text:
Hal Brown blog
(click cartoon above to enlarge, LINK TO STORY) This is an internationally read blog with original essays and my opinions on news stories that pique my interest. My Bio; also Internet search for Hal Brown and Trump
click above to enlarge
Just reported, he's tweeted 18 times so far this morning. Trump goes on all-cap rage attack at Democrats in 3 AM tweet from hospital
Horrified Walter Reed Attending Physician Slams Trump's Drive-By Risk To Secret Service
FROM Pope Francis TODAY. Note his use of the term made infamous by Trump, fake news.
Juan Williams: Trump's toxic race card
... Trump told a rally of his fans in Minnesota that Biden would "inundate your state with a historic flood of refugees."
He whipped up the crowd by saying that Rep. Ilhan Omar (D-Minn.), a naturalized American born in Somalia, wants to tell "us how to run our country — can you believe it?"
In response, Trump's fans roared: "Lock her up!"
Last year, Trump said Omar and the three other non-white Democratic congresswomen known as "The Squad" should "go back" to the "crime infested places from which they came" — even though they are all American citizens, have all sworn allegiance to the Constitution and, with the exception of Omar, are all American-born.
When Trump was criticized for those comments last year he said he does not have "a racist bone in my body."
But The Squad's most famous member, Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-N.Y.), shot back on Twitter that Trump may not have racist bones but "You have a racist mind in your head, and a racist heart in your chest."
"The president is in the hospital with a disease known to kill people," Jennings said. "Mike Pence's health and security is paramount."
Although Pence and his wife Karen have repeatedly tested negative since Trump first announced his positive diagnosis early Friday, the vice president was around at least eight people who tested positive for Covid-19 after attending a White House Rose Garden ceremony where Trump unveiled his Supreme Court replacement for the late Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.
'Don't tell anyone': Trump tried to hide positive COVID-19 tests spreading through the White House
Trump leaves Walter Reed — then quickly returns after releasing video 'I learned a lot about COVID — and I get it'
Images below from article, click to enlarge
Click above to read first story.
More: House Probe into Trump's COVID-19 failure shows 'unprecedented, coordinated' political interference ( I guess all of this slipped by Dr.Fauci)
You may want to consider begrudgingly giving him some credit for the level of delusional thinking which may exceed even the president's. He may believe that he has even more power than Trump to beat the virus even after he was inches away from so many people who subsequently tested positive.
Good summary of the Vanity Fair article, which is a fee site:
Above: Trump's rambling four minute tweet from Walker Reed. Just from this it appears he is on the road to recovery. What are the odds though that he gave Covid to someone else who isn't as lucky? If he is breathing a sign of relief it is for himself and perhaps Melania and his children, but depending on the celebrity or sympathy factor (a child for example) of anyone also who may get severely ill or die and who it can be shown contracted it from him it will probably prove to have a deleterious effect on public perception.
Trump's doing very well, says the presidential physician Dr. Conley. Of course we believe him, because, well, he has a giant presidential seal on his white coat.
I made the above image before I read this article on Buzzfeed:
Link above, Photo augmented by HB
Check out this blog:
Americans Should Learn From Trump's Infection Paywall
Forget the snark. Just wear a mask.
By Nicholas Kristof
Oct. 3, 2020, 8:19 a.m. ET
The first thing to say is simple: Best wishes to President Trump and the first lady for a speedy recovery from Covid-19.
After the announcement that they had tested positive for the coronavirus, I tweeted that I hope we can all remain civil, avoid snark, seek lessons and wish the Trumps a swift recovery. The result was an outpouring of gloating and snark — one person responded that "my thoughts and prayers go out to the virus."
Let's think about that. One of my objections to Trump has been the way he has eroded norms that underpin this country — like accepting election outcomes, respecting science and acting in a respectful way to opponents. If we decry such behavior and hope that the election can begin a period of national healing and recovery, then don't we uphold norms best by modeling them?
A second point is also straightforward: Let's learn from the president's infection. Let's make this a wake-up call that leads to mask-wearing and social distancing, saving lives.
This is a subscription story. I thought the revelations about the Secret Service agents was noteworthy. Excerpt:
Now, dozens of people — donors, aides, Secret Service agents — who had been close to Trump before his diagnosis wondered if they, too, might be infected. A whole world, with Trump at its center, suddenly faced the threat that the president had encouraged them to deny or understate.
Secret Service agents expressed their anger and frustration to colleagues and friends Friday, saying that the president's actions have repeatedly put them at risk. "He's never cared about us," one agent told a confidant, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to describe the internal reaction.
Former Secret Service agents said it was unheard of for agents to openly complain about their president but that some currently in the ranks had become convinced during the pandemic that Trump was willing to put his protectors in harm's way.
Agents who work in field offices around the country complained that since late August, they are no longer being tested when they return home from working at a rally for the president.
"This administration doesn't care about the Secret Service," one current agent relayed in an internal discussion group. "It's so obvious."
What happens if a presidential candidate dies or is incapacitated before an election?
Kellyanne Conway Tests Positive For COVID-19
Fox News paid $4 million to cover up sexual harassment allegations against Kim Guilfoyle
Kim Guilfoyle, the Trump campaign finance chair and romantic partner of the president's eldest son, was allegedly terminated from her previous job at Fox News in 2018 after her former assistant accused her of sexual harassment. Moreover, Guilfoyle and her network employer allegedly took significant steps to silence the accuser.
Tucker Carlson Compares Trump To A Sexual Assault Victim
Above, considering the news that Trump has Covid some of these photos are particularly relevant.
Tomorow's story will be about the need for a Sputnik moment in American education and will feature this chart (click to enlarge both):
Bottom half of chart:
Not a link. Will be on at 5 AM Saturday
Vote for Biden and get Trump out of your head - Eugene Robinson, WaPo
If you are like me and you watched Tuesday's debate with a voice in your head screaming make it stop, take heart: We have the power to do just that. We can evict President Trump from the territory he has forcibly seized in our minds. We can — we must — vote him out of our thoughts.
We can remove this awful man from our collective headspace, which he has so thoroughly befouled. We can reclaim our serenity, our equilibrium, our sense 0f common humanity. We can return to a time when it was possible to go hours or even entire days without once thinking about what our president might be saying or doing. We can exhale.
At a recent rally in North Carolina, Trump was making one of his rambling attempts to mock Joe Biden when he told the crowd: "If I lose to him, I don't know what I'm going to do. I will never speak to you again. You'll never see me again." Biden's social media team quickly posted a clip of Trump's remarks, then added a zinger: "I'm Joe Biden, and I approve this message."
Conclusion: Through repetition and force of will, Trump creates his own "reality." But we know it is not really real, so we must constantly spend time and effort dispelling the miasma of mendacity that pours out of Trump's fog machine of a mouth. Doing so is exhausting, Sisyphean, psychic labor that drains the soul. Yet it is necessary — because the words of a president, by definition, are consequential — and so the only way to end this epistemological trench warfare is to end Trump's presidency and send him home to Mar-a-Lago, where he can mutter at the walls.
If Biden wins the election, Trump will not go happily and might not go easily. But he will indeed go — and when he leaves the White House, he will also vacate our national consciousness, giving us all some psychic room to breathe.
A vote for Biden is more than a vote for sane governance. It is a vote for American sanity, period.
I Am The Politics Editor of BuzzFeed And I Have Absolutely No Idea What Happens Next
What should we think about pundits who tell us what this really means for the election? Could this have any impact on who people actually decide to vote for? Who knows! Voters' minds have seemed very made up for months now, but this isn't exactly a normal event. Trump, one could argue, could be the beneficiary of a wave of sympathy if he publicly handles this right. Or, one could counter, Trump has just again proven how reckless he's been throughout the pandemic, how his bungled response to a deadly virus was always going to end like this.
Trump's case against Biden has often boiled down to a machismo-infused "toughness": That he's the one who's mentally and physically fit enough to take on America's adversaries, foreign and domestic. How does that argument work now with Trump potentially fighting a very deadly virus in the weeks before the election? Or if he winds up being asymptomatic, does this just become proof of concept to his base?
It is going to be days until many of these questions begin to have true answers. Literally, the incubation time for the virus is days. We are not going to know much of anything for days. It is OK to be uncertain. This whole year has been uncertain. We're all very practiced.
Anyway, back to screaming.
Posted by Hal Brown at 8:38:00 AM
(click image ON LEFT to enlarge, LINK TO STORY) This is an internationally read blog with original essays and my opinions on news stories that pique my interest. My Bio; also Internet search for Hal Brown and Trump
This is where FoxNews puts the story which basically says nothing. (click below to enlarge, not a link)
Hope Hicks' maskless travel on Air Force One triggers speculation of White House outbreak
White House aide Hope Hicks tests positive for COVID — and had traveled directly with Trump
Click to enlarge below:
Related to Daily Kos story:
Federal judge rules Bill Barr improperly redacted part of the Mueller report — and must release them before Election Day
Trump's attempt to checkmate Biden on his son's sobriety made him look woefully out of touch, summary of article in The Atlantic
It took two days for this cruise ship Covid story to make it from Axios to the mainstream news.
Here's a gem of an article by David Cay Johnston about a man who really knew the real Donald Trump
Oliver Darcy is a senior CNN reporter:
His sweaty face and angry grimace formed the surreal picture of every woman's worst nightmare — the domineering boss, the cruel boyfriend, the violent father, the abusive husband. Heather "Digby" Parton in Salon
Trump's Family Didn't Wear Masks During Presidential Debate — Except On Social Media
A Cleveland Clinic doctor even asked unmasked members of the audience on Trump's side during the debate to put on masks and was refused.
It appears that Ivanka Trump, Eric Trump and others did wear masks into the venue and removed them at some point before sitting down.
Notably, Melania Trump both wore a mask into the venue and continued to wear it while seated. Former vice president Joe Biden, the Democratic nominee, and his family wore masks.
Trump claims in debate 'Portland Sheriff' gave him endorsement; Reese quickly responds: I 'will never support him'
PUBLISHED TO
HalBrown.org
ProudBoys
StandByandStandBack
By Hal Brown
My Blog: See what else piqued my interest today
This is the moment he said these words. I wonder if these words were planned in advance. I wonder what Joe Biden was thinking.
The tweets below are from Mike Baker, a New York Times reporter covering the northwest. His most recent article is A Day of Protest in Portland as 'Proud Boys' Converge on the City.
This is an interesting Twitter thread. Some of the tweets suggest that somebody knew in advance Trump would utter these words because this t-shirt is already available:
In a perverse way I am glad that Trump said these inflammatory words not only because they are so beyond the pale but because the Proud Boys have adopted them. We will likely be seeing them on t-shirts and posters at Proud Boys rallies.
The more news coverage this group receives the more people will see this Trump call to violence. I hope some of those who have support him because they believe his lies are reminded that he has endorsed this violent white supremacist group. If, as is likely, they commit more violent acts, it will be more difficult for Trump to worm himself out of having encouraged them.
It is one thing to have the Proud Boys waving flags and holding Trump signs, but another to have them justify their violence using Trump's own words.
Pro-Trump demonstrators at at Portland rally in June. The event sparked controversy in the wake of a racially charged killi:
Daily Kos story here
Click above to enlarge image
From The Bulwark:
Get the truth during the debate:
Conway Today:
Trump Needs To Win The Election To Keep His 'Get Out Of Jail Free' Card
You either have to have some free articles left or subscribe to The NY Times to look at this interactive article.
Forget "The Apprentice" — Trump's taxes show he was really "The Biggest Loser"
Between Poppa Trump and Mark Burnett, Trump was gifted $840 million — but he may still owe as much as $1 billion
Amanda Marcotte - Salon
Donald Trump's seemingly immovable approval numbers are a testament, above all other things, to the power of racism, and the way that 40 to 42% of Americans will stand by their man, no matter how bad things get, so long as he keeps hating the same people they hate. But that legendary floor of his — he has almost never dropped below 40%, or risen above 45% — is also a testament to the power of narrative fiction, especially of the televised variety.
During the 2016 Republican primary, polling showed that Trump supporters were bamboozled by "The Apprentice," mistaking the fictional Trump of the "reality" TV show for the real Trump, a repeated business failure with a series of bankruptcies under his belt. To this day, about half of Americans still believe that Trump is a competent steward of the American economy, despite the worst downturn since the Great Depression, because they mistook a character he played on TV for the real thing. Trump has boosted this lie about his business acumen by concealing decades of his tax returns so that he could claim to be a successful billionaire without being fact-checked by his own accountants.
But now, after years of trying, the New York Times has successfully harpooned the white whale that journalists, prosecutors, activists and Democrats have been hunting for years: Donald Trump's tax returns.
Unsurprisingly, the documents suggest Trump cheats on his taxes, as he cheats in every other aspect of life, from marriages to presidential elections. Perhaps more importantly, the documents show that Trump's entire persona as a successful businessman isn't just a lie, but the inverse of reality. If we're going strictly on profit and loss, Donald Trump is the worst living businessman in America.
If you don't subscribe to the Post here's a summary of the article below:
Science editor H. Holden Thorp: Scientists "should have spoken out" against Trump "a long time ago"
Editor of respected journal on his "Trump lied about science" editorial — and why too many scientists stayed quiet
Redfield voices alarm over influence of Trump's new coronavirus task force adviser
CDC Director Robert Redfield took aim at Covid-19 task force member Scott Atlas, telling a colleague in an overheard call that "everything he says is false."
WASHINGTON — The director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has grown increasingly concerned that President Donald Trump, pushed by a new member of his coronavirus task force, is sharing incorrect information about the pandemic with the public.
Dr. Robert Redfield, who leads the CDC, suggested in a conversation with a colleague Friday that Dr. Scott Atlas is arming Trump with misleading data about a range of issues, including questioning the efficacy of masks, whether young people are susceptible to the virus and the potential benefits of herd immunity.
"Everything he says is false," Redfield said during a phone call made in public on a commercial airline and overheard by NBC News.
Redfield acknowledged after the flight from Atlanta to Washington that he was speaking about Atlas, a neuroradiologist with no background in infectious diseases or public health. Atlas was brought on to the White House task force in August.
Police knock white man to the ground and don't choke him to death. Watch video:
Read story here.
Let's see Trump worm his way out of this one: If you don't subscribe to The NY Times (link below) there are several summary articles on RawStory.
Here's how HUFFPOST is covering what may be the real October surprise.
New book details the way Russians funneled money through Trump's real estate empire using a money laundering middleman (summary of Daily Beast article)
Today's story for Daily Kos is not about the Supreme Court or the election:
Take a break:
Trump loses another case:
Trump and his movement are evil — but the hope-peddlers in the chattering class won't say so
Trump's threats against democracy shouldn't surprise anyone — why must the media caste keep acting so shocked?
Chauncey DeVega
Most Americans have heard (or asked) some version of the following questions during the last four years.
Will Donald Trump and his movement ever stop? Answer: No. They are winning.
Where are the principled and "good" Republicans? Why won't they stop Donald Trump? Why won't they speak out? There are none left, or at least not enough to make a difference.
Don't Donald Trump and the other Republicans have a conscience? They do not. Power and vanquishing the "enemy" —meaning liberals, progressives, the Democratic Party in general and anyone else they do not see as "real Americans" — is the only goal that matters.
Is there no bottom to Donald Trump and the Republican Party's cruelty? No. Cruelty and pain are weapons that advance their agenda.
How could this happen in the greatest country on earth? By many measures America is not the greatest country on Earth. The myth of American exceptionalism helped to spawn Trumpism.
The worst offenders can be put into three categories.
1) The "hope-peddlers" will always find some way to spin harsh realities into a potential victory or hopeful possibility for the Democratic Party and the American people. They also believe that somehow the "better angels" will take over the Republican Party, thus saving the country.
2) The stenographers of current events are supposedly committed to "balance" and "fairness." They are the purveyors of "both-sides-ism" and horserace journalism. As a group, the stenographers of current events are perhaps most responsible for normalizing Donald Trump and American fascism.
3) There are those who are stuck in an endless cycle of perpetual outrage, shock and surprise. These voices act surprised by the Trump regime's newest offense, as though it were somehow unexpected rather than a continuation of an obvious pattern with hundreds of prior examples.
Senate Dems ready tactics to muck up Supreme Court confirmation
I played Trump in Clinton's debate prep. Here's what Biden can expect.
The best way to deal with Trump, though, won't be to try to fact-check him in real time or to let lies and absurdities go in the hope that moderators — or viewers — catch them. There's a third option: Preempt the president. Clearly and strongly preview for the 100 million people watching what will happen in the debate as soon it begins. Biden should say early on that we all know what's coming. Not to remind voters. But to remind Trump, by speaking on behalf of the majority of the country, that everyone is on to him, in a reversal of Trump's favorite "everyone is saying" paralipsis device:
"C'mon, Mr. President. Everyone knows that whatever you call fake is real. Whatever you call a lie is the truth. Whatever you accuse others of doing is what you've done. And whatever you make fun of me for saying by accident only serves to deflect from what you say on purpose."
The 2020 version of Trump is constantly winging it, hoping voters will forget what he has said and done while focusing on his grievance du jour. He needs everyone watching the debate to pretend he never said there were only a few cases of the coronavirus in the United States, or that it would be gone in a week, or that he confessed, on tape, to lying about its lethality.
In the end, both men's debate preparations rely on what they have done over the course of the entire campaign.
For the last 18 months, Joe Biden has debated Donald Trump on the issues from afar. Over that same period, Trump has done nothing but assault Biden's character. Trump's debate preparations — "what I'm doing" every day — are the first in history to include behavior that ended up in impeachment.
In Cleveland, an unshrinking force will meet an unvarying object.
Now this is finally making sense:
Portland police search for white man who kicked Black journalist in the head at 'Proud Boys' rally
How Democrats Could Try To Delay And Derail Trump's New Supreme Court Pick
Below courtesy of
click below to enlarge:
I wonder how they/re going to edit Dr. Fauci in these.....
The problem with this article is that the religious group she belongs to may or may not be the one that inspired the Handmaid's tale. Margaret Atwood hasn't clearly said.
Bill Maher calls Trump's Supreme Court pick Amy Coney Barrett a 'f***ing nut' and 'speaking in tongues' Catholic and slams the Democrats for bringing 'arrows to a gun fight' over the nomination battle
Why these two former GOP congressmen are supporting Joe Biden
The two of us should be among Donald Trump's biggest supporters. One of us (Mickey) is a founding trustee of the conservative Heritage Foundation think tank and a former chairman of the American Conservative Union. Another (Charles) is an Afghanistan War veteran, a devout Christian and a graduate of Trump's alma mater, the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Finance. Both of us were elected to Congress as Republicans.


We, at Deitch Cooper LLP, summarise the means of finance that are available and where we can help if you are starting, or have recently started a business in the Harrow area.
We have the expertise and the contacts to help you at all stages of your business development and to help you with sources of finance along the way. If you are starting, or have recently started a business in the Harrow area we, at Deitch Cooper LLP, would be happy to discuss your questions and proposals with you.


text:
Sub-Saharan Africa's engagement with emerging partners: opportunities and challenges
Samah S. A. Elmorsy1
Bandung: Journal of the Global South volume 3, Article number: 2 (2016) Cite this article
The aim of the paper is to analyze the economic impact of Sub-Saharan Africa's (SSA) engagement with emerging partners (China, India and Brazil BICs) and to determine the opportunities and challenges of the increasingly engaging with the new partners. In order to achieve the aim of the paper it estimated the most effective variables that determine the trade intensity between SSA and Chinausing Gravity model approach. The paper concluded that the most important variables that have the major effect on the value of exports of Sub-Saharan Africa to Chinawere rate of mobile telephone in China (infrastructure variable) and China FDI to Sub-Saharan Africa because much of China's outward direct investment (ODI) in SSA is closely linked to trade. Africa's exports to the BICs are dominated by fuels and primary commodities (mainly to China and India); the BIC's exports to African countries are dominated by manufactured goods. Chinese FDI can be categorized as resource-efficiency—and market-seeking investments.
Africa has a history of cooperation with the South. Its formal involvement in South–South cooperation dates back to 1955 when African and Asian nations, most of them newly independent, held a conference in Bandung, Indonesia, to promote economic and cultural cooperation and bring an end to colonialism. The Bandung Conference called for the promotion of world peace and underscored the need for developing nations to reduce their dependence on industrialized countries by providing technical assistance to one another. Furthermore, the Bandung Conference provided inspiration and impetus for the development of various South–South alliances in the 1960s and 1970s. For example, it led to the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961. It also provided impetus for the creation of the Group of 77 (G-77) during the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in 1964. The G-77 has established itself as the leading voice of the South in the global arena. It has also played a lead role in establishing a conceptual framework and guiding principles for South–South cooperation.
After a long history of reliance on trade with and investment from Europe and North America, Sub-Saharan African countries are increasingly engaging with other partners, during the past decade, Sub-Saharan African countries have increasingly started exploiting new markets, marking what seems to be a historic reorientation of their trade and investment toward new partners.
Emerging partners are now a major source and destination of trade with and investment in Sub-Saharan African countries, and this trend is most likely to accelerate in the coming years. Sub-Saharan Africa's exports with non-traditional partners accounting for about 50 % of its total exports and almost 60 % of its total imports during 2010. This reorientation is driven mostly by the large economies of Brazil, India, and China (BICs). A similar reorientation is also taking place in investment flows, with China accounting for 16 % of total foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to the region; other emerging countries are also making considerable investments in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The aim of the paper is to analyze the economic impact of Sub-Saharan Africa's engagement with emerging partners throw analyzing the following main Pillars:
I. Theoretical issues: International Cooperation Theory
II. Africa-South cooperation: background
III. The methodology
IV. Reorientation on Sub-Saharan African countries toward new markets
V. Opportunities, challenges and policy implications
Theoretical issues: International Cooperation Theory
The role of BICs in Africa is best analyzed through the optics of international cooperation theory for Africa's trade with, and investment and aid from the BICs.
The role of trade
The economic literature postulates that an internationally integrated economy offers a substantial increase in demand and simultaneously more potential for economies of scale than a closed economy. Many studies conclude that trade has a positive effect on economic growth.
Trade also helps economies to specialize, increase their resource productivity, raise aggregate output, create jobs, generate income and relax foreign exchange restraints. Export-led approaches and export promotion lead to high growth, returns to entrepreneurial effort increase with exposure to foreign competition.
Trade transmits economic growth through three main channels: economies of scale, efficiency gains and the technology cycle. Economies of scale are directly related to the monopoly profits in production for niche markets. Efficiency gains are linked to reduced-cost effects through foreign competition that eventually become evident in a falling rate of inflation in the domestic economy. Finally, the technology cycle refers to the growth effects that derive from the profitable adoption and application of foreign technologies in domestic production processes [Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) 2013:6–7].
Yet Africa must take into account several risks in its trade cooperation with the BICs. First, trade-led growth of national output may have little impact on employment and development, particularly when most of the trade is in primary commodities with few linkages to the rest of the economy and when many export earnings accrue to foreigners, which not only bias the economy in the wrong direction but also reinforce internal and external dualities and inequalities. Second, the growth of China and other BICs suggests that Africa may find it harder to break into exporting in non-primary commodity sectors as well. However, with wages rising in China-often steeply-new opportunities may emerge for African countries (Uma Subramanian and Matthias Matthijs 2007:5).
The role of foreign direct investment
The development literature encompasses several positions on the degree to which FDI affects economic growth. One view is that it may affect it directly because it contributes to capital accumulation, and the transfer of new technologies to the recipient country. Others contend that FDI enhances economic growth indirectly where the direct transfer of technology augments the stock of knowledge in the recipient country through labour training and skill acquisition, new management practices and organizational arrangements. FDI thus enhances employment in the recipient country via the newly acquired skills as well as the management and organizational arrangements often referred to as "entrepreneurship" for the host country population [United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 2005a, b:37].
The effects of FDI on economic growth in the host country differ by growth model-neoclassical or endogenous. With the former, FDI can only affect growth in the short run because in the long run, diminishing returns to capital set in. It also postulates that long-run growth can only arise from both exogenous labour force growth and technological progress. Endogenous growth models, in contrast argue that FDI promotes economic growth even in the long run through permanent knowledge transfer, as via technology spillovers from advanced to lagging countries (Qimiao Fan et al. 2007:74).
The role of development assistance
The theoretical and empirical literature does not reveal an automatic, beneficial impact of development assistance on a recipient country: the mode and type of aid as well as the country's socio-economic and political environment are important in enhancing its growth impact.
Studies on aid's impact on growth and development follow four main strands of thinking. One group of studies argues that aid has either no effect on growth or even undermines it. Generally, they share a view that aid is counterproductive in that it generates a low-growth economy where aid dependency expands public spending and wipes out domestic savings (Ali Zafar 2007:106–108).
A second set of studies finds an average significant positive impact of aid on growth. This set argues that those contending that aid does not enhance growth have only a partial argument, in that aid has supported poverty reduction and growth promotion in many countries-thus even if aid has not stimulated growth in all circumstances, on average it has had a positive effect.
A third group of studies argued that aid has a positive relationship with growth only in certain conditions, including the characteristics of both recipient and donor practices, while the average effect of aid is close to zero.
The fourth set attempted to match aid flows to realistic period over which they could influence growth (EAC 2013:8–9).
Africa-South cooperation: background
Africa's cooperation with the South is generally of three types. The first form of cooperation arrangement is bilateral, between African countries and a developing country in another region. For example, it includes, among others, bilateral partnerships between Africa and developing countries such as China, India, the Republic of Korea and Turkey. The second form of cooperation is trilateral in the sense that it is between an African country and two developing countries in different regions. The main cooperation framework in this category is the India–Brazil–South Africa (IBSA) partnership. The third form of cooperation is at the regional level between Africa and other developing country regions. The three main cooperation arrangements in this category are the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership, the Africa–South America Initiative and the Afro–Arab Cooperation Initiative (UNCTAD 2010:11) (Fig. 1).
Source: UNCTAD 2010. "South–South cooperation: Africa and new forms of development partner ship", economic development of Africa report. New York 12
Africa's cooperation with the South.
China–Africa partnership
It should be noted that China's engagement with Africa has evolved over the years, Since the 1990s; there have been renewed efforts to strengthen cooperation with the region. This began with a visit to the region by Chinese President Jiang Zemin in 1996 where he unveiled plans to create the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) (UNCTAD 2008:7–9).
The launching of FOCAC in Beijing in 2000 ushered in a new era of relations between China and Africa, driven mostly by commercial and economic interests rather than political ideology as in the past. The new relationship is also marked by the intensification of high-level visits to Africa by Chinese officials as well as an increase in trade, finance and investment. The broad priority areas of cooperation identified by China and African countries include: political affairs; international affairs, economic and development issues; peace and security; and cultural and people-to-people exchanges.
FOCAC has become the platform for coordination of China–Africa relations and for dialogue between African countries and China. The meetings are held every 3 years mostly at the ministerial level, although they are often attended by heads of state and government (Viven Foster et al. 2008:1).
There are several interesting and novel features of China's engagement with Africa that are worth emphasizing. First, is that it uses FOCAC as a platform for making pledges and commitments to the region. These are usually multi-year commitments and their forward-looking nature makes Chinese financial support increasingly predictable. Second, FOCAC meetings are used to monitor progress in the implementation of existing commitments to Africa. This inbuilt monitoring mechanism increases the likelihood that commitments will be fulfilled and has become a model for other Southern partners. Third, China has made addressing climate change an important area of its support to the region. Fourth, China is increasingly making efforts to integrate the private sector into its Africa relations, although the latter is still a passive participant in the FOCAC process.
China's growing engagement in Africa has generated interest and debate on its contribution to economic and social development in the region. In general, the new partnership with Africa has led to closer political and cultural ties between China and Africa. Both sides have had frequent exchanges of high-level visits in recent years and provide support for each other in multilateral affairs. China has also made contributions to maintenance of peace and security in the region. Trade and finance are two key areas where China's engagement has had very significant impact in the region. China has also contributed to economic development in the region through the provision of concessional loans and grants, support for infrastructure, generous debt relief, the opening up of its market to Africa goods and support for human resource development and medical care (UNCTAD 2010:11–16).
India-Africa partnership
India has also had close relations with African countries since their independence in the 1960s. Until recently, India's relations with Africa focused more on the provision of technical assistance and capacity-building and there was no formal dialogue platform for cooperation with the region. In 2008, the Indian Government decided to create a new architecture for its engagement with Africa and this led to the convening of the First India–Africa Forum Summit in New Delhi from 8–9 April 2008. At the summit, India and Africa agreed to enhance cooperation in the following broad areas: economics; politics; science, research and technology; social development and capacity-building; tourism; infrastructure, energy and environment; and media and communication. The summit is held every 3 years at the level of heads of state and government.
India's cooperation with Africa has had positive impact in Africa. There hasbeen a significant increase in the volume of trade and investment flows between India and Africa. India has also contributed to Africa's development through loans, debt relief, technical assistance, peacekeeping and infrastructure finance (UNCTAD 2005a, b:31).
Brazil–Africa partnerships
Brazil has bilateral cooperation arrangements with individual countries in the region for which there is no formal bilateral dialogue platform, and has provided support to them through projects in areas such as health, infrastructure and agriculture. Brazil is also key driver of interregional cooperation partnerships between South America and Africa. Furthermore, it is active promoters of cooperation among developing countries in multilateral negotiations and reform of the international financial architecture.
Brazil has a unique partnership arrangement with India and South Africa that has attracted international attention. The IBSA partnership is a trilateral alliance between Brazil, India and South Africa aimed at boosting their bargaining power and clout on global issues and strengthening economic and political ties amongst the three countries. Since its inception in 2003, it has become a powerful force in setting the agenda and pace of multilateral negotiations. It also plays an important role in ensuring that the concerns and interests of developing countries are taken into account in global responses to the financial crisis and the reform of the international financial architecture (UNCTAD 2010:16–20).
Estimation determinates of Sub-Saharan Africa's trade intensity with China
1-Brief overview of the gravity model methodology
The gravity model has been widely used to identify determinants of bilateral trade, though it is often criticized for lacking a strong theoretical basis. Despite its use in many early studies of international trade, the model was considered suspect in that it could not easily be shown to be consistent with the dominant Heckscher-Ohlin model explaining net trade flows in terms of differential factor endowments. In a typical gravity model, bilateral trade flows are determined by the size of the two economies and the distance between them. However, it is always possible to expand the model to include other relevant determinants of trade. The following standard gravity model is specified and estimated to examine the potential for Sub-Saharan African's trade with China:
$$T_{ij} = \beta_{0} + \beta_{1} (Y_{i} Y_{j} ) + \beta_{2} \left[ {(YC_{i} YC_{j} )} \right] + \beta_{3} Dist_{ij} + \beta_{4} \left( {Area_{i} \,Area_{j} } \right) + \beta_{5} \left| {YC_{i} - YC_{j} } \right| + \left[ {\beta_{i} \sum {Z_{i} } + \beta_{j} \sum {Z_{j} } } \right]$$
where T is bilateral trade between country i and j; Y is GDP; YC is GDP per capita and Zi and Zj are other relevant variables grouped under "infrastructure" (paved road length as per cent of total, number of mobile telephone per 1000 people), policy (FDI in reporting countries, tax on international trade in partner country), "cultural and geographic" distance between the capitals of the trading countries, common official language, sharing border, being landlocked) and membership in regional groupings.
Expected signs: β1 and β2 are expected to be positive; β3, β4 and β5 are expected to be negative. Infrastructure variables, sharing border and common official language, membership to a particular REC as well as FDI are expected to be positive, while being landlocked is expected to be negative (EAC 2010, 392).
According to gravity model, paper designed the following equation to estimate determinates of SSA's trade Intensity with China.
$${\text{Y}}_{\text{ij}} = {\text{ f}}\left( {{\text{X}}_{ 1} ,\,{\text{X}}_{ 2} ,\,{\text{X}}_{ 3} ,\,{\text{X}}_{ 4} ,\,{\text{X}}_{ 5} ,\,{\text{X}}_{ 6} ,\,{\text{X}}_{ 7} ,\,{\text{X}}_{ 8} ,\,{\text{X}}_{ 9} } \right)$$
Yij = bilateral trade between SSA and China (value of exports from SSA to China during 2000–2013 in Billion dollars)
X1 = China Gross Domestic Product (GDP) during 2000–2013, in real constant price 2000 (100 million Yuan).
X2 = per capita indices of China Gross Demotic Product (during 2000–2013)
X3 = China population (during 2000–2013, 10,000 person)
X4 = length of High ways in China (during 2000–2013, 10,000 km)
X5 = rate of mobile telephone in China (during 2000–2013 sets/100 persons).
X6 = dummy variable about political stability in China, takes one where is apolitical stability and takes zero where is apolitical instability(during 2000–2013)
X7 = China FDI to Sub-Saharan Africa (during 2000–2013 in million dollars)
X8 = China average Applied Import MFN Tariff Rates on non-Agricultural and non-fuel (during 2000–2013)
X9 = dummy variable takes Value of 1 if there is bilateral trade agreements between China and Sub-Saharan Africa and takes 0 if there isn't
2-Source of data
Paper collected time series data about variables defined in the model, data collected covered 14 year (2000–2013) from the following reports:
UNCTAD hand book of statistics.
China statistical year book.
Statistical bulletin of China.
3-Model results and discussion
Detailed results of the model are shown in statistical Appendix; paper concluded that the most effective variables that have the major effect on the value of exports of Sub-Saharan Africa to China were (X5) rate of mobile telephone in China (infrastructure variable) and (X7) China FDI to Sub-Saharan Africa because much of China's outward direct investment (ODI) in SSA is closely linked to trade.
Reorientation on Sub-Saharan African countries toward new markets
After a long history of reliance on trade with and investment from Europe and North America, Sub-Saharan African countries are increasingly engaging with other partners, including those in their region. This is not unexpected, as emerging markets have maintained significantly faster economic growth than advanced economics over the last few decades. It is also consistent with the higher natural resource intensity in emerging partners compared with advanced economies and Sub-Saharan Africa's natural resources abundance. As this section describes, emerging partners are now a major source and destination of trade with and investment in Sub-Saharan African countries, and this trend is most likely to accelerate in the coming years (Harry G. Broadman 2007:84).
1-Trade
During the past decade, with unprecedented high growth in their exports and imports, Sub-Saharan African countries have begun engaging with emerging economies in other regions and with other countries within Sub-Saharan Africa.
This trade reorientation toward new partners is taking place relatively fast, driven by increasing trade with a few large emerging markets economics and by intraregional trade, in a way that is largely homogenous across the region. Specifically, this trade reorientation is:
Fast-paced. Between 1990 and 2010, the share of Sub-Saharan Africa's exports to advanced economics declined from 78 to 52 %, and the share of Sub-Saharan Africa's imports from those countries declined from 73 to 43 %. Most of this reorientation has occurred during the past 15 years, as the share of both Sub-Saharan Africa's exports to and imports from member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) declined from about 70 % in 2000 to approximately 50 % in 2010. The magnitude of the reorientation in Sub-Saharan Africa's trade was not determined solely by oil-related trade, as non-oil-exporting Sub-Saharan Africa countries also saw the share of DAC countries in their total trade decline by an amount of the same magnitude.
Driven mostly by the large emerging economies of Brazil, India and China. By 2010, the share of Sub-Saharan Africa trade with Brazil, India, and China reached approximately 3, 6 and 17 %, respectively, rising from negligible shares in the 1990s [International Monetary Fund (IMF) 2011:40–41] (Fig. 2).
Source: IMF 2011. "Sub Saharan Africa sustaining the Expansion", regional Economic outlook, World Economic and Financial survey. Washington DC, 41
Sub-Saharan Africa: total exports and imports by partner.
All Sub-Saharan African subgroups (oil exporters, low-income countries, middle-income countries) are exporting a lower share of their products to traditional DAC partners than they were in 1990 and all are now exporting more to China. Except for oil-exporting countries, all sub-groups have also seen an increase in their share of trade to other Sub-Saharan African countries. On the other hand, the reorientation toward Brazil and India appears more heterogeneous across subgroups. In regard to imports, all subgroups of Sub-Saharan African countries have seen a considerable reduction in their imports from traditional DAC partners, and all are increasingly relying on Chinese and intraregional imports (IMF 2011:42–43) (Fig. 3).
Sub-Saharan Africa: exports by partner.
Sectoral Composition of the Reorientation
Sub-Saharan Africa exports to BICs are heavily concentrated in primary products, mainly oil. By 2008, oil accounted for about 70 % of all Sub-Saharan Africa exports to BICs and for more than 80 % of exports if South African exports are excluded. Note that Sub-Saharan Africa exports to BICs are more concentrated in oil and gas than exports to DAC countries, as Sub-Saharan African countries tend to export more food, beverages, and manufactured goods to DAC countries than to BICs (IMF 2011:45) (Fig. 4).
Sub-Saharan Africa: exports to BICs by product composition.
They are largely machinery, chemicals, and manufactured goods, although there is some heterogeneity across trading partners. Sub-Saharan African imports from BICs are actually more concentrated in manufactured products-especially from China-than is the case with imports from DAC countries, the latter being more focused on imports of machinery. Imports from India are more concentrated in machinery and fuel (refined oil), and imports from Brazil are most concentrated in food and live animals. Imports from the Group of Five are quite diverse, with significant shares for food and live animals, animal and vegetable oils, manufactured goods, and machinery (IMF 2011:46) (Fig. 5).
Source: IMF 2011. "Sub-Saharan Africa sustaining the expansion", regional economic outlook, world economic and financial survey. Washington DC, 47
Sub-Saharan Africa: imports to BICs by product composition.
2-Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
A similar reorientation is occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa's sources of capital, as emerging countries such as the BICs, have rapidly increased their investments in the region. Chinese FDI to Sub-Saharan Africa, as a share of total FDI to the region, climbed from less than 1 % in 2003 to 16 % by 2008. Investment from India is also significant: by 2006, Indian investment stocks in Sub-Saharan Africa were almost as large as Chinese FDI flows in the region (Viven Foster 2009:4).
Much of China's outward direct investment (ODI) in SSA is closely linked to trade. Official figures from the Chinese Ministry of Commerce suggest that in 2012 ODI to SSA reached US $2.52 billion, up from .39 US$ billion in 2005. In 2012 the total stock of Chinese ODI was US $20 billion (Fig. 6).
Source: Pigato Miria and Julien Gourdon 2014. "The impact of rising Chinese trade and development assistance in West Africa" Africa Trade Practice Working Paper Series (4). Washington DC: World Bank, 16
Chinese outward direct investment to SSA, 2003–2012.
Although most of the emerging partners' investments are in mining, investments in other sectors are also significant. Besides oil and mining, Chinese investment is also directed toward manufacturing, construction, finance, agriculture, and service (Miria Pigato and Julien Gourdon 2014:16–17) (Fig. 7).
Source: Pigato Miria and Julien Gourdon 2014. "The impact of rising Chinese trade and development assistance in West Africa" Africa Trade Practice Working Paper Series (4), Washington DC: World Bank, 17
Sectoral distribution of China ODI flows in 2005–2012.
The leading African recipient of FDI from China is South Africa, which has a stock of about $3 billion and accounts for nearly 40 per cent of total Chinese FDI stock in the region. Other important recipients are Nigeria (with a stock of $796 million), Zambia ($651 million), Sudan ($528 million), Algeria ($509 million), Mauritius($230 million), United Republic of Tanzania ($190 million), Madagascar ($147 million), Niger ($137 million), Congo ($134 million), Egypt ($131 million) and Ethiopia ($127 million).
Historically, Indian FDI in Africa was concentrated in Mauritius. During the period 1996–2005, accumulated flows to the country reached $1.4 billion, accounting for 9 % of total outward FDI from India. More recently, large Indian investment projects have been implemented in other countries, such as Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal and Sudan.
Within Latin America and the Caribbean, Brazil is the most important investor in Africa. For instance, Brazilian energy giant Petrobr as has operations in Angola, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal and the United Republic of Tanzania, whereas mining company Vale is present in Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia. Other examples of Brazilian investors active in Africa are bus maker Marcopolo, which has a plant in South Africa, and conglomerate Odebrecht, which primarily has engineering and construction projects in Angola, Djibouti, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Mozambique (UNCTAD 2010:84–88).
3-Development assistance
According to UNCTAD: Official development assistance (ODA) refers to grants or loans to developing countries that: (a) are undertaken by the official sector; (b) have the promotion of economic development and welfare as the main objective; (c) are at concessional financial terms, having a grant element of at least 25 % (UNCTAD 2010:49).
The contribution of the BICs to development assistance has increased over the last decade, with China leading the way. Aid from the BICs (particularly China) promotes their trade and investment, but the BICs continue to support Africa's development through project aid-aimed at improving infrastructure-concessionary and soft loans, as well as credits and grants. Official flows from the BICs often go to African countries not targeted by traditional partners, with concessional loans as China's main instrument of support (ECA 2013:16) (Fig. 8).
China ODI and ODA flows to SSA.
Figure 8 shows the relative importance of Chinese ODI and ODA in SSA as a whole. The 2009 data are outliers because they include a US $3 billion loan to Ghana, which represents about 75 % of total ODA for West Africa. And in 2010 Mauritania accounted for 50 % of China's ODA to West Africa (having received a US $1.3 million loan from China). Aside from Ghana and Mauritania, however, the other countries in the region receive a relatively small amount of ODA. Chinese assistance is widely distributed among different sectors; includes loans and grants for energy, infrastructure, water supply, sanitation, health, education projects, as well as investments in sports stadiums and cultural centers (Miria Pigato and Julien Gourdon 2014:18).
China is the main source of Southern aid to Africa, at 83 per cent of Southern (non-DAC) flows in 2006, or $2.3 billion, while Brazil pledged an estimated $96.1 million and India $11.3 million that year. The Aid data initiative has reported recent official flows from Brazil to selected African countries of around $2.9 million (2009); $15.2 million from India (2010); and $60.1 million from South Africa (2008). The OECD estimates Russia to have disbursed $33.1 million in 2011.
Key features of BICs aid to Africa (particularly China, and to some extent India and Brazil) is use of official flows to promote trade and investment. China's aid to Africa is driven largely by its objective of securing access to oil and minerals, and nearly 70 % of its infrastructure financing in Africa is concentrated in Angola, Ethiopia, Nigeria and Sudan, all of which have oilfields. Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan have major oilfields and pay for much of their assistance or loans from China with oil. Sudan sends 60 % of its crude oil to China.
Another key feature of Southern partners' support is that official flows target African countries seldom reached by traditional partners. The support is increasingly provided to countries such as Angola, Sudan and Zimbabwe, while India is known to have provided support to Angola, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti and Niger. Concessional loans are the most widespread instrument of BICs support to African countries. Over 2001–2007, half of China's infrastructure finance to African economies outside North Africa was in the form of loans.
Technical cooperation is a key part of BICs countries' support to Africa (particularly from Brazil and India). In 2008 for example, Brazil provided technical assistance through the Brazilian Technical Cooperation Agency, of which 43 % of resources for training went to Africa (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and São Tomé and Príncipe-have been the main beneficiaries, accounting for 74 % of Brazil's technical cooperation to Africa). India, for its part, provides technical assistance through the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation programme, focusing on improving services in education, health and ICT (EAC 2013:17–18).
4-Economic impact of Sub-Saharan Africa's engagement with new partners
First, Sub-Saharan Africa's trade reorientation is the result of an increase in its trade with emerging partners, not trade diversion, and therefore the region experiences the benefits commonly associated with any expansion in international trade. Second, trading with a larger number of partners appears to be reducing the region's historically high export volatility, which could foster its long-term economic growth. Third, emerging partners' financing of Sub-Saharan Africa's economic activities can help boost economic growth. Fourth, growth of emerging partners has an indirect economic benefit for Sub-Saharan Africa because it has strengthened commodity prices, thus improving the terms of Sub-Saharan Africa's trade with traditional and nontraditional partners (Dieri-Wake Nabine 2009:21–22).
Fifth the increase in trade prompted by emerging partners fosters specialization along comparative advantages, thereby boosting productivity and output. By increasing economies of scale, trade with emerging partners lowers Sub-Saharan Africa's costs of production and increases the variety of goods available, which is particularly important for most small Sub-Saharan African countries with small middle classes. Sub-Saharan Africa's exports to new partners also benefit the region dynamically through technological transfer and the related learning by doing impact on economic growth (Marteus Brackner and Daniel Lederman 2012:20).
Sixth the economic impact of FDI from emerging partners on Sub-Saharan African countries goes beyond higher foreign exchange reserves and potentially higher tax revenues. FDI in manufacturing (for example, in Ghana, Mauritius, and Nigeria, among others), agriculture (including food processing), and tourism fosters productivity growth in the region through technology transfer.
Also important are investments in financial services, because financial development is linked to higher long-term growth.
Seventh most important, emerging partners' financing of infrastructure (which is often associated with large-scale FDI), mainly from China, is particularly effective in improving competitiveness in such an infrastructure deprived region as Sub-Saharan Africa (IMF 2011:52–57).
Opportunities, challenges and policy implications
1-Opportunities
Engagement with emerging partners raises opportunities for sub-Saharan African countries as follows:
Outsourcing of economic activities to Sub-Saharan Africa. Rising wages in Brazil, China, India, and other countries could prompt them to further outsource their economic activities to Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in light manufacturing. The BICs are increasingly moving up the value chain (for instance, China and India in manufacturing, and Brazilin biofuels) with the potential to outsource these activities to Sub-Saharan Africa. Globalre balancing between advanced and emerging economies could accelerate this process, with more rapid industry upgrading in China and India.
Low-cost inputs and consumption goods. Sub-Saharan Africa stands to benefit from imports available at a much lower cost from emerging partners than from traditional partners. Low-cost capital goods boost the productivity of Sub-Saharan Africa's producers, whereas low-cost manufactured imports benefit consumers and producers (through lower wage pressures and cheaper inputs).
Access to more appropriate technologies. Through intensifying trade and investment relationships with other developing countries, countries in the region also have access to cheaper and less-sophisticated technologies that may be more appropriate for their level of development.
Economic benefits from intraregional integration. Intraregional integration could also boost growth by promoting horizontal FDI, creating economies of scale and improving the allocation of factors of production within the region (Stephen N. Karingi and Unicent Leyaro 2009:35).
2-Challenges
The increasing engagement with emerging partners also poses a number of challenges:
Natural resource curse. Because the region's trade relationship with larger emerging partners is overwhelmingly concentrated on exports of raw commodities, inadequate management of natural resource wealth could lead to many of the economic problems commonly associated with natural resource dependence. Sub-Saharan African countries have experienced these problems for decades: crowding out of higher-value-added activities, pro cyclical macroeconomic policy, an unsustainably rapid depletion of resources, and high volatility in terms of trade.
Transitional costs. Increasing trade with new partners has resulted in a reallocation of factors of production and consequent transitional costs, such as failing businesses and higher unemployment. For instance, non-commodity sectors such as manufacturing or food processing can be negatively affected by lower cost imports from other countries (for example, manufactured products from China or processed food from Brazil) and from currency appreciation resulting from higher commodity exports.
Rapid structural changes. The growing engagement of Sub-Saharan African countries with emerging partners and their ongoing economic rise will most likely continue to bring substantial changes to the supply of and demand for Sub-Saharan African products. High economic growth in emerging economies may further boost commodity prices, and higher wages in manufacturing and services in emerging partners may prompt them to outsource some of their activities to Sub-Saharan Africa. At the same time, new technologies may affect the integration of production processes between Sub-Saharan Africa and emerging partners. Such changes may be as strong and far-reaching as the recent commodity prices boom and could prove very hard for Sub-Saharan Africa entrepreneurs and governments to anticipate (IMF 2011:59–60).
3-Policy implications
Recommendations for African countries
Main stream South–South cooperation into national development strategies. African countries should adopt a well-defined strategy for South–South cooperation to ensure that it furthers rather than hinders the achievement of national and regional development goals.
Take a proactive approach to the partnership process. The scale and scope of interaction between African countries and developing countries partners has expanded rapidly in the last 15 years. A proactive approach by African governments and sharing of experiences with developing country partners will accelerate mutual policy learning, which should enhance the effectiveness of interactions for both parties.
Ensure that cooperation with developing countries complements existing partnerships with developed countries.
Involve more local stakeholders in partnerships with the South. To ensure effective national ownership of the process and outcomes of the evolving partnerships between Africa and developing countries, African governments should make efforts to get parliaments, the private sector and civil society more involved in the process.
Strengthen efforts to develop productive capacities. This requires public and private investment, structural transformation and the development of productive capacities. The current pattern of trade with developing countries is reinforcing commodity dependence and replicating the existing pattern of trade with traditional partners. African countries should reverse this export pattern and transform the structure of their economies. This requires improving the business environment, addressing the problem of poor infrastructure, enhancing access to credit and transfer of skills and technology (David Dollar 2008:5–7).
Enhance capacity to negotiate and benefit from the multilateral trading system.
Play a more active role in coordination of support from partners. To reduce transaction costs and increase the development impact. In this regard, there is a need to develop or strengthen existing national aid management and coordination frameworks to enhance local ownership of aid processes and outcomes (Ali Zafar 2010:14–17).
Avoid accumulation of unsustainable debt. African countries should ensure that new borrowing from developing country partners is used to finance projects that enhance domestic capacity to repay. There is also the need to pay more attention to the structure as well as management of external debt to avoid a debt crisis.
Adopt a developmental approach in seeking foreign direct investment. African countries should recognize that ultimately the most effective way to attract FDI is to have a dynamic and growing domestic private sector. If they wish to attract market-seeking or efficiency-seeking FDI, instead of resource-seeking FDI,they have to create a growing and efficient domestic market coupled with a policy environment attractive to both domestic and foreign investors. In this regard, the focus of African countries should not be on attracting Southern FDI per se, rather it should be on creating linkages between FDI and the domestic economy and also directing it to sectors where it can catalyze domestic investment, create employment, spur regional integration and boost productive capacity (UNCTAD 2014:87) (UNCTAD 2010:102–104).
Recommendations for developing country partners
Broaden the scope of engagement to include sectors other than the extractive industries.
Strengthen support for regional integration in Africa.
Enlarge country coverage.
Provide more information on development activities in the region.
Ensure that projects have positive impact on the environment.
Address the transactions costs associated with the multiplicity of partnership initiatives (Corinne Delechat 2009:27).
Recommendations for developed country partners
Provide more support for Africa–South cooperation.
Strengthen dialogue with Southern partners (UNCTAD 2009: 95).
Recommendations for regional and multilateral institutions
Coordinate the development of statistics and collection of information on Africa–South cooperation.
Provide more research support.
Establish financing facilities for Africa–South cooperation (UNCTAD 2010:105–108).
Trade between the BICs and Africa can be summarized under three key features: Africa's exports to the BICs are dominated by fuels and primary commodities (mainly to China and India); the BIC's exports to African countries are dominated by manufactured goods; and although some African countries will gain, some will lose.
Chinese FDI can be categorized as resource-efficiency—and market-seeking investments. The policy upshot of the first type is that African economies need to invest their gains from primary commodity exports in downstream, higher value added industries, which should allow the continent's natural-resource exporters to develop and diversify their export base, so moving from dependence on natural resource exports.
The equivalent policy implication for China's efficiency-seeking investments is that African governments should help such investors to forge linkages with local African domestic producers, thereby producing sustainable exports for African economies with higher domestic value added, which should strengthen domestic businesses. The policy challenge for African governments with market-seeking investments is to ensure that domestic suppliers perform acceptably on price, delivery and service quality.
African governments should also enhance the benefits of market- or efficiency-seeking Chinese FDI by ensuring the outsourcing of their activities to local entrepreneurs; increasing local sourcing of inputs for production; and ensuring the employment of local workers under fair labour practices.
Official flows from the BICs are a small portion of ODA to Africa; some of the aid from the BICs (particularly China) promotes trade and investment; ODA from the BICs often benefits African countries not targeted by traditional partners; concessional loans are China's main instrument; and technical cooperation is crucial in education, health and ICT, particularly from Brazil and India.
Bruckner, Markus, and Daniel Lederman. 2012. Trade growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, policy research working paper (6007). Washington DC: World Bank.
Delechat, Corinne, et al. 2009. Sub-Saharan Africa integration in the global financial markets IMF working paper (WP/09/114). Washington DC: IMF.
Dollar, David. 2008. Lessons for Africa policy research working paper. Washington DC: World Bank.
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). 2013. Africa-BRICS cooperation: implications for growth, employment, and structural transformation in Africa, Addis Ababa.
Economic Commission for Africa(ECA). 2010. Enhancing intra- African Trade, Assessing Regional Integration in Africa IV. Addis Ababa: ECA.
Foster Vivien. 2009. Building bridges China's growing role as infrastructure financier for Sub-Saharan Africa, public private infrastructure advisory facility (PPIAF), trends and policy options (5) Washington DC: World Bank.
Harry, Baoadman G. 2007. Africa's silk road China and economic frontier. Washington DC: World Bank.
IMF. 2011. Sub-Saharan Africa sustaining the expansion, regional economic outlook, world economic and financial survey, Washington DC.
Karingi N. Stephen, and Vincent Leyaro. 2009. Monitoring aid for trade in Africa an assessment of the effective ness of the aid for trade, African Trade Policy Centre (ATPC), Work in Progress (83), Addis Ababa, ECA.
Nabine Wake-Djeri. 2009. The Impact of Chinese investment and trade on Nigeria economic growth, African Trade Policy Centre (ATPC), Work in Progress (771). Addis Ababa: ECA.
Pigato Miria, and Julien Gourdon. 2014. "The Impact of Rising Chinese Trade and Development Assistance in West Africa" Africa Trade Practice Working Paper Series (4), Washington DC: World Bank.
Qimiao, Fan, et al. 2007. The investment climate in Brazil, India and South Africa, a comparison of approaches for sustaining economic growth in emerging economies, WBI learning resource series (42533). World Bank: Washington DC.
Subramanian Uma, and Matthias Matthijs. 2007. Can Sub-Saharan Africa leap into global net work trade? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (4112), Washington DC.
UNCTAD. 2010. South–South cooperation: Africa and new forms of development partner ship, Economic Development of Africa Report. New York.
UNCTAD. 2005. Rethinking the role of foreign direct investment, Economic development in Africa report. New York.
UNCTAD. 2009. Strengthening regional economic integration for Africa's development, Economic Development in Africa report. New York.
UNCTAD. 2014. Catalyzing investment for transformative growth in Africa, Economic development report in Africa. New York.
UNCTAD. 2005. South–South cooperation in international investment arrangements, UNCTAD Series on international investment policies for development. New York.
UNCTAD. 2008. South–South cooperation and regional integration: where we stand and future direction, Investment enterprise and development commission. New York.
Viven, Foster, et al. 2008. Chinese emerging role in Africa: part of the changing land scape of infrastructure finance, public private infrastructure advisory facility (PPIAF). Washington DC: World Bank.
Zafar, A. 2007. The growing relationship between China and Sub Saharan Africa: macroeconomic trade, investment, and aid link. World Bank: Washington DC.
Zafar Ali. 2010. Learning from the Chinese miracle: development lessons for Sub Saharan Africa, policy research working paper (5216). Washington D.C.
The author declares that she has no competing interests.
Department of Politics and Economics, Institute of African Research and Studies, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Samah S. A. Elmorsy
Correspondence to Samah S. A. Elmorsy.
Gravity model variables
4.50 99,214.60 107.60 127,643.00 167.98 2.20 1.00 61.00 15.90 1.00
4.80 107,449.70 107.50 127,627.00 169.80 2.71 1.00 63.00 14.70 1.00
8.40 128,958.90 109.30 129,227.00 180.98 12.20 1.00 68.00 10.60 1.00
16.60 141,964.50 109.40 129,988.00 187.07 17.14 1.00 152.00 9.80 1.00
36.40 237,892.80 113.60 132,129.00 385.37 22.76 1.00 1297.00 9.20 1.00
43.30 28,484,408.00 108.70 133,450.00 386.08 20.40 1.00 1233.00 8.90 1.00
102.50 472,436.50 107.10 135,404.00 423.75 17.40 1.00 3200.00 8.90 1.00
Output created 07-May-2015 19:03:23
Active dataset DataSet 1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split file <none>
N of rows in working Data file 14
Missing value handling Definition of missing User-defined missing values are treated as missing.
Cases used Statistics are based on cases with no missing values for any variable used.
Syntax REGRESSION
/DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS BCOV R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE ZPP
/CRITERIA = PIN(.05) POUT(.10)
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT y
/METHOD = ENTER x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9
/RESIDUALS DURBIN
Resources Processor time 00:00:00.02
Elapsed time 00:00:00.02
Memory required 8272 bytes
Additional memory required for residual plots 0 bytes
For models with dependent variable y, the following variables are constants or have missing correlations: x6, x9. They will be deleted from the analysis.
y 36.2714 32.45,521 14
x1 2,262,387.1714 7,548,493.84,088 14
x2 109.2286 1.86689 14
x3 131,701.7857 2853.01334 14
x4 312.7050 108.73762 14
x5 15.7921 6.93553 14
x6 1.0000 .00000 14
x7 1452.2857 1787.10365 14
Correlations
Pearson correlation
y 1.000 .076 −.040 .772 .745 .524 – .544 −.593 –
x1 .076 1.000 −.086 .194 .210 .200 – −.022 −.185 –
x2 −.040 −.086 1.000 −.033 .181 .603 – −.256 −.383 –
x3 .772 .194 −.033 1.000 .944 .688 – .740 −.801 –
x4 .745 .210 .181 .944 1.000 .771 – .685 −.795 –
x5 .524 .200 .603 .688 .771 1.000 – .393 −.945 –
x6 – – – – – – 1.000 – – –
x7 .544 −.022 −.256 .740 .685 .393 – 1.000 −.495 –
x8 −.593 −.185 −.383 −.801 −.795 −.945 – −.495 1.000 –
x9 – – – – – – – – – 1.000
Sig. (1-tailed)
y .398 .446 .001 .001 .027 .000 .022 .013 .000
x1 .398 – .385 .253 .236 .247 .000 .471 .263 .000
x2 .446 .385 – .455 .268 .011 .000 .189 .088 .000
x3 .001 .253 .455 – .000 .003 .000 .001 .000 .000
x4 .001 .236 .268 .000 – .001 .000 .003 .000 .000
x5 .027 .247 .011 .003 .001 – .000 .082 .000 .000
x6 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 – .000 .000 .000
x7 .022 .471 .189 .001 .003 .082 .000 – .036 .000
x8 .013 .263 .088 .000 .000 .000 .000 .036 – .000
x9 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 –
y 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
x1 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Variables entered/removed
Variables entered
Variables removed
1 x8, x1, x2, x7, x4, x3, x5a – Enter
Dependent variable: y
a All requested variables entered.
R square
Adjusted R square
Std. error of the estimate
Change statistics
Durbin-Watson
R square change
F change
Sig. F change
1 .801a .641 .222 28.62158 .641 1.531 7 6 .310 1.512
a Predictors: (constant), x8, x1, x2, x7, x4, x3, x5
Sum of squares
1 Regression 8778.258 7 1254.037 1.531 .310a
Residual 4915.170 6 819.195
Total 13,693.429 13
Unstandardized coefficients
Standardized coefficients
Collinearity statistics
Std. error
Zero-order
1 (Constant) −143.836 3033.684 −.047 .964
x1 −9.234E−007 .000 −.215 −.693 .514 .076 −.272 −.169 .622 1.607
x2 −8.287 12.471 −.477 −.665 .531 −.040 −.262 −.163 .116 8.601
x3 .007 .017 .606 .399 .704 .772 .161 .098 .026 38.491
x5 4.380 8.049 .936 .544 .606 .524 .217 .133 .020 49.459
x7 .005 .008 .272 .598 .572 .544 −.237 −.146 .289 3.462
x8 8.893 20.876 .643 .426 .685 −.593 .171 .104 .026 38.048
Coefficient correlations
1 Correlations x8 1.000 −.226 −.290 −.187 −.588 .626 .899
x1 −226 1.000 .550 .461 −.143 .109 −.391
x2 −.290 .550 1.000 .527 −.289 .363 −.616
x7 −.187 .461 .527 1.000 −.174 .000 −.305
x4 −.588 −.143 −.289 −.174 1.000 −.919 −.428
x3 .626 .109 .363 .000 −.919 1.000 .362
x5 .899 −.391 −.616 −.305 −.428 .362 1.000
Covariances x8 435.821 −6.287E−006 −75.503 −.032 −4.852 .226 151.009
x1 −6.287E−006 1.877E−012 9.140E−006 5.083E−009 −7.509E−008 2.504E−009 −4.194E−006
x2 −75.503 9.140E−006 155.515 .054 −1.422 .078 −61.804
x7 −.032 5.083E−009 .054 6.831E−005 −.001 2.462E−008 −.020
x4 −4.852 −7.509E−008 −1.422 −.001 .156 −.006 −1.361
x3 .226 2.504E−009 .078 2.462E−008 −.006 .000 .050
x5 151.009 −4.194E−006 −61.804 −.020 −1.361 .050 64.793
Collinearity diagnostics
Eigenvalue
Variance proportions
(Constant)
1 1 6.353 1.000 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
2 .902 2.654 .00 .61 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
5 .017 19.351 .00 .03 .00 .00 .15 .03 .26 .00
7 3.524E−005 424.620 .00 .24 .62 .09 .10 .76 .29 .51
8 4.002E−006 1259.966 1.00 .07 .38 .91 .74 .02 .03 .21
Residuals Statistics
Predicted value 1.1063 76.2000 36.2714 25.98559 14
Residual −51.30946 27.89357 .00000 19.44454 14
Std. predicted value −1.353 1.537 .000 1.000 14
Std. residual −1.793 .975 .000 .679 14
Elmorsy, S.S.A. Sub-Saharan Africa's engagement with emerging partners: opportunities and challenges. Bandung J of Global South 3, 2 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40728-016-0035-0
Accepted: 27 May 2016
South–South cooperation
Bandung Principles and Global Politics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
People with Disabilities demand accessibility to the newly constructed classroom blocks in Kisenge Primary School.
Africa Freedom of Information Centre (AFIC) trained Mr Okumu Fabian on Access to Information, Open Contracting and contracts monitoring in November 2018 together with other selected community monitors in Nebbi district. Equipped with the knowledge about community monitoring, Mr Okumu and other monitors started monitoring the construction of Kisenge primary school which was aided by the copy of the contract that AFIC shared with the school Head Teacher.
It was discovered that there was poor accessibility to the newly constructed classroom blocks; the contractor of Kisenge Primary School did not make proper provisions for persons with disabilities while constructing the new primary classroom blocks as had been specified in the contract. The ramps that had been constructed were raised making it difficult to climb to them by people with disabilities.
During the monitoring exercise, Mr Okumu and his team found out that the students with disabilities were not able to enter the classrooms due to the high staircases of the ramps. The team raised the issue to the contractor and the district officials, demanded that a correction be made. The contractor first resisted, citing that it would be costly, given that construction was nearing completion. With continued pressure from the school community led by Mr Okum, the contractors made the adjustments on the high raised ramps to cater for people with disabilities as shown in the photo.
Mr Okumu Fabian attributes the changes to the contract monitoring training that was offered by AFIC. Community members are now aware of what they are supposed to monitor. Okumu notes that "the community understood that if they accepted any shoddy works, it would be them to suffer." He added that community monitoring should become a permanent initiative where the community should continue to monitor other government projects. The training and sensitization created project ownership to community members.
Mr Okumu Fabian and the entire community monitors are grateful to AFIC for enlightening them about their right of access to information through the trainings they had and requested AFIC to train more community monitors to cover all the sectors most especially Agriculture where the community is facing a lot of challenges with the way how agricultural inputs are given to the farmers.


Be Thankful for what you have and you will end up having more.
Here are some of the wonderful thanks and compliments I have received from many of you. Thank you!
"Diana for me you save my life by Gods will. The way you guid realy save me from losing my life, It gave me the inne peace, the positive thinking, the strenth, confident, believing in my selv, the energi. Diana I can not just explain it, I am realy feeling wonderful. I have never feel like this in all my 45 years in life. I see light in my life, I reconice the joy life can give me. I wish I met you Diana early in my life, but every thing has a time, now is my time. I wish you a long life and good health. Continue helping people in this world. A good person who can who can hjelp a lot of people in this world.
"Thank you sent me the report! I liked it very.
"I must admit the information you gave me came pass in many different and hard to decifir until the problem was right on me! So yes Dianna knows your stuff!
"Diana, thank you for my astrology report. It has been very helpful having a daily guide, especially knowing when to avoid making certain decisions or plans.
"I would like to thank you Diana for providing my reading, I use it on a weekly basis on how to base my life expectancies for that period, I wish I could afford more readings but at this time of year budgets are tight and I have to focus on other things.
"Really I the reading for the past and present I experienced of many things that I discover through my reading, I really appreciate that thank you so much.
"I got a 3 month reading from Diana a few months ago and everything was very accurate. She pinpionted exact problems of my past and accurately viewed my current retionshipment problems. Diana can definitely help navigate you through you daily struggles.
"i found the reports that i have been given to be very accurate and they have helped me in times of adversity and to also show me the light at the end of the tunnel. would recommend to anyone... a friend sent from the stars!
"First, I have a very good impression off you, as a really nice person. The 10, something, reports I have ordered from you, has a good, personal language. Some off them, as Second Progression, describing changes in Signs over time, and and Black Holes/Centaur, bringing light off more hidden subjects, as for instance daily habits and alcohol aspects, are truly amazing. How is it possible, to write something about those hidden sides off me, I ask myself. One single report did not hit the bulls eye. The Family Background report, was the exception which confirmes the very high standard. As for myself, right now, your reports have prepared me in a good way, to meet all the new things that are surrounding me.
"Thank you for all of your hard work you did for me. I , loved your report thank you God bless.
"I learnt a lot. Thankyou.
"I appreciate the information you provided for me. I definitely appreciate you and your time. That report had given me some insight in my life. Thanks.
"My dear Diana I want to thank you from the bottom of my heart for the wonderful work you deed for me. My God even with unknown time of birth you got it to the point. You are something else. It feels like you been in my life all a long. You know me. Thank you again God bless you!!!
"The Neptune Epiphany Report is very interesting and incisive,i can see the things described within me.Also the influence of Scorpio people is very true.I do feel there is more possibility and potential in life and this report helps to point me in other directions .
"Diana was very insightful. I really appreciate the help. Mit was right omnibus the money.
"I love all of them, your a gem.
"Thanks Diana for you report.It is very useful to my now and future .sorry to tell you am Asian girl so my English not good.anyway I would like to appreciate you and your service.thanks again.I will attached my picture.
"My dearest Diana Thank you very much for your readings,very helpful and excellent job!!!
"Happy and satisfied with report.
"I was very skeptical on ordering my first report, but while reading it I had to stop for a minute at how accurate your readings are. I have purchased at least 5 differing reports and each one was dead on. So Diane thank you for the time you spent on my reports as now I can see clearly as my eyes are now open.
"Your advice is very wise! The picture of my parents in the report was accurate. Im looking forward to enjoy your readings again soon. Dearest Charlotte, Sweden.
"I look forward to reading my report every morning on the train to work. It is really right on most of thebtime! Thank you!
"Hello, there in astrology is a secret. Sometimes you unlock it and enjoy your life. Love and light to your destiny!
"Thanks for that good report. I appreciated your concentration and care.
"Thank you for all your readings, Diana. I find them very helpful. They somehow balance my thoughts and emotions and help me believe in my inner potential.
"Your report very good for me. Certain days I took your advice. Other I chose my own. I check every so often,read forward. It was well written. Trust you.
"Greetings dear Diana i enjoy my first reading im happy. I want to understand more about my protective guardian angel and how i will be easley communicating with my angel and how my past life is influencing my present life now nevertheless what my destiney holds for me ( what area of carrer best suited for my destiney). Thanks Obiora.
"I am happy with your service and wondering if you can ffnd a more precise future reading for me ?
"I trust Diana becouse she have intuition in her Astrological work. Is like a spark I need in dificult moments. I consider her a gardian angel.
"amazing. you give me encouragement to continue. i appreciate you.
"i really like my last report. it is giving me a guide that i can use on a daily basis that is helpful in knowing what may come up in my day. i can even read forward if i choose to see what might be on the horizon. thank you!
"Thank you Diana for your guidance. Your readings truly guide me to spiritual enlightenment. You help me discover the real purpose of my life.
"I really liked your report and enlightened me on many things.
"Dear Diana, thank you very much for the report, i find it very helpful and detailed.
"Once you said 31 and 13 would prove to be my lucky numbers. And then I won a scratch card. Number 13 on the 31st. (100 pounds) My first reading about my personality was spot on, and some are accurate about my forecast. The second reading was good as well if not a little like a riddle. But when you read it, it can be amazingly accurate. I enjoyed it. Occasionly as a treat I would like more readings and would reccemend you to others.
"Hi Diana... I would like to say your very first report you done for at the start was incredibly accurate.and your follow up reports have been incetful if not helpful at times and for that I thankyou.you have opened my eyes and my mind to further possibilities from life in the past present and future. I fell I am no longer ignorant to what life is...not what I thought it was. and that there are people who have high intestinal fortitude,and higher morals with a selfless attitude by putting others first.and I firmly believe you have brought me to this insight. So thankyou very much for being a freind although we have never met or have we.maybe in a past life or maybe even in this life.I do look forward to seeing your emails and what you have to say about different day to day situations weather it be on a world scale or universal plain.
"My dearest Diana. I would like to thanks you for all you have done for me. Your guidence has enlightened me. N i will continue with your services. Bcoz now i am very busy taking care of my 1 yr old grand daughter. So sorry for the late replys n feedback. Do Take Care ya. Yours sincerely friend maureen Lim. Keep in touch. MARRY CHRISTMAS N HAPP NEW YEAR. to you n your. Families.
DISCLAIMER: WE WANT YOU TO ENJOY AND BENEFIT FROM YOUR READING. OUR EXPERT SPIRITUAL ADVISORS MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO PROVIDE YOU WITH HELPFUL ADVICE. HOWEVER, THIS INFORMATION SHOULD NOT BE USED IN PLACE OF ANY RECOMMENDATIONS BY MEDICAL, LEGAL, OR FINANCIAL PROFESSIONALS OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL COUNSELORS. IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO EVALUATE ANY INFORMATION, OPINION, ADVICE OR OTHER CONTENT AVAILABLE THROUGH astrologicalcoach.com. The information provided on astrologicalcoach.com, and in any reports, emails, ebooks, or other materials you might receive from astrologicalcoach.com, is for entertainment purposes only. Obviously, we cannot guarantee the accuracy of astrological information, and we are not responsible for how you interpret or apply it. If you are struggling with serious problems, including chronic illness, mental instability, or legal issues, please consult with your local registered health care or legal professional as soon as possible. In other words, please use common sense. Please also carefully read the full Terms of Service.


Trained and equipped to fight with long halberds, these troops can fend off cavalry and crush many kinds of enemies depending on what part of the halberd they hit them with. Reasonably trained, though not exceptionally brave. These units are initially unarmoured, but can be upgraded substantially.


The WordPress.com monkeys have prepared a 2014 annual report for this blog. The most surprising (and delightful) piece of info, from my point of view, is that we received visitors from 67 different countries!!!
The RSS's interactive site for all users of official statistics is now live. They have several topic-based communities in development, along with information of broader interest.
Anyone can register, join discussions and share resources.


text:
Q: Jquery data Attribute conditional Selector How can i get all DOM which attribute data-"value" in grater then 100 and less then 500

A: You are misusing the data-* attributes. All the attribute selectors filter the elements by their attribute's value not but their attribute's name. There is no predefined selector here. You could iterate through the attributes and do it the hard way:
$('div').filter(function() {
    var a = this.attributes, l = a.length, n;
    for (var i = 0; i < l; i++) {
       if ( a[i].name.match(/^data-[0-9]+$/) ) {
           n = + a[i].name.replace('data-', '');
           return n > 100 && n < 500;
       }
    }
    return false;
});

http://jsfiddle.net/jonpom9m/

A: Have a look at the following example:
in the following example i assume that there are only 2 data attributes, and one of them is 'data-end'
$(function () {
    //we go through all of the dom elements:
    $("*").each(function () {
        //here we go through all of the attributes of the current element:
        $.each(this.attributes, function () {
            //if the attribute containts "data" in its name, and doesnt contain "end", then
            //its an attribute that we need. if you have more data attributes, you need
            //to filter them in the following condition as well:
            if (this.name.indexOf("data") > -1 &&
                this.name.indexOf("end")==-1) {
                //we extract the number from the data attribute:
                var lenght = this.name.length;
                var number_from_data=this.name.substring(5,lenght);
                var is_it_between_100_and_500;
                if(number_from_data>100 && number_from_data<500){
                    is_it_between_100_and_500=true;
                }
                else{
                    is_it_between_100_and_500=false;
                }
                console.log(this.name,is_it_between_100_and_500);
            }
        });
    });
});

EXAMPLE

A: Here's a double filtering to retrieve the elements with attribute data-[number] having number > 100 and number < 500. Still, if we knew more about what you are trying to do, I suspect a much simpler solution would be possible.
[Edit] added a simpler method using the elements outerHTML string for filtering

// FilterDivs: double filtering on attributes nodelist
// FilterDivs2: filter using a match in the outerHTML-string
// ----------------------------------------------------------
var filteredDivs =
    $('[data-end]').filter( function (i, el) {
       return [].slice.call(el.attributes).filter(
           function (v) {
              var key = v.nodeName
                       ,isdatanum = /data\-\d/i.test(key)
                       ,val = isdatanum && +key.split('-')[1] || 0;
              return val > 100 && val < 500;
           }).length
     })
   ,filteredDivs2 = $('[data-end]').filter( function (i, el) {
         var number = +(el.outerHTML.match(/data-(\d+)=/) || [0,0])[1];
         return number > 100 && number < 500;
     });
//show result
$('#result').html('filteredDivs: '+
                  filteredDivs.toArray()
                   .map(function (v) {return '[div#'+v.id+']';}) +
                  ' (see console for actual elements)');
$('#result2').html('filteredDivs2: '+
                  filteredDivs2.toArray()
                   .map(function (v) {return '[div#'+v.id+']';}) +
                  ' (see console for actual elements)');
// log to console
console.log(filteredDivs);
console.log(filteredDivs2);

A: Edit, Updated
Try
// return `filtered` array of `DOM` elememts
// having `data-*` `key` greater than `rangeStart` and less than `rangeStop`
var elem = $("div")
, rangeStart = 100
, rangeStop = 500
, filtered = elem.filter(function(i, el) {
    var _range = Number( Object.keys( $(el).data() || el.dataset )[0] );
    return ( _range > rangeStart && _range < rangeStop )
}).get();

var elem = $("div")
, rangeStart = 100
, rangeStop = 500
, filtered = elem.filter(function(i, el) {
    var _range = Number( Object.keys( $(el).data() || el.dataset )[0] );
    return ( _range > rangeStart && _range < rangeStop )
}).get();

filtered.forEach(function(el) {
  el.style.color = "blue"
})

50

200

300

600

150

800

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


You've noticed a mole, sore, or growth on your skin that doesn't look right. It might be a melanoma and time to see a doctor. Melanoma is skin cancer caused by changes in cells called melanocytes. These cells make a skin pigment called melanin. Melanin's what gives you your skin and hair color. Melanoma can appear on normal skin, or it may begin as a mole or other area that has changed in appearance. Some moles you have when you're born can develop into melanoma. There are four types: superficial spreading melanoma is the most common. It's usually flat and irregular in shape and color, with different shades of black and brown. It's most common in Caucasians. Nodular melanoma usually starts as a raised area that is dark blackish-blue or maybe bluish-red. Lentigo melanoma usually occurs in older adults. It's more common on sun-damaged skin on your face, neck, and arms. It's usually large, flat, and tan, with areas of brown. Lastly, accrual lentiginous melanoma is the least common form. It usually occurs on your palms, soles, or under your nails. And it's more common in African-Americans. The risk of developing melanoma increases with age, but it is often also seen in young people. You are more likely to get melanoma if you have fair skin, blue or green eyes, or red or blond hair. People who live in sunny climates or at high altitudes are also at risk. As are people who spend a lot of time in the sun, or had one or more blistering sunburns during childhood, or use tanning devices. So, how do you know you have melanoma? You may have a mole, sore, lump, or growth on your skin that just doesn't look right. You may notice a sore or growth that bleeds or changes color. One half of the growth may be different from the other. The edges of the growth may be irregular. The color of the growth may change from one area to another. The spot may be larger than 6mm in diameter, about the size of a pencil eraser. The mole may keep changing in appearance. So, what do you do about melanoma? To treat melanoma successfully, you have to recognize the symptoms early. Make sure somebody sees all of your skin at least once a year and pay attention to your own skin. Call your doctor if you notice anything unusual. Your doctor will examine your skin for size, shape, color, and texture of any suspicious areas. If your doctor thinks you may have skin cancer, you'll have a piece of skin removed and sent to a laboratory for testing. This is called a biopsy. You may also have a lymph node biopsy to see if the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. If you are diagnosed with melanoma, you may have other tests to see if the cancer has spread further. You will need surgery if you have melanoma. The doctor will remove the skin cancer and some of the surrounding tissue. If the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes they will also be removed. After surgery, you may need medicine called interferon. If the cancer has spread to organs, it may not be able to be cured. Treatment then might focus on shrinking the cancer and making you as comfortable as possible. You may need chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation treatment, and more surgery. Caught early, some of the types of melanoma can be cured. Melanoma that is very deep or has already spread to lymph nodes is more likely to return after treatment. And the odds are even worse if it has spread farther to other organs. If you have melanoma and recovered, it's important you continue to examine your body for any unusual changes because the cancer may return many years later. One more reason that the earlier you catch it the better.