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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide that are bacterial toxins. They are composed of an O-antigen, an outer core, and an inner core all joined by a covalent bond, and are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Today, the term endotoxin is often used synonymously with LPS, although there are a few endotoxins (in the original sense of toxins that are inside the bacterial cell that are released when the cell disintegrates) that are not related to LPS, such as the so-called delta endotoxin proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis.

Lipopolysaccharides can have substantial impacts on human health, primarily through interactions with the immune system. LPS is a potent activator of the immune system and pyrogen (agent that causes fever). In severe cases, LPS can play a role in causing septic shock. In lower levels and over a longer time period, there is evidence LPS may play an important and harmful role in autoimmunity, obesity, depression, and cellular senescence.

Discovery
The toxic activity of LPS was first discovered and termed endotoxin by Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer. He distinguished between exotoxins, toxins that are released by bacteria into the surrounding environment, and endotoxins, which are toxins "within" the bacterial cell and released only after destruction of the bacterial outer membrane. Subsequent work showed that release of LPS from gram negative microbes does not necessarily require the destruction of the bacterial cell wall, but rather, LPS is secreted as part of the normal physiological activity of membrane vesicle trafficking in the form of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which may also contain other virulence factors and proteins.

Functions in bacteria
LPS is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, contributing greatly to the structural integrity of the bacteria and protecting the membrane from certain kinds of chemical attack. LPS is the most abundant antigen on the cell surface of most Gram-negative bacteria, contributing up to 80% of the outer membrane of E. coli and Salmonella.  LPS increases the negative charge of the cell membrane and helps stabilize the overall membrane structure. It is of crucial importance to many Gram-negative bacteria, which die if the genes coding for it are mutated or removed. However, it appears that LPS is nonessential in at least some Gram-negative bacteria, such as Neisseria meningitidis, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. It has also been implicated in non-pathogenic aspects of bacterial ecology, including surface adhesion, bacteriophage sensitivity, and interactions with predators such as amoebae. LPS is also required for the functioning of omptins, a class of bacterial protease.

Composition

Lipopolysaccharides are composed of three parts: The O antigen (or O polysaccharide), the Core oligosaccharide, and Lipid A.

O-antigen
The repetitive glycan polymer contained within an LPS is referred to as the O antigen, O polysaccharide, or O side-chain of the bacteria. The O antigen is attached to the core oligosaccharide, and comprises the outermost domain of the LPS molecule. The composition of the O chain varies from strain to strain; there are over 160 different O antigen structures produced by different E. coli strains. The presence or absence of O chains determines whether the LPS is considered "rough" or "smooth". Full-length O-chains would render the LPS smooth, whereas the absence or reduction of O-chains would make the LPS rough. Bacteria with rough LPS usually have more penetrable cell membranes to hydrophobic antibiotics, since a rough LPS is more hydrophobic. O antigen is exposed on the very outer surface of the bacterial cell, and, as a consequence, is a target for recognition by host antibodies.

Core

The core domain always contains an oligosaccharide component that attaches directly to lipid A and commonly contains sugars such as heptose and 3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (also known as KDO, keto-deoxyoctulosonate).  The LPS cores of many bacteria also contain non-carbohydrate components, such as phosphate, amino acids, and ethanolamine substituents.

Lipid A

Lipid A is, in normal circumstances, a phosphorylated glucosamine disaccharide decorated with multiple fatty acids. These hydrophobic fatty acid chains anchor the LPS into the bacterial membrane, and the rest of the LPS projects from the cell surface. The lipid A domain is responsible for much of the toxicity of Gram-negative bacteria. When bacterial cells are lysed by the immune system, fragments of membrane containing lipid A are released into the circulation, causing fever, diarrhea, and possible fatal endotoxic shock (also called septic shock). The Lipid A moiety is a very conserved component of the LPS. However Lipid A structure varies among bacterial species. Lipid A structure largely defines the degree and nature of the overall host immune activation.

Lipooligosaccharides

The "rough form" of LPS has a lower molecular weight due to the absence of the O polysaccharide. In its place is   a short oligosaccharide: this form is known as Lipooligosaccharide (LOS), and is a glycolipid found in the outer membrane of some types of Gram-negative bacteria, such as Neisseria spp. and Haemophilus spp.  LOS plays a central role in maintaining the integrity and functionality of the outer membrane of the Gram negative cell envelope. LOS play an important role in the pathogenesis of certain bacterial infections because they are capable of acting as immunostimulators and immunomodulators. Furthermore, LOS molecules are responsible for the ability of some bacterial strains to display molecular mimicry and antigenic diversity, aiding in the evasion of host immune defenses and thus contributing to the virulence of these bacterial strains. In the case of Neisseria meningitidis, the lipid A portion of the molecule has a symmetrical structure and the inner core is composed of 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO) and heptose (Hep) moieties. The outer core oligosaccharide chain varies depending on the bacterial strain.

LPS detoxification
A highly conserved host enzyme called acyloxyacyl hydrolase (AOAH) may detoxify LPS when it enters, or is produced in, animal tissues. It may also convert LPS in the intestine into an LPS inhibitor. Neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells produce this lipase, which inactivates LPS by removing the two secondary acyl chains from lipid A to produce tetraacyl LPS.  If mice are given LPS parenterally, those that lack AOAH develop high titers of non-specific antibodies, develop prolonged hepatomegaly, and experience prolonged endotoxin tolerance. LPS inactivation may be required for animals to restore homeostasis after parenteral LPS exposure.  Although mice have many other mechanisms for inhibiting LPS signaling, none is able to prevent these changes in animals that lack AOAH.

Dephosphorylation of LPS by intestinal alkaline phosphatase can reduce the severity of Salmonella tryphimurium and Clostridioides difficile infection restoring normal gut microbiota. Alkaline phosphatase prevents intestinal inflammation (and
"leaky gut") from bacteria by dephosphorylating the Lipid A portion of LPS.

Biosynthesis and transport

Biological effects on hosts infected with Gram-negative bacteria

Immune response
LPS acts as the prototypical endotoxin because it binds the CD14/TLR4/MD2 receptor complex in many cell types, but especially in monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells, which promotes the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and eicosanoids. Bruce Beutler was awarded a portion of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work demonstrating that TLR4 is the LPS receptor.

As part of the cellular stress response, superoxide is one of the major reactive oxygen species induced by LPS in various cell types that express TLR (toll-like receptor). LPS is also an exogenous pyrogen (fever-inducing substance).

LPS function has been under experimental research for several years due to its role in activating many transcription factors. LPS also produces many types of mediators involved in septic shock. Humans are much more sensitive to LPS than other animals (e.g., mice). A dose of 1 µg/kg induces shock in humans, but mice will tolerate a dose up to a thousand times higher. This may relate to differences in the level of circulating natural antibodies between the two species.
Said et al. showed that LPS causes an IL-10-dependent inhibition of CD4 T-cell expansion and function by up-regulating PD-1 levels on monocytes which leads to IL-10 production by monocytes after binding of PD-1 by PD-L1.

Endotoxins are in large part responsible for the dramatic clinical manifestations of infections with pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, such as Neisseria meningitidis, the pathogens that causes meningococcal disease, including meningococcemia, Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome, and meningitis.

Portions of the LPS from several bacterial strains have been shown to be chemically similar to human host cell surface molecules; the ability of some bacteria to present molecules on their surface which are chemically identical or similar to the surface molecules of some types of host cells is termed molecular mimicry.  For example, in Neisseria meningitidis L2,3,5,7,9, the terminal tetrasaccharide portion of the oligosaccharide (lacto-N-neotetraose) is the same tetrasaccharide as that found in paragloboside, a precursor for ABH glycolipid antigens found on human erythrocytes. In another example, the terminal trisaccharide portion (lactotriaose) of the oligosaccharide from pathogenic Neisseria spp. LOS is also found in lactoneoseries glycosphingolipids from human cells.  Most meningococci from groups B and C, as well as gonococci, have been shown to have this trisaccharide as part of their LOS structure.  The presence of these human cell surface 'mimics' may, in addition to acting as a 'camouflage' from the immune system, play a role in the abolishment of immune tolerance when infecting hosts with certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes, such as HLA-B35.

LPS can be sensed directly by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through the bonding with TLR4, causing them to proliferate in reaction to a systemic infection.  This response activate the TLR4-TRIF-ROS-p38 signaling within the HSCs and through a sustained TLR4 activation can cause a proliferative stress, leading to impair their competitive repopulating ability.  Infection in mice using S. typhimurium showed similar results, validating the experimental model also in vivo.

Effect of variability on immune response

O-antigens (the outer carbohydrates) are the most variable portion of the LPS molecule, imparting the antigenic specificity. In contrast, lipid A is the most conserved part. However, lipid A composition also may vary (e.g., in number and nature of acyl chains even within or between genera). Some of these variations may impart antagonistic properties to these LPS. For example, Rhodobacter sphaeroides diphosphoryl lipid A (RsDPLA) is a potent antagonist of LPS in human cells, but is an agonist in hamster and equine cells.

It has been speculated that conical Lipid A (e.g., from E. coli) are more agonistic, less conical lipid A like those of Porphyromonas gingivalis may activate a different signal (TLR2 instead of TLR4), and completely cylindrical lipid A like that of Rhodobacter sphaeroides is antagonistic to TLRs. In general, LPS gene clusters are highly variable between different strains, subspecies, species of bacterial pathogens of plants and animals.

Normal human blood serum contains anti-LOS antibodies that are bactericidal and patients that have infections caused by serotypically distinct strains possess anti-LOS antibodies that differ in their specificity compared with normal serum. These differences in humoral immune response to different LOS types can be attributed to the structure of the LOS molecule, primarily within the structure of the oligosaccharide portion of the LOS molecule.
In Neisseria gonorrhoeae it has been demonstrated that the antigenicity of LOS molecules can change during an infection due to the ability of these bacteria to synthesize more than one type of LOS, a characteristic known as phase variation. Additionally, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, as well as Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae, are capable of further modifying their LOS in vitro, for example through sialylation (modification with sialic acid residues), and as a result are able to increase their resistance to complement-mediated killing  or even down-regulate complement activation or evade the effects of bactericidal antibodies. Sialylation may also contribute to hindered neutrophil attachment and phagocytosis by immune system cells as well as a reduced oxidative burst. Haemophilus somnus, a pathogen of cattle, has also been shown to display LOS phase variation, a characteristic which may help in the evasion of bovine host immune defenses.
Taken together, these observations suggest that variations in bacterial surface molecules such as LOS can help the pathogen evade both the humoral (antibody and complement-mediated) and the cell-mediated (killing by neutrophils, for example) host immune defenses.

Non-canonical pathways of LPS recognition
Recently, it was shown that in addition to TLR4 mediated pathways, certain members of the family of the transient receptor potential ion channels recognize LPS. LPS-mediated activation of TRPA1 was shown in mice and Drosophila melanogaster flies. At higher concentrations, LPS activates other members of the sensory TRP channel family as well, such as TRPV1, TRPM3 and to some extent TRPM8.
LPS is recognized by TRPV4 on epithelial cells. TRPV4 activation by LPS was necessary and sufficient to induce nitric oxide production with a bactericidal effect.

Health effects
In general the health effects of LPS are due to its abilities as a potent activator and modulator of the immune system, especially its inducement of inflammation.

Endotoxemia

The presence of endotoxins in the blood is called endotoxemia. High level of endotoxemia can lead to septic shock, while lower concentration of endotoxins in the bloodstream is called metabolic endotoxemia. Endotoxemia is associated with obesity, diet, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, while also host genetics might have an effect.

Moreover, endotoxemia of intestinal origin, especially, at the host-pathogen interface, is considered to be an important factor in the development of alcoholic hepatitis,  which is likely to develop on the basis of the small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome and an increased intestinal permeability.

Lipid A may cause uncontrolled activation of mammalian immune systems with production of inflammatory mediators that may lead to septic shock. This inflammatory reaction is mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 which is responsible for immune system cell activation. Damage to the endothelial layer of blood vessels caused by these inflammatory mediators can lead to capillary leak syndrome, dilation of blood vessels and a decrease in cardiac function and can lead to septic shock. Pronounced complement activation can also be observed later in the course as the bacteria multiply in the blood. High bacterial proliferation triggering destructive endothelial damage can also lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with loss of function of certain internal organs such as the kidneys, adrenal glands and lungs due to compromised blood supply. The skin can show the effects of vascular damage often coupled with depletion of coagulation factors in the form of petechiae, purpura and ecchymoses. The limbs can also be affected, sometimes with devastating consequences such as the development of gangrene, requiring subsequent amputation. Loss of function of the adrenal glands can cause adrenal insufficiency and additional hemorrhage into the adrenals causes Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, both of which can be life-threatening.

It has also been reported that gonococcal LOS can cause damage to human fallopian tubes.

Auto-immune disease
The molecular mimicry of some LOS molecules is thought to cause autoimmune-based host responses, such as flareups of multiple sclerosis.  Other examples of bacterial mimicry of host structures via LOS are found with the bacteria Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni, organisms which cause gastrointestinal disease in humans, and Haemophilus ducreyi which causes chancroid. Certain C. jejuni LPS serotypes (attributed to certain tetra- and pentasaccharide moieties of the core oligosaccharide) have also been implicated with Guillain–Barré syndrome and a variant of Guillain–Barré called Miller-Fisher syndrome.

Link to obesity
Epidemiological studies have shown that increased endotoxin load, which can be a result of increased populations of endotoxin-producing bacteria in the intestinal tract, is associated with certain obesity-related patient groups. Other studies have shown that purified endotoxin from Escherichia coli can induce obesity and insulin-resistance when injected into germ-free mouse models. A more recent study has uncovered a potentially contributing role for Enterobacter cloacae B29 toward obesity and insulin resistance in a human patient. The presumed mechanism for the association of endotoxin with obesity is that endotoxin induces an inflammation-mediated pathway accounting for the observed obesity and insulin resistance. Bacterial genera associated with endotoxin-related obesity effects include Escherichia and Enterobacter.

Depression
There is experimental and observational evidence that LPS might play a role in depression. Administration of LPS in mice can lead to depressive symptoms, and there seem to be elevated levels of LPS in some people with depression. Inflammation may sometimes play a role in the development of depression, and LPS is pro-inflammatory.

Cellular senescence
Inflammation induced by LPS can induce cellular senescence, as has been shown for the lung epithelial cells and microglial cells (the latter leading to neurodegeneration).

Role as contaminant in biotechnology and research

Lipopolysaccharides are frequent contaminants in plasmid DNA prepared from bacteria or proteins expressed from bacteria, and must be removed from the DNA or protein to avoid contaminating experiments and to avoid toxicity of products manufactured using industrial fermentation.

Ovalbumin is frequently contaminated with endotoxins. Ovalbumin is one of the extensively studied proteins in animal models and also an established model allergen for airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). Commercially available ovalbumin that is contaminated with LPS can falsify research results, as it does not accurately reflect the effect of the protein antigen on animal physiology.

In pharmaceutical production, it is necessary to remove all traces of endotoxin from drug product containers, as even small amounts of endotoxin will cause illness in humans.  A depyrogenation oven is used for this purpose.  Temperatures in excess of 300 °C are required to fully break down LPS.

The standard assay for detecting presence of endotoxin is the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay, utilizing blood from the Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus). Very low levels of LPS can cause coagulation of the limulus lysate due to a powerful amplification through an enzymatic cascade. However, due to the dwindling population of horseshoe crabs, and the fact that there are factors that interfere with the LAL assay, efforts have been made to develop alternative assays, with the most promising ones being ELISA tests using a recombinant version of a protein in the LAL assay, Factor C.

See also
 Bioaerosol
 Depyrogenation
 Host-pathogen interface
 Mucopolysaccharide
 Nesfatin-1
 Schwartzman reaction
 AOAH

References

External links

Membrane-active molecules
Glycolipids
Bacterial toxins


As a novelist for young adults, I spend a lot of time trying to recapture the emotions I had in high school. For me, there wasn't much joy in being a teen. I wrote poetry back then, and a lot of what I wrote captures my self-loathing and fear and confusion. I sometimes wrote about wanting to get life over with. But I also wrote about hope. I hoped things would get better. I only half-believed they would.
All those feelings of inferiority you have? Don't sweat it. Everyone has them, even the popular people. Even the ones who make fun of you. And someday? When you're an adult and have control of your own life? Yeah, that's when life gets good. Because you're smart. You're self-aware. You have the ability and the will to make good decisions. There will be a time when you won't be afraid. When life won't be something to merely tolerate.
In your early twenties, you'll be high on independence. In your late twenties, you'll be high on life and love and other substances. Life will be good, but along the way, you'll screw up. A lot. And then, sometime in your thirties, when things get pretty bad, you'll find yourself. You'll become the person you always wanted to be. You'll be happy. Content. At peace with who you are.
By the time you're in your forties, you'll realize that all the crap you went through was a tradeoff for the person you've become. And you'll realize it was a good trade. From where I stand, I'd do that trade again. Because being a kid, being a teen—that's just a blip in your lifespan, a distant memory.
Believe me when I tell you (after all, I'm living proof), life is beautiful, and you know what? So are you.


Never forget that Security has many other jobs.
I can't help thinking that, "This isn't nearly as bad as you thought," comes under the heading of Famous Last Words.
…does he have any particular use for money, or just enjoy the work?


Life can be rough and sometimes you need to be able to organize your thoughts to make everything better. You can become focused on one thing and forget about the other priorities in your life. I am going to explain the importance of keeping a balance between bodybuilding, work, and life. Your also going to learn a few natural techniques than can be used to keep your life in balance.
Being fit is crucial to being able to handle all the obstacles you come across on a daily basis. It gives you the the ability to perform better at your job and also gives you the confidence to have a good social life. The best way to improve your health is by bodybuilding, but participating in a recreational sport such as basketball, is a step to improving your health as well. This will put you in a social setting that you feel comfortable in and also gives you the ability to make a couple of new friends that share the same interests.
Having a positive social life is one of the most important factors in a person`s life. It makes everything you do worthwhile and makes you realize that others are going through the same problems as you are. You may also find the love of your life when your out with your friends. Nobody wants to be with a hermit so you have to fit some sort of social fun into your busy life or you`re going to live a long, lonely life. What you can do to become more social will depend on your values and who you feel most comfortable around. You only know what type of person you are and what makes you comfortable. A bodybuilder wouldn`t feel right at a golf course. A car mechanic wouldn`t feel comfortable being around a bunch of computer wizzes. Learning who you feel good around takes time and a lot of maturity on your part to realize you can`t be friends with everybody. Its the same way at a job, you can`t just fill out an application somewhere because your desperate for a job. You need to know what the job does, the type of people you`ll be working with, and how well you will fit in with the rest of the crew.
Work can become your worst enemy if you let it. If you hate your job and the people you work with, of course you`re going to have a negative attitude towards your job. Sure making money is nice, but when you start questioning yourself, "what am i doing here," you have a problem. There are also other problems a job can bring. If you have a bad boss, work around negative people, work long hours, and can`t handle the stress involved with the job, then you need to take a step back and develop a list of ways you can start to feel better. Are you getting enough sleep, are you exercising, are you spending enough or to much time with friends and family, eating right? You can also try yoga or some kind of other meditation practice, which are all good alternatives to seeing a therapist or some doctor who just wants to take your money.
You don`t want to do to much or to little of anything. Everything has a happy medium and you need to incorporate the practice of balancing into your everyday life.Again, you need to write down things you do on a daily basis and decide what things your doing in excess and develop ways to cut back on what is customary. To much of a good thing is just as bad as a repetitive bad habit and is important for you to realize. Life isn`t easy and it takes a lot of time to improve on it but taking small, gradual steps to improvemetn is the only way to achieving anything. Until Next Time, cya!


Once those college acceptance letters start coming in, you have a big decision to make: which college should you choose? If you have trouble making that decision, you may need to revisit your top schools of interest. Here's what you should do when visiting campuses post-acceptance.
Stay the night. Since you may not have had time to stay overnight at all the schools on your pre-acceptance list, now is a good time to make those overnight visits. You can't really know whether or not a school is for you until you spend the night on campus. You need to know what it's like to stay in a dorm. Do you like the dorm rooms? What about the bathrooms? You also need to know what the campus is like at night. Do you feel safe walking on campus after dark? How many students are out and about? What is the social scene like at night? Overnight visits are a fun way to get an inside perspective from current students too. If the school is in session during your visit, walk around your dorm during the evening and ask the students any questions you may have.
Decide where you feel most comfortable. When you revisit the schools, which one just feels right? It may not be the most prestigious or the most expensive, but that's okay. If you aren't comfortable at the school, chances are you won't stay. Choose the one that has the academic and extracurricular programs that you want and the one where you feel at ease.
Visiting colleges post-acceptance is a little different than visiting pre-acceptance. During the first visits, you don't know for sure where you will be accepted, so you are just gathering information about different colleges that interest you. During the post-acceptance visits, you know that you can attend the schools, so you are trying to pick the one that accommodates your needs the best. For more information about campus visits, read Making the Most of the Campus Visit.


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A pragmatic way of achieving Highly Sustainable Organisation : Governance and organisational learning in action in the public French sector
Myriam Merad 1 Nicolas Dechy 2 Frédéric Marcel 1
2 IRSN - Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire
Myriam Merad 1 AuthorId : 200986
Author IdHAL : myriam-merad
Nicolas Dechy 2 AuthorId : 783939
Frédéric Marcel 1 AuthorId : 783940
2 IRSN - Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (France) StructId : 300040
Abstract : Sustainability is becoming more and more the key challenge for organisations. Sustainability depends on internal and external characteristics of the organisation that should or must be preserved within the time and depends on the definition of what is a suitable state of the system (organisation and its environment) within medium and long terms as safety can be seen as feature of sustainability. The concept of sustainability is a key concept for safety researchers and practitioners. The reverse is true as safety concepts are useful to think sustainability which is still rather new. They share common research grounds on management and organisations sciences. In France, as exemplary organisations, public organisations are working on issues related to both the assessment and governance of sustainability. In this paper we propose a "proactive-based assessment" designed to measure an organisation's ability to govern and achieve sustainability. The proposed assessment method relies on three new concepts: "critical capital"; Highly Sustainable Organisation (HSO), and learning stages within an HSO. Although there are some elements of unpredictability in complex systems, sustainability for an organisation is based at least on its ability to learn and adapt. There are different ways of conceiving sustainability for public organisations. Even though there is no consensus on the way public organisations are conceived, there is still a philosophical and political agreement on the need for more sustainability. However, it is still unclear and sometimes not even pointed "what should be sustained for public organisations?". We suggest that the "critical capital" is characterised by internal and external aspects of the organisation that should be preserved within the time such as (i) the way of functioning of the organisation, (ii) the way the missions are performed or exercised by the organisation to meet what is contextually referred as being of public and common needs and (iii) the "organisational memory" that represents the identity of the public organisation and the assets of the public organisation. The term "Capital" does not refer to its definition in economy but to its given definitions in sociology (see for example Ferragina, 2010) and ecology (see for example Jansson, 1994). Criticality is fixed "according to the way public service is conceived, to the contextual constraints (such as economical, environmental, social, cultural and ethical) and according to the degree and the nature of threats (natural and manmade hazards). We suggest that organisational sustainability is the ability of the system to preserve and to maintain, within the time, a critical capital and to adapt to its ecosystem. Accordingly, a loss of organisational sustainability indicate whether the organisation is prone to shift to an undesirable organisational state that would decrease the ability or even cease to provide services to the ecosystem and to maintain its identity. In other words, it is an organisation that loses part of its critical capital. Accordingly, we have proposed a development stage model to make explicit the way we have observed in these organisations a common progression in the initiatives they have taken to address sustainability challenges and build learning and innovation capabilities. The three concepts arise from a four years investigation and observation of more than 60 public organisations in France and the coordination, at a national level, of the French working group on "governance of public organisations" that end up with the publication of four national guidelines in March 2013
Keywords : HIGHLY SUSTAINABLE ORGANISATIONS GOVERNANCE ORGANISATIONAL LEARNING CRITICAL CAPITAL RELIABILITY SAFETY
Last modification on : Thursday, January 7, 2021 - 1:42:08 PM
DOI : 10.1016/j.ssci.2014.01.002
INERIS | IRSN
Myriam Merad, Nicolas Dechy, Frédéric Marcel. A pragmatic way of achieving Highly Sustainable Organisation : Governance and organisational learning in action in the public French sector. Safety Science, Elsevier, 2014, 69 (Special issue), pp.18-28. ⟨10.1016/j.ssci.2014.01.002⟩. ⟨ineris-01855636⟩

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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A recent publication from Time Out revelled "The 10 Best Cities in The World" in 2021. San Francisco in California, was considered the best one. Porto is in 9th position.
The Time Out magazine elected the city of Porto as the 9th best city worldwide.
According with the publication, 73% of the residents of Porto said that their city was good beacase of its culture.
The Time Out Index noticed some characteristics, such as the cities night life, restaurants, cultural events, as well as its sense to the community. Sustainable initiatives, activist & community spirit, and friendliness in general were also considered aspects in the article.
San Francisco, in California, USA, was elected as "the best", considering its unique & creative community spirit. Time Out says that the city has an unbeatable combination of progress, acceptance and sustainability.
On the Podium, also stay cities as Amsterdam and Manchester. The Time Out Index 2021 is the 4th annual edition of the Time Out publication. In 2018, the city of Porto was considered as the 2nd Best City in the world.
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text:
It's time for Peace and Justice for Darfur
iACT started this petition to UN Secretary General and
The violence in Darfur has been raging for far too many years. With continuing attacks and insecurity stemming from the 2003-2004 genocide, the Darfuri people are still waiting for a moment to breathe, a chance to take back their lives and return to a life of peace in their homeland. The United Nations can and should do more to protect the people of Darfur.
Please sign the following letter to the United Nations demanding we do more to make peace possible in Darfur. Actions have been written by experts at The Enough Project.
Petition letter:
Dear UN Secretary General António Guterres,
It has been more than 15 years since the beginning of the genocide in Darfur, and the Darfuri people remain displaced, remain in danger. They are unable to return home for fear of violence, and for many, their homes have been taken over by new settlers since they left. Perpetrators of violence need to be held accountable, and the United Nations needs to live up to its responsibility to the citizens of Darfur.
This is not a new conflict. This is not an unknown conflict. This is a conflict the international community has continually failed to fully respond to and address with the resources and attention it requires. We implore you to take action. We ask that you stand up for the people of Darfur, and act for their future.
We believe the following recommendations, written by experts at The Enough Project, will help make peace possible for the people of Darfur:
Ensure that UNAMID monitor and report on incidents of attacks by government militias and new settlers on IDPs who attempt to return to areas from which they were forcibly evicted by government forces and auxiliary militias during the course of the fifteen-year conflict.
Advise the UN Security Council to make the full phase-out of UNAMID contingent upon the Government of Sudan's full compliance with all the provisions of previous UNSC binding resolutions requiring the government to ensure the informed, dignified, and secure return of the 2.5 million IDPs to their areas of origin.
Where such areas had been occupied by new settlers, the UNSC should require the Government of Sudan to resolve any land disputes peacefully, including finding alternatives for the new settlers.
The Government of Sudan should be required to dismantle its auxiliary and other tribal militias throughout the region, and to launch a credible and verifiable process for the disarmament of civilians particularly in all five states of Darfur as required under the security arrangements of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD), serving as a framework for the peace process.
Also the Government of Sudan should be required to fulfill its commitments under the DDPD to implement a comprehensive reparations program to uphold the rights of the millions of victims of the conflict in Darfur to justice, compensation for their material losses and for those killed, maimed, or disappeared during the violence, and to allow returning IDPs and refugees to regain their livelihoods.
Short of these actions, Darfur is unlikely to return to the peaceful co-existence that prevailed among its communities prior to when the Government of Sudan's genocidal campaign of 2003-4 tore the social fabric of the region.


Our on-site, affordable Extended Care program, A Kid's Place, is available before and after school to all enrolled TK-8 students. In addition, students may choose to participate in after school clubs and activities for a small fee. These learning opportunities have included Chess Club, Coding Club, Homework Club, Lego Club and Maker's Club. Stay tuned for this year's offerings.
Junior high students may apply to be on the Academic Decathlon team. The competition is held in the spring each year for students in grades 6-8. There are 10 academic events ranging from a logic quiz with 20 rigorous thinking problems and a super quiz with 50 multiple choice questions on 5 broad academic themes.
Our Lady of Mount Carmel offers a robust fine arts including visual arts, music and performing arts. Visual arts lessons, based on the renowned Art In Action curriculum, are taught twice-monthly in all grades by a credentialed art teacher with parent help.
Children sing every morning at assembly and weekly music lessons are taught by a credentialed music teacher. Curriculum includes voice training, learning to read music, and singing liturgical, popular and traditional songs. Beginning with our unique Three Piggy Opera in Kindergarten, all students take place in a theatrical music production each year, building confidence and public presentation skills.
Our Lady of Mount Carmel School offers and Enrichment Program for students who consistently perform at a high level of academic excellence. The criteria for placement in this program is based upon academic performance as evidenced by high grades, standardized test scores, teacher recommendations and observation. Students work cooperatively and independently on special projects developed by the Enrichment Teacher. Instruction centers on critical thinking skills and problem solving, with an emphasis on divergent styles of learning.
All OLMC students participate in Physical Education twice per week. Professional, credentialed and highly motivated Rhythm & Moves teachers engage each and every student to help them embrace physical activity and lifelong fitness.
Starting in 4th grade students may choose to participate in school sports through the Peninsula Parish & Schools League. We offer Baseball and Volleyball in the Fall, Basketball and Cheer in the Winter, and Track & Field in the spring.
The Resource program is designed to help students achieve their full potential in the regular classroom. Two resource teachers with advanced Special Education credentials provide on-on-one and small group academic support to those students who need more help. In grades 1 - 5, small group instruction is focused on Reading and Language Arts while older students are coached one-on-one to be accountable for schoolwork and learn to self-advocate. Resource teachers work with parents and outside specialists to identify specific learning differences, and make recommendations to classroom teachers to accommodate or modify instruction to enable the success of each child.
Students are taught to solve problems in a peaceful, respectful manner. A certified Marriage and Family Therapist is on site once per week. With parental permission, any student may meet with her to help sort out personal issues at no additional charge. Our counselor also coaches groups of students when difficulties arise within a peer group or to address inclusion and respect issues. OLMC uses the Second Step Social Emotional Learning Curriculum in grades TK - 8 to help build a culture of connectedness and empower adolescents to succeed socially, manage their emotions, solve problems, and deal with peer pressure.
Grades Pre-K – 4 experience the Spanish language and culture through direct instruction once a week for 30 minutes. The program introduces basic vocabulary, salutations and phrases using a multi-sensory approach to learning. Letter grades are not given in grades Pre-K – 2.
In grades 5-8, Spanish is taught for 35 minutes twice per week. The upper grades have a more formal program. Books are used and students receive a letter grade. Students begin to speak, read and write Spanish. Native speakers are challenged to read and write more fluently. 7th and 8th grade students who qualify may participate in an Advanced Spanish class.
Technology is integrated into all subjects. To support the learning process, OLMC School houses a substantial collection of computing devices including iPads, Chromebooks and Apple laptop computers for student use. All learning spaces are equipped with interactive whiteboards connected to Apple TV, document readers and networked printers. The school is completely wireless with plenty of wifi access points. Students in grades 3-8 use Google Classroom to share document with teachers and peers.


text:
John Charles Ryle (født 10. maj 1816 i nærheden af Macclesfield, død 10. juni 1900 i Lowestoft) var en engelsk biskop, far til Herbert Edward Ryle, farfar til Gilbert Ryle.

Ryle var først præst forskellige steder, til sidst i Oxford. Herfra kaldtes han 1880 til det nys oprettede bispedømme Liverpool. Han tilhørte den lavkirkelige retning. Blandt hans talrige værker kan nævnes Expository thoughts on the gospels (1856—69), Spiritual songs (1861), The Christian leaders of the last century (1869), Bishops and clergy of other days (1869), Corning events and present duties (1869) og Church reform papers (1870). En række af hans prædikener og småskrifter er oversat til dansk.

Kilder
  Opslag af A.Th. Jørgensen

Biskopper af Liverpool
Biskopper fra England
Anglikanske kirke
Briter i 1800-tallet
Faglitterære forfattere fra England
Engelsksprogede forfattere
Salmonsens

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: One setTimeout loop with two intervals I have a jquery timeout function that is looped every 13000ms.
$(function () {
var $anchors = $('.fader');

(function _loop(idx) {
  $anchors.removeClass('loading').eq(idx).addClass('loading');
  setTimeout(function () {
    _loop((idx + 1) % $anchors.length);
  }, 13000);
 }(0));
});

I've been trying to find a way to set two intervals for every loop. The first interval being 13000ms and the second being 16000ms. I tried to setup two timers but with every loop, they become more out of sync. Is there a way to setup one loop that will add/remove my classes at 13000ms then 16000ms consistently for every loop?

A: Alright so this proposed solution should flip the delay back and forth between 13000 and 16000.

$(function() {
  var $anchors = $('.fader');
  var delay = 13000;

  function _loop(index) {
    setTimeout(function(){
      $anchors.removeClass('loading');
      $anchors.eq(index).addClass('loading');
      //flip the delay between 13000 and 16000
      delay += (14500 - delay) * 2;
      //go to the next anchor, wrapping on length
      _loop(++index % $anchors.length);
       //select the delay based on if it is an even or odd index
    }, delay);
  }

  _loop(0);
});

A: If I correctly understand your problem, I think this is your answer

let timer = 1000;

function f() {
  setTimeout(function() {
    console.log(timer + " passed!");
    if (timer == 2000) {
      timer = 1000;
    } else {
      timer = 2000;
    }
    f();
  }, timer);
}

f();
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>

A: let loop_count = 0;
const timer = 13000;
window.$anchors;

$(function(){
    $anchors = $('.fader');
    _loop();
})

function _loop(){
    loop_count++;
    $('.fader')
        .removeClass('loading')
        .eq(loop_count)
        .addClass('loading');
    setTimeout(
        _loop,
        loop_count?timer:timer+3000
    );
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


On 17 November 2017 in the Transcarpathian Regional Art Museum named after Y. Bokshai it was opened a joint personal exhibition of the Honoured Artist of Ukraine Ivan Didyk and his daughter – a member of the National Union of Artists of Ukraine Ivanka Voitovych.
The exposition is titled "Synthesis", which, according to the authors, especially characterizes this exposition as a process of joining different things or concepts into a whole.
In total, more than 50 paintings are presented at the exhibition. These are oil paintings and pastel graphic works of Ivan Didyk and paintings made in the author's technique with acrylic and oil by Ivanka Voitovych. All the works have been completed recently, some of them have not been presented to the public yet. In general, this is the first joint exhibition of only two artists of the same family – until now it was held the large expositions of all the members of a large creative family.
Interestingly, the father and his daughter Ivanka also have a joint date – both were born on 31 May with a difference of 25 years.
"The idea of a joint exhibition arose in the beginning of the year, but the project "Synthesis" was formed only in autumn – the most active period of creation of new series of works, Ivanka Voitovych told. Although we work on both sides of the Carpathians, he is in Uzhhorod, and I'm in Lviv, but we have a strong creative connection, which can be partly seen in works as the emotional perception of nature. And this personal perception is depicted in a canvas or paper in our own way, but the intersection and "similarity" of some themes or objects reveal this connection".
According to I. Voitovych, her works are a combination of abstract sides of an object and its reflection as a certain integrity. In addition, some works are supplemented with textual meanings, which symbolizes research of the subconscious in creativity.
Ivan Didyk's paintings are more "rational" and colour-expressive. They can even be called lyrical. "He skilfully conveys emotions in detail and at the same time, like me depicts a specific integrity. He creates his works for a long time and does not connect them with series, although emotionally all the works of the project are certainly "synthesized", Ivanka Voitovych said. The exhibition "Synthesis" will be held at the Transcarpathian Regional Art Museum named after. Y. Bokshai until 3 December 2017.
I. Voitovych. Sunny Still Life.


With only five days in Scotland this year, compared to the hugely successful 42 day tour of the country in 2014 as Commonwealth Games hosts, the focus is on not just passing through, but spending quality time in each community it visits. The programme includes school and community events with a strong youth and sport theme, showcasing our rich heritage, links to Australia, The Commonwealth and a number of exciting Glasgow 2014 legacy projects.
St Ninian's Primary School , Stirling - Joining children for their Daily Mile. St Ninian's is linked with Coolangatta State School as part of the Gold Coast 2018 Schools connect programme.
sportscotland Institute of Sport - meeting the 'team behind the team' who help to prepare Team Scotland athletes for the Commonwealth Games.


We have no data for Midland County total housing units. Midland County saw an increase of 2,879 units between 1990 and 2000.
We have no data for Midland County occupied housing units. Midland County saw an increase of 3,825 units between 1990 and 2000.
We have no data for Midland County renter occupied housing units. There was a decrease of -269 units between 1990 and 2000.
We have no data for Midland County occupied with a loan or mortgage housing units.
We have no data for Midland County occupied clear of any loan or mortgage housing units.
We have no data for Midland County vacant housing units. There was a decrease of -946 units between 1990 and 2000.
We have no data for Midland County for rent housing units. There was a decrease of -71 units between 1990 and 2000.
We have no data for Midland County rented - but not occupied housing units.
We have no data for Midland County for sale housing units. Midland County saw a decrease of -592 units between 1990 and 2000.
We have no data for Midland County sold - but not occupied housing units.
We have no data for Midland County for seasonal, recreational, or occasional use housing units. There was an increase of 108 units between 1990 and 2000.
We have no data for Midland County for migrant workers housing units. Midland County saw a decrease of -2 units between 1990 and 2000.
We have no data for Midland County listed as vacant other housing units. Midland County saw a decrease of -271 units between 1990 and 2000.


In other news: Portland rolls forward with testing autonomous vehicles.
The Portland Police Bureau plans to change its current policy that passes on to victims the cost of towing recovered stolen vehicles. That change follows a WW investigation ("Held for Ransom," WW, Dec. 20, 2017). But a deputy ombudsman in the City Auditor's Office advised the bureau that changing the policy could cost the city up to $600,000 annually in lost surcharges that are used to fund city programs. "The unfairness of forcing crime victims to pay for the return of their own stolen property is apparent," deputy ombudsman Tony Green said in a letter sent to PPB and the Portland Bureau of Transportation on Jan. 23. "One way to mitigate the fiscal impact would be to increase the existing $9 surcharge that funds the city's 'zombie RV' disposal program." PBOT negotiates the contracts with local tow companies and sets the city's fees, and the agency may need to alter its contracts to compensate for the lost revenue.
On Feb. 2, the Oregon Department of Transportation submitted its new list of priority projects to Metro—a list the regional government updates only every four years. On the list: $3.2 billion to "replace I-5/Columbia River bridges and improve interchanges on I-5." That sounds a lot like the Columbia River Crossing project, which died in 2014 after about $200 million in planning and design work. ODOT spokesman Don Hamilton notes the timeframe is 2028-2040 and cautions against reading too much into the list. "At this point, it's just a placeholder," he says. Metro will take comment on the list of transportation priorities through Feb. 17.
Last June, the City Council adopted a policy supporting pilot programs for autonomous vehicles in Portland. On Feb. 1, Mayor Ted Wheeler and Transportation Commissioner Dan Saltzman suggested next steps. So far, 19 companies have proposed various ideas, including one for testing autonomous vehicles. The city now plans to establish a permitting system for such testing. Officials have proposed putting the cars through their paces at Portland International Raceway. "We know that emerging technologies have the potential to disrupt markets and challenge policymakers," Wheeler tells WW. "By getting out ahead of autonomous vehicle technology, we can make our streets safer and attract innovators and investors to our local economy."
TechfestNW will be back in Portland April 5-6. The event, sponsored by WW, will gather startups, established companies and leaders at the forefront of tech trends in food, health, smart cities and inclusivity. Speakers will include Patagonia CEO Rose Marcario, Impossible Foods COO and CFO David Lee, and Moovel CEO Nat Parker. The event will expand again this year to fill the new Viking Pavilion at Portland State University—with a demo floor filled with gadgets, breakout workshops and PitchfestNW, which connects entrepreneurs with potential investors. Tickets for TechfestNW 2018 are available at techfestnw.com.
Portland's Infrastructure Has Fallen Behind its Reputation as a Bike Town. Here's How the City Is Attempting to Change That.


The Czech Pavilion attracted more than 100,000 visitors at EXPO 2017 in Astana. "We are pleased and honored that 100,000 have already visited the Czech pavilion during the first month. It confirms that the Czech pavilion presents top technology and local engineers' products and inventions, and shows that the promotions we do are paying off," states Jan Krs. Thousands of visitors came to see the Czech pavilion during the first seven days. The number increased significantly in the following weeks.
Expo 2017's theme is Future Energy. The exhibition's aim is to create a debate engaging countries, NGO's, companies and the general public around the topic of reducing carbon emissions. The Czech Republic presented products and design valuing the concept of "solution ingenuity", valuing cleverness and inventiveness in Czech productions and inventions.
The pavilion will also entertain visitors with interesting information on popular travel destinations in the Czech Republic, as well as traditional Czech beer and cuisine, all of which will be accompanied by demonstrations of traditional arts and culture.
President Miloš Zeman has already visited the exhibition, which will close on September 10.


The Lady Bulldogs did just that, ending UAAP Season 81 with an unprecedented 5 straight championships, on the back of 80 straight wins. With it, they received an outpouring of support: interviews on all the TV shows, highlight reels on Twitter, the love and recognition they deserve.
Like any basketball story, their victory is sweeter for all they had to overcome.
We can't talk about women's basketball without talking about gender equality—or, as is more likely, gender in-equality. The benchwarmers on a men's collegiate basketball team get more sponsorships, airtime, and opportunities than the best players of the women's tournament.
A lack of basketball camps for young girls keeps many out of the sport. Jack herself almost didn't play because she grew up thinking "panlalaki 'yan." And even when their winning streak began, she and her teammates would roll their eyes at articles simply ranking women's basketball players by who looked good on the court, ignoring many players who dominated the game.
In any men's league, it wouldn't take 80 straight wins for people to sit up and take notice. Remember how we freaked out at LPU's 18-0 NCAA elimination round sweep in 2017, at Adamson's 5-game winning streak to open UAAP Season 81? You know how much San Beda loves their unblemished "perfect season"? The Lady Bulldogs have five of those.
As a woman working in sports, this feels personal. I know what it's like to walk into a room where I am the only woman there. I know the frustration of feeling unheard, the despair of being told that some jobs in the industry are only for men, the indignation at a workshop where a male facilitator told women, "Sports comes naturally to boys. Kayo, you need to work harder." When men are seen as the default, the women need to achieve more to gain the same respect.
And that's why I love the Lady Bulldogs. They feel like hope.
The Lady Bulldogs didn't just win. They overcame.
They didn't just defy expectations. They smashed them with a trophy-shaped sledgehammer.
They refused to be ignored.
Apart from that, I wonder if they know what their win felt like for women like me. On the day they won, I found myself messaging the first people that came to mind—other female sportswriters, reporters and photographers. We had a massive Girl Power social media and messaging app party that day, and I remember thinking to myself, "I need more days like this." The Lady Bulldogs ground it out in a field people told them was built for men, and in spite of all the pain and hardship, they came out on top.
All I wish for 2019 is that the support the Lady Bulldogs receive now is not a blip on the radar, but that their historic victory in 2018 becomes the turning point, the same way that the Ateneo-La Salle rivalry is what catapulted women's volleyball. The semi-pro and pro league that they and all female basketball players have been wishing for? It can't come soon enough.
If anyone tells you the level of competition in the women's tournament is lower than the men's, tell them that when Coach Pat took over NU, they were the cellar-dwellers. They invested in talent development, and look at them now.
If anyone tells you the Lady Bulldogs are an outlier that doesn't represent the league, then tell them Coach Pat says the competition is getting tougher year after year. Ask him how many times their streak was almost broken last season, how many come-from-behind victories they had, and he'll add that it's a sign the league is healthier than people expect.
If anyone tells you it can't be done, show them Coach Pat and the Lady Bulldogs. Women aren't just built for basketball; we're built for winning 80 games straight.


text:
jewelry theft
The Trial Begins, but the
Jewels Are Still Missing
Jan 28, 2022 4:17 PM CST
The Trial Begins, but the Jewels Are Still Missing
Six men are accused in the notorious 2019 'Green Vault' heist in Germany
(Newser) - Six men went on trial Friday in Germany over a spectacular theft of 18th-century treasures from Dresden's Green Vault Museum in 2019, the AP reports. (Read about the wild heist details here .) The defendants, aged 23 to 28, appeared before a regional court in the eastern German city...
Story of Spectacular Heist Has
Never Been Told Like This
Story of Spectacular Heist Has Never Been Told Like This
'GQ' goes deep into the Green Vault heist
(Newser) - There's a good chance you heard about the Green Vault heist , a spectacular theft of jewels in Dresden, Germany, in 2019. But you definitely haven't heard about it like Joshua Hammer tells it. In a lengthy piece for GQ , he goes deep into the billion-dollar crime, the suspects,...
Man in Suit, Tie Carries Out
'Daring' Paris Jewel Heist
Man in Suit, Tie Carries Out 'Daring' Paris Jewel Heist
Suspect hit one of France's oldest jewelers
(Newser) - Jean-Claude Van Damme's first credited film role was a brief appearance in a movie about a jewel heist. Life seemed to imitate art Tuesday in Paris, where a jewel heist was carried out while would-be witnesses at an adjacent cafe happened to be distracted by Van Damme, who was...
Jewelry Thief's
Tool of Choice:
Mar 4, 2020 3:21 AM CST
Jewelry Thief's Tool of Choice: Fishing Rod
In the end, man made off with Versace necklace worth $800
(Newser) - A man managed to steal a Versace necklace from a high-end store in Australia without ever stepping foot inside. That's because the unknown assailant's tool of choice was a fishing rod. "It's quite bold … I've not seen someone use a fishing rod to commit...
How Expert Jewel Thieves
Got Taken Down—Twice
Dec 22, 2019 10:25 AM CST
How Expert Jewel Thieves Got Taken Down—Twice
A retired Florida police detective realized the men were back at it ... again
(Newser) - The crimes were nearly perfect: Over six years beginning in 2011, small-town jewelry stores in Florida, generally located in strip malls, were hit. Their alarm systems were taken out with an electronic jamming device, the stores were accessed by cutting a "door" through the wall of a neighboring store'...
NYC Cops: We Nabbed
Elderly Man Wanted for Years
Sep 6, 2019 7:05 AM CDT
NYC Cops: We Nabbed Elderly Man Wanted for Years
Cops say octogenarian Samuel Sabatino would break into luxury apartments over summer break
(Newser) - It was the "unassuming demeanor, simple clothes, and large glasses" that police say helped the elderly man pull off his heists: more than $400,000 in jewelry and watches allegedly taken from New York City apartments over the past five years. The New York Times reports Samuel Sabatino, variously...
NFL Star Is Missing $500K
in Jewelry and 2 Girlfriends
Jun 6, 2019 1:00 PM CDT
NFL Star Is Missing $500K in Jewelry and 2 Girlfriends
Le'Veon Bell tells police women stole the loot while he was at the gym
(Newser) - New York Jets running back Le'Veon Bell is missing an estimated $520,000 in jewelry, and he told police that "both of his girlfriends" are the culprits, according to the police report . Bell claims the women stole the jewelry from his South Florida home while he was at...
Thieves Mix in With Crowd
After Stealing Famed Jewels
Jan 4, 2018 1:21 AM CST
Thieves Mix in With Crowd After Stealing Famed Jewels
'Incomparable' collection was on display in Venice
(Newser) - Thieves stole precious Indian jewels from the famed Al Thani Collection that were on show in a Venetian palace Wednesday, making off with a brooch and a pair of earrings by mixing in with the crowd on the final day of the exhibition, police say. The stolen jewels were not...
Enterprising Car Prowler
Pulls Off Huge Jewelry Heist
Sep 23, 2017 10:50 AM CDT
Enterprising Car Prowler Pulls Off Huge Jewelry Heist
Someone stole $900K in jewelry out of a car in San Francisco
(Newser) - Police don't often ask for the public's help to solve a car break-in, but then most cars aren't carrying nearly $1 million in jewelry. The San Francisco Chronicle reports someone smashed the windows of a Cadillac Escalade parked in San Francisco on Aug. 12 and stole two...
Notorious Jewel Thief
Caught Shoplifting in Walmart
Notorious Jewel Thief Caught Shoplifting in Walmart
Cops say Doris Payne's latest theft was worth $86.22
(Newser) - A notorious jewel thief with an illicit career spanning six decades has been caught stealing again, but she wasn't after sparkly gems this time, police near Atlanta say. Doris Payne, 86, was arrested at a Walmart store around 5pm Monday and charged with shoplifting $86.22 worth of merchandise,...
Alanis Victim of 2nd
Multimillion-Dollar Theft
Feb 15, 2017 12:21 AM CST
Alanis Victim of 2nd Multimillion-Dollar Theft
Thieves made off with $2M from LA home
(Newser) - More bad luck for Alanis Morissette: Police say burglars broke into the Canadian singer's Los Angeles home and stole a safe containing $2 million in jewelry, the Los Angeles Times reports. Morissette, her husband, and their two children weren't home at the time of the Feb. 9 break-in...
$6M in Jewelry Stolen in
New Year's Eve Heist
Jan 3, 2017 4:29 PM CST
$6M in Jewelry Stolen in New Year's Eve Heist
While 7,000 police officers were blocks away in Times Square
(Newser) - While 7,000 police officers kept a watchful eye on revelers ringing in the new year in Times Square, three men pulled off a major jewelry heist just blocks away, WGO reports. According to USA Today , police say three men entered a Manhattan building around 10pm New Year's Eve....
'Granny Gem Thief' With
20 Arrests Adds Another
'Granny Gem Thief' With 20 Arrests Adds Another
Doris Payne allegedly tried to steal $2K necklace in Atlanta
(Newser) - Her life of crime has involved more than 20 arrests on two continents over six decades—and, apparently, Doris Payne isn't done. The 86-year-old woman, dubbed the "granny gem thief," was arrested Tuesday at a mall in an Atlanta suburb where she's accused of trying to...
85-Year-Old: 'I Was a Thief. I'm Not Too Ashamed of It'
Jewelry pilferer Doris Payne opens up on longtime career
(Newser) - Doris Payne exudes an effortless elegance, her white hair neatly smoothed back and gold hoops dangling from her ears. She speaks calmly and deliberately, inspiring the kind of trust that would ease any jewelry store employee eager to make a high-dollar sale. And that's exactly how cops say the...
FBI Busts Woman, 24, in Jewelry-Robbing Spree
Jan 10, 2016 11:34 AM CST
Abigail Lee Kemp suspected in robberies in 5 states
(Newser) - The string of jewelry-store robberies that spanned multiple states and involved the loss of millions of dollars' worth of diamonds and watches is now allegedly over, and a 24-year-old woman has been charged, reports the Atlanta Journal Constitution . Abigail Lee Kemp was arrested Friday in Georgia and the FBI says...
Crime Spree
Spans 5 States
Jewelry Thief's Crime Spree Spans 5 States
Woman and male accomplice have stolen $450K in bling: cops
(Newser) - A woman believed to be in her 20s or 30s held employees of a Jared Vault jewelry store in Mebane, NC, at gunpoint on Monday before making off with jewelry piled into a shopping bag. But this wasn't her first rodeo: The FBI says the same brunette has robbed...
Partying Knicks
Player Lost $750K
Dec 20, 2015 12:14 PM CST
Partying Knicks Player Lost $750K
Derrick Williams brought 2 woman back to his place; suitcase of jewelry went MIA
(Newser) - "I don't want to talk about it," is the reaction one might expect of someone who's unexpectedly found himself with $750,000 less on his hands, and this is indeed the sentiment of New York Knicks forward Derrick Williams. Williams was out celebrating a team victory...
3 Suspects Wanted in
$1M Jewelry Heist
Dec 2, 2015 11:03 AM CST
3 Suspects Wanted in $1M Jewelry Heist
Heist may have been planned for weeks: cops
(Newser) - Santa Fe police say three thieves made off with more than $1 million in goods from a jewelry store while employees were distracted by a holiday celebration. A rep says two men and a woman took 11 items from an unlocked case inside Diva Diamonds & Jewels on the Santa...
Cops:
85-Year-Old Jewel Thief Strikes Again
Cops: 85-Year-Old Jewel Thief Strikes Again
She's in it for the game, not the money
(Newser) - Ten years ago, when she was 75 years old, Doris Payne swore she was done with a lifetime of pilfering jewels across two continents. Several arrests later, in 2013, she said again that she was leaving that life behind. But police say Payne, now 85, is at it again: She...
Alleged Jewelry Thieves Left Parting Gift in Guest Book
Oct 20, 2015 11:54 AM CDT
Tip: Don't leave contact info if you're going to lift valuables from an art gallery
(Newser) - Signing the guest book at a wedding or funeral: fine. Signing one at an art gallery you're accused of stealing from: not the best idea. That's what one Florida couple allegedly did Saturday night when they visited ICFA Gallery in Palm Beach, reportedly lifting the owner's gold...


text:
Parks in Madurai - Farms in Madurai - Landscape Garden Design in Madurai - Vertical Garden in Madurai - Terrace Garden in Madurai - Fountains in Madurai - Water Falls in Madurai - Gardens in Madurai - Garden Maintenance Contracts in Madurai - Green Houses in Madurai
A farm (Farms in Madurai) (also called an agricultural holding) is an area of land that is devoted primarily to agricultural (Farms in Madurai) processes with the primary objective of producing food and other crops (Farms in Madurai) it is the basic facility in food production. Agriculture is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses.
Farm management (Farms in Madurai) is of the recent origin. The term "Farm Management" conveys different meanings by different people. Some take it to be another name of production economics or agricultural economics, while others consider farm management as nothing more than the farmer's art of carrying out the daily work of supervision of farm. (Farms in Madurai)
Farm management is that branch of agricultural economics which deals with the business principles end practices of farming (Farms in Madurai) with an object of obtaining the maximum possible return from the farm as a unit under a sound farming programme.
About Madurai
Madurai is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District. As of the 2011 census, it was the third largest Urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and Coimbatore and the 44th most populated city in India. Located on the banks of River Vaigai, Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia. It is often referred to as "Thoonga Nagaram", meaning "the city which never sleeps".
Madurai is closely associated with the Tamil language, and the third Tamil Sangam, a major congregation of Tamil scholars said to have been held in the city. The recorded history of the city goes back to the 3rd century BCE, being mentioned by Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to the Maurya empire, and Kautilya, a minister of the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Signs of human settlements and Roman trade links dating back to 300 BCE are evident from excavations by Archeological Survey of India in Manalur.[11][12][13] The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by the Pandyas, Cholas, Madurai Sultanate, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Carnatic kingdom, and the British East India Company British Raj.
Masi street
Selloor
Arapalaym
Goripalayam
Tallakulam
Teppakulam
Therkuvasal
Mattuthavani
Kaalavasal
Pudur
Nagamalai Pudukottai
Palnaganatham
Samaya nallur
Tirumangalam
Melur
Avaniapuram
Vaadipatti
Alanganallur
Sekkanoorani
Tiruppuvanam
Solavandhan
Viraganoor
Vilangudi
Alagar Koil
Othakadai
Sinthamani


Traditional skin maceration after a 24-48-hour crushing. Soft crushing (not over 0.8 bar) for a delicate extraction of aromas and structure. Fermentation at controlled temperature. 4-month-ripening on natural ferments. Decanting in steel vats for at least 7 months, to guarantee limpidity and the evolution of the structure. No strict clarification filtrations.
No new barriques or wood chips for tanning.
Intense straw yellow in color with notes of fruit in liquor and honey. Supple and firm.


text:
Eastern Spirituality
Glossary Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
S - Definitions
Samskara / Sanskaras
Samskaras or sanskaras has several context driven meanings in Indian philosophy and Indian religions. One of these is "mental impression, recollection, psychological imprint" and this meaning is the basis for its use in Hindu philosophies, particularly in the development of its karma theory.
According to various schools of Indian philosophy, every action, intent or preparation by an individual leaves a sanskara (impression, impact, imprint) in the deeper structure of his or her mind. These impressions then await volitional fruition in that individual's future, in the form of hidden expectations, circumstances or unconscious sense of self-worth. These Sanskaras manifest as tendency, karmic impulse, subliminal impression, habitual potency or innate dispositions. The theory of Sanskara has also been used, in ancient Indian texts, to develop explanations for how and why human beings remember anything, and the impact these memories have on his sense of suffering, happiness and contentness.
Example via www.mindpodnetwork.com: Discriminating Powers & Future Karma
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Beholder Tactics
Our current Dungeons and Dragons group got together after one of my wife's coworkers cattily referred to a client as "someone who looks like he'd play Dungeons and Dragons in his mom's basement," and another of them retorted, "I would totally play Dungeons and Dragons." He ended up being the host of our weekly sessions.
Why do I mention this? Because the beholder is such an iconic D&D monster that our host—who knew hardly anything about the game before we began playing—told me near the beginning of our campaign, "All I want is to run into an 'eye of the beholder,' and I'll be happy."
The beholder is an aberration—a magically summoned creature of extraplanar origin—with a hateful, avaricious and territorial temperament. It has little purpose in life beyond guarding its chosen turf. Though not strong, it has powerful mental abilities along with a high Dexterity and very high Constitution, protecting it against all of the "big three" types of saving throws. As you'd expect from a floating blob with a giant central eye, its Perception skill is through the roof; it also has darkvision out to 120 feet. It has an innate ability to hover, so it can never be knocked prone.
At melee range, it has a bite attack, but the beholder's trump card is its Eye Rays, which emanate from the many smaller eyes at the end of stalks extending from its body. These rays have a range of 120 feet, enough to keep trespassers at a distance for two to five combat rounds. It can also project an Antimagic Cone from its central eye, but this ability is problematic, as we'll see in a moment.
Finally, a beholder in its lair has access to three lair actions: slippery slime on the floor, grasping appendages flailing from the walls and random beholder eyes appearing on nearby surfaces. And a beholder encounter almost always happens in its lair.
The beholder is aggressive, malicious and antisocial, so when trespassers appear, it's not going to indulge any attempt to negotiate passage—it's going to attack immediately.
At the start of its turn, it must decide whether to use its Antimagic Cone. Here's the problem: According to the Monster Manual, the cone "works against the beholder's own eye rays." OK, imagine that the beholder spends all its time with its gaze focused on the entrance to its lair, because that's exactly the sort of thing an aberration would do. A group of intruders appears in the doorway. Every instinct it has tells it to kill the intruders. The only function its Antimagic Cone will have is to interfere with its killing the intruders.
As written, the Antimagic Cone seems at first to be a power of highly questionable usefulness. A beholder is going to position itself as you'd place a security camera: in a high-up corner where it can see everything and no one can maneuver behind it. Wherever it aims its Antimagic Cone, it's also going to catch creatures it wants to shoot its eye rays at.
But with a little geometry, we can see how the Antimagic Cone can be made to work effectively. In fifth-edition D&D, a cone-shaped area of effect covers a distance of x feet, out to a width of x feet at that distance. Without boring you with the math, I'll just share that, regardless of the cone's range, this means it covers an arc of about 53 degrees, or slightly less than one-sixth of a circle. The upshot is that, while enemies are at a distance, the Antimagic Cone is practically useless. But when they're close, and they're surrounding the beholder, it can isolate one or two opponents within the cone while projecting Eye Rays in other directions.
OK, so the intruders have appeared, the beholder is attacking, it's choosing not to use its Antimagic Cone just yet—but what if the intruders see the mean expression on this thing's H. R. Giger–draws–Mike Wazowski face, roll higher initative and act first? The beholder's got three Eye Ray legendary actions it can use between its turns, and it's going to use one against each PC who gets a turn before it does.
When its own turn comes, it projects three Eye Rays. These rays are chosen at random, based on three d10 rolls (with duplicates rerolled). How does the beholder choose its targets? Let's examine the saving throws needed to resist the various rays:
Strength: Telekinetic Ray
Dexterity: Slowing Ray, Petrifaction Ray, Disintegration Ray, Death Ray
Constitution: Paralyzing Ray, Enervation Ray
Wisdom: Charm Ray, Fear Ray, Sleep Ray
The beholder has Intelligence 17, so it knows better than to use its Telekinetic Ray against a hulking barbarian brute, its Disintegration Ray against a hyperactive halfling rogue, its Paralyzing Ray against a doughty dwarf, or its Charm Ray or Sleep Ray against an elf.
Let's say you roll that the beholder is using its Telekinetic Ray, its Paralyzing Ray and its Sleep Ray. It aims the first at a weak-looking wizard, the second at a frail-ish rogue or warlock, and the third at a non-elf fighter or rogue. It might be right; it might be wrong. But its first guess is always going to be a sensible guess.
On subsequent rounds, the beholder refines its choices. If a ray didn't work against a particular player character, it won't use that ray—or any of its sibling rays—against that PC again. If it did work, it will use that ray's sibling rays against that PC as well.
After it's taken its turn, the beholder will use its legendary actions on the next three PCs' turns, but now with a twist: instead of automatically attacking whichever PC has just taken his or her turn, it chooses targets according to what it knows about the PCs and their susceptibility to its various rays.
Also. on initiative count 20, the beholder uses a lair action. If one or more PCs is charging in to fight the beholder up close, it favors slippery slime. If one or more PCs is near a wall, it favors grabby appendages. If neither of the above situations applies or it's already used its only favored lair action on the previous turn, it chooses random wall eye.
As long as the PCs remain out of melee range, the beholder will use nothing but its Eye Rays against them; it also won't willingly move from its chosen location, which will be hovering at least 10 feet up if the chamber allows it, so as to remain out of characters' reach even if they run up to it. But there is one twist here: Beholders are often summoned as guards by other magic-using entities. Say a beholder is under a geas to guard a passageway out of a chamber. Even though it would prefer to hover high out of reach, if a PC approaches that passageway, the beholder will be compelled to descend in order to block it. Then the PCs may be able to reach it with melee attacks.
If enough of its attackers close with it, it will then start using its Antimagic Cone to shut down spellcasters, provided that it can do so and still target non-spellcasters with its Eye Rays. Maintaining its use of the Eye Rays is always the beholder's higher priority. It will Bite only if (a) it's within melee range of a target and (b) all the PCs it can attack with its Eye Rays have already proved themselves resistant to two or more types of them. Or, alternatively, if a particular melee opponent has proved resistant to two or more types of eye rays, yet he or she is the only one whom the beholder still considers a genuine threat.
A beholder is so ultra-territorial, if it's encountered in its lair, it will always fight to the death; ditto if it's been summoned as a sentinel. Only a beholder encountered outside its lair (it does have to feed from time to time) and under no obligation to stay put will flee from combat, and it will do so after taking a relatively modest amount of damage: just 54 hp (reducing it to 126 hp or fewer). First it will Disengage (action) and ascend out of the PCs' reach (move), then it will Dash (action) on a beeline back to its lair.
The death tyrant is a "high concept" monster: an undead beholder. In most respects, it behaves exactly the same way as a normal beholder does. But there are a couple of exceptions.
First, its Negative Energy Cone doesn't interfere with its own Eye Rays the way the beholder's Antimagic Cone does, so the Negative Energy Cone is always on as long as intruders are present. It keeps this cone oriented in whichever direction catches the most opponents in it, including unconscious ones (who may die and be raised as zombies).
Second, the death tyrant is never found outside its lair unless it's been summoned as a magical sentinel. Either way, it doesn't flee, no matter how much damage it's taken. Its compulsion to guard supersedes everything else, including its own survival.
Finally, the Death Tyrant has Intelligence 19. As the DM, you can construe this as allowing it to "read" PCs' ability stats. In other words, it doesn't just chuck an Enervation Ray at you because you look frail—it chucks an Enervation Ray at you because you have a −1 Constitution modifier. It aims each of its Eye Rays first at the PC who's least equipped to resist it, then works its way up.
On the other end of the danger spectrum, we have the spectator, a lesser cousin to the beholder that's not malicious, just dutiful. It has no territory of its own; it's summoned as a magical sentinel, and that's its one and only responsibility. It's willing to speak civilly (via telepathy) with PCs who encounter it, although it's liable to come off as offbeat, high-strung and suspicious. And the PCs had best not mess with whatever it's guarding.
Spectators have only four types of Eye Rays: two (Confusion, Fear) that target Wisdom and two (Paralyzing, Wounding) that target Constitution. They also shoot only two per action, rather than three. They have no legendary or lair actions. In other respects, however, they fight similarly to beholders—in particular, they strongly favor their Eye Rays over their Bite attack, and they'll Bite only if there's an opponent within melee range and the Eye Rays aren't working. They also have the unique Spell Reflection ability, which upon a successful saving throw lets them redirect spells cast at them onto other targets. Unlike beholders, spectators don't possess genius-level Intelligence; they redirect spells not toward whoever's most vulnerable to them but toward whoever's causing them the most hassle. Finally, like others of their kind, they don't flee. They have a job to do, and by gum, they're going to do it or die trying.
Next: Another D&D classic, the owlbear.
Previous: Nothic Tactics
Next: Owlbear Tactics
Eyedrake and Elder Brain Dragon Tactics
Beholder-Kin Tactics
Beholders Revisited
25 responses to "Beholder Tactics"
NPC Tactics: Archmages – The Monsters Know What They're Doing
[…] this one early, because of the shape of the spell's area of effect: as we saw when analyzing the beholder, it's easier to catch a whole bunch of enemies in a roughly 60-degree arc when they're far from […]
Beholders Revisited – The Monsters Know What They're Doing
[…] the most part, everything I said in my original analysis of beholders stands, but there is one small, implied […]
AnTe Kung
I have a question: on the Beholder's statblock it presents that it must "see" the target for its eye ray to work. I believe the design intend is to ensure the "beam" the rays fired cannot penetrate total cover, but it creates two situations:
1. both Darkness and Invisibility renders the beholder completely useless, even if it uses its antimagic cone on those under these spell effects, it cannot attack those within the cone.
2. Would glass, wall of force…etc stop the eye rays?
Sorry I've taken so long to reply, but I wanted to consult all the applicable rules and figure out how they interact. The beholder has darkvision but not blindsight or truesight, so it can't aim its Eye Rays at a target under a darkness or invisibility spell. However, the Antimagic Cone is not subject to the visibility restriction—it "creates an area of antimagic, as in the antimagic field spell, in a 150-foot cone." Antimagic field is an 8th-level spell (whoof) that suppresses all spells and magical effects within its area of effect. That wording is important: It suppresses spells. It doesn't dispel them. And the Antimagic Cone also suppresses the beholder's own Eye Rays. So you're right—darkness and invisibility do offer protection from a beholder's Eye Rays, because it can't use its Eye Rays against you if it can't see you, and it also can't use its Eye Rays against you if it has to use its Antimagic Cone to be able to see you. That being said, both darkness and invisibility are spells that require concentration, and players who don't think through the technicality may drop those spells as soon as the beholder uses its Antimagic Cone to make them visible. Beholders know this and will take the gamble of using Antimagic Cone against magically concealed opponents to try to trick them into dropping their spells.
And yes, glass windows and wall of force do block Eye Rays. Magical effects won't go through a physical barrier, even a completely transparent one. (Although this ruling doesn't appear in the Sage Advice Compendium, it's established by Jeremy Crawford from 31:59 to 36:02 in this podcast.)
good to know the only way to learn the full rules to this game is by scouring the internet for random !@#$%^ podcasts lmao
Beholder Variants for Dungeons & Dragons 5th Edition | Dungeon Master Dave
[…] has written up a fantastic analysis of the beholder's tactics which you can read on his blog The Monsters Know What They're Doing. But here's the TL;DR […]
Beholders pick targets then roll eye-rays, so they can't target weak saves, just soft targets.
Not by my reading of the feature. Where do you get that from?
I think that only the Spectators are summoned.
If you let an int of 19 to see stat block, wouldn't it make it possible for a wizard to also do that?
Sure, if I'm running the wizard.
If outside anti magic cone aoe and a paladin is with in the 120 ft range could they cast hypnotic pattern above beholder?
The Spectator MUST be summoned. The other types may stick around in their own lair or may be summoned for guard duty. If you encounter a spectator, it was put their (and not just by the DM or dungeon designer).
Forrest Aguirre
Outstanding article. I wish DMs would play monsters with the high intelligence they deserve to use, more often. There are way too many DMs who are just plain bad tacticians. This sort of article helps a great deal.
Abelhawk
What about beholder zombies? Anything out of the ordinary with their tactics?
I just used one a few weeks ago. I decided since it's just an undead monster with an Int of 3 and Wis of 8 that it would just follow simple instructions from the summoner or act on instinct and attack the nearest or most injured enemy. Worked well, he worked more as a big beefy minion than as a boss in and of itself.
As with all zombies, point and shoot. They're wind-up automatons of mindless hatred toward living things. No real tactics to speak of. Even minor things that would occur to creatures of even moderate intelligence don't occur to zombies. Even just hovering out of reach of melee attacks while using eye rays wouldn't occur to it, instead unthinkingly approaching its targets like a moth to a light.
Morgan Ruthardt
Hello, I have recently found your tactic articles, and benefited greatly from them! Thank you for spending so much time on them.
I'm gleaning much from separate monsters, but I'm wondering about how certain monsters would benefit or be hindered by fighting together against a party?
For instance, if someone has created a Spectator and given it it's territory and commands (protecting a deserted pagoda housing a deity's champion's weapon), would it be better to also give it a Helmed Horror (or 3), or a Shield Guardian as a protector (for 6 lv 5s?
I have all kinds of combos like these in mind, but will refrain from asking about any more of them here and now.
Morgolas :-{)~
DM dude
I think it is interesting that one tactic that is often forgotten is darkvision range. There are very few characters that get superior darkvision, meaning that the Beholder can fire off eye stalks at a range that the PCs cannot see it. The beholder can fire eyetalks, move and hide, or take cover. The Party's ability to find the beholder will often be at disadvantage if the Beholder can stay in dim light (which is no light to darkvision PCs).
I think a Beholder can be found outside of their lair, and talkative, very talkative, considering they look down on humanoid races.
Creature Feature DnD 5e: The Beholder – Tactics & History – Black Citadel RPG
[…] notes that, while the cone isn't particularly effective at range, and interferes with its magical […]
I kinda wish that paranoid geniuses like these would spend a little more time shoring up their weak points. Grapple + fog cloud turns Beholders into little more than a stiff breeze.
Despite what they do in published modules, a beholder should want at least 30 foot ceilings and should spend their time near those ceilings. They will probably want a lot of upcast Continual Flames lying around to deal with darkness and good airflow (or something, anything) to deal with fog.
Austin Ballard
Just ran my first beholder battle and it was LAME. Only three of the rays actually do damage, and I just kept rolling the stupid Charm, Sleep, and Fear ray, and the party was already immune to fear. They rolled high on their saves against the few times I did roll Disintegrate and Death rays, so no damage at all was done in those cases. I guess a beholder needs really interesting lair features or something, because this was by far the least interesting legendary monster I've ever run. 🙁
If they were fighting underground or otherwise somewhere with weaponizable scenery, shoot a Disintegrate beam at a ceiling or pillar and cause a cave-in. Have a spellcaster beholder who swapped out the fear ray for something juicy. Don't just rely on direct damage; a tanky PC will wince if a beam takes a third of their health, but if rocks are falling on the squishy wizard and the anti-magic ray is suppressing any ability to shield or deflect it, the party's gonna wake up for sure.
Xanathar: Everything You Need To Know About Waterdeep's Mad Beholder Crime Boss – Black Citadel RPG
[…] you want some advice on running Xanathar in combat, check out our Creature Feature on beholders or this excellent article from The Monster's Know What They're […]
Eyedrake and Elder Brain Dragon Tactics – The Monsters Know What They're Doing
[…] eyedrake employs its Eye Rays the same way a beholder does: The rays fire at random, but the eyedrake chooses the best targets to aim those rays at. However, […]


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Columns David Pendered
Endless litigation over Chattahoochee River, no matter who wins water war
David Pendered February 15, 2021 5:05 pm
By David Pendered
The Supreme Court is slated to hear oral arguments next week in the relentless case of Florida seeking more water from Georgia for Apalachicola Bay. No matter who wins, it won't be the end of litigation over the major river system in metro Atlanta – the Chattahoochee River.
This tract of wetlands located along the Chattahoochee River is the type of natural feature that could be threatened by a proposed rock quarry, according to some Carroll County residents. File/Credit: Brian and Shanda Cook
Two pending cases that are unrelated to the one before the Supreme Court indicate the never-ending nature of arguments over the Chattahoochee River and its adjacent lands:
The City of Columbus has filed an administrative appeal of a ruling by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division. EPD ordered Columbus to reduce the amount of untreated waste it dumps into the Chattahoochee River. A hearing date has not been set.
Green Rock, LLC has filed a lawsuit intended to allow the company to develop a quarry on the western bank of the Chattahoochee River. The Carroll County Board of Commissioners responded to citizen protests of the proposed quarry by changing the site's zoning to a category that doesn't allow quarries. Green Rock has contested the commissioners' action in a lawsuit filed Dec. 18, 2020 in Carroll County Superior Court. A hearing date has not been set.
Boss Oyster and the adjacent Apalachicola River Inn were famed destinations in Apalachicola, Fl. that have not recovered from Hurricane Michael's damage, in 2018, and the demise of oyster harvests in the bay. File/Credit: David Pendered (February 2020)
Meanwhile, on Feb. 22 the Supreme Court is to hear Florida's argument that the court should decline to rule in favor of Georgia in the amount of water released from Georgia into Florida. Such a ruling was the recommendation of the special master appointed by the Supreme Court to review the matter. Florida filed the original case on Nov. 11, 2014.
Georgia contends it is a responsible steward of waters in the state and that Florida itself has done things that harm the oyster population.
An issue not in dispute if that inflow from Georgia creates the Apalachicola River. The fresh water from the river that flows into the Apalachicola Bay protects the oysters by reducing the salinity in the bay. This lower salinity prevents predators of oysters from entering the bay.
Florida contends that Georgia's increasing use of water from the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers has spelt the end of a protective habitat for oysters, decimated the oyster population, and ended the harvesting of oysters and the traditional ways of life along Florida's Forgotten Coast.
The U.S. Supreme Court is weighing a recommendation that Georgia not be compelled to reduce the amount of water consumed in the area marked in blue, the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint river basin. File/Credit: Special Master Ralph Lancaster's recommendation
In an effort to give oysters a chance to rebound, Florida responded last year with the dramatic step of closing Apalachicola Bay to all harvesting of oysters – whether for commercial or personal use. The bay was closed until Dec. 31, 2025 and state officials said they hope the oyster population will rebound by that date. The action triggered harsh outcry from some Franklin County commissioners, who said the closure will put more pressure on the county's weakened economy.
A brief submitted by the Franklin County Seafood Workers Assoc. on April 20, 2020 observes:
"Since the Special Master took evidence in 2016, things have only gotten worse for Apalachicola Bay oystermen. In 2016, Tommy Ward testified that there were just 10-15 oyster dealers left in Franklin County. Now there are three. Before 2012, there were 500-600 small oyster boats that regularly carried tongers out onto the Bay. Now there are just two.
"Perhaps the cruelest irony is that the Bay no longer supplies enough oysters to fulfill even the needs of the Florida Seafood Festival—this event, the pride of Franklin County, now must source its oysters from other. "
The court responded to Florida's original lawsuit by naming a special master to consider evidence and recommend a ruling. Two special masters have considered the case. The first special master reported he couldn't recommend that justices rule for either Florida or for Georgia. This is because the amount of water that reaches Georgia is at the total control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and its management of five dams along the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint river basin.
Georgia has ordered Columbus to stop dumping raw sewage into the Chattahoochee River, which flanks the 15-mile RiverWalk. Columbus has appealed. File/Credit: David Pendered
The court sent this recommendation to a second special master. This one suggested in 2019 the Supreme Court rule in Georgia's favor.
Florida has cited 10 points it intends to present to counter the special master's recommendation. Plus, Florida contends it should be allowed to introduce additional evidence, according to a court filing that observes of this point:
"Florida also takes exception to the Special Master's refusal to allow additional evidence, as to circumstances after the 2016 trial, concerning (i) the continued and worsening harm to the Apalachicola Bay and River; (ii) Georgia's continued increase in consumption of the waters at issue; (iii) the impact of the Corps' Revised Master Manual; and (iv) the reasonable modifications that could be made to that Manual to accommodate a decree."
The U.S. Supreme Court is slate to hear oral arguments Feb. 22 on the water dispute between Florida and Georgia. Florida contends Georgia is consuming water that should flow into the Apalachicola Bay. File/Credit: David Pendered
Apalachicola Bay
Chattahoochee River
David Pendered
David Pendered, Managing Editor, is an Atlanta journalist with more than 30 years experience reporting on the region's urban affairs, from Atlanta City Hall to the state Capitol. Since 2008, he has written for print and digital publications, and advised on media and governmental affairs. Previously, he spent more than 26 years with The Atlanta Journal-Constitution and won awards for his coverage of schools and urban development. David graduated from North Carolina State University and was a Western Knight Center Fellow.
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