February 8, 2019 - This RFA has been reissued as RFA-AI-19-012.
This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) on the Centers for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation Consortium (CMCRC) solicits applications to participate in a network of national research centers to develop effective and comprehensive medical countermeasures applicable to all subsets of the civilian population in the event of radiological or nuclear emergencies. Applications are sought that propose multidisciplinary basic and translational research to support the development of new medical products that will assess, diagnose, mitigate and/or treat the short- and long-term consequences of radiation exposure after a radiological/nuclear terrorist event or accidental exposure. The goals of this FOA are to: 1) produce new techniques and devices to measure radiation exposure in the human body; 2) follow biomarkers of tissue damage and recovery; and 3) develop novel therapies to minimize tissue damage, hasten tissue recovery, restore normal physiological function, and improve survival.
October 3, 2014, by 5:00 PM local time of applicant organization.
This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) on the Centers for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation Consortium (CMCRC) solicits applications to participate in a network of national research centers to develop effective and comprehensive medical countermeasures applicable to all subsets of the civilian population in the event of radiological or nuclear emergencies. Applications are sought that propose multidisciplinary basic and translational research to support the development of new medical products that will assess, diagnose, mitigate and/or treat the short- and long-term consequences of radiation exposure after a radiological/nuclear terrorist event or accidental exposure. The goals of this FOA are to: 1) produce new techniques and devices to measure radiation exposure in the human body; 2) follow biomarkers of tissue damage and recovery; and 3) develop novel therapies to minimize tissue damage, hasten tissue recovery, restore normal physiological function, and improve survival. This research program was originally established by NIAID in 2005 under RFA-AI-04-045 and renewed in 2010 under RFA-AI-09-036. All qualified investigators are invited to apply; prior funding under this program is not required.
Very few medical products exist that have been shown to counter the acute and long-term injuries that can result from a nuclear or radiological attack or accident. The threat of attack has grown in recent years, with increased activity of global terrorist organizations and a rise in illicit trafficking of radioactive materials. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH) was given the responsibility by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to identify, characterize and develop new medical countermeasure products against radiological and nuclear attacks that may cause a public health emergency.
In 2005, the NIH published a Strategic Plan and Research Agenda for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological and Nuclear Threats and in 2012, a Strategic Plan and Research Agenda for Medical Countermeasures against Radiological and Nuclear Threats Progress Report: 2005-2011 and Future Research Directions: 2012 - 2016. The agendas of both documents include product development focused on medical countermeasures for mitigation and treatment of acute radiation syndromes (ARS) and radionuclide decorporation agents, and of biodosimetry platforms. Several NIAID-supported contract and grant programs (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/radnuc/funding/Pages/default.aspx ) have been established to expand the medical options available to mitigate and/or treat radiation injury after any radiological/nuclear terrorist attacks or accidents. The CMCR Consortium forms one part of this overall program, providing the early and intermediate stages of the product development pipeline (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/radnuc/Documents/CMCR_renewal_SCIENTIFIC_PROGRAM_DESCRIPTIONS.pdf). To date this program has yielded leading candidates for mitigators/therapeutic agents and improved diagnostic tools to assess radiation exposure, which are currently at different stages of maturity. Continued investment into the CMCRC program is needed to fulfill the ultimate goal of supplying the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) with medical countermeasures, mitigators and/or treatments, biomarker assays and devices to improve survival after acute radiation exposure.
Under normal conditions, the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems as well as skin and mucosal tissues interact with each other to maintain physiological homeostasis. It is clear from data obtained from prior radiological and nuclear accidents that these homeostatic mechanisms may be severely disturbed due to the compromise and progressive physiological failure of these interdependent organ systems, potentially leading to multiple organ failure and mortality. The management of radiation casualties with multi-organ dysfunction syndrome is extremely complex and effective medical countermeasures are lacking. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop clinical tools and new treatment strategies to treat multiple organ failure and restore physiological functions of critical organs after exposure.
Finally, a significant burden of radiation-associated morbidity and mortality is attributable to the delayed and late effects of acute radiation exposure (DEARE), including persistent systemic inflammation, accelerated immune aging, lung fibrosis and pneumonitis, and increased frequency of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The understanding and elucidation of DEARE are thus important to inform public health officials on future medical resources and capabilities that may be needed in the years and decades following a public radiation emergency.
Predicting the severity and specific manifestations of injury in irradiated individuals is also complex. Radiation injury can take days or weeks to present clinical manifestations, and some delayed radiation injuries (such as fibrosis) may not manifest clinically for months or years. Moreover, individuals may differ in their sensitivity to radiation for a variety of reasons, including age, body size, immune status, and genetic background. Finally, the severity of injury to individual organs and tissues varies with radiation dose rate, quality of radiation (low versus high linear energy transfer), the heterogeneity of exposure (partial versus total body), the source of exposure (external radiation versus internal contamination), and could conceivably be modulated by such factors as the bystander effect and the host's adaptive response to prior radiation exposure. Unfortunately, existing biodosimetry techniques and devices have limited, if any, ability to discriminate such variables and they do not predict the severity of injury sustained by specific organs and tissues. Diagnostics that take account of such variables would facilitate the prompt organ- and tissue-directed medical treatment that might be provided by future medical countermeasures. Therefore, in addition to radiation dose assessment through biodosimetry tools and techniques, there is a critical unmet need to develop radiation-exposure biomarkers and devices that will predict the early and/or delayed damage to specific organs and tissues to facilitate precise and timely medical intervention, reduce morbidity, and save lives.
The overarching goal of the CMCRC is to address these unmet needs through an organizational framework of multidisciplinary extramural research centers, consisting of academic, commercial, and/or eligible government laboratories. The specific objectives are to use basic and translational research to develop improved diagnostic tools to assess radiation exposure and biomarker assays of acute radiation injury to different organs/tissues; identify new countermeasures; develop and validate new animal models or in vitro assays to evaluate countermeasures or underlying biology; and move candidate countermeasures through the FDA regulatory process to facilitate eventual licensure and potential inclusion in the SNS. Candidate products with mitigation or treatment potential will be moved into characterization and investigational new drug (IND)-enabling, licensing studies such as those conducted by the NIAID's Product Development Support Services contract (i.e., formulation development, proof of concept studies, and toxicology and efficacy studies to optimize formulation, dose, and dose scheduling) to facilitate eventual FDA licensure and potential inclusion in the SNS.
The overall goal of this program is the development and maintenance of a strong infrastructure, combined with the multidisciplinary research expertise and development capacity to generate new medical products that will protect against, mitigate the effects of, and treat the acute-, short-, and long-term consequences of radiation exposure from terrorist attacks or accidental exposure. To realize this goal, the CMCRC will support: 1) basic, translational, or applied research; 2) development and utilization and/or expansion of existing core facilities that support the research and development activities of an individual center; 3) utilization or development of translational research capacity to test and characterize radiation countermeasures for regulatory approvals; and 4) provide training and education materials in radiobiology research. Diverse research and development approaches are encouraged, but all projects must focus on medical countermeasures to mitigate or treat human injury incurred by radiological or nuclear attacks or accidents, or improved diagnostic tools to assess radiation exposure and must describe their feasibility for human use under public health emergency conditions. Although clinical research is encouraged within this program where relevant, clinical trials will not be supported.
The CMCRC will consist of a consortium of centers focused on accelerating the development and production of medical countermeasures against radiological or nuclear exposure of the civilian population. Applications from groups of investigators affiliated with different institutions are encouraged if the collaborations will strengthen the proposed scientific program.
This program is milestone-based, and includes the flexibility to quickly redirect or replace research projects during the funding period.
Within the Consortium, current candidate products with mitigation or treatment potential may be moved into validation and licensing studies to facilitate their inclusion in the SNS. The program will support applied research and studies to advance products through needed developmental stages when proposed by applicants with these capabilities. The program will also promote confirmatory screening studies, leading to the submission of an investigational new drug (IND) application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to facilitate eventual licensure and potential inclusion in the SNS including: 1) toxicology and efficacy studies consistent with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) to test proof of concept, determine test article safety and to optimize formulation, dose, and dose scheduling; and 2) steps related to formulation development, manufacturing, and drug stability consistent with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). All grantees are strongly encouraged to confer with the NIAID staff and with staff at the U.S. FDA as soon as an appropriate product candidate or medical approach is identified.
Practical biodosimetry devices and techniques, biomarker assays, and other automated diagnostic systems to rapidly assess levels of radiation exposure and assess tissue damage early after an event and during the treatment and recovery phase.
Research and development of medical countermeasures for the mitigation and/or treatment of acute and/or delayed radiation injuries to the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, pulmonary, renal, cardiovascular, and/or central nervous system of the body with the ultimate goal of increasing survival when administered 24 hours or later, post-irradiation.
Therapeutic regimens with emphasis on broad efficacy, safety, and ease of administration to at-risk populations (i.e., pediatric, geriatric, and chronically-ill groups).
Medical countermeasures to treat radiation combined injuries (radiation exposure concomitant with burn, wound, infection, or other physiological trauma).
Mechanism of action of potential countermeasures in irradiated animal models predictive of human responses.
Characterization of injury and countermeasures for treating radiation injuries in highly susceptible subpopulations including pregnant, pediatric, geriatric, and immune compromised persons.
Manufacturing scale-up; GLP toxicology and pharmacology safety studies; pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD) and metabolism studies; development of GLP analytical methods for efficacy studies, PK, and product characterization; and completion of IND packages for FDA submission.
Applications that propose studies outside these research areas or the development of medical products that must be administered prior to exposure or within the 24 hour period after exposure will be considered non-responsive and will not be reviewed.
Applications that propose clinical trials will be considered non-responsive and will not be reviewed.
The CMCRC will consist of: 5-7 Centers (each with a minimum of three research projects, one Administrative Core and optional Service Cores), four Consortium Cores (Coordinating Center Core, Opportunities Fund Management Core, Radiation Physics Core, and Radiation Survivor Core - all administered by institutions selected by the NIAID from the successful applicants), a Steering Committee and its subcommittees, a Consortium External Advisory Committee (CEAC), and other committees as needed.
The Administrative Core will support the coordination of efforts across the research projects and Service Cores, and will support activities to advance integration into the broader CMCRC. This core will be responsible for organization, management, decision-making, and periodic evaluations within the individual center, as well as protection of intellectual property, regulatory compliance, involvement of institutional and programmatic resources, and shared publications. This core is expected to create and implement administrative and leadership mechanisms that will foster effective interactions with other CMCRC PDs/PIs and institutions as well as within the individual group to promote synergistic research efforts. Each center may select an External Scientific Advisory Group (ESAG) to help guide the center's overall program and monitor research progress.
Service Cores will provide clinical, statistical, technical, or other supportive activities, including the development of standard assays, reagents and technologies, the establishment and maintenance of repositories, the delivery of statistical, bioinformatics or any other services required to achieve the research/development goals of the program.
Research Projects must be multi-disciplinary, synergistic research/development projects focused on product development as an ultimate goal, even if development of licensed products will not be completed within the funding period. Basic discovery or mechanistic research is allowed, but it must contribute to the development of a product.
The CCC will be responsible for facilitating the administration, data and information sharing within the CMCRC and the research community, as well as organizing and maintaining web-based educational activities. Activities of the CCC will be undertaken with input from and cooperation with NIAID, the Steering Committee and the CEAC.
This FOA will provide support for: 1) Pilot Projects and 2) Candidate Medical Countermeasure (MCM) development. Pilot project funding is intended to foster novel ideas within and outside the CMCRC, to develop or incorporate new technologies as they become available, and to encourage collaborations among members of different centers and between the CMCRC and investigators within and outside the US. The use of Pilot Projects permits maximum flexibility to advance in the directions that seem most scientifically fruitful. Pilot projects must be within the scope of the FOA. The funding for candidate MCM development is intended to provide additional assistance and/or technical expertise for IND-enabling studies and candidate MCM product development activities in support of projects undertaken by CMCRC investigators.
The RPC will be responsible for providing consortium-wide standards for the various research sites and sources used to conduct studies on irradiated animals to ensure that all such work conducted within the CMCRC is performed under standardized methodologies. The RPC leader will work with his or her counterparts at other centers to assure consistency of the procedures used to irradiate animals and dosimetry to determine that the desired radiation dose is delivered in the proscribed manner.
The RSC will be responsible for the clinical and pathologic assessment of humans and non-human primates (NHP) previously exposed to radiation.
A Steering Committee will serve as the governing board and will coordinate and facilitate research activities for the overall program and foster synergy and efficiency within the Consortium. In addition, the Steering Committee will determine policies and implement processes for quality assurance of any data and information disseminated through activities of the CCC. The Steering Committee will also be responsible for establishing and implementing a process for selection of activities for funding with discretionary funds through the OFMC.
The NIAID will appoint a CEAC of 3-5 members. This group will be updated on progress and inform the Steering Committee and the NIAID on adjustments and future directions for the CMCRC research projects and shared consortium cores.
NIAID intends to commit $21 million in FY 2015 to fund 5-7 awards.
Application budgets for the Admin Core, Research Projects, and Service Cores combined are capped at $3.5 million total costs per year, and should reflect the actual needs of the proposed Center.
The budget requests for the required Consortium-wide Cores must be separate from the $3.5 million total costs per year.
The total direct cost requested for the Centers for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation application (including the Consortium-wide Cores) may not exceed $9.5 million.
An individual may serve as PD/PI on only one application, but may be a Project Leader or Core Leader on more than one application.
Research Strategy: This narrative section summarizes the overall research plan for the multi-project application and explains how the proposed program satisfies the purpose and objectives of this FOA. Describe the central theme of the proposed program and explain how the proposed research projects are synergistic and fit under the overarching program theme. The multi-project application should be viewed as a confederation of interrelated projects, each capable of standing on its own scientific merit, but complementary to one another. This is an important section for it provides the group of investigators an opportunity to give conceptual wholeness to the overall program – by giving a statement of the general problem area and by laying out a broad strategy for attacking the problems. As the strategy develops, each project and core should be cited briefly as to its place in the overall scheme. Briefly summarize the special features in the environment and/or resources that make this application strong or unique. As applicable, describe the synergy and collaborations that occurred. To highlight program synergy, applicants may describe in the Overview how the individual components (projects and shared resource cores) will be coordinated and work together to address the overall goals and aims of the program. Include a schematic overview of the interactions and collaborations among the components (projects and cores), indicate collaborations among members and relevant publications co-authored by members of the program. Program synergy may also be addressed in other sections of the application, as appropriate.
For renewal applications, also include in this section the progress made during the previous funding period as well examples of program synergy.
Include a project manager in charge of the day-to-day coordination of all the activities of the center.
The budget request for this core should include the costs to cover the position of a project manager. The budget request should also include travel funds for the PD(s)/PI(s) and Project and Core Leaders to participate in the annual CMCRC Steering Committee meetings as well as the costs for travel of any ESAG members to meet with center personnel on an annual basis, and any additional meeting costs.
Include the committed level of effort for the administrative and scientific staff for the core.
Specific Aims: List in priority order the proposed activities and services of the Administrative Core. Concisely describe the work to be completed to address issues of program coordination, communication, and management.
Research Strategy: Provide a staffing and administrative plan that includes a discussion of the structure and roles of administrative and scientific staff for the core, including: the functions to be performed by all staff; and how resources will be prioritized, allocated, and managed. Provide a management plan for fiscal accountability and communication within the program.
External Scientific Advisory Group (ESAG): The Administrative Core may support an ESAG. Potential members of a proposed ESAG should NOT be named in the application and ESAG members must not be recruited or contacted prior to review and award. However, for renewal applications, any current or former ESAG member MUST be identified in the application.
This Component, regardless of the amount of direct costs requested for any one year, should address a Data Sharing Plan.
In addition, the CCC application should request a budget for costs of the Steering Committee meetings, including an annual meeting of the Steering Committee, anticipated to take place in Bethesda, MD, and conference calls for Subcommittee and Working Group meetings. Budget requests must include costs for the Core Leader and other essential members of the CCC including a project manager to attend the initial meeting and the annual CMCRC meetings. The budget must also include the costs for CEAC members to meet once annually with the Steering Committee.
The budget for this core is limited to $400,000 total cost per year. This core budget may be modified by NIAID after award, but for purposes of the application, assume that: one full-time administrator will be needed in the position of project manager and that substantial oversight effort will be needed from the Core Lead or other senior staff.
Research Strategy: Describe the ways the CCC will increase opportunities for the proposed research and maximize its benefits. Demonstrate within the CCC research plan the ability to interface with the scientific areas of investigation that are included within this consortium as well as the capacity and flexibility for meeting the needs of the consortium and the research community and for integration of information from the projects. The final plans of the CCC will be adjusted to accommodate the final projects undertaken by the consortium.
Support: study design; data collection, cleaning, and tracking; database infrastructure; information management and monitoring; management of complex cross-sectional or longitudinal data; data sharing; sample size and power calculations; and statistical analysis methods.
Establish a web portal, dedicated to the CMCRC members, to provide information about the consortium and its activities as well as web-based training materials, dedicated to the scientific community, in: 1) the principles of radiobiology; 2) use of assays, methods, reagents, animal models, or technologies to study radiobiology; and 3) the regulatory process required for the licensure of new products and technologies. The CCC should also provide a transition plan to facilitate the migration of the web portal to another awardee in the event of a future renewal of the CMCRC.
Because of the central roles of the CCC to facilitate the interactions within the Consortium among all PDs/PIs, this core will coordinate data collection and management, and create and maintain educational materials. Include a discussion of the scientific role of the CCC in its interactions with the Consortium; do no limit responses to the administrative role of the CCC.
Development and maintenance of means to cooperatively receive data, methods and information electronically from the research projects for central storage, curation and dissemination.
Development and maintenance of information security services.
Timely submission of data and data analyses obtained under this award to the ImmPort database (www.immport.org).
Development and maintenance of means for ongoing, rapid electronic exchange of information and discussion between members of the consortium.
Development and maintenance of means to make current data and information electronically available to the research community.
Coordination and administration of the activities and meetings (including conference calls) of the CMCRC, its Steering Committee, and its CEAC.
Coordination and administration of the CMCRC annual meeting including all CMCRC scientists and ImmPort staff to present research progress and discuss potential collaborations among centers.
Generation and maintenance of minutes from meetings of the CEAC, Steering Committee and CMCRC PDs/PIs as approved by the Chairs and membership of those committees.
Web-based dissemination of information to all CMCRC members on availability and means to access validated resources generated by the research projects (to include models, biomaterials, resources and reagents).
Integration of data, information, methods, materials and models generated through the pilot project subcontracts into the consortium, making them electronically accessible to all CMCRC members and the research community.
Administration of funds for the development of training and education materials, including web-based courses for the scientific community on: 1) principles of radiobiology and 2) use assays, methods, reagents, animal models, or 3) technologies to study radiobiology and/or develop new products through the regulatory process.
Letters of Support: Provide any letters of support from collaborators that are specific to the CCC.
The OFMC key personnel should include a full time administrator.
The budget for this core is limited to $3.3M total cost per year. Include the costs of administrative staff to manage the fund and any needed supplies or services. This core budget may be modified by NIAID after award, but for purposes of the application, assume that: one full-time administrator will be needed; significant oversight effort will be needed from the Core Lead or other senior staff;20-25 pilot project subawards and 5-7 candidate MCM subawards will be issued by this core annually. Total funding for each pilot project may not exceed $100,000 in direct costs. Furthermore, each Pilot Research Project may be supported for no more than two years and one person may serve only once as Pilot Project PD/PI during the center's total award period.
Specific Aims: List, in priority order, the proposed activities and services of the OFMC.
Research Strategy: Describe how the OFMC will operate to serve the CMCRC program, including descriptions of: 1) an administrative structure; 2) methods of communication with the CMCRC Steering Committee regarding the disbursement and tracking of funds; and 3) methods for reporting the status of funds to NIAID.
The scope of the OFMC is to administer set-aside funds to support: 1) Pilot Projects; and 2) Candidate MCM Development. The OFMC plan should include the establishment of an administrative structure to manage the fund; disbursement and tracking funds under the direction of the Steering Committee; implementation of plans for interacting with the institutions that will receive the funds; and the establishment of procedures, formats, and timelines for reporting on the status of the projects and expenditures of the Opportunities Fund to the CMCRC Steering Committee and the NIAID. In addition, with regard to the Pilot Projects fund, the plan should include implementing plans for interacting with the institutions that will receive pilot project funds if outside the CMCRCs; disbursing and tracking funds under the direction of each center; establishing procedures, formats, and timelines for reporting on the status of PPF projects and expenditures to the CMCRC Steering Committee and the NIAID; and establishing procedures for monitoring the success and productivity of the funded Pilot Projects, including terminating them or incorporating them within the center's program; and monitoring adherence to the NIH guidelines for the protection of human subjects and vertebrate animals.
Letters of Support: Provide any letters of support from collaborators that are specific to the OFMC.
Resource Sharing Plan: Individuals are required to comply with the instructions for the Resource Sharing Plans (Data Sharing Plan, Sharing Model Organisms, and Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) as provided in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
The RPC key personnel should include a full time radiation physicist.
The budget for this core is limited to $300,000 total cost per year. Include the costs associated with the: 1) travel of the RPC personnel to all other CMCRC sites to assess their radiation facilities and coordinate the implementation of irradiation and dosimetry SOPs; 2) annual dosimetry assessment of all centers by an independent service laboratory; and 3) travel for the Core Lead to participate in the annual CMCRC Steering Committee meetings. This core budget may be modified by NIAID after award, but for purposes of the application, assume that: one full-time administrator will be needed and that substantial oversight effort will be needed from the Core Lead or other senior staff.
Development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) for review and evaluation of irradiation and dosimetry procedures used at CMCRC sites at the time of award.
Development of SOPs for irradiation and dosimetry to be used at all CMCRC sites.
Analysis of dosimetry data relative to the proscribed dose and the observed biology, e.g. lethality and/or morbidity associated with the delivered dose of radiation.
Verification implementation of irradiation and dosimetry SOP compliance at all CMCRC sites.
Coordination of annual dosimetry assessment by an independent service laboratory.
Letters of Support: Provide any letters of support from collaborators that are specific to the RPC.
Include personnel with the following expertise: human pathology and physiology, molecular biologic techniques, veterinary medical care, NHP pathology and physiology, and adaptation of molecular biologic techniques to the NHP model.
The budget for this core is limited to $2.0M in total cost per year. Include the costs associated with the: 1) acquisition of NHP animals; 2) animal housing; 3) acquisition of samples of human and/or non-human primate origin; and 4) travel for the Core Lead to participate in the annual CMCRC Steering Committee meetings. This core budget may be modified by NIAID after award, but for purposes of the application, assume that: one full-time administrator will be needed; significant oversight effort will be needed from the Core Lead or other senior staff.
Research Strategy: Explain how the core will operate to serve the CMCRC program, including descriptions of: 1) the administrative structure; 2) methods of communication with the CMCRC Steering Committee regarding the sharing of data and samples (when applicable).
Access to physiological samples from human long-term radiation cohort(s).
Procedures for clinical and pathologic assessment of the human physiological samples.
Acquisition and maintenance of previously irradiated, specific-pathogen-free non-human primates.
Procedures for tissue (when applicable) and data sharing with other members of the CMCRC.
Letters of Support: Provide any letters of support from collaborators that are specific to the RSC.
Include the committed level of effort for the scientific staff for the core.
Specific Aims: For each service core, list in priority order the broad, long-range activities and services of the proposed core. In addition, state the core's relationship to the program's goals and how the core relates to two or more individual research projects in the application.
Research Strategy: Describe how the core will support at least two projects and explain why the core resources are not otherwise available. Provide a staffing and administrative plan as well as a discussion of the structure and roles of the scientific staff for the core, and how resources will be prioritized, allocated, and managed. Provide a management plan for fiscal accountability and communication within the program.
Facilities and Other Resources: List the resources available to conduct the proposed studies including a local database, sample repository and statistical capability.
If applicable, include personnel with expertise in manufacturing scale-up.
Include personnel with enough bioinformatics expertise to enable data management activities.
In cases where human samples are to be obtained from an independently-funded clinical trial, applicants can include in their budgets the costs of additional clinical trial-related activities such as the costs of re-consenting study participants, preparation of protocol or IND amendments, and additional sample collection, preparation, and shipping.
Specific Aims: List the broad, long-range objectives and goals of the proposed project. Concisely describe the work to be completed. In addition, state the individual project's relationship to the program's goals and how the project relates to other projects or cores to create synergy.
Research Strategy: Projects must focus on either: 1) the development of new medical products to mitigate and/or treat the acute and delayed effects of radiation exposure, radiation combined injury (radiation plus burns, wounds, trauma, or sepsis), or radiation-induced multi-organ failure; 2) the establishment of biomarkers of tissue damage and recovery; or 3) the development of predictive biomarker assays and devices to assess early and/or delayed effects of acute radiation injury to different organs/tissues. Although clinical trials will not be supported under this initiative, clinical studies may be conducted with human samples collected as part of the CMCRC project(s) or obtained from individuals participating in independently-funded human clinical trials.
Describe manufacturing scale-up, GLP toxicology, pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD) and metabolism studies, product characterization, and completion of IND packages for FDA submission, if applicable. General milestones addressing completion of aims and sub-aims must be provided in the application as part of the experimental plan for each project including a detailed, quantitative description and a schematic representation (e.g. GANTT chart). In addition to describing how the proposed research will contribute to meeting the program's goals and objectives, the project should address a common research and development theme such that synergy is clearly evident among all the proposed research projects. Describe data- and other resource-sharing requirements within the Consortium, as well as data management activities.
Protection of Human Subjects: For projects proposing the use of human samples to be obtained with funds from the CMCRC award, provide the information described in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
When possible, it is strongly recommended that informed consent be used that allows broad use of de-identified stored samples and de-identified data for future studies, beyond the scope of the CMCRC study, including unrestricted sharing of the samples and data for use by other researchers, subject to IRB approval.
For projects proposing the use of human samples to be obtained from independently-funded clinical trials, supporting documents should be uploaded in the Appendix, as described in the instructions for the Appendix section below.
Letters of Support: Provide any letters of support from collaborators that are specific to the individual research project.
Upon receipt, applications will be evaluated for completeness by the Center for Scientific Review and responsiveness by the NIAID, NIH. Applications that are incomplete and/or nonresponsive will not be reviewed.
Are the overall program goals and scientific questions significant and focused on studies that meet the purpose and objectives of the CMCRC program?
Is there adequate evidence of sufficient institutional support for the PDs/PI(s) in terms of space, equipment and other resources?
Are the individual research projects and cores well-coordinated, do they synergize towards achieving the central objectives of the program and will the scientific gains of the multi-project program be beyond those achievable if each project were pursued independently?
For applications designated multiple PDs/PIs, is the Leadership Plan adequate and appropriate to ensure that there will be sufficient coordination and communication among the PDs/PIs?
What is the likelihood that the results of the study will be translated into important new knowledge for the development of effective and comprehensive medical countermeasures, when administered 24 hours post-irradiation or later, applicable to all subsets of the civilian population in the event of radiological or nuclear emergencies?
Are the research project lead(s), collaborators, and other researchers well suited to the project? If Early Stage Investigators or New Investigators, or in the early stages of independent careers, do they have appropriate experience and training? If established, have they demonstrated an ongoing record of accomplishments that have advanced their field(s)? If the project is collaborative or multi-lead, do the investigators have complementary and integrated expertise; are their leadership approach, governance and organizational structure appropriate for the project?
Are the designated personnel sufficient to enable compliance with the data- and other resources-sharing requirements?
Do the designated personnel have sufficient bioinformatics expertise to enable data management activities?
In each Research Project, is there a predominant focus on basic or translational research aimed at the development of medical countermeasures against radiation? Is the proposed research and development of medical countermeasures appropriate for mitigation and treatment of radiation injury when administered 24 hours or later, post-irradiation? Will data collection and analysis methods be appropriate in terms of quantitation, controls, and management? Are the proposed milestones detailed, explicit, and quantitative, detailing an approach that is achievable each year of the Project? If applicable, are the plans for manufacturing scale-up, GLP toxicology, PK, PD, metabolism and other IND enabling studies appropriate?
Are adequate resources available to conduct the proposed studies, including a local database, sample repository, and statistical capability?
Reviewers will provide an overall impact score to reflect their assessment of the likelihood for each core to exert a sustained, powerful influence on the research field(s) involved, in consideration of the following review criteria and additional review criteria (as applicable for the core proposed).
Is provision of the proposed core services to the center described in sufficient detail?
Is the staffing and administrative plan appropriate to facilitate attainment of the objectives of the proposed program?
Are the experience, level of commitment, and availability of the Core Lead, Project Manager, and any additional staff adequate to manage the overall program?
Are the plans for communication and collaboration with other centers adequate?
Are the quality of the relevant facilities or services provided (including procedures, techniques, and quality control) and criteria for prioritization of usage appropriate?
Is the management plan for fiscal accountability and communication appropriate?
Reviewers will rate each core to reflect their assessment of the likelihood for the core to exert a sustained, powerful influence on the research field(s) involved, in consideration of the following review criteria and additional review criteria (as applicable for the core proposed).
Reviewers will consider each of the review criteria below, as appropriate for the individual consortium core, in the determination of scientific merit and rate the Core Acceptable or Unacceptable, and will not give separate scores for these items.
Is provision of the proposed core services to the CMCRC program described in sufficient detail?
Are the experience, level of commitment, and availability of the Core Leader and Project Manager adequate to manage the core?
Are the proposed plans for accessibility of information and data from the research projects adequate to maximize the potential of the CMCRC research results to be of benefit to the Consortium members?
Are sufficient effort and expertise dedicated to both data management and data sharing requirements?
Are sufficient effort and expertise for study design and statistical analyses support included in the core?
Are sufficient effort and expertise dedicated to the development and management of the web-based infrastructure devoted to the electronic networking among all CMCRC participants?
Are sufficient effort and expertise dedicated to the development and management of the web-based training materials?
Are the proposed management methods appropriate?
Are the plans for coordination and dosimetry standardization, problem identification and resolution, and establishment of a strong collaborative environment within the CMCRC program appropriate?
Are the plans for animal acquisition and maintenance as well as health monitoring and assessment appropriate?
Are the plans for sample acquisition, storage and analysis appropriate?
Are the procedures for clinical and pathologic assessment of the human physiological samples appropriate?
Reviewers will consider each of the review criteria below for the Opportunities Fund Management Core, in the determination of scientific merit and rate the core Acceptable or Unacceptable, and will not consider the evaluation of the core in providing an overall impact score for the application.
Is sufficient justification provided for the management methods proposed?
With regard to the management of the Pilot Project funds, are the proposed plans adequate to support the following core activities: (1) program announcement, (2) application receipt and referral to the appropriate center, (3) fund disbursement, (4) progress report submission, and (5) communication with the Steering Committee and the NIAID?
Are the personnel charged with managing the fund appropriate?
As applicable for the core or project proposed, reviewers will consider each of the following items, but will not give scores for these items, and should not consider them in providing an overall impact score.
Applications will be evaluated for scientific and technical merit by (an) appropriate Scientific Review Group(s), convened by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in accordance with NIH peer review policy and procedures, using the stated review criteria. Assignment to a Scientific Review Group will be shown in the eRA Commons.
Compliance with data- and resource-sharing policies within the Consortium.
Awards will be based on scientific excellence and the need for programmatic balance to ensure the most comprehensive and efficient approach to achieving the objectives.
Awardee-selected projects that involve studies involving greater than minimal risk to human subjects require prior approval by NIH prior to initiation.
One PD/PI from each U19 award will be a voting member of the Steering Committee; will participate in all Steering Committee activities, meetings and teleconferences; and will follow the policies and procedures developed by majority vote of the Steering Committee. All CMCRC investigators will be required to accept and implement policies approved by the Steering Committee.
While safeguarding the privacy of participants and protecting confidential and proprietary information, the PD/PI will be expected to make data publicly available promptly after collection of the last data point within a defined data set, or upon publication of that data in a scientific journal. Data set definitions will be negotiated with NIAID as part of the data-sharing plan for the center.
The PD/PI will ensure successful completion of the data- and other resource-sharing plans within the consortium negotiated with NIAID. Sharing plans within the consortium represents a commitment by the applicant institution (and its subcontractors, if any) to support and abide by the plan.
The PD/PI will establish procedures within the center to ensure that all members of that center, including any scientists added via pilot project support and opportunity fund, conform to the data-sharing and other resource-sharing plans. The final versions of NIAID-approved sharing plans will become a condition of the award. Note that funding beyond the first year may be subject to downward negotiation depending on the progress made in meeting negotiated milestones within the data- and other resource-sharing plans, as well the successful implementation of irradiation and biodosimetry SOPs.
When appropriate and under the direction of the Program Officer, U19 awardees will be expected to collaborate, share novel reagents, biomaterials, methods, models and resources, and share both positive and negative results that would help guide the research activities of other CMCRC members.
The PD/PI may convene an External Scientific Advisory Group (ESAG) for the individual center, to be formed after award at the discretion of the PD/PI. The ESAG would evaluate scientific progress and provide advice to the center on an annual basis. A member of the CMCRC may NOT serve as an ESAG member for a different center.
Consortium Cores: after all grants have been awarded, one or more U19 grantee institution will be selected by NIAID to manage one or more of the following Consortium Cores for the entire CMCRC.
Coordinating Center Core: The selected institution must agree to take responsibility for establishing an administrative structure to: 1) facilitate intra CMCRC communication and coordination of research activities; 2) coordinate data collection and management; and 3) create and maintain a web-portal to disseminate information about the CMCRC and provide educational materials related to radiation biology and regulatory processes for the licensure of new products and technologies.
Radiation Physics Core: The selected institution must agree to take responsibility for establishing an administrative structure to support: 1) the review and evaluation of irradiation and dosimetry SOPs at all centers; 2) the development and implementation of standardized irradiation and dosimetry SOPs within the CMCRC; 3) the coordination of an annual irradiation and dosimetry assessment by an independent service laboratory.
Radiation Survivor Core: The selected institution must agree to take responsibility for creating an administrative structure to establish and maintain an animal colony of previously irradiated NHPs, monitor their health and assess their pathological and physiological status. The Core will also support studies aimed at assessing the long-term health effects of irradiation in human subjects.
Opportunities Fund Management Core: The selected institution must agree to take responsibility for managing the funds, including the disbursement, administration, and reporting on the use of such funds as recommended by the Steering Committee and approved by NIAID. This institution must also agree to take responsibility for creating an administrative structure to establish, as recommended by the CMCRC Steering Committee, procedures, formats and timelines for the solicitation, receipt and referral of pilot project applications to the appropriate center; fund disbursement, and progress report submission to the NIAID.
A designated NIAID Project Scientist will provide programmatic oversight and will monitor progress and adherence to NIH policies. The NIAID will appoint the members of the CEAC, and the CEAC Chair. The same or an additional NIAID Program Official will be responsible for the normal scientific and programmatic stewardship of the award and will be named in the award notice.
Play a key role in coordinating research efforts.
Evaluate the adequacy of data-sharing and other resource-sharing plans within the consortium when making funding recommendations. NIAID program staff may negotiate modifications of sharing plans with the applicant.
Ensure that all consortium funded investigators conform to the CMCRC data-sharing and other resource-sharing policies.
Participate in investigator and Steering Committee meetings as non-voting members.
Facilitate negotiations with companies interested in participating in studies with CMCRC investigators.
Recommend which applications to fund and budget allocations, and monitor the progress of funded projects.
Serve as liaison/facilitator among awardees and with the ImmPort database.
Have confidential access to data generated under this Cooperative Agreement for use in the preparation of internal reports on the activities of the awardees.
Provide assistance to the Steering Committee in the development of procedures for evaluating the performance of research studies and for the removal, redirection, or replacement of ongoing research projects for NIAID approval.
Provide guidance to the awardees with regard to compliance with Federal regulations, oversight and monitoring of collaborative research, feasibility of timely completion, and plans for incorporation of new technologies or other resources.
After award of the grants, a Consortium External Advisory Committee (CEAC) will be established to provide guidance to NIAID by reviewing, evaluating, and prioritizing the scientific progress of the individual awardees and the consortium. CEAC members will be selected by NIAID and applicants should NOT contact any individuals for the purpose of serving on this CEAC, nor should they identify any such individuals in their applications. CEAC members will meet initially and annually with the Steering Committee in conjunction with the CMCRC annual meeting.
The CMCRC will be governed by a Steering Committee to coordinate and facilitate research activities for the overall program; to ensure close coordination with the ImmPort database; to facilitate compliance with the data- and other resource-sharing policies; and to promote optimal research flexibility, synergy, and efficiency.
All research groups will share responsibility for program development and resource coordination through the CMCRC Steering Committee. The NIAID, in concert with the CMCRC Steering Committee, will have the option to redirect research activities within the CMCRC grants if it is considered beneficial to the overall program.
Optimizing resources and communications within the centers, with other government or private organizations as well as the research community at large.
Promoting synergistic interactions among the centers and with other relevant groups.
Evaluating progress of the individual research projects and providing guidance.
Evaluating plans for removal, redirection, or replacement of ongoing projects for NIAID approval.
Developing a policy on publication and sharing of data obtained by the collaborative efforts of the centers.
Coordinating resource sharing within the CMCRC.
Assisting as required in preparing formal reports summarizing activities and/or progress within the CMCRC.
Recommending procedures and timelines to solicit, evaluate and fund applications for Pilot Project funds; Develop a process for the solicitation, evaluation and funding of pilot project proposals. Pilot project funds will be restricted until this process is established and agreed upon in writing by the Steering Committee. The Steering Committee and the NIAID will assess whether successfully completed pilot projects may mature and become full projects.
Make recommendations for procedures to set the goals, priorities, and evaluation criteria for the use of the Candidate MCM Development fund. These recommendations will include: the size and content of the applications; the frequency of application; the timeline from solicitation to funding; and the process to be used to evaluate the applications. Activities supported by the fund may be carried out at a particular center or as sub-awards to other facilities or contracts. Monitoring compliance with these policies at different institutions is the responsibility of the OFMC and NIAID program staff. NIAID approval of expenditure of any portion of the funds will be restricted until a process for the solicitation, and evaluation of proposals is established and agreed upon in writing by the Steering Committee. The Steering Committee may recommend use of the fund to support small validation screening studies through NIAID's Product Development Support Services to facilitate future submission of an investigational new drug (IND) application to the FDA. These studies will include but are not limited to efficacy studies to optimize formulation, dose, and dose scheduling; pilot efficacy studies to inform the design of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) pivotal efficacy study protocols; drug product stability studies; and drug product current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP).
Recommending content of the CMCRC web-based training and educational materials.
Defining needs for centralized resources such as standardized assays, bioinformatics expertise, or sample repositories.
Promoting compliance of CMCRC members with the schedules for data- and other resource-sharing.
Defining procedures for the publication and/or oral presentation of results or data collected collaboratively within the CMCRC.
The Steering Committee will include one PD/PI from each awarded U19 as a voting member, each with one vote. In the case of projects with multiple PDs/PIs, only one PD/PI will be a member of the Steering Committee. The Steering Committee will also include the NIAID Project Scientist as a non-voting member.
Research Project and Core Leaders and other CMCRC investigators may serve as non-voting members, as determined by the Steering Committee. NIAID may also appoint additional staff to serve on the Steering Committee as non-voting members.
A Steering Committee Chair will be elected by majority vote from among the non-Government Steering Committee voting members. Selection of the Chair will be repeated yearly, by majority vote of the non-Government voting members.
The Steering Committee may establish subcommittees and working groups with discrete responsibilities and authorities to promote comprehensive data reporting, uniformity of practices, assay validation and standardization, data and sample sharing, interactions with the ImmPort database staff, and priority setting.
Any disagreements that may arise in scientific or programmatic matters (within the scope of the award) between award recipients and the NIH may be brought in front of a Dispute Resolution Panel composed of three members: a designee of the Steering Committee chosen, one NIH designee, and a third designee with expertise in the relevant area who is chosen by the other two; in the case of individual disagreement, the first member may be chosen by the individual awardee. This special dispute resolution procedure does not alter the awardee's right to appeal an adverse action that is otherwise appealable in accordance with PHS regulation 42 CFR Part 50, Subpart D and DHHS regulation 45 CFR Part 16.


text:
We must end violence against women
Girish Menon, ActionAid UK on 12 July 2016
Every day, millions of women and girls around the world are subject to violence, discrimination and are disadvantaged simply because of their gender.
Grassroots women's rights organisations in Liberia are leading efforts to end violence
In the last year alone we have heard stories of refugee women exploited as they have travelled to Europe in search of sanctuary for their families, horrific reports of a 16 year old girl gang raped in Brazil and the release of a video of the Chibok girls reminding us that the safety of girls and their ability to access education is far from secure.
These aren't isolated incidents. It's likely to be an issue women reading this are all too familiar with. ActionAid's latest research shows that three quarters (75%) of all women in the UK have been subject to public harassment or violence in their cities.
This figure rises to 79 percent of women in India, 86 percent of women polled in Thailand and 89 percent in Brazil. These stats represent an outrageous and global abuse of women's basic right to safety. It robs women and girls of control over their own bodies and lives. It stops them securing a decent education, earning a living, and lifting themselves out of poverty. This violence not only holds back women and girls, but also their families, communities and entire countries - this can't continue.
But all around the world, fearless and determined women are standing up against this, leading grassroots organisations that are working to end this violence. These organisations provide vital support to survivors, fix laws and institutions that are failing women, and challenge the attitudes that allow violence to continue.
At ActionAid we meet women like this every day. Women like Jimisha who runs Women Speak, a group established at The United Methodist University in Monrovia, Liberia in 2012.
"We want to break the silence around sexual violence, harassment and rape. If we don't talk about things it means that the men who carry out these acts don't have to take responsibility for what they do.
Jimisha is a student at United Methodist University and an active member of Women Speak
Theresa, another member, says: "I have been sexually harassed at university, like most women I know. Sadly it is normal for women to experience this at university. Women like me face many issues. We face harassment on the streets and at university but we are fighting back. Our women's group brings us together, like minded women and men to tackle these issues and to bring them out in the open. By not feeling ashamed and refusing to feel shame and by discussing things, only then can things change."
Women Speak is supporting Theresa, Jimisha and others stand up against violence. The group has 50 members and meets weekly on campus to discuss issues affecting women students, such as sexual harassment and lighting on campus.
In 2014 ActionAid Liberia and Women Speak successfully pushed the government to fit lights at the university. Lighting has been put up in the corridors, at the entrance and exits of classrooms and street lights have been installed outside campus, where women pick up public transport for their journeys home. Now almost half of classes are made up of female students.
But sadly, like many women's rights groups around the world, Women Speak are chronically underfunded. Grassroots women's rights organisations receive less than 1% of total UK aid for gender equality.
The UK has established itself as one of the leading voices on gender equality and tackling violence against women, from confronting the use of sexual violence in conflict to championing education as a route out of poverty.
Last September in New York Secretary of State Justine Greening stood up and pledged the UK's commitment to gender equality, with a specific target on ending violence against women, but almost a year on too little progress has been made.
The clock is ticking. The UK Government must take real action and commit to properly funding grassroots women's rights organisations. Just a small amount of funding could make a huge difference to these crucial organisations.
It is only by standing with fearless women and girls and supporting the life changing work of women's rights organisations around the world that we can bring an end to the violence.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
using System;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Http;
using Microsoft.Owin;
using Umbraco.Core;
using Umbraco.Core.Cache;
using Umbraco.Core.Composing;
using Umbraco.Core.Configuration;
using Umbraco.Core.Logging;
using Umbraco.Core.Persistence;
using Umbraco.Core.Services;
using Umbraco.Web.Security;
using Umbraco.Web.WebApi.Filters;

namespace Umbraco.Web.WebApi
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Provides a base class for Umbraco API controllers.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>These controllers are NOT auto-routed.</remarks>
    [FeatureAuthorize]
    public abstract class UmbracoApiControllerBase : ApiController
    {
        private readonly IUmbracoContextAccessor _umbracoContextAccessor;
        private UmbracoHelper _umbracoHelper;

        // note: all Umbraco controllers have two constructors: one with all dependencies, which should be used,
        // and one with auto dependencies, ie no dependencies - and then dependencies are automatically obtained
        // here from the Current service locator - this is obviously evil, but it allows us to add new dependencies
        // without breaking compatibility.

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="UmbracoApiControllerBase"/> class with auto dependencies.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>Dependencies are obtained from the <see cref="Current"/> service locator.</remarks>
        protected UmbracoApiControllerBase()
            : this(
                Current.Factory.GetInstance<IGlobalSettings>(),
                Current.Factory.GetInstance<IUmbracoContextAccessor>(),
                Current.Factory.GetInstance<ISqlContext>(),
                Current.Factory.GetInstance<ServiceContext>(),
                Current.Factory.GetInstance<CacheHelper>(),
                Current.Factory.GetInstance<IProfilingLogger>(),
                Current.Factory.GetInstance<IRuntimeState>()
            )
        { }

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="UmbracoApiControllerBase"/> class with all its dependencies.
        /// </summary>
        protected UmbracoApiControllerBase(IGlobalSettings globalSettings, IUmbracoContextAccessor umbracoContextAccessor, ISqlContext sqlContext, ServiceContext services, CacheHelper applicationCache, IProfilingLogger logger, IRuntimeState runtimeState)
        {
            GlobalSettings = globalSettings;
            _umbracoContextAccessor = umbracoContextAccessor;
            SqlContext = sqlContext;
            Services = services;
            ApplicationCache = applicationCache;
            Logger = logger;
            RuntimeState = runtimeState;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a unique instance identifier.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>For debugging purposes.</remarks>
        internal Guid InstanceId { get; } = Guid.NewGuid();

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the Umbraco context.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual IGlobalSettings GlobalSettings { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the Umbraco context.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual UmbracoContext UmbracoContext => _umbracoContextAccessor.UmbracoContext;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the sql context.
        /// </summary>
        public ISqlContext SqlContext { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the services context.
        /// </summary>
        public ServiceContext Services { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the application cache.
        /// </summary>
        public CacheHelper ApplicationCache { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the logger.
        /// </summary>
        public IProfilingLogger Logger { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the runtime state.
        /// </summary>
        internal IRuntimeState RuntimeState { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the application url.
        /// </summary>
        protected Uri ApplicationUrl => RuntimeState.ApplicationUrl;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the membership helper.
        /// </summary>
        public MembershipHelper Members => Umbraco.MembershipHelper;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the Umbraco helper.
        /// </summary>
        public UmbracoHelper Umbraco => _umbracoHelper
            ?? (_umbracoHelper = new UmbracoHelper(UmbracoContext, Services));

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the web security helper.
        /// </summary>
        public WebSecurity Security => UmbracoContext.Security;

        /// <summary>
        /// Tries to get the current HttpContext.
        /// </summary>
        protected Attempt<HttpContextBase> TryGetHttpContext()
            => Request.TryGetHttpContext();

        /// <summary>
        /// Tries to get the current OWIN context.
        /// </summary>
        protected Attempt<IOwinContext> TryGetOwinContext()
            => Request.TryGetOwinContext();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Search Results: 141 books from 1 publisher. Learn more ›
Spotlight on Argentina
Bobbie Kalman (author)
Spotlight on Argentina introduces children to this fascinating country in South America, which stretches from Bolivia to the southern tip of South America - the island of Tierra Del Fuego. The country's vast grassy plains, called the Pampas, are famous for cowboys called gauchos. To the south, the landscape looks more like Antarctica with large glaciers, including the famous Perito Moreno. Children will learn about Argentina's land, history, the daily lives of its people, and how they celebrate their culture.
Cultural Traditions in China
Lynn Aloian (author)
This intriguing book describes how the traditions, beliefs, and rituals of people across the vast country of China are observed in the many different festivals celebrated today. Young readers will also learn how the Chinese people celebrate family occasions.
Hospital Workers in the Emergency Room
Being sick can be a scary experience, but the hospital workers in the emergency room can make children feel better. These knowledgeable community helpers include doctors, nurses, emergency medical technicians, lab technicians, and many more. Children will be fascinated by the roles hospital workers play in helping them get well. Key topics include an overview of the emergency room, equipment used by hospital workers, x-rays, blood tests, and how hospital ER personnel work as a team.
Cultural Traditions in the United States
Molly Aloian (author)
Many holidays and festivals celebrated in the United States honor religious events and important dates or people in the country's history. This interesting book shows how Americans celebrate holidays and family occasions, as well as the traditions of the cultures from which their families first came.
Explore Antarctica
Rebecca Sjonger, Bobbie Kalman (author)
Antarctica is one of the most desolate and fascinating continents on Earth! In Explore Antarctica, kids are taken on a journey through this continents chilly geography, exploring its mountains, peninsula, seas, and mile-thick layer of ice. Kids will be thrilled to learn about why Antarctica receives six months each of sunlight and darkness every year, the beautiful animals that live in Antarctica, the ground-breaking Antarctic Treaty, and the amazing findings of researchers studying this little-known continent.
Grace Jones (author)
There are communities all over the world. A person might be part of many communities—at school, in their neighborhood, or even one big world community! Young readers will learn how communities help us learn to respect others, celebrate diversity, and work together.
Fun ways to learn
This book offers a fun path to learning with activities that help children develop skills such as concentration, deeper analytical abilities, and improved thought processing. Children will love the engaging art, music, nature, writing, and "maker" activities, which encourage critical thinking and problem solving skills, cooperation, communication, and creativity.
Getting from place to place in my community
Travel and transportation can be different in cities, suburbs, and small towns. This book encourages children to look at their communities and identify the types of transportation used to move people and goods. They will then compare and contrast how people and goods are moved in different kinds of communities, based on their locations.
What are landforms?
Spectacular photographs and engaging text help introduce students to familiar landforms and others they may not have seen before. By using compare-and-contrast questions, children will be encouraged to identify differences in similar landforms, such as mountains and hills. Children will also be inspired to paint landscapes, create volcanoes, and write poems, songs, or projects about their favorite landforms to express their own creativity.
Kirsty Holmes (author)
A belief is something that we accept as being true or something that we can trust. Children will learn about the different beliefs held by people around the world with respect to religion, culture, and family. They will also learn how to respect and value others' beliefs.
Sports in Different Places
Robin Johnson (author)
Sports are played all around the world, in many different forms. Readers will discover that some countries have their own national sports, while many others are played locally, while there are other sports, such as soccer / football, that are played in nearly every country around the world.
Toys and Games in Different Places
From card games and board games to dolls and collectibles, this book introduces readers to traditional games and toys from around the world. Readers will see similarities and differences between their own sources of entertainment and those of others. This inviting new title will surely earn top marks with young readers!
New Year Celebrations in Different Places
Did you know that New Year celebrations can be traced back more than 4,000 years ago? Dynamic photographs and well-crafted text introduce readers to New Year celebrations including Songkran, Chinese New Year, Rosh Hashanah, and Diwali.
Art in Different Places
Through vibrant photographs and accessible text, this inviting title looks at the rich diversity of art forms in different places around the world. From decorative art forms such as basketweaving to painting, sculpture, and other visual arts, readers will understand how art is an expression of culture.
Cultural Traditions in Vietnam
Julia Labrie (author)
This interesting book examines the holidays and traditions in Vietnam, which include colorful festivals that celebrate meaningful lunar calendar days and unique family traditions. Dynamic images, concise fact boxes, and clear text introduce readers to the traditional foods, clothing, and other practices used to celebrate holidays in Vietnam. Readers will also find out about Vietnamese folklore and religious practices.
Canada's 150th Birthday
Kathy Middleton (author)
Celebrating the country's 150th birthday in 2017, it's time to celebrate Canada! This timely title explores the exciting events and celebrations that are taking place in honor of Canada's sesquicentennial year. From the traveling SESQUI festival to special community projects everywhere, Canada's 150th Birthday offers an exciting opportunity to discover how Canadians will be celebrating the country's history, people, and cultures. Children will be inspired by the engaging activities that encourage students to get involved in coming up with their own ideas to wish Canada a happy birthday.
Cultural Traditions in Ghana
Joan Marie Galat (author)
Made up of diverse cultures and with a history of European rule, Ghana is rich in unique traditions. Many holidays and festivals celebrate national events, food harvests, and religious holy days. From unique clothing to traditional music, storytelling, and foods, readers will delight in this interesting title that follows the different holidays and cultural traditions throughout the year in Ghana.
Cultural Traditions in Honduras
Rebecca Sjonger (author)
This fascinating book introduces readers to the cultural traditions in the Central American country of Honduras. A largely Catholic country, readers will learn how Honduran people celebrate traditional religious holy days in new and different ways. Family celebrations and indigenous cultural traditions are also detailed. Colorful images and fact boxes examine the traditional clothing and foods of Honduras.
Cultural Traditions in Iceland
Iceland is a country full of unique traditions—some stemming from its Norse heritage and others from religious observances. Readers will learn about the interesting cultural traditions of Iceland, from distinctive food festivals to family traditions, as well as holidays connected to traditional myths and stories. Topics also include Icelandic celebrations of familiar holidays such as Easter and Christmas.
Cultural Traditions in Poland
Linda Barghoorn (author)
This engaging book takes readers through a year of holidays and traditions in Poland. Many of the country's holidays are based on Catholic holy days—but traditional Polish customs, clothing, and food remain at the center of every occasion. Colorful images and clear text also help readers discover traditions and holidays unique to Poland, such as harvest festivals and family traditions.
Cultural Traditions in Sri Lanka
Known for its diversity, Sri Lanka is a country with many unique cultural traditions. This intriguing book guides readers through a year of holidays and traditions in the country, from Buddhist celebrations such as Poya Days, to the family traditions of specific ethnic groups. Other celebrations also include Hindu, Muslim, and Catholic holidays, and festivals celebrating food and farming.
Cultural Traditions in Turkey
A country with a rich history and culture, Turkey's cultural traditions are influenced by Islamic holy days and its diverse ethnic population. Clear images and text with interesting fact boxes guide readers through a year of traditions and celebrations in the influential country. Find out also how traditional Turkish foods, clothing, and music are featured and celebrated.
Cultural Traditions in Cuba
Kylie Burns (author)
A nation with Spanish, African, Asian, and Caribbean roots, Cuba's people celebrate their diversity with a range of cultural traditions. From celebrated Cuban music and dance to legends and family customs, this interesting book guides readers through the celebrations and traditions practiced by Cubans throughout each year. Other celebrations include national holidays and Christian observances.
Be a Diary Detective
Readers take on the role of historical detectives as they examine letters and diaries as primary sources and discover how they can be used to study the past.
Be a Photograph Detective
Readers take on the role of historical detectives as they examine photographs as primary sources and discover how they can be used to study the past.


I must say, I'm pretty excited about this month's Work It theme on LaurenConrad.com! From the time I was in high school, I've always been very career focused. Even way back when I was cast on Laguna Beach, I remember having a discussion with my father about how we could turn the opportunity I was given into a career in fashion (which was always my goal). It's taken a lot of hard work, perseverance, a supportive family and team, and a little luck, but I am so grateful to have the career I have today.
The best part of my job is that no day is ever the same. Some days I'm working at a pop-up shop for Paper Crown, and other days I'm testing recipes and crafting for this website. I get to fly to New York to work with my design team for my LC Lauren Conrad collection, and travel around the world to meet with artisan groups for The Little Market. It never gets boring, that's for sure.
So this month, my editorial team and I are going to be giving you some of our best career advice to help you get where you want to be. I'll be sharing the Smart Girl's Guide to Networking and my tips on maintaining a work/life balance (which isn't always easy). We'll give you 5 ways to stretch at your desk and a list of the best sources to seek out your dream internship. But that's not all… You can also expect all the fun food, fashion, and crafting blogs you see here every month. And since Easter is this Sunday, we have some adorable egg decorating DIYs coming your way on Thursday. Stay tuned!
What do you want to see on the blog this month?


Digital output modules are available in 8- and 16-point relay output modules, 8-, 16- and 32-point transistor sink output modules, and 8-, 16- and 32-point transistor source output modules with a screw terminal block or plug-in connector for output wiring.
The output modules can be connected to the all-in-one 24-I/O type CPU module and all slim type CPU modules to expand output terminals. The all-in-one 10- and 16-I/O type CPU modules cannot connect output modules.


Športni pozdrav na našem sedmem turnirju v okviru "Mednarodnega hokejskega turnirja U11 - 2018", ki ga organizira Hk Slavija Junior. Pred sedmimi leti smo z veliko željo in ambicijami po kvalitetnem turnirju, začeli turnirsko pot, katera nas vsako leto združuje.
Vodstvo kluba ob veliki pomoči staršev in klubi, ki se vsakoletno radi vračajo in nenazadnje vsi udeleženci ste dokaz, da imamo kakovosten turnir, ki daje lepo doživetje mladim športnikom.
Letošnji turnir bo zaznamovan tudi s prvim okroglim jubilejem kluba, 10. obletnico. Turnirja U-9, U-11 in jubilejna obletnica nam dajeta vedeti, da zastavljena pot kluba pri vzgoji mladih hokejistov prava in daje lepo popotnico vsem, kateri smo kakorkoli povezani s Hk Slavija Junior.
Naš klub vsako leto nadgrajuje svoje cilje in povečuje število sodelujočih otrok na klubskih treningih in turnirjih. Vzorniki najmlajših v letošnji sezoni tekmujejo v okviru lige EBYSL za selekcijo U20 in vse ostale selekcije, katere igrajo v okviru državnega prvenstva.
Hvala za udeležbo na turnirju in v upanju, da bo med turnirjem sklenjenih mnogo novih prijateljstev, da bomo videli veliko lepih tekem in da bodo naši mladi hokejski varovanci uspešno nastopili na turnirju.
Kindly welcome to our seventh meeting within "International hockey tournament U11 - 2018", organised by Hk Slavija Junior. We started this event seven years ago with big ambitions, wishing for quality tournament, which brings us all together every year.
Our club management along with great assistance from players parents, clubs that like to play here year by year, and of course all tournament participants are proof of a quality that tournament gives a lot of good experiences to young sportsmen.
This years tournament will be marked with our round jubilee, 10th anniversasy of Hk Slavija Junior existance. U9 and U11 tournaments that we have successfully organised in the past and of course our anniversary give us confirmation that clubs' path and work with youth is set correctly. It encourages all connected to Hk Slavija Junior for further effort and development.
Each year we improve our goals and increase the number of participating children in clubs trainings and tournaments. Role models of our youngest players are competing in EBYSL league in this season, for U20 and all other selections within national championship.
Thank you for your participation on this tournament. We are hoping that many new friendships will be made during this event and that many wonderful games will be played, with our young hockey proteges performing well.
In the last day games which are also played 2x 20 min and the game is tied there will be a penalty shootout immediately afterwards (3 shooters per team). If no decision is made, 1 shooter per follows Team alternating until decision. No shooter can compete twice.
IIHF rules (games will be played across the whole ice rink 5 on 5). Players with match penalties and serious disciplinary penalties will be excluded from the teams for one match. Very serious cases will eliminate the player from the entire tournament. Any protests or disputes will be heard if brought to the committee within 15 minutes from completion of the match in question. Any such issues will be resolved by the disciplinary committee comprised of the Tournament Board of Directors and one representative of the competing teams. All decisions are final.


The Spider Strap is an innovative strapping system for securing patients to the full backboard or scoop stretcher.
It is easy to use,efficient and will rapidly become an essential piece of equipment.
The Spider Strap is quickly applied and holds the patient securely and comfortably to the backboard.


Add the extra magical touch to your presents this Christmas with an adorably cute Christmas Penguin Santa Sack! This happy little bird is totally ready for the festivities, with his stripey scarf and red Santa hat! Don't get in a flap this year, get your stockings ready and your Christmas will be filled with cheer!


text:
package info.histei.commons;

import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
import ro.sync.util.editorvars.EditorVariables;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FilenameFilter;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

import static info.histei.utils.OxygenUtils.expandOxygenPath;
import static info.histei.utils.OxygenUtils.getCurrentAuthorAccess;

/**
 * Created by mike on 2/9/14.
 */
public class Icon {

//    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(Icon.class.getName());

    public static final List<Integer> SIZES = Arrays.asList(16, 20);
    public static final Integer DEFAULT_SIZE = 16;

    private static final String NAME_SIZE_SEPARATOR = "-";
    private static final String IMAGE_EXTENSION = ".png";
    private static final FilenameFilter IMAGE_FILTER = new FilenameFilter() {
        /* Only return the default 16x16 png files,
            since each icon has multiple files and this is for a unique list */
        @Override
        public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
            return name.endsWith(DEFAULT_SIZE.toString() + IMAGE_EXTENSION);
        }
    };

    private static final String IMAGES_BASE_PATH = EditorVariables.FRAMEWORK_DIRECTORY + "/images/";

    @Nullable
    public static Path getImagesDirectory() {
        return expandOxygenPath(IMAGES_BASE_PATH, getCurrentAuthorAccess());
    }

    private static final Map<String, Icon> icons = new HashMap<>();

    @NotNull
    public static Map<String, Icon> getIcons() {
        if (icons.isEmpty()) {
            Path imagesDirectory = getImagesDirectory();
            if (imagesDirectory != null) {
                File[] listFiles = imagesDirectory.toFile().listFiles(IMAGE_FILTER);
                if (listFiles != null) {
                    synchronized (icons) {
                        for (File file : listFiles) {
                            String fileName = file.getName();
                            String name = fileName.substring(0, fileName.indexOf(NAME_SIZE_SEPARATOR));
                            icons.put(name, new Icon(name));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return icons;
    }

    @Nullable
    public static Icon get(String name) {
        return getIcons().get(name);
    }

    /* Instance Members */

    private String name;
    private Integer size = DEFAULT_SIZE;

    protected Icon(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @NotNull
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    @NotNull
    public Integer getSize() {
        return size;
    }

    public void setSize(Integer size) throws IllegalArgumentException {
        if (SIZES.contains(size)) {
            this.size = size;
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid size! Valid sizes are: " + SIZES.toString());
        }
    }

    @NotNull
    public String getFileName() {
        return name + NAME_SIZE_SEPARATOR + size.toString() + IMAGE_EXTENSION;
    }

    @NotNull
    public String getPath() {
        return IMAGES_BASE_PATH + getFileName();
    }

}


text:
Den Danske Naturfond er en dansk privat erhvervsdrivende fond, hvis overordnede formål er at forbedre naturtilstanden og vandmiljøet i Danmark. Den blev stiftet i januar 2015 af den danske stat, Villum Fonden og Aage V. Jensen Naturfond.

Historie
Den 2. december 2013 underskrev statsminister Helle Thorning-Schmidt og miljøminister Ida Auken på vegne af den danske stat en aftale om stiftelsen af den privat-offentlig politisk uafhængige Den Danske Naturfond, sammen med de to fonde, Aage V. Jensen Naturfond og Villum Fonden. Staten indskød 500 millioner kroner, mens Villum kom med 250 mio. og Aage V. Jensen 125 mio. Staten betalte yderlige 49 mio. kr. i driftstilskud, så fondens midler udelukkende blev brugt på formålet. Folketinget vedtog 19. december 2014 'Lov om Den Danske Naturfond', som udstikker rammerne for fondens aktiviteter.

Fondens områder

Mols Bjerge
Fondens første projekt blev offentliggjort i marts 2016. Her ville den i samarbejde med Naturhistorisk Museum og Molslaboratoriet indhegne 120 hektar i Mols Bjerge, og efterfølgende sætte vilde heste ud i en 10-årig forsøgsperiode. Indhegningen afløste 14 mindre af slagsen, og er beliggende på Molslaboratoriets jorde umiddelbart syd/sydvest for Femmøller og Femmøller Strand.

Bøtøskoven
I 2017  erhvervede Naturfonden   Bøtøskoven ved Marielyst på Falster for sammen med Guldborgsund Kommune gennemføre en naturgenopretning af området.  Bøtøskoven er en vigtig lokalitet for mange forskellige arter af insekter, flagermus, og fugle, og er især kendt som en spændende sommerfuglelokalitet. Området har et areal på 153 hektar

Andre områder
Den Danske Naturfond  ejer desuden helt eller delvis arealer omkring
 Holme Å ved Varde
 Læsten Bakker og Skals Ådal  nordvest for Randers
Fyns Hoved
Hammer Bakker nord for Aalborg
 Kollund Skov i beunden af Flensborg Fjord
 Mandø i Vadehavet
 Frejlev Skov på Lolland
Den Danske Naturfond  deltager også i en række naturpleje og naturgenopretningsprojekter i samarbejde med andre aktører.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Den Danske Naturfonds officielle hjemmeside
 Lov om Den Danske Naturfond

Etableret i 2015
Naturfond
Naturfond

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Even after an almost forced retirement, Brian Urlacher is still rooting for the Chicago Bears, unless they make it to the Super Bowl.
Urlacher is happy in retirement, or so he told NFL.com's Dave Dameshek in a recent interview, saying "there's nothing that could bring me back." But, while the 35-year-old former linebacker enjoys the spoils of retirement, he's also hoping the Bears don't win a ring without him.
Urlacher didn't want to retire in the first place and, as "happy" as he may seem, probably still wants to be on the field. So, after 13 seasons in Chicago, missing out on his best chance at a title in 2006, Urlacher's negative reaction is understandable. Even Bears quarterback Jay Cutler can empathize with his former teammate.
Cutler could be in a similar situation to Urlacher by this time next year. At 30 years old, it's unlikely Cutler will find himself in retirement but, with his contract set to expire, he too may look back at Chicago with that longing feeling.


Vancouver is not only ridiculously beautiful, but it's also delicious too. It has all the elements for a good meal: emphasis on local ingredients, plenty of fresh seafood, and a large Asian influence (almost 30 percent of the city's population is of Chinese heritage).
Growing up in San Francisco, I'm a sucker for places that have abundant Asian food options (Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Chinese and Thai are all high priorities). So when I realized Vancouver was well known for its Asian cuisine, I was sold.
Mustafa who doesn't have the same level of enthusiasm for Asian food (but is slowly warming up to it) was equally pleased with the coffee shops and beer options during our stay. Vancouver is excelling in craft beers and locally roasted coffee, so if you fancy either (or both) liquids, there are plenty of great options around town.
Here's where we ate during our short stay in town.
I could not pass up on the opportunity to go to a Japanese izakaya that specializes in garlic-centric dishes. Literally almost every dish had garlic in one form or the other, and I wouldn't have it any other way. My personal favorite was the grilled garlic shrimp-so so good.
Two words: peach cider. As an avid cider fan, I've never had a cider with such a delicious summery twist. The food was also memorable, and in an attempt to be healthy I ordered the veggie burger, which did not make me miss the meat version at all. The space itself had such a laid back vibe, and was the perfect place to wait out the evening rain.
I'm not usually one to wait long for food, but this sushi place was highly recommended for its fresh sushi, so we waited in the cold Vancouver night for 1.5 hours. Was it worth it? Um, yes. But I would highly recommend getting there when it opens to beat frozen fingers.
I'm a sucker for food markets, and always try to seek them out no matter how touristy they tend to be. The Public Market on Granville Island did not disappoint, and after an initial lap around the stalls, we chose the Stock Market, known for their soups and stocks. Our Thai chicken soup and red snapper chowder were the perfect remedy to the notoriously overcast Vancouver weather.
For fish and chips, this is a reliable place to go on Denman Street. The fish was flaky and not too oily. The fries could have been a little less salty, but then again you can't always win can you? Get the fish and chips, and take them to nearby Stanley Park picnic-style. You won't regret it.
This was our local go-to coffee shop on Main Street that was nearby our Airbnb. The atmosphere is cozy with plenty of places to sit inside (including near a fireplace) and on the patio. Our first morning in Vancouver, we came here and I ate this insane ginger-current scone that I've been craving ever since. I went back again a few days later only to find they were sold out. So I got a matcha green tea donut in consolation-not a bad alternative at all.
If you are near Canada Place downtown, this gelato shop is right around the corner and it cannot be missed. There are unique flavors like lavender, but the traditional ones like chocolate do the trick too.
This eclectic Italian café on Commercial Drive, instantly won over my heart with its life-sized Roman statues and large selection of both gelato and Italian pastries. Commercial Drive in general is known historically as Little Italy, and has quite a few Italian coffee shops, but this one is open late and has winning décor.
Have you been to Vancouver? Would love to hear your food recommendations!


New cosmetics line Royal Caviar Natura Siberica has combined the rich decadence of caviar with cutting edge cosmetology, bringing luxurious youth and beauty to your skin. Rich in minerals and amino acids, caviar extracts are perfectly absorbed by skin cells. Combined with vitamins, minerals, and organic herbal extracts, it effectively activates collagen and elastin production.
Strengthening and toning the skin, it deeply nourishes and hydrates skin cells, smooths out wrinkles, and controls excessive pigmentation. All Absolut products have been specially designed to polish the beauty and radiance of your skin. Use daily to firm your skin, wipe out wrinkles, and smooth your complexion.
This richly textured cream restores vitality and elasticity to your skin. It visibly helps lift the skin while smoothing out fine lines and wrinkles. As a result your skin looks lifted and smoother, facial contours are firmed, and wrinkles and fine lines are noticeably reduced.
Siberian Caviar Extract stimulates collagen production and enhances the skin natural anti-fatigue factor.
Organic soapwort extract stimulates natural collagen production and enhance the skin's natural anti-fatigue factor.
Bisabolol deeply moisturizes the skin, while Omega-6 and Pepha®-Tight Complexes firm, nourish and protect it from environmental impacts.
How to use: In the morning and/or evening apply a small amount onto the clean face and neck. Suitable for everyday use. For best results use with Beluga Caviar Revitalizing Face Serum.
Skład INCI: Aqua, Dicaprylyl Ether, Octyldodecanol, Cetearyl Alcohol, Glyceryl Stearate, Cetrearyl Glucoside, Triticum Vulgare Germ Oil, Saccharide Isomerate, Algae Extract, Pullulan, Panthenol, Glyceryl Linoleate, Glyceryl Oleate, Glyceryl Linolenate, Caviar Extract, Oenothera Biennis Oil*, Saponaria Officinalis Root Extract*, Quersus Robur Bark Extract*, Rhodiola Rosea Root ExtractWH, Cetraria Nivalis ExtractWH, Pinus Pumila Needle ExtractWH, Bisabolol, Zingiber Officinale Root Extract, Malva Sylvestris Flower Extract*, Sodium Polyacrylate, Pinus Sibirica Seed Oil Polyglyceryl-6 EstersPS, Sodium Stearoyl Glutamate, Benzyl Alcohol, Dehydroacetic Acid, Parfum, Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Sorbate, Ethylhexylglycerin, Citric Acid.


text:
Christophe Sleurs (né le  à Lommel dans la province de Limbourg) est un coureur cycliste belge.

Biographie

Christophe Sleurs naît le  à Lommel en Belgique.

Membre de Terra Footwear-Bicycle Line en 2010, il passe dans l'équipe VL Technics-Abutriek de 2011 à 2013, avant d'être recruté par 3M à partir de la saison 2014.

Palmarès
 2012
 Champion du Limbourg du contre-la-montre
 Champion du Limbourg du contre-la-montre espoirs
 2013
 Champion du Limbourg du contre-la-montre
  du championnat de Belgique du contre-la-montre élites sans contrat
 2014
 Champion du Limbourg du contre-la-montre
 2015
 Champion du Limbourg sur route

Classements mondiaux

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste belge
Naissance en juin 1990
Naissance à Lommel


Just hold on, we are going home.
Pretend all u want i know every bad thing u said about me behind my back &call ur self my friend.
"Friends are those rare people who ask how you are and then wait for the answer."
Life is short but friendship is forever!
I love u!! Its my birthright and i will express it. Born wild, live wild.
We do not understand the meaning of prophetic imagination unless we see the connection between the religion of static triumphalism and the politics of oppression and exploitation.