text:
What is eac3 audio format
How it Works Based on both psychoacoustic and cognitive models of audio perception, Dolby Digital Plus delivers HD-quality audio for streaming, on-demand, and downloaded content by using some of our most advanced algorithms.Dolby Digital Plus makes it possible to store and transmit high-quality digital sound to deliver the best audio quality possible on many different kinds of devices. AC3 is a compressed audio format developed by Dolby Laboratories, often used in DVD production. Accessed by: File > Export > Export Audio... Then choosing …
Convert videos with True HD codec to other video and audio formats with other codec like convert MKV with TrueHD to MP4 with AC3 codec. Convert DVDs or Blu-ray Disc with TrueHD codec to other video or video formats for enjoying. Change audio channel like from TrueHD stereo to AC3 5.1/6 channel, from TrueHD 5.1 to DTS 5.1 or change AC3 with 5.1 High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding (AAC-HE) is an audio coding format for lossy data compression of digital audio defined as an MPEG-4 Audio profile in ISO/IEC 14496-3. It is an extension of Low Complexity AAC (AAC-LC) optimized for low-bitrate applications such as streaming audio.The usage profile AAC-HE v1 uses spectral band replication (SBR) to enhance the modified discrete cosine A. X265 is a library to encode videos into the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC/H. 265). It's a video compression format that was developed and standardized by the ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T VCEG. X265 is offered under either version 2 of the GNU General Public License (GPL) or a commercial license, similar to the x264 project. Q. Metadata. Audio files can carry descriptive information in a metadata container, this allows information such as the title, artist, album, track number, and other information about the file to be stored in the audio file itself.. Each time an audio file is imported into the same project window, the metadata tags for that file replace the previously stored metadata for the project. EAC3 to FLAC Conversion Software converts EAC3 files to FLAC and keeps ID3 tag.The converter offers many useful features. For example, automatically normalizes volume of EAC3 and FLAC so that all output files have the same volume; skips the first X milliseconds of EAC3 and FLAC files when converting; only converts X milliseconds of EAC3 and FLAC files; joins multiple files to one file.
Audio File Formats. LG TVs support several audio file types, through a USB connection, including the AAC and MP3 formats. It also supports AC3 Dolby Digital files, EAC3, HE-AAC, MPEG, PCM and DTS. Aspect Ratios and Zoom LG LED TVs offer a variety of picture formats, also known as aspect ratios. Audio converter mobile apps are much slower than the best programs we tested, and even the best crash occasionally. However, if you need to convert an audio file using your phone, these are the best options. Switch Audio File Converter Switch is our favorite audio converter software, and it's also available as a mobile app for Android devices. HOW TO DOWNLOAD AC3 Filter: o Click on DOWNLOAD AC3 Filter... For the file that you want to download. When your browser asks you what to do with the downloaded file, select "Save" (your browser's wording may vary) and pick an appropriate folder.; o Always try the Mirrors (EU and EU2 MIRROR LINK) before reporting Broken links. Both servers are fast and reliable servers, located in the European The software is converting EAC3 files to AC3 format. Play and Browse AC3 File When conversion completes, you could right-click on converted file and choose " Play Destination " to play the AC3 file; or choose " Browse Destination Folder " to open Windows Explorer to browse the outputted AC3 file. MX Player is one of the best video players available for android devices. But due to some licensing issues, the official MX player has removed some of its codecs like AC3, DTS, MLP, etc. Netflix on the Shield works with passthrough audio mode already : my AVR shows "Dolby Digital Plus" (DD+) when playing a netflix content. DD+ with Atmos metadata is also working on passtrhough mode when direct playing Plex content with this audio format witch is the one used by netflix for Atmos. EAC3 which is also called the enhanced AC-3 is a digital audio compression format that was developed by Dolby Labs to store and transport digital audio. It succeeded AC-3 which is another format developed by the same company. EAC3 (E = Enhanced) is the newer Dolby Digital Plus format. It is still lossy but is more efficient than AC3 and can run at higher bitrates. It's capable of carrying 7.1 signals as well as Atmos metadata — this is how Atmos is delivered from streaming services (and future broadcasts when they upgrade to Atmos audio). Description: EAC3 file is an Enhanced AC-3 Audio. Dolby Digital Plus, or Enhanced AC-3 (E-AC-3), is an advanced surround sound audio codec designed specifically for evolving media. Differences between AC3, 5.1, Dolby Digital, and DTS sound types. AC 5.1 is a generic description of a multi-channel sound system. All of these surround sound types use … Morgan Stream Switcher Morgan Stream Switcher enables you to switch on the go between the various audio streams found in AVI files. Musepack Decoder & Encoder Musepack is an audio compression format with a strong emphasis on high quality. Out_lame The out_lame Winamp plugin makes it possible to create MP3 files directly from Winamp. 3.0 Transport Stream Signaling. Transport stream encryption must be signaled in the stream's program map table (PMT). The PMT must fit into a single transport stream packet; it must not be fragmented. The PMT is defined in ISO/IEC 13818-1.. To avoid colliding with existing names, new stream_type values have been defined for each stream type covered by this specification Total Audio MP3 Converter converts EAC3 to MP3 in batch. The software is an ALL-IN-ONE audio converter that supports more than 150 audio and video files, and is full compatible with Windows 10/8/7. That means if any video file has a DTS/DTSHD/AC3/EAC3/MLP audio track, then the video will play without the audio. Sometimes it was unable to switch in between audio tracks, because of the unsupported file formats. Instead, it will get a popup message saying that only the video will be played, sans the audio.
1. Play AC3 audio files directly without installing extra AC3 audio codec. 2. Wide support of popular video and audio formats, as well as the latest Blu-ray/DVD movies. 3. Support Dolby 5.1, DTS and HD audio for the playback of AC3 audio tracks. 4. Adopt the most advanced kernel and newest playing technology. 5. If the EAC3 file has not been downloaded properly it is not possible for the software to open such file. Check the file size in the location from where you downloaded the file in question. If the size of the original file differs from the size of downloaded EAC3 file, you will have to download the file … Dear Lifehacker, I know MP3 is the most popular audio format out there, but there are so many others—like AAC, FLAC, OGG and WMA—that I m not really sure which one I should be using. What The PCM audio recorded on DVD is a two-channel digital, stereo audio track. The Dolby Digital technology uses a 5.1 or six channel format. General Complete name : X:\*****\6ch_eac3.Mp4 Format : MPEG-4 Format profile : Base Media Codec ID : isom (isom/iso2/mp41) File size : 67.4 MiB Duration : 49 min 3 s Overall bit rate mode : Constant Overall bit rate : 192 kb/s Recorded date : 2019-03-0 Writing application : Lavf58.20.100 Audio ID : 1 Format : E-AC-3 Format/Info : Enhanced AC-3 These audio tracks can be quite large so can impact the final size of the output file quite substantially. Auto Passthru. In the audio encoders list, there is an option called "Auto Passthru". When encoding, this will automatically passthru any supported format to the source file. Dolby Digital Plus (E-AC-3) provides up to twice the efficiency of Dolby Digital while adding new features like 7.1-ch audio, support for descriptive video services, and support for Dolby Atmos. Dolby Digital Plus is widely used by streaming and broadcast services to deliver surround sound audio at lower bitrates. VLC media player can not only convert between different video formats but it also does the same with converting audio formats. Originally thought to play media only, this player has many additional functions. Converting between audio formats is quite easy with the free software. Click "Convert" to convert EAC3 files to WAV format. Alternatively,... WAV (or WAVE), short for Waveform audio format, is a Microsoft and IBM audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on PCs. It is a variant of the RIFF bitstream format method for storing data in "chunks", and thus also close to the IFF and the AIFF format used
A great number of audio editors don't support importing/exporting AC3 files, luckily the awesome—and, of course, free–Audacity does. Whether you're new to computer recording, new to the Audacity DAW (digital audio workstation) or just looking to pick up a few new tricks, you're sure to benefit from this free video software tutorial, which presents a complete overview of how to open and The file extension for the standard AIFF format is .Aiff or .Aif. For the compressed variants it is supposed to be .Aifc, but .Aiff or .Aif are accepted as well by audio applications supporting the format. Free Download EAC3 to AIFF Converter; Install the software by instructions; Launch EAC3 to AIFF Converter; Choose EAC3 Files The software is converting EAC3 files to WMA format. Play and Browse WMA File;... The name can be used to refer to its audio file format or its audio codecs. It is a proprietary technology that forms part of the Windows Media framework. WMA consists of four distinct codecs. The original WMA codec, known simply as WMA, was conceived as a
Table 1 lists available transcoding formats. The following browsers are recommended for the best experience. IE 11.0+ Chrome 43+ Firefox 38+ huaweicloud. HotSearch. Intl-English... Input audio file encoding format. AAC, AC3, EAC3, HE-AAC, MP2, MP3, PCM (s161e, s16be, s241e, s24be, DVD), and WMA. Output audio file format. MP3, MP4, and ADTS.


An American Son is an allegorical story of the boy round the corner. He may be you, your son, father, brother and daughter. he's a composite of the fiber that makes the US nice. He represents what now we have and what we've got misplaced. he's the spirit of these that lower back and those who didn't. he's our hopes and desires. he's what makes the US richer along with his lifestyles and poorer along with his death.
An American Son is the thread from which the United States is woven: from Bunker Hill to Iraq and Afghanistan.
If you served this nice nation and again, I salute you. if you happen to served and didn't, I honor you within the simply method I know.
"What do you want to benefit to reside your existence to the fullest? perhaps not anything? probably every little thing? in simple terms you recognize and perhaps you're unsure? What do you want to grasp that will help you with emotions of loss of success, anxiousness, melancholy, loneliness or abandonment? The proficient One attracts his wisdom and event from a resource that predates time, as we all know it, and he desires to educate you… as he taught Citybear.
How do you store a demise church? Why now not ask a gaggle of 1950's girls? they're going to convey you ways its done-even if its a section illegal.
On his 25-year trip from ninth grade hellion to offbeat junior excessive instructor to wasting-away district administrator, Leo Haldini reveals, loses after which seeks to regain his religion in schooling, giving us a hard-headed, light-hearted examine the sweetness and madness of yank colleges. 1978: Leo, the recent child at Fernwater Junior excessive, falls in with a band of illiterate punks, armed with whiskey, fits and a blowgun.


text:
Q: Module not found: Can't resolve 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap-theme.css' I had this issue when I added bootstrap to my react project. After importing bootstrap in index.js it showed this 'module not found...'
bootstrap\dist\css\bootstrap.css
The above was what I copied. This is the right one however
"bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css"
Forward / instead of . This solved my issue and my code compiled properly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Python3 daemon library I'm learning Python3, especially the daemon library. I want my daemon to be called with two possible arguments : start & stop.
So far I have this code :
def start():
  with context:
    pidfile = open(Config.WDIR+scriptname+".pid",'w')
    pidfile.write(str(getpid()))
    pidfile.close()
    feed_the_db()

def stop(pid):
  try:
    kill(int(pid),15)
  except ProcessLookupError:
    print("Nothing to kill… (No process with PID "+pid+")")

if __name__ == "__main__":
  scriptname = sys.argv[0]
  context = daemon.DaemonContext(
  working_directory=Config.WDIR,
  pidfile=lockfile.FileLock(Config.WDIR+scriptname),
  stdout=sys.stdout,
  stderr=sys.stderr)
  try:
    if sys.argv[1] == 'start':
      start()
    elif sys.argv[1] == 'stop':
      try:
        pidfile = open(Config.WDIR+scriptname+".pid",'r')
        pid = pidfile.read()
        pidfile.close()
        remove(name+".pid")
        print(name+" (PID "+pid+")")
        stop(pid)
      except FileNotFoundError:
        print("Nothing to kill… ("+scriptname+".pid not found)")
    else:
      print("\nUnknown option : "+sys.argv[1]+"\n\nUsage "+sys.argv[0]+" <start|stop>\n")
  except IndexError:
    print("\nUsage "+sys.argv[0]+" <start|stop>\n")

It's working but I wonder if I'm doing it the right way.
In particular, why do I have to manually store the PID. Why is it not already contained in the automatically created file :
myhostname-a6982700.3392-7990643415029806679

or the lock file ?

A: I think you are mixing up the daemon script and the code responsible for managing it.
Usually in say Ubuntu for example you would control this via upstart
description "Some Description"
author "your@email-address.com"

start on runlevel [2345]
stop on runlevel [!2345]

exec /path/to/script

The actual running python application would never need to store its pid because it always has access to it.
So what are writing is a script that essentially manages daemon processes , is that really what you want?
PS: do yourself a favour and get to know the argparse library.
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Some Description')
parser.add_argument('command', help='Either stop or start', choices=['start', 'stop'])

args = parser.parse_args()
print(args.command)

It is well worth it


text:
Electric cars were not fit for Cork's mayor office until after "sponsor", Ford, launched their first electric car
January 11, 2022 January 10, 2022 by Cian Ginty
IMAGE: Cork's Lord Mayor, Cllr Colm Kelleher, was presented with the car by John Manning, a sales and marketing director at Ford. (Image from Ford on Twitter).
— Lord Mayors should walking, cycling, or take the bus "to show leadership".
Electric cars were not fit for Cork City Council mayor until after the "sponsor", Ford, launched their first all-electric car. Previously the company only had an all-electric US-style pick-up truck-style SUV.
Irish campaigners are pointing to the pre-election commitment of New York City's recently elected Mayor Eric Adams to use a bicycle at least some of the time as Mayor. The first day in office he rode the subway and the second day he cycled to work:
Bike ride with Eric Adams, NYCs newest mayor pic.twitter.com/MejpW9TDcW
— Timothy Fadek (@timfadek) January 2, 2022
In Ireland, Lord Mayors, who are elected by fellow councillors rather than directly, have had cars "sponsored" for years by car companies — Ford in Cork and Volvo in Dublin.
According to the Irish Examiner, Cork's Lord Mayor, Cllr Colm Kelleher, said that the Ford Mustang Mach-e — which costs €69,000 — will help encourage more conversations about sustainability. Ford advertises the car as an SUV.
The car was presented to Cllr Kelleher by John Manning, a sales and marketing director at Ford:
Conn Donovan, chairperson of the Cork Cycling Campaign said: "In 2020 City Hall said that electric cars were too small for the needs of the Lord Mayor and lacked the range. Co-incidentally, Ford, who provide a complimentary new car to the Lord Mayor, did not have an electric car on the market then."
He said: "There's a good policy base for #corkcc to support the roll-out of electric vehicles for their own fleet as moving from Internal Combustion Engines to Electric Vehicles was a major policy objective of the 2019 Government of Ireland Climate Action Plan."
But he said that the council was effectively giving the thumbs up to electric cars but the thumbs down to active travel.
Donovan said: "By chauffeuring the Lord Mayor in an electric car but not setting targets that the Lord Mayor walk/cycle/take the bus for some trips, we have a situation whereby both national and #corkcc policy is being applied selectively."
He added: "By walking, cycling, or taking the bus the office of the Lord Mayor can provide 'robust leadership' on the need for more trips to be taken by active or sustainable transport This is happening in many cities already."
Policy background to the use of EVs and Active Travel in City Hall:
It states in this article that 'introduction of a fully electric vehicle to support the Lord Mayor's duties is in line with its 2020-2025 corporate plan for the creation of a more sustainable city'
1/ https://t.co/fYZWwkBegh
— conn donovan (@conndonovan9) January 9, 2022
Don't look up. Punch down… 'Blah, blah, blah' applies to journalists too
Extending Dublin Bay cycle path onto East Wall Rd could be dangerous for cyclists, some councillors claim

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home > Culture > Features
3 young artists feature in show
Korea's National Museum of Contemporary Art is providing opportunities for young artists through the National Changdong and Goyang Art Studio, which is designed to support artists needing studio space and other facilities to create their work. In 2005, the museum started an "artist-in-residence" program for local artists who use the studio, to participate in international residencies and showcase their work worldwide.
In addition, the National Changdong and Goyang Art Studio is, from July 20 through 26, showing the works of three artists, Kim Bum-su, Kim Jee-hyun and Lee Jang-won, who participated in this program in 2006, as a "joint report exhibition."
Artist Kim Bum-su had a Singapore residency titled "Sculpture Square" for two months starting in April. His exhibition, "Expansion-II," will showcase two of his works: "Hidden Emotions" and "Expansions." Both look at first like soft, circular abstract forms but on looking more closely, the observer can see they are made from cinematic film. The artist aims to show a new realm of space and time by using films of various sizes and contents, and recreate the films through his own memory or idea of space and time.
Kim Ji-hyun's exhibit, "Meta Stranger," examines what it feels like to be a stranger or an outsider in terms of being a member of society. A video art work titled "Dizziness" shows the artist questioning his identity and existence by interacting with the materials and atmosphere around him, in this case, his studio. The artist participated in a residency program in Dusseldorf, Germany.
The final member of this exhibition, Lee Jang-won, has been involved with his "sunTracer" project since 2003. The artist was in a Helsinki international artist-in-residence program from March to May of this year. SunTracers work almost like Google Earth in that they record a certain area by tracing the sunlight around it. Through the Internet, one can witness real-time video of a site, its sunlight, sky and general view. Lee has set-up a sunTracer system around the Goyang studio in an attempt to question and see the world through another perspective, rather than the everyday scope of human eyes or opinions.
by Cho Jae-eun
The "artists-in-residence" exhibition of works by Kim Bum-su, Kim Ji-hyun and Lee Jang-won will feature at the Goyang Art Studio from July 20 to 26. The nearest subway station is line No.3, Gupabal station, exit 1.
http://artstudio.or.kr/eng or call (031) 962-0070.
The highs and lows of BTS's 2022
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[ZOOM KOREA] Jeong Daun ditched the paint for pieces of cloth
Boy band TFN celebrates second anniversary of debut with fan meet
IVE's Jang Won-young to step down as co-host of KBS's 'Music Bank'
[VIDEO] Man City's limited edition Lunar New Year jersey
Historic celebrity shoes and bags on display at Sejong Center for the Performing Arts
Police recommend Yongsan district chief be prosecuted for Itaewon tragedy


text:
A New Spider-Man: Far From Home Theory Explains Marvel's Last Big Tony Stark Twist
There might be one final Iron Man and Peter Parker moment in the MCU.
By Matt Miller | Jun 20, 2019
IMAGE MARVEL
This phase of the Marvel Cinematic Universe isn't over yet. Even though Avengers: Endgame marked the big climactic fight for all known existence—and the conclusion to some of our favorite heroes—the real end of this phase comes after the upcoming Spider-Man: Far From Home.
Though Tony Stark died heroically in Endgame, the MCU might have one more big Iron Man twist left before all is said and done. The late Stark has loomed large over the trailers for Far From Home, hinting that the MCU still has more to reveal about the genius superhero.
One Reddit user believes that Far From Home will show Tony Stark's involvement in Spider-Man's origin story:
I believe that "the big secret" will be revealed to be that Tony was working on a project genetically enhancing animals. One of these genetically designed animals is the radioactive spider that turned Peter Parker into Spiderman.
Although in Spiderman: Homecoming Peter and Ned talked about getting bitten by the spider, they never specified how or where. This may have occurred in a Stark facility or one at least associated with him. This could explain how Tony was able to find Peter in Captain America: Civil War and find out he's Spiderman so quickly. It never really made sense how Tony just instantly knew who Spiderman was. It could be explained that once he noticed when the spider was gone he checked who the last person to be near the spider was, that being Peter Parker.
This may be used as a way to introduce Norman Osborn into the MCU by making it so that Tony was working with him on the project. Peter finding out that Norman and Tony worked together could be a comfortable and organic way to introduce a known character into the MCU instead of just cramming him in as if he's been there the whole time without having any connections to any other characters.
Now, certain aspects of this don't really work out. For example—as Redditors explained in the comments—Tony was an engineer, not a biologist. However, Stark Enterprises had projects far and wide, meaning it's likely that Stark was somehow involved in science like this and could have helped develop a spider that bit Peter. And, it's made clear in Captain America: Civil War that Parker was pretty messy with concealing his identity and could have been easily tracked by Stark.
However, the core of the theory is interesting. If Stark was somehow involved, it would make sense why he had taken such an interest in Peter's development as a hero. We also know that part of Far From Home will show Peter in Stark's secret personal lab.
It would make sense that the final movie in this phase would give some closure to the hero that started it all and his protégé. Even if Stark wasn't the reason Parker became Spider-Man, he is responsible for helping him develop into the hero who will likely anchor the next phase of the MCU. We can ultimately expect there to be some message or story or piece of technology that Stark left behind for Parker to become the hero that the universe—and specifically New York City—deserves.
More from EsquireMag.ph
New Spoiler-y Trailer of 'Spider-Man: Far From Home' Comes Out with Portuguese Dub
This story originally appeared on Esquire.com. Minor edits have been made by the Esquiremag.ph editors.
Matt Miller is the Associate Culture Editor for Esquire.com
View Other Articles From Matt
Sophie Turner Playing Boy George Is Perfect Biopic Casting
Game of Thrones Director Pushed for a Shocking Massacre at the Battle of Winterfell


The size of mountain bike wheels has undergone significant changes in the history of the sport. Currently the traditional diameter of 26 inches is being challenged by the more recent 29 inch diameter (29ers). 29ers are 10% larger than 26 inch wheels and have been promoted as being easier to ride for taller riders and able to clear larger obstacles on mountain bike trails without loss of momentum or speed. These wheels make it easier on the rider's body as they navigate barriers such as rocks and logs. Until recently, it was debatable as to which wheel was better for overall performance in mountain biking.
A recent study compared the performance of elite mountain bikers as they utilized either a 26 or 29 inch wheel (Steiner et al. J Sports Sciences. 2015). The riders rode their mountain bikes on two trails, one more suited for 26 inch wheels and one for 29 inch wheels. As they rode the authors of the study collected data on power output and physiological markers such as heart rate. The authors concluded no differences in these markers between tire sizes on either course, but noted better performances using the 29 inch tire on both sections of the course. Not surprisingly, the athletes noted the 29 inch wheel was better for performance, traction, and clearing obstacles on the trail.


From I-5 S: Head southeast on I-5 S and take exit 256 toward WA-539 N/Bellis Fair Mall Parkway/Meridian St. Then, turn left onto McLeod Road, turn left onto Guide Meridian or Meridian Street. We're located on the right.
From I-5 N: Merge onto I-5 N and take exit 256 toward WA-539 N/Bellis Fair Mall Parkway/Meridian Street. Turn left onto McLeod Road and the left onto Meridian Street.
From WA-542 W: Take WA-542 West then turn right to merge onto I-5 North. Take exit 256A-256B to merge onto WA-539 N/Guide Meridian/Meridian St. We are located on the right.
From WA-546 E: Merge onto WA-546 E and turn left onto WA-539 S/Guide Meridian Road. Continue onto Meridian St., turn left onto E. Bakerview Road and make a U-turn. Turn right at the first cross street onto Guide Meridian or Meridian St. We are located on the right.
There isn't anything that can compare to the turmoil caused by an accident due to the negligence of another person, especially if the accident has caused the death of a loved one. The burdens in terms of physical pain, emotional distress, and financial loss are terrible and should never be underestimated.
At the Bernard Law Group, we believe in your right to just restitution. Our attorneys can help you to seek the compensation you need to get your life to a better place. We have been assisting accident victims or more than 30 years, recovering in excess of $250 million for our clients and their families.
We've achieved that degree of success due to our unmatched dedication to our clients. When you enlist the services of the Bernard Law Group, you can trust that we're doing everything we can to succeed on your behalf. From carefully examining the accident itself to uncover evidence and determine liability, to set you up with expert medical care and negotiating with the insurance companies involved, we'll prove our worth every step of the way. Personal Injury accident, Motorcycle accident, and Auto accident cases in which you've been involved doesn't matter, where we go from here does.
IF YOU, OR A LOVED ONE, HAVE BEEN SERIOUSLY INJURED IN AN ACCIDENT IN BELLINGHAM WA - CALL TODAY FOR A FREE CONSULTATION!


text:
package Elements;

import DataAccess.Implementations.SeatDao;
import Elements.Base.SerializedObject;
import java.sql.SQLException;

public class Seat extends SerializedObject {
    private String row;
    private int number;
    private Zone zone;

    public String getRow() {
        return row;
    }

    public void setRow(String row) {
        this.row = row;
    }

    public int getNumber() {
        return number;
    }

    public void setNumber(int number) {
        this.number = number;
    }

    public Zone getZone() {
        return zone;
    }

    public void setZone(Zone zone) {
        this.zone = zone;
    }

    public Seat save() throws SQLException {
        SeatDao seatDao = new SeatDao();
        this.id = seatDao.insertSeat(this);
        return this;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return row+number;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Stephen Friel Nuckolls (* 16. August 1825 im Grayson County, Virginia; † 14. Februar 1879 in Salt Lake City, Utah) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1869 und 1871 vertrat er das Wyoming-Territorium im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Frühe Jahre
Stephen Nuckolls besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat. Im Jahr 1846 zog er nach Linden in Missouri. Dort war er zwischen 1847 und 1853 im Handel tätig. Im Jahr 1854 zog er in das Nebraska-Territorium, wo er die Stadt Nebraska City gründete, in der er einige lokale Verwaltungsämter ausübte. 1855 gründete er auch die Platte Valley Bank. Im Jahr 1859 war Nuckolls Abgeordneter im territorialen Repräsentantenhaus. 1860 zog er in das Colorado-Territorium, wo er sich im Bergbau und dem Bankgeschäft engagierte. Über eine Zwischenstation in New York City gelangte Nuckolls 1867 nach Cheyenne, das damals noch Teil des Dakota-Territoriums war. Dort war er wieder im Handel tätig.

Politische Laufbahn
Stephen Nuckolls wurde Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei. Nach der Gründung des Wyoming-Territoriums wurde er im Jahr 1869 zum ersten Delegierten dieses Gebiets in den US-Kongress gewählt. Dieses Mandat übte er zwischen dem 6. Dezember 1869 und dem 3. März 1871 aus. US-Repräsentantenhaus hatte er aber kein Stimmrecht, weil Wyoming noch kein offizieller Bundesstaat der Vereinigten Staaten war. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1870 unterlag er gegen William Theopilus Jones, den Kandidaten der Republikanischen Partei. Danach ging er in Wyoming wieder seinen privaten Interessen nach, blieb aber der Politik verbunden. Noch im Jahr 1871 wurde er Mitglied und Vorsitzender des territorialen Regierungsrates. In den Jahren 1872 und 1876 war Nuckolls Delegierter auf den Democratic National Conventions. Im Juli 1872 zog er nach Salt Lake City. Dort ist Stephen Nuckolls im Jahr 1879 verstorben.

Nach ihm ist Nuckolls County in Nebraska benannt.

Weblinks

Delegierter im Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten für das Wyoming-Territorium
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1825
Gestorben 1879
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Christiane C. Collins collection of the West Harlem Coalition for Morningside Park and Urban Problems of the Contiguous Communities: West Harlem, Manhattan Valley, Morningside Heights and Manhattanville
Overview Detailed description Printable (PDF) version Contact the division
Biographical/historical information
Scope and arrangement
Collins, Christiane Crasemann
8 linear feet (28 boxes and 3 tubes)
Christiane C. Collins Collection of the West Harlem Coalition for Morningside Park and Urban Problems of the Contiguous Communities: West Harlem, Manhattan Valley, Morningside Heights and Manhattanville, Sc MG 397, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library.
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division
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The Christiane C. Collins Collection documents the origins, demonstrations and aftermath of the Columbia University student protest in the spring of 1968 and events through 1970. The collection focuses on the convergence of student activism and black community concerns as they relate to urban planning, gentrification and institutional racism, and the neglect of scarce natural resources in black neighborhoods. In particular, the material documents the relationship between student and local activists and their unity against Columbia's proposed construction of a new gymnasium in Morningside Park and building expansion in Morningside Heights, as well as other issues in Harlem.
The Christiane C. Collins Collection of the West Harlem Coalition for Morningside Park and Urban Problems of the Contiguous Communities: West Harlem, Manhattan Valley, Morningside Heights and Manhattanville documents Columbia University's expansionist plans in Manhattan's Morningside Heights and Morningside Park, and subsequent protests on the part of the community and students in the 1960's and 1970's with the aftermath extending into the 1980's.
The materials in this collection were gathered by Christiane Crasemann Collins and her husband Professor George R. Collins, long-time residents of Morningside Heights. Mrs. Collins, an art librarian at the Parsons School of Design (1973-1983), was an active member of the West Side Coalition for Morningside Park. Due to her deep-seated interest in the community's welfare and human rights issues, and her professional specialization in architectural history, she was convinced that the events as they were occurring in Morningside Heights were significant and that it was her "duty" to document the upheavals which took place during this period. She was an unofficial Morningside Park historian and wrote articles about the park for the local newspaper, The Westsider. Dr. George Collins, professor of art history and an architectural historian at Columbia University, was involved in community- university relations as early as the mid-1950's when he began protesting Columbia's expansionist plans. He also became an active member of the University Senate's Committee on Community Relations following the upheavals in the spring of 1968. Professor Collins retired from Columbia University in approximately 1986.
History of Neighborhood Organizations
Between 1947 and 1972 residents of Morningside Heights and surrounding neighborhoods formed a variety of organizations designed to either improve the quality of life in those communities or to prevent Columbia University and the other large institutions in the area from destroying the multiracial and diversified socioeconomic character of the neighborhood. Among the organizations that played a role in the events that occurred because of Columbia's building expansion were Morningside Heights, Inc., Morningside Renewal Council, Morningsiders United, the West Side Coalition for Morningside Park, and the Architects' Renewal Committee in Harlem.
Morningside Heights, Inc. was formed in 1947 by a number of institutions in Morningside Heights with the goal of preventing the perceived deterioration of the neighborhood as the population of low income residents increased, many of whom were black and Puerto Rican, and to prevent the expansion of single room occupancy hotels (SRO's). The institutions, which included Columbia University, the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, the Jewish Theological Seminary, the Interchurch Center and St. Luke's Hospital, described their purpose as being "to promote the improvement of Morningside Heights as an attractive residential, educational, and cultural area." According to Christiane Collins, the ideal aspired to was that of an American suburban-like environment, draped in an academic gown: economically and culturally homogeneous, free of "undesirables" and implying discrimination along both economic and racial lines. In the first phase of MHI's plan, low rental housing was demolished in the 1950's and replaced with a middle income cooperative housing complex.
The Morningside Renewal Council (MRC) was established in 1961 by the City of New York Housing and Redevelopment Board (HRB) to represent the needs and interests of the area. The Council was composed of representatives of tenant and community organizations, political associations, schools, churches and other institutions that were responsible for formulating urban renewal plans as per the requirements of the HRB. The MRC recommended local sites for renewal projects, such as schools or low income housing. A city agency then considered the local proposals, and if they were accepted, acquired the property from the landlord for demolition. The MRC approved the surveying and planning stage of renewal and the Early Acquisition Plan (the beginning of land acquisition and demolition). In 1963, the MRC sought the rehabilitation of Morningside Park via the construction of a large Columbia University owned gymnasium, which later became a major source of friction between Columbia and the neighborhood. According to Collins, it is not clear whether it was Parks Commissioner Robert Moses or Columbia that initiated the idea of utilizing the park as a site to construct a gym. Following a bitter spring 1968 student and community protest, Columbia finally withdrew its plans for building the gym in the park. Later, in 1970, the MRC sought to acquire Columbia-owned property to be used for urban renewal projects.
The Morningside General Neighborhood Renewal Plan (GNRP), also developed by the HRB in 1964, encompassed an area greater than Morningside Heights. The plan supported institutional expansion, especially that by Columbia but excluded the immediate environs of Columbia University from urban renewal projects, leaving the interests of the residents unprotected. At the request of the MRC, the GNRP was revised in 1965 to restrict Columbia's expansion. The University, however, continued to purchase scores of buildings, demolishing a large number of these structures and evicting the tenants who were predominately African American and Puerto Rican as well as the elderly and long-term residents with large families who paid low rents. Community members criticized Columbia for establishing a pattern of racial discrimination by its use of intimidation and eviction of these tenants. Columbia's urban policy appeared to be founded on destroying the interracial residential character of the neighborhood without bringing about the improvements originally envisioned by Morningside Heights, Inc. During this period more than 150 buildings were acquired and 7500 people displaced. Columbia forced tenants to vacate buildings by not supplying heat and hot water and refusing to make necessary repairs. Vacant buildings were left standing, causing safety problems and relatively few low income housing units were constructed as compared with the number of middle class units. As a result of this situation, the MRC brought together the heterogeneous groups that included the neighborhoods of Morningside Heights, Manhattan Valley (below 110 Street) and West Harlem (across Morningside Park), fostering an atmosphere of mutual rapport which began to unite these diverse communities.
Another organization, Morningsiders United, was formed in 1964 by neighborhood residents, owners of local businesses and members of several community organizations to "preserve the Heights as a place to live" and to maintain the diversified, integrated community. Its primary purposes were defense of the community against the threat posed by "institutional encroachment" and to effect neighborhood planning that would be fair to all. Morningsiders United, in conjunction with other groups, successfully obtained a guarantee from the New York City Board of Estimate that included a fourteen block area surrounding Columbia University which was to be part of the General Neighborhood Renewal Plan. This plan called for 25% of the housing to serve families of low income, and another 25% to accommodate families of moderate income.
The West Side Coalition for Morningside Park was formed in 1971 to oppose Columbia's expansion into the park and to plan the restoration of the abandoned gymnasium site. The Coalition was composed of community leaders and representatives from the Department of Parks and Recreation. The organization was instrumental in rallying City agencies, elected officials and private foundations to support the efforts for the total renovation of the park. The Coalition procured a grant from the Foundation for the City which made possible a study by Lawrence Halprin and Associates, a private landscape and architecture firm with an international reputation. The Coalition also conducted a planning study, the Take Part Workshop in April 1973, which sought community participation in redesigning Morningside Park. For many years the park had been viewed as a barrier between the Morningside Heights and West Harlem neighborhoods. Activists began to see its potential for bridging gaps between the diverse adjacent communities and for serving as a focal point for community and person-to-person interaction. The conclusions reached by the Take Part Workshop participants included the following points: that after years of neglect the park should be properly maintained, and the natural features of the park should be utilized in the design of new facilities; the park should be shared by all communities, ethnic groups and age levels; the negative image of the park, especially in regard to crime, was to be eliminated; and the community, along with the Department of Parks and Recreation, should take an active and sustained role in planning, improving and maintaining the park. The results of the workshop were submitted for review to the community-at-large and to appropriate city agencies and decision-making bodies. The recommendations, however, were largely ignored.
Members of the Architects' Renewal Committee in Harlem (ARCH) also provided leadership in the Take Part Workshop. This organization was founded in 1964 by a white architect, Richard Hatch, to provide architectural and planning services to the people of Harlem in order to make improvements in living conditions in the community. By 1966 ARCH had become a predominately black organization. This transfer evolved out of the ideology that black professionals and local residents must participate in the rebuilding of their own communities. Among the services provided by ARCH were: housing development to community organizations, the development of minority professionals in architecture and planning who were specifically prepared to provide services in poor communities, and initiation and development of social service facilities such as day care centers and multi-service facilities. The black architectural team of Bond Ryder Wilson planned a design for the rehabilitation of Morningside Park, but only plans for renovating a brick field house adjacent to Morningside Avenue were approved.
Columbia University's Expansion in Morningside Heights
The geographic areas of greatest concern on Manhattan's Upper West Side in terms of land use and Columbia University encroachment were Morningside Heights and Park, Manhattan Valley, and West Harlem. Within Morningside Heights, two sites that Columbia had slated for expansion which caused the most significant conflict were the East Campus Dormitory Complex and the Pharmacy Site.
Commencing in 1956 Columbia had released plans to expand the campus east of Amsterdam Avenue from 116 to 118 streets. The "superblock" as it was known, was to have held a new School of Law building, a graduate residence hall, and a faculty office building. Despite community protests, all buildings standing on this site were demolished, resulting in the displacement of hundreds of families. Although the plan was modified, the site is now occupied by the School of International Affairs, the School of Law, and an East Campus undergraduate residence hall.
The second major expansion planned by Columbia University was the anticipated move by the College of Pharmacy in 1962 from midtown Manhattan to West 121 Street in Morningside Heights, evicting tenants from six buildings in order to construct a new school. Community opposition, including that voiced by Marie Runyon, a tenant spokesperson and later assemblywoman, successfully fought against the construction of the additional University buildings. By 1971 plans were drawn up to construct a joint community and University housing project on the site containing both low and middle income housing units. Four years later the College of Pharmacy went bankrupt, and to date, the site still remains vacant, part of it turned into a parking lot.
In an effort to study urban and minority problems and combat adverse conditions in the Harlem community, the Ford Foundation awarded a $10 million grant to support the University's fund raising campaign in 1967. The funds were used to establish a new Center for Urban Minority Affairs, the name later simplified to the Urban Center. Former U.S. Ambassador to Ghana, Franklin H. Williams was appointed as its director and Ewart Guinier, the assistant director. The Center sought, through institutional change, to improve the University's ability to deal with urban and minority problems, in addition to improving living conditions in the urban ghetto through education, law and culture. The Center encouraged new courses in such areas as welfare law, urban sociology, and black culture. Projects funded by the Urban Center included remedial and enrichment programs for community people, training of small business owners, a study of the social problems facing Harlem residents, and chairs for urban and minority professorships. The programs of the Urban Center were frequently overruled by University administrators, and Harlem residents criticized the lack of community involvement in planning these programs. In 1970 Williams quit his post in protest over Columbia's policies, indicating that the University did not have a sincere commitment to use any of its resources to resolve the problems plaguing the surrounding community. Columbia University's opposition to the goals of the Center were clearly expressed by Vice President for Fiscal Management Bruce Bassett, who stated that "Social problems - the problems of class - are not the business of an institution of higher learning. The university is not a charity." (Note: Columbia Daily Spectator, November 21, 1974.) President President McGill also confirmed his opposition by noting that the University would not budget its own funds for community-oriented programs. (Note: Columbia University, Office of Public Information, March 8, 1972.) Thus, in 1972 the University dismantled the Urban Center.
Columbia University Gymnasium in Morningside Park
Morningside Park, which was the focus of much of the controversy between Columbia University and the community, extends from Cathedral Parkway at 110 Street, north to 123 Street, and from Morningside Drive, east to Manhattan and Morningside avenues. The park is not large compared to many others in New York City, and is surrounded by three racially, culturally and economically diverse communities. At the southern base of the park is Manhattan Valley, a predominantly Spanish-speaking community. To the east and north of the park is West Harlem, which is largely black, and to the west is Morningside Heights. The Heights is the home of several major educational and religious institutions and chiefly white middle class residents. The park was designed by the well-known landscape design team of Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux between 1873 and 1901. The terrain was unsuitable for building, due to a cliff 100 feet high. Olmsted realized that because of the uneven terrain of the land, the park would be unsafe for people at night. In fact, a substantial amount of crime and under-utilization of the park have plagued Morningside Park throughout its history. In addition, the park has served as a barrier between the neighborhoods and ethnic groups surrounding it.
The Columbia University gymnasium which was used by students until 1974, was built in 1896. It had been deemed inadequate only two decades after it opened, and in the 1940's plans for another facility were under discussion. In 1955 Columbia University President Grayson Kirk entered into an agreement with the City that permitted Columbia to build an athletic field on five acres of level ground on the southern end of Morningside Park. Use of the facility was to be shared by Columbia students and organized community teams under the supervision of professional staff paid by Columbia. At that time, there was little overt community opposition to Columbia's athletic field, though many questioned the ethics of using a major portion of scarce level area in the park and enclosing it with an eight foot high iron-link fencing.
In 1958 President Kirk and former Parks Commissioner Robert Moses began to discuss the placing of the new Columbia gym in Morningside Park. A lease was drawn up to permit Columbia to use 2.1 acres of land (which was a sigificant portion of level land considering there is a total of 30 acres of parkland) in exchange for $3000 a year and limited use by the community. Columbia planned to store arms in the proposed gym to be used in connection with NROTC activities. Plans conceived in 1963 called for an armory in the gym, containing classrooms, a library, offices and naval science equipment. Opposition to the gymnasium focused on institutional encroachment within the park and on the rights of people to participate in the planning processes that affected and shaped their environment. However, by 1966 African-American political leaders in West Harlem, especially Basil Patterson, Percy Sutton and Charles Rangel, believing that it was impossible to halt the project altogether, pressed for negotiations for greater access of the gym for community use.
Columbia University Student Protest
The Columbia University student strike in April 1968 was spurred by community and student protest over the controversial construction of the gym in Morningside Park. Some of the specific points of contention concerning the gym were: 1) that the community was slated to have access to only 15% of the gym's facilities; 2) that the main door to the gym on upper Morningside Drive would be for University use whereas access by the predominately black and Puerto Rican neighborhhood was to be through the back door on Morningside Avenue; and 3) and that the gym would be controlled by Columbia, not by the community, although it would be constructed on publicly-owned park land. The hours, activities, and policy for use of the community section of the gym were also to have been dictated by Columbia, including the decision to only give access to the facilities to teen-aged boys engaged in organized sports. Faculty and students also expressed dissatisfaction with the plans for the gym, complaining that the new gym would be inadequate in terms of size and training facilities.
On February 19, 1968 Columbia students as well as representatives of the West Harlem Morningside Park Committee attempted to block the demolition of parkland on the site where the gym was to be built. Individuals opposed to the gym were contacted, as was the news media, and the following morning members of the West Harlem and Morningside Heights communities as well as students came out in force. Bob McKay of the West Harlem Morningside Park Committee and eleven others were arrested. Christiane Collins also participated in the demonstrations at this time. Protests continued into March and April, some sparked by the leadership of the leftist organization, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).
Columbia faculty involvement, including that of Professor George Collins, was manifested through the seventy member Faculty Civil Rights Group that also opposed construction of the gym in the park. Instead the group urged "cooperation with community representatives in the planning and operation of all programs," and called for a reduction of Columbia's expansion policy. Additionally, in March 1968 the faculty of the School of Architecture, in a resolution prepared by Professor Collins, asked President Kirk and the trustees to reconsider building the gymnasium in Morningside Park. The faculty criticized the decision to construct a gym in public park land, and believed the reaction of the community justified the administration's reconsideration.
On April 20, 1968 the Harlem chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized a rally in Harlem. A wide spectrum of black organizations were represented, ranging from radical groups such as the Harlem Committee for Self-Defense, the United Black Front, and the New York chapter of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), to the more moderate West Harlem Community Organization and other tenant groups. Senator Basil Patterson spoke at the rally, as did Cicero Wilson, head of Columbia's Student Afro-American Society (SAS). The rally's participants protested institutional expansion in Morningside Heights and Harlem, and Columbia's refusal to permit community participation in the allocation of the Ford Foundation's $10 million urban grant.
On April 23, 1968, protesters headed by SAS and SDS and led by Columbia's SDS chapter chairman Mark Rudd, called for a strike against the University. Rudd's admitted long-term goal was to force the U.S. to sever involvement in the internal affairs of all foreign countries, Vietnam being but one example. Rudd wanted to put an end to University complicity with the Vietnam war through its affiliation with the Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA). This Institute was founded in 1955 as a non-profit defense "think tank" and employed academic scientists nationwide to furnish scientific and technical support to the Pentagon's Systems Evaluation Group which studied the effectiveness of new weapons. Columbia was one of twelve corporate members of IDA, and a number of its electrical engineers conducted research for IDA. On March 27, 1968 a campus demonstration against Columbia's participation in IDA, coupled with the administration's ban on indoor demonstrations, led to the initiation of disciplinary charges against six Columbia students who participated in this demonstration. According to SDS, this action in turn led to the strike which began April 23.
The Columbia Student Strike Coordinating Committee (SSCC) stated that a single theme dominated the Columbia strikers' six demands: the struggle for self-determination for the students and the residential community. The six demands were: 1) Columbia sever all affiliation with IDA; 2) probation for the six students who participated in the March 1968 demonstration be rescinded; 3) construction of the gym cease in order to enable the community, not the Columbia administration, to decide what was to be done to their park; 4) lifting of President Kirk's ban on indoor demonstrations; 5) call for a permanent student-faculty commission, democratically chosen, which would hear and pass binding judgments on all disciplinary actions; and 6) amnesty for all demonstrators.
The gym site became a symbol of resistance to the school's expansion, and a rallying point for students already challenging Columbia's role in government and in Vietnam. On April 23 after the call for the strike, approximately two hundred student protesters led by SDS and SAS entered Morningside Park, tore down sections of a metal fence surrounding the gym site and fought briefly with police. Returning to the campus, the students entered Hamilton Hall, the chief classroom building, and location of the Dean's office and the Admissions Office. Black and white students took Acting Dean Henry Coleman as a hostage and staged a sit-in; Coleman was released the following day. When white students left Hamilton Hall that night, activists from CORE, SNCC, the United Black Front, and the Mau Mau Society entered the Hall. The white students entered Low Library and barricaded themselves in the offices of President Kirk and Vice President David Truman. On April 25, architecture students took over the School of Architecture in Avery Hall, drew up a resolution in support of the demonstration that called upon the University to adopt an "expansion policy that does not overrun adjacent areas." They also demanded a "university effort to recruit more black and Puerto Rican students and greater university recognition of students and community groups in formulating university policy."
By the end of that Thursday, April 25, a total of five buildings were occupied by approximately 1000 students out of the University's enrollment of 27,000. That same day, the University administration called New York City police onto the campus and sealed it off after receiving reports that black organizations sponsored by CORE in Central Harlem were planning to stage a mass protest at Columbia. A large African-American group consisting almost exclusively of non-students and led by activist Charles Kenyatta, marched through the campus, an action permitted by the police as the best means to allay the anger of the protesters. Militant leaders H. Rap Brown and Stokely Carmichael, leaders of SNCC, were also allowed on the campus by the police and entered Hamilton Hall in support of the African-American demonstrators barricaded within the building.
Several student organizations formed to oppose the students who had taken over the campus - a relatively small minority - among them, the Majority Coalition and the Students for Columbia University, which called for an end to the strike and punishment for the demonstrators. Many individual athletes also shared the same belief, and wanted classes to resume.
An Ad Hoc Faculty Group comprised of some two hundred members met in an attempt to serve as an intermediary between the students and the administration. The faculty proposed, among other items, that a delegation consisting of students, faculty members and representatives of the University administration be formed to handle disciplinary issues. The faculty also encouraged the students to evacuate campus buildings. Additionally, there was mounting opposition on the part of many faculty members and students to the tactics, if not the objectives of SDS.
On Friday, April 26 twenty-five plainclothes policemen armed with clubs entered the campus, but following an encounter whereby a member of the faculty was injured by a policeman, President Kirk agreed to defer any police action while the Ad Hoc Faculty Group concluded its mediation efforts to seek a peaceful solution. That same day the administration announced the suspension of gymnasium contruction pending further discussion, although the administration emphasized that it was not terminating the project in Morningside Park. In addition, the main demand of the SSCC, that of amnesty, was not accepted by the administration.
On Tuesday, April 30 the police "bust" of the occupied buildings began. With the authorization of President Kirk, one thousand policemen forcibly removed students from the five occupied buildings. The American-American students occupying Hamilton Hall were removed without harm prior to the violent encounters with the white students. Close to seven hundred students were arrested, with scores of students, faculty and reporters injured and hospitalized. Many students who originally were not involved in the demonstrations, later opposed the administration's tactics as a result of this encounter with the police.
During the remaining days of the spring semester, classes were suspended in most schools of the University. On June 4, the same day that commencement exercises were held, students held a counter-commencement ceremony. The celebration served to reaffirm the beliefs and issues that had motivated the recent demonstrations on the campus.
Aftermath of Student Protest
As early as May 1968 the SDS and SSCC were moving apart--some members of the Committee wanted to continue working for a new attack on Columbia and for a societal revolution, while others favored a shift to University reform. Although SDS did not neglect University reform, their focus shifted to the residential community around Columbia in an attempt to "restructure society." Those students seeking University reform broke with the SSCC and formed a new group, Students for a Restructured University (SRU). Although they supported the strike, the demand for amnesty, greater student and faculty power, they disagreed with some of the tactics and aims of the SSCC, specifically the campus disruptions. Also at this time the newly created Executive Committee of the Faculties requested a fact-finding commission be formed to investigate the campus disturbances. The purpose of the investigation was to address the chronology of events up to the intervention of the police and the underlying causes of the disturbances. The trustees and administration gave their support to the investigation and cooperated fully with the commission which was headed by Archibald Cox, Professor of Law at Harvard University. Although the commission attempted to be thorough, two groups pivotal to the events refused to testify: the black students who occupied Hamilton Hall and the Student Strike Coordinating Committee. The report concluded that while some African-American students acknowledged that a public gymnasium would be "beneficial to the community...the project could not be judged out of the context of Columbia's relation with its poorer neighbors and society's treatment of racial ghettos." The report criticized Columbia's administration, but did not indict those empowered with setting the philosophy and policies of Columbia as strongly as many considered necessary to bring about basic changes.
Action on the part of the students continued throughout the summer of 1968 as radical students held a Summer Liberation School in which five hundred people participated including students, community members, student teachers and young hospital workers. Originally conceived as a series of action-oriented classes, they were called Research/ Action Projects (RAPS) and covered such topics as racism in textbooks, Marxist philosophy, imperialism and national liberation movements.
In November 1968 Columbia announced that I. M. Pei and Partners had accepted the appointment as master planner for Columbia University. Mr. Pei was greeted as a planner of social concern and an architect of human as well as aesthetic consideration. Working with this architectural firm was a 12-member policy review committee representing the University student body, the faculty, administrators and trustees. Final decision-making power in matters of expansion and planning rested with the board of trustees.
In March 1969 Columbia trustees agreed unanimously to cease construction of the gymnasium in Morningside Park. One year later Pei presented an innovative plan that was received without comment. Among his proposals were: a new gymnasium underneath South Field in the middle of the campus, and a dormitory/apartment/park complex containing day care centers to be shared equally by the University and the community with a broad range of rentals, including public housing, rent levels to be jointly financed by the Federal Housing Authority and the State Dormitory Authority. Pei resigned as master planner that same year because Columbia claimed it lacked the funds for physical expansion.
Pei's master plan was never carried out, and many believe it was commissioned in deceit. William McGill, president of Columbia University from 1970-1980, indicated that using I. M. Pei was a placating device, employed by the trustees to "develop proposals that would help alleviate community pressures in 1968." A new $12.7 million gym was eventually dedicated in December 1974 on the north campus, in almost exactly the spot intended for it when enlarged athletic quarters first came under consideration in the early 1940's. The old gym was also renovated. (Note: "Columbia Devours the Upper West Side," The Village Voice, May 19, 1980. (Box 2, folder 3))
Following the strike, one of the critical issues which remained to be resolved was the question of amnesty for protesting students and those who had been arrested. SDS and others believed charges should be dropped and the University should take no disciplinary reprisals against the demonstrators, a demand strongly opposed by President Kirk. He retired in August 1968 and Andrew Cordier, Director of the School of International Affairs, was appointed Acting President. Relations with students improved somewhat after Cordier sought to have police charges for 400 students either dismissed or lessened. At the same time, the Joint Committee on Disciplinary Affairs composed of seven faculty members, seven students and three administrators issued directives and recommendations concerning disciplinary action against students for their involvement in the campus demonstrations.
In the aftermath of the widespread student protests begun in April 1968, the Columbia University Senate was formed. The Senate was a response to the evident lack of communication within the University community. The first meeting was held in May 1969, and was an experiment in self-governance. The 101 member body consisted of representatives from the administration, faculty, alumni, research and library staff, as well as institutions that were not part of the Columbia Corporation but were affiliated--Barnard College, Teachers College, the Pharmacy School and Union Theological Seminary. At its inception, the Senate created thirteen committees; among them the Community Relations Committee of which George Collins was a member. This committee dealt with the licensing of the TRIGA nuclear reactor, housing of individuals affiliated with Columbia, and the redesign of Morningside Park.
Related Protests
In 1969 and 1970 a variety of other issues galvanized the community and students to oppose Columbia policies. Some were strictly University related issues, others had far broader ramifications. During these years, Columbia students and community residents demonstrated against the operation of the nuclear reactor, TRIGA Mark II, owned by the University since 1963 for the benefit of its engineering school. Many community members, both black and white, objected to having a nuclear reactor in their densely populated neighborhood, fearing it to be dangerous because of the radioactive pollution and the potential hazard of explosion.
Protests influenced by SDS continued on the Columbia campus into the spring of 1969. Members of the SDS became factionalized and supported various radical groups and causes in addition to the unionizing efforts of Local 1199 to organize Columbia University clerical employees. Demands included the end of the United States government's systematic oppression of political dissidents and release of political prisoners, such as Bobby Seale and other members of the Black Panther Party. In March 1970 hundreds of students demanded that Columbia provide bail and defense funds for the Panthers as well as for the seven defendants in the Chicago Conspiracy Case (the Chicago 7). The SDS students also supported the December 4 Movement (D4M), a citywide black radical organization, which favored the Panthers.
Additional SDS demands during spring 1969 demonstrations included open admissions to Columbia University for black, Latino and white students from local high schools; community oriented urban renewal plans; abolition of NROTC, military recruiting and military research. Some of these demands were met; for example, the Trustees, advised by Acting President Cordier, voted to phase out NROTC by 1972.
Beginning in 1968 SAS began to move away from supporting radical causes and began working toward seeking university support for a black studies program. By 1969 they demanded a separate admissions board, nominated by black students, to evaluate all black applicants. Furthermore, SAS proposed the creation of what was known as an Interim Board to establish a black studies program. This board's responsibilities would be to elect black students and faculty members of the University to design the program which would hire faculty and staff, grant credit for courses, and establish degree programs, as well as establish autonomy in budgetary matters. Columbia's administration supported establishing the Interim Board, but archival records are unclear whether it was actually formed.
While Columbia students had been protesting U.S. involvement in Vietnam since 1966, organized activities reached their peak in spring 1970 with the call for a nationwide moratorium on April 15, as a result of Congress' expansion of the war into Cambodia. On May 4, 1970, a nationwide strike took place. Dr. Cordier and the Columbia Faculty Peace Action Committee supported the student demonstrations and endorsed the three national demands: end the war in Indochina, end political repression in the United States, and end the complicity of universities in war research. As a result of the National Guard's killing of four students at Kent State University in Ohio on May 4, the Columbia strike was extended and the University joined 350 other American colleges in support of the Kent State victims and to further bolster the three national demands. Students as well as campus employees, supported by the administration and faculty, organized various anti-war protest activities during the ensuing months, thus numerous local and national issues contributed to the continuing student turbulence.
The Christiane C. Collins Collection of West Harlem Coalition for Morningside Park and Urban Problems of the Contiguous Communities: West Harlem, Manhattan Valley, Morningside Heights and Manhattanville documents the origins, demonstrations and aftermath of the Columbia University student protest in the spring of 1968 and events through 1970. The collection focuses on the convergence of student activism and black community concerns as they relate to urban planning, gentrification and institutional racism, and the neglect of scarce natural resources in black neighborhoods. In particular, the material documents the relationship between student and local activists and their unity over the issues of Columbia's proposed construction of a new gymnasium in Morningside Park, just north of the University's campus, and in Harlem as well as other issues relating to Columbia's building expansion in Morningside Heights. The collection dates from 1941 through 1996 with the bulk dating from 1968-1970 when the student protest was at its peak.
Represented in the collection are the voices, opinions, and perspectives of all the major parties -- the community, university/faculty and media. Included are articles from the Columbia Daily Spectator, The New York Times, local Manhattan neighborhood newspapers, and other printed matter including magazine and journal articles, reports, flyers, mimeograph leaflets and proclamations. This material represents the community. The records of meetings of the West Harlem Coalition for Morningside Park and the Architects' Renewal Committee in Harlem and of other community groups dedicated to preserving Morningside Park and Morningside Heights are also in the collection. Additionally, there is documentation on Columbia's handling of the 1968 student protest, policy decisions by the Faculty Executive Committee and selected minutes of the University Faculty Senate on black and community related affairs. Other material figuring in the collection include deliberations, documentation of the role played by city officials from community and civic leaders, and City and University officials. Due to the wide variety of organizations, institutions, community groups and individuals represented in this collection, a great diversity of opinions is expressed. Numerous student groups voiced their political stance, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) being the most prominent. The student protest against the conflict in Vietnam as it related to Columbia University and nationwide is documented by news clippings and flyers.
The following items were removed from:
Name of Collection/Papers Christiane C. Collins Collection of the West Harlem Coalition for Morningside Park and Urban Problems of the Contiguous Communities: West Harlem, Manhattan Valley, Morningside Heights and Manhattanville
Accession Number MG 299, SCM 88-12
Donor: Christiane C. Collins
Date received: 1988
Date transferred: Feb. 21, 1997
The item(s) listed below have been sent to the division indicated, either to be retained or disposed of there. Any items that should receive special disposition are clearly marked.
Schomburg Moving Image and Recorded Sound Division:
Ten audiotapes of two faculty meetings dated May 5-6, 1968 and May 17, 1968: 2 reel to reel tapes and 2 copies (4 cassettes) for each meeting. One cassette of a talk given by Christiane Collins about Morningside Park held at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, School of Architecture, 1976 or 1977.
Schomburg Photographs and Print Division:
Two photographs of the arrest of demonstrators protesting construction of the gym in Morningside Park, 1968; and one photograph showing members of the West Harlem Coalition for Morningside Park, 1978.
Processed by: Janice Quinter
Date: Feb. 20, 1997
The Christiane C. Collins collection of the West Harlem Coalition for Morningside Park and Urban Problems of the Contiguous Communities: West Harlem, Manhattan Valley, Morningside Heights and Manhattanville is arranged in ten series:
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY BUILDING EXPANSION
The COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY BUILDING EXPANSION series, 1956-1996 (.5 lin. ft.) provides background information on the issues which united black and white residents of Morningside Heights with many students and faculty members in opposition to Columbia University's administration. The series encompasses University newsletters and reports regarding plans for expansion including the 1966 commencement of a $200 million capital and program campaign, correspondence, and material pertaining to the proposed construction of the gym in Morningside Park; Columbia's alleged harrassment of tenants; housing issues for students and community residents; and the history of building construction on the Columbia campus. Of note is a 1967 report prepared by the Faculty Civil Rights Group entitled "The Community and the Expansion of Columbia University." Additional topics discussed in this series include eviction of tenants from Columbia-owned buildings and single room occupancy hotels (SRO's); the 1966 Ford Foundation $200 milion grant which included $10 million in funding for the Center on Urban and Minority Affairs (the Urban Center), the East Campus "superblock;" and the Pharmacy Site. Flyers prepared by SDS and various tenant groups that sponsored some of the meetings and calls for action are filed in this series. Other material focuses on housing policies.
EXPANSIONIST PLANS OF OTHER INSTITUTIONS IN MORNINGSIDE HEIGHTS
The series EXPANSIONIST PLANS OF OTHER INSTITUTIONS IN MORNINGSIDE HEIGHTS, 1962-1987 (.1 lin. ft.) contains files about St. Luke's Hospital and the construction of P.S. 36 in Morningside Park, among other projects.
MANHATTAN'S UPPER WEST SIDE AND HARLEM PARKS
Both background and in-depth information relating to Columbia University can be found in the series MANHATTAN'S UPPER WEST SIDE AND HARLEM PARKS, 1962-1987 (.4 lin. ft.). Most of the material focuses on Morningside Park, center of the gymnasium controversy, and includes a 1972 report entitled "A Master Plan Study of St. Nicholas, Colonial and Morningside Parks" prepared for the Parks, Recreation and Cultural Affairs Administration by City College's School of Architecture and Environmental Studies. There is also a history of Morningside Park dating to colonial times, including information on its landscapers, Olmsted and Vaux. The relationship with Columbia University, the involvement of community groups and their attempts to provide access for recreation to all, and the voices of political and civic leaders are expressed in this series. There are architectural drawings of proposed renovations of Morningside Park prepared by Bond Ryder Wilson and the Columbia 1972 master plan for Morningside Park, in addition to aerial photographs of Morningside Heights and Park. The long-standing problem of crime in the park is also represented. Christiane Collins' articles about Morningside Heights and Park, Riverside Park (including its renovation), and housing issues and her extensive manuscript entitled "Morningside Park and its Contiguous Communities: A Chronicle of Urban Conflicts" (1971) about the relationship between Morningside Park and the surrounding neighborhood complete this series.
MANHATTAN'S UPPER WEST SIDE, HARLEM AND BRONX NEIGHBORHOODS
The series MANHATTAN'S UPPER WEST SIDE, HARLEM AND BRONX NEIGHBORHOODS, 1963-1982 (.4 lin. ft.) includes a lengthy report detailing plans for the development of Harlem prepared by various city commissions and local organizations, including the City Planning Commission, Columbia University and the Negro Labor Committee (1968). News clippings, flyers and other printed matter discuss redevelopment projects and plans in Harlem including the construction of the Harlem State Office Building, and rehabilitation of residential buildings and deteriorated areas. Other material pertains to East Harlem, Puerto Ricans in Manhattan including the Young Lords and their bimonthly newspaper, Palante, and a poverty striken community in the East Bronx. Official reports in this series include Mayor Robert Wagner's legislative program on housing, and a report prepared by Columbia entitled "Columbia University in the City of New York - An Old Partnership" dealing with the University's relationship with city problems such as medical services, legal affairs, economic development, business and architectural projects.
MORNINGSIDE HEIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS
The MORNINGSIDE HEIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS series, 1959-1994 (.8 lin. ft.) documents a wide variety of activist organizations that worked for the development of Morningside Heights and Morningside Park. The Architects' Renewal Committee in Harlem (ARCH) records encompass planning studies, memoranda to members, reports, correspondence, articles, flyers and news clippings regarding its efforts to plan for the renovation of Morningside Park in conjunction with Lawrence Halprin & Associates, and a report about legal action taken against the Morningside Hotel, an SRO.
The records of the Take-Park Workshop which was co-sponsored by the West Harlem Coalition for Morningside Park and ARCH include readings, a workbook and a report enumerating participants' recommendations to renovate the park. Additional records of the West Harlem Coalition include minutes of meetings held with the community planning boards, correspondence with member Bob McKay and with local politicians regarding a feasibility and design study. Other material represented in this series include the Morningside Heights General Neighborhood Renewal Plan, under the auspices of the City of New York Housing and Redevelopment Board (consisting of reports, proposals for use of the neighborhood, and news clippings), and Morningsiders United (memoranda and printed matter concerning the maintenance of residential buildings and opposition to Columbia's encroachment and control of the neighborhood). There is also a planning and design workbook for community participation sponsored by Princeton University.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GYMNASIUM
The series COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY GYMNASIUM, 1941-1986 (.6 lin. ft.) provides additional background information on the causes which led to the spring 1968 Columbia University student strike. The history of the "new" gym which was planned in the 1940's and subsequent plans in the 1950's are critiqued in the contemporary student newspaper. The correspondence of George Collins and then-Manhattan Borough President Constance Baker Motley, who were involved in planning for the gym in the 1960's, is located in this series. Most of the other material for the 1960's and 1970's which is comprised of news clippings, details the community's objections to construction of the facility. Following Columbia's abandonment of its construction plans, various organizations and individuals conceived ideas for rehabilitation of the park, many of which are included here. There are also documents describing Columbia's agreement to pay reparations to renovate the defaced park gym site in the 1970's. Of special interest are I.M. Pei's plans for construction of a gym beneath South Field included with his master plan for the entire University, "Planning for Columbia University: An Interim Report," in which the famed architect proposed the use of campus land and buildings to their fullest potential. Finally, the plans and dedication of the new gym named the Marcellus Hartley Dodge Center for Physical Fitness, dedicated in 1974, complete this series.
The most extensive series in the collection is COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY STUDENT PROTEST, 1961-1987 (4.2 lin. ft.) culminating principally with the spring 1968 student strike, with documents also focusing on the spring 1969 and 1970 strikes.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY FACULTY SENATE
The COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY FACULTY SENATE series, 1967-1980 (.6 lin. ft.) consists of proposals for the creation of a University Senate and a student assembly, minutes of meetings, correspondence, a directory of Columbia officers and staff, bulletins and news clippings. These documents pertain to some of the issues the Senate dealt with including Columbia as a landlord and ways to improve the University's relationship with the community, establishment of a Puerto Rican and Latin American Institute, and the development of the East Campus. The committee and subcommittees in this series include Community Relations, Physical Development (Professor Collins held membership in both) and Student Life.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATION
The ADMINISTRATION series, 1961-1980 (.2 lin. ft.) comprises material from three University presidents (Kirk, Cordier and McGill) and one vice-president (Lawrence H. Chamberlain) and consists of the 1970-1971 presidential annual report, correspondence, financial reports, and commencement addresses. There are also public affairs notices regarding the investiture, retirement and assessment of tenure of the presidents, as well as news clippings. For the vice-president, there is material about the physical expansion of the University.
OVERSIZE MATERIALS
Gift of Christiane C. Collins, 1988
SCM 88-12
Processed by Janice Ouinter.
Processed by Janice Quinter
This inventory was prepared as part of an archival preservation project to arrange, describe and catalog resources essential for the study of the post-Civil Rights period of African-American history. The necessary staff and supplies for the Archival Resources for the Study of the Post-Civil Rights Movement project were made available through a combination of funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the City and State of New York.
Architects' Renewal Committee in Harlem (New York, N.Y.)
Columbia University. Urban Center
Morningside Park Association
Students for a Democratic Society (U.S.)
West Harlem Coalition for Morningside Park
Campus planning -- New York (State) -- New York
Morningside Heights (N.Y.)
New York (N.Y.) -- Race relations
Student movements -- New York (State) -- New York
Student strikes -- New York (State) -- New York
Students -- Political activity
Teacher participation in administration -- New York (State) -- New York
Teacher-student relationships -- New York (State) -- New York
Universities and colleges -- New York (State) -- New York
Urban renewal -- New York (State) -- New York
Morningside Park (New York, N.Y.)
Schomburg NEH Archival Resources for the Study of the Post-Civil Rights Movements Project
515 Malcolm X Boulevard, New York, NY 10037-1801
Some collections held by the Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture are held off-site and must be requested in advance. Please check the collection records in the NYPL's online catalog for detailed location information. To request access to materials in the Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, please visit: http://archives.nypl.org/scm/request_access Request access to this collection.
For permission to publish, contact the Curator, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.
Box 4 is closed until further notice.


Family - Joel certainly was having a period of adjustment this week. Since our recent move, he's been struggling with feeling comfortable with his new bedroom. He's not exactly a fan of sleeping in his room or crib and instead, he's been snuggling up with us in our room. I'm hoping this doesn't last long but we're constantly trying to get him to embrace his new surroundings.
Aside from that, he's also adjusting with teething! Joel got his first teeth that broke out a few days ago. Surprisingly he didn't get sick with a fever, cold, diarrhea, or any difficult symptoms. If anything, his drooling was more frequent and he's been a bit more clingy.
Now that we're pretty much settled in, we've also given Joel some new toys. One is a fenced in play area that we keep his toys. He loves playing in it everyday and it's full of lots of sights, sounds and textures for him to explore. My parents also thought Joel could benefit from a walker. I wasn't a fan initially but after seeing Joel take to it really well (maybe even too well), I've learned to embrace it and find it really helpful!
Food/Restaurant News - This past week has been a bit slow as we're still waiting on things to clear with permits, insurance and contractors. In the meantime, I've been working with third parties to help market our restaurant and get some exposure to build up for our grand opening. I also attended a vendor event to learn of some new products and services provided by one of our food distributors.


text:
THE trip to London followed secret trials on board the bus outside Kensington Road Youth Centre.
It all started when UK IT guru Professor Stephen
Heppell (right), from Anglia Polytechnic University's ULTRALAB, visited the Island in February to give a talk for the DOE about teaching and learning with computers. He saw what the Island was doing with ICT in education, saw the bus and thought the combination would make an ideal base for testing a revolutionary new internet system, being developed by US communications giant Oracle
Each Monday and Friday evening for nearly three months, the Bus pulled up outside Kensington Road Youth Centre, and 21 young people, specially recruited for the tests, came along and pushed the new system to the limit, going on-line with the Computer Bus's advanced technology.
When the pilot came to an end, Oracle wanted to launch the system— presently known as Codename Scoop!—at the Tomorrow's World Live Event in London, and invited all those involved in the test to bring their bus and show it to the world.
The pictures on these pages give just some idea of what a week it was, with the bus taking the 'scenic route' via the Ben-my-Chree and the UK motorway network to London, and the kids flying down the next day. That the bus was able to make it to and from London, go on-line at Earls Court, and make it back in time for the Tynwald ceremony is a tribute to all those involved.
Principal sponsor Manx Telecom, Tours (Isle of Man), PDMS Advanced Systems, Manx Airlines, the Isle of Man Steam Packet and the Isle of Man Department of Education, all made sure that this trip was a wall-to-wall success.
And for the 21 young people from Douglas Youth Club who did the Island proud in London, their efforts were repaid by the generosity of Oracle, with fives tar accommodation in London's Forum Hotel, tickets to see Darren Day in the west end hit GREASE!, and a never to be forgotten night out bowling with Gladiator star Rhino! Highlight of the visit was exclusive access to the as yet unfinished Millennium Dome, a visit organised by Professor Stephen Heppell himself.
2008 Relaunch
UK Visits
THE COMPUTER BUS enjoyed pole position located right at the front of The Tomorrow's World LIVE event at Earls Court in London.
©2019 Isle of Man Department of Education Sport and Culture All Rights Reserved
June 30 — July 4th 1999
ABOVE: Kim Lowe demonstrating Codename SCOOP on board the bus during the Earls Court event.
BELOW: Manx Telecom's Mike Cook.


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2000 Ford Expedition Repair Manual Online. Looking for a 2000 Ford Expedition repair manual? With Chilton's online Do It Yourself Ford Expedition repair manuals, you can view any year's manual 24 7 365.
Ford Fusion 2012, G8 LED Headlight Conversion Kit by Lumen®. 1 Pair, 6500K, 6000lm (per kit). Swap those dull and dim halogen bulbs for this super bright and powerful LED Conversion Kit by Lumen.


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January 21, 2011 Guest of Honor
More Spike Lee (the director's cut of the director)
Spike Lee is ostensibly hyping his new book about the making of "Do the Right Thing"… but our conversation covered a broad range of topics: the movie, the book, his discovery of silver-tongued co-star Rosie Perez, his love of Ann Margaret, the changing dimensions of Hollywood studios, the influence of Rashomon, and J-Lo's backside.
Here's the 16-minute extended cut. Warning: Contains some mature language.
Tags: Aiello, Ann, Brooklyn, Danny, Do, J-Lo, lee, Margaret, movies, Perez, Right, Rosie, spike, the, Thing
Abbi Jacobson Finds Inspiration From Great Art and Self-Confident Artists
Abbi Jacobson and her co-writer and co-star Ilana Glaser created the Comedy Central hit "Broad City." She's also an artist and merges that training with her comic sensibilities on her podcast, "A Piece of Work" -- produced in conjunction with New York's Museum of Modern Art. She talks to Brendan about doing an audio show about a visual medium, how her life has changed since "Broad City" (and how it hasn't), and more.
Willem Dafoe: Not Just 'The Bad Guy'
Willem Dafoe has lit up the big screen for three decades, from his Oscar-nominated performance in "Platoon," to playing Jesus in "The Last Temptation of Christ," to great character roles in "Wild At Heart" and "The Grand Budapest Hotel." His latest is "The Florida Project," directed by Sean Baker. Willem talks with Brendan about working alongside screen newbies in the film, the moment when an actor becomes creative artist and not just an interpreter, and maybe reveals a little too much answering one of our standard questions.


There are advantages and disadvantages of online learning. I have taken several online and traditional courses throughout my college education, and I am sharing both what I have learned from personal experience as well from my readings of this subject.
Some of the main advantages of online learning over traditional classroom learning include the greater time and distance convenience which online learning generally provides — no need to worry about traffic or what to wear for class. Additionally, students have more control over the pace of their learning. This allows the student to spend more time on a unit which they have difficulty with while proceeding more quickly with easier topics.
In the fully asynchronous format, students are not required to be online at the same time. Lectures and assignments are posted online, and students can complete assignments at their own pace, as long as they meet the assignment deadlines. Some form of participation may be required, usually in the form of posting questions or comments on message boards. By contrast, in the synchronous format, students are required to be online at the same time to listen to a live lecture or to participate in a group discussion.
Some online programs supplement their programs with required in-person attendance at a colloquium. For example, please see http://www.capella.edu/interactivemedia/Colloquia/docs/ TheColloquiaExperienceFAQs.pdf. The purpose of a colloquium or other in person session usually includes building a sense of community, development of specific academic skills, as well as fostering mentoring relationships between faculty and students.
Disadvantages of online programs can potentially include less interaction between faculty and students and lower quality of instruction. I have anecdotally found that there is wide variability in the quality of online courses depending on the instructor. While some instructors take their online job seriously and are meticulous about regularly posting assignments, others use the relative anonymity of the internet as an excuse to slack off. Also, if you are a procrastinator, having a physical classroom with a professor asking you for an assignment may be more motivating than an online classroom with no one tracking you down. For one student's view of online learning, see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qg3JsijJrR8.
Next articleOvercoming Procrastination: Well… what are you waiting for?


Be a Bean Counter – a Jelly Belly Bean Counter. Enter the free random drawing and Guess the number of Jelly Bellys in the jar. If you guess the correct number, or your entry is the closest to the correct number, you win the Jelly Belly jackpot!
And the free kosher Jelly Belly jackpot is...A fabulous Bean Blast Basket loaded with over two pounds of Jelly Belly beans and sours in assorted flavors, all nestled in a reusable willow basket (value $34.99). That's not all - Three coupons for free 6.5 or 7-ounce size bags of Jelly Belly beans (value $15.00, approx.). It's Jelly Belly heaven!
To enter the random drawing, use the Email form below and tell us the number of Jelly Belly beans you think are contained in the jar. So what is Your guess? Two entries MAX per person!
Jar dimensions: 1.5 gallon, 21–inches around and 7–inches tall.
Random drawing ends midnight, February 9, 2011. Winner will be notified by email sent to address provided in entry; response must be received by KosherEye within 48 hours of notification, or runner-up will be awarded prize. Good luck and thank you for visiting KosherEye!


Pennsylvania's deadline to register to vote in November 6 General Election has passed.
The Pennsylvania Department of State keeps track of voter registration statewide and releases the changes reported in counties every week. This map, using that aggregated information, shows which party was dominant in each of the state's 67 counties. Counties shaded red have a Republican majority while those shaded blue have a Democratic majority.
Click on a county to see more information. Drag and zoom to see all counties in Pennsylvania.


1. High quality of materials.
2. Reusable pet fur remover with self-cleaning base.
3. Double side brushes are twice as fast as one-side brushes!
4. Durable and quick to remove fur or lint.
5. It can not only be used for pets,but sofa or other things which are easy to adhere to fur!
6.1 set of what package includes only,other accessories demo in the picture is not included!
Very quickly received! The brush is very good!
Better than expected have enjoyed it!!!!!!!!!


text:
Glöckl ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Franz Glöckl (1884–1943), deutscher Gewerkschafter
 Hans Glöckl (1928–1988), mehrmaliger deutscher Meister im Segelflug und Fluglehrer
 Lieselotte Glöckl (* 1938), deutsche Malerin
 Wolfgang Glöckl (* 1969), österreichischer Musiker, Sänger und Komponist

ein geographischer Name:
 Glöckl (Burgkirchen an der Alz), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Burgkirchen an der Alz, Landkreis Altötting, Bayern

Siehe auch:
 Glöckel


Israeli nonprofit SpaceIL and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) have announced that Israel's inaugural voyage to the moon – the world's first privately funded lunar mission – will begin on Feb. 21 at approximately 8:45 p.m. EST, when the lunar lander "Beresheet" ("In the Beginning") blasts off aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 from Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
Ashraf Naalowa, the 23-year-old Palestinian who murdered two Israelis in a terrorist attack at the Barkan Industrial Zone on October 7, was shot dead by a Border Police counter-terrorism unit.
Keren Kayemet Le'Israel-Jewish National Fund (KKL-JNF) will sue Hamas in international legal court for the severe environmental damages that were caused to KKL-JNF land in the area surrounding Gaza from firing of rockets and mortar shells, and from incendiary kites sent to Israel.
French Prime Minister Édouard Philippe has cancelled a planned trip to Israel at the end of the month, citing scheduling issues, French media reported Wednesday.
The State of Israel and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees have reached an unprecedented common understanding on the issue of migrants.


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text:
Jamides paramalaccanus är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Riley och Corbet 1938. Jamides paramalaccanus ingår i släktet Jamides och familjen juvelvingar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Juvelvingar
paramalaccanus