text:
package hardware::devices::camera::hikvision::snmp::mode::time;

use base qw(snmp_standard::mode::ntp);

use strict;
use warnings;

sub new {
    my ($class, %options) = @_;
    my $self = $class->SUPER::new(package => __PACKAGE__, %options, force_new_perfdata => 1);
    bless $self, $class;

    return $self;
}

sub get_target_time {
    my ($self, %options) = @_;

    my $oid_sysTime = '.1.3.6.1.4.1.39165.1.19.0';
    my $snmp_result = $options{snmp}->get_leef(oids => [ $oid_sysTime ], nothing_quit => 1);

    # format: "2019-11-18 20:13:17"
    if ($snmp_result->{$oid_sysTime} !~ /^(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)\s+(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)/) {
        $self->{output}->add_option_msg(short_msg => 'cannot parse date format: ' . $snmp_result->{$oid_sysTime});
        $self->{output}->option_exit();
    }

    my $remote_date = [$1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6];

    my $timezone = 'UTC';
    if (defined($self->{option_results}->{timezone}) && $self->{option_results}->{timezone} ne '') {
        $timezone = $self->{option_results}->{timezone};
    }

    my $tz = centreon::plugins::misc::set_timezone(name => $timezone);
    my $dt = DateTime->new(
      year       => $remote_date->[0],
      month      => $remote_date->[1],
      day        => $remote_date->[2],
      hour       => $remote_date->[3],
      minute     => $remote_date->[4],
      second     => $remote_date->[5],
      %$tz
    );

    return ($dt->epoch, $remote_date, $timezone);
}

1;

__END__

=head1 MODE

Check time offset of server with ntp server. Use local time if ntp-host option is not set.
SNMP gives a date with second precision (no milliseconds). Time precision is not very accurate.
Use threshold with (+-) 2 seconds offset (minimum).

=over 8

=item B<--warning-offset>

Time offset warning threshold (in seconds).

=item B<--critical-offset>

Time offset critical Threshold (in seconds).

=item B<--ntp-hostname>

Set the ntp hostname (if not set, localtime is used).

=item B<--ntp-port>

Set the ntp port (Default: 123).

=item B<--timezone>

Set the timezone of distant server. For Windows, you need to set it.
Can use format: 'Europe/London' or '+0100'.

=back

=cut

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Rightkey was established with an aspect of providing comprehensive end to end training on various computer software IT courses. Our team consists of high end professionals with vast real time experience who trains you on all courses. If you are searching for any online training, we assure you could not find the best place than Rightkey. It's not just a matter of training, it is stepping stone of ones career. We believe every sincere, honest and hard-working candidate deserve to taste the fruit of success by rising at top of their professional career.
Rightkey conducts classes in Oracle Training and Peoplesoft HRMS. It is located in Madhapur, Hyderabad. It takes Regular Classes- at the Institute and Online Classes- via online medium.


Mercy is a form of love with sin, brokenness & suffering. Our modern area is a time of unprecedented evil. However, where sin abounds, grace abounds ever more. Unprecedented grace is offered from Jesus.
Jesus appeared to Saint Faustina and revealed the modern message of divine mercy. The message of divine mercy is the heart of the gospel. Jesus wants to give us the message of hope and even greater grace.


text:
La ville américaine de Raywick est située dans le comté de Marion, dans l'État du Kentucky. Elle comptait  lors du recensement de 2000.

Source

Ville au Kentucky
Comté de Marion (Kentucky)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I've been making bracelets on a loom with seed beads. I haven't found any satisfactory Yokai Watch designs, so I've been making my own. Anyone is free to use this pattern, but hopefully, you will be kind enough to remember to credit me.


Heritage is one of the oldest and most personable banks in both Covington and Slidell. In 2016, the 93-year-old financial institution was in the largest transition of its life. The challenges included updating and refocusing branding and print efforts, introducing new account programs such as HB Cash Rewards and HB Prime, bringing its app and website technologies into a more prominent and modern role, and connecting even more with communities through social media and blog posts. All the while, the bank was gathering momentum for the tremendous milestone of going public with one of the Northshore's oldest businesses.
It's easy for a business to promote that it cares about the local community, but seldom does it live up to that promise as does Heritage Bank. From sponsoring food drives and strong support of the local Farmer's Market, to standing outside and waving as local traffic passes by, Heritage has ingrained itself into every facet of the community. Even Santa stops by Heritage Bank for yearly visits, not just for customers, but for the whole community. The branding reflects just that. Hundreds of personal relationships built this stable bank and grew the company to what it is today.
Along with transitioning the website into a responsive and more modern design, Anntoine's marketing platform was to highlight that the utilization of banking technology was as personal and interactive as working with the actual banking staff. The website design also featured our most ambitious technological undertaking in its functionality, simplicity, and graphic design aesthetics. The website is live today and driving, on average, 30% more daily activity than its previous design.
We also managed to flex our creative muscles a bit by producing a short animation that helps introduce Heritage Bank's new HB Cash Reward and HB Prime Checking Accounts. The spot helps educate customers, both new and loyal, on the benefits of the new featured accounts and helps reinforce the friendly atmosphere Heritage embraces.


text:
European Football Home
Luis Enrique: Barcelona coach 'motivated' by working with Messi
New Barcelona coach Luis Enrique says the prospect of managing "the best player in the world" in Lionel Messi was a key factor in taking the job.
Enrique, 44, signed a two-year deal on Wednesday to replace Gerardo Martino at the Spanish runners-up.
"Messi is essential for the group, he's unique. I hope to get the very best out of him," said the ex-Celta Vigo boss.
Luis Enrique factfile
Born: 8 May 1970, Gijon, Spain
Playing career: Played for both Real Madrid and Barcelona and won three La Liga titles as well as the Uefa Cup Winners' Cup before retiring in 2004. Capped 62 times for Spain.
Early management career: Succeeded former team-mate Pep Guardiola as coach of Barcelona's B team in June 2008. Quit at the end of his third season in charge.
Roma: Took over as head coach of the Serie A club in June 2011 but left after one season in which they finished in seventh place and failed to qualify for Europe.
Celta Vigo: In June 2013 replaced former Spain team-mate Abel Resino in charge of Vigo and guided the club to ninth place in La Liga in his only season.
Barcelona: Appointed Gerardo Martino's successor at the Nou Camp in May 2014.
Enrique, who played for the club between 1996 and 2004, intends to build "a new Barca that can excite".
Argentina forward Messi, who has just signed a new contract, scored 41 goals in 44 matches for Barcelona last season, but failed to find his best form after a two-month injury lay-off midway through the campaign.
On arriving back in his home country on Tuesday ahead of the World Cup, he told reporters that he and his Barca team-mates had suffered from a "lack of energy".
He was beaten to the Ballon d'Or - the prize given to the world's best player - by Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo in January.
"I'm delighted I'm going to be managing the best player in the world - that's motivating me to be here," added Enrique.
"This season was not as incredible as his previous seasons but he's still number one.
"When he doesn't score 100,000 goals everybody thinks there is something wrong."
Enrique, who managed Barcelona's B team between 2008 and 2011 and also had a spell at Italian side Roma, was announced as Martino's successor on Monday.
The Argentine, 51, announced he was leaving the 22-time Spanish champions after they were beaten to the league title by Atletico Madrid on Sunday.
Atletico drew 1-1 at the Nou Camp to be crowned champions for the first time since 1996, finishing three points ahead of second-placed Barca.
It was the first time the club ended a season without winning trophy since 2008, with Martino's more conservative style of play often criticised by Barca supporters.
"I want to play attacking football - that's what Barca are identified with," said Enrique.
"That's why millions around the world have fallen in love with Barca's style, even if they are not Barcelona fans they love the attractive way Barca play.
"I'm going to bring certain things in but I'm hoping to get an attractive, yet effective, Barcelona."
Read more on Uefa
Football on the BBC
Read more on Football on the BBC
Enrique appointed Barcelona boss
Read more on Barcelona appoint Luis Enrique as first-team coach
Messi signs new Barcelona contract
Read more on Lionel Messi: Barcelona forward signs new contract
Ronaldo beats Messi to Ballon d'Or
Read more on Cristiano Ronaldo beats Lionel Messi to Ballon d'Or
Barcelona confirm Ter Stegen signing
Read more on Marc-Andre Ter Stegen: Barcelona sign Germany goalkeeper
How to get into football
Read more on Get Inspired: How to get into football

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Media playback is not supported on this device Vettel takes pole with title hopes in grave doubt World champion Lewis Hamilton took his 20th career win and scored 60 points to cut team-mate Sebastian…
Written by: Walter
TORONTO – There could be more woes for Transit Toronto employees as hundreds of workers face suspension following a union's decision to abandon a legal battle against the corporation's vaccinations mandate. "I never thought…
Inspired by him: first-look at forthcoming David Murray documentary
Celebrated British composer and conductor David Murray, who died in 2008 aged 75, is the subject of the new documentary Anne's Song. Murray was honoured by Music at the Movies and will be the…
Lewis Hamilton seals seventh championship, ties Michael Schumacher with 7 wins
F1 Formula One champion Lewis Hamilton joined the late Michael Schumacher as a seven-time winner of the world championship Saturday night, a landmark for the British driver just one day before he is set…
Speaker May 'dismayed' that docs opposes vaccinations
House of Commons – (Tuscaloosa/CNN) – Parliamentary debate over the possible safety of vaccines began Thursday afternoon, following the resignation of a Conservative MP who hasn't had a vaccination in years. Some medical associations…
Police went to a Brampton, Ont., home in the early morning hours of Dec. 20 after a man was found bleeding from a gunshot wound. The man had been shot inside the home and…
Manchester United transfer news LIVE: Real Madrid target James Rodriguez, Ibrahimovic returns – as it happened
0:57 These are the stories we're following on Monday, 25 December: Man United news LIVE: Mauricio Pochettino open to taking job before summer United will be crowned Premier League champions if Pep Guardiola finishes…
CVS Caremark is entering the mass market. The pharmacy giant, which is in the midst of acquiring Aetna, plans to close around 900 underperforming stores by the end of 2019. In total, the company…
What Paul Dacre's abrupt departure from the Daily Mail means for Britain's media landscape
According to multiple media reports, U.K. newspaper The Daily Mail has axed its editor Paul Dacre. While Dacre's departure may be big news in the U.K., the consequences might be greater for the country's…
Largest production increase in six years coming from giant players like ArcelorMittal as demand from China slows The last time Canada made a serious effort to revive the moribund steel industry, the result was…


Drunk and apparently distracted by text message coming in on his cell phone, Virginia Beach, VA, resident Dorek Emanuel Hayes hit Mary Edwards as the 72-year-old woman attempted to cross Honeygrove Road in the early evening of December 30, 2009. Edwards suffered "broken legs and ankles, cracked ribs and bruised lungs" in the hit-and-run accident and remains hospitalized, according to the Virginian-Pilot.
After pleading guilty to both a felony charge of DUI and causing serious injury while driving drunk, Hayes also received a conviction on charges related to leaving the scene of an accident. He will be sentenced on August 30, 2010, when he could receive as much as 10 years in jail.
The past six months have seen several serious and deadly pedestrian accidents in Virginia Beach and the other cities of Hampton Roads. Drivers in the Commonwealth normally must stop for pedestrians in crosswalks and at corners, but people in cars and trucks need to watch out for even people crossing in the middle of the street. Even when pedestrians act irresponsibly, drivers need to remember that they can cause life-threatening and fatal injuries. And certainly, if an accident does occur, drivers must stop and attend to the victim.
The conviction of the man who hurt her may bring Edwards some mental comfort, but her physical pain will likely continue for several more months -- if not years. I wish her a speedy recovery.


As the title suggests, Roland Guerin travels to different realms on his latest CD. Performing in an array of settings, the New Orleans bassist has always displayed his versatility. Noted for his slap-bass technique on the upright, an old-school style that he modernized and made his own, Guerin is equally adept at adding punch and funk on the electric.
On A Different World, he abandons the swing and groove of his past recorded projects, though rhythm continues to play an important role on this electronically focused album. What's found within might best be described as contemporary, instrumental, improvisational music performed by talented artists who give it drive. Guerin uses electronic manipulation on the first recorded vocals of his career. His bass goes beyond its rhythmic function, showing its nature as a melodic instrument on the soulful, closing cut, "The Tender Part." Guerin generously allows his band mates—including saxophonists Kris Royal and Dennis Williams, drummer Terence Higgins, pianist Mike Esnault, percussionist Bill Summers and guitarist Shane Theriot—plenty of room to make their own solo statements.
For Guerin, A Different World doesn't exist too far away from his jazz home. He isn't swingin' but he's sure not smoothin'.


text:
Q: do searches regardless of whether the text is in uppercase or lowercase (firebase) I have been doing a filter by name of my "chats" database, the filter works correctly, but I find an error, the filter works according to upper and lower case, I am something new in firebase and I do not know if there is any method to do what I want or is there any other way to do it.
this is an example of my names found in the database:
[
  chat1:{
     id:1,
     name:'Chat 1'
  },
  chat2:{
     id:2,
     name:'ANother Name'
  },
]

this is the query to get the data from my database:
db.collection("chats")
      .orderBy("name")
      .startAt(search)
      .endAt(search + "\uf8ff")
      .onSnapshot((snaphot) => {
        setNewData(
          snaphot.docs.map((doc) => ({
            id: doc.id,
            chat: doc.data(),
          }))
        );
      });

"search", is the text that the user types

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Install k9s on Ubuntu WSL on Windows 11 I want to install k9s on Ubuntu WSL on Windows 11.
When I try to install it I get an error that snapd is down:
➜  ~ sudo snap install k9s
error: cannot communicate with server: Post http://localhost/v2/snaps/k9s: dial unix /run/snapd.socket: connect: no such file or directory

When I start snapd I get a new error:
➜  ~ systemctl start snapd.service
System has not been booted with systemd as init system (PID 1). Can't operate.
Failed to connect to bus: Host is down

Anyone know how I shoudl proceed?

A: It's an issue with WSL2, you can fix it by running this :
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -yqq daemonize dbus-user-session fontconfig
sudo daemonize /usr/bin/unshare --fork --pid --mount-proc /lib/systemd/systemd --system-unit=basic.target
exec sudo nsenter -t $(pidof systemd) -a su - $LOGNAME

snap version

Source : https://github.com/microsoft/WSL/issues/5126#issuecomment-653715201


ACM Care Senior Care in Chicago.
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text:
Will Rawls
Jan 13-Feb 10, 2019; Jun 9-Aug 1, 2019
← Back to Artist Residencies
Will Rawls (b. 1978, Boston, Massachusetts) is a New York-based choreographer, performance artist, curator and writer. Rawls's choreographic work has appeared at Museum of Modern Art (2019), Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (2018); Danspace Project, New York (2018); New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York (2018), Issue Project Room, Brooklyn (2018); Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC (2018); Portland Institute for Contemporary Art, Portland (2017); Whitney Museum of American Art, New York (2017); MoMA PS1, Long Island City, New York (2016); Abrons Arts Center, New York (2015); and Emily Harvey Foundation, New York (2012). Rawls will use the residency to research and experiment with various art practices that engage language and performance, specifically how speech and writing share communicative properties with dance. This inquiry considers the ways in which dance and language communicate radically differently, setting up divergent yet complementary cognitive processes in both viewer and performer. Rawls will also meditate on the work of Guy de Cointet, David Hammons, as well as other Los Angeles-based artists working between performance, painting, sculpture, and language.
Will Rawls, Still from Sister Spell, 2018
Will Rawls, Cursor, 2018
Will Rawls, Uncle Rebus, 2018
Will Rawls, The Planet-Eaters, 2013
Digital video projection. Courtesy of the artist.
Performance view, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington DC. Courtesy of the artist. Photo: Erin Schaff
Silkscreen print.
Performance view, High Line, New York. Courtesy of the artist. Photo: Will Rawls
Performance view, The Chocolate Factory Theater, Queens, New York. Courtesy of the artist. Photo: Brian Rogers.
Tuesday Jul 16, 2019 7:30PM This is a past program


For many people, pumpkin pie is an essential part of any Thanksgiving dinner, but for me it has always been pumpkin CHEESECAKE! And luckily, cheesecake also makes a fantastic keto dessert. This Keto Pumpkin Cheesecake will make the perfect addition to any Thanksgiving gathering, and your guests won't even notice it's low carb!
This is a great opportunity to introduce a couple of my new favourite products – Lakanto Monkfruit Sweeteners. Lakanto blends zero calorie, zero glycemic monkfruit sweetener with erythritol. The Golden Lakanto Monkfuit Sweetener is great when you want to achieve that delicious brown sugar flavour in your baked goods. Their Maple Flavoured Syrup is also a great alternative to other sugar-free syrups that typically contain Maltitol (NOT zero-glycemic). If you're in a rush to make this recipe and don't have the Lakanto sweetener on hand though, you can substitute with Swerve and add a touch of Black Strap Molasses for the brown sugar flavour.
This Keto Pumpkin Cheesecake will make the perfect addition to any Thanksgiving gathering, and your guests won't even notice it's low carb!
Press the dough evenly into the bottom of an 8x8 glass baking dish or 9" pie pan.
Bake 7-10 minutes until lightly browned, then cool in the fridge while you prepare the filling.
In a large bowl, beat the cream cheese with the sweeteners until well-combined and fluffy.
Beat in remaining ingredients until well-combined.
Pour the filling over the crust and bake 45-50 minutes, until just set. Remove and let cool.
Beat the cream cheese with the Davinci Syrup, Swerve, vanilla bean and lemon extract until smooth and well-combined.
Beat the whipping cream separately until stiff peaks form. Gently fold into the cream cheese mixture.
Spread over the cooled pumpkin cheesecake and sprinkle with cinnamon.


193 leaves : vellum ; 35 X 31 cm.
f. 2r: St. George and the Dragon, 25 x 29.5 cm. St. George, patron saint of Ethiopia, on a white horse, spears the dragon symbolizing evil at his feet. Ten men with spears to the right and princess in a tree at top left look on at the event taking place. f. 2v: Virgin and Child Enthroned, 26 x 30 cm. Mary holds the infant Christ in her lap as she sits upon a throne, which symbolizes the Church. Christ points with three fingers to represent the Trinity toward a ray of light symbolizing the Holy Spirit. He holds a book in the other hand (most likely the Old Testament of which He is the fulfillment). Two angels accompany the couple in the upper left and right corner of the composition. They hold a sheet that falls begind the Virgin and the Child. f. 5v: The Trinity, 25 x 26 cm. Framed within an octagon, God the Father forms the symbol of the Trinity with one hand and holds a small yellow seed between two fingers of the other hand. Outside the frame in the upper and lower corners are attributes of the four evangelists: the angel, eagle, lion, and ox. A gauze cloth attached with string to this folio covers the illumination. Evidence suggests that in the manuscript's original state, all the illuminations were likewise covered with a cloth.
Text identification: Miracles of Mary.
Binding: Original brown leather wrapped over wooden boards; spine severly worn.
f late 16th or early 17th century.
f. 2r: St. George and the Dragon, 25 x 29.5 cm. St. George, patron saint of Ethiopia, on a white horse, spears the dragon symbolizing evil at his feet. Ten men with spears to the right and princess in a tree at top left look on at the event taking place. f. 2v: Virgin and Child Enthroned, 26 x 30 cm. Mary holds the infant Christ in her lap as she sits upon a throne, which symbolizes the Church. Christ points with three fingers to represent the Trinity toward a ray of light symbolizing the Holy Spirit. He holds a book in the other hand (most likely the Old Testament of which He is the fulfillment). Two angels accompany the couple in the upper left and right corner of the composition. They hold a sheet that falls begind the Virgin and the Child. f. 5v: The Trinity, 25 x 26 cm. Framed within an octagon, God the Father forms the symbol of the Trinity with one hand and holds a small yellow seed between two fingers of the other hand. Outside the frame in the upper and lower corners are attributes of the four evangelists: the angel, eagle, lion, and ox. A gauze cloth attached with string to this folio covers the illumination. Evidence suggests that in the manuscript's original state, all the illuminations were likewise covered with a cloth.


text:
Q: How to split text column in bigrams to score against sentiment score lexicon (AFINN)? I have a data frame with one column as text. I am able to split the text in to words (using unnest_tokens from tidytext), and then take the mean score for all the words. However, i also want to look at the scores for the bigrams/trigrams in my text - as AFINN lexicon also has scores for bi/tri grams, and i think that can help improve the scores to some extent.
Below is the code I am using (data is the dataset, Content is the column with text):
Step 1:
    review_words <- data %>%
    select(Source, Content) %>%
    unnest_tokens(word, Content) %>%
    filter(!word %in% stopwords(kind="en"),
    str_detect(word, "^[a-z']+$"))

Step 2: (AFINN LIST only has 2 columns- word, and respective score
    reviews_sentiment <- review_words %>%
    inner_join(afinn_list, by = "word") %>%
    group_by(Source) %>%
    summarize(sentiment = mean(score))

Step 3: I join the the result back to 'data' to have an output of scores next to original text.
When i try to do the above steps with the following change in STEP 1:
    review_words <- data %>%
    select(Source, Content) %>%
    unnest_tokens(ngram, Content, token = "ngrams", n=2) %>%
    filter(!ngram %in% stopwords(kind="en"),
    str_detect(ngram, "^[a-z']+$"))

I get an empty dataframe. What am i missing here? Just need a quick fix to score bigrams just as I scored individual words.


text:
Home/News/An orbiter captures an angel-shaped depression on Mars
An orbiter captures an angel-shaped depression on Mars
Ordo News EditorDecember 21, 2020
(ORDO NEWS) — The European Space Agency has published interesting images taken by the Mars Express orbiter. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that they show a depression in the form of an angel.
The deepening was formed during the sublimation of ice, erosion of rocks and the fall of a large body.
The pictures were taken in the southern hemisphere of the planet, which is of great interest to scientists. This is due, first of all, to the reserves of water vapor and frozen carbon dioxide.
More on Ordo News
Scientists say there is life in the Universe
Sun has been proven to be responsible for strong earthquakes
Astronomers have recorded a radio signal from an exoplanet
The study of these components allows not only to better understand the structure of the polar caps and the seasonality of the climate, but also to draw conclusions about the suitability of Mars for habitation.
The Mars-Express apparatus has been in operation for 17 years. By the end of the next year, the specialists decided to post a number of interesting pictures on the Web. In their opinion, a Christmas angel is clearly visible in the photographs. Several others taken on November 8 this year were combined to produce one image.
The deepening was formed due to completely different processes in each separate area. The right side is a large sublimation pit, and the left is the result of dust vortices. The top received its appearance due to the fall of a meteorite, and the bottom – erosion.
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Large meteorite lay in a garden in Germany for decades
Galactic catastrophe could provoke the formation of the solar system
Scientists discover 11 previously unknown emperor penguin colonies in Antarctica
In the US, preparing for the invasion of cicadas
Nikola Tesla and Marconi overheard messages from aliens
Wet regions of the tropics predicted a gradual "shrinkage" and shift
The main "eye symptoms" of coronavirus infection
America's oldest city could be destroyed by farmers
Russia has developed a device to search for precious metals on the Moon and Mars
Astronomers have discovered feathers in the sun's crown
The oldest luminous creature found in amber
Biologists first reconstructed dinosaur's intimate opening


Pakistan Railways (reporting mark PR) (Urdu: پاکستان ریلویز) is the national, state-owned railway company of Pakistan. Founded in 1861 and headquartered in Lahore, it owns 4,800 miles (7,791 km) of track across Pakistan from Torkham to Karachi and operates freight and passenger service. Pakistan Railways was also known as the Pakistan Western Railway from 1947 to 1974.
In 2014 the Ministry of Railways launched Pakistan Railways Vision 2026, which seeks to increase the company's share of the transportation sector from four to 20 percent with the ₨886.68 billion (US$8.4 billion) China–Pakistan Economic Corridor rail upgrade. The plan includes new locomotives, development and improvement of current rail infrastructure, an increase in average train speed, improved on-time performance and expansion of passenger service. The first phase of the project was completed in 2017, and the second phase is scheduled for completion by 2021. Pakistan Railways is an active member of the International Union of Railways.
In 1855, during the British Raj, several railway companies began laying track and operating in present-day Pakistan. The country's rail system was originally a patchwork of local rail lines operated by small, private companies, including the Scinde Railway, Punjab Railway, Delhi Railway and Indus Flotilla. In 1870, the four companies combined to form the Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway. Several other rail lines were soon built, including the Indus Valley State Railway, Punjab Northern State Railway, Sind–Sagar Railway, Sind–Pishin State Railway, Trans–Baluchistan Railway and Kandahar State Railway. These six companies merged with the Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway to form the North Western State Railway in 1880. Between 1880 and 1947, the North Western State Railway expanded throughout Punjab and Sindh.
In 1947 following independence, most of the North Western State Railway infrastructure was in Pakistani territory and was renamed the Pakistan Western Railway. In East Bengal, the portion of the Assam Bengal Railway in Pakistani territory was renamed the Pakistan Eastern Railway. The country adopted 8,122 kilometres (5,047 mi) of the North Western State Railway; 6,880 kilometres (4,280 mi) was 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in), 506 kilometres (314 mi) was metre gauge, and 736 kilometres (457 mi) was 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge.
From 1950 to 1955 the Mashriq-Maghreb Express operated from Koh-e-Taftan in West Pakistan to Chittagong in East Pakistan, using Indian tracks and rolling stock for a 1986-km (1245-mile) route between Attari and Benapole. In 1954, a branch line was extended from the Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line to Mardan and Charsada. Two years later, the Jacobabad-Kashmore metre-gauge line was converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge. The Kot Adu-Kashmore section of the Kotri–Attock Railway Line was built from 1969 to 1973, providing an alternate route from Karachi to northern Pakistan. In 1974, Pakistan Western Railways was renamed Pakistan Railways. In February 2006, the 126-kilometre (78 mi) Hyderabad–Khokhrapar Branch Line was converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in). All narrow-gauge tracks in the country were converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) or dismantled during 2000s. On 8 January 2016, the Lodhran–Raiwind Branch Line double-rail project was completed.
Pakistan Railways is a state-owned enterprise under the Ministry of Railways (MoR) of the government of Pakistan, tasked and primarily responsible for planning, administrating, and establishing passenger rail service and regulating railway companies and industries. Pakistan Railways policy and development are administered by the ministry. From 1947 to 1959, the Pakistan Western Railway and Pakistan Eastern Railway were administered by the Railway Division of the Ministry of Communications, headed by the Director General of Railways (DG Railways) in the ministry. In 1959, an ordinance was passed by Parliament outlining the need for a semi-autonomous railway board. The board was conceived in accordance with the principal powers of the central government as stipulated in the Railways Act IX of 1890. After the first session of the third national assembly, President Ayub Khan issued Presidential Order 33 on 9 June 1962. The order directed the transfer of control of both railways (PWR and PER) from the central government to the provincial governments of West Pakistan and East Pakistan, respectively. When PO 33 came into effect on 1 July 1962, railway boards were established by both provinces (repealing the Railway Board Ordinance of 1959).
The presidential order also reinstated the separation convention whereby railway finances were separated from general finances beginning with fiscal year 1961-62, giving each board greater autonomy. In 1974, the Ministry of Railways was created to administer planning, policy-making, technical advice and management of the railway. In 1982 the Ministry of Railways was merged with the Railway Board by a presidential order, resulting in the federal ministry.
Pakistan Railways has three functional units: operations, manufacturing and welfare and special initiatives. The operations unit is divided into three main departments. The Infrastructure Department oversees civil engineering, signaling, telecommunications, design and the directorate of property. The Mechanical Engineering Department oversees mechanical engineering, purchasing, stores and electrical engineering, and the Traffic Department oversees passenger facilities, operations, marketing and the directorate of information technology. Several smaller departments, including personnel, railway police, planning, legal affairs, public relations and the Pakistan Railways Academy, are also part of the operations unit. The railway has seven territorial operating divisions: Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi and Sukkur.
Pakistan Railways has 190 working diesel-electric locomotives. The average life of the fleet is 25 years, and they are serviced at the Pakistan Locomotive Factory.
In January 2016, the railway ordered 800 hopper wagons from Jinan Railway Vehicles Equipment. The first 205 wagons will be built in China, and the remaining 595 wagons will be assembled at the Moghalpura Railway Workshops in Pakistan. The wagons will carry coal to power stations in Karachi and Qadirabad.
The Pakistan Locomotive Factory was built in Risalpur in 1993 at a cost of ₨228.4 million (US$2.2 million). The factory's capacity is 150 coaches per year on a single-shift basis.
The Moghalpura Railway Workshops, on the Lahore–Wagah Branch Line at Moghalpura Junction railway station (MGPR) in Lahore, are one of several rolling-stock repair sites. The workshop complex emerged at its present site in 1904 to manufacture, repair and overhaul passenger coaches and freight wagons for the North Western State Railway. After Pakistan's independence in 1947, it was the only state-of-the-art workshop for Pakistan Railways.
The railway owns five concrete sleeper factories in Sukkur, Khanewal, Kohat, Shahinabad and Kotri. The first factory was established in Sukkur in 1967, and the other four factories were opened between 1979 and 1981.
The Pakistan Railways network is divided into main lines and branch lines. The Karachi-Peshawar line is the main north-south line, and the Rohri-Chaman line is the main east-west line.
Pakistan Railways owns 11,881 kilometres (7,383 mi) of track. All are 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) (broad gauge), except for some industrial lines. The broad-gauge track axle load limit is 22.86 tonnes, except for the Rohri-Chaman Line (limit 17.78 tonnes) and Quetta-Taftan Line (limit 17.27 tonnes). The maximum speed on most lines is 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph), but upgraded sections of the Karachi-Peshawar Line allow speeds up to 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph). Work is in progress to upgrade all main lines to 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph).
The Lahore-Khanewal line was electrified at 25 kV AC, but electric service had ceased by 2011. The theft of overhead wire was cited as a reason.
Iran - Pakistan Railways is connected to the Islamic Republic of Iran Railways at Zahedan, where a break-of-gauge exists between the 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) Quetta–Taftan Railway Line and the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) Kerman–Zahedan line. The link was completed on 18 May 2007.
Afghanistan - Presently there is no rail link to Afghanistan, but Pakistan Railways has proposed to help build an Afghan rail network in three phases. Phase one would stretch from the Chaman to Spin Boldak as an extension of the Rohri–Chaman Line. Phase two would extend the line from Spin Boldak to Kandahar. Phase three would run from Kandahar to Herat and Khushka, Turkmenistan, linking the 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) with the Central Asian 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in). It is unknown where the break-of-gauge station would be. Another proposal would extend the Karachi-Peshawar Line to Kabul via Jalalabad.
China - There is no present rail link with China. On 28 February 2007, contracts were awarded for feasibility studies on the Taxila–Khunjerab Line, extending it from Havelian via the Khunjerab Pass to the Chinese railhead at Kashgar, a distance of about 750 kilometres (470 mi).
Turkey - The completion of the Pakistan-Iran link has made it possible, in principle, to run trains between Pakistan and Turkey via Iran. A container train trial service was begun by Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani between Islamabad and Istanbul on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 containers with a capacity of about 750 t (738 long tons; 827 short tons), and was scheduled to travel 6,500 km (4,000 mi) from Islamabad through Tehran to Istanbul. An Istanbul-Tehran-Islamabad passenger rail service has also been proposed. In 2009, Minister for Railways Ghulam Ahmad Bilour expressed the hope that after the container-train trial a passenger train would be introduced. There are also hopes that the route would link Europe and Central Asia and carry passengers.
India - Two rail links to India exist: the Thar Express from Jodhpur, Rajasthan to Karachi and the Samjhauta Express from Delhi to Lahore.
Passenger traffic is 50 percent of total annual revenue; in 1999-2000, this amounted to ₨4.8 billion (US$46 million). Pakistan Railways carried 52.2 million passengers in 2016 and operates 28 mail, express and passenger trains. The railway carries a daily average of 178,000 people, and provides special trains for Eid ul Fitr, Eid ul Azha, Independence Day and Raiwind Ijtema. It set up a website during the early 2000s to provide travelers with up-to-date information about seat availability, departures and arrivals. Online ticket purchase was added to the website in 2016, with reservations confirmed by SMS. Wi-Fi service is included on the Green Line Express.
Pakistan Railways was the predominant mode of freight transportation from coastal ports to the interior. At their peak, between 1955 and 1960, PR handled 73 percent of the country's freight traffic (compared to less than four percent in 2015). The Freight Business Unit operates over 200 freight stations, including the Port of Karachi and Bin Qasim Port, and several dry ports in Pakistan's four provinces. With 12,000 employees, the unit generates revenue from the movement of agricultural, industrial and imported products such as petroleum oil and lubricants, wheat, coal, fertilizer, rock phosphate, cement and sugar from the ports to the interior.
On 14 August 2009, Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani launched a freight train between Islamabad and Istanbul via Tehran. The first train carried 20 containers with a capacity of 750 t (738 long tons; 827 short tons), and made the 6,500 km (4,000 mi) trip from Islamabad to Tehran and Istanbul in two weeks. In 2015, freight carried by Pakistan Railways increased significantly to 3.3 million tons.
In Ghangha Pur, a 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge horse-drawn tramway is operational. It was first opened in 1898, closed in 1998, and re-opened in 2010.
Pakistan Railways has been criticized for its deteriorating service and declining number of passengers and trains. The railway was the predominant mode of transportation in Pakistan until 1970s. At its peak between 1955 and 1960, PR handled 73 percent of the country's freight traffic (compared to less than four percent in 2015). During the 1970s, Pakistan Railways also had the largest passenger-transport share.
Unfortunately, its role as a catalyst for economic development has received a setback due to significant under-investment by successive governments who preferred investment in road infrastructure at the cost of railways. Declining passenger numbers and financial losses in the late 1980s and early 1990s prompted the closure of many branch lines and small stations. The 1990s saw steep cuts in rail subsidies and mismanagement in the company.
Sukkur rail disaster: Occurred on 4 January 1990 in the village of Sangi, near Sukkur in Sindh Province. In Pakistan's worst rail disaster, 307 people were killed. The Bahauddin Zakaria Express, on a 500-mile (800 km) overnight run from Multan to Karachi, carried many more passengers in its 16 carriages than its 1,408-seat capacity. The train was supposed to pass through the village of Sangi, but incorrectly-set points sent it into a siding and it struck an empty 67-car freight train at a speed of at least 35 miles per hour (56 km/h).
Ghotki rail crash: In PR's worst accident in recent years, three passenger trains collided on 13 July 2005. Thirteen carriages derailed, and over 120 people were killed. The Karachi Express struck the rear of the Quetta Express while it was stopped at a station near Ghotki, and the Tezgam (travelling in the opposite direction) struck several of the derailed carriages. According to officials, the conductor of the Karachi Express misread a signal.
Super Parcel Express: On 21 August 2005, the upcountry Super Parcels Express derailed while crossing the Malir Bridge near Landhi in Karachi Division. Eight bogies were seriously damaged when an axle broke due to overloading, and rail traffic was suspended for 24 hours; all trains were terminated and turned around at Landhi.
Mehrabpur derailment: The Karachi Express, from Karachi to Lahore, derailed near the town of Mehrabpur in Sindh on 19 December 2007. At about 2:25 a.m. local time, fourteen of the train's sixteen carriages left the tracks; some were mangled by the crash, and others slid down an embankment into water. Sabotage and terrorism were ruled out as reasons for the derailment, with officials blaming faulty track.
2015 Gujranwala derailment: On 2 July 2015, three carriages of a special train fell into a canal and another derailed near Gujranwala. Nineteen people were killed.
Aab-e-Gum derailment: On 17 November 2015, the Jaffar Express derailed at Aab-e-Gum in Balochistan. Twenty people were killed.
Karachi rail crash: The Bahauddin Zakaria Express collided with the Fareed Express (parked at the Landhi railway station) on 3 November 2016, killing 21 people.
Over 1,409 kilometres (876 mi) of tracks have been doubled since the track-doubling project began in the 1990s. Sections of the Karachi–Peshawar Line were first doubled, since it was the country's busiest and longest line.
In March 2010, the Pakistani government announced plans to privatise Pakistan Railways and split it into four businesses focusing on passenger operations, freight, infrastructure and manufacturing. In February 2010, "Unbundling" was proposed the previous month, with activities being outsourced, privatised, or operated separately. However, complete privatisation has been ruled out.
Pakistan Railways has faced financial and management crisis, and has met with private operators. Several trains are a public-private partnership. The Pakistan Business Express Train made its first run on 3 February 2012, and the Shalimar Express resumed operation on 25 February of that year.
China is involved in the development of Pakistan Railways, and has been increasing its stake in Pakistan's communications sector. Freight and passenger service make up 50 percent of the railway's total revenue. Pakistan Railways carries 65 million passengers annually and operates 228 mail, express and passenger trains daily. It introduced new mail and express trains between major terminals from 2003 to 2005. The railway has entered developmental agreements with Chinese rail companies. In 2001, Pakistan Railways signed a $91.89 million contract with China National Machinery Import and Export Corporation to manufacture 175 high-speed passenger coaches. The project was funded by Exim Bank of China on a supplier-credit basis. Forty passenger coaches have been received, and 105 were scheduled to be assembled in Pakistan Railways' carriage factory. The coaches are in use on Pakistan Railways' Rawalpindi-Lahore-Karachi, Lahore-Faisalabad and Rawalpindi-Quetta mail and express trains. The manufacturing kits for the remaining 30 coaches have been received, and 12 are assembled. The technology transfer for the coaches was obtained from China's Chang Chun Car Company.
Pakistan Railways purchased 69 locomotives, 15 of which are in use by the railway, as part of a 2003 agreement with China. The remaining 54 are scheduled to be built at Pakistan Railways' locomotive factory. The Chinese locomotives are 37 percent less expensive than European locomotives. Although some Pakistani observers have criticised faulty locomotives purchased by Pakistan Railways from Dongfang Electric of China, the railway decided to purchase 45 more 2,000-3,000-horsepower locomotives from Dongfang. The company is willing to redesign the 30 delivered locomotives, strengthening their underframes and reducing their weight below 140 tons each. The Beijing Research and Design Institute is committed to provide 300 rail cars to Pakistan Railways.
According to a 2004 agreement with China National Machinery and Equipment Group, the Chinese company would begin the construction of Corridor 1 of a light-rail mass-transit system in Karachi which is intended to serve four million commuters. The project, costing about $568 million, would take four-and-a-half years to complete. The contract, awarded on a build–operate–transfer basis, consists of five corridors. Pakistan signed a series of agreements with China to expand the capability of its railway system. Under an agreement with China Railway, a Chinese company would provide 1,300 freight cars to Pakistan Railways; 420 would be manufactured in China, and the remaining 880 would be produced at the Moghalpura Railway Workshops in Lahore. In another project, 450 passenger coaches would be rehabilitated at an estimated cost of Rs2.14 billion. This would include air-conditioning 40 coaches, converting 10 power vans and providing 100 high-speed bogies; 30 would be imported from China, and 70 would be manufactured domestically on a transfer-of-technology basis. In a separate agreement, 175 new passenger coaches are being purchased from China.
As part of a $100 million agreement signed by Pakistan and China in November 2001, China is to export 69 locomotives to Pakistan to modernize the country's rail fleet. The new engines consume less fuel than older models, and cost less to maintain. The first 15 engines would be manufactured in China, and the remainder would be assembled in Pakistan with Chinese parts and technology. For a Rs7.2 billion project Sindh laying 78,000 tons of rails, China delivered 64,000 tons to Pakistan Railways.
Pakistan awarded a Rs72 million (US$1.2 million) contract to an international consortium to conduct a feasibility study for establishing a rail link with China to improve trade between the countries. The study will cover a 750-kilometre (470 mi) section between Havellian and the 4,730-metre-high (15,520 ft) Khunjerab Pass over Mansehra District and the Karakoram Highway. Havellian is already linked with the Pakistani rail network; China would lay about 350 kilometres (220 mi) of track in China from Kashgar to the Khunjerab Pass, linking Pakistan with China's rail network (largely along the Karakoram Highway). By expanding its stake in Pakistan's rail sector, China can utilise the country's advantageous geographic position at the confluence of South, Central and West Asia. During the first week of February 2007, Pakistan Railways and Dongfang Electric signed an agreement to establish a rail link between Havellian and Khunjerab. The route from Havellian and Khunjerab will probably include tunnels. The pre-feasibility study was completed in July 2011.
As part of the development plan for its transport and communications network, Pakistan Railways has completed a feasibility study of the Chaman-Kandahar section for laying track between Pakistan and Turkmenistan through Afghanistan. A feasibility study for cost, engineering and design for the construction of a rail link from Gwadar to the existing rail network in Mastung district in Balochistan has been finalised. The link to the port of Gwadar will open underdeveloped areas of Balochistan to development. The chief aim of the venture is to connect the Central Asian republics with Pakistan Railways' network through Afghanistan.
China will benefit from Gwadar's accessible international trade routes to the Central Asian republics and China's Xinjiang border region. By extending its east-west railway from the Chinese border city of Kashgar to Peshawar in Pakistan's northwest, Beijing can trade freight to and from Gwadar along the shortest route (from Karachi to Peshawar). Pakistan's rail network could also supply oil from the Persian Gulf to Xinjiang and give China rail access to Iran.
^ a b Tahir, Amin (17 March 2018). "PR losses may jump to around Rs 43 billion by end 2017-2018". Business Recorder. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018.
^ a b Year Book 2016-17 (PDF). Ministry of Railways (GOP). 2017. p. 3.
^ "Government of Pakistan Ministry of Railways". Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ "History". Bangladesh Railway. Archived from the original on 15 November 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
^ Barrow, Keith. "Pakistan Railways orders 800 wagons from CRRC".
^ "Carriage factory rehabilitates 690 coaches". www.pakistantoday.com.pk.
^ Siddiqui, Zaheer Mahmood (9 September 2016). "Footprints: Inside the Mughalpura Workshops".
^ "Upgradation of ML-1 would escalate train's speed by 160 km/h: Saad Rafique - Pakistan - Dunya News".
^ "The forgotten electric locomotives of Pakistan". 23 July 2015.
^ "Pakistan Railways: Electrical locomotives wrapped up - The Express Tribune". 28 February 2011.
^ "Govt considers railway links with central Asia".
^ Dr John Stubbs (1 January 2007). "Closing the gap from Bam to Zahedan". Railway Gazette International. Archived from the original on 21 December 2010.
^ Associated Press of Pakistan. "PR signs deal with foreign firm for pre-feasibility study of Pakistan-China rail link". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
^ a b "First container train service from Islamabad to Turkey begins Today". Pakistan Times. 15 August 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
^ a b "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
^ Baseer Ahmed (24 January 2016). "Pakistan pursuing revival of train service between Pakistan, Turkey via Iran".
^ "thaishipper.com". www.thaishipper.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
^ "Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service". Dawn.Com. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
^ a b "Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts". BBC News. 14 August 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
^ "Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey". railway-technology.com. 5 August 2009.
^ "Trams of the World 2017" (PDF). Blickpunkt Straßenbahn. 24 January 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
^ "Ghora Tram: Historic Horse Tram Returns to Gangapur". pakistaniat.com. 9 March 2010.
^ "Pakistan Railways: A Performance Analysis" (PDF). Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency. December 2015. ISBN 978-969-558-589-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
^ "Chronology of world train disasters". The Guardian. London. 2 August 1999.
^ "World's worst rail disasters". BBC. 13 July 2005. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
^ Aziz, Abdul: Sabotage unlikely in train crash, Dawn, 20 December 2007.
^ "Four-way split proposed for Pakistan Railways". Railway Gazette International. 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
^ "Railway Gazette: Unbundling of Pakistan Railways proposed". Retrieved 27 February 2011.
^ Pakistan Railway. "Achievements & Plans". Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
^ China-Pakistan rail link on horizon, Asia Times Online, 24 February 2007.
^ Pre-feasibility for 411 mile rail link between Pakistan's town of Havelian and Khunjerab completed, Pamir Times, 3 July 2011.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pakistan Railways.
"Pakistan Railways Heritage Society". Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2010.


I'm pleased to inform you that we have finally released JRebirth 8.0.2.
This is the third release of the 8.x branch that will be merged on the master branch soon.
I'm pleased to inform you that we have finally released JRebirth 8.0.1.
This is the second release of the 8.x branch that have been merged on the master branch.
I'm pleased to inform you that we have released JRebirth 7.7.5 which fix an ugly regression of the 7.7.3 found the day after the release and not completely fixed by 7.7.4.
This will probably be the final release of the 7.x branch (except if a fatal error is found).
The upcoming 8.0.0 version will be released soon and will require Java8, newer amazing features are on the go, stay tuned !!
I'm pleased to inform you that we have released JRebirth 7.7.4 which fix an ugly regression of the 7.7.3 found the day after the release.


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Winter Weather Procedures
Many schools in South Warwickshire closed on Thursday 14th November 2019 due to flooding. We last had snow days in December 2017 and March 2018 where these procedures were used effectively.
For occasions such as the ones above, I will be in regular (early morning) consultation with Mrs. Young (Head of School), Jo Barker (Chair of Trustees) and Michelle Watkins (Caretaker). I will endeavour to make a decision as early as possible but this cannot always be guaranteed as we need information regarding the conditions in surrounding villages. It's always useful if parents ring the school or contact me via social media or email if circumstances where you live are particularly challenging, especially with flooding.
A decision to close will be communicated in a number of ways:-
• School website - http://www.acornsprimary.co.uk
• SchoolPing message - it is parents responsibility to make sure the office have the most up-to-date contact details, including at least two emergency contacts.
• School Twitter - http://twitter.com/acornshead (@acornshead).
• Radio - Touch and BBC Coventry and Warwickshire.
If a decision is made to close our school early during the day, our SchoolPing system will be used and we will update the website and tweet immediately. Children will NOT be allowed to be collected by another adult unless parents have contacted the school to confirm this (and dependent on COVID-19 national and local restrictions), OR they are listed as an emergency contact.
Mrs. Watkins follows a gritting route procedure in order of priority. She will not grit beyond the school site, however members of the public are encouraged to use the public yellow gritting bins to salt paths and roads. Government guidance states that "You can clear snow and ice from pavements yourself. It's unlikely that you'll be sued or held responsible if someone is injured on a path or pavement if you've cleared it carefully."
The decision to close is not one taken lightly, but I have to consider the safety of pupils, parents and staff, many of whom do not live locally. Dave Faulkner from grounds maintenance contractor Lawns2Mow has a snow plough and will be on standby to clear the car park, playground and School Close should we have any snow. Thank you, in anticipation for your patience, co-operation and understanding!
If there is a snow day, we can now revert to remote learning, but only after a good play in the snow!
The Stour Federation Multi Academy Trust
COVID Catch Up Plan
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Acorns Breakfast Club
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All website content copyright © Acorns Primary School
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text:
De 36e editie van de Ronde van Spanje ging op zaterdag 21 april 1981 van start in Santander, in het noorden van Spanje. Na 3446 kilometer en 19 etappes werd op 10 mei in Madrid gefinisht. De ronde werd gewonnen door de Italiaan Giovanni Battaglin.

Eindklassement
Giovanni Battaglin werd winnaar van het eindklassement van de Ronde van Spanje van 1981 met een voorsprong van 2 minuten en 9 seconden op Pedro Muñoz. In de top tien staan zeven Spanjaarden. De beste Nederlandse wielrenner was Peter Zijerveld met een 15e plek in het eindklassement.

Etappe-overzicht

Externe link
  Officiële website

1981
Meerdaagse wielerwedstrijd in 1981


Old Fourth Distillery took home top honors at the 2019 San Francisco World Spirits Competition….
We start with regionally grown sugar cane, a minimally refined turbinado. Our choice for this as our base was made for several reasons: it is non-GMO, renewable, environmentally sound, gluten and pesticide free. Also because we are located in an urban area we needed something we could convert to alcohol with no waste. Our only by-product is pure distilled water.
We process our vodka through our state of the art CARL still. CARL has been manufacturing distillation equipment for 130 years. Distilling our spirit 3 times gives us a neutral vodka with a hint of sweetness.
Our gin is distilled from organic Italian wheat and vapor infused with fresh botanicals. We wanted a dry neutral base to let the botanicals shine through. We use locally sourced ingredients for our traditional Gin with a twist. We start with Juniper berries, Grapefruit, Lemon & Orange Peel, followed by Cardamom, Pink Peppercorn, Angelica root and Coriander. we distill it to 94 proof for a bolder experience.
We are very excited to present this one-of-a-kind Southern Dry Gin.
When we first opened in 2014, we made a promise to each other that we would never stop experimenting. We've made a lot of liquors along the way: absinthes, whiskeys, peppermint schnapps, pink peppercorn vodka, even wasabi vodka.
Our favorite is a concoction that begins with our cane sugar vodka. We vapor-infuse it with fresh lemon peel, fresh organic cold-pressed ginger juice, and the slightest hint of sweetness from the same cane we use to make our vodka. We call it Lawn Dart because it's just a little bit dangerous and a whole lot of fun!
Old Fourth Distillery is proud to present this one of a kind whiskey. We hope you will enjoy our contribution to a timeless American classic.
This straight whiskey; unfiltered, bottled from a single barrel, limited to a 2019 release of 75 barrels and made from a traditional mash bill. It's complex taste of chocolate-cocoa swings into a sweet, sappy oak, rich harvest corn and sun-dried hay. Hints of fruit linger in the background.
Bottled-in-bond or bonded, is the product of one distillation by one distiller at one distillery. It must have been aged in a federally bonded warehouse under U.S. government supervision for at least four years and bottled at 100 (U.S.) proof (50% alcohol by volume).
Enter your Zip Code below to find all of the great places carrying O4D closest to you.
Add vodka, lemon juice, simple syrup, coconut milk to a shaker with ice. Squeeze in the 3 lime wedges, shake until chilled. Strain into a highball glass over ice, top with ginger beer, serve with a lime wedge.
– Combine all ingredients over ice in a Collins glass. Garnish with a lemon wheel and fresh mint.
– Combine vodka, campari, grapefruit juice, and black pepper syrup in a cocktail shaker with ice. Shake and strain over a large cube in a highball glass; add a few dashes of angostura bitters over the top.
– Combine vodka, cider, shrub, and syrup in a cocktail shaker with ice. Shake and strain into a mule mug over ice, top with a splash of club soda.
Have a local opportunity or just can't find what you're looking for? We would love to hear from you - you can use our contact form or shoot us an email at info@o4d.com.
I use my extensive business background and knowledge to bear to tackle some of the logistical, financial and administrative challenges that owning a distillery inevitably brings. For everything you see on the surface, there are dozens of tasks going on behind the scenes. I like to think of myself as a a facilitator to help bring out the passion and creativity that Gabe and Jeff bring to the table. Aside from my duties as an executive, I enjoy being the head of the mash and fermentation processes and I have a passion for bringing new spirits to life at Old Fourth Distillery.
Broder is a distiller, fermenter, tour guide and a general go-to-guy for whatever the distillery needs. He first came to the distillery to volunteer on a bottling day and couldn't get enough. He kept coming back and eventually became a tour guide for the distillery. He and his brother have both worked under Gabe Pilato, so it was a natural fit that he would be mentored and trained by someone close to the family! Broader enjoys drinking beer and seeing local concerts in Atlanta.
Jamison originally came to the distillery to volunteer with us. He kept coming back and eventually starting working for Mooring Tech, a company across the street from the distillery that is owned by the Moore brothers. He still gives tours from time to time and helps us on volunteer days when he isn't busy at Mooring Tech. Jamison loves Dave Matthews Band, craft beer, and camping with his family.
Head of marketing, distilling and plant operations. In addition to these functions at the distillery, I am also in charge of ordering t-shirts in many sizes and colors and creating many failed spirit concoctions.
Creating a distillery has been the most rewarding endeavor I have ever been a part of. I love to come to work every day. Even if that day requires me to clean the floors and fork lift sugar. Learning the art of distilling is an ever evolving challenge. Knowing that my kids will one day take over this business makes me so proud and humble.
Jessica Luna is our head of sales and works alongside our distributor to make sure the world can get it's Old Fourth Distillery fix! Luna hails from Florida and has been living in Atlanta for 8 years. After spending some time in corporate america, she decided it was time to shake things up and when she was presented with the opportunity to become part of the O4D team it was a natural fit! Luna is an extremely talented baker and uses her cooking skills to come up with some delicious cocktail recipes!
Old Fourth Distillery was started by 2 Bothers who decided to open Atlanta's first distillery since 1906, taking a neighborhood centric sustainable approach to creating the finest spirits available at any price. We use sustainable non-GMO sugar cane to make our vodka, using less energy and creating zero waste. Old 4th distillery's only byproduct is pure, distilled water. Our cane sugar base and hands on approach creates a naturally gluten free vodka with a soft, round mouthfeel and a subtle caramelized sugar aroma.
Our Southern Dry Gin is vapor infused with only the finest fresh botanicals.
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La Feria Internacional de Arte Contemporáneo o FIAC fue un evento de arte contemporáneo que se realizaba todos los años desde 1974 en octubre en París. Termina en 2022 a favor de un nuevo evento utilizando las mismas fechas y encomendado al grupo suizo MCH, propietario de la feria Art Basel . El nuevo evento se llama Paris + by Art Basel. La primera edición tuvo lugar del 19 al 23 de octubre de 2022 en el Grand Palais Ephémère.

Durante la duración de la FIAC, esta exposición artística y comercial fue el lugar de encuentro internacional entre galeristas, coleccionistas, curadores, directores de museos y personalidades del mundo del arte contemporáneo internacional.

Fue dirigido por Jennifer Flay desde 2003  .

Histórico
Diseñado sobre el modelo de la joven feria de Basilea, el primer FIAC tuvo lugar del 26 de enero al 3 de febrero de 1974 bajo el nombre de Salon international d'art contemporain, en el pabellón de exposiciones de la Bastilla (antigua estación de la Bastilla) en París.  . Luego pasó a llamarse Feria Internacional de Arte Contemporáneo y se celebró en el Grand Palais antes de emigrar (por obras) al centro de exposiciones Porte de Versailles durante muchos años.

Organización técnica

 La OIP (Organización-Ideas-Promoción), creada en 1974, es una empresa comercial especializada en la organización de ferias  y la FIAC, de la que también asegura la gestión financiera. Ingresos : alquiler de stand (por metro cuadrado) y entradas. A cambio, instala y ofrece stands llave en mano (moqueta, tela en las paredes, etc.), paga ciertas obras e instalaciones en el Grand Palais (electricidad) y debe una tasa al Estado sobre el número de entradas  . comisionado general : Jean-Pierre Jouët, director artístico : Henri Jobbé-Duval.

 El CoFIAC, asociación bajo la ley de 1901, coopta las galerías participantes y determina la línea política. Está compuesto por Daniel Gervis (fundador), Daniel Lelong (presidente), Denise René (vicepresidenta), Jean-Robert Arnaud (secretario), Pierre Nahon (tesorero), Iris Clert, Michel Durand-Dessert, Karl Flinker, Elisabeth Krief, Patrice Trigano .

 El grupo editorial anglo-holandés Reed Elsevier, a través de su filial Reed Elsevier France SA, compró la OIP en 1994  . Luego se reorganizó la FIAC. Para la edición de 2004, el comprador disolvió el antiguo comité de dirección y nombró directora artística, la galerista parisina Jennifer Flay  .

El lugar de FIAC en el mercado de la década de 2000
En la década de 2000, se multiplicó el número de ferias internacionales, lo que obligó a las ferias ya presentes a innovar. El lanzamiento de Frieze, feria londinense fundada en 2003 por la revista del mismo nombre, supuso una descarga eléctrica para la FIAC. De hecho, Frieze tiene lugar al mismo tiempo que la feria de París. La efervescencia y juventud de Frieze pone en entredicho las elecciones, sin duda demasiado museológicas, de la feria parisina [ ref. necesario ] .

Con la llegada de Martin Bethenod y Jennifer Flay, se introduce una nueva sección dedicada a la creación joven, presentando galerías con menos de tres años de existencia. Jennifer Flay, una personalidad de Nueva Zelanda respetada por sus elecciones estéticas a lo largo de la década de 1990, también opera una gran selección de galerías francesas e internacionales y atrae a nuevas galerías extranjeras, lo que permite elevar el nivel de calidad de la FIAC y darle un nuevo auge  .

En 2006, la FIAC se trasladó tanto al Grand Palais como a la Cour Carrée du Louvre  .

De la década de 1970 a la de 2010

la década de 1970

 1972 : Ante el éxito de las ferias de arte contemporáneo en Suiza y Alemania, Danièle Talamoni  sugiere que la empresa especializada en la organización de ferias, Spodex, organice una en Francia. Al mismo tiempo, Madame Deliot y Jean-Pierre Juillet dejaron Spodex para crear su propia empresa, OIP  .
 1973 : En febrero, la OIP contrata a Danièle Talamoni para recorrer las galerías de la margen izquierda, sin éxito. Acompañado esta vez de un ayudante, Henri Jobbé-Duval (octobre 1973octubre de 1973 ), varias editoriales francesas empiezan a sumarse al proyecto : Lahumière, Lacourière-Frélaut, La Ficelle, Sharpener, así como personalidades europeas (Nicolas Treadwell, p. ). El director de la galería, Daniel Gervis, accede a participar en la primera feria.
 1974 : La primera feria comienza a finales de enero en la antigua estación de la Bastilla . Allí se presentan ochenta galerías ( Yvon Lambert, Iris Clert, La Galerie Melki con el pintor Jean-Marie Ledannois ), la mayoría de las cuales son editoriales de arte. El artista Ben Vautier también forma parte de la primera edición  .
 1975 : El éxito de la segunda feria  muestra la necesidad de un nuevo espacio más grande. Daniel Gervis crea el Cofiac (Comité de la Fiac), integrado por once miembros: Denise René como presidenta, Patrice Trigano como vicepresidente, Yvon Lambert, Christophe Durand-Ruel, Elisabeth Krief, Nello Di Meo, Daniel Lelong, Pierre Nahon, Jean-Robert Arnaud, así como dos galerías extranjeras, la inglesa Annely Juda y la alemana Gmurzynska  para convencer a Michel Guy (entonces Ministro de Cultura) de aceptar que el Grand Palais, que normalmente no puede acoger eventos comerciales, acoja la próxima edición.
 1976 : J.-P.toy y D. Gervis se acercan a galerías en Estados Unidos. Quince aceptan, pronto se unen galerías francesas y europeas que perciben la apuesta financiera. La FIAC asegura así su respaldo, fortalece su imagen y se convierte en un evento anual  .

la década de 1980

 mil novecientos ochenta y dos : Por primera vez, la FIAC acoge la fotografía y le reserva un espacio autónomo  .
 1983 : Más de 170 expositores de 18 países están presentes. Ese año, la FIAC registró su admisión número 100.000  . Elegido presidente del comité de la FIAC a finales de 1983, Daniel Lelong sucede a Daniel Gervis con un nuevo objetivo : " Haz que esta feria sea lo mejor posible y logra un equilibrio. Se trata pues de desarrollar negocios, desarrollar encuentros entre marchantes y coleccionistas. ; luego asegúrese de que aquellos que son simples visitantes, sin intenciones de comprar, puedan tener una mejor comprensión del conjunto que se presenta ; finalmente, que los cohermanos extranjeros estén más presentes y sean más numerosos. » Se establecen tres rutas : la " retrospectivo », « el aventurero " y " la vanguardia ". [ ref. necesario ]
 1984 : La FIAC se convierte en un panorama del gusto contemporáneo pero no del arte contemporáneo, al que comienza a ignorar cada vez más. El abuso de los homenajes a artistas conocidos desde hace décadas (presencia masiva de la pintura de los 60), la ausencia de creadores y el coste de los stands aleja a las galerías.

la década de 1990

 1991 : Comienzo de la crisis del mercado del arte. Nadie esperaba ver desvanecerse tan rápidamente el clima eufórico que había prevalecido en el mercado desde el otoño de 1987. En la feria de Chicago enmai 1990mayo de 1990 , y en junio en Basilea, se observó cierta falta de capacidad de respuesta. En septiembre, la crisis se confirma definitivamente. Las galerías son menos frecuentadas, las ferias juegan un papel clave en el mercado del arte contemporáneo.
 1994 : El FIAC instalado en el espacio Eiffel-Branly, en el 7 arrondissement, cuando el Grand Palais cerró, el número de expositores disminuyó, al igual que la calidad de las obras presentadas.
 1995 : Reorganización de la COFIAC, cuyos miembros eran elegidos anteriormente de por vida, se compone de 23 franceses y extranjeros ; una mesa de nueve miembros selecciona a los participantes de la feria. Espacio " Galerías jóvenes " cerrado. La vigésima segunda edición viene marcada por dos hechos significativos : la reducción de su duración a seis días (en lugar de los diez anteriores) y la reducción del número de participantes (120 frente a 140 en 1994). Esta edición se realizó en un contexto animado por un fuerte viento de protesta : " demasiado francófono, antidemocrático, mal seleccionado, demasiado caro "según galeristas" disidentes habiendo decidido retirar su participación  .

 1996 : Véronique Jaeger es elegida comisaria general de la FIAC (en junio). Es a la vez persona de contacto de COFIAC y de las galerías y juega un papel importante durante la 23 edición, que, gracias a un importante esfuerzo de animación y promoción, ha devuelto a la feria parisina a su lugar entre las grandes. Nacimiento de un comité organizador de la FIAC, presidido por Yvon Lambert .

 En aras de la internacionalización, 60 El % de las galerías son extranjeras, más jóvenes, lo que da renovación y un nuevo brillo a la feria. La organización incentivó la presencia de galerías jóvenes con menos de nueve años de actividad concediéndoles un descuento de 10 % sobre alquiler de stand. Las cinco ferias más importantes ( Basilea, Colonia, Madrid, Chicago, París) se han unido en una asociación, Icafa  que, dotada de un estatuto, pretende ser " garante de apoyo y aliento… en colaboración con galerías competentes, comprometidas y serias ".
 Ese año, el Presidente de la República, Jacques Chirac, pronunció un discurso para afirmar la importancia de la FIAC para la influencia cultural de París  .

 1997 : Se ha creado un comité de expertos para verificar la autenticidad y procedencia de las obras expuestas. Un sector llamado panorama » se crea con 30 galerías jóvenes (la mitad extranjeras) para las que se cubre parte de los gastos de exposición. Cubre todo el XX XX siglo, tal es uno de los objetivos marcados por los organizadores.
 1999 : El FIAC se traslada a la Porte de Versailles . El nuevo espacio de conferencias Le Café des Arts promueve encuentros con artistas y se ha creado un sector específico para la edición, una forma original de arte accesible a todos.

los 2000

 2000 : La FIAC impone espectáculos individuales a sus expositores. Ese año acogió a 23 países y 195 expositores. El Premio Marcel-Duchamp es lanzado por la ADIAF  ,  presidida por Gilles Fuchs. Esta asociación reúne a 200 coleccionistas y entusiastas y contribuye a la influencia de la escena francesa al confirmar la notoriedad de un artista residente en Francia. La dirección artística y los gráficos están a cargo de La Compagnie Bernard Baissent
 2001 : Creación de la " cubo de vídeo », un nuevo espacio dedicado al videoarte .
 2002 : Henri Jobbé-Duval  fue despedido de Reed Expositions France y pasó a formar parte de la dirección de Art Paris (Feria Nacional). Con el apoyo del Espace Paul Ricard, Perspectives representa el sector con visión de futuro de la FIAC. Es una oportunidad para que los jóvenes galeristas y artistas se descubran. Su vocación es determinar las corrientes y desafíos de la creación contemporánea.

 14 galerías de 7 países diferentes pudieron presentar jóvenes talentos eclécticos. 900 artistas de 48 países están representados por 169 galerías, divididas en 5 sectores (One man show, Group show, Perspectives, Publishing y Video cube).

 2003 : Reed Expositions France, tras nombrar a Jennifer Flay directora artística de la FIAC, reveló la19 novembre19 de noviembre la composición del comité directivo que reemplaza al COFIAC. Este nuevo comité se compone de dos secciones, una votante, que reúne a nueve galeristas responsables de la selección, otra meramente consultiva, formada por cinco miembros asociados de instituciones, empresas y medios de comunicación. Este grupo de trabajo pretende reforzar la sección de Perspectivas y fortalecer el equilibrio entre lo moderno y lo contemporáneo.

 La selección incluye una mayoría de galerías de arte contemporáneo europeas y ninguna americana. Algunos cuestionan la insuficiente organización de la FIAC, su falta de innovación o su dificultad para posicionarse entre el arte moderno y el contemporáneo, en un contexto de crisis recurrentes en los mercados del arte, muy sensibles a la coyuntura económica y las tensiones geopolíticas.

 2004 : Martin Bethenod, ex delegado de artes visuales, se convierte en curador general. Un comité de selección, compuesto por galeristas, reemplaza al CoFIAC.

 Apertura de una sala dedicada a la creación muy joven, lanzamiento de Futur Quake, sector dedicado a las galerías menores de tres años, implantación del diseño. FIAC es el primero en abrirse a él y su economía en auge. El sector Future Quake, cuyo nombre proviene de la frase de André Breton " Toda obra es un temblor futuro ", se nombra acertadamente. Descubrimos lo que presentan las galerías muy jóvenes. La FIAC se abre así al diseño e integra la idea de borrar las fronteras entre las distintas disciplinas  .

 2005 : Llegada de un fuerte contingente de nuevos expositores y regreso de renombrados extranjeros . El Fondo Nacional de Arte Contemporáneo, por primera vez, compró 34 obras (incluyendo 20 % a expositores extranjeros), todo ello por un importe de 420 000 euros. El gobierno quiso decir, con estas compras, " destacar la importancia que el ministerio concede al apoyo del mercado del arte en Francia y creación Para ello, una comisión de adquisiciones, integrada por nueve profesionales  y cuatro representantes del ministerio, se reunió el miércoles en el marco de la FIAC. El Fondo Nacional de Arte Contemporáneo los pondrá entonces a disposición de ministerios u otros establecimientos públicos, o para exposiciones.

 El Grand Palais restaurado está abierto para fiestas y eventos por la noche. la , el primer ministro Dominique de Villepin pronuncia un discurso para defender el arte y la creación contemporáneos .
 Por primera vez, el Premio Marcel-Duchamp  se otorga a la FIAC, donde se organiza una exposición de los artistas nominados. El artista Raphaël Julliard y el galerista ginebrino Pierre Huber han ganado la apuesta de vender 1 000 cuadros monocromáticos (rojos) en un día al precio de   cada uno, ejecutados por artesanos chinos, planteando el debate de la globalización en el arte.

 2006 : FIAC vuelve al Grand Palais ya la Cour Carrée du Louvre.
 2007 : La FIAC edita y distribuye con Artprice el Informe anual sobre el mercado del arte contemporáneo que enumera los 500 artistas contemporáneos de la posguerra mejor valorados, analiza los movimientos artísticos y elabora el informe estadístico sobre las ventas públicas.

 El sector del diseño se une a las galerías modernas y contemporáneas del Grand Palais.
 El cuestionado lanzamiento de una nueva feria (Les Élysées de l'art), fuertemente impugnada por Reed Expositions France, provocó una breve disputa  ante los tribunales. El año 2007 ve el regreso de las galerías americanas del 1 plan como Sean Kelly o Paula Cooper, en un contexto parisino favorable, como demuestra el número de nuevas inauguraciones de galerías (unas diez durante el verano).
 Cifras clave : 179 galerías, 23 países representados, , 106 galerías extranjeras (59 %) y 73 galerías francesas

 2008 : Cifras clave : 180 galerías, 22 países representados, , 117 galerías extranjeras (62 %) y 72 galerías francesas
 2009 : Lanzamiento de dos nuevos proyectos : en el Grand Palais, una presentación conjunta de un conjunto de obras de importancia histórica y calidad museística, por y por iniciativa de un grupo de 10 galerías internacionales ; en la Cour Carrée, la presentación de un nuevo sector subvencionado de 14 galerías seleccionadas por la calidad de su programación prospectiva y en base a un proyecto específico para la FIAC. Este programa proporciona a cada galería un importante apoyo financiero y conducirá a la asignación, la21 octobre21 de octubre , un nuevo premio, el Premio Lafayette. La asistencia ha aumentado un 18% en comparación con 2008, con 80.000 visitantes  .

 Cifras clave : 203 galerías, 21 países representados, , 128 galerías extranjeras (63 %) y 75 galerías francesas

la década de 2010

 2010 : Jennifer Flay se convierte en directora única de FIAC tras el nombramiento de Martin Bethenod como director gerente de Palazzo Grassi y Pointe de la Douane, propiedades de François Pinault en Venecia  .

 el 37 edición se celebra del 21 al24 octobre 201024 de octubre de 2010 , en el Grand Palais para artistas consagrados y en la Cour Carrée du Louvre para artistas emergentes  . Reúne a 184 galerías de 24 países  . La exposición inaugural da la bienvenida a Cy Twombly que es, según Jennifer Flay, « un signo muy potente del nuevo atractivo de París »  .

 2011 : FIAC tiene lugar del 20 al23 octobre23 de octubre en un lugar único: el techo de cristal del Grand Palais  . Cuenta con 168 expositores , representando a 21 países distribuidos en la nave y en los nuevos espacios: las galerías superiores - galerías sureste, galería sur y galería suroeste - incluyendo 10 pertenecientes al sector Lafayette.

 En cuanto al sector del diseño, la FIAC respalda su apuesta y refuerza la visibilidad de las galerías de mobiliario de arquitecto del XX XX . y diseño contemporáneo. El evento principal de esta colaboración es un "curso de diseño" organizado el jueves20 octobre20 de octubre con motivo de la noche de las galerías parisinas donde participan cerca de 100 galerías  .
 Por cuarto año consecutivo, el Louvre y la FIAC presentan el programa de espectáculos Ouvertes/Openings.
 FIAC también inaugura en 2011 un nuevo curso Extramuros en un lugar emblemático de París, el Jardin des Plantes, corazón histórico del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural mientras desarrolla por sexto año consecutivo un programa de obras al aire libre en el corazón del Jardin des Tuileries al asociarse con el Louvre.

 2012 : La 39ª edición es inaugurada por Aurélie Filippetti, Ministra de Cultura y Comunicación. Se celebra en el Grand Palais del 18 al 21 de octubre y reúne a 182 galerías de arte moderno y contemporáneo de 25 países. Ese año se amplió el programa Hors les Murs  . Los estudiantes de la Ecole du Louvre ofrecen un servicio de mediación cultural. El programa de espectáculos Aperturas/Aperturas le permite descubrir las actuaciones de Matt Mullican, Hassan Khan y Grand Magasin  .

 2013 : Para su 40 edición, la FIAC continúa su desarrollo y confirma su condición de feria internacional de referencia y reúne en el Grand Palais a 184 galerías de 25 países  .

 Francia está representada por 55 galerías, seguida de Estados Unidos con 33 galerías, Alemania con 22 galerías, Italia con 13 galerías, Reino Unido con 12 galerías, Bélgica con 11 galerías, Suiza y Brasil con 5 galerías cada uno. Los nuevos países representados son Canadá, Irlanda y la República Checa. 36 galerías participan por primera vez o regresan a FIAC.

 2014 : Además de su feria en el Grand Palais, una feria : Nace (OFF)ICIELLE  en la Cité de la mode et du design .

 el 41 edición de la FIAC tuvo lugar del 23 al26 octobre26 de octubre en el Grand Palais y Extramuros. 191 galerías, 26 países representados, 143 galerías extranjeras y 48 galerías francesas. sesenta y cinco % de las galerías son europeas.
 el 1 edición de (OFF)ICIELLE tuvo lugar del 22 al26 octobre26 de octubre en los Muelles - Ciudad de la moda y el diseño. 68 galerías, 14 países representados, 39 galerías extranjeras y 29 galerías francesas. 85 son europeos.

 2015 : La edición de 2015 tiene lugar del 22 al25 octobre25 de octubre en el Gran Palacio  . Ocupó el sexto lugar en la feria mundial en términos de asistencia por Artnews en 2015 con 73.000 visitantes  . La segunda edición de OFFICIELLE tiene lugar del 21 al25 octobre 201525 de octubre de 2015 en la Ciudad de la Moda y el Diseño  .

 2016 : Durante la e edición, 186 galerías de 27 países están presentes en el Grand Palais del 20 al 23 de octubre  . El espacio expositivo se amplía hasta el Petit Palais. Place Vendôme, el artista suizo Ugo Rondinone presenta un conjunto de seis esculturas de gran formato, en aluminio, en referencia a los olivos de la región de Nápoles (Italia)  . El Museo Delacroix presenta dos obras del artista Stéphane Thidet en el museo y su jardín.
 2017 : La e edición tiene lugar del 19 al 22 de octubre en el Grand Palais  . Tres de los nombres más importantes del mercado internacional están presentes : Gagosian, David Zwirner y Pace, el cuarto, Hauser & Wirth, aún desconocen el encuentro de París  .
 2018 : Esta edición tiene lugar del 18 al 21 de octubre en siete lugares excepcionales del patrimonio parisino: el Grand Palais, el Petit Palais y la avenida Winston-Churchill, la Place de la Concorde, el Jardín de las Tullerías, el Palacio del descubrimiento, la Place Vendôme y el Museo Nacional Eugène-Delacroix en Saint-Germain-des-Prés  . Acoge a 193 expositores entre los más potentes y de moda del momento  . La FIAC confirma su condición de feria internacional de referencia, posicionándose por delante de la Frieze de Londres o la Swiss Art Basel según Jennifer Flay : « El año pasado, varios expositores de FIAC me dijeron que hicieron sus negocios más importantes en París, no en Londres. » . El arte moderno ocupa un lugar privilegiado, especialmente apreciado por la Galería Gmurzynska, que está volviendo allí  .
 2019 : La FIAC tiene lugar en el Grand Palais del 17 al 20 de octubre. De las 197 galerías de 29 países, 25 son nuevas como: Lévy Gorvy (Londres, Nueva York, Hong Kong, Zúrich), The Box (Los Ángeles), Meyer Kainer (Viena), Barbara Wien (Berlín), Magnin-A (París), Jacky Strenz (Fráncfort)  . Durante esta e edición, una veintena de obras se exponen al aire libre en los Jardines de las Tullerías, la caprichosa artista Yayoi Kusama expone una instalación monumental en la plaza Vendôme , se presenta una exposición monográfica del artista inglés Glenn Brown en el Museo Nacional Eugène Delacroix y una treintena de esculturas se alzan junto a las siluetas griegas del Petit Palais  . La importancia de este encuentro para los galeristas presentes requiere una preparación con mucha antelación y perfectamente adaptada al evento  .

Los 2020

 2020 : Debido a la pandemia del Covid-19, la FIAC 2020 y todos sus satélites, que debían celebrarse del 22 al25 octobre25 de octubre , se cancelan  .
 2021 : La e edición de la FIAC se lleva a cabo del 20 al 24 de octubre de 2021  en el efímero Grand Palais, ubicado en el Champ-de-Mars  . Más de 160 galerías de arte moderno, contemporáneo o de diseño, de 26 países, exhiben sus obras  . La feria acogió a 46.655 visitantes, una asistencia inferior a la de años anteriores debido al menor calibre del efímero Grand Palais respecto al del Grand Palais  . Una obra monumental de Alexander Calder, titulada " Flying Dragon", está instalado en la Place Vendôme  ,  . La FIAC está asociada a una plataforma de venta online, Artsper  . Gilles Fuchs deja la presidencia de Adiaf; Claude Bonnin le sucedió  ,  .
 2022 : la organización de un nuevo evento en la misma franja horaria está encomendada, por la dirección del RMN-Grand Palais, al grupo suizo MCH, propietario de la feria Art Basel  . El nuevo evento se llama Paris +  .

Eventos FIAC desde la década de 2000

Premio Marcel Duchamp
Creado en 2000 por coleccionistas de la ADIAF, Asociación para la Difusión Internacional del Arte Francés, el Premio Marcel-Duchamp se organiza en colaboración con el Centro Pompidou y la FIAC entre 2005 y 2015. Se otorga todos los años durante la FIAC. El premio en metálico para el ganador es de 35.000 euros. La ADIAF también se compromete a participar en un proyecto por valor de 30.000 euros. [ ref. necesario ] El Premio Marcel-Duchamp tiene como objetivo contribuir a la influencia internacional de la escena francesa al confirmar la notoriedad de un artista residente en Francia, que trabaja en el campo de las artes plásticas y visuales  .

Los nominados al premio Marcel-Duchamp expondrán en la FIAC de París expo Porte de Versailles a partir de 2005  y luego en el Grand Palais o en la Cour Carrée du Louvre  ,  hasta 2015. Los ganadores durante este período fueron Claude Closky  en 2005, Philippe Mayaux  en 2006, Tatiana Trouvou  en 2007, Laurent Grasso  en 2008, Saâdane Afif  en 2009, Cyprien Gaillard  en 2010, Mircea Cantor  en 2011, Daniel Dewar y Grégory Gicquel  en 2012, Latifa Echakhch  en 2013, Julien Prévieux  en 2014 y Melik Ohanian  en 2015.

A partir de 2016, los cuatro nominados se presentan en una exposición dedicada al Museo Nacional de Arte Moderno  y una sección de diseño regresa al FIAC en el espacio así liberado.

Programa Fuera de los Muros
El programa Hors les Murs presenta una selección de esculturas monumentales e instalaciones de obras contemporáneas en lugares emblemáticos de París : en el corazón del Jardin des Tuileries, en colaboración con el Museo del Louvre, en el Jardin des Plantes, en colaboración con el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Place Vendôme, en colaboración con el Comité Vendôme y todos sus miembros y en colaboración con la ciudad de París, en Saint-Germain-des-Prés, en colaboración con el Museo Nacional Eugène-Delacroix  .

La feria de arte contemporáneo Paris+, que sucede a FIAC en 2022, mantiene un enfoque similar. Para el año 2022, la empresa organizadora lanza una convocatoria específica de proyectos e incluso pide a una historiadora del arte, Annabelle Ténèze, que sea la comisaria de una exposición, llamada Sites, extramuros (París + en 2022 se celebra en el efímero Grand Palais ), y en particular exhibiendo creaciones en el Jardin des Tuileries . También se invita a un artista al Museo Nacional Eugène-Delacroix  .

Actuación
Fiac innova ofreciendo un programa de espectáculos, Ouvertes/Opening, diseñado y organizado en colaboración con el Auditorium du Louvre y el departamento cultural del Jeu de Paume, según explicó el comisario general de Fiac, Martin Béthenod .

 2009, 2 edición del programa de performance Ouvertes/Opening en colaboración con el auditorio del Louvre, con la participación de Gary Hill, Christian Marclay, Éliane Radigue .
 2008, 1 edición del programa de espectáculos Openings/Opening con la participación de Scoli Acosta y Zeek Sheck, Jérôme Bel, Tony Conrad, Jeremy Deller con los músicos de la Fairey Band, Aurélien Froment, Rodney Graham y la Rodney Graham Band, Xavier Le Roy, Franz Erhard Gualterio  .

Proyecto moderno
En 2009, por primera vez, se celebró en el Grand Palais una exposición de una veintena de las más bellas obras maestras del arte moderno, bautizada como " Modern Project", por iniciativa de 8 galerías internacionales entre las más prestigiosas del mundo  . El marchante de arte parisino Daniel Malingue está detrás de este proyecto. Se presentan obras de Francis Bacon, Max Beckmann, Constantin Brancusi, Alexander Calder, Sam Francis, František Kupka, Henri Laurens, Fernand Léger, Roy Lichtenstein, Brice Marden, Roberto Matta, Piet Mondrian, Pablo Picasso, Mark Rothko, Yves Tanguy, Andy Warhol  .

Sector y precios Lafayette
La FIAC y su socio oficial, el grupo Galeries Lafayette, renuevan cada año con el Sector Lafayette, un programa de apoyo a las galerías emergentes inaugurado en 2009  . Este programa reúne a 10 galerías seleccionadas por la calidad de su programación prospectiva ya partir de un proyecto específico para la FIAC en el que participan uno o dos artistas. Este programa brinda a cada galería apoyo económico para su participación en la FIAC y dará como resultado la entrega del Premio Lafayette 2012. El premio consiste en la adquisición de una obra del grupo Galeries Lafayette así como la presentación de una exposición en el Palais de Tokyo, junto con una dotación para una nueva producción  .

Ganadores

 2013, Shahryar Nashat, Rodeo Gallery, Estambul
 2012, Michaela Eichwald, Galería Reena Spaulings, Nueva York
 2011, Helen Marten, Galería Johann König, Berlín
 2010, Morag Keil, galería Neue Alte Brücke, Fráncfort
 2009, Carol Bove, Hotel Gallery, Londres

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

Fundaciones en 1974
Wikiproyecto:Francia/Artículos


COLRUD Corporation was founded by R. Glenn Shirley in February 1966. Glenn, an electrical engineer from Drexel University (Philadelphia, PA) was employed by Struthers Dunn Relays as a sales engineer prior to forming COLRUD. In 1989, Glenn transitioned the company to Bryan Shirley and Jeb Bartle. Today, we still maintain Glenn's directives of professional integrity, dedication to our customers and commitment to our principals.
L. D. Lowery, Inc. was started by Leiter Daniel (Doc) Lowery in 1938. At that time there was not a thriving electronics industry, but Doc had the foresight to see that there would be. Home and auto radio (tube types) were the leading state of the art technology. By himself, Doc covered the same territory then that we cover today, but now we have nine outside sales people. As the electronics industry emerged in this market, and particularly with the advent of TV in 1947, Doc added people to his staff. One was Bob Sylvester Sr. who became President of L. D. Lowery upon Doc's passing in 1958. Bob Sylvester then passed away in 1966 and Ernie Stuchell took over the management reigns. Ernie's untimely passing in 1974 moved Bill Sylvester to the Presidency of the company.
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Pressure on the governing or other political parties may be exerted by interest groups or opposing parties or factions, whether for political or non-political purposes. The most powerful pressure groups may be financial, highly organized and elitist in inclination. Where vested interest is concerned, much needed reforms may be effectively blocked. Where political representation is becoming more of a group activity than an individual one, the interest of minorities and individuals who are less well organized or less wealthy may be disregarded. Pressure from political groups or parties on non-political matters may provide a barrier to progress and reform by making an emotional issue of complex problems. This may occur on a national or international level. Methods of pressure include propaganda, intimidation, internment, and the use of secret police.
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Political pressure groups are most noticeable in constitutional democracies. In dictatorships or single-party states they may occur more as factions than distinct groups.
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Vested interest groups have access to the means of decision-making and control it in order to perpetuate their own interests and preserve a static system. In the current era of rapid social change, such groups offer the comfort of familiar approaches and familiar solutions. Disestablished groups are largely disunited and lack access to the tools of the system, limiting effective action.