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OSA Publishing > Optics Express > Volume 23 > Issue 8 > Page 10756
James Leger, Editor-in-Chief
Vibrational phase imaging in wide-field CARS for nonresonant background suppression
Juanjuan Zheng, Denis Akimov, Sandro Heuke, Michael Schmitt, Baoli Yao, Tong Ye, Ming Lei, Peng Gao, and Jürgen Popp
Juanjuan Zheng,1,3 Denis Akimov,1 Sandro Heuke,1 Michael Schmitt,1,2 Baoli Yao,3 Tong Ye,4 Ming Lei,3 Peng Gao,3 and Jürgen Popp1,2,*
1Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
2Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
3State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
4Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson-MUSC Bioengineering Program, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
*Corresponding author: juergen.popp@ipht-jena.de
J Zheng
D Akimov
S Heuke
M Schmitt
B Yao
T Ye
M Lei
P Gao
J Popp
pp. 10756-10763
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.010756
Juanjuan Zheng, Denis Akimov, Sandro Heuke, Michael Schmitt, Baoli Yao, Tong Ye, Ming Lei, Peng Gao, and Jürgen Popp, "Vibrational phase imaging in wide-field CARS for nonresonant background suppression," Opt. Express 23, 10756-10763 (2015)
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Phase imaging
Phase retrieval
Raman scattering
Resonant modes
Coherence imaging (110.1650)
Microscopy (180.0180)
Nonlinear optics, four-wave mixing (190.4380)
Spectroscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (300.6230)
Original Manuscript: March 10, 2015
Revised Manuscript: April 13, 2015
Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 10, Iss. 5
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) microscopy is a valuable tool for label-free imaging of biological samples. As a major drawback quantification based on CARS images is compromised by the appearance of a nonresonant background. In this paper we propose and demonstrate a wide-field CARS vibrational phase imaging scheme that allows for nonresonant background suppression. Several CARS images at a few consecutive planes perpendicular to the propagation direction were recorded to reconstruct a phase map utilizing the iteration phase retrieval method. Experimental results verify that the CARS background is efficiently suppressed by the phase imaging approach, as compared to traditional CARS imaging without background correction. The proposed background correction method is robust against environmental disturbance, since the experimental implementation of the suggested detection scheme requires no reference beam.
Nonresonant background suppression in CARS spectra of dispersive media using phase mismatching
T. A. H. M. Scholten, G. W. Lucassen, F. F. M. De Mul, and J. Greve
Phase-controlled polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy for high-sensitivity and high-contrast molecular imaging
Fake Lu, Wei Zheng, and Zhiwei Huang
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(11) 1907-1913 (2008)
Quantitative chemical imaging with background-free multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering by dual-soliton Stokes pulses
Kun Chen, Tao Wu, Haoyun Wei, Tian Zhou, and Yan Li
Biomed. Opt. Express 7(10) 3927-3939 (2016)
Image formation in CARS microscopy: effect of the Gouy phase shift
K. I. Popov, A. F. Pegoraro, A. Stolow, and L. Ramunno
Opt. Express 19(7) 5902-5911 (2011)
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy imaging at interfaces: evidence of interference effects
D. Gachet, F. Billard, N. Sandeau, and H. Rigneault
Article Order
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Akimov, D.
Almoro, P.
Bao, P.
Berto, P.
Bon, P.
Book, L. D.
Borri, P.
Buckup, T.
Caster, A. G.
Chatzipapadopoulos, S.
Chen, B.
Chen, B. C.
Cheng, J. X.
Cheng, J.-X.
Dietzek, B.
Dudovich, N.
Evans, C. L.
Faulkner, H. M. L.
Freudiger, C. W.
Gachet, D.
Gao, P.
Herek, J. L.
Jesacher, A.
Jurna, M.
Korterik, J. P.
Krishnamachari, V. V.
Langbein, W.
Lei, M.
Leone, S. R.
Li, E. R.
Lim, S. H.
Liu, Y. J.
Lu, S.
Malinovskaya, S.
Malinovskaya, S. A.
Malinovsky, V. S.
Marcelli, A.
Meyer, T.
Min, W.
Ming, H.
Monneret, S.
Motzkus, M.
Müller, C.
Nugent, K. A.
Offerhaus, H. L.
Oron, D.
Osten, W.
Otto, C.
Patel, V.
Pedrini, G.
Popp, J.
Potma, E. O.
Rigneault, H.
Ritsch-Marte, M.
Rocha-Mendoza, I.
Rodenburg, J. M.
Roider, C.
Schmitt, M.
Silberberg, Y.
Tarcea, N.
Tian, Y. C.
Volkmer, A.
von Vacano, B.
Wang, J. Y.
Watson, P.
Wilkins, S. W.
Wu, Z. Y.
Xie, X. S.
Yang, Y.
Yao, B.
Ye, T.
Zhang, F.
Zhang, Y.
Zheng, J.
Zhu, P. P.
Zuo, C.
Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) (1)
Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. (1)
Appl. Opt. (2)
Appl. Phys. Lett. (2)
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1)
J. Phys. Chem. B (1)
J. Raman Spectrosc. (2)
Opt. Express (2)
Opt. Lett. (11)
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. (1)
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Phys. Rev. B (1)
Phys. Rev. Lett. (5)
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Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of reference-less CARS phase imaging microscopy. Inset shows the mechanism of phase imaging from several intensities Im recorded for different axial planes.
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Fig. 2 (a) Energy-level diagrams of Raman resonant CARS and nonresonant FWM background at the anti-Stokes frequency. (b) Principle of phase imaging: spatial phase alteration caused by a sample with spatially varying Raman resonant and nonresonant contributions [22].
Fig. 3 Flowchart of the iterative phase imaging.
Fig. 4 Schematic setup for CARS phase imaging.
Fig. 5 Phase imaging using the iterative phase retrieval (IPR) method. (a) and (c) are 6 of 12 intensities recorded in the resonant and nonresonant mode; (b) retrieved resonant phase image and (d) retrieved nonresonant phase image; (e) retrieved vibrational phase φ CARS R - φ CARS NR ; (f) background-free intensity on the image plane; (g) intensity plot of the cross section outlined by a dashed line in (a) and (f).
Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.
(1) E CARS NR ∝( χ 1 NR + χ 2 NR ) E p 2 E s ∗ E CARS R ∝( χ 1 NR + χ 2 NR +Re( χ 1 R )+iIm( χ 1 R ) ) E p 2 E s ∗
(2) φ χ = φ CARS R − φ CARS NR =Ang{ E CARS R E CARS NR }=Ang{ χ 1 NR + χ 2 NR +Re( χ 1 R )+iIm( χ 1 R ) χ 1 NR + χ 2 NR }
(3) I background−free ∝ I CARS R ⋅ ( sin φ χ ) 2
(4) O m+1 ( x,y )=IFT{ FT[ O m ]exp[ ikΔz 1− ( λ κ x ) 2 − ( λ κ y ) 2 ] }


한국에 헌법재판소가 설립된 이후 지금까지 난민에 관한 사건은 2009년에 있었던 2008헌바161 단 한 건뿐이지만, 그나마 난민인정여부의 실질적 요건을 다룬 것이 아니라, '난민인정 거부처분의 적용 법률이 재판의 전제성을 충족하느냐'하는 형식적인 요건을 다룬 헌법소원사건이었다. 전 세계적으로 난민이 3천 3백만 명을 넘고 있고, 우리나 라에도 5천 여 명의 난민신청자가 있는 상황에서 보면 난민에 대한 한국의 헌법적 논의는 매우 척박하다고 할 수 있다. '재판의 전제성'이란 구체적 규범통제를 원칙으로 하는 한국의 헌법재판재도에서는 1차적인 위헌심판제청의 요건이자 '위헌법률심판'의 필수요건이다. 하지만 본 사건은 '박해를 받게 될 것이라는 충분한 근거가 있는 공포'에 해당하는지에 대한 실체적인 판단도 하지 않고 '재판의 전제성이 없다'는 이유로 각하해 버림으로써 '마지막 권리구제 수단'이라는 헌법소원의 기능을 다 하지 못 했다는 비판에서 벗어나기 힘들다. 헌법재판의 본질과 특성이 '미완성형 재판'이라고 해도, 난민인정의 거부는 신청인으로서는 더 이상기댈 수 있는 마지막 보호막이 없다는 점에서 보다 진지하고도 실질적인 헌법적 해석이 절실하다. 특히 난민인정결과가 법무부 공무원 개인의 자유재량에 의존할 수밖에 없는 상황에서 헌법재판소의 역할은 매우 막중하다. 난민인정문제는 정치적ㆍ외교적 문제가 아닐 최소한의 인간적 생존을 결정짓는 시발점이기 때문이다. 본고에서는 이 사건을 중심으로 법률에 대한 헌법소원에서 '재판의 전제성' 요건과 난민의 요건을 헌법적 정의라는 관점에서 비판적으로 고찰해 보았다.
Since the establishment of the Constitutional Court of Korea, there has been only one case that concerned a refugee to date-that is, 2008Hunba161, which took place in 2009. However, rather than addressing the eligibility requirements to receive refugee status, this case was a constitutionality complaint case (hunba) that addressed the formal requirements to determine whether the law in question satisfied the prerequisite to a trial." This sole case was dismissed without substantive judgment. Under South Korea`s constitutional system based on the principle of concrete norm control, prerequisite to a trial" is the first requirement and a mandatory requirement in a constitutional trial. However, without even a substantive judgment on the applicability of the clause, well-founded fear of being persecuted," 2008Hunba161 was dismissed on the basis that it did not meet the "prerequisite to a trial," failing to fulfill the constitutional function as the "last resort to protect basic rights." Albeit the nature and characteristic of constitutional adjudication is an "incomplete adjudication," the denial of refugee status recognition implies that there exists no safety net for applicants, demonstrating a desperate need for a serious and substantive constitutional interpretation. With 2008Hunba161 at the center of discussion, in this paper, the prerequisite to a trial" and the eligibility requirement of a refugee are critically examined in a constitutional context.(the end).


IMAGE: One of many theatrical pictures of ISIS – carefully designed for US and western media audiences.
What did materialize, however, and with alarming speed and viciousness, was a terrorist group that rose up like a phoenix from the ashes of Iraq known as Islamic State (ISIS), with evil designs to create an Islamic caliphate across a wide swath of Iraq and Syria.
On August 19, US journalist James Foley [image above], seen kneeling on the ground in some undetermined location next to his apparent executioner, 'Jihadi John,' reads out a short statement before being beheaded by his captor. However, Islamic State spared its audience the gore by not showing the moment of the actual beheading; the video only shows a head lying on a body following the purported act.
Despite employing state-of-the-art fighter jets, like the F-16 Fighting Falcon and A-10 Warthog, the US campaign to destroy Islamic State was largely an exercise in utter futility. There is no other way to explain it.
In June 2014, a convoy of hundreds of ISIS fighters drove through 200 km of the Syro-Arabian Desert in fresh-off-the-lot Toyota pickup trucks on the way to Syria. For any modern military, eliminating such a target would have been the equivalent of a lazy afternoon at the shooting range, or shooting fish in a barrel. The fact that these terrorists made it to Syria unmolested tells us everything we need to know about America's real agenda.
IMAGE: Rita Katz is linked to Israeli intelligence, and supplies Washington DC and the US media with most of its "terrorist information".
When Katz called officials in Washington, she was reportedly met with resistance: 'Oh, Rita, I'm not sure you should even be communicating with them-you might be providing material support!," they told her.
IMAGE: Israeli president Netanyahu visits a wounded al Nusra Front (al Qaeda in Syria) to help boost terrorist morale. Israel has been exposed as providing material support to terrorist fighters from 2013 onward.
Since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war, Israel has provided medical assistance to nearly 2,000 Syrians. The Wall Street Journal quoted "an Israeli military official" who said no questions were asked of the patients.
Let that sink in for a moment. The US-backed coalition, which seemed so inexplicably lackluster in its fight against Islamic State, to the point where this group was actually able to open an oil export business, not to mention drive its Toyota trucks across wide-open desert unmolested, was more content to let a band of terrorists occupy Syria than the legitimate government in Damascus.


FARMINGTON — Jacquelynn Ferguson, a certified nurse practitioner, has joined the Farmington Community Health Center.
The Farmington native earned her master's degree in nursing from Chamberlain College of Nursing in St. Louis, Mo., earlier this year and also has a bachelor's degree from the school, according to a press release from Presbyterian Medical Services.
Before joining the Farmington Community Health Center, Ferguson worked as a nurse in the emergency department at San Juan Regional Medical Center. She has also worked as a home health care and hospice and palliative care nurse.
She is a member of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners and the Emergency Nurse's Association.
Appointments at the Farmington Community Health Center, 1001 W. Broadway Ave., can be made by calling 505-327-4796.


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Tag: CPAC
Trump: 'America Is on the Edge of an Abyss'
August 8, 2022 August 7, 2022 Admin
Donald Trump on Saturday delivered stinging rebukes of the Biden administration at the Dallas Conservative Political Action Conference, one of a continuing series of indications that the still-popular former president has set his sights on a return to the White House for 2024.
Trump during his speech declared that the U.S. "is being destroyed more from the inside than the out," and that the country "is on the edge of an abyss, and our movement is the only force on earth that can save it."
National, NewsCOVID, CPAC, Donald J. Trump, inflation, President Joe Biden, southern border, taxes, TexasLeave a comment
Exclusive: Nigel Farage on Trump, DeSantis and Ukraine
March 1, 2022 February 28, 2022 Neil W. McCabe
ORLANDO, Florida –The father of Brexit and the U.K. Independence Party told The Star News Network in an exclusive interview he believes his friend President Donald J. Trump is ready to make another run for the White House and that Florida Republican Governor Ronald D. DeSantis does not connect with…
National, News, Politics, President Donald Trump, WorldBREXIT, CPAC, Gov. Ronald D. DeSantis, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, President Donald J. Trump, Prime Minister Boris JohnsonLeave a comment
Trump Wows CPAC Crowd: Torches 'Weak' Biden, Calls Ukraine Crisis 'An Assault on Humanity,' Decries Crackdown of 'Peacefully Protesting' Canadian Truckers
February 27, 2022 Neil W. McCabe
ORLANDO, Florida – President Donald J. Trump was in full-fighting form, less than two years before the 2024 Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary as he whipped up a packed-out crowd into a frenzy at the 2022 Conservative Political Action Conference.
"The socialists, globalists, Marxists, and communists who are attacking our civilization have no idea of the sleeping giant they have awoken," said the 45th president to the more than 5,000 conservatives at 95,000-square foot Gatlin Ballroom in Orlando's Rosen Shingle Creek resort.
National, News, port, TennesseeCPAC, George H.W. Bush, Gerald R. Ford, Gov. Ronald D. DeSantis, Hunter Biden, John Fredericks, Matt Schlapp, President Donald J. Trump, Rep. Matthew L. Gaetz II (R.-Fla.), Rosen Shingle Creek, Sen. Richard L. Scott (R.-Fla.), Susan Wiles, Vladimir PutinLeave a comment
Tulsi Gabbard Will Headline a Speech at CPAC in Florida
Former Rep. Tulsi Gabbard, a Democrat from Hawaii who ran for president in 2020 and has been critical of President Joe Biden, will headline a speech at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC), according to the event's website.
Gabbard has sharply criticized "elite" members of the Democratic and Republican parties since leaving Congress just over a year ago, pushing back on rhetoric that she says is divisive and against policies embraced by the Biden administration's Department of Justice. She has also defended Kyle Rittenhouse, saying that the charges brought against him were motivated by politics and "should be considered criminal."
Gabbard, a staunch opponent to interventionism, has also criticized Biden's handling of the crisis on Ukraine's border with Russia. She also spoke out against Biden's pledge to appoint a black woman to the Supreme Court instead of nominating someone based on merit.
National, NewsBiden Admin, CPAC, government, Joe Biden, Policy, politics, Tulsi GabbardLeave a comment
Commentary: Two Unique, Powerful Forces Will Influence the Midterms
If the 2022 midterm elections had an official soundtrack, it would be the ominous music from the 1975 movie "Jaws."
Although the election is 13 months away, mounting intensity feels like great white sharks are circling our national boat with a convergence of two powerful, never-before-seen political forces. Both forces are hangovers from the 2020 election with the potential to make the 2022 midterms the most tumultuous in modern American history.
Commentary, NewsAmerican Conservative Union, Bernie Sanders, Capitol Hill, CPAC, Donald J. Trump, GOP, House, Joe Biden, MAGA, Matt Schlapp, Midterm Elections, Newt Gingrich, President Obama, SenateLeave a comment
Former President Donald Trump Headlines CPAC in Dallas
July 12, 2021 July 16, 2021 Cooper Moran
Former President Trump took the stage to a standing ovation and a rowdy crowd, while headlining the large gathering of the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in Dallas on Sunday.
In his speech that lasted approximately 90 minutes, the former commander-in-chief highlighted a variety of key areas that Republicans across the country are focused on, including the 2022 midterms, the Biden administration's policies, and his lawsuit against Big Tech platforms.
National, News, President Donald Trump2022 midterms, Biden Administration, Big Tech lawsuit, CPAC, President TrumpLeave a comment
YouTube Deletes Video on Trump's Big Tech Lawsuit, Blocks His CPAC Speech from the Platform
YouTube deleted the American Conservative Union's (ACU) video featuring former President Trump announcing his class-action lawsuit against Big Tech, citing an alleged violation of its COVID-19 terms and conditions.
The ACU, which hosts the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC), received "a strike" on their account from YouTube on July 9, preventing them from uploading new content for a week. This includes ACU's CPAC 2021 Part 2 in Dallas, Texas, and Trump's CPAC speech scheduled for Sunday, the organization said in a statement.
In the deleted YouTube video of Trump's announcement of a lawsuit against Big Tech, which includes Google, he also cited a medical study on hydroxychloroquine as a therapeutic for COVID-19.
National, NewsBig Tech, Big Tech lawsuit, COVID-19, CPAC, Donald Trump, lawsuit, National, platform, social media, Sue, YouTubeLeave a comment
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National, News2022 election, 2024 election, America First, Conservative Political Action Conference, CPAC, Donald Trump, Save America PACLeave a comment
Commentary: The U.S. Post-Trump Era
These are only the opening days of what is supposedly the post-Trump era, and whether the country has really seen the last politically of Donald Trump is a matter that depends upon Donald Trump. The principal Trump-hate outlets are still pleased to refer to him as "the disgraced former president" but, of course, he has not been disgraced and there is no indication that he will be.
All of the Democrats and about a third of Republican officeholders are engaged in an elaborate and strictly observed pretense that Trump was a freakish and horrifying interruption of the normal, serene, bipartisan devolution of events in Washington. Like a dreadful meteor, he came and he went, pushed into the instantly forgotten past by a united effort of civilized Americans.
Commentary, NewsBiden Administration, Commentary, CPAC, FDR, GOP, Hundred Days, legislation, Roosevelt, TrumpLeave a comment
After Defying COVID Groupthink, Big Tech Censors, DeSantis Hosts CPAC as Rising GOP Star for 2024
February 26, 2021 May 18, 2021 Minnesota Sun Staff
When Florida Republican Gov. Ron DeSantis takes the stage to deliver a welcoming address at the Conservative Political Action Conference on his home field in Orlando Friday, it will be as a fast-rising force in the conservative movement and an increasingly plausible and popular contender for his party's presidential nomination in 2024.
DeSantis will be followed in the spotlight on the first full day of CPAC 2021 by a succession of marquee GOP names vying to woo the party's conservative base at the movement's signature annual gathering of the tribes. Among them will be potential 2024 GOP presidential hopefuls and aspiring heirs to the leadership of their party's populist conservative wing, including Sens. Ted Cruz, Tom Cotton, and Josh Hawley, of Texas, Arkansas and Missouri, respectively.
National, News2024 election, Big Tech, COVID-19, CPAC, Florida, Gov Ron DesantisLeave a comment
Pence: 'Socialism Has Failed … Freedom Works'
Vice President Mike Pence warned a gathering of conservative activists Thursday about the perils of socialism and its historical record of failure.
NewsCPAC, freedom, Mike Pence, socialism, Vice PresidentLeave a comment
ACU Honors Minnesota's New House GOP Caucus at Special 'Some People Did Something' 9/11 Event
September 12, 2019 September 11, 2019 Anthony Gockowski
The American Conservative Union, the organizer of the annual Conservative Political Action Conference, was in Minnesota Wednesday evening for an event honoring conservative members of the Minnesota House and commemorating the tragic events of 9/11.
Battleground States, Minnesota, News, The Upper-Midwest#mnleg, 9-11, ACU, CPAC, Ilhan Omar, Minnesota, Minnesota House, New House Republican Caucus, Steve DrazkowskiLeave a comment
President Donald Trump Wows Conservatives at 2019 CPAC
March 3, 2019 January 2, 2020 Zachery Schmidt
President Donald Trump delivered a raucous, rally-style speech during his appearance at the 2019 Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) Saturday where he let capacity crowd know how he felt about everything from the Robert Mueller Investigation and Hillary Clinton's emails to the booming US economy and North Korea. During one…
News, UncategorizedCPAC, Donald Trump, Green New Deal, Hillary Clinton, Robert Mueller InvestigationLeave a comment
Conservatives on Why 'America First' Doesn't Mean 'America Alone'
by Courtney Joyner Does the slogan "America first" also mean "America alone?" That was the question asked Friday during the Conservative Political Action Conference, following President Donald Trump's second summit with North Korean dictator Kim Jong Un. Among panelists discussing Trump's "America first" foreign policy were Sen. Joni Ernst,…
News, UncategorizedAmerica First, CPAC, Donald TrumpLeave a comment
Graham Promises 'Judges, More Judges, Then Some More Judges' in Colorful CPAC Address
March 1, 2019 February 28, 2019 Minnesota Sun Staff
by Jason Hopkins Republican Sen. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, the newly-minted chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, told Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) attendees that his panel will move on judicial confirmations at an ambitious clip. "Judges, more judges, then some more judges," Graham joked in a Thursday…
News, UncategorizedCPAC, Lindsey Graham, Senate Judiciary CommitteeLeave a comment

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Girls Day Yura is the new addition to the MBC Everyone "Ocean Police".
Kim Soo-ro, Jo Jae-yoon, Kwak Si-yang and Yura are becoming marine police in the new MBC Everyone TV show "Ocean Police". It's been 8 years since Yura debuted as a singer and she's been a multi-player in music, dramas and entertainment shows.
Yura has been popular in TV shows such as "We Just Got Married" and "Tasty Road". Expectations rise for the talented young woman to become a marine police this time. She's the only female on the TV show.
"Ocean Police" is a spinoff of the MBC Everyone TV program "Country Police" and this show is collaborated with the South Regional Headquarters Korea Coast Guard. Unlike "Country Police" which is based in a deserted countryside, "Ocean Police" is based in Busan.
"Ocean Police" is coming in August.
"Yura to Star in TV Show "Ocean Police" With Kim Soo-ro, Jo Jae-yoon and Kwak Si-yang"


text:
View source for Milestone-Proposal:Development of CDMA for Cellular Communications, 1989
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{{Proposal |docketid=2016-11 |litigation=No |more than 25 years=Yes |within fields of interest=Yes |benefit to humanity=Yes |regional importance=Yes |ou is paying=Yes |ou is arranging dedication=Yes |section is taking responsibility for plaque=Yes |a11=Yes |a3=1987-1990 |a1=Development of CDMA for Cellular Communications, 1989 |plaque citation=On November 7, 1989, Qualcomm publicly demonstrated Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), a technology that vastly increased cellular communications efficiency through better utilization of spectrum. Initial benefits included fewer dropped calls, higher capacity, better voice quality, lower device costs and longer battery life. CDMA became the basis for all third generation (3G) cellular technical standards, paving the way for mobile broadband and power-efficient, feature-rich mobile devices. |a2b=San Diego |IEEE units paying={{IEEE Organizational Unit Paying |Unit=San Diego Section |Senior officer name=Upkar Dhaliwal |Senior officer email=upkar@ieee.org }} |IEEE units arranging={{IEEE Organizational Unit Arranging |Unit=San Diego Section |Senior officer name=Upkar Dhaliwal |Senior officer email=upkar@ieee.org }} |IEEE sections monitoring={{IEEE Section Monitoring |Section=San Diego Section |Section chair name=Upkar Dhaliwal |Section chair email=upkar@ieee.org }} |Milestone proposers={{Milestone proposer |Proposer name=Brian Berg |Proposer email=b.berg@ieee.org }} |a2a=In the vicinity of the main entrance or the main lobby of the headquarters of Qualcomm, Inc., at 5775 Morehouse Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA (32.895146 °N -117.19773°W) |a7=The current headquarters of Qualcomm, Inc., is a high-profile location in San Diego, California. It has a direct lineage to the work done by the inventors. It is a location that is seen by and visited by thousands of visitors, vendors and Qualcomm employees on a daily basis. There are no other historical markers already on the site. |a8=The Qualcomm team worked in many buildings that are in close proximity to the current headquarters of Qualcomm, Inc., at 5775 Morehouse Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA |mounting details=TBD, but in the vicinity of the main entrance or the main lobby of the headquarters of Qualcomm, Inc., at 5775 Morehouse Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA |a9=The main entrance and the main lobby of the headquarters of Qualcomm, Inc., at 5775 Morehouse Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA, are fully accessible to the public. |a10=Qualcomm, Inc., owns all of the buildings at its headquarters. |a4=First Generation (1G) Analog Cellular Networks In the 1980s, mobile systems managed network access by assigning specific frequency channels to users. In the first generation of cellular (now known as "1G"), one user would occupy a single channel when making a cellular call, thus limiting the capacity of a given cell to the number of channels available within a cell site. Second Generation (2G) Digital Cellular Networks In the late 1980s, the ability to service multiple subscribers within a single channel was accomplished in the second generation of cellular ("2G") with a technology called time division multiple access (TDMA). In this technique, a radio channel was divided into time slots and assigned to multiple users. Within an assigned time slot, only a single user utilized the channel. However, the switching across time slots was done so quickly that users didn't notice that the communication channel was shared. In the North American 2G standard (called D-AMPS, or Digital AMPS), three users occupied a 30 KHz channel. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile), the European 2G technology initiated by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standards body, also utilized TDMA but with a wider 200 KHz channel supporting up to eight users. Additionally, because neighboring cells were on different frequencies (to prevent interference), a "hard" switch in frequencies occurred when moving from one cell to the next. This hard switch (known as a hard handover) caused intermittent dropped calls and problems with users "ping ponging" between base stations. In addition, as demand for mobile services continued to grow, it become clear that the capacity gains of the TDMA approach would not be able to scale to accommodate future growth. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) CDMA, which was historically used for military communications, is a technology in which signals are spread over a frequency using a unique code for each signal, and the resulting low-power signals travel over the same frequency at the same time. At the receiver, the signal is reconstructed using the same unique code that was used for spreading. The desired signal is separated out from the rest of the signals, which are received, but being received as background noise they can be effectively minimal until a certain level. When they were in use, CDMA networks utilized all the available spectrum by spreading user traffic across a channel, reducing the traditional guard bands frequency required with TDMA. Multiple users were thus able to communicate simultaneously over the same frequency. As dead time (silence) makes up over half of a typical telephone conversation, CDMA's suppression of the transmission of silence greatly increased energy and capacity efficiency. Because CDMA was a spread spectrum technology, system capacity directly benefited from efficiencies realized within the communication channel. Variable rate coding (VRC) introduced four rates of transmission, (9600, 4800, 2400, and 1200 bits per second (bps)), allowing a cellular device to throttle the rate of transmission depending on the level speech activity. [2] Dead time would be transmitted at 1200 bps, greatly reducing the power and processing required for transmit and receive. Overall capacity increased by a factor of 3 with VRC. Additionally, the suppression of background noise (common in cellular communications at the time) greatly improving call quality. [3] CDMA's Impact on 3G CDMA's benefits over TDMA included fewer dropped calls during handovers, higher capacity and bandwidth, improved voice clarity, lower device costs and longer battery life. Because of all of these benefits and more, all third generation cellular technical standards ("3G") were based on the CDMA technology pioneered by Qualcomm. 3G ushered in the era of power efficient, low cost smartphones with internet access speeds that rivaled typical home internet access speeds. CDMA thus created a technology foundation whose benefits have spanned many aspects of society, both economically and socially. Over half of the population now owns a mobile device, providing internet access to much of the world's underserved communities. CDMA was the catalyst of this change. |a6=Challenges of industry acceptance Led by Irwin Jacobs and Andrew Viterbi, Qualcomm entered the cellular industry, leveraging expertise in digital wireless technologies that at the time were applied only to satellite communications for military and transportation use cases. Although these digital wireless technologies had been around for a while, very few people possessed the knowledge and the skill sets to implement it in commercial systems. Despite resistance from the mobile industry that was largely already invested in TDMA, Qualcomm proposed a more radical solution to the capacity problem using a spread spectrum technology called CDMA. In its first ten years of existence, Qualcomm's CDMA was very disruptive and controversial within a cellular industry dominated by a few powerful players. [4] The Qualcomm proposal disrupted the mobile industry because it was so unconventional when compared with TDMA. Many in academia and industry said Qualcomm's solution was downright impossible, and that there were fundamental problems that couldn't be resolved. It was claimed that the technology was too complex for commercialization, that it would not scale, that the stated cost advantages were simply false, and/or that the technology was simply too late. [5] Media outlets including the Wall Street Journal and the New York Times reported on the CDMA controversy. The Wall Street Journal claimed "There is also a worst-case possibility: that CDMA doesn't work on the massive scale required, an outcome that would inflict billions of dollars of losses on the equipment makers and network operators that have bought into Dr. Jacobs's promises." [6] Despite a large portion of the industry pushing to continue forward with the existing standards, CDMA's many benefits including much greater voice capacity over 1G and TDMA became clear. Qualcomm's perseverance led to CDMA becoming the Telecommunications Industry Association standard TIA/EIA/IS-95 in 1995. More commonly known at the time as cdmaOne, this was a critical step in the worldwide adoption of CDMA. Technical Challenges - Public Demonstration of CDMA In the Spring of 1989, Qualcomm executives signed a contract with Regional Bell Operating Company (RBOC) Pacific Telesis to provide an industry demonstration of CDMA technology. This contract gave Qualcomm six months to prove to the industry that CDMA was a viable technology. During this time period, Qualcomm engineers had to complete their prototype design of base stations and mobile phones, along with software that would run throughout the system. New equipment then had to be built and integrated, field tested and debugged. Pre-demo tests relied on the resources and cooperation of Pacific Telesis. In an October 1989 employee newsletter, Qualcomm CEO Irwin Jacobs wrote, "…a large team is now working day and night to complete several mobile phone prototypes and cell site equipment. [If] we can then demonstrate the quality of our cellular telephone as we drive around the area, the product has a very large potential for our company." A total of eight stations were built, with the intent of running the demonstration with one mobile station in a test van with two base stations. The five other stations were used for lab testing and as spares. Other users on both the forward link and the reverse link were simulated with Gaussian Noise generators. Commercial GPS receivers provided transmission timing of the two base stations. However, these early-model, GPS timing receivers had reliability issues, and the GPS navigational satellite constellations were not fully deployed at the time of the demonstration. The demonstration area was the Sorrento Mesa and Clairemont neighborhoods of San Diego, California. A GPS Calibration Point was established approximately equidistant from each base station, and the van with the mobile station had to go to this spot to verify the correct timing of the two base stations. The system was not entirely operational when invitations for the live demonstration were sent to industry members about one month in advance of the event. On November 7, 1989 (the first day of the demo), one GPS timing receiver lost sync with the GPS satellites, and Qualcomm CEO Irwin Jacobs had to stall his talk to the 50 attendees while engineers waited for it to recover. The receiver had not fully recovered when the driving demo started, and it became fully operational only moments before the first base station hand-off occurred. However, the equipment worked without failure for the rest of the drive tests during the five days of the industry demonstration. [7], [8] Over the five days of the demo, Qualcomm successfully demonstrated the system to hundreds of representatives from the telecommunications industry, thereby proving that CDMA was a viable commercial technology. After this first industry demonstration in San Diego, California, there was a period of field demonstrations using the same equipment setup (two base stations plus one or two phones) in a number of U.S. cities with different RBOCs, the first lasting 2-3 weeks in New York for Nynex in February 1990. In all these tests, two base stations and one mobile device were used to prove that the "soft hand-off" key feature worked as was claimed. All of these tests proved that CDMA would work with phones in a wide variety of geographic areas. While the tests were ongoing, Qualcomm worked on increasing the number of phones that the system could support. In 1991, a test on Fiesta Island in San Diego, California, showed that over 50 phones could operate with two base stations using only one CDMA carrier. System and scaling challenges There were many complex technical challenges in implementing CDMA within a commercial network. Solving these complex challenges became the foundation for Qualcomm's chipsets and licensing businesses for many years to come. Here are some examples of the early inventions that enabled CDMA's global commercialization: Near-Far Power Challenge Path loss across a cell can be very large. As a result, the difference in the power level being received by a tower from a mobile user in close proximity as compared with a user at the edge of the cell could be more 60 dB - a difference in power of 1 million times which created noise from users close to the tower and which greatly impacted the overall CDMA cell capacity. To overcome this challenge, Qualcomm pioneered a way to use a common pilot signal that the base station sent at all times at a constant power level. By continuously monitoring the pilot signal, the mobile device measured the power of the signal from the tower, and adjusted its own transmit power accordingly. The result was that all signals from all subscribers within the cell arrived at the tower at the same power level, avoiding any impact to capacity. The system also included a mechanism for the base station to monitor and adjust the transmit power to all subscribers within a cell. [9], [10] Cell-Edge Challenge The interference caused by two users in close proximity, communicating with two separate towers at the cell-edge, creates a challenge. If the two towers were uncoordinated, there was a high potential of interference between two devices at the cell's edge because neighboring cells were operating on the same frequencies with CDMA. Qualcomm enabled the capability of having devices at the cell edge simultaneously communicate with neighboring towers. This minimized the chance of two devices at the cell's edge interfering with each other. Additionally, there was an added benefit of soft handoffs. With the simultaneous connections at the cell's edge, the hard handoffs of 1G and 2G were no longer required, which provided more reliable service when subscribers moved from one cell to another. Multipath Fading Challenge When a wireless signal is transmitted, due to various barriers between it and the receiver, the signal may take many different paths. This has the potential to cause degradation of the signal which resulted in the received signal dropping below the background noise level and not being properly decoded. To solve this issue, Qualcomm developed advanced receivers that utilized multiple paths as an advantage by creatively combining the energy from each of the various paths to create a stronger signal. |a5=As described above, CDMA was radically different from competing solutions based on TDMA. Here is a list of distinguishing features brought to market by Qualcomm's CDMA technology: Soft Handoff A handoff scheme in which a new cell-site established service while the neighboring cell-site continued to service the call. When the mobile unit was located in the transition region, between the two cell-sites, the call would be switched back and forth between cell-sites as signal strength dictates without call interruption. Since the mobile unit was always communicating through at least one cell-site, no disrupting effects to the mobile unit or in service occurred. [11] Once communications were firmly established with the new cell-site, the old cell-site discontinued servicing the call. The soft handoff was in essence a make-before-break switching function. In contrast, conventional cellular telephone systems were considered a break-before-make switching function. Variable Rate Vocoder Speech signal compression through variable rate coding of frames of digitized speech samples. The level of speech activity for each frame was determined and an output data packet rate was selected from a set of rates based upon the determined level of frame speech activity. The lowest rate of the set of rates corresponded to a minimum level of speech activity, such as background noise or pauses in speech, while a highest rate corresponded to a maximum level of speech activity, such as active speech. [2] Power Control and Pilot A power control system that controlled transmission signal power for each cellular mobile telephone within cellular mobile system. The cell-site transmitted pilot was measured as received at the cellular device. Transmission power is then adjusted at the mobile unit in an opposite manner with respect to increases and decreases in received signal power. [9], [10] Additionally, the system included a cell-site initiated power control mechanism where the cellular device's transmitted power was measured as it is received at the cell-site. The cell-site could then transmit a command to the mobile unit to further adjust the mobile unit transmitter power. The feedback scheme was used to further adjust the mobile unit transmitter power so it arrived at the cell-site at a desired power level. |references=[1] [[Media:Ref1-US4901307.pdf|U.S. Patent: 4,901,307]], "Spread Spectrum Multiple Access Communication System Using Satellite or Terrestrial," K. Gilhousen, I. Jacobs, L. Weaver; priority date: Oct 17, 1986, issued: February 13, 1990. [2] [[Media:Ref2-US5657420.pdf|U.S. Patent 5,657,420]], "Variable Rate Vocoder," P. Jacobs, W. Gardner, C. Lee, K. Gilhousen, K. Lam, M. Tsai; priority date: June 11, 1991, issued: August 12, 1997. [3] Dave Mock, The Qualcomm Equation, How a Fledgling Telecom Company Forged a New Path to Big Profits and Market Dominance, Chapter 5: "Disrupting the Cellular Status Quo Qualcomm Goes to Bat, 1989," Anacom, 2005, pp. 68-69. Available at http://tinyurl.com/hk94yyn [4] New York Times, TECHNOLOGY: [[Media:Ref4-NYTimes.pdf|"Holy War" Over the Future of Wireless]], February 15, 1999. [5] Journal IEEE Internet Computing, George Gilder on the Bandwidth of Plenty, January 1997, pp. 9-18. [6] Wall Street Journal, [[Media:Ref6-WSJ.pdf|Jacob's Patter – An Inventor's Promise Has Companies Taking Big Cellular Gamble – Qualcomm Boss's Innovation In Digital-Phone System Is Problematic – and Late – Are Claims Hope or Hype?]], September 6, 1996. [7] IEEE Spectrum, 25 April 2013, [[Media:Ref7-IEEE-Spectrum.pdf|Irwin Jacobs: Captain of CDMA - Qualcomm cofounder Irwin M. Jacobs wins the 2013 IEEE Medal of Honor for his pioneering work in digital communications]] - http://spectrum.ieee.org/geek-life/profiles/irwin-jacobs-captain-of-cdma [8] Qualcomm Website: http://www.qualcomm.com/company/about/history - [[Media:Ref8-QualcommWebsite.pdf|History: 1989 - Qualcomm makes a historic phone call, CDMA is proven]]. [9] [[Media:Ref9-US5056109.pdf|U.S. Patent 5,056,109]], "Controlling Transmission Power in a CDMA Cellular Mobile Telephone System," K. Gilhousen, R. Padovani, C. Wheatley; priority date: November 7, 1989, issued: October 8, 1991. [10] [[Media:Ref10-US5257283.pdf|U.S. Patent 5,257,283]], "Spread spectrum transmitter power control method and system," K. Gilhousen, R. Padovani, C. Wheatley; priority date: November 7, 1989, issued: October 26, 1993. [11] [[Media:Ref11-US5101501.pdf|U.S. Patent 5,101,501]], "Providing a Soft Handoff in a CDMA Cellular Telephone System," K. Gilhousen, R. Padovani, C. Wheatley; priority date: November 7, 1989, issued: March 31, 1992. |submitted=No }}
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Return to Milestone-Proposal:Development of CDMA for Cellular Communications, 1989.
Retrieved from "http://ieeemilestones.ethw.org/Milestone-Proposal:Development_of_CDMA_for_Cellular_Communications,_1989"


I've had a dreadful cold for a week or so and decided that fresh air would either kill or cure me. I had been inspired by some wonderful views of the Alps on my travels this week so an activation of my local "Alp", Wendover Woods, was in order.
I posted an alert that said I would do CW only due to my poor throat and because I really wanted to try and get some CW QSO's on 60m. I've called and called on 60m CW at home but to no avail. Maybe a CW only activation would be the carrot.
So having driven up to The Woods, I located myself in the usual clearing near the summit (gentle rise) cairn.
I set up the 88ft double Norcal doublet on the 10m pole and listened to the 60m beacons on 5.290. They were absolutely romping in. This boded well I thought with good conditions for 60m operation across the UK.
Now although I didn't expect to interfere with the beacons by using 5.291 (one of the recommended CW working frequencies), I did wait until a gap in their transmission schedule after 15 minutes past the hour.
I felt a little mean not using SSB so I announced I would do some SSB QSO's on FE so off I went. A good run of the "usual suspects" followed (including a first QSO with Carolyn G6WRW) but then my voice really started to give out so I moved off to 40m CW on 7.032.
It was particularly nice to have calls from chasers in Finland (OH3GZ) and Norway (LA1ENA)… two recent new associations. A shame I didn't get a call from Sweden, another Nordic country that will soon be on board too.
Some other interesting calls including Hungary, Ukraine and Bosnia Herzegovina. It just goes to show that early evening is an interesting time on the LF bands.
I moved to 3.557 expecting a run of G's but I guess most had worked me on 40m! Other than a few UK stations, I worked DL, F and HB9 on 80m.
I made one last move back to FE on 60m for a few more QSO's and decided to go QRT at about 1740z… just as well as I remembered they lock the gates on the forest roads at 1800z!
I quickly packed up and made my way back to the car and down the hill (with a couple of minutes to spare) after a satisfying couple of hours.
BTW… Sorry for my poor keying at one point. One issue was my "woolly head" full of cold, the other is the fact that I have not adjusted the Palm Paddle since getting it out of the box… it is not at it's optimum for me and I will give it some attention now.
Anyway thanks to all for the QSO's and to G6WRW, GW0DSP, G4OBK and HA5TI for the spots.
It was especially good to work "old friends" but also some new calls around Europe. Isn't SOTA great!


TIP! Coupons are available everywhere. An old-fashioned favorite is the Sunday paper.
Watching others make amazing purchases and saving lots of money with coupons is wonderful. Though it looks simple, there strategies at work that take some thought. It take a lot more than just buying the Sunday paper and saving a few coupons. You have to know where and how to gather coupons and where to put them to use. Here you will find all of that information and more. Welcome to the world of couponing!
TIP! Combine coupons with sales to maximize your savings. Often, you will need to hang on to your coupon for a while before the item it is for goes on sale.
Be sure you're not just buying something because you've got a coupon for it. You are actually wasting money if you're buying stuff that you won't use. Just use coupons on items you plan on buying to begin with to avoid unnecessary spending.
TIP! When you use coupons, you do not use them as soon as you get them. Instead, hold the coupon until there is a sale on this item, and then take in the coupon to get double the discount.
Take advantage of grocery-store competition. One store will usually honor coupons from another store. If you make the most of this, you would not have to go from store to store trying to save money. If you drive to multiple stores, you may end up erasing the savings achieved through couponing.
TIP! Look to dollar stores for additional savings. A coupon can often be used for items at the nearby dollar store.
Use coupon clipping services to help you save even more. You can order multiples of the best coupons and use them when your favorite items are on sale. Just Google "coupon clipping service" to find the best sites. This way, you avoid the cost of having to buy multiple newspapers to take advantage of good savings.
TIP! There are many stores out there that let your double, or in some cases, triple your coupons. If you're not sure what local stores do this, ask people around you.
If you are eager and desperate in your coupon search, take advantage of the coupons that are tossed into the dumpster. You don't actually have to go digging through trash! A quick look through the recycling pile can often turn up an abundance of coupons. Many people do not use coupons and simply toss them out.
TIP! If you have family or friends with magazine or newspaper subscriptions, ask them to keep the coupon inserts for you. By utilizing this tip you'll have a lot more options when you're trying to save money on things you want to purchase.
Keep the coupons your family will use and trade or give away the others. You can destroy your grocery budget by trying to use every coupon you come across. Many couponers quit clipping coupons because of unneeded purchases. The coupons that you do clip will be more organized as well.
TIP! A helpful tip for couponers is to organize and store your coupons where they can be found easily when you are ready to shop. Many times people forget their coupons; however, if you keep them with you, you will never be without them.
You can purchase coupons on certain sites. There might be an interesting deal that can't be found anywhere else. Getting multiples of the same coupon really makes it worth paying a small fee for them when you can combine them with sales and stock up.
TIP! Find a website that will show you what coupons to use at what stores. This is great because you'll have a lot of coupons in a central location so that you don't have to go all over to find them.
Purchase items in bulk. Whenever you own coupons for essential items, buy them. Coupons very rarely last for eternity. The products you purchase have the longer shelf life. If you own coupon doubles for a necessary item, use them immediately. You'll save a lot over time.
TIP! Write out your grocery list before you go coupon hunting. Although you may not find applicable coupons right away for most of the items you wish to buy, you may be able to to change your plans and shop at different stores or on different days to maximize your savings.
If you want to take advantage of all of your coupons, you have to shop every week. It can save you a good bit of money to shop every week. You will find that most stores offer weekly coupons that should probably be used to get the most out of your money.
TIP! Make sure you're only purchasing the items that can be stored in your home. If you have extra coupons you cannot use, give them to a friend.
For anyone who wants to make using coupons a regular habit, always keep them in a location that will prevent forgetting them on your way out. Many people forget about their coupons when heading out shopping. This means keeping your coupons in sight of the door.
TIP! Always save your expired coupons. Ask the manager of your local store if you can still use them.
Organization can cut couponing efforts in half. A lot of couponers organize coupons by grocery aisle, such as soda, meats, dairy, etc. There are many different ways to keep your coupons organized. Some of the most commonly used ways are by sorting by date, or by using the layout of the store you should at most. Just find a method that works in your mind and you will be a winner.
TIP! Whenever possible, shop at locations that double coupons. Quite a few stores allow this, and it really can help.
Now that you read the above article, you should be aware of how much money people can save when they collect and use coupons the right way. The people that save the most by using coupons are those that put a good amount of time and effort into their practice. Apply this advice to all your purchases, and you're sure to get the most out of your budget and your coupon experience.


text:
/*
 * Created on 23/10/2006
 *
 * TODO To change the template for this generated file go to
 * Window - Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates
 */
package martin.mogrid.submission.task.bagoftask.protocol;

import martin.mogrid.submission.protocol.TaskSubmissionProtocol;
import martin.mogrid.submission.task.bagoftask.protocol.message.P2PBoTMessage;
import martin.mogrid.submission.task.bagoftask.protocol.message.P2PJobResult;

import org.apache.log4j.Logger;

public class P2PJobResultMessageHandler implements Runnable {

   // Manutencao do arquivo de log do servico
   private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(P2PJobResultMessageHandler.class);

   private P2PJobResult           msgJobResult          = null;
   private TaskSubmissionProtocol botSubmissionProtocol = null;
   private Thread                 resultThread          = null;

   public P2PJobResultMessageHandler(P2PBoTMessage data, TaskSubmissionProtocol botSubmissionProtocol) {
      this.msgJobResult          = (P2PJobResult) data;
      this.botSubmissionProtocol = botSubmissionProtocol;
   }

   public void run() {
      logger.debug("< BoT Channel [receiving] P2PJobResult {JobID: "+msgJobResult.getJobID()+" - ReqID: "+ msgJobResult.getRequestID()+"} (RESULT: "+msgJobResult.getJobResult()+")");
      botSubmissionProtocol.deliveryTaskResolution(msgJobResult);
   }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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The Spero Lucem is a new brand of watches, that was inspired by the city of Geneva. Its name was taken from the city's motto "Post Tenebras Lux", meaning "Light After Darkness" – the full version of which is "Post Tenebras Spero Lucem" (from the Old Testament Book of Job, in the Bible), meaning "After darkness, I hope for light" or "After calamity, I aspire to happiness". This watch company strives to pay tribute Geneva and the fundamentals of the city. They believe that these fundamentals of tradition and a history that is still an integral part of the city's daily life are those that Swiss watchmaking owes a large part of its identity.


This resource offers revolutionary access to one of the most important archives for the study of Social History in the modern era. Explore original manuscript and typescript papers created and collected by the Mass Observation organisation, as well as printed publications, photographs and interactive features.
Let us guide you through Mass Observation Online.


The Smithfield buyout is not yet a done deal. It must first be approved by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States.
Whitey (I'm one) is sucking off the system (I'm not) more than anyone, and China is not the problem. This eternal utopian dream some Americans have of staying on top of the world is over. Mentally prepare yourself to melt into the global system. It is the plan of the Big Club, of which, we are not members. Here is a crisis. Are people getting active to do something about it? Nope.Put the blame where it belongs. America is rotting from within after decades of failed policies and inaction by the citzens. Patriots are now labeled domestic terrorists, movements just stir things temporarily, so forget about getting anything done, anything short of an all-out revolution. Try to enjoy your few days on the earth. We are not special.
Ok Armour and Farmland....two brands I will NOT be purchasing. Considering China's standards in food processing...NO THANK YOU!
Avian Bird Flu – not sure what they did with all the chicken. There's a recall of all chicken due to strange antibiotics in Dog's treats. Milk tainted with melamine, twice, and now they buy up Pork farms.
Investment for the processing of pork is a sound business transaction since it provides China an opportunity to produce and process pork at much lower prices than cattle or other animals that need substantial grazing land which China does not have or cannot afford. China's present level of domestic food production may not be adequate enough to support the growing needs of the population and therefore overseas investment in agriculture and animal husbandry is a economic necessity to sustain domestic consumption, future growth and during times of natural disasters.
I don't see how this helps the US at all, in fact it probably means more pork going overseas and driving up costs of pork here in the US. What a bunch of sellouts!
Greed is the downfall of this country ! We want a car that will get 50mpg and we want to pay $10,000 for it. We do not care where it came from or who assembled it. We don't care that our neighbor is on unemployment, that's his problem. Our leaders stumble all over each other trying to blame each other for the country's problems, no one is standing up and saying "I've got a plan" ! I've got a plan to bring jobs home, to quit paying millions in aid to other countries while we sit weakened, to quit squandering our tax dollars here, to fix the IRS with a SIMPLE tax plan we all understand, tand o fix our medical issues, no, our leaders have a plan to throw mud at each other while the world watches us fade away.
Loss of economic control was also the red herring thrown out when the Japanese went on a Real Estate buying spree in the 80's. How did that work out?
Right on brother. We better get our heads out of our asses. America is being taken over by Asians and Hispanics and we have our government and the corporations to thank for that. They come here and breed,leaving the whites to be the minority. They are constantly sucking up our tax dollars on programs such as welfare, Medical and education,destroying the middle class and turning us into the minority.if we don't take back our government and we allow this to continue then we have no one else to blame.the government, corporations and bleeding heart liberals label us as biggots and racists every time someone tries to speak up. It is time to band together and change this once great country known as America.
Hispanic is not a race. There are white hispanics. And hispanic is not a synonym for latin. Stop using these names incorrectly.
So you're implying Asians and Hispanics aren't really Americans and they're ruining this country by sucking the government dry and bankrupting the country. That's quite insulting to those who have come into this country by legal means, and may I mention that as a whole, Asians have the highest median household income in America, which might imply we're contributing more to this country per capita than whites are. Take this country from us? Good luck with that.
Greed will be the downfall of America.
You are not greedy? You are an angel? this is not left vs right, GOP vs Dems, Socialism vs liberty. This is war against White people.


text:
Jena, A. (2021). Table 3: Paired t-test for 12 weeks. [online] Project Guru. Available at: https://www.projectguru.in/short-term-momentum-analysis-of-growth-income-and-value-stocks/screenshot-2021-02-09-at-1-28-06-pm/ [Accessed 28 Jan. 2023].
(Jena, 2021)
Jena, Abhinash "Table 3: Paired t-test for 12 weeks" Knowledge Tank, Project Guru, 09 Feb 2021, https://www.projectguru.in/short-term-momentum-analysis-of-growth-income-and-value-stocks/screenshot-2021-02-09-at-1-28-06-pm/. Accessed 28 Jan 2023.
(Jena)
Jena, Abhinash (2021, Feb 09). Table 3: Paired t-test for 12 weeks. Knowledge Tank; Project Guru. https://www.projectguru.in/short-term-momentum-analysis-of-growth-income-and-value-stocks/screenshot-2021-02-09-at-1-28-06-pm/
Jena, Abhinash "Table 3: Paired t-test for 12 weeks." Knowledge Tank, Project Guru, Feb 09 2021, https://www.projectguru.in/short-term-momentum-analysis-of-growth-income-and-value-stocks/screenshot-2021-02-09-at-1-28-06-pm/.
Jena, Abhinash "Table 3: Paired t-test for 12 weeks", Project Guru (Knowledge Tank, Feb 09 2021), https://www.projectguru.in/short-term-momentum-analysis-of-growth-income-and-value-stocks/screenshot-2021-02-09-at-1-28-06-pm/.
Table 3: Paired t-test for 12 weeks
By Abhinash on February 9, 2021


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Why January 9 Is the Most Dangerous Day for Colorado Workers
Over Three Dozen Arrested During Climate Protests at Polis State of the State Address
Grassroots Group Padres & Jóvenes Unidos Is Ready to Get Political
Sara Fleming
Four of Padres & Jóvenes Unidos Action Fund's new boardmembers (clockwise from top left): Emma Bliesener, Macarena Villagomez, Felipe Vieyra Jr. and Denisse Romero.
Courtesy of Padres & Jóvenes Unidos Action Fund
Sara Fleming | July 24, 2019 | 8:14am
Padres & Jóvenes Unidos, a grassroots community nonprofit led by people of color, has been at the forefront of plenty of politicized fights — organizing for legislation that would give undocumented students equal access to higher education, speaking against racial disparity and the school-to-prison pipeline, and defending kids of color from racially targeted bullying, just to name a few. Now, Padres is giving its members a platform to take its political involvement to a more direct level, launching an "action fund" organization that will be able to endorse and campaign for candidates in local, state and national elections. The action fund is a tax-exempt 501(c)(4) "social welfare" nonprofit, a designation that allows it to engage in lobbying and campaign intervention (which charitable 501(c)(3) organizations are limited from doing).
"I think the action fund was really born from a call from our members," says Monica Acosta, the fund's co-director. "In the past few years...in communities of color across the country, many of us have felt really under attack."
Padres has always been engaged with elected officials to advocate for policies that support its mission of "educational equity, racial justice, immigrant rights and quality health care for all." But, Acosta says, "at this point, our members are saying there's way too much at stake. And this requires us to work with elected officials in a different way…to look for members of our community who have our lived experience and [support efforts to] run them for office."
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Pursuant to federal law, the fund, Acosta explains, will operate separately from the original 501(c)(3) organization, with a different board of directors, funding structure and staff. However, members are likely to cross over between both organizations, and they will focus on similar issues. According to Acosta, over half of the fund's board of directors are Denver Public Schools alumni, and many are young women of color.
Emma Bliesener is a co-chair of the fund's board and a Denver Public Schools alum. She had previously been involved with Padres as a policy and civic engagement coordinator. "From conversations with our community, we knew we need to have directly impacted students and parents leading the conversation and the fight, [to] call out things as they are," she says.
The first action the fund plans to see will be during the Denver Public Schools school board races this fall. The organization hasn't revealed which candidate it will support yet, but Bliesener says that members will be involved in choosing whom to endorse, eventually voting on the candidate they want to support. "We will prioritize candidates who adhere to, in broad terms, fighting for high-quality public education [and] the counselors-not-cops platform, which talks about reinvesting money away from criminalization and into mental health support," Bliesener says.
Eventually, the Padres action fund hopes to get involved in city and state elections and maybe even the 2020 presidential race.
According to Acosta, it's relatively uncommon for grassroots, member-led nonprofits like Padres to start up a (c)(4) side. However, we might be seeing more of them in the future, she says. "I would say that the sentiments that our new leaders and members expressed about why we needed a (c)(4) [are] common among other grassroots organizations that we work with; it's a strategy that they're exploring. I have heard a lot of talk about that being one of the critical strategies that we need," she says.
Padres & Jovenes Unidos will hold an official launch for the fund on July 25 from 6 to 8 p.m. at Wayfinder Co-op, where it will also reveal more details about the fund.
Sara Fleming is a freelance writer and formal editorial fellow at Westword. She covers a wide variety of stories about local politics and communities. A born-and-raised Coloradan, when she's not exploring Denver, she's on a mission to visit every mountain town in the state.
Twitter: @sarajfleming
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These photos were taken on August 16, 2018 at 6:20 AM.
The location was in a hotel in the Georgetown section of Washington DC.
The "Take It!" came from what started out as a passing glance into a lounge area off the lobby of this very nice hotel. It is designated as a place to relax and socialize. Most hotels try to have something be different about the decor of these areas so that the guest experience is enjoyable and just maybe, one of the items in the area might be memorable without being dominant. I think the back cushion for this bench seating arrangement is understated art work.
Understated eye candy is the label I would give to it as found most of the room to be very pleasant.
Many hotels are now placing random items on coffee tables for adults to toy with in lounge areas. A sort of immersion in art in an unexpected way. I like it.
I am working on a product which someday I hope to be able to have be interesting enough to present to hotels to contemplate putting it out for people to play with in this type of setting. I will put it up on the site for everyone to review when it is further along.
I believe that style of upholstery is called New York Chic for anyone wondering.
What a beautiful room. I need to get the number for their cleaning service.
I have a very similar pattern on some bar stools we have.
That's a really cool pattern. Never seen anything like it.
Almost looks like the inside of a Starbucks.
What a beautiful room, I'd love it if my living room looked like this. Instead its just toys, EVERYWHERE!


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Albert's active life
In 1988, Prince Albert was appointed President of the Organizing Committee of the Monte Carlo Television Festival, held annually in the Principality in February, to which hundreds of television experts…
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In 1988, Prince Albert was appointed President of the Organizing Committee of the Monte Carlo Television Festival, held annually in the Principality in February, to which hundreds of television experts come. Here his interest in communications and technological innovations taking place in this industry is fully manifested.
Albert had to solve another important problem. For a long time, the principality appeared on the black list of the international commission on combating money laundering. The Principality has gained fame as an offshore zone, where billions of dollars flowed from financial fraud around the world. Albert Grimaldi did everything to improve the reputation of the country: together with Rainier III, Albert achieved the exclusion of the principality from the "black" lists.
When Monaco was admitted to the United Nations on May 28, 1993, the sovereign prince appointed him the head of the Monaco delegation to travel to the General Assembly of this organization, and thus he participated in the opening of the 48th UN session in New York.
In 2006, Prince Albert officially took the throne of Monaco. In fact, Albert led Monaco back in July 2005, at the end of a three-month mourning for the deceased Prince Rainier, who ruled Monaco for 56 years.
The ceremony began with a service at the Cathedral. Albert II appeared before the public in uniform and with orders. Archbishop Bernard Barsi, blessing the prince's accession to the throne, recalled that the mission of Albert II was to continue the Grimaldi dynasty, which has ruled the state for 700 years. On the eve of the coronation ceremony, Albert II said in an interview that, having ascended the throne, he remains devoted to the memory of his parents and keeps his mother's gift – "a metal plate on which is engraved a line from the poem" If "by Redyard Kipling:" My son, you will become a man. "
After completing the official part, the new ruler adopted his first military parade. In the evening, a reception was held in honor of the coronation with the participation of 900 distinguished guests, among whom were representatives of many royal houses of Europe.
Prince Albert continues to live an eventful life. So, during the four-day Russian-Monegasque Arctic expedition, the reigning prince of Monaco reached the North Pole, where he called on the people of the Earth to fight against climate warming. From there he went to the mainland, his next destination was the Moscow Kremlin. "When you see the northern landscapes, these magnificent icy seas, you understand the extent to which our planet is diverse and beautiful," the prince said. Albert II became the first head of state to accomplish such a feat.
Prince Albert II at the South Pole The expedition also included his personal physician Michael McNamara, the famous British climber Annabel Bond and the son of the famous Russian conqueror of the North Dmitry Shparo Matvey Shparo. The prince said that he took his unusual journey in order to draw the attention of the world community to the consequences of climate change in the Arctic. In his view, climate change "is increasing due to the negative impact of human activities." "This is especially noticeable in the Arctic, very close to the pole, where you can observe open, barely frozen patches of water," he said.
Albert II also noted that he decided to take part in the expedition in order to pay tribute to his great-grandfather – Prince Albert I, the famous scientific oceanographer and polar explorer who carried out four summer research expeditions to Spitsbergen from 1898 to 1907.
At 48, Prince Albert was not yet married and was not even seen in constant affection. The prince is famous for his love affairs, he recently recognized two children from different mothers. Prince Rainier III was very worried about his son and even insisted on changing the dynastic law. If Albert does not have an heir, the children of his sisters, the nephews of the young prince, will succeed him. If the sisters leave this world before him, he will still remain on the throne, and the crown, thus, "in the family". But, despite all the family troubles, Monegasques don't dwell on their rulers.
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About the tax-free system and the construction boom
The most famous mile in the world
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Monaco - Millionaire Reserve
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Home/Hindi/Nick Jonas Shares a Video of Priyanka Chopra Dancing on 'Tune Maari Entriyaan' With an Adorable Caption
Nick Jonas Shares a Video of Priyanka Chopra Dancing on 'Tune Maari Entriyaan' With an Adorable Caption
Several pictures and videos were out from Priyanka Chopra's engagement which was held on 18th of August in Mumbai. Both Priyanka and Nick danced like crazy animals in their engagement and definitely, they seemed very excited. Their dancing videos went viral on the social media and Nick also shared a dancing video on Instagram by putting it as his story. Both Priyanka Chopra and Nick Jonas were then spotted on Sunday evening near a kid's orphanage with their close friends and family members.
Nick Jonas shared many pictures and videos from that place on his Instagram stories and in one story, we could see our Desi Girl dancing on the famous song 'Tune Maari Entriyaan' which is from her movie 'Gunday' itself. In the video, our Desi Girl is dancing with a little girl which is winning the hearts of many of her fans. Nick Jonas posted it as his story with a lovely caption and now the video is running viral on the social media and many people are reacting on it.
Nick shared this video with the caption,
AUGUST 19 2018- Nick's instastory post from St. Catherine's orphanage. #nickjonas #priyankachopra #jicknonas #peecee #nickyanka @nickjonas @priyankachopra
A post shared by NICKYANKA'S LOVE (@nickyankaslove) on Aug 19, 2018 at 12:42pm PDT
"St.Catherine's orphanage today. My heart is full."
Priyanka Chopra has always been one of the most influential actresses of the Bollywood film industry. She has always been full of energy when it comes to dancing and also her energy level is incredible. Now Jonas will have to get used to the energy level of PeeCee as he is going to witness such things in the future. Desi Girl completely rocks the floor with her dance steps on 'Tune Maari Entriyaan'.
Well, after her engagement party, Priyanka Chopra also shared a picture of Bade Papa with Papa Jonas. Priyanka Chopra declared her relationship with Nick Jonas official in the Roka ceremony which was held on Saturday morning. Nick Jonas also declared their relationship official and the function was a private affair in which their very close friends and family members were invited. Both shared the pictures of their function and then Priyanka Chopra also shared a photo in which we could see Bade Papa with Papa Jonas. They both finally took over their Insta accounts to declare that they are taken.
After the Roka ceremony, they hosted a private engagement party in a suburban five-star hotel where many Bollywood celebrities were spotted. Bollywood celebrities like Arpita Khan Sharma, Parineeti Chopra, Sidharth Roy Kapur and few others arrived at Priyanka Chopra's bash in the evening. Many inside pictures also went viral on the social media as some of them were posted by Nick Jonas only. There were many cute pictures from the engagement which included a photo of Bade Papa and Papa Jonas as well.
A source had earlier stated to Pinkvilla,
"A very private family dinner has been planned by Priyanka and family to celebrate the occasion. They want to keep things very private until the formal announcement."
Now they both have finally declared their relationship official and the fans would soon see this adorable couple tying the knot. The reports state that the adorable couple is going to tie the knot in the month of September. The date has been finalized and it is being stated as 16th of September. Both the stars are quite excited to begin their new life and even the Bollywood fans are eagerly waiting to see this successful actress tying the knot with Nick Jonas.
Well, talking more about the picture of Nick's father and Priyanka's Grandfather, the caption 'Bade Papa and Papa Jonas' by Priyanka took over the hearts of many people. The picture was just adorable and was being loved by all their fans. Jonas' family is also very excited to have a new member in their family and they are completely satisfied with Priyanka Chopra. Nick's brother Joe had tweeted,
"I couldn't be happier for my brother. Welcome to the family @priyankachopra We love you."
So Nick's family definitely seems very excited to have Priyanka Chopra as their daughter-in-law and now let's hope that they both have a beautiful journey ahead.
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eSchemes provides full control over desktop decoration. It uses .sch scheme files which contain description of new colors, new buttons and icons.
1. How to change schemes?
(Download more schemes from our site or exchange schemes with friends).
To apply, select scheme file, call popup menu, select Apply scheme.
If a scheme mixed colors then you can return to original colors - apply eComStation.sch scheme.
How to modify a scheme?
We do not recommend create own schemes, this is the responsibility of designers.
2. How to setup fonts in web-browser?
Step A: Install Microsoft fonts (ms font pack, download, install using Font Palette).
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Check the fonts of the widgets.
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eCo Tunes - интернет-радио. Слушай музыку других народов, любых жанров.