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Eleanor Sidgwick
Eleanor Sidgwick (1845-1936) was the wife of Cambridge philosopher Henry Sidgwick, a founder of the Society for Psychical Research and its first president. A mathematician and prominent educationalist, Sidgwick made a major contribution to the Society in its early years, in both administration and research.
Life and Background
Psychical Research
Mental Mediumship
Cross-Correspondences
Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick ('Nora') was a member of the wealthy and exceptionally distinguished Balfour family. Her uncle, Lord Robert Cecil, later the third Marquis of Salisbury, was prime minister for three periods between 1886 and 1892, being succeeded from 1902 to 1905 by Eleanor's brother Arthur (giving rise, it is alleged, to the phrase 'Bob's your uncle'). Arthur was later (1916-19) foreign secretary in Lloyd George's coalition government and occupied various other senior positions. He became first Earl of Balfour in 1922. Another of Eleanor's brothers, Gerald, a classical scholar, became a cabinet minister and in 1930 inherited Arthur's title. Yet another brother, Francis Maitland Balfour, an embryologist of outstanding promise, died tragically young in an Alpine climbing accident. Her brother-in-law, Lord Rayleigh, was an eminent physicist; and her husband, Henry Sidgwick, was the leading Cambridge philosopher of his day (Arthur was his pupil) and a pioneer of higher education for women. All these family members except for Salisbury were to become presidents of the SPR.
Eleanor's father died in 1856, and she and her seven siblings (two boys and five girls, all younger than her) were largely brought up by their widowed mother in a deeply religious but far from intellectually narrow household. All were encouraged to pursue their intellectual interests. Eleanor showed a particular interest in and aptitude for mathematics, which she studied privately. She was well-read in English literature, and fluent or competent in several foreign languages (the family travelled abroad a good deal). Her mother also believed in charitable work and the value of acquiring practical skills: for a while she shared the duties of cook in a large house.
After 1869, when she began to act as hostess and housekeeper for her brother Arthur at his houses in Scotland and London, Eleanor's intellectual and practical gifts gradually became apparent to a widening circle. Through Arthur she became involved in the movement for the higher education of women, and in the investigation of psychic phenomena, and met her husband-to-be and close collaborator in these endeavours, Henry Sidgwick, whom she married in1876. It appears that for a while she studied for a mathematical qualification that would have enabled her to read for the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos. Her coach, NM Ferrers, a celebrated mathematician and teacher, soon to become Master of Caius College, was known to hold the opinion1 that had she continued 'she would have been a high Wrangler' (in other words would have passed at the level of a high first class honours degree)2 but she gave up the idea in view of the extra calls on her time entailed by marriage.3 Nonetheless a few years later her name appeared jointly with that of her brother-in-law Lord Rayleigh on three papers in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, concerning the recalculation of the standard units of electrical measurement, work for which her meticulous accuracy in recording readings and her mathematical talents in checking calculations were well suited.
Her principal lines of endeavour, however, remained in the higher education of women and in psychical research, in both of which areas she accomplished far more than most people, however able and hard-working, could have achieved in a lifetime devoted to either. She became treasurer of the Newnham College Association in 1879 and remained as treasurer of Newnham College until 1920 – no light task during a time of rapid advancement and expansion.4 She was vice-principal of Newnham from 1880 to 1882 and principal from 1892 to 1910, a position which entailed heavy responsibilities and considerable administrative ability. All this was in addition to a good deal of nation-wide activity on behalf of women's education.
During the same period and beyond she was also centrally involved in the affairs of the SPR. This was founded in 1882, and although she did not officially join until 1884 – according to Ethel Sidgwick5 it was felt unwise to link the aspiring college too publicly with 'what was likely to be regarded as a cranky society' – in practice she was never uninvolved, particularly, of course, since her husband was its first president. Between them they did a great deal to shape not just the activities of the Society, but what might be called its tone.
Yet in many respects they were very different characters. Though not without a certain dry humour,6 Eleanor was a quiet, reserved, somewhat shy person, slight in build and wholly unassertive. She disliked giving talks and lectures, but would always do so when it was required. Even in private committee meetings she said little, though what she did say came to carry great weight. Henry, on the other hand, was a brilliant, though never domineering, conversationalist, a wit, a practised lecturer, a member of many committees, and an enthusiastic participant in many debating societies. But in important matters they had much in common. Both were driven by a strong sense of duty and gave generous support to the causes they supported. Both shared the same dominant aspirations and were largely agreed as to how they should be pursued. Thus in psychical research both emphasized the need for careful assessment of evidence, for the continued accumulation of data, for caution in interpreting those data, and for exploring all sides of any question. The SPR, they always insisted, should hold no corporate opinions.
A good deal of Eleanor Sidgwick's work for the Society and for the subject was done unknown to the membership at large and out of her conscientious sense of duty. She helped a good deal with editorial matters and committee work, gave quiet private advice, was one of those much involved in the considerable background work that went into the Society's first major production, Phantasms of the Living.7 She was on the centrally important committee responsible for overseeing and writing up the pioneering and large-scale Census of Hallucinations.8 She was honorary secretary from 1907 to 1932, a period which included World War I and the following years and naturally brought the Society considerable problems. WH Salter, who was himself honorary secretary for many years, concurred with the then secretary Isabel Newton that nobody but Eleanor Sidgwick could have carried the Society through those difficult years with success.9
As with her administrative activities, so, one suspects, with her publications – a fair number of them may have been undertaken not from enthusiasm (open enthusiasm was not perhaps one of her more frequently expressed emotions) but from her pervasive sense of duty, as something that needed doing and wouldn't get done properly if she didn't do it. This may well have been quite often true of her fairly numerous book reviews and her occasional responses to criticism of the Society's publications, and it is hard to imagine that it was not true also of some of her rather longer pieces, for instance her 1887 article on 'Spiritualism' for the ninth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, her one-volume abridgement of Phantasms of the Living (1919), and the time-consuming but essential work she undertook in connection with the 'cross-correspondences' by tabulating for each of the various automatists the date at which they first got to know the contents of each script of the others. (This work was privately printed in 1921 but did not become generally available for some 50 years.)
Her earliest practical experiences in psychical research had been, as mentioned above, in the 1870s with a group of friends of her brother Arthur. This group included or came to include Henry Sidgwick, Frederic Myers, Edmund Gurney, Walter Leaf, her sister Evelyn and the latter's husband Lord Rayleigh. Over a period of several years they held sittings with several mediums, some of whom were or became famous. Most were physical mediums, and the overall effect, on Eleanor (as on most of the group) was to impress her with the possibilities or actualities of fraud, inspiring particular caution as to that class of alleged phenomena.
Not long after the foundation of the SPR Eleanor Sidgwick published an account of these experiences,10 and in the same year she edited for publication11 various accounts sent to the Society of the performances (mainly but not exclusively slate-writing) of William Eglinton, a physical medium then becoming well-known. She made clear, with reasons, her firm conviction that those performances were all attributable to conjuring. Her opinions were strongly contested by Spiritualists, to whom she became something of a bête noire, an attitude not helped by her Britannica article mentioned above, or by her highly critical paper on 'spirit photography'.12 She remarked, however, at the end of her article on her own experiences13 that 'it is not because I disbelieve in the physical phenomena of Spiritualism, but because I at present think it more probable that such things occasionally occur, that I am interested in estimating the evidence for them.'
Sidgwick's last practical involvements in the investigation of such phenomena came in 1894 and 1895 when she joined with her husband and other leading members of the SPR in sittings in France and Cambridge with the celebrated Neapolitan medium Eusapia Palladino. The Sidgwicks were not convinced by anything they witnessed, and the sittings caused a good deal of controversy.14
Another area of practical work in which Sidgwick was involved was that of experiments on 'thought-transference' under hypnosis.15 Subjects included the telepathic anaesthetization of a selected finger, the telepathic transfer of mental images, and the telepathic transfer of two-figure numbers. The hypnotist for most of the sessions was GA Smith. Success was very variable, but was apparently sometimes obtained, especially with the two-figure numbers, even when conditions were made as strict as possible. From a modern point of view the experiments are a curious mixture of the relatively formal and the relatively informal, and again I will not attempt to analyze them here. It is worth noting, however, her assistant Alice Johnson's comments on Sidgwick's qualities as an experimenter.16
I was impressed by her unwearying patience through a long sequence of tedious experiments; she seemed never to relax her efforts, and never seemed bored. She treated all the persons concerned with the utmost consideration… as if they were human beings, not mere subjects for experiment, and they became much attached to her and liked to talk to her in the intervals about their own affairs.
A good deal more of Sidgwick's working time was spent in examining, classifying and discussing apparently spontaneous cases of telepathy and presumed kindred phenomena than in trying to induce such phenomena experimentally. Her gift for subduing and organizing large quantities of refractory material showed up to considerable advantage when it came to handling the case reports which regularly came into the Society from one source and another.
The first of her articles that might be placed under this heading is one on 'phantasms of the dead' published in 1885. This is a highly systematic piece, in which she sets out possible ordinary explanations of why certain highly unusual, perhaps hallucinatory, perhaps even paranormal, experiences might come to be thought to originate in some way, telepathic or other, from the spirits of the departed. She cites with supporting witness statements quite a number of cases, some of them highly evocative, but concludes that in general there is nothing by which we can distinguish them from simple subjective hallucinations. It seems to me that some of them, subjective or otherwise, are hardly simple, but I agree with her that the rather scanty information generally conveyed is insufficient to pinpoint any particular deceased person, and that the quite numerous instances of seemingly similar apparitions frequenting the same locality do not compensate for this deficiency. She thinks, however, that the inquiry, though likely to be long and difficult, is worth pursuing with patience and energy.
Sidgwick wrote two further articles, one on the evidence for premonitions17 and one on the evidence for clairvoyance.18 These, though not without interest, are arguably too encumbered by matters of definition to allow much direct comparison with current work in those areas. However, she was also involved in perhaps the most remarkable work ever undertaken in the empirical study of spontaneous cases of presumed telepathy. This originated from a project of Edmund Gurney19 a project for which, as mentioned above, Sidgwick did a good deal of background work. During its early years the SPR collected through private enquiries and advertisement in 'respectable' periodicals, a large number of accounts of past and recent cases of apparitions, haunted houses, poltergeists and suchlike, for each of which written witness testimony, preferably first-hand, was required. It soon became apparent that among these cases was a surprising number of cases of recognized apparitions that coincided quite closely in time with some misadventure (frequently death) to the distant, hitherto living, individual thus recognised. These appearances, classified within the general heading of 'phantasms of the living', became known as 'crisis apparitions', a term which was soon extended to include auditory cases. Gurney, along with most of his colleagues, supposed that these episodes could best be regarded as telepathically engendered hallucinations, with the percipient becoming telepathically aware of the misfortune of the distant individual.
To eliminate the possibility that the coincidences between the apparitions and the deaths could simply be ascribed to chance, Gurney conducted a census in which 5705 persons were in effect asked if they had, while awake and in good health, ever had a recognized hallucination of a person known to them. Hallucinations occurring within twelve hours either way of the death of the individual recognized were counted as crisis apparitions. The number of crisis greatly exceeded the number that would be predicted from the death rate per diem across the country over the same period.20
It was decided that a much larger census was called for, 50,000 persons being the target (though in the end only 17,000 were canvassed), and a six-person committee was formed to implement the plan. Unfortunately Gurney died in 1888 and much of the work devolved upon Sidgwick aided by Alice Johnson, while Henry Sidgwick chaired the quite numerous meetings. Though the report was published as if from the chairman, most of the actual writing, according to Johnson21 was done by Sidgwick, who also worked out the statistical calculations. Frederic Myers and Frank Podmore helped with the actual casework , and Myers contributed an Appendix G, in which, contra Gurney, he argues that in certain cases an apparition may involve or occasion an actual change in that part of the world where it seemingly manifests. His brother Arthur advised on the medical aspects of certain cases.
The committee's report22 is a whisker under 400 pages in length. It tackles of course the problem raised by Gurney of whether or not the quite numerous coincidences between recognised 'crisis apparitions' and the deaths of the individuals thus recognised could reasonably be dismissed as due to chance, but also provides a great deal of tabulated information, with illustrative cases, about the general characteristics of the sporadic waking hallucinations undergone (more frequently than had been previously supposed) by persons whom there was no reason to regard as other than sane and sober. The census question (essentially the same as Gurney's) was put by 410 volunteer, mostly SPR members, to a very large number of adult persons, of whom 17,000 supplied answers. Of these, 1,684 had had one or more recognised hallucination (visual or other) of a person known to them. The total number of such hallucinations being 1,942. Of these rather over 300 were visual hallucinations of persons recognized by the percipient of which 80 were death coincidences, that is, occurred within 12 hours either way of the death concerned. When various less well-evidenced cases were removed, and the number of likely non-coincidental cases was adjusted to allow for the manifest fact that such cases were more likely to be forgotten than ones that had coincided with deaths, the final estimate was that there were around 32 death-coincidences out of 1300 cases, which was 440 times the number predicted from the death-rate figures over the relevant period. These figures certainly suggest that there is a more than chance connection between the apparitions and the deaths.23
Almost thirty years later Sidgwick (1923) collected and analyzed in her usual systematic way the various comparable case received by the SPR since the time of Phantasms of the Living. Some of these are certainly remarkable. Towards the end24 she engages in some theoretical speculations – something about which she was always cautious – as to the nature of the telepathic process, which, in some cases at least, she regarded as involving a kind of union of minds. In the following year she published some interesting speculations – backed as always by empirical data – as to the origins of the various distortions and transmogrifications that seem so readily to find their way into telepathic messages.25
Sidgwick's remaining publications have to do in whole or part with her work in connection with mental mediumship, particularly with the American trance medium Leonora Piper, the British trance medium Gladys Osborne Leonard, and various automatists who became involved in the 'cross- correspondence' scripts.
Piper, though American, became personally known to a number of leading members of the British SPR during three extended visits which she paid to Britain under the aegis of the SPR: in November 1889-February 1890, November 1906-June1907, and October 1909-May 1911, during the last of which she was unwell for a good deal of the time. The sittings Sidgwick attended were not markedly successful, but others were, and she herself became entirely convinced that on frequent occasions Piper exhibited knowledge of matters that she could not have learned about by ordinary means.
The longest and most remarkable of Sidgwick's contributions to the Piper literature was her 657 page study of the psychology of Piper's trance mediumship published in 1915.26 A principal aim was to criticize Richard Hodgson's view that the 'spirits' ostensibly communicating through Piper were (as they claimed to be) intelligences independent of her and of each other, and to propose instead that they were just phases, or variant centres of consciousness, of Piper herself. In order to attack this question she read (assisted by her brother Gerald) all the available records of Piper sittings – a very considerable task. Even to read her book-length article, with its illustrative extracts from the records, is no light job, but one that anyone seriously interested in its subject-matter needs to undertake.
It was quite clear to Sidgwick, as it had been to others, that not a few of the spirits who purportedly spoke or wrote through Piper, were mere fictions, as were some of the preposterous fictional versions of 'real' personages who put in an appearance, for instance a 'Julius Caesar' who sometimes spelled his name with a 'z', a 'George Eliot' who claimed to have met Adam Bede, and a 'Sir Walter Scott' who gave a stilted and absurdly erroneous guided tour of the solar system. Even some of the most convincing controls and communicators could quickly become bogged down if required to talk on subjects (science, philosophy, literature, classical languages) familiar to them in life, but not so to Piper.27 Even worse, perhaps, for the status of the Piper controls was the fact that some of the most convincing ones, who may be very life-like in some respects and may display a remarkable amount of knowledge concerning their earthly lives and concerns, may unhesitatingly guarantee the genuineness of the most absurd ones, making inescapable the conclusion that all are bit-players in a fantasy-drama of Piper's own making.
What in Sidgwick's opinion is the nature of this fantasy-drama? She does indeed allow scope to the analogy of a drama, but does not think this implies that there any divided-off parts of Piper that assume and retain the characters of the leading controls, any more than the character of Hamlet survives once the performance is over. She proposes instead that the best analogy 'to the controls of Mrs. Piper's trance is probably to be found in the personations that can be obtained through suggestion with some hypnotised persons.'28 In the current instance, of course, the hypnosis and suggestion are likely to be self-induced, with the medium picking up and responding to whatever hints and snippets of information come their way.
Among the possible sources of ideas and information for such auto-suggested personations Sidgwick includes telepathy. She was fully convinced that the entranced Piper often exhibited that elusive faculty. And she more than once emphasized that though in her opinion the various controls and communicators were not independent beings, but auto-hypnotically engendered phases of Piper herself, fed at times by telepathically received information, this did not rule out a real communicator behind the scenes, shaping and influencing Piper's personation.
With Gladys Osborne Leonard, a medium with obvious similarities to but also differences from Piper, Sidgwick had fewer direct dealings, but none the less formed a very high opinion of her gifts. The one substantial paper that she wrote about her concerned what were called 'book tests'.29 The origin of these is uncertain, though Leonard became their best-known practitioner. The general idea was that a sitter visiting Leonard should receive from a communicator related or otherwise known to that sitter, and via Leonard's control 'Feda', information concerning the contents of a specified page (often also a line) in a specified book in a specified location in a house usually well-known in life to that communicator and currently accessible to that sitter. The line or page should be unmistakably meaningful in connection with the ostensible communicator. Since the chosen book need not be known to the sitter, or indeed be known in sufficient detail to anyone living, simple telepathy with the living would not be a plausible explanation of a sustained good success rate.
The sitters involved in the series examined by Sidgwick (yielding 532 book tests in all) were mainly trusted members of the SPR or their colleagues. Some of the sittings were quite remarkable, and overall Sidgwick classified 92 as successful and 204 as complete failures, although the question of how one should think of the successes raises some rather complex issues.30
Sidgwick was also involved with the 'cross-correspondences', the prolonged series of apparent interrelated automatisms (mostly but not entirely automatic writings) produced between 1904 and 1936 by ladies linked to the SPR31 over that period and even later. Papers on the cross-correspondence scripts filled a great many pages of the SPR Proceedings. They supposedly originated from several distinguished but deceased early members of the Society whose idea was to communicate linked messages through each of several automatists who would not know what the others had received, and preferably to do so in such a way that the meaning of the whole would not be revealed until all were brought together. Sidgwick clearly thought highly of such correspondences as potential evidence for survival, in that the plan of each of them would not be in the mind of any single living person and therefore could not have been divined through telepathy from the living.32 But setting aside her 1921 'List of scripts' mentioned above, and perhaps also her rebuttal of Joseph Maxwell's criticisms of the whole enterprise,33 her contributions to the huge cross-correspondence literature were surprisingly few and not of great importance, appearing to end in 1921, despite the fact that she was closely linked to several of the principal individuals involved in analyzing the scripts
The following considerations may supply a clue. Around 1912 some interpretations of the cross-correspondences, not published at the time, had begun to develop a curiously messianic tinge – kept secret for many decades afterwards – the original source of which was certain statements by ostensible communicators through the mediumship of 'Mrs Willett' (Winifred Coombe-Tennant). With these, or perhaps somewhat preceding them, there developed a marked relaxation of the evidential standards originally adopted by those studying and collating the scripts, and writing papers about them. It is difficult to believe that a person of Sidgwick's critical mind and balanced views could have failed to be worried about this decline. In her final article in 193334 she (quite rightly) still presents the cross-correspondences as a highly important development in the history of the Society but does not indicate any specially significant later developments in them.
Perhaps these developments put her in an awkward quandary. For the 'messianic child' central to them was in fact the son of her brother Gerald by the medium 'Mrs Willett' and was thus her nephew.35 Gerald, later the second Lord Balfour, with whom Eleanor Sidgwick shared a house from 1915, had – along with JG Piddington and to an extent Alice Johnson – become infatuated with the messianic angle, and the accompanying 'story' and 'plan' (for the world), and began to find indications of it widely scattered throughout the whole corpus of cross-correspondence scripts, especially when they were over-ingeniously interpreted in literary and symbolic terms. It is worth noting that already in 1913, in her interesting reply to Joseph Maxwell's criticisms of the cross-correspondence methodology, Sidgwick36 both defends (up to a point) the use of symbols, and issues the following prescient warning: 'we must all admit that great care should be exercised not to let our imaginations run away with us, and not to assume doubtful interpretations to be certain.'37
The 'final article' just mentioned is a valuable brief review of the SPR's history from the point of view of an insider. Alice Johnson remarks38 that in one respect it resembles Hamlet without the Prince, for – characteristically – Eleanor Sidgwick makes very little reference to her own contributions to that history. I hope I have managed to make it clear how big an omission that was.
Gauld, A. (1968). The Founders of Psychical Research. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Gurney, E,. Myers, F.W.H. and Podmore, F. (1886). Phantasms of the Living. 2 Vols, London: Trubner.
Hamilton, T. (2017). Arthur Balfour's Ghosts. Exeter: Imprint Academic.
Johnson, A. (1937). Mrs Henry Sidgwick's Work in Psychical Research. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 44, 53-73.
Newnham College Register, Vol 1, 1891-1923, 1-2. Sidgwick, Mrs Eleanor Mildred, née Balfour.
Roy, A.E. (2008). The Eager Dead: A Study in Haunting. Brighton: Book Guild.
Salter, H. de G. (1958). Our pioneers I: Mrs Henry Sidgwick. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 39, 235-240.
Salter, W.H. (1936-7). Mrs. Henry Sidgwick's Work in Psychical Research: Supplement. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 44, 94-6.
Sidgwick, E.M. (1885). Notes on the evidence, collected by the Society, for phantasms of the dead. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 3, 69-150.
Sidgwick, E.M. (1886). Mr. Eglinton. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 2, 282-334.
Sidgwick, E.M. (1886). Results of a personal investigation into the Physical phenomena of Spiritualism. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 4, 45-74.
Sidgwick, E.M. (1889). On the evidence for premonitions. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 5, 288-354.
Sidgwick. E.M. (1891-2a). On the evidence for clairvoyance. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 7, 30-99, 356-69.
Sidgwick, E.M. (1891-2b). On spirit photographs: A reply to Mr. A.R. Wallace. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 7, 268-289.
Sidgwick, E.M, and Johnson, A. (1892). Experiments in thought-transference. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 8, 536-596.
Sidgwick, E.M. (1900). Discussion of the trance phenomena of Mrs. Piper. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 15, 16- 38.
Sidgwick, E.M. (1913). A reply to Joseph Maxwell's paper on cross-correspondences and the experimental method. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 26, 375-400.
Sidgwick, E.M. (1915). A contribution to the study of the psychology of Mrs. Piper's trance phenomena. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 28, 1-657.
Sidgwick E.M. (1918). On the development of different types of evidence for survival in the work of the Society. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 29, 245-259.
Sidgwick, E.M. (1921a). List of Scripts in Chronological Order. In [J.G. Piddington, ed.] Notes and Excursuses, Vol. I, 1-86. Glasgow: Privately printed.
Sidgwick, E.M. (1921b). An examination of book-tests obtained in sittings with Mrs. Leonard. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 31, 241-400.
Sidgwick, E.M. (1923). Phantasms of the living. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 33, 23-429.
Sidgwick, E.M. (1924). On hindrances and complications in telepathic communication. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 34, 28-69.
Sidgwick, E.M. (1932). The Society for Psychical Research: A short account of its history and work on the occasion of the Society's Jubilee, 1932. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 41, 1-26.
Sidgwick, Ethel (1938). Mrs. Henry Sidgwick: A Memoir. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
Sidgwick, H., Sidgwick, E.M. and Smith, G.A. (1889). Experiments in thought- transference. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 6, 128-170.
Sidgwick, H. et al. (1894). Report on the Census of Hallucinations, Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 10, 25-422.
1. Sidgwick, Ethel, 1938, 66-7.
2. At this period, and for many decades afterwards, qualified women students were allowed to sit the Cambridge Tripos examinations and have their results placed in an order alongside that of the men, but (quite irrationally) not to receive degrees.
4. Newnham College Register.
5. Sidgwick, Ethel, 1938, 2.
6. Salter, 1958, 239.
7. Gurney, Myers and Podmore, 1886.
8. Sidgwick, H. et al., 1894.
9. Salter, 1936-7, 95.
10. Sidgwick, E.M., 1886-7.
12. Sidgwick, E.M., 1891-2b.
13. Sidgwick, E.M., 1886-7, 74.
14. I have discussed these and related sittings at some length in Gauld, 1968, 221-245.
15. Sidgwick H., Sidgwick E.M., and Smith, G.A.,1889; Sidgwick, E.M. and Johnson, A.,1892.
16. Johnson, 1937, 63-4.
17. Sidgwick, E.M., 1889.
18. Sidgwick. E.M., 1891-2a.
19. see Gurney et al., 1886.
20. Gurney et al., 1886, 2, 6-24.
21. Johnson, 1937, 67.
22. Sidgwick, H. et al., 1894.
23. Various contemporary critics suggested possible, but to my mind not very convincing, reasons why this connection may after all have been spurious. I summarize their arguments and the various replies in Gauld, 1968, pp.184-185.
26. Sidgwick, E.M., 1915; it was preceded in 1900 by a much shorter paper of similar purport, Sidgwick, E.M, 1900.
27. Sidgwick, however, fair as always, expressed the view (1915, 316n) that Piper, though no intellectual, was not as ignorant as these controls.
28. Sidgwick, E.M., 1915, 326.
29. Sidgwick, E.M., 1921b.
30. briefly touched on in Gauld, 1982, 49.
31. see in particular Hamilton, 2017.
32. Sidgwick, E.M., 1918, 254-56.
35. On the subsequent career of this child, who grew into an adult of considerable gifts, but absolutely no messianic tendencies, see Roy, 2008.
This page was last updated on: April 06, 2019
Author: Alan Gauld
Word count: 4,900
Created: 23rd January 2018
Last updated: 6th April 2019
May be cited as:
Gauld, A. (2018). 'Eleanor Sidgwick'. Psi Encyclopedia. London: The Society for Psychical Research. <https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/eleanor-sidgwick>. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
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Q: Typescript TSX and generic parameters Typescript introduces support for the JSX syntax. So I have an expression that works quite well with traditional *.ts files but no with *.tsx ones:
const f = <T1>(arg1: T1) => <T2>(arg2: T2) => {
   return { arg1, arg2 };
}

I wonder is there a way to make it work inside a *.tsx file?

A: To get it to understand it's a type parameter and not a JSX element, you can add a comma after the type parameter:
const f = <T1,>(arg1: T1) => <T2,>(arg2: T2) => {
   return { arg1, arg2 };
};

Or you could use function expressions instead:
const f = function<T1>(arg1: T1) {
    return function<T2>(arg2: T2) {
        return { arg1, arg2 };
    };
};

Or alternatively, in this scenario, this works:
const f = <T1, T2>(arg1: T1) => (arg2: T2) => {
   return { arg1, arg2 };
};

A: This is a result of parsing ambiguity issues. One thing that would make this unambiguous is adding an explicit constraint on T1.
const f = <T1 extends unknown>(arg1: T1) => {
    return { arg1 };
}

Type parameters like T1 implicitly have a constraint of unknown anyway, so in this case your code is functionally equivalent.
Take this solution and you can apply on each arrow function from your original example.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: Looking for an effective irrationality measure of $\pi$ Most standard summaries of the literature on irrationality measure simply say, e.g., that
$$
\left| \pi - \frac{p}{q}\right| > \frac{1}{q^{7.6063}}
$$
for all sufficiently large $q$, without giving any indication of how large qualifies as "sufficiently large." It would occasionally be useful (for example, for my answer here) to be able to come up with explicit bounds on the size of $q$.
I don't have access to Salikhov's paper where the exponent $7.6063$ is obtained, but Hata's paper which obtained an exponent of $8.0161$ is online here. Looking through it, the proof seems to be effective (all the bounds he's using appear to be defined explicitly), but it is definitely not written to be clear about what those bounds are.
Has anyone extracted explicit bounds on the size of the denominator from any irrationality measure calculation for $\pi$ more recent than Mahler's proof (referenced in the Hata paper) that
$$
\left| \pi - \frac{p}{q}\right| > \frac{1}{q^{42}}
$$
unrestrictedly?


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Home Mystery Happy Birthday Box
Mystery Happy Birthday Box
Mystery Happy Birthday Box What's in it? Well that's a Mystery, but be assured it will be full to the brim with the best Sweet Shop Treats and...
What's in it? Well that's a Mystery, but be assured it will be full to the brim with the best Sweet Shop Treats and will always include a €2 cone bag of jellies.
If you would like to include a message please in the comments section at the checkout
You may return most new, unopened items within 30 days of delivery for a full refund. We'll also pay the return shipping costs if the return is a result of our error (you received an incorrect or defective item, etc.)..
If you need to return an item, simply login to your account, view the order using the "Complete Orders" link under the My Account menu and click the Return Item(s) button. We'll notify you via e-mail of your refund once we've received and processed the returned item..
We can ship to virtually any address in the world. Note that there are restrictions on some products, and some products cannot be shipped to international destinations..
Please also note that the shipping rates for many items we sell are weight-based. The weight of any such item can be found on its detail page. To reflect the policies of the shipping companies we use, all weights will be rounded up to the next full pound..
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Email: auntynelliesgreystones@gmail.com

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For pre-schoolers and their parents or caregivers one morning a week 9.30-11.30 (choose from Mon, Wed and Thurs). Indoor and outdoor play in our custom built playgroup, complete with fort and sandpit, plus crafts, music, stories, morning tea for kids and grown ups and more. $3 charge per family per session. Very popular so there may be a waiting list for some days. Contact Ruth or call the church office.
Preschool Music programme – come along with your pre-schoolers to sing and dance the morning away. Runs 10-10.30am on Tuesdays during school terms and is then followed by a delicious morning tea, just turn up on the day to register. Cost $4 per session.
Space for You and Your Baby, has the aim to support first time parents, new babies and community to play, learn, connect and flourish. SPACE NZ is a not for profit organisation registered with the Charities Commission. A typical group would meet together for about nine months, getting to know one another and learning together. We meet on a Wednesday afternoon from 1-3pm, during the school term. Contact Frances on 0274 956259 for more information.
In the first week of the July and October holidays, we run a holiday programme full of fun, games, crafts, and great Bible teaching. Parents are welcome to drop into the parents café when they drop their children off. It usually fills up quickly so book early. For more details and a registration form contact kids@cots.org.nz.
Our Junior Leadership programme will be running in both programmes. The application will be available at the same time as the children's registrations.
Messy church runs from 4pm til 6pm on selected dates during the year. We have refreshments and games followed by activities and crafts. We then meet together for some fun songs, short teaching time and creative prayer. We share a meal to finish. Is for all the family – not just the kids.
Coming up in 2019, 16 Feb, 16 Mar, Messy Easter on 19 Apr, 18 May, 15 Jun, 17 Aug, 21 Sept, Messy Movie on 19 Oct, 16 Nov and Messy Christmas on 24 December.


After our move over to Ibiza in November we have received incredible welcome and kindness from the local Ibiza community and friends. God has been continually showing up in the small things, answering our prayers, blessing our conversations, and guiding us as we establish ourselves in San Antonio. We're keen to see unity among christians on the island and have had the privilege of connecting with others who have a passion for Jesus.
We have spent our initial months getting stuck into the preparation and planning needed for the summer season, and we are already so encouraged with the number of people signing up for mission teams and coming out to serve for a longer period as part of our long term summer team. It's going to be a great season!
Throughout the 24-7 Ibiza journey there has always been a dream to have a larger permanent community living and working on the island, to serve as many different people as possible.
At the moment our team consists of Danny, Lydie and Asha who have been faithfully praying and serving Sa Peña for 3 years, and Stephen and Jud who are based in the opposite side of the island in San Antonio, working and serving in the westend and focusing on the summer work.
We are excited to announce the next addition to our 24-7 Ibiza team. Emma McQueen, who will be moving out in April to join the 24-7 Ibiza permanent team and work alongside Stephen and Jud in San Antonio.
Emma McQueen is from Dungannon, Northern Ireland and has been working for Willowfield Parish Community Association as an Administrative Assistant for the last year, and previously worked in her parents jewellery business. She has spent 4 summers serving 24-7 Ibiza on both short and long term teams. She was also part of the team that pioneered 24-7 Magaluf in 2015. She has a love for people and a desire for everyone to know the love God has for them.
Please pray for Emma as she gets ready to make the move to Ibiza and to join our team. It's fantastic to see God calling people to this island and the work of 24-7, and we hope you'll continue to pray for us and support us as our work grows.


Welcome to our tutorial to make a school report on one of the 50 US States! We will be using our printable kit for this project. This tutorial uses the California Kit, but we have kits for all 50 US states, whichever you are studying.
Get the Kit: The 50 US States Report Kits are digital downloads that can be purchased in our online store. You can download it, print it, and get started immediately.
What part of the 50 US States is your project about? Is there specific information about your state that your assignment requires you to research, such as the state's economy, history, for famous people? You will want to divide your board into sections that make sense for the topic of your report.
Now you can start to pair the content of your report with the decorative State Report themed pieces from the kit.
The kit alphabet includes some State Report key terms to help you make titles faster (such as Economy, History, Geography, Climate, and Facts).
You can use the alphabet letters to make any custom headers you need for your report. For example, you may want to make custom titles for the name of a specific state like "State of California".
Use the State Report themed clip art "stickers" from the kit to fill any empty spaces an make your report look colorful and interesting. Use the icons to fill in any spaces that look too empty. Icons can also be used to emphasize a topic, for example you can put the economic export clip art in your section on the economy.
(3) of the state's most important economic exports, iconic products products or industrial sectors.


The College has well-setup Students' Network Centre with broadband internet connection. Students with the knowledge of computer operation can avail the facility at a specified time with a written permission from their respective Heads of the Department which in turn is to be endorsed by the Principal.
UG Courses: English, Bengali, Education, Sociology, Mathematics, Statistics, Physics, Chemistry, Geography, Anthropology and Economics.


It has been nine days since I began my polyphasic sleep experiment. Spent several days where the most sleep I got was an hour. I crashed twice, once ten hours and once five. But I've discovered a fatal flaw in the plan. I don't fall asleep in half an hour. I've decided on the Plan B version of the experiment.
The soft approach. I'm going to start by introducing naps in the middle of my day. Whenever I feel tired, I'm going to lay down for a while. Give my self permission to fall asleep. I've got to learn how to nap before I can try "strict" polyphasic. The second thing I'm going to do is when I wake up in the middle of the night, I'm going to get up for a little while, try to divide my night up a little too.
I've already started this and right now I'm in biphasic sleep. Night "core" sleep and a siesta nap. If I can introduce another nap during the day and break up my night sleep I should be most of the way to a polyphasic sleep cycle.
in all seriousness, i've found that if you do keep to a polyphasic sleep cycle (can we call it a p.s.c?) that if i do occasionaly have to wake up at a set time my body does not rebel,wheras if i slept a regular cycle anything out of the norm is very hard work. dont feel guilty bruv, enjoy the freedom.
I'm looking forward to the freedom.
Switching to this schedule is much harder than I had anticipated. Today has been good though, the cat that just moved in with me won't let me sleep much longer than a nap.


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Clemson OC Elliott: 'My purpose is to be here at Clemson right now'
Clemson offensive coordinator Tony Elliott before the ACC Championship game Dec 19, 2020; Charlotte, NC, USA; at Bank of America Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Ken Ruinard-USA TODAY Sports (Source: Ken Ruinard)
By Joe Gorchow | December 19, 2020 at 10:36 PM EST - Updated December 19 at 10:37 PM
CHARLOTTE, N.C. (WIS) - Before Clemson's historic ACC Championship victory Saturday, several reports linked offensive coordinator Tony Elliott as a candidate for the Auburn Tigers' head coaching vacancy.
They suggested Elliott was set to interview for the job in the coming days. Elliott was bothered by the reports and refuted them Saturday morning and following the ACC championship.
"At the time, I had not been contacted," said Elliott. "I had not talked to anybody at Auburn. For there to be a report that I was interviewing tomorrow, man, that's unfair to these kids in this locker room. That's unfair to this staff for them to be questioning, 'Well, is he focused for this game? Is he doing things that he said he doesn't do?'
"So, I made a statement to those guys. They may be planning to call tonight or tomorrow. Up to this point, with that report, I was a little bit upset and perturbed. Because now Coach Swinney, the guys in the locker room, the staff, and players, they have some kind of question in their mind. So, I made a statement to our players."
Elliott thinks highly of Auburn and does not deny interest in that position.
"I said it before. I'll say it again. Money does not matter to me," said Elliott. "Status does not matter to me. I believe that I'm living a purpose-filled life. My purpose is to be here at Clemson right now. When the Lord opens the door, then I'll transition."
Elliott has worthy credentials to be considered a head coaching candidate. He received the 2017 Broyles Award, which is given annually to the nation's top assistant coach. In his time as co-offensive coordinator from 2015-2019, along with running the offense solo this season, Clemson's been a juggernaut on that side of the ball.
In 11 games this season, Clemson is averaging 44.9 points and per game and 507.6 yards per game.
Copyright 2020 WIS. All rights reserved.
Joe Gorchow
Joe anchors and reports WIS Sports at 6:00, 7:00, & 11:00.
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Rocker departs Carolina for another SEC school
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Top Cow's 'Postal' is Being Developed as a Hulu Series
By Hank Rea September 24, 2016
Top Cow's acclaimed eerie crime drama, Postal, is getting a live-action adaptation at the streaming network Hulu.
Based on the comic book series by Matt Hawkins, Bryan Hill, and Isaac Goodhart, it revolves around a secret Wyoming town founded by a criminal for criminals. It's a haven for dubious people looking for redemption, protection, or a hide-out. The town of Eden is run by the founder's widow with strict rules. Her son, Mark, runs the post office and happens to have Asperger's Syndrome. The series is seen through his eyes making him the rare protagonist in comics (or other mediums for that matter) with a form of autism.
Deadline reported that Matt Tolmach Prods.' Matt Tolmach and David Manpearl will executive produce along with Marc Silvestri and Hawkins of Top Cow. The show is being written by the co-executive producer of The Walking Dead, Seth Hoffman.
The next issue of the Postal comic series, issue #15, hits comic shops and online, on September 28. If you haven't read this great series yet, thanks to Hawkins, you can read the first issue here. The first three volumes are available to be enjoyed by clicking the links below.
Bryan Hill comic books Hulu Isaac Goodhart Matt Hawkins Matt Tolmach Television Top Cow
Labels: Bryan Hill comic books Hulu Isaac Goodhart Matt Hawkins Matt Tolmach Television Top Cow


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'PBS NewsHour' Will Court YouTube, TikTok Alongside Public Television in New Anchor Era
The long-running "PBS NewsHour," which has its roots in broadcast-TV coverage of 1973's Watergate hearings, is preparing itself to tell stories in some very new media frontiers, which include places like TikTok and YouTube.
"We have been thinking about the pace of the show. It is completely different from our commercial competitors. It is slower. It is more calm," says Sara Just, the show's senior executive producer, in a recent interview. As people interact with video programming in new fashion. executives are considering ways to make "NewsHour" relevant to new generations while keeping die-hards in the fold.
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"Are we moving too slowly? Can we move more quickly? Can we get in more stories?" asks Just. "We don't want to change and go to 30-second stories, minute stories. We have the luxury of time. But those are definitely things we are think about, and evolving as people's viewing habits change, and those are going to be the things we experiment with."
Amna Nawaz and Geoff Bennett take to the "NewsHour" desk Monday night for the first time as the show's official new anchors, succeeding Judy Woodruff. In doing so, they open a series of new chances for the program to be consumed. Executives at PBS and WETA, the Washington station that produces the show, appear keen to find new connections with viewers in digital venues, while keeping ties to the crowds that sit down with the linear program every night.
While the linear broadcast of the show garnered an average of nearly two million viewers in the third quarter of last year, the show's average monthly audience on digital venues topped 25 million, with social reach encompassing more than 13 million. Little wonder, the , that Bennett and Nawaz will be charged with doing a lot more than just relaying in-depth reportage in primetime.
"We are aware that there are audiences who consume the news in very different ways," says Nawaz, in a recent interview. "It's our duty and our responsibility to meet that audience where they are."
PBS is not alone is trying to navigate a jump from capturing the large daily audiences who tune In for linear evening news to aggregating the digital viewers who seek out clips and segments at times of their own choosing. The venerable "CBS Evening News," anchored by Norah O'Donnell, is played once each evening on the network, and is also made available via CBS News' streaming platforms. But there is also a separate evening streamcast led by John Dickerson. ABC and NBC also offer their traditional evening news programs, "World News Tonight" and "NBC Nightly News," but have launched 7 p.m. programs led by Linsey Davis and Tom Llamas.
"I know people who interact with the program mainly by watching clips on Twitter, or they look at content created for social media on TikTok or Instagram," says Bennett. "The core commitment, the promise we make to viewers to cover the news as a public service, that doesn't change. But what transforms over time are the platforms they watch and the ways in which people can find the program."
"NewsHour" audiences won't be shocked by the new anchors. Nawaz has filled in regularly for Woodruff, while Bennett was the show's weekend anchor. Bennett has experience covering national politics, while Nawaz has traveled the globe, even serving as bureau chief at NBC News' Islamabad bureau.
Bringing a duo back to "NewsHour" — Woodruff has been the sole anchor since her on-air partner, Gwen Ifill, passed away in 2016 — gives the show new flexibility, says Just. One of the pair can stay out in the field while the other stands ready to lead the linear newscast. "We can have more of an anchor presence in the field, without feeling the need to rush back by 6 o'clock," she says. "That's definitely something we are going to look to take advantage of."
Viewers won't see it right away, but WETA is building a new studio to house "NewsHour." Supply-chain issues have delayed the process, but executives believe the show will be in a new facility within a year's time, says Just. "The building we are in, where 'NewsHour' has been for forty years, is going to be torn down," she says. "We are moving to a new newsroom and studio control room in an extension of the main WETA building." A new set and graphics are likely to be unveiled at that time, she adds.
The TV version of "NewsHour" remains important, but "NewsHour" in the future won't just be about TV. "We both feel a very real sense of duty and responsibility to the audience that does sit down with us every day," says Nawaz. Even so, she adds, "we know not everyone gets the news that way."
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Sacked from Umno, Khairy says 'unbowed, unbent, unbroken'
KUALA LUMPUR, Jan 28 — Former minister Khairy Jamaluddin appears uncowed in the face of his latest political test. The...
Khairy and Shahril accuse Umno of discarding due process in sacking, suspension
KUALA LUMPUR, Jan 28 — Khairy Jamaluddin and Shahril Sufian Hamdan have joined Tan Sri Noh Omar's claim that Umno had sa...
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KUALA LUMPUR, Jan 28 — The Umno supreme council decision last night to purge the party of dissenters from within will ba...


If you wish to report a stray dog, please call the dog warden from Midland Environment Contracts Ltd on 07795 383003 between Monday and Friday 9am to 5pm. If you find a stray dog outside the dog warden working hours please call 01733 864157. We can then make arrangements for you to take the dog to a dedicated acceptance point.
Dogs are detained under the Environmental Protection Act 1990 for seven days and kept in quality kennelling facilities. If a dog is not claimed within the seven days, it then becomes the property of the kennels/re-housing centre and is assessed for suitable re-homing.
Under this act there is a fine to pay for the return of a lost or stray dog. Owners will be informed of this cost when contact is made.
The Dangerous Dogs Act prevents people from keeping certain types of dogs that are normally bred for fighting. It enables restrictions to be imposed on other types of dog breeds that may be thought to be a serious danger to the public.
Dangerous dog complaints must be reported to Cambridgeshire Police. If a person is attacked or feels threatened by any breed of dog they should call Cambridgeshire Police.
The RSPCA are responsible for dogs locked in houses, dogs that are reported on private property as neglected and abandoned and homeless dogs as a result of the sudden death of the owner. These responsibilities do not fall under our jurisdiction as a council. For further advice call the 24 hour advice line 0300 1234 999.
You must make sure your dog is fitted with a microchip by the time it's 8 weeks old, or from the 6 April 2016 you could be fined up to £500.
Peterborough City Council do not offer free microchipping but some charities may microchip your dog for free. You can find out more about getting your dog microchipped from GOV.UK.
Please note: the law applies to all dogs.
the owner of an animal thinks they could be injured if they tried to stop your dog attacking their animal.
If you allow your dog to injure an assistance dog (e.g. a guide dog) you can be sent to prison for up to 3 years or fined (or both).
The majority of people living in Peterborough are responsible dog owners, however if a dog attacks you, your dog or another animal, you should report the incident to the police on 101 or 999 in an emergency.
The government has recently introduced new 'Dog Behaviour Orders' which means owners can have conditions placed on them to control their dog, and if they breach these they will be prosecuted through the courts.
Councils can also restrict what dogs can do in a public space, eg banning dogs from the area or requiring them to be on leads. This is known as a public spaces protection order.
Other ways to help improve dog behaviour can be as effective as legal action. These include educating dog owners or giving a warning to offenders.
The order or civil injunction used depends on the type, frequency and severity of the behaviour. It must only include reasonable measures for the person responsible for the dog to take.
All wild birds are protected by law under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, and it is an offence to intentionally kill, injure or take wild birds, their nests or their eggs.
It is important to be aware that bird nesting season runs from March to August and it is an offence to disturb schedule 1 birds at this time. Therefore works which are likely to impact upon nesting birds, such as hedge trimming, should be avoided during these months.
If you find an injured bird or wild animal, watch it for a short while to gauge how badly it is hurt. If it's safe to do so, try to contain the animal before calling the RSPCA. Always take great care when approaching wild animals.
If you believe the animal requires medical care contact the RSPCA on 0300 1234 999 who will be able to advise which of their wildlife centres you should take the animal to.
It is an offence to disturb or handle bats without expert supervision – all are afforded strong protection by both domestic and international legislation. Therefore before undertaking any works to your property you must seek advice from Natural England.
For more information on bats, or if you find an injured or orphaned bat, the Bat Conservation Trust will be able to put you in touch with your local bat carer by calling 0845 1300 228.
If you believe you may have bats in your property, you do not need to do anything but you may wish to report this information to your local Biological Records Centre.
Foxes are extremely unlikely to attack dogs or cats. Other pets such as rabbits, guinea pigs and chickens should be kept in secure areas with fox proof fencing or indoors.
The most common fox 'nuisance' complaints are digging, fouling and noise, all of which are aspects of natural fox behaviour. If you are in an area with foxes present, it is unlikely you will be able to permanently prevent foxes from entering your property altogether.
However, effective deterrents can be used which are both humane and offer long term solutions. For more information contact the Fox Project's deterrence helpline on 01892 826222.
Reptiles and amphibians are great assets to have in any garden and should be encouraged. They will hibernate in winter and become active again in spring. For information and advice relating to frogs, toads, newts, lizards and snakes, visit the Froglife website. If you find an injured amphibian or reptile call the RSPCA on 0300 1234 999.
If you believe you have found a snake in their garden, there is no need for you to do anything. Snakes sometimes use gardens for foraging and will pose no threat to you or your pets. They may however wish to submit this information to their local Biological Records Centre.
Adders, Britain's only venomous snake, tend to avoid gardens and people and will only bite if threatened or antagonised. Grass snakes and slow worms are commonly mistaken for adders, so ensure your have identified it correctly. Bites are painful but seldom require serious medical attention (there have been no fatalities recorded for over 30 years in the UK). If you are bitten, remain calm and get someone to drive you to hospital or call an ambulance.
If you are concerned about a beehive on or near your property, talk to either the British Beekeepers Association or, if you wish for it to be removed, to talk to The Peterborough and District Beekeepers Association first who may be able to help before contacting pest control.
Bees and their hives do not pose any real threat unless they are close to vulnerable individuals (e.g. people known to be hyper-allergic to stings) therefore destroying nests should be a last option. / A colony will only last one summer, finishing around September/October. Nests should only be moved as a last resort, which would need to be undertaken by pest control, which will usually destroy the nest. For more information on removing a nest, visit the Bumblebee Conservation Trust website.
If a wasp nest is situated in a place where it cannot be physically avoided or is close to vulnerable individuals (e.g. people known to be hyper-allergic to stings) you will need to contact pest control who would remove or destroy the nest.
Finding ants indoors can usually be resolved by packaging up the food items that may be attracting them and cleaning any surfaces. Female black ants (flying ants) usually swarm for one day in the summer months in order to mate. The black ant is harmless.
It is an offence under section 14(2) of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 to "plant or otherwise cause to grow in the wild" any plant listed in Schedule nine, Part II to the Act. This includes Japanese knotweed, giant hogweed and Himalayan balsam. It is not an offence to simply have it growing in your garden or on your land and there is no specific legal requirement to control it if it is (unless doing so forms part of a legally binding contract or agreement with another party).
More detailed advice can be found on Natural England's website regarding Japanese Knotweed.
If you suspect any pet or wild animal is being mistreated, call the RSPCA Cruelty Reporting Helpline on 0300 1234 999.
You can also report a wildlife crime directly to your local police station (dial 101) or anonymously to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Additionally, if you suspect poisoning of wildlife or pet animals, call the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme on 0800 321 600.
Retired Greyhound Trust - dedicated to finding retired greyhounds homes around the UK plus care tips, details of events and news stories - 020 8335 3016 or 01474 815273.
Buglife is the UK's leading invertebrate conservation charity and provides general information on invertebrate conservation.


Your General Rheumatology questions. Expert answers.
I have been diagnosed with RA, Wegener's Granulomatosis and OA. I take paracetamol for the pain for the RA and OA but I am reluctant to continue this. Is there an alternative relief for the pain?
Should I have joint replacement for my knees?
I have been told I need both knees replaced or I soon will not be walking. The surgeon said I have a higher risk for blood clots because of some varicose veins on my thighs. They didn't seem that bad to me so I did more research and found that a tourniquet is used during surgery.
First of all thank you for taking the time to help! I am a 32 yr old women I think I might have EDS. When I was in 6th grade I dislocated my left knee for the 1st time bending over to pick up a phone book. Over the yrs I have dislocated both knee's numerous times 4yrs ago had surgery on left knee. I also have dislocated my pointer finger on my right hand 2 times and the hand dr.
How safe is prednisone with a history of glaucoma and cataracts?
I can no longer take NSAIDS because of potential renal disease and prednisone has been suggested as a replacement (5 mg/day) for my achy joints. Despite having peripheral iridotomies done to both eyes to prevent angle closure glaucoma, I developed an acute attack in one eye. The glaucoma made the cataract worse and it was removed.
I have RA, I have had both my knees replaced, why do they still give me problems?
My mom has multiple conditions: arthritis, psoriasis, and pulmonary fibrosis are they related?
My mom also has spinal stenosis related to the arthritis. She gets epidurals and the doc there told her she has DJD, not RA. My grandmother had arthritis, but my niece has RA. What is the likelihood that my mom's conditions are all related? How do we know if she has psoriatic arthritis?
I have moderate to severe bone pain in both of my femurs. I have officially been diagnosed with Sjogren's for other problems but have no diagnosis for my leg pain. According to my doctor there is nothing wrong with my bones and he can't see a reason for my pain. He advised me to build up my muscles around my femur to see if this would help, how would that help get rid of the pain?
Do I need to continue seeing a Rheumatologist vs another specialist if my symptoms are getting worse?
For 10 years plus, I have been treated with Naproxen for arthritis in my knees. My pain and stiffness in my knees has increased over the years. Gradually, I have added joint pain in my knuckles, hips, shoulders, ankles and feet. Within the past year, I have developed numbness in my toes that vascillates between extreme cold and pain and tingling.
Should I get my rheumatoid nodules removed?
I've read that sometimes nodules can disappear and reappear. How do I know when I should have them surgically removed? What are the pros and cons of removal versus living with the nodules?


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Yogi orders probe into Akhilesh's Gomti Riverfront project
April 1, 2017 by Sameer
Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath on Saturday ordered a probe into the work done under the Gomti Riverfront project.
During a review meeting of the project, the Chief Minister also directed the Chief Secretary to constitute a committee for the probe. The committee will be headed by a retired judge and a report would be submitted within 45 days.
He also directed Urban Development Minister Suresh Khanna and Irrigation Minister Dharmpal Singh to monitor the work on the riverfront project on a regular basis.
During the meeting, the Chief Minister was apprised that of the Rs 1,513 crore earmarked for the project, almost 95 per cent — Rs 1,435 crore — had been spent but the work completed was only 60 per cent.
Expressing his dissatisfaction at this, Yogi said the probe would also cover the delay in the completion of the project and where the money was spent.
Officials presented a revised estimate of Rs 2,448 crore to the Chief Minister, after which he directed them to rethink on various works under the project, remove the unnecessary ones and complete the project at the earliest.
He also observed that the pollution level was very high in the Gomti river and that if this aspect was attended to first, it would have been better.
Yogi also asked the officials to set up a sewage treatment plant (STP) and directed for adequate disposal of waste and byproducts coming from various mills into the Gomti river in Pilibhit and Lakhimpur Kheri districts.
The decision does not augur well for the previous Samajwadi Party (SP) government, as this project was one of the most hyped dream projects of then Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav. A probe, insiders say, could nail many of his associates, close officials and some party leaders.
Sources say the government is in the know of large-scale irregularities in the multi-crore project and wants to establish wrong-doing through a probe committee before initiating action against the corrupt.
In this way, it will not just fulfil its promise to act against graft but also weaken its political opponents, they feel.
Categories Politics Tags Akhilesh, Gomti riverfront project, yogi Post navigation
President Pranab Mukherjee arrives in Ranchi
India-Malaysia ink seven pacts after delegation level talks


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$150,000 Powerball Winner in Knoxville
NASHVILLE—Last night's exciting Powerball drawing produced more than 66,000 winning tickets in Tennessee, including a $150,000 winner in Knoxville. Meanwhile, the jackpot continues to climb, now at a gargantuan $750 million for Wednesday night. This is the third largest Powerball jackpot and the fourth largest in U.S. lottery history.
The Knoxville player won by matching four white ball numbers plus the red Powerball, which has a base prize of $50,000. But since the lucky player added the Power Play for an extra dollar, the prize was multiplied by last night's Power Play number, which was three.
The $150,000 ticket was purchased at Weigel's, 4750 Middlebrook Pike, in Knoxville.
No additional information is available until the prize is claimed.
About the Tennessee Education Lottery Corporation
The Tennessee Education Lottery Corporation operates entirely from the revenue it generates through the sale of its products. Since January 20, 2004, the Lottery has raised more than $4.8 billion to fund designated education programs, including after-school programs, college grants and scholarships, and Drive to 55 initiatives.
In addition to the educational beneficiaries, players have won more than $13.2 billion in prizes and Lottery retailers have earned more than $1.2 billion in retailer commissions.
For additional information, visit tnlottery.com and follow us on Facebook, Twitter & Instagram.


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Barry Hawkins (ur. 23 kwietnia 1979 w Dartford, hrabstwo Kent) – angielski snookerzysta. Wicemistrz świata w snookerze z roku 2013. Plasuje się na 15 miejscu pod względem zdobytych setek w profesjonalnych turniejach, ma ich łącznie 424.

Kariera zawodowa
W gronie profesjonalistów od roku 1996.

Hawkinsowi czterokrotnie udało się dojść do półfinałów, m.in.: Welsh Open 2005, Grand Prix 2005. Jego najwyższy break turniejowy miał miejsce podczas trzeciego turnieju z cyklu PTC w sezonie 2010/11 i wyniósł 147 punktów.

W swojej karierze zarobił około 451 tysięcy funtów.

Jest leworęczny, jednak zagrania z przyrządów wykonuje prawą ręką.

2010/2011
W trzecim turnieju Players Tour Championship 2010/2011 wbił swojego pierwszego maksymalnego breaka. W PTC doszedł do ćwierćfinału, gdzie pokonał go Mark Selby 4-3.

W World Open 2010 pokonał Marka Selby'ego, następnie byłego mistrza świata Kena Doherty'ego; uległ jednak Markowi Williamsowi.

W kwalifikacjach do Welsh Open 2011 wygrał z Andym Hicksem (4-0). Mimo to, już w 1 rundzie fazy zasadniczej turnieju przegrał z Allisterem Carterem (4-3).

Występy w turniejach w całej karierze

Statystyka zwycięstw

Turnieje nierankingowe
 Benson and Hedges Championship – 2005
 Pro Challenge Series – Event 5 (2009/2010) – 2010

Turnieje rankingowe
 Australian Goldfields Open – 2012
 Players Tour Championship 2013/2014 – Turniej finałowy
 World Grand Prix - 2017

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Barry Hawkins – profil w serwisie www.147.com.pl

 Profil na Pro Snooker Blog
 Profil na SnookerWorld.pl

Angielscy snookerzyści
Urodzeni w 1979
Ludzie urodzeni w Dartford

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Roland Sandberg (ur. 16 grudnia 1946 w Karlskronie) – szwedzki piłkarz występujący na pozycji napastnika, reprezentant Szwecji w latach 1969–1976.

Kariera klubowa
Sandberg zawodową karierę rozpoczynał w 1966 roku w klubie Åtvidabergs FF. W 1970 roku zdobył z nim Puchar Szwecji, a także wywalczył wicemistrzostwo Szwecji. Rok później ponownie zdobył z zespołem Puchar Szwecji oraz wywalczył z nim wicemistrzostwo Szwecji. Został także królem strzelców Allsvenskan. W 1972 oraz 1973 wygrał z klubem mistrzostwo Szwecji. W 1972 ponownie został królem strzelców, a w 1973 roku wystąpił z zespołem w finale Pucharu Szwecji, jednak Åtvidabergs uległ tam 0:7 Malmö FF.

W 1973 roku odszedł do niemieckiego 1. FC Kaiserslautern. W Bundeslidze zadebiutował 11 sierpnia 1973 w zremisowanym 2:2 meczu z Werderem Brema. 21 sierpnia 1973 w przegranym 1:4 spotkaniu z Eintrachtem Frankfurt strzelił pierwszego gola w trakcie gry w Bundeslidze. W 1976 roku dotarł z klubem do finału Pucharu RFN, gdzie Kaiserslautern przegrało 0:2 z Hamburgerem SV. W Kaiserslautern Sandberg grał do końca sezonu 1976/1977.

Kolejnym klubem Sandberga był szwedzki Kalmar FF, gdzie występował od 1979 do 1980. W 1981 roku zakończył karierę, po sezonie spędzonym w zespole BK Häcken.

Kariera reprezentacyjna
W reprezentacji Szwecji Sandberg zadebiutował 6 sierpnia 1969 w wygranym 1:0 towarzyskim meczu ze Związkiem Radzieckim. W 1974 roku został powołany do kadry na Mistrzostwa Świata. Zagrał na nich w czterech spotkaniach swojej drużyny - z Bułgarią (0:0), Holandią (0:0), Urugwajem (3:0), Polską (0:1), RFN (2:4) oraz Jugosławią (2:1). W meczach z Urugwajem i Jugosławią strzelił także gole. Ostatecznie tamten mundial Szwedzi zakończyli na drugiej rundzie. W latach 1969-1976 w drużynie narodowej Sandberg rozegrał w sumie 37 spotkań i zdobył 15 bramek.

Bibliografia

Reprezentanci Szwecji w piłce nożnej
Piłkarze 1. FC Kaiserslautern
Piłkarze Åtvidabergs FF
Piłkarze Kalmar FF
Piłkarze BK Häcken
Uczestnicy Mistrzostw Świata w Piłce Nożnej 1974
Urodzeni w 1946
Ludzie urodzeni w Karlskronie


Having a garage allows you to jump into your car and go without having to scrap off ice and snow. A garage offers additional storage space, workspace and increases your property value. Our directory offers a range of services including garage door repair and installation,contractors for a new build and garage storage solutions. Focus your search by choosing one of the sub-categories listed on your right.
When dealing with Legacy Garage Doors, customers can have confidence they are dealing with a company that stands behind its work and delivers on its promise of fair pricing.
Our vast product selection, expert service technicians, and constant innovations have allowed us to be recognized as an International Door Association's International Dealer of the Year.
We pay extreme attention to detail and will work with the customer every step of the way to ensure full satisfaction is achieved.


text:
Quiet Discontent Among Senate Democrats
By Meredith Shiner
Posted December 31, 2012 at 6:23pm
Senate Democrats were eerily subdued Monday as details of an emerging deal leaked from White House and Republican officials, but the quiet masked the disgruntlement, not just from liberals but also more moderate members up for re-election in 2014.
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev. — who in the year's closing hours left much of the negotiating to Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., and Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. — waited almost the entire day before calling members together to review the details of their proposal. And when he did, he invited Biden to sell it to his restless membership. Reid also has not indicated whether he could support the plan, which began to take shape early in the morning.
Given that Democrats were widely considered to have been in the position of leverage, several members and aides privately grumbled that the White House had ceded too much ground in not sticking to its promises to allow taxes to rise on those making more than $250,000. Adding to the displeasure was the president's failure to secure perhaps the biggest chit Democrats wanted: a way forward on the debt ceiling.
"As I see this thing developing — quite frankly, as I've said before — no deal is better than a bad deal, and this looks like a very bad deal, the way this is shaking up," Sen. Tom Harkin, D-Iowa, said on the floor Monday. "If you're making more than $250,000, you're not middle class. You're the top 2 percent of income earners in America."
"This is one point in time where decisions that are made on this so-called deal, decisions that are made could lock in for the next 10 years what kind of a country we're going to be, what kind of a society we're going to be," Harkin continued. "So we better be darned careful."
In July, all but two members who caucus with Senate Democrats voted for a symbolic measure that would let expire tax breaks for those with incomes more than $250,000. The two members who opposed it are both retiring. Yet White House officials seemed to indicate Monday that Senate Democrats had weakened their hand in the tax debate.
Regardless, any deal struck — if any is struck at all — will likely set up a series of difficult votes for members who face re-election in 2014. Throughout the 112th Congress, Reid tried to shield his in-cycle members from tough votes. With so much still up in the air — from an extension of the debt limit to how to deal with the sequester to entitlement cuts and tax code reform — senators will likely be asked to repeatedly vote on tricky budget issues in 2013.
"It's disappointing we couldn't get it all now, but as the president said today, we're going to have to do it in phases," said Sen. Mary L. Landrieu, D-La., who is up for re-election in 2014.
Landrieu noted that the "problem" with the deal as configured is that it likely will not reduce the deficit. The White House would be able to secure about $600 billion in revenue from raising tax rates on incomes over $400,000 for individuals and $450,000 for families, but it would lose just as much through permanent extensions of other measures, such as reducing the reach of the alternative minimum tax. The Tax Policy Center at the Brookings Institution calculated the AMT fix would cost $2.7 trillion from 2011 to 2022.
"The Republicans have refused to allow taxes to be raised on those on the highest levels, they've had to concede that point, and middle-class families have been protected, but the deficit is still a problem that needs to be addressed," Landrieu said.
"The money is not being spent; it's being given back to middle-class families in the form of tax relief," the Louisiana Democrat said.
Many aides to other in-cycle Democrats approached for this story did not want to comment publicly on a deal not yet done. But it's clear the White House and Senate leaders, who seemed resigned to a package of this scope, have some selling to do.
"The White House needs to do a sales pitch," one Senate source said.


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text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Configuration;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Wing.WeiXin.MP.SDK.ConfigSection.LogConfig
{
    /// <summary>
    /// 回滚文件记录附加器配置节点
    /// </summary>
    public class RollingFileAppenderConfigSection : ConfigurationSection
    {
        #region 日志格式 public string Pattern
        /// <summary>
        /// 日志格式
        /// </summary>
        [ConfigurationProperty("Pattern", DefaultValue = "记录时间:%d %n日志级别:%-5level %n类:%logger%n描述:%n%m%n%n")]
        public string Pattern
        {
            get { return Convert.ToString(this["Pattern"]); }
        }
        #endregion

        #region 日志文件路径 public string Path
        /// <summary>
        /// 日志文件路径
        /// </summary>
        [ConfigurationProperty("Path", DefaultValue = "C;\\")]
        public string Path
        {
            get { return Convert.ToString(this["Path"]); }
        }
        #endregion

        #region 日志单文件最大容量 public string MaximumFileSize
        /// <summary>
        /// 日志单文件最大容量
        /// </summary>
        [ConfigurationProperty("MaximumFileSize", DefaultValue = "10MB")]
        public string MaximumFileSize
        {
            get { return Convert.ToString(this["MaximumFileSize"]); }
        }
        #endregion
    }
}


text:
Tunisian trademark application
There are important several aspects of a Tunisian Trademark Application to be taken into consideration.
To get a Tunisian Trademark registration that can be used to protect a company's name or logo from use by other competitors, your Tunisian trademark application shall be field in good and due form.
The exclusive right on the use of mark or logo can be confined only after registration of the mark with the Tunisian Trademarks Register. In order to register a trademark, an application must be made in the acceptable format to the Trademark Registrer. The Trademark Registrar will examine the trademark application and allow the mark to be registered if there are no oppositions, while the mark application is published in the Trademarks gazette. In this article, we look at some of the important aspects of a Tunisian trademark application, that can make or break the registration.
Type of the Tunisian Trademark Application
A Tunisian trademark application can be made for a unique logo, word or other aspects like shape, smell and sound. However, logo or device and word-mark are the most popular types. Hence, before starting the application process, its best to have a discussion about the type of trademark registration and ensure its in line with the business objective.
Class of the Tunisian Trademark Application
The class of registration also impacts the application. Hence, while choosing the class of registration, its important to check the Nice Classification and ensure that your Tunisian trademark application matches the class under which the goods/services fall under.
Trademark Applicant
Trademark registration can be made in the name of an individual, proprietorship, partnership firm, private limited company, one person company, LLP, Association, etc., Based on the type of applicant, the documents to be submitted and the authorised signatory would vary. Hence, care must be taken to ensure that the trademark applicant and authorised person signing the application are as per the Trademark Guidelines.
Trademark Description
The trademark description contains a list of products or services the mark represents. Its important for all the goods / service mentioned in the description to be within the class under which the application is made. If the trademark description contains a product or service not within the same class, then the application can be refused. Hence, special care must be taken to ensure that the trademark description is in conformity with the class of registration.
See more information on:


text:
RELEASE BLITZ: "Fractured Love" by Matthew Dante
Book Title: Fractured Love
Author: Matthew Dante
Cover Artist: Anthony Chinedu
Genre: Gay Thriller
Tropes: Unrequited Love, Obsession
Theme: Obsessive Love
What is more dangerous than a man in love? A man in love who feels betrayed.
Marc and Alex have been best friends since childhood. When Marc was fourteen, tragedy struck, and he found himself suddenly orphaned. Having no living relatives, Marc moved in with Alex and his family, who happily opened their hearts and their home to him.
Five years have passed since the tragedy, and Marc's love and devotion for his best friend has only intensified… some would say, to an almost obsessive level…
Alex's life is suddenly turned upside down when he is forced to make an impossible decision. Alex quickly learns that Marc's love for him goes much deeper than just friendship. Alex begins to wonder, just how far is Marc willing to go in the name of love? And more terrifyingly, how dangerous is a man in love, who feels… betrayed.
Fractured Love is a dark story of unrequited love, torment, and murder.
Marc was furious. He jumped onto Alex, as Alex struggled beneath his weight. Alex kicked and punched with all his might. He had no idea how strong Marc could be when he was angry.
He felt like he was fighting a total stranger. This was not the man that he spent countless nights cuddling up against. This man was fueled by anger and rage. How long had this rage laid dormant? Or was it always there but hidden from prying eyes?
Marc let out an angry growl and punched Alex in the face. Blood burst from Alex's nose as Marc's fist connected firmly with his face. Alex fell backwards defeated. He was no match for the strength and fury of his former best friend.
Marc suddenly jumped down to the ground and grabbed Alex's body. He yanked his body close to his own and whispered, "Don't move."
Alex's body tightened as he suddenly heard a deep growl from the darkness ahead of him. With Marc's arms wrapped tight around his body, Alex pressed his back further into Marc's chest.
They both watched as a large wolf slowly emerged from the darkness. The beast growled, as it slowly made its way towards the two of them. The beast kept its nose close to the ground as it revealed its razor-sharp teeth.
"Don't move, whatever you do." Marc whispered in Alex's ear. Marc gripped Alex even tighter as he held him close to his body. Alex gripped Marc's arm, terrified, as he waited for the beast to attack.
Matthew Dante is a Canadian indie author who loves to write about magic, fantasy, and romance. He is an avid reader, world traveller, lover of all things Marvel and DC, and a romantic at heart.
Most of his stories center around gay main characters who are usually the love interests and the heroes of these stories. He writes these novels, so that other LGBTQ people will be able to read about characters and stories that they can relate to and be proud of.
Tags: Dark MM Romance, LGBT Fiction
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text:
Global M&A activity surges towards record high
[LONDON] Global mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have climbed close to a record high this year, accelerated by a trio of multibillion-dollar deals in the US, Thomson Reuters data showed.
The largest of these was Warren Buffet's US$30 billion-plus purchase of Precision Castparts, announced on Monday. The takeover is the biggest by Buffet's Berkshire Hathaway .
So far this year, US$2.9 trillion in deals have been announced globally, only 3 per cent below the US$3 trillion record peak in 2007.
Domestic M&A in the US has reached a total of US$1.4 trillion, a 62 per cent increase on this time last year.
Acquisitions of US companies account for almost half of the total worldwide value of deals in dollars terms.
In the Asia Pacific region, dealmaking is off to its best start for the year since records began, outpacing Europe for the first time and making up 23 per cent of global dealmaking.
But on Tuesday, the Chinese central bank devalued its currency, causing volatility across global financial markets.
It is unclear yet whether these measures, coupled with a slowdown in China, could diminish the appetite for takeovers in the region.