text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

The understanding of the evolution of the nuclear properties with respect to the
asymmetry between the number of neutrons and protons is one of the major topics
of interest in modern nuclear physics.  It is going to extend our knowledge
about the effects of isospin asymmetry on the nuclear structure, and is also
relevant for the study of the origin and the limits of stability of matter in
the universe.

Nuclear reactions represent our main source of information on the
properties and on the structure of atomic nuclei.  Direct nuclear
reactions, where the external probe interacts with only one, or a few,
nucleons of the target nucleus, can give deep insight on the
single-particle (s.p.) properties of a many-body system.  In
particular, the \eep\ reaction, where a proton is emitted
with a direct knockout mechanism, represents a very clean probe to
explore thestructure pf the  proton-hole states of the nucleus
\cite{fru84,bof93,bof96}.

Electron scattering is probably the best tool for investigating the
structure of atomic nuclei and their constituents.  The
electromagnetic interaction is weak if compared with the strength of
the interaction between hadrons, therefore the nuclear many-body
system is only slightly perturbed by the probe. In addition, the
possibility of varying  independently the energy and momentum transferred
to the nucleus allows us to map the nuclear response as a function of
the excitation energy with a space resolution that can be adjusted to
the scale of processes we want to study.
The theoretical description
of the electron-nucleus interaction is well controlled by the
perturbative quantum electrodynamics theory, and, for the
energies used in nuclear physics investigations, the one-photon
exchange approximation is usually enough to obtain a good description
of the electron scattering process. The advantages of electron
scattering have been exploited in the past to study the properties of
stable nuclei. These studies can now be extended to exotic nuclear
matter.

In the last thirty years a large amount of \eep\ data has provided
accurate informations on the
s.p. structure of stable closed-shell nuclei.  Many high-resolution
exclusive \eep\ experiments on several stable nuclei were carried out
at Saclay~\cite{fru84,bof93,bof96,mou76,ber82},
NIKHEF~\cite{dew90,lap93,bof93,bof96} and MAMI~\cite{blo95}.  Specific
quantum numbers and spectroscopic factors have been assigned to the
peaks in the energy spectrum by studying the missing energy and
momentum dependence of the experimental cross sections.  The data
analysis was carried out by using the program {\tt
DWEEPY}~\cite{giu87,giu88} which describes the process within the
theoretical framework of the nonrelativistic distorted-wave impulse
approximation (DWIA). In the program the effects of the final-state
interactions (FSI) due to the reinteraction of the emitted proton
with the remaining nucleus and also the distortion of the electron
wave functions produced by the nuclear Coulomb field are included.
For the data analysis, phenomenological ingredients were usually
adopted to calculate the s.p. bound and scattering states. In the original
analyses of the experimental data, the outgoing nucleon scattering wave
functions were eigenfunctions of an optical potential determined through a fit
to elastic unpolarized and polarized nucleon-nucleus scattering data.

The bound-state wave functions were calculated with a Woods-Saxon (WS)
well, where the radius was determined to fit the experimental momentum
distribution and the depth was adjusted to give the experimentally
observed separation energy of the bound final state. This theoretical
approach was able to describe, with a high degree of accuracy,  for a wide
range of nuclei and for different
kinematics, the shape of the experimental momentum distributions at
missing-energy values corresponding to specific peaks in the energy
spectrum. In order to reproduce the size of the experimental cross
sections, the normalization of the bound-state wave function was
fitted to the data and identified with the spectroscopic factor. The
deviations of such normalization factors from the predictions of the
mean-field (MF) approximation are interpreted as
the effect of nucleon-nucleon correlations.

The description of \eep\ processes was done also with relativistic
DWIA (RDWIA) models
\cite{pick85,jin92,jin93,jin94,udi93,udi96,udi99,kel97,kel99,kel99a,hed95a,
joh96,meu01a,meu01,meu02a,meu02b,radici03,tamae09}.  In these
approaches the s.p. bound-state wave functions are obtained by solving
Dirac-Hartree equations with an interaction obtained by a relativistic
Lagrangian written in the context of the relativistic MF theory. The scattering
wave functions are obtained by solving the Dirac equation with
relativistic optical potentials determined by a fit to elastic
proton-nucleus scattering data.  Some of these models include also an
exact treatment of the Coulomb distortion of the electron waves
\cite{jin92,jin93,udi93,udi96,udi99}. The RDWIA calculations, which provide a
good description of the old \eep\ data, are necessary for the analysis of
the more recent \eep\ data from JLab \cite{gao00,malov00}, measured in
kinematic conditions with higher
values of the momentum transfer and of the outgoing proton energy,
unachievable in previous experiments.

In upcoming years the advent of radioactive ion beams facilities
\cite{tan95,gei95,mue01} will provide a large amount of data on
unstable nuclei. A new generation of electron colliders that use
storage rings is under construction at RIKEN (Japan)
\cite{sud01,kat03} and GSI (Germany) \cite{gsi06}. These facilities
will offer unprecedented opportunities to study the structure of
exotic unstable nuclei through electron scattering in the ELISe
experiment at FAIR in Germany \cite{elise} and the SCRIT project in
Japan \cite{sud10}.

Kinematically complete experiments, where all target-like reaction
products are detected, will become feasible for the first time,
allowing a clean separation of different reaction channels as well as
a reduction of the unavoidable radiative background seen in
conventional experiments. Therefore, even applications to stable
isotope will be of interest.

In this work we investigate how the models successfully used to
describe \eep\ data in stable nuclei behave when they are used to make
predictions on exotic nuclei.
In our study, we consider both the nonrelativistic (DWIA) and
the relativistic (RDWIA) approaches, and we apply
them to a set of calcium and oxygen isotopes.  We have chosen these
isotopes since data taken at NIKHEF for the doubly magic nuclei
$^{40}$Ca, $^{48}$Ca \cite{kra90t,kra01}, and $^{16}$O \cite{leu94} are
available. We first compare the performances of our models in
describing these data, then we apply them to some even-even isotopes
of these nuclei. We apply our models to  $^{40,48,52,60}$Ca  and
$^{16,22,24,28}$O nuclei, where the s.p. levels
below the Fermi surface are fully occupied. In this manner we work
with spherical systems and minimize the pairing effects.  Our models
require the description of both ground and excited states of the
nuclear system, the latter one has a particle in the continuum. In
this article, we investigate how different descriptions, apparently
equivalent for stable nuclei, can produce different results when
applied to neutron rich nuclei.
The DWIA calculations are carried out with the same code
{\tt DWEEPY} that was used for the analyses of the experimental data.
In the comparison with data we repeat the original analyses and
present the results of calculations performed under the same
conditions as in Refs. \cite{kra90t,kra01,leu94}. The results obtained
with phenomenological WS wave functions are compared with those
obtained by solving Hartree-Fock (HF) equations with Gogny-like
finite-range interactions.  The RDWIA calculations are performed with
the fully relativistic model developed in Ref. \cite{meu01a}.  The
theoretical investigation of exotic nuclei with models of proven
reliability in stable isotopes will test the ability of the
established nuclear theory in the domain of exotic nuclei, revealing
the evolution of nuclear properties as a function of the asymmetry
between the number of neutrons and protons. Moreover, it will provide
valuable references for future experiments.

The paper is organized as follows. In Sec. \ref{sec:model}, we outline
the basic aspects of the models used for the calculations.  We present and discuss our results in
Sec. \ref{sec:results} and we draw our conclusions in
Sec. \ref{sec:conclusions}.

\section{Theoretical description of the \eep  process}
\label{sec:model}

Our description of the \eep\ reactions is based on the one-photon
exchange approximation, where the incident electron exchanges a
virtual photon, of momentum $\mbox{\boldmath $q$}$ and energy $\omega$, with the target
nucleus \cite{bof96}. In this approximation, the evaluation of the cross
section requires the calculation of the contraction between the lepton
tensor, that contains the electron current, and the hadron tensor,
that contains the nuclear electromagnetic
current. If we neglect the effects of the nuclear Coulomb field on the
electrons, the initial and final electron wave functions are plane
wave solutions of the Dirac equation. In this case, we can write the
lepton tensor as a kinematical factor, and the hadron tensor as a
bilinear product of the Fourier transforms of the transition matrix
elements of the nuclear electromagnetic current
operator between the initial $|\Psi_{\mathrm{i}}\rangle$ and final
$|\Psi_{\mathrm{f}}\rangle$ nuclear states
\begin{equation}
J^{\mu}({\mbox{\boldmath $q$}}) = \int \langle\Psi_{\mathrm{f}}
|\hat{J}^{\mu}({\mbox{\boldmath $r$}})|\Psi_{\mathrm{i}}\rangle
\,
{\mathrm{e}}^{\,{\mathrm{i}}{\footnotesize {\mbox{\boldmath $q$}}}\cdot
{\footnotesize {\mbox{\boldmath $r$}}}}
d^3 r \,\,\,.
\label{eq:jm}
\end{equation}

If Coulomb-distorted electron wave functions are considered in the model,
the transition matrix element of the electron current replaces
the exponential in Eq.~(\ref{eq:jm}) and the calculation becomes much more
complicated \cite{bof96,giu87,giu88,udi93}. For the nuclei and the electron
energies considered in this work, however, a simple and accurate enough method
to include the effects of Coulomb distortion is to preserve
the expression~(\ref{eq:jm}) but using an effective momentum transfer and
change the momentum transfer into an
effective momentum transfer \cite{bof96,giu87,giu88,udi93}.  Therefore
in all the calculations presented in this paper we have used this approximation.

The evaluation of the expression~(\ref{eq:jm}) requires a model that
describes the initial and final nuclear many-body states.  A detailed
description of our DWIA model, and of the related assumptions, can be found in
Refs. \cite{bof82,bof96}. In short, we assume that in the final
state the residual nucleus, that is composed by $A-1$ nucleons, is left
in a bound state $| \Psi^{\mathrm B}_\alpha(E) \rangle$, characterized by the
energy $E$ and the quantum numbers $\alpha$. Then, for the final nuclear
state we select the channel subspace spanned by  the wave function
$| \Psi^{\mathrm B}_\alpha(E) \rangle$, describing the $A-1$ nucleons, and a
function describing the state of the emitted nucleon. Moreover, we assume the
direct knockout mechanism, where the one-body nuclear electromagnetic current
operator acts exclusively on the space spanned by this type of
many-body states.

Under these assumptions we can write
the expression~(\ref{eq:jm})  as
\begin{eqnarray}
\nonumber
J^{\mu}({\mbox{\boldmath $q$}}) &=&
\int
\langle \Psi_{\mathrm f}  |a^\dagger({\mbox{\boldmath $r$}})|
\Psi^{\mathrm B}_\alpha(E) \rangle \,
\hat{\jmath}^{\mu}({\mbox{\boldmath $r$}}) \,
\langle\Psi^{\mathrm B}_\alpha(E)|a({\mbox{\boldmath $r$}})
|\Psi_{\mathrm i}\rangle \,
{\mathrm{e}}^{\,{\mathrm{i}} {\footnotesize {\mbox{\boldmath $q$}}}\cdot
{\footnotesize {\mbox{\boldmath $r$}}}}
\, d^3r \\
&=&
\int  \chi^{(-)*}_{E\alpha} ({\mbox{\boldmath $r$}})
\, \hat{\jmath}^{\mu} ({\mbox{\boldmath $r$}}) \,\phi_{E\alpha}({\mbox{\boldmath $r$}})
\left[S_\alpha(E)\right]^{1/2} \,
{\mathrm{e}}^{\,{\mathrm{i}} {\footnotesize {\mbox{\boldmath $q$}}}\cdot
{\footnotesize {\mbox{\boldmath $r$}}}}
\, d^3r \,\,\,,
\label{eq:dwia}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have not explicitly indicated the dependence on the spin and
isospin variables and we understand
that the one-body electromagnetic current operator
$\hat{\jmath}^{\mu}$ acts on the nuclear wave fuctions only.  In
Eq.~(\ref{eq:dwia}) we have indicated with $a(\mbox{\boldmath $r$})$ the operator which
annihilates a nucleon with coordinate $\mbox{\boldmath $r$}$, and with
$\chi^{(-)}_{E\alpha}$ the distorted wave function of the emitted
nucleon
\begin{equation}
\langle\Psi^{\mathrm B}_\alpha(E)|a({\mbox{\boldmath $r$}})|
\Psi_{\mathrm f}\rangle
= \chi^{(-)}_{E\alpha}({\mbox{\boldmath $r$}})
\,\,\,.
\label{eq:dw}
\end{equation}
In the initial state for the wave function of the bound nucleon we have defined
the overlap function, which describes the residual nucleus as a hole state in the
target, as
\begin{equation}
\langle\Psi^{\mathrm B}_\alpha(E)|a({\mbox{\boldmath $r$}})
|\Psi_{\mathrm i}\rangle
=
\left[S_\alpha(E)\right]^{1/2}\phi_{E\alpha}({\mbox{\boldmath $r$}})
\,\,\,.
\label{eq:ovf}
\end{equation}
The overlap function contains the effects of nuclear
correlations \cite{bof96,ant88,ant93,dic04}.
In the definition Eq.~(\ref{eq:ovf}) the function $\phi_{E\alpha}(\mbox{\boldmath $r$})$ is
normalized to unity. The spectroscopic factor $S_\alpha(E)$ is the norm of the
overlap function and gives the probability of removing from the target a
nucleon at $\mbox{\boldmath $r$}$ leaving the residual nucleus in the state
$\Psi^{\mathrm  B}_\alpha(E)$.

This model can be formulated in both the
DWIA and the RDWIA. In RDWIA calculations four-vector relativistic wave
functions for the initial bound and the final scattering states and,
coherently, relativistic expressions for the nuclear current operator
are used \cite{meu01a}.  We point out that in our DWIA calculations
some relativistic corrections are included in the kinematics and in
the nuclear current operator.

Formally, as described in Refs. \cite{bof82,bof96},  the s.p. scattering and
bound state wave functions are derived in the model of
Eq.~(\ref{eq:dwia}) as eigenfunctions of an energy-dependent non-Hermitean
Feshbach-type optical-model
Hamiltonian. Such a consistent treatment is extremely
difficult and, at present, bound and scattering states calculated from
the theoretical optical potential are not available. For this reason, in
actual calculations phenomenological wave functions are usually employed.
In the nonrelativistic DWIA calculations, the outgoing proton wave
functions are eigenfunctions of the complex phenomenological
energy-dependent and A-dependent optical potential of Ref.
\cite{sch82}, that contains a central and a spin-orbit term, and also
a term dependent on the
nuclear asymmetry $(N-Z)/A$. This is the same
optical potential used in the original analyses of the NIKHEF data
\cite{leu94,kra90t,kra01}. We used this potential in all the DWIA
calculations done for the various isotopes we have investigated.

In our RDWIA model, the ejectile wave function is written in terms of
its positive energy component $\Psi_{f+}$ following the direct Pauli
reduction method~\cite{hed95}. This scheme appears
simpler and it is equivalent to the solution of the Dirac equation.
The resulting Schr\"odinger-like equation for $\Psi_{f+}$
contains equivalent nonrelativistic central and spin-orbit
potentials which are functions of the relativistic, energy-dependent,
scalar and vector potentials. The Darwin nonlocality factor, that
contains the effect of the negative-energy components of
the spinor, is reabsorbed in the current operator, which becomes
an effective relativistic one-body operator depending
on the Dirac scalar and vector potentials as well as on the prescription for
the electromagnetic current.

  In our calculations we used the
relativistic EDAD1 potential of Ref. \cite{coo93}, constructed to fit
proton elastic scattering data on several nuclei in an energy range up
to 1040 MeV.

The s.p. bound-state wave functions
$\phi_{E\alpha}$ have been obtained in a MF model, and the values of
the spectroscopic factors have been set to unity. In this article we
intend to study the sensitivity of our results to the changes of the
hole s.p. wave function. To this aim, we have performed calculations
for the various nuclei under investigation with different MF
approaches.

In a first approach, for the DWIA calculations, we repeat for the
comparison with data the original analyses of
Refs. \cite{kra90t,kra01,leu94} and adopt the same phenomenological
ingredients. As indicated in the introduction, in these calculations
the hole wave functions are calculated by using a WS well where the
values of the depth and of the radius are adjusted to reproduce,
respectively, the experimentally observed separation energy of the
bound final state and the width of the experimental momentum
distributions. The values of the parameters used in the calculations
can be found in Refs. \cite{kra90t,kra01,leu94}. In order to reproduce
the magnitude of the experimental cross sections a multiplicative
reduction factor is applied to the calculated cross sections. These
factors, identified with the spectroscopic factors, indicate that in
\eep\ reactions the removal of the MF s.p.
strength for quasi-hole states
near the Fermi energy is about 60-70\% of the prediction of the
s.p. model \cite{bof96,lap93,kra01}.
This information from \eep experiments is
up to now limited to stable isotopes.

The source of the reduction of the \eep\ spectroscopic factor with
respect to the MF value has been investigated by using various
methodologies which consider different types of correlations, i. e.,
effects beyond the MF model.  The short-range and tensor correlations,
which arise from the characteristics of the bare nucleon-nucleon
interaction, account for a reduction factor of at most 10-15\%
\cite{gai00,iva01,mue95,van98,roh04,sub08}. The remaining, and
larger, part of the quenching is due to long-range correlations
related to the coupling between s.p. motion and
collective surface vibrations \cite{dic04,bar09}.

In a second approach, also used in DWIA calculations, the hole
s.p. wave functions are obtained by solving HF equations with the
technique presented in Refs. \cite{co98b,bau99}.  In these
calculations we use two different parameterizations of the
finite-range Gogny interactions, the more traditional D1S force
\cite{ber91} and the new D1M force \cite{gor09}. The differences
between the results obtained with these two forces are rather small
when compared with the differences
with the results obtained with the other methods. For
this reason we shall present here only the results obtained with the
D1M interaction, which produces a neutron matter equation of state
which has a plausible behavior at high densities, in contrast to that
obtained with the D1S interaction.

In the third approach we made RDWIA calculations where the hole wave
functions are obtained in the context of the relativistic MF
approach by solving
the Dirac-Hartree equations.  The nucleon interaction is derived from
a relativistic Lagrangian containing $\sigma$, $\omega$ and $\rho$
meson fields and also the photon field.  The nuclear and Coulomb
potentials are obtained by solving self-consistently the Klein-Gordon
and Maxwell equations. This approach satisfactorily reproduces global
and s.p. properties of several nuclei \cite{hor79,hor81,hor91}.

The last ingredient necessary to calculate the
expression~(\ref{eq:dwia}) is the current $\hat{\jmath}^{\mu}$.  In RDWIA
calculations the electromagnetic one-body current operator corresponds
to the relativistic current-conserving $cc2$ expression of
Ref. \cite{def83}. This expression is consistent with the current we
use in DWIA calculations, where the relativistic corrections up to
order $1/M^2$, where $M$ is the nucleon mass, are obtained from a
Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation applied to the interaction Hamiltonian
where the nuclear current has the same form as in the $cc2$
expression.

The values of some quantities related to the wave functions and density
distributions, obtained in the different MF approaches for the nuclei under
investigation, are compared in Tab.~\ref{tab:oisot} for the oxygen isotopes
and in Tab.~\ref{tab:caisot} for the calcium isotopes.
In these tables the proton separation energies and  the root mean squared (rms) radii
of the bound state wave functions
are shown. The proton separation energies of the WS calculations reproduce the
experimental values.
For $^{28}$O and $^{60}$Ca nuclei, where no experimental values are available,
the depth of the WS well has been chosen to reproduce the separation energy
obtained in the nonrelativistic HF approach. We remark that, experimentally,
$^{28}$O and $^{60}$Ca nuclei are unbound; however our MF calculations bind
all the nuclei we have investigated.

In Tab.~\ref{tab:oisot} and \ref{tab:caisot} we also present the rms radii of
the global proton and neutron density distributions for the HF and the
relativistic models. In the phenomenological WS approach the parameters of the
WS well are determined to reproduce the experimental separation energy and
the width of the experimental \eep distribution and can give information only
on the wave function of the considered proton.
The behavior of the neutron rms radii is rather obvious
and increases with the increasing number of neutrons. In the HF model the
neutron radii are slightly smaller than in the relativistic model, but for
$^{16}$O and $^{40}$Ca, where they are practically the same.
The behavior of the proton rms radii is less obvious. The proton number is the
same in each isotope chain, but in the HF case we observe a small increase of
the proton rms radius with  the increasing number of neutrons.
In contrast, in the relativistic case there is a slight decrease of the
radius from $^{16}$O  to $^{22}$O and from $^{40}$Ca  to $^{48}$Ca, then for
nuclei with larger neutron excess the radius increases. In general in the HF
approach the proton radii are a bit larger than in the relativistic approach.

The modifications of the proton radii due to the presence of neutrons
are related to the proton-neutron interaction, which is responsible also for the
value of the proton-neutron symmetry energy in nuclear matter.
In HF calculation we obtain a value of 29.45 MeV while that of the
relativistic calculation is 35 MeV. These values should be compared
with an empirical value of  32$\pm$3 MeV.

The experimental data of the \eep\ reaction are separated in different
peaks corresponding to specific values of the missing energy
$E_{\mathrm m} = \omega-T'-T_{\mathrm B}= S_{\mathrm p} + E_{\mathrm
x}$, where $T'$ and $T_{\mathrm B}$ are the kinetic energies of the
outgoing nucleon and of the residual nucleus, respectively,
$S_{\mathrm p}$ is the nucleon separation energy, and $E_{\mathrm x}$
is the excitation energy of the residual nucleus. For each peak, the
data are usually presented in terms of the reduced cross section as a
function of the missing momentum $p_{m}=|{\mbox{\boldmath $p$}}_{\mathrm m}|$, which is the magnitude of the recoil momentum of
the residual nucleus \cite{bof96,dew90,lap93}. The reduced cross
section is the cross section divided by a kinematical factor and by the
elementary off-shell electron-proton scattering cross section. For the
latter cross section, the $cc1$ prescription of Ref. \cite{def83} is
usually adopted. In the reduced cross section the complicated
dependence of the cross section on the kinematic variables is reduced
to a twofold function of $E_{\mathrm m}$ and $p_{\mathrm m}$.

If we neglect FSI the wave function of the emitted proton is a plane
wave. In this plane-wave impulse approximation (PWIA), the missing
momentum ${\mbox{\boldmath $p$}}_{\mathrm m}$ corresponds, apart for a
minus sign, to the initial momentum of the emitted nucleon in the
nucleus. In the PWIA the cross section is factorized into the product of a
kinematical factor, the elementary off-shell electron-proton
scattering cross section, and the hole spectral function.  Thus, in the
PWIA the reduced cross section is the squared Fourier transform of the
hole wave function, and can be interpreted as the momentum
distribution of the emitted proton when it was inside the nucleus.
This factorization is destroyed in the DWIA by FSI. However, even in the DWIA,
the reduced cross section is an interesting quantity that can be
regarded as the nucleon momentum distribution modified by FSI.

The theoretical approaches outlined above have been used to calculate
\eep\ reduced cross sections in the parallel and perpendicular
kinematics selected in the experiments.  In the so-called parallel
kinematics \cite{bof96}, the momentum of the outgoing proton $\mbox{\boldmath $p$}'$ is
kept fixed and taken parallel, or antiparallel, to the direction of
the momentum transfer $\mbox{\boldmath $q$}$.  Different values of the missing momentum
$p_{\mathrm m}$ are obtained by varying the electron scattering angle
and, as a consequence, $q$.  In the so-called perpendicular, or
($\mbox{\boldmath $q$},\omega$) constant kinematics, the momentum transfer $\mbox{\boldmath $q$}$ and the
outgoing proton momentum $\mbox{\boldmath $p$}'$ are kept constant and the value of the
missing momentum $p_{\mathrm m}$ is changed by varying the angle of
the outgoing proton.

\section{Results}
\label{sec:results}

In this section we present the results of our calculations of the
exclusive \eep\ cross sections for a set of oxygen and calcium
isotopes. We compare the results obtained by using the different
nuclear structure models described in the previous section.  First we
show the performances of the various models in the description of the
existing experimental data in $^{40}$Ca, $^{48}$Ca, and $^{16}$O
nuclei. Then we present the results obtained for the other isotopes.

Measurements for the $^{40}$Ca\eep reaction were carried out at NIKHEF
in both parallel and ($\mbox{\boldmath $q$},\omega$) constant kinematics \cite{kra90t}.
The comparison with the experimental reduced cross sections in both
kinematics is displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:ca40exp}.  We have considered
the transitions to the $3/2^{+}$ ground state of the $^{39}$K nucleus,
corresponding to the knockout of the proton from the $1d_{3/2}$
s.p. level, and to the $1/2^{+}$ excited state of the $^{39}$K nucleus
at $E_{\mathrm x}= 2.522$ MeV, obtained by knocking out a proton from
the $2s_{1/2}$ s.p. level.  In Fig.~\ref{fig:ca40exp}, as well as in
the subsequent figures, positive (negative) values of $p_{\mathrm m}$
refer to situations where in ($\mbox{\boldmath $q$},\omega$) constant kinematics the
angle between the outgoing proton momentum $\mbox{\boldmath $p$}'$ and the incident
electron $\mbox{\boldmath $p$}_0$ is larger (smaller) than the angle between $\mbox{\boldmath $q$}$ and
$\mbox{\boldmath $p$}_0$. In parallel kinematics positive and negative values of
$p_{\mathrm m}$ indicate, respectively, the $|\mbox{\boldmath $q$}|<|\mbox{\boldmath $p$}'|$ and
$|\mbox{\boldmath $q$}|>|\mbox{\boldmath $p$}'|$ cases.

All the theoretical results shown in the figure provide a good
description of the experimental data.  As in the original data analysis
\cite{kra90t}, for the WS wave functions the radius of the potential
was chosen to reproduce the width of the experimental distribution.
On the other hand, no free parameters are used in the nonrelativistic
HF and in the relativistic Dirac-Hartree wave functions, that are able
to give an equivalently good description of data.

In order to reproduce the magnitude of the experimental data, a
reduction factor has been applied in Fig.~\ref{fig:ca40exp} to all the
theoretical results. These factors, listed in Tab.~\ref{tab:redfac},
have been determined by a fit of the calculated reduced cross sections
to the data over the whole missing-momentum range considered in the
experiment.  The reduction factors applied to the DWIA-WS results are
identical to those obtained in the data analysis of
Ref. \cite{kra90t}, where the same optical potential and WS wave
functions were used.

In RDWIA calculations the $cc2$ expression for the current
operator \cite{def83} has been used. Different expressions can give an
equivalently good agreement with the shape of the experimental momentum
distribution,  but somewhat different reduction factors must be applied to
reproduce the magnitude of the experimental reduced cross sections
\cite{udi93,radici03}. We checked that
the reduction factors are about 10\% smaller when the $cc1$ current is
used, and about 10\% larger with the $cc3$ current.

In all the calculations the reduction factors obtained for the
transition to the $3/2^{+}$ ground state in perpendicular kinematics
are about 20-25\% lower than those obtained in parallel kinematics.
The source of this difference is not clear. It may have an
experimental motivation, or it may be due to effects that give
different contributions in different kinematics and that are not
adequately considered in the model. In any case, the difference
reflects the uncertainties in the identification of the spectroscopic
factor as a simple reduction factor of the theoretical results with
respect to the experimental data.

Measurements for the $^{48}$Ca\eep\ reaction were carried out at NIKHEF in
parallel kinematics \cite{kra90t}. Thus, for calcium isotopes, we have the
opportunity to test the evolution of our theoretical input against the change of
neutron number in comparison with the experimental data. The comparison
between our DWIA and RDWIA results and the $^{48}$Ca\eep\  data is shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig:ca48exp} for the transitions to the $1/2^{+}$
ground state and to the first $3/2^{+}$ excited state at $E_{\mathrm
x}= 0.36$ MeV of $^{47}$K.

As in the case of $^{40}$Ca, all the theoretical results give a very good
description of the shape of the experimental momentum distribution.
Also in this case, reduction factors have been applied to all the calculated
reduced cross sections presented in the figure. These factors are listed
in Tab.~\ref{tab:redfac}.
For the DWIA-WS results the reduction factors are identical to those obtained
in the data analysis of Ref. \cite{kra01}.
We notice that for all our model calculations the reduction factors  obtained
for the $1d_{3/2}$ state of $^{48}$Ca are consistently lower than those
obtained for the $1d_{3/2}$ state of $^{40}$Ca in the same parallel kinematics.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:oexp} we compare our results with the
$^{16}$O\eep\ data measured at NIKHEF in parallel
kinematics \cite{leu94} for the transition to the $1/2^{-}$ ground
state of $^{15}$N, which is obtained by knocking out a proton from the
 $1p_{1/2}$ s.p. level. Also in this case, the results of our calculations
are multiplied by the reduction factors given in Tab.~\ref{tab:redfac}.
The DWIA-WS reduced cross section gives a good description of the data. As in
the calcium cases, the value of the reduction factor is the same obtained in
the data analysis of Ref. \cite{leu94}, where the same  bound-state wave
function and optical potential were used.

Also the RDWIA calculation gives a good description of the data. This
is the same result presented in \cite{meu01a}, and also the same
reduction factor has been applied. The situation is slightly different
for the DWIA result obtained with the HF wave function. In this
case, the description of the shape of the experimental momentum
distribution is slightly worse. We observe that the width of the HF
distribution is larger than that shown by the data and well reproduced
by the other calculations. This indicates that the rms radius of the
$1p_{1/2}$ HF wave function is smaller than those of the WS and
relativistic wave functions (see Tab.~\ref{tab:oisot}).
We observe in Tab.~\ref{tab:redfac} that the reduction factor 0.89, that has
been applied to the DWIA-HF result to reproduce the magnitude of the
experimental data in the maximum region, is remarkably larger than those
applied to the DWIA-WS and RDWIA results. We notice that this large
value has been obtained fitting the maximum of the experimental reduced cross
section, and not through a best fit to the whole momentum distribution like
with DWIA-WS and RDWIA. Moreover, a poor description of the experimental
shape does not permit a reliable determination of the spectroscopic factor.

Our nuclear models have been used to calculate \eep\ cross sections
for other oxygen and calcium isotopes. We intend to investigate how
the characteristics of the s.p. proton wave functions, describing the
initial hole state, evolve as a function of the neutron number and how
this evolution affects the \eep\ cross sections.

Once the effective interaction is chosen, the HF and the relativistic
Dirac-Hartree approaches are parameter-free, and automatically provide
s.p. energies and wave functions for each nucleus. The situation is
different in the phenomenological approach, where the parameters of
the WS wells change for each nucleus.  We changed the radius of the
well by using the empirical $R\,=\,r_o\, A^{1/3}$ rule.  Moreover, the
depths of the wells are determined to obtain the experimental
separation energies taken from the compilation of
Refs. \cite{aud03,audw,nndc}.

We first discuss the results obtained for the calcium isotopes.  We
have considered the $^{40,48,52,60}$Ca isotopes, since they are
spherical nuclei where the s.p. levels are fully occupied and the
pairing effects are negligible.  For all these isotopes we have
considered proton knock-out emission from the $1d_{3/2}$ and
$2s_{1/2}$ states. Our results are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:caiso_par}
for parallel kinematics and in Fig.~\ref{fig:caiso_per} for
($\mbox{\boldmath $q$},\omega$) constant kinematics. The values of all the kinematic
variables are the same as in Figs.~\ref{fig:ca40exp} and
\ref{fig:ca48exp}. The only difference is that, since the separation
energy of the proton increases with increasing number of neutrons, we
changed, for the different isotopes, the energy of the outgoing
electron, and consequently the energy transfer, in order to keep
constant, via energy conservation, the energy of the outgoing
proton. We have verified that these differences in the kinematic
variables do not produce significant effects on the final results.

In  Figs.~\ref{fig:caiso_par} and \ref{fig:caiso_per} we
compare the reduced cross sections calculated for the various isotopes
obtained by using the three different nuclear models: DWIA-WS, DWIA-HF,
and RDWIA.  The comparison illustrates how these models describe
the effects produced by the asymmetry between the number of neutrons
and protons. No reduction factors have been applied to the curves
presented in these figures.

It is interesting to remark that the evolution of the cross
section with respect to the change of the neutron number is
the same in all the panels of both figures. We observe that the
$^{40}$Ca lines are always above the other ones, and the size of
the curves decreases with the increasing number of neutrons. This
behavior is clearer in the DWIA-WS results, panels (a) and (b) of
both figures, and becomes less evident in the other cases,
especially in the RDWIA ones.

For a better understanding of these results it is interesting to
consider the s.p. hole wave functions obtained in the three models. We
show in Fig.~\ref{fig:densca} the squared moduli of the radial part of
the s.p wave function for the $1d_{3/2}$ and $2s_{1/2}$ states of the
various calcium isotopes.  The relativistic wave functions shown in
the figure are obtained by summing the squared of the radial part of
the upper and lower components of the Dirac spinor. All the curves shown in
the figure are normalized to one.

The behavior of the WS wave functions shown in panels (a) and (b) can be
understood by considering that the depth of the WS
well becomes deeper with increasing neutron number. This
deepening occurs because by increasing the neutron number the proton
experiences more binding, its separation energy increases, and  the depth of
the WS well, which is determined to reproduce the experimental separation
energy, increases. A deeper WS well produces
narrower wave functions, as the curves of the upper panels of
Fig.~\ref{fig:densca} show.

The HF wave functions have a different behavior, as shown in panels (c) and (d).
In this case, the narrower wave functions are those obtained for the isotopes
with smaller neutron numbers.  The behavior of the relativistic wave functions
is somewhat different and does not have a defined trend as in the previous
cases. It is, in any case, more similar to that of the HF than to that of the
WS wave functions.
We point out that the values of the separation energies, and their trend
as a function of the neutron number, are similar in all three types
of calculation.

These differences in the wave functions are responsible for only a
part of the differences in the reduced cross sections of
Figs.~\ref{fig:caiso_par} and \ref{fig:caiso_per}, which show a
different trend as a function of neutron number.  While in the PWIA
the reduced cross section contains only information on the bound-state
wave function, in the DWIA this information is modified by the contribution of the
other ingredients of the model, such as FSI and the electron-nucleon
interaction. All these contributions are intertwined in the calculated cross
section and, in general, they cannot be easily disentangled.

In order to understand the source of the difference between the
behavior of the wave functions and of the cross sections with respect
to the increase of neutron number, we have performed PWIA
calculations. In this case, FSI are switched off and the \eep cross
section is directly proportional to the squared modulus of the Fourier
transform of the hole s.p. wave function. We have checked that the
trend of our PWIA results agrees with the trend of the wave functions
shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:densca}: the WS wave functions produce PWIA
reduced cross sections higher for $^{40}$Ca than for the other nuclei,
while the situation is reversed with the HF wave functions. As a next
step, we have done DWIA calculations by using the same parameters of
the optical potential for all the isotopes. The results are different
from those obtained in the PWIA, but the trends, with respect to the
change of the neutron number, are preserved. Only when we include that
A-dependence of the optical potential are the trends of the cross sections
changed and also the DWIA-HF results produce $^{40}$Ca \eep
reduced cross sections larger than those obtained for the other
isotopes.

The dependence of the wave functions on the  proton to neutron
asymmetry is responsible for a large part of the differences in the reduced cross
sections, but an important and crucial contribution is given by FSI,
which are described in the calculations by phenomenological optical
potentials.  The differences between the results in parallel and
($\mbox{\boldmath $q$},\omega$) constant kinematics in Figs.~\ref{fig:caiso_par} and
\ref{fig:caiso_per} are basically due to the different effects of the
distortion produced by the optical potential. These effects strongly
depend on kinematics and are larger in parallel than in ($\mbox{\boldmath $q$},\omega$)
constant kinematics \cite{bof93,bof96,ber82}.

The s.p. bound states adopted in the present calculations are
normalized to unity and no reduction factor has been applied to the
results shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:caiso_par} and \ref{fig:caiso_per} .
The comparison with data in Figs.~\ref{fig:ca40exp} and
\ref{fig:ca48exp} gives, however, a significant quenching of the
measured cross sections with respect to the predictions of the MF
model. The quenching is different for the $^{40}$Ca\eep\ and
$^{48}$Ca\eep\ reactions and increases with neutron number. A
quenching depending on the number of neutrons can be expected for all
the isotopes and would give further differences on the reduced cross
sections than those shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:caiso_par} and
\ref{fig:caiso_per}.

The behavior of the \eep cross sections on nuclei with increasing neutron
number that we have just presented is not specific to the calcium isotopes. An
analogous behavior is found also for  the oxygen isotopes.
In our calculations we have considered the $^{16,22,24,28}$O nuclei. We show in
Fig.~\ref{fig:oiso} the reduced cross sections of the \eep\ reaction,
calculated for the emission of a $1p_{1/2}$ proton in these nuclei by using
our three models. The calculations have been done in the same
parallel kinematics as in Fig.~\ref{fig:oexp}, and we included the small
differences due to the different proton separation energies of the
different isotopes, as explained in the case of the calcium isotopes.

The radial s.p wave functions squared are plotted in
Fig.~\ref{fig:denso}. Also in this case, the different behavior of
the WS and HF radial wave functions with respect to the change in
neutron number is evident. This difference is not present in the results of
Fig.~\ref{fig:oexp}. We have repeated also for the oxygen
isotopes the investigation done for the calcium isotopes by doing PWIA
calculations and DWIA calculations with the same optical potential for
all the isotopes. We obtained results analogous to those discussed for
the calcium isotopes.

\section{Summary and conclusions}
\label{sec:conclusions}

In this work we have presented and discussed \eep cross sections
calculated for a set of calcium and oxygen isotopes with the aim of
studying their evolution with respect to the change of neutron
number.  The calcium and oxygen isotopes have been chosen since data
are available for the doubly magic $^{40}$Ca, $^{48}$Ca, and $^{16}$O
nuclei. In the calcium and oxygen isotope chains, we have considered
only those nuclei with fully occupied s.p. levels, since they are
spherical and, moreover, pairing effects are negligible.

The general framework that we have considered for the description of
the \eep process is based on the one-nucleon knock out picture
\cite{bof82,bof96} and it is well established. The nonrelativistic
DWIA and relativistic RDWIA models used for the calculations were
widely and successfully applied to the analysis of the available \eep
data over a wide range of stable nuclei.  The results obtained with
three different descriptions of the hole wave function of the knocked
out proton, all of them based on the mean field approximation, have
been compared.  We have performed DWIA calculations with
phenomenological WS and HF wave functions. For $^{16}$O, $^{40}$Ca, and
$^{48}$Ca nuclei the WS wave functions are the same as used in
the original analyses of the experimental data in
\cite{kra90t,kra01,leu94}.  The wave functions used in the RDWIA are
obtained by solving Dirac-Hartree equations.

The three models are all able to give a good and similar description
of the shape of the experimental reduced cross section on
$^{16}$O,$^{40}$Ca, and $^{48}$Ca target nuclei, with the only
exception of the HF result in $^{16}$O.  In order to reproduce the
magnitude of the experimental data, a reduction factor has been
applied to all the calculated results.

In our study of the \eep process in the two isotope chains we have
found that the general behavior of the cross sections with respect to
the increasing number of neutrons is analogous for all the three
models.  Generally speaking, the reduced cross sections are larger and
narrower for the lighter isotopes, and evolve by lowering and widening
with increasing neutron number.

The behavior of the hole s.p. wave functions for the three models
show rather different trends: the WS wave functions become narrower
and have higher maxima with increasing neutron number, the HF wave
functions show an opposite behavior, and the behavior of the
relativistic wave functions is not so well defined, but it is more
similar to the behavior of HF than of the WS wave functions.

The dependence of the wave functions on the proton to neutron
asymmetry is responsible for only a part of the
differences in the reduced cross sections. An important and crucial
contribution is also given by FSI, that are described in the
calculations by phenomenological optical potentials. The optical
potential is an important ingredient of the model that affects both
the size and the shape of the cross section in a way that strongly
depends on kinematics.  In particular, its imaginary part, that  gives a
reduction of the nucleon flux and, consequently, of the calculated cross
section, can affect the values of the
spectroscopic factors obtained from the comparison between data and
theoretical results.  In the present calculations we have used
phenomenological optical potentials that were usually adopted in the
previous DWIA and RDWIA analyses of \eep\ data on stable closed-shell
nuclei.  The dependence of the optical potential on the asymmetry
between the number of neutrons and protons is an interesting problem
that deserves careful investigation.

We have used MF wave functions
that do not include correlations. The reduction factors found in comparison with
the experimental data can provide a measure of the effects
not included in the calculations and, under certain conditions, can be
identified with the spectroscopic factors. In the comparison
of our \eep cross sections calculated for the various calcium and oxygen
isotopes, and shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:caiso_par}, \ref{fig:caiso_per}, and
\ref{fig:oiso}, we did not apply reduction factors, since data are available
only for the $^{16}$O, $^{40}$Ca, and $^{48}$Ca target nuclei.

From recent experimental and theoretical studies there are indications
that the spectroscopic factors and the effects of correlations depend
on the asymmetry between the number of neutrons and protons.  Recent
experimental information on the spectroscopic factors of drip-line
isotopes has been obtained by means of nucleon knockout using
intermediate heavy-ion beams \cite{han03,gad04,gad08}.  These results
also include neutron data and suggest a strong dependence of the
spectroscopic factors on the proton-neutron ratio. In general, the
quenching of quasiparticle orbits, and hence correlations, becomes
stronger with increasing separation energy.

From the theoretical point of view, a dependence on nucleon asymmetry
has been found in \cite{rio09} for the depletion of the Fermi sea in
asymmetric nuclear matter, with the minority nucleonic species becoming more
depleted, and the majority
one less. Results of Faddeev-random=phase approximation calculations for the
spectroscopic factors of $^{16-28}$O and $^{40-60}$Ca isotopes \cite{bar09a}
show that the spectroscopic factors
become smaller with increasing nucleon separation energy.  From recent
work on the dispersive optical potential, which has been applied to
calcium isotopes with the aim to extract the asymmetry dependence of
the self-energy, a clear signal emerges suggesting that the surface
imaginary term of the dispersive optical potential increases with the
asymmetry for protons \cite{cha06,cha07,dic10}. Apart from the
associated increased binding that protons experience with increasing
asymmetry, there is a corresponding reduction of valence hole
spectroscopic factors.

Therefore, we can expect a dependence of the spectroscopic factors on
the neutron number and this would give further differences in the
reduced cross sections than those shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:caiso_par},
\ref{fig:caiso_per}, and \ref{fig:oiso}.

Measurements of the exclusive quasifree \eep cross section on nuclei
with neutron excess would offer a unique opportunity for studying the
dependence of the properties of bound protons and of nucleon-nucleon
correlations on the neutron to proton asymmetry. In this work models
that have proven their reliability in the comparison with \eep data on
stable nuclei have been used to investigate the evolution of the \eep
cross sections with increasing proton-neutron asymmetry. Although the
models and the theoretical ingredients adopted in the calculations
contain approximations, our results can serve as a useful first
reference for possible future experiments. The comparison with data
can confirm or invalidate the predictions of our models and test the
ability of the established nuclear theory in the domain of exotic
nuclei.

\newpage
\bibliographystyle{elsart-num}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Like every other year we were present at Ariba Live Las Vegas March 20-22. With close to over 3000 attendees, SAP Ariba provided the perfect platform for suppliers and buyers to connect and network with their peers.
It was also a great opportunity to learn how to keep up to date in the digital age with so many new ways of introducing technology to procurement and supply chain. It was great to exchange ideas and pick some useful tips up from our competitors.
Excelerateds2p has helped many of the attendees on how to use and implement Ariba Guided Buying. It was great to see people come to our Booth to learn more about our solutions rather than hunt down on the giveaway present on display.
Have you missed Ariba Live Las Vegas? We will be at Prague 12-14 June, sign up for our newsletter and be the first to schedule a one-on-one meeting with us to gain a better insight on Ariba Guided Buying.


I guess the buck really does stop at Starbucks. No buck$ for an afternoon in May because thousands of stores are closing, so employees at 8,000 locations get racial-bias training.
It's the kind of training, a now former manager in Philadelphia could've used after two guys were arrested for trespassing because they didn't order anything.
I've seen people hang out at a Starbucks for so long, I really think they live there.
Starbucks is doing a good thing by hitting the pause button, taking a step back, so it can look in the mirror and improve.
What a concept! Take a breather, to figure out how to relate better to people.
Don't you think others could benefit from the same kind of thing?
A breather from Twitter might go a long way for President Trump.
You hear what the NRA sounds like lately.
They might want to calm down, take an afternoon off and ask if there's a better way?
It doesn't matter where you are politically folks. Groups like PETA could also use a day off to take a step back and ask if they could improve on some of their protests.
Hell, we ALL can improve our lives if we just take a few precious hours and step off the train of life and ask some honest questions.
And now Starbucks isn't missing out on a chance to be better and perhaps learn a latte!


text:
Home Auto and Motor Shows Hotly anticipated 2015 Nissan GT-R bows in at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show
Hotly anticipated 2015 Nissan GT-R bows in at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show
November 20, 2013 | Yatharth Singh Chauhan
Added in: Auto and Motor Shows
The new GT-R Nismo isn't all that has been showcased at the ongoing 2013 Tokyo Motor Show! Nissan recently unveiled the new 2015 GT-R at the ongoing motor show in Japan. The new 2015 Nissan Motor Show brings along subtle visual updates along with a host of other changes that work together to give the 'zilla a comfier ride and more refinement.
The new 2015 Nissan GT-R's suspension has been re-tuned to reduce load fluctuation between the four wheels. This results into better stability and improved grip. The GT-R also gets updated shock-absorber valves, that have been electronically optimized to bestow the car with better road-holding capability. The car also gets a set of new Dunlop SP Sport Maxx GT 600 DSST CTT tires.
The 2015 Nissan GT-R comes with enhances brakes that have a more linear response.
Talking about visual updates on offer, the 2015 GT-R gets new LED headlights with AFS (Adaptive Front lighting System) and revised tail lamps that now form coherent circles of illumination. The 2015 Nissan GT-R can be bought in a new paint shade- Gold Flake Red Pearl. The latest paint job features minute gold-tinted glass flakes embedded into the red paint. The car also gets a new carbon rear wing and a carbon trunk lid.
Changes to the inside include leather wrap for the steering wheel, stitched accents for the part-aniline leather seats and an updated insulation and acoustic tuning.
The new 2015 Nissan GT-R will go on sale in Japan on December 2. Launch in other markets won't happen before the advent of next year.
Stay tuned to Motoroids for more updates on the 2015 Nissan GT-R.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"It is wonderful how many dupes the swindlers can make in this reading age, when the papers have so long been filled with exposure."
The well-dressed stranger standing in the driveway certainly had the farmer's attention. The stranger's eyes flicked over one of the farmer's suspenders fastened to faded trousers with a nail as he described his generous proposition. The farmer glanced at the visitor's handsome buggy – this was a gentleman of means, offering a poor man a shot at paying off the mortgage. After a handshake, the stranger retrieved some papers from his buggy and held out a pen.
This late 19th-century public domain stereoscopic image shows threshing in Illinois.
In the mid-1880s, one fraudulent scheme snookered thousands of Michigan farmers across the lower half of the lower peninsula, including many in Washtenaw County. As the fraud spread like a storm over sixteen Michigan counties, it left farmers crushed by debt, newspapers issuing shrill warnings, and a rising tide of lawsuits that crested not once but several times in the Michigan Supreme Court.
The miracle product responsible for ruination was the fabled "Bohemian oats," a variety of oat touted as far more valuable than the regular oats then for sale from 35 to 50 cents a bushel in southeastern Michigan.
If the farmer agreed, the agent would present him with a contract with an "abundance of red and green inks, [a] very broad seal (intended to look like gold, but . . . only Dutch metal) and the bold signature of a secretary [of the agent's purported oat company] . . . " according to the March 1886 issue of the American Agriculturist. The farmer signed the bond – the agent did not. The farmer rarely paid in cash, but with a promissory note to be paid one year later, when he received the agent's payment for the oat crop.
It was at this point that the scheme took one of several paths.
Sometimes the agent showed up at harvest time, collected the oats, and paid the farmer not in cash but in his own promissory notes, which turned out, at the bank, to be worthless.
Other times the agent, instead of holding the promissory note for a year, would sell it to a bank. An unsuspecting bank customer might buy it for face value, trusting in the farmer's good name, and later try to cash it. But the farmer couldn't redeem the note prematurely without the largesse from the oat crop.
He had to either sell off some stock animals, perhaps the very ones that enabled him to plow, or plead unable to pay, which often led to a lawsuit from the note's purchaser. A third option for less scrupulous farmers was to try to pawn off the oats to his neighbors, perhaps while brandishing the gloriously colored and impressive certificate from the agent, to demonstrate the oat company's authenticity.
Then he published an ad touting testimonials from these respectable and prosperous men. One Robert Smith was quoted as saying that Bohemian oats were "the best and most profitable branch of farming that they had ever engaged in." The ad was read with interest by numerous other Gratiot county farmers.
"And the farmers fell over one another in their anxiety to get some of those oats," continued Tucker, "and to give their notes for them at $10 a bushel." The farmers showered the agent with promissory notes and planted their crop.
This time, the agent quietly laundered the pile of notes at a bank and wafted away.
Newspapers all over Michigan watched this ongoing pillage of local farms with mounting frustration. Editorial after editorial had gone for nought.
Not everyone fell for the scam. Some starry-eyed farmers were dissuaded by flinty-eyed wives.
An illustration from Moreau's book hints at the despondency suffered by farmers who were fleeced.
Other schemes of the day evolved to target women. One Mrs. R. F. Johnston gave a Jan. 23, 1885 talk at the Monroe Institute about the deceptive nature of work-at-home schemes marketed to housewives. One of these was the processing of silk cocoons. "Those who have tried it report very hard work, no play, and very poor pay. The money seems to be gathered in by those who have the silkworm eggs and the Russian mulberry for sale," said Mrs. Johnson. "When the cocoons are spun and steamed and packed, and express charges paid to Philadelphia, and the association fails to remit at all, or pays only half schedule value, one is inclined to believe there must be some 'Bohemian oats' about the scheme." The term had become derisive slang.
The culprit may have been one Alfred Hammer, who in 1884 organized a company called the Ypsilanti Bohemian Oats and Cereal Company, a mysterious concern that is not listed in mid-1880s Ypsilanti city directories. Hammer's venture was short-lived; he was arrested in Flint for oat fraud and after a two-day-long trial, sentenced to either two years in prison or a $250 fine. Hammer paid the fine.
Many other lawsuits filled Michigan courts at the local, circuit court, and Supreme Court level. The Michigan legislature acted and in 1887 with the approval of Governor Luce passed the "Bohemian Oats Bill," which made it a felony for anyone to take a note or receipt for the sale of grains at a "fictitious price," defined as twice the going market rate or greater. Iowa and Ohio passed similar laws.
By the late 1880s when the scheme had petered out, the loss was counted in hundreds of thousands of dollars to Michigan farmers. Berrien county farmers paid $1,000 for oats in 1885 [$25,000 in today's money]. Farmers in Eaton Rapids lost $35,000 [$863,000]. Livingston County farmers lost $100,000 [$2,500,000]. The Ypsilanti company is said to have cleared a tidy $100,000.
Michigan was not the only state affected. Similar Bohemian oat swindles were reported from Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, Missouri, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, Kansas, Nebraska, and a few in Kentucky, Tennessee, and the Dakota Territory. Even Connecticut and Maine, hardly grain belt states, each reported one fraud case.
The ingenuity of scoundrels perpetrates scams to this day, but 19th-century Michigan farmers also had their full share.
In the most recent column, Donna Estabrook guessed that the item in question was kitchen tongs.
That is what I believe they are. I'm not 100% sure, however, and if corrected would be grateful for the information.
This Mystery Object was invented by an Ann Arborite, but what might it be? Take your best guess and good luck!
Laura Bien is assistant editor at Michigan History Magazine. Contact her at ypsidixit@gmail.com.
The Chronicle relies in part on regular voluntary subscriptions to keep us from falling prey to Bohemian news sales pitches. If you're already supporting The Chronicle, please encourage your friends, neighbors and coworkers to do the same. Click this link for details: Subscribe to The Chronicle.
Glad to see you back, Laura!
The things people will do to make a buck–that is so horrible! But today we still have scams, just a little more sophisticated (maybe!). I always cringe when my Facebook gives me a "work at home! Make $70/hour!" ad. I guess people still fall for those things though….
A mechanical dice roller for a lazy Craps player?
It looks like a device for throwing dice, although I can't imagine why you'd need that. Maybe for some place like a train where there is little flat surface and the dice could get away.
A clue is found in the Ann Arbor Argus, November 6, 1894.
Hi everyone; thank you for reading my story! I would like to apologize to you if you have been looking for my stories for the past few months. I had a medical issue I was dealing with since an August diagnosis. It's over with now, and I am grateful to my editor for his kindness in allowing me some time off to recuperate. Thanks to all of you. I am grateful for your reading my pieces.
TeacherPatti: Thank you for your kind words. As it happens, work-at-home schemes were perhaps just as popular in the late 19th century as today and I might make that my topic for the next article. The silk-processing offer mentioned above is just one of many such scams.
Cosmonican: Wow, thank you for doing that! I happen to keep a pair of red-blue 3D glasses in with a bad of address labels…your 3D version really makes the foreground wagon and little girl pop out! Very neat!
Edward: Perhaps you are thinking about the AADL "Old News" site? A great resource!
What part of Washtenaw county was farmer Graves from? I remember that Bird Hills Park, or a portion, was once called Graves Woods, is there a possible connection or was he elsewhere in the county?


Blanding, Utah has a variety of Jeep and ATV trails from easy graded roads to 4WD trails that will get you outdoors into the back country. There is an interactive map with ALL TRAILS in the region on one map so you can put them in perspective.
The Blanding Region has good Jeep trails but it is also rich in remnants of long ago. Rock art and dwellings of all descriptions abound throughout the Region.
Many of the trails on this website are in Bear's Ears National Monument. Time will tell if they remain available for Jeeping.


text:
Q: value_type size is there any ways of retrieving the number of elements in
typename X::value_type

where X is a vec of tuples?
thanks

A: If your tuple is a boost.tuple:
boost::tuples::length<X::value_type>::value

For other tuple types, you'd use something similar, but it depends on the library it's from.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Near Miss for Wrong-Sided Block Illustrates Importance of Protocols
The Case of the Sweaty Patient:
Despite a zero-tolerance policy at many institutions and organizations, wrong-sided blocks still occur, although many go unreported. Yet as a near miss at Duke University Medical Center helps illustrate, implementation of an anesthesiologist-led block protocol helps prevent such accidents from taking place.
"We've always had an institutional guideline for surgeons to mark the limb if it's a unilateral procedure," began Jeff C. Gadsden, MD, associate professor of anesthesiology at the Durham, N.C., institution. "But then the anesthesiologist arrives to do a peripheral nerve block, and in the course of getting things prepped, the patient gets turned to facilitate block placement, and the next thing you know the wrong limb's been blocked.
"Medically speaking, it's not as disastrous as doing surgery on the wrong side," he added. "But still, it's an invasive procedure, and there are complications that sometimes happen with nerve blocks."
If It Can Happen, It Probably Will
In the case at hand, a 59-year-old woman presented for right total knee arthroplasty. Her anesthetic plan included a spinal anesthetic, single-shot sciatic nerve (posterior capsule) block and an adductor canal catheter. Per surgical protocol, the surgeon initialed the operative site. "In this case, the surgeon initialed the site in a spot that was on the inside of the knee," Dr. Gadsden said in an exclusive interview with Anesthesiology News.
The anesthesia team placed the spinal anesthetic, followed by the posterior capsule block. "Dr. Suraj Yalamuri and I did the proper checks and ticked off all the boxes to make sure we were doing the correct side," he noted. "But when we turned the patient back over, the resident exposed the thigh for the next block, and we noticed that there was a surgeon's mark on both knees".
As it turns out, the surgeon had initialed the site in a place where the knees would touch one another. That combined with a sweaty patient enabled the initials to appear as a mirror image on the opposite knee. "I've never seen that kind of thing before, which made it a bit scary when we did see the contralateral mark," Dr. Gadsden admitted. "We both thought, 'Uh oh, what have we done?'"
And while this situation may have otherwise been the blueprint for a wrong-sided block, the institution's newly implemented protocol—a modification to the existing pre–anesthetic block timeout protocol—helped stem the possibility of error. "We had instituted a procedure for the anesthesiologist to make a separate initial at the site where the needle was going to be put through the skin," he explained at the 2016 annual meeting of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (abstract 1576).
Specifically, the new procedure calls for the anesthesiologist to take several steps to ensure blocks are performed on the correct side:
Review the surgical consent to determine laterality.
Visualize the surgical site marking and cross-check against the electronic medical record.
The anesthesiologist then marks the block site with his or her initials and the word "BLOCK"; block marking must be visible at all times during block placement.
The preoperative nurse, attending anesthesiologist and anesthesia provider performing the block will re-timeout before needle insertion.
After all previous steps have been completed, the nurse will give the needle to perform the block.
As Dr. Gadsden sees it, the step of having the anesthesiologist sign the site makes the difference between success and failure. "We'll do three or four different timeouts for a single patient," he said. "I'm a firm believer that people get timeout fatigue and that there's a real risk of going through the motions. But signing the site is an added active step, in addition to remembering that when the needle is in hand, you're only going through ink.
"So, had the resident not taken the extra step of marking his own block site, there may have been some confusion and, ultimately, an adverse outcome," he explained. "But he was very quickly able to figure out that everything was fine."
And while nothing is a sure thing, Dr. Gadsden was confident that fail-safe protocols such as this will help reduce the incidence of wrong-sided blocks even further.
"As with anything, there's always a balance between trying to keep things easy enough that they're not a complete burden to the workflow. But I think the solution our department came up with is a good one—it seems to be working for us."
Admir Hadzic, MD, PhD, director of the North American Institute for Continuing Education and consultant in anesthesiology at Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, in Genk, Belgium, agreed that the unilateral nature of nerve blocks poses a very real risk for a wrong-sided block.
"All institutions have protocols for performing a 'timeout' or checklist to assure that the block is performed on the correct patient, correct extremity and correct side," Dr. Hadzic said. "However, there currently does not exist a standard, universally accepted procedure, and every institution uses its own, adapted to local practices.
"The problem is real," Dr. Hadzic continued, citing literature (Reg Anesth Pain Med 2014;39:195-199). "It can lead to surgery on the wrong side, and continues to occur despite a number of recommendations in the literature suggesting a protocoled approach.
"However, whatever procedure is used in a given institution, the most common culprit is actually forgetting to implement the checklist or timeout procedure in a busy clinical practice."
To reinforce the timeout procedure and ensure 100% compliance with the timeout process, the New York School of Regional Anesthesia has developed custom "timeout" ultrasound probe covers (Figure 2). The ultrasound probe cover requires removal of the "timeout" sticker before the ultrasound probe can be applied, ensuring that the operator is 100% in compliance with the checklist as the last line of defense.


We will be closed Monday June 30th through Saturday July 5th for the 4th of July holiday. Classes will resume Monday July 7th. Enjoy the 4th of July holiday with your family.
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Marcus Pearce believes niching your business is essential, but niching your life is disastrous. A journalist by profession, Marcus is the CEO of Australia's #1 health and lifestyle podcast network The Wellness Couch, and in 2014 created the Exceptional Life Blueprint – a company dedicated to helping companies and its people rise from mediocre to magnificent in each area of life (and not just one).
Combining almost 20 years across the sports, health, wellness and personal growth industries, Marcus is a one-of-a-kind speaker, MC, trainer and facilitator. He's worked with the biggest names in Australian showbiz, sport and wellness, whilst interviewing hundreds of exceptional human beings on what it takes to truly make the rest of your life the best of your life.
Back in 2010, whilst in the thick of being vegan and raising his first child, Marcus became enamoured with the question "why do some people live a long time and others don't?" His journalistic instincts kicked in and the results were more than surprising. He's been sharing his findings ever since.


The photos were broken into theme sections, backed by suitable music. Pictures of small children and babes-in-arms were displayed to the strains of What Child is This and Brahms Lullaby. Celtic music backed slides of Cape Breton landscapes, the works of Katheryn's husband Warren (the only part of the show that didn't feature Katheryn's own work).
If a picture paints a thousand words then Katheryn's work spoke volumes. Share the Passion was, to say the least, dramatic. And no section demonstrated this more then The Way of the Cross, her feature on the Easter pageant. When the music stopped and the last slide had faded from the screen there was complete silence in the playhouse, followed by a surge of applause.
This show was a follow-up to Katheryn's presentation at the Canadian Professional Photographer's Conference this past May and was intended to be a one-of' event. After viewing the show I can only hope all involved will decide once in Cape Breton is not enough and this deserves to be presented again. If this happens, make sure you go because magic like this doesn't happen very often.
Reprinted courtesy of the Cape Breton Post - Copyright © 2006. All rights Reserved.


Opening the eastern Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean to oil exploration would generate more revenue for the U.S. than increasing taxes on the energy industry, a trade group said.
Offshore production from areas closed to development would generate $149 billion for government through 2025, while higher taxes would cut output and reduce employment and investment, trimming revenue by $128 billion, the American Petroleum Institute said today in a report.
drilling after BP Plcs well ruptured in the Gulf of Mexico. These areas hold about 7.6 billion barrels of oil, according to API, which represents more than 450 energy companies.
Our leaders must pursue a thoughtful, common-sense energy agenda that promotes U.S. job creation, economic growth and energy security, the Washington-based group said in the report. We encourage policy makers to increase energy production.
Among APIs members are the largest U.S. oil companies, Exxon Mobil Corp., Chevron Corp. and ConocoPhillips.
The National Wildlife Federation, based in Reston, Virginia, and the Washington-based Ocean Conservancy said regions such as Floridas Gulf Coast or Alaska have qualities that should preclude them from being exposed to an oil-drilling catastrophe such as BPs spill, which spewed crude for 87 days and closed a third of the Gulf to fishing.
Our nation will require more oil and natural gas for decades to come, API President Jack Gerard said today at a conference in Washington. A lot of it will come from deep-sea wells. And if it doesn't come from here, then well import it.
Opening the eastern Gulf, Atlantic coastline, the Rocky Mountains and Alaska to more drilling would create 160,000 jobs by 2030, according to API.
The American people sent a message last November, Gerard said. They want lawmakers focused on an agenda that promotes growth. And they want job creation at the forefront.
API failed to note the growing U.S. supplies of natural gas from shale developments, billionaire oil investor T. Boone Pickens said today in an e-mailed statement. Natural gas should be used to reduce the nations dependence on imported diesel, Pickens said.
This is, after all, a group that includes and represents foreign oil companies, Pickens said about API. No one should be fooled by this report.
API members include London-based BP and the U.S. subsidiary of Saudi Aramco, the worlds largest state-owned oil company.
The trade group, which also represents oil refineries, said Congress should take a thoughtful and balanced approach to climate-change polices, rather than proceeding with Environmental Protection Agency rules. The EPA began regulating carbon-dioxide pollution from electric power plants and refineries on Jan. 2.
The oil and gas industries spent over $135 million on lobbying and campaign contributions last year, Jeremy Symons, National Wildlife Federation senior vice president for conservation and education, said in an e-mail. Now theyre clearly sending a message to Congress that its time to cash in.


Woodgate beach offers a stunning 16 kilometres long curve of white sandy beach, and is surrounded by a continuous shady line of she-oaks, the calm waters here are protected from strong swells and currents by Fraser Island. To the north lies a breathtaking white silica sand creek called Theodolite creek and to the south is the popular fishing village of Walkers Point.
Woodgate Beach Kayak and Paddle board look forward to meeting you and your family and allowing you to explore and enjoy what this area is so well known for, its pristine beaches and waterways.
Esplanade opposite the Woodgate Tourist Park or at the car park at Theodolite Creek.
Or, off peak times you can call for a complimentary direct beach or creek delivery for your hire needs.
Our Polyethylene Kayaks and Stand up Paddle boards make for an enjoyable adventure. Paddling along the Esplanade or exploring Theodolite creek allows you to access our many fish and underwater creatures. Not to mention a nosy Pelican or seagull. Un-powered watercraft allow you to observe without disturbing. Kayaking and Paddle boarding are accessible for all competent unaided swimmers. I can offer a quick one on one lesson with you before you set sail for your fun packed hour hire.
Day hire is available, extra family packages can be discussed too.


Finally, a solution to stop the endless changes.
Eliminate the need to create different versions of the same designs.We Brand allows you to focus on creativity and innovation, instead of spending time with minor changes, content replacement and never-ending email exchanges. You can finally let other teams make the changes they require, with complete control over the final design.
We Brand's tech removes the hassle of opening heavy files, making small adjustments to artwork, exporting it as a PNG, JPEG or PDF, and then having to do it all again because a small detail needed to be changed.
Create or import existing artwork, and decide what elements of your design can be edited, and how they can be changed.
Anyone can then create their own versions of your artwork with the guarantee that they will only change what you allow them to.
We Brand is compatible with the Adobe Suite, so you don't need to rebuild your artwork as a template. Simply export any Illustrator, Photoshop and InDesign file as PDF and import it into We Brand. Your PDF file will be completely editable on the We Brand editor and you can set restrictions as you would do with any other template.
Keep all your visual assets in one central location, so that they are easy to find and use.
All images are automatically resized to different versions when they are uploaded so that you don't have to work with heavy files.
Set up different colour palettes so that they are always handy when you are designing.
Store fonts and pre-defined text blocks, so that you don't need to retype, restyle and reproof-read textual elements.
Add your designs as a template and let others do laborious content replacement as it's required.
A lightweight, but powerful editing tool that allows layers to be altered independently and designs to be executed as intended. Any element, including all your digital assets, can simply be dragged & dropped onto the canvas. Restrictions can be set using tick boxes, with no coding or training required.
No need to remake graphics in many different dimensions. You can turn that Instagram post template into a print-ready flyer in a few clicks. We Brand will take care of the image sizes during the export process, so that you don't have to worry about the final file resolution. All your templates can then be downloaded as a JPEG, PNG or PDF, or shared straight to social media.
Collaborate with the design team at ease, streamline your creative process, and see the results. Dispatch campaigns faster, reduce rework and administrative tasks by allowing other teams to personalise content with their information. Use We Brand's restrictions to decide what can be changed, so that your designs are never at risk.
Get your clients on board so that you can finalise your projects (and get paid) quicker. Your customers can now use templates under your control and customise them for their needs. Reduce endless modifications and lengthy tasks, and allow yourself to focus on the unique skills you bring to the table.
Allow your team's time to be spent on design and innovation, instead of repetitive and time-consuming tasks. Make teamwork faster and easier than ever before by allowing multiple designers to work on the same project! Give your clients the solution they need to share their visual assets with everyone involved with their organisation.


The leading contender for the Republican nomination to compete for Sen. Tom Harkin's (D-Iowa) seat doubts the science of climate change and rejects any response that calls for more than voluntary actions. In a May 9, 2014 interview with the Des Moines Register editorial board, Iowa state senator Joni Ernst, a candidate for the U.S. Senate, expressed her disbelief in the science of anthropogenic climate change.
Yes, we do see climates change but I have not seen proven proof that it is entirely man-made. I think we do have cyclic changes in weather, and I think that's been throughout the course of history. What impact is man-made. . . but I do think we can educate people to make good choices.
When asked how she believes the nation should respond to "our current climate situation," her first recommendation was "encouraging people to, obviously, recycle." She repeatedly and adamantly opposed "cap and trade" as a "tax on energy" and a "mandate." She then argued the renewable fuel standard, which mandates the use of ethanol in gasoline, was not a mandate.
During the interview, Ernst expressed the similarly contrarian and evidence-less belief that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction before the United States invaded in 2003.
Ernst has been endorsed for the June 3 Republican primary by the Register, Sarah Palin, the National Rifle Association, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. If she wins, she will face Rep. Bruce Braley in the general election.
During last year's Democratic primary, Rep. Leonard Boswell (D-IA) "relied heavily on Al Gore's endorsement" despite having "never been out in front on global warming," but is now threatening to "vote down" the Waxman-Markey American Clean Energy and Security Act.
Utah's next governor, Lt. Gov. Gary Herbert (R-UT) told the Western Governors' Association "it appears to him science on global warming is not necessarily conclusive." He is replacing Gov. Jon Huntsman, nominated to be the ambassador to China, who entered Utah into the Western Climate Initiative.


Dallas Cowboys head coach Jason Garrett believes that the recent flurry of coaching changes at the team will be "good" for his side.
Dallas Cowboys head coach Jason Garrett has insisted that the recent coaching changes within the team will be "good" for his side.
One of the most significant changes sees Rod Marinelli promoted to defensive coordinator while his predecessor, Monte Kiffin, is moved to an assistant head coach role with an input on defence.
Garrett is happy to have retained the services of Kiffin, while he believes Marinelli's experience in a number of different roles will also be beneficial to the team.
"Rod will be the defensive coordinator and have all the responsibilities that come with that. Monte's job transitioning us from a 3-4 defense to a 4-3 defense last year was a significant one. That will continue," Garrett told reporters.
"He'll do it from a little bit different role as someone overseeing the defense and working with Rod and the rest of the staff, coaching the coaches, coaching the players and viewing things from a different perspective. But we're lucky to have him. He knows this defensive scheme as well as anybody and his role will be significant.
"Rod will be in that defensive coordinator position and have all the responsibilities that coordinator job has and we're excited to have him in [that] role. He's been a defensive line coach, been a head coach, been a coordinator and we're excited to get him back in that role and have Kiff in the other role on the defensive staff. It can be good."
Another change sees Scott Linehan come in as the team's new passing game coordinator, taking the play-calling duties off offensive coordinator Bill Callahan.


text:
Tiger fears confirmed: ACL tear for Drummond
Giulio Di Giorgio Apr 25, 2015 8:22PM
Debut to despair Nathan Drummond carried off with serious knee injury
A truly Demonic saviour
RICHMOND midfielder Nathan Drummond's worst fears have been confirmed, with scans on Saturday confirming the youngster has ruptured his anterior cruciate ligament.
The 20-year-old, who made his debut against Melbourne on Friday night, suffered the injury to his right knee after landing awkwardly in a marking contest just before half-time of his side's 32-point loss to the Demons.
Richmond football manager Dan Richardson confirmed the season-ending injury on Saturday night.
"Nathan has worked so hard to get his opportunity to play at AFL level, and it's extremely unfortunate that he will have to wait until next year to get another opportunity," Richardson told the club's website.
"He is a strong character, and we expect he will be diligent with his rehab program to give him the best chance of making a return."
Drummond collected five touches and two tackles before the injury.
The Mooroopna product was recruited with pick No.52 in last year's NAB AFL Draft and took out the Murray Bushrangers' best and fairest in the TAC Cup.
Debutant Nathan Drummond was carried off on a stretcher late in Q2 after suffering a knee injury #AFLTigersDees http://t.co/LRG4rzXqv1
— AFL (@AFL) April 24, 2015


text:
Across the 1960s-era living room with its sofa and matching end table was another cabinet, housing a family of Barbie dolls. Up on a shelf were "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." figurines. Around the corner, the three-dimensional board game Mouse Trap was set up on a table.
"I think we'll see a lot of people commenting, 'I had one of those' or 'I remember that,'" said Sharon, who graduated from high school in the mid-1970s. "It takes you back. 'I remember how we played with that at Grandma's house.'"
Created by the Minnesota History Museum, the exhibit gives the toys meaning beyond being playthings by placing them in three living rooms, each created for its decade. Sit on the furniture, take a look around and enjoy the TV commercials that enticed kids and inevitably made parents buy toys of that era.
The 1950s room has a tan Naugahyde cowboy couch, cocktail table and matching chairs with wagon wheels as legs. Look up and you'll see a wooden rocking horse from The Lone Ranger mounted on the wall. Hopalong Cassidy gets his own bric-a-brac shelf. Chatty Cathy sits in a corner display case, next to a black baby doll made by the B. Wright Toy Co. in the late 1950s. Beatrice Wright Brewington was an African-American female entrepreneur and educator who realized the need for natural-looking dolls for children of color.
Around the corner from the 1960s living room is the psychedelically decorated 1970s hangout for Bert and Ernie dolls from "Sesame Street." Admire the gold crushed velvet sofa, but make sure to check out the Pet Rock, Evel Knievel stunt cycle, Holly Hobbie dolls and Playskool's McDonald's restaurant set.
Nearby is a cool display of monsters, superheroes and villains, from Dracula and Werewolf paint-and assemble-yourself kits to a rare 6-inch-tall scaly green creature called Son of Garloo to action figure (never call him a doll) G.I. Joe.
At the back of the exhibit is a backyard "outdoor play" display surrounded by a white picket fence and filled with fun stuff, from a 1976 Schwinn Sting-Ray bike — complete with banana seat and high handlebars — to outlawed lawn Jarts and a 1960s Mustang 15 skateboard.
To make some of the toys of yesterday connect with kids (of all ages) today, the exhibit also has "multi-generational play space," said Sharon.
Race a pair of Slinkys down a set of stairs. Test you wits in a trivia game where four can play at a big-screen console. Toss Nerf balls and whirl a Hula-Hoop. Mr. Potato Head, Gumby and a Barrel of Monkey are waiting for you and the Simon Says electronic game is a trickster.
Don't miss the wall of drawers filled with all kinds of plastic toys kids can assemble or use to inhabit a big wooden dollhouse.
That's what Marilyn and Bob Bennett, of St. Louis, were exploring at the front of the exhibit.
"I like the trivia game and I saw a metal dollhouse that was like one I had," said Marilyn as she picked up a Dressy Bessy doll. "I remember these."
Bob smiled when he said he'd seen a set of Lincoln Logs during their walk around the exhibit.
"I got those one year for Christmas."
Here's what you should know about TOYS of the '50s, '60s and '70s:
What: Exhibit of more than 250 toys in living room settings, plus a hands-on play area for kids of all ages
When: Through Jan. 22, 2017. Museum hours are 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily.
Where: Missouri History Museum, Lindell and DeBaliviere in Forest Park, St. Louis
Admission: Free to museum and exhibit
Information: 314-746-4599 and mohistory.org/toys
Marilyn and Bob Bennett, of St. Louis, visited the TOYS of the '50s, '60 & '70s exhibit at the Missouri History Museum. Marilyn is holding a soft doll she remembers her daughter having, Dressy Bessy from Playskool. It let little girls practice dressing skills, such as how to button, buckle and tie. "There was also a Dapper Dan," she said. Suzanne Boyle sboyle@bnd.com
One of three living rooms in the exhibit, the 1950s space comes alive with a cowboy theme that includes a complete Roy Rogers kit, Howdy Doody and black-and-white TV commercials for Betsy Wetsy. Suzanne Boyle sboyle@bnd.com
The living room of the 1960s has a commercial for G.I. Joe action figure running on the TV, while Casper the Friendly Ghost talking doll resides in a bookshelf nearby, next to Mrs. Beasley. Suzanne Boyle sboyle@bnd.com
If you had a 1970s living room like this one, you might have been sitting on the gold crushed velvet sofa watching Bert and Ernie on "Sesame Street." Suzanne Boyle sboyle@bnd.com
Sharon Smith, a curator at the Missouri History Museum, stands next to Casper the Friendly Ghost, a talking doll she fondly remembers from her childhood. Suzanne Boyle sboyle@bnd.com
The rare wind-up Son of Garloo from Marx, made in 1961, was a tiny version of the giant remote-control Great Garloo. Suzanne Boyle sboyle@bnd.com
You can play with Gumby, as well as the Giant Barrel of Monkeys and Mr. Potato Head at the TOYS of the '50s, '60s and '70s exhibit at the Missouri History Museum. Suzanne Boyle sboyle@bnd.com
Meet some of the monster toys that kids loved, but kept them up at night, at the TOYS of the '50, '60s and '70s exhibit at the Missouri History Museum. Suzanne Boyle sboyle@bnd.com
Yep, that's a vintage metal slinky in action on a special staircase where you can race it against another at the free TOYS of the '50, '60s and '70s exhibit at the Missouri History Museum. Suzanne Boyle sboyle@bnd.com
Want to play? This backyard display is part of TOYS of the '50, '60s and '70s exhibit at the Missouri History Museum. It's free and runs through Jan. 22. Suzanne Boyle sboyle@bnd.com
Giving up the screen: Mascoutah athletic director challenges kids to get outside this summer
O'Fallon Progress
Inaugural 'Grub Crawl' in O'Fallon huge hit
By Lynn Venhaus For the Progress
O'Fallon, Illinois, hosts its first-ever "Grub Crawl" event in the Downtown District. The event coincided with the Downtown District's "Christmas in July" promotion and a busy morning at the Vine Street Market.
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