult to relive the killings of those days."
"Young men and women of Ghana, listen to me please! There was nothing glorious about JJ's revolution. Those who lived in those times can assure you. You do not need a coup d'état to know that you must not be corrupt. You do not need a coup d'état to know that probity and accountability must be upheld. It is in our Constitution," she disclosed in her article titled, "Goliath, David is coming."
These remarks seemed to have incurred the wrath of a section of the party supporters who align with the so-called ideals of the revolution as they accuse her of turning her back on the very foundation she benefitted from.
In a press statement issued on Wednesday by the group, they fumed, "How conveniently self-serving of Valerie Sawyer? Those who have come round to enjoy the booty of the NDC's struggle and transformation dating back to June 4, 1979 have suddenly forgotten where it came from, when it started and how it started? Today these traitors think Jerry Rawlings and his revolution is no longer relevant to the NDC? We mentioned before that Valerie and her cohorts were reaping from where they had never sown and she proves it with her vitriolic pieces which evoke hatred rather than the so-called love for the NDC that she touts."
The group believes that her uncommitted attitude and tendency to divide the front of the party significantly contributed to the fortunes of the NDC in the 2016 polls when they lost by a humiliating margin.
The group pointed out that individuals like Valerie Sawyer who had the privilege of working closely with Former president Mahama have exhibited gross incompetence.
Failure of Former President Mahama, now the leader of the NDC as they head into the 2020 elections, to boot out from his inner circles, people like Valerie Sawyer only reflects his lack of plan and vision which could spell doom for the NDC in the 2020 elections.
"By Valerie Sawyers' conduct, it is pretty clear that the current flagbearer and leader of the NDC has no clear plan to prosecute the agenda 2020.
He's not ready to unite the rank and file of the party for the bigger agenda.
And in the light of the above, we are by this statement sending a strong signal to president Mahama to show leadership and call his aide- Valerie Sawyer to order or he should forget about 2020 elections."
"When President Mahama moved to the Flagstaff House in 2012 no space was created for her and she had no official designation. She groveled and begged to be offered some space at all cost because she knew staying at the Castle as some of her unfortunate colleagues suffered, would be the end of her.
President Mahama acquiesced and she was subsequently offered some useless role as Senior Policy Advisor to stay in the Presidency. Her incompetence and that of others contributed to the naked emperor taking us to the most disgraceful electoral loss in the history of this country."
The NDC Action Group defended the June 4 coup d'etat and all other coups organized by the forebears of the NDC insisting that their actions were necessary to instill the tenets of probity and accountability.
They admitted that innocent lives were lost but justified that those were excesses of the overthrow which must not be made to overshadow the essence of the coup and what it achieved.
They also questioned Valerie Sawyer's locus to attack the party in such manner since her father was a key figure in the planning and execution of the June 4 revolution.
"We need the commemoration of June 4th now than ever before to remind our present leaders of what can become of them if they keep engaging in corruption. No one is proud that lives were lost, and the leaders of these two events recognised that there were excesses. We do NOT want to experience this side of our history, but the circumstances that led to these events should rather guide us in our present and future situations. But it's not to demonise and condemn the leaders, there were gains which we continue to enjoy today too."
"Indeed Valerie father – Harry Sawyer must be turning in his grave at the vicious manner she is denigrating the very ideals which he defended with his life till he passed in 2013. Her dad is on record as having urged General Kutu Akyeampong to step down on more than one occasion. He was involved in 1979 and 1981 Revolution. What does she have to say about that? Is she denigrating her father's legacy? As a so-called academic it's amazing she is so blinded by the Rawlings name she has forgotten the name Sawyer played an integral part in that legacy. Valerie should not assume some extraordinary intelligence brought her into office as Deputy Chief of Staff. She was appointed simply because of her dad's dedication to the cause."
Source: abcnewsgh.com