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Fluid Dynamics of a Single-Use, Stirred-Tank Bioreactor for Mammalian Cell Culture
by Bojan Isailovic, Byron Rees and Michael Kradolfer Wednesday, September 23, 2015 12:26 pm
Photo 1: Pall Allegro STR bioreactor
The benefits of single-use technologies in both upstream and downstream operations are now widely acknowledged by the biopharmaceutical industry, and have led to radical changes in the design and operation of many bioprocesses. Those changes typically provide more robust processes and increased production flexibility. For mammalian cell culture, cleanable multiuse glass or stainless steel stirred-tank reactors (STRs) have been used successfully for growth of suspension-adapted cell lines in both small- and large-scale systems. However, achieving the same or better performance from a single-use bioreactor presents a significant challenge to product designers and developers (1).
Here we discuss the major design features of a 200-L single-use stirred-tank bioreactor (Pall Allegro STR 200) and present results of studies on its fluid dynamics through measurement of physical parameters that are critical to mammalian cell culture. Our studies confirmed the following:
High power input from a direct-drive large impeller for fluid volumes up to 200 L
Rapid and homogeneous mixing in a unique cubical biocontainer with integrated baffles
Mixing predictions from fluid dynamics computer modeling confirmed by data obtained experimentally
High oxygen mass-transfer and CO2 stripping rates with ring and open-pipe spargers
Precise and homogenous control of temperature.
Our results show that single-use technology can be engineered suitably to provide a stirred-tank bioreactor at 200-L scale with fluid dynamics that are suitable for mammalian cell culture. In a future publication, we will present results of studies on cell-culture performance and scalability of this bioreactor using a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, comparing Allegro STR 200 performance with that of a 10-L glass, multiuse, stirred-tank bioreactor (2).
The Pall Allegro STR 200 stirred-tank bioreactor (Figure 1) was developed specifically for mammalian cell culture. Because fully detailed product information is available elsewhere (3), we present here only a short summary to highlight its main design features.
Biocontainer: The fully transparent, flexible biocontainer is cubically shaped with a 60- to 200-L working capacity. Its fluid-contact layer is made of low-density polyethylene with low extractables, as with other Pall Allegro single-use systems. Each biocontainer is integrity tested in manufacturing and supplied with attachments as a single-piece, noninflated assembly. During automated inflation, baffles are formed in the biocontainer walls by protruding metal plates in the surrounding hardware. Direct-drive agitation is provided by a bottom-mounted, three-bladed, pitched "elephant-ear" impeller. The drive is reversible for both up-flow and down-flow operations.
Air and Gas Ports: An aeration port is linked to a ring sparger, and a second port is present for gas overlay. Both are fitted with sterilizing-grade gas filters. An optional open-pipe sparger port provides additional aeration for CO2 stripping. Two vent ports are present for fitment of sterilizing-grade gas filters and external reusable heater jackets to prevent build-up of condensate around the hydrophobic filters.
Liquid Ports: Nine input ports allow addition of liquids such as culture media, nutrients, inoculum, antifoam, and pH stabilizers. Two output ports provide for culture-fluid sampling, and one port is intended for draining.
Figure 1: Pall Allegro STR 200 bioreactor
Sensor Ports: A port at the base of the biocontainer is linked to the temperature sensor. Four additional sensor ports are available for conventional probes such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and CO2. Aseptic insertion is achieved using a presterilized bellows assembly.
Identification of Ports: All utility ports for air, sensors, and liquids are color coded. Tags are numbered in the order of installation to assist users in set-up and connection of the biocontainer to hardware and utilities.
Figure 2: Power values and tip speeds at different agitation speeds
Hardware: The biocontainer is supported by customized stainless steel hardware. Load cells accurately measure liquid input during automated filling and dosing. An electric heater mat on the base provides automated heating and temperature control.
Controls and Data Transfer: A controller enables automated management of every cell culture run. All user interactions happen on a touch-screen interface linked to the controller, with administrator-controlled user rights and passwords. Data are saved in a protected format, and all electronic operations are compatible with the US Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Part 11. A built-in OPC server provides automated data transfer to any linked supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system during bioreactor operation; data transfer can also be manual using universal serial bus (USB) memory devices.
Investigation of Fluid Dynamics
We investigated the fluid dynamics of a cuboidal STR 200 single-use bioreactor by measuring specific physical parameters known to be critical for mammalian cell culture.
Power Transfer to Fluid: Designs for single-use stirred-tank bioreactors have typically used magnetically coupled drive mechanisms rather than rotating mechanical seals with their risk of leakage. The main disadvantage of such designs is a restriction in power transfer to culture fluids, especially for pilot- and production-scale systems, with consequential limitations on mixing efficiency, mass transfer, temperature control, and other critical operations such as pH control and CO2 stripping. Direct-drive mechanisms can satisfy the full range of power requirements.
Energy dissipated to fluid by an impeller is the driving force for mixing, but it is also a potential source of stress on sensitive cell lines. An optimal balance must be established between the agitation speed and the sensitivity of a given cell line to hydrodynamic stress. Because different stirred-tank bioreactors have different impeller geometries, agitation speed alone is not a suitable indicator for the hydrodynamic forces generated. Although tip speed takes into account impeller diameter and is regularly used as one indicator of hydrodynamic stress, a more meaningful measurement is power input per volume of fluid (P/V), which is derived from the critical parameters of impeller geometry, agitation speed, and biocontainer volume (4).
We measured the power value (P) using a rotary-torque transducer fitted to the bioreactor shaft between impeller and motor. First, we measured power dissipated by the impeller rotating in air, then subtracted that result from the value obtained with it rotating in 200 L of water at 37 °C to give a true sense of power dissipated to the fluid.
We calculated power values using the following equation: P = 2πNM, in which P is the power value in Watts; N is the agitation speed in rev/s, and M is the torque value in Newton meters (Nm). The tip speed was calculated from πND, in which D is the diameter of impeller. The results (Figure 2) show that high P/V values could be achieved (e.g., 310 W/m3 at an agitation speed of 150 rpm). This capability for high power input when required can particularly benefit mammalian cell cultures in which mixing at high cell densities and viscosities may be essential at some stage in the culture growth cycle.
The potential impact of those power values on the hydrodynamic sensitivity of cells in culture must be taken into account. Impeller tip speed also is one critical factor. Operators often apply a notional tip-speed limit of 1.5 m/s as a general guide for stirred-tank bioreactors. It is generally thought that cell damage may begin above that value (5), even though no substantive evidence supports such a restrictive guideline across all mammalian cell culture processes. For example, Hoeks et al. reported values well in excess of 1.5 m/s in large-scale cell culture (6).
We calculated tip speeds in our power transfer studies (Figure 2). The guideline value of 1.5 m/s corresponded to an agitation speed of 100 rpm. In our CHO cell culture studies (2), we used an agitation speed of 80 rpm to give a P/V value of 55 W/m3 and a calculated tip speed of 1.2 m/s. Under those conditions, we obtained high cell densities and viabilities. Those results demonstrated that the Allegro STR 200 bioreactor could provide high power-transfer capacity and flexibility of power input to meet the variable demands associated with mammalian cell culture applications.
Mixing Efficiency: Together with efficient mixing, good pH and gas control are essential to preventing high concentrations in cell culture. To achieve the required mixing performance, especially for production-scale systems, direct-drive stirred-tank stainless steel reactors have become the preferred design to eliminate solute gradients and ensure good mass transfer.
Another important factor to consider in design of a single-use system is the geometry of the biocontainer. Most stainless steel and glass stirred-tank bioreactors are cylindrical and incorporate baffles to minimize swirling vortices and excessive laminar radial flow, both of which can affect mixing efficiency. But designers of single-use products can consider other geometric forms such as cuboidal shapes because they have no requirement for pressurization to withstand steam-in-place temperatures and pressures. Fluid dynamics of these alternative geometries must be fully investigated, however, so that the design and engineering of such bioreactors can take into account both the powered agitation mechanism and the biocontainer profile to maximize mixing efficiency.
Photo 2: Impeller in the biocontainer
The bioreactor we evaluated was engineered to incorporate the critical features described above. A direct- drive, three-bladed, pitched "elephant ear" impeller (Photo 2) with a 0.5 aspect ratio (impeller diameter to vessel diameter) provides sufficient agitation and power transfer. The unique cubical geometry and built-in baffles assist turbulent flow, with rounded corners to prevent dead zones.
Mixing Times and Homogeneity: Rapid mixing times are essential for adding concentrated nutrients or other chemicals to maintain cell viability and high productivity. These requirements become even more challenging at low agitation speeds and with increasing scale, especially with addition of highly concentrated fluids. Differences in concentration can be damaging to cell growth.
We measured mixing efficiency by adding a 100-mL bolus of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution through a port at the top of a bioreactor containing 200 L of reverse osmosis (RO) water at 37 °C. We determined mixing times for a range of agitation speeds by measuring conductivity over time using two conductivity probes.
Figure 3: Probe locations in biocontainer
One probe was inserted into the standard probe port 1 at the front bottom of the container (Figure 3). Probe 2 was positioned in the back top-left corner, a site shown in preliminary studies with a pH-dependent dye to be the last zone to reach equilibrium. The mixing-time end point was defined as the time required to reach 95% homogeneity (±5% of the final conductivity value). We averaged data from two experiments to obtain a mean value.
Figure 4: Mixing time at different agitation speeds
From the results in Figure 4, we can draw the following conclusions: Homogeneity was achieved rapidly (<10 seconds) at the highest speed of 150 rpm. At the lower speed of 80 rpm, which we used for our CHO cell culture studies (2), a mixing time of <15 seconds could be achieved. Both probes recorded similar mixing times, confirming the rapidity of mixing.
Computer Modeling of Mixing Times and Homogeneity: In addition to the experimental work, we developed a computer model of this cuboidal STR bioreactor's CFD (6). It helped us predict flow patterns and mixing-time responses for a tracer salt solution added to the bioreactor and to compare modeling data with those obtained experimentally.
These computations were carried out for a fully resolved vessel geometry, including baffles and impeller. The model predicted both the velocity profiles and tracer concentrations for simulated addition of 100 mL of a 15% salt solution to a fully developed flow of 200 L of water at 37 °C, agitated at 75 rpm. Then the model computed temporal and spatial changes of tracer concentrations and conductivity values normalized to those achieved after homogeneity. We extracted the time required to reach salt-concentration homogeneity at the locations of the two probes from numerical data and compared that with experimentally derived mixing times.
Figure 5: Comparing conductivity signals measured and computed (100 mL of 15% salt solution into 200 L water at 37 °C; agitation 75 rpm)
CFD modeling predicted that conductivity would rise very rapidly in the first 10–15 seconds and then stabilize; that 95% homogeneity would be achieved within 15–18 seconds; and that bioreactor contents would mix without forming dead zones. Those mixing predictions were similar to data obtained experimentally, with <15% difference in mixing times (Figure 5). For all conditions, the absence of curve tails and pronounced signal oscillations support the conclusion that the tracer mixes rapidly within the biocontainer.
Experimentally, an overshoot of 18% in final conductivity could be observed for probe 2, located just below the point of salt addition. This overshoot was always present for low to medium agitation speeds (25–100 rpm) and not for medium to high agitation speeds (data not shown). This transient effect, not present for probe 1, can be explained by the higher-density salt solution gravitating rapidly to the top probe and creating a localized temporary zone of higher salt concentration. With increasing agitation speeds, the concentrated bolus of salt solution is dispersed before reaching probe 2. We did not include this effect in our CFD model, which accounts for the slight difference in the conductivity profiles for probe 2 between the predicted and experimental data. More detailed information on this work can be found in a separate publication from Pall Corporation (7).
Temperature Control: An essential requirement for cell culture performance, precise temperature control is evidenced by a uniform temperature profile throughout the vessel and an accurate and constant temperature set point. Some bioreactors, especially larger-scale systems, can show poor heat transfer and heat loss leading to prolonged heat-up times, temperature gradients, and large temperature fluctuations.
So we studied temperature control in an Allegro STR 200 bioreactor fully filled to 200 L. We placed nine calibrated thermocouples at different locations within the biocontainer and connected them to a Kaye validator (Amphenol Sensors) for data logging. Then we filled the biocontainer with 200 L of chilled reverse-osmosis (RO) water and inserted a Pt100 temperature probe into the sleeve at the bottom of it for direct contact with the fluid. The proportional integrative derivative (PID) controller received a signal from the Pt100 temperature probe. Temperature was cascade controlled, with the fluid temperature as the master control and heater mat temperature as the slave control loop. Agitation speed was set at 150 rpm, airflow at 20 L/min and temperature set point at 37 °C using the controller.
Figure 6: Fluid temperature and heating time
Figure 6 compares fluid temperature against heating time, showing that 200 L of chilled water was heated from 4 °C to 37 °C in 8.9 hours during which the temperature never exceeded the set point. We obtained additional data from the Pt100 temperature probe and the thermocouples after the set-point temperature had reached equilibrium (Figure 7). From these results, we draw the following conclusions: Temperature fluctuations were minimal, with less than 0.1 °C variation around the set point. Temperature values were similar among the thermocouples, within <0.05 °C difference (which can be attributed to equipment and experimental error). We observed no temperature gradient, so temperature was uniform within the biocontainer.
Figure 7: Probe and thermocouple temperatures over time for 200 L volume
We also investigated temperature stability at the minimum working volume of 60 L with an agitation speed of 50 rpm, an air aeration rate of 6 L/min and a temperature set point of 37 °C. Figure 8 shows a uniform temperature of fluid in the biocontainer and temperatures maintained within ±0.1 °C, with a positive offset of 0.2 °C relative to the 37 °C set point that indicates a greater influence of ambient temperature at this volume. So that offset should be accounted for when working at minimum volumes.
Figure 8: Temperatures for 60-L fill volume
Oxygen Mass Transfer: Because of oxygen's very low solubility in water at 37 °C, oxygen transfer from air to fluid is a a very challenging requirement when designing and engineering bioreactors. Additionally, mammalian cells have high oxygen demands. To determine the ability of the Allegro STR 200 bioreactor to transfer oxygen, we used a volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa O2) based on the following methodology:
Figure 9: Oxygen mass transfer at different agitation speeds
The gassing out method was used with nitrogen and air through the ring sparger.
Test fluid was a cell culture media simulant (bicarbonate buffer, Pluronic F68 surfactant, and 50 ppm of Antifoam A) heated to 37 °C.
Liquid volume was 200 L, and air flow rate was set to 0.1 vvm.
Data were collected using two electrochemical DO probes (Mettler Toledo) connected to a M800 transmitter and logged by a program written in LabVIEW (National Instruments).
For 20–80% DO, kLa values were calculated by the following equation, in which DO* refers to DO at saturation, and DO20 and D80 respectively refer to 20% and 80% of DO at saturation:
Probe response time was taken into account for kLa values >70 h–1, using the method described by Sorenson (8).
Figure 10: CO2 removal at different air flow rates
Figure 10 presents the results of our oxygen mass transfer studies. A high kLa value (33 h–1) was obtained at an agitation speed of 150 rev/min; at 80 rpm, which we use for our CHO cell line, a kLa value of 7 h–1 was achieved. So the sparger aeration system and mixing performance were able to fulfill the oxygen requirements for our CHO-S cell culture studies (2).
CO2 Mass Transfer: As a natural byproduct of aerobic respiration in mammalian cell culture, carbon dioxide has the potential to inhibit cell growth, protein production, and product quality attributes such as glycosylation at high CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) levels (9). Although the optimal level of CO2 varies by cell line, enough CO2 to maintain good cell growth usually can be stripped from the fluid surface in small-scale bioreactors through surface aeration and sparged air bubbles. However, the ratio of gas surface area to liquid volume decreases with increasing scale, making CO2 stripping a more difficult challenge for larger-scale bioreactor designs.
Allegro STR 200 bioreactors offer the option of an additional open-pipe sparger to boost CO2 stripping rates, if necessary. So we further studied 200 L of a culture-fluid simulant at 37 °C (as described above) adjusted to pH 6.5 by sparging with CO2 gas, and we maintained that pH for 10 minutes. In a bicarbonate buffer solution, pCO2 established at a specific pH is derived (10) from this equation:
pCO2 = (pHt – pHinitial) × log (pCO2 initial).
After initial pCO2 was recorded with a CO2 probe, we flushed the headspace with air until a DO probe positioned there showed that 95% of the CO2 had been replaced by air. Then we sparged air through the open pipe of the bioreactor at differing flow rates and measured pH until the media simulant had reached pH 7.2. Using equations published by Goudar et al. (11), we derived CO2 concentrations from pCO2 values.
Figure 10 summarizes the CO2 removal data for three flow rates from which we draw the following conclusions: A CO2 removal rate of ≤5 mol/L/d could be achieved at flow rates ≤20 L/min. And at flow rates of 10 L/min (as used in our CHO-S cell culture studies (2), the open-pipe sparging can remove CO2 at least by 3 mol/L/d. These results show that CO2 mass transfer can be managed effectively with single-use technology at a 200-L scale with an Allegro STR 200 bioreactor.
Optimizing Culture Performance
Our studies were designed to help us determine whether a single-use stirred-tank bioreactor could provide control of critical physical parameters that influence mammalian cell culture performance.
By evaluating the hydrodynamics of an Allegro STR 200 single-use bioreactor, we established that the direct-drive large impeller could provide sufficient power input for fluid volumes ≤200 L. In conjunction with a customized cubical biocontainer having integrated baffles, that power transfer produced homogeneous mixing in <10 seconds. Our experimental results on mixing agreed with a theoretical modeling study using CFD. For mass transfer, we confirmed good oxygen transfer rates from the ring sparger that satisfied the requirements of our subsequent CHO-S cell culture studies (2).
In addition, the system achieved effective CO2 stripping through an open-pipe sparger. We obtained precise and homogeneous control across the bioreactor volume: The heater system raised the temperature of 200 L of media from 4 °C to 37 °C in under nine hours. A forthcoming publication will present results of our further studies investigating the cell culture performance of a Pall Allegro STR 200 bioreactor with a CHO-S MAb-producing cell line scaling from 10 L to 200 L.
The transition from cleanable, reusable systems to disposable, single-use technology for complex equipment such as bioreactors is a major challenge for product designers and developers. Our studies have shown that engineering of single-use technology can provide a stirred-tank bioreactor at 200-L scale with fluid dynamics that are suitable for mammalian cell culture.
1 Rader RA, Langer ES. Upstream Single-Use Bioprocessing Systems. BioProcess Int. 10(2) 2012: 12–18.
2 Isailovic B, Kradolfer M, Rees B. Performance Qualification of a Single-Use Stirred-Tank Bioreactor with CHO-S Cell Culture. BioProcess Int. 2015: in press.
3 USD 2923: Allegro STR 200 Single-Use Stirred-Tank Bioreactor. Pall Life Sciences: East Hills, NY, March 2014; www.pall.com/ pdfs/Biopharmaceuticals/Allegro_ STR_200_USD2923.pdf.
4 Godoy-Silva R, et al. Physiological Responses of CHO Cells to Repetitive Hydrodynamic Stress. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 103(6) 2009: 1103–1117.
5 Nienow AW. Reactor Engineering in Large-Scale Animal Cell Culture. Cytotechnol. 50, 2006: 9–33.
6 Hoeks FW, et al. Industrial Applications of Mixing and Mass Transfer Studies. Alvin W. Nienow's Day: Stirred, Not Shaken Symposium, Birmingham, UK, 2004.
7 USD 2980: Characterization and Engineering Performance of the Allegro™ STR 200 Single-Use Stirred Tank Bioreactor System. Pall Life Sciences: East Hills, NY, 2014.
8 Sorensen KL. Thesis Paper 738: Comparative Studies on Oxygen Mass Transfer for the Design and Development of a Single- Use Fermentor. Utah State University: Logan, UT, 2010; http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/ etd/738.
9 Gray DR, et al. CO2 in Large-Scale and High-Density CHO Cell Perfusion Culture. Cytotechnol. 22, 1996: 65–78.
10 Bowers JS. Sparger and Surface Gas Transfer for Cell Culture Bioreactors. American Institute of Chemical Engineers: Philadelphia, PA, 2008.
11 Goudar CT, Piret JM, Konstantinov KB. Estimating Cell Specific Oxygen Uptake and Carbon Dioxide Production Rates for Mammalian Cells in Perfusion Culture. Biotechnol. Progr. 27(5) 2011: 1347–1357. •
Bojan Isailovic is principal R&D engineer, and Byron Rees is senior R&D manager for cell culture applications at Pall Life Sciences, 5 Harbourgate Business Park, Southampton Road, Portsmouth, UK. Corresponding author Michael Kradolfer is global product manager for Pall Life Sciences, Avenue de Tivoli 3, 1700 F Fribourg, Switzerland; 41-26350-5368; michael_kradolfer@europe.pall.com.
Categories: 2015, Bioreactors, September 2015, Upstream Development
Product Focus: Complex Proteins
Process Focus: Production


text:
'Spaz' album – The Descendents meet
ableist, Descendents, disablist, hate crime, language
Amazing update – Descendents meet with Stay Up Late ambassadors Becky Boo and Brian
In my previous post I was reflecting on why I was thinking of taking down our petition calling on US punk band Descendents to change the name of the new LP which features the word Spaz.
Unwittingly I unleashed a whole torrent of abuse from across the pond telling me to keep my nose out of cultural issues that I don't understand, and then how we started to hear from citizens in the USA who also find the word 'spaz' offensive and harmful.
But whilst writing this I also had an amazing update.
For many years Brian and Becky Boo have been supporters of our work and are also regulars at Rebellion Festival in Blackpool. Milo Aukerman, the lead singer in the Descendents, had kindly offered to meet with me for a beer to chat about this whole issue and whilst I was unable to make it Brian and Becky Boo were able to go in my place.
They met the band on their tour bus and discovered that Milo was really mortified to find what the word 'Spaz' means in the UK and actually feels really uneasy now about promoting the album in the UK.
Here's some words from Brian about their meeting
As Becky Boo and Myself were driving along the Promenade, we received a call from Milo of Descendants. After a brief chat, he arranged to meet us at the band's tour bus for a chat. On arrival we were met by Milo, who shook our hands and invited us onboard.
After introducing ourselves, we got down to the business in hand, that Album!
Milo was genuinely shocked by the meaning of the word "Spazz" in the UK, because in the USA it means to be hyper/pumped up . He was also shocked by the way the fans of Descendants have reacted to Paul, for making a stand against the Album.
After much intercontinental slang comparisons, and lots of laughs (fag was mentioned a few times), we parted company, but not until a photo opportunity with Milo and Becky Boo.
So summarise. .. Milo is a very nice guy, who is genuinely remorseful over the use of the word .
This was just amazing to receive (and lovely to see Becky Boo proudly wearing one of our Gig Buddies t-shirts for the meeting too. They're on sale by the way on our online shop – that's a joke for Descendents fans who accused of doing this just to sell t-shirts!)
Words hurt
When we launched our campaign to boycott the Descendents new album I thought our beef was with the band. However, they genuinely didn't appear to know what a harmful word 'Spaz' is in the UK.
As part of this campaign I've since done some research which indicates it is a harmful word in the US too but is so widely in use that it's true meaning seems to have been lost and forgotten, which is a harmful, isolating and dangerous thing for people still affected by it.
What I've found to be appalling though is the reaction of some fans of the band who have resorted to homophobic, disablist and racist insults against me because I stood up and said something.
I thought I was up for the fight when I started this campaign and after nearly 3 weeks of abusive emails, tweets and Facebook posts there has been a toll on my mental health.
Just imagine what it is like to live with a long-term condition, or disability, and have a life-time of abuse. I'm hoping, in some way, that our campaign will have made some people reflect on their use of language and perhaps opened their hearts a little (or a lot) towards their fellow humans who also have disabilities (and may well also be fans of bands like Descendents.)
A common criticism from fans of the band was that the band would never intend to cause harm to anyone with a disability. And that is clear. However, even inadvertent language can easily create the conditions, and culture, in society where it becomes easy for people to become the victims of hate crimes. Whilst the band didn't intend any harm so of their fans seemed to find it quite easy to use words to inflict damage.
I also wanted to share some of the messages of support we've received. I amongst all the abuse there have been some really moving and thoughtful words of support. Thank you to everyone for taking the time to write, and here's a selection of these here:
Paul, your response to the band member's message to you brought tears to my eyes. Not often that happens. Keep up the good work.
(Joseph's dad)
I've just stumbled upon your campaign to get the Descendents to change their album title. As someone who grew up listening to the Descendents, I just wanted to say – good work! I don't know if I entirely agree with your position but I applaud you opening up the debate in this fashion – the punk scene has many, many problems, and engaging with these problems (sexism, racism, ableism) is the most 'punk' thing that can be done.
Thanks for your efforts with this campaign, and I look forward to seeing what comes of it.
All the best, Dann
I understand you've had considerable correspondence from people about this already, but I've only just become aware of Stay Up Late via The Louder Than War website. Firstly, I'm a big Descendents fan and I've already brought the new album – it's too late for me to boycott it.
However, I fully support your call for the band to recondsider the name and for others to consider boycotting.
I work for an organisation that attempts to promote diversity, equal and fair treatment for all, challenging discrimination and harassment. As a result, I know full well what it's like to be on the receiving end of some of the very base-level abuse you've received from fellow Descendents fans.
Your response (and Milo's reply), is very well argued and very well phrased. It makes it very clear why you've called for the boycott and why the title is offensive.
I wish you the best of luck! Chris
'Spaz' in the USA
While running this campaign I've been doing some reading up to see how much the word 'Spaz' is offensive in the USA as it does appear that it's a word that has become so common nobody even questions where it came from. I was then reminded of Shane Koyczan's video from his To This Day Project
we weren't the only kids who grew up this way
to this day
kids are still being called names
the classics were
hey stupid
hey spaz
seems like each school has an arsenal of names
'Shane Koyczan'
There's links to other articles about 'Spaz' and disablist language at the end of this post.
Thank you Becky Boo, Milo, and Brian for bringing some sort of positive ending to this. I'm off on holiday for a couple of weeks so this has all come at a fantastic time for me, and hopefully we've all helped made people think a bit more about the language they use and how, even unintentionally, we can all contribute to marginalising people from our communities through our language, and our attitudes.
I also want to say a heartfelt thank you to Real Gone Rocks, the site who first wrote about this issue and also Skin Back Alley who also wrote a supportive article. There's been lots of support from within our social care world but to get support from the mainstream music industry is just wonderful.
Thank you to Milo and The Descendents too for being so gracious and understanding in this whole issue.
1. They used to call me 'Spaz' – a personal story of bullying
Buzz Bishop – Babble
2. Mental illness phrases you should banish from your vocabulary
JR Thorpe – Bustle
3. Building disability literacy one brick at a time
Rachel Adams – Huffington Post
4. Doing Social Justice: 10 Reasons to Give Up Ableist Language
Rachel Cohen-Rottenberg – Huffington Post
5. Don't use the N-word or 'faggots' but 'retards' is fine
Alex Thomson – Channel 4
6. GLSEN Study Finds Anti-Gay Bullying and Uncomfortable Teachers in Elementary Schools
Jamie – Autostraddle
7. Elementary schools must teach about LGBT families
Dana Rudolph – Washington Blade
8. Woods apologizes for 'spaz' comment
Paul Richards – Director
@heavy_load

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The ESC Agency is a distinctive force in the creative digital sphere. Not only do we have the imaginative and innovative capabilities of a full creative house, we also provide brands one-on-one attention in the likes of an in-house team.
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All appliances sold in Australia have a compliance plate. It is a legal requirement. A compliance plate is a small metal tag which states the model of the machine, and usually the power ratings and any design standards etc to which it complies.
The problem is that, to stop the plate from being removed, damaged, in the way or burnt or whatever, some manufacturers do a pretty good job of hiding the compliance plates. But we have to find them, so here's a few places to start looking.
These are often the most confusing. The compliance plate is nearly always on the front, and not the back. Some very early Frigidaire by General Motors fridges had the model stamped on the back, but generally forget looking there. The one you want is on the front. To make matters more confusing there is a model number on the back, but it is the model of the compressor (the motor) and not that of the fridge.
First look inside around the opening of the door or inside the crispers on the side wall of the fridge. If it isn't there, pull the kickplate off. sometimes it is behind there.
Remember they have made Westinghouse Silhouette fridges for 25 years. We are going to ask you for a model number. It is there somewhere. Seek and you shall find.
Usually the model will be around the opening of the oven door or inside the griller compartment in the bottom left or right hand corners.
Lift the cooktop up or open the cupboards underneath and look up and check where the power comes in. There is usually a tag attatched to the body of the stove near the terminal box, or on it.
Usually it's on the back. Some dryers have it near the opening of the door. Some even have it on the door hinge. The door hinge is a replaceable item, so if you ever had to replace the hinge, your model would be gone forever. If you do have one where the number is on the hinge, write the model number on the back of your machine in permanent ink!
Nearly all dishwashers have the model number around the opening of the door. You shouldn't have to pull it out from under the bench.


Democrats on the Senate Finance Committee asked the IRS to look into political spending by big nonprofits to see if anonymous donors are using the groups as improper vehicles or are abusing their tax-exempt status in other ways, The New York Times reported Sept. 29 (see nonprofit lobbying story).
A new report says nearly half of nonprofit leaders believe the state of philanthropy in the Milwaukee area is getting worse and that nonprofits face one of the toughest fundraising years of the past decade and a half, The Business Journal Serving Greater Milwaukee reported Sept. 29 (see Milwaukee nonprofits story).
The head of the company that manages Harvard's endowment has begun to restructure the school's real-estate holdings, which lost half their value in the year ended on June 30, 2009, and has been increasing investments in natural resources and timber, moves that helped recoup some losses, with the endowment growing 11 percent to $27.4 billion in the year ended June 30 but still 26 percent below its peak, Bloomberg reported Sept. 28 (see Harvard endowment story).
Indiana University is getting $4 million to start a center that will focus on studying the use of personal health information, the Associated Press reported Sept. 28 (see Indiana University story).


Melinda Stewart had a perfect life. She could want for naught with all that was provided for her. All she had to do was disown her sister (and forget all that had happened), like the rest of her family did. She went to business school where she met the love of her life, Michael Baldwin, on the other side of the campus. It was a quick decision to marry the moment an M.D. was officially behind his name.
Then the car accident happened. In one fell swoop she lost her parents and a quick appearance by her sister Emma who exited her life as quick as she walked right back in it that day. A part of her changed that day. She had nobody left but the one man in her life, whom she married and had two wonderful children with.
The culling happened so quickly; she wasn't prepared to fight the night creatures, but it came natural to her to protect her family. Michael led a human rebellion called the Independent Freedom Fighters and she fought by his side proudly until the day she saw the vampires take him down, leaving their children fatherless. She enlisted the help of Micheal's brother, Isaac, and led the I.F.F. as strongly, if not stronger, than her husband. Her goal of survival changed to revenge for her dearly departed love and everyone else that had perished by the fangs of the vampires.
Her capture by the Queen of the Levé's was unexpected. By the time she had escaped she had learned a truth that only hardened her heart to stone and left her standing as tall and strong as the opposition herself, and gave her a new level of hatred and lust for revenge. Her goal was to get her family back, take down all the vampires, and bring humanity back once and for all; nothing was going to stand in her way, no matter how difficult it would be.
Perfect! Just enough to give her life for the reader and make them curious, not enough to give away the story or the coming stories. You lady, are a genius! (extra exclamation points) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
YAY I get exclamation points. It is a good day indeed.


With trust, businesses and consumers embark on a lifelong journey towards solutions that will meet their mutual expectations – productivity, performance and quality of life. In this issue, you'll learn about how standards help bridge this relationship, instilling confidence on both sides.
So what are some of the issues affected by trust? How can ISO standards help? And which changes/improvements are poised to make the biggest impact? In a comprehensive selection of articles, we spoke to a number of experts to get their input on a handful of subjects.
Getting a "really good deal" can cause us to miss the warning signals.
Toys are the treasures of childhood. But if you're not careful, toys can be hazardous, too. Knowing what dangers are linked with certain toys and age groups can help parents better protect their children from injuries. Here, we look at how ISO/TR 8124-8 aims to design age-appropriate toys with the highest level of safety in mind.
A female serial killer named "Phantom of Heilbronn" was linked to 40 crimes, six of which were murders. Yet in 2009 it was discovered that she didn't exist. Here, we look at this fascinating tale of DNA contamination introduced to each crime scene and how ISO 18385 will assist forensic science in addressing this issue.


text:
Missouri Court of Appeals
Cahall v. Cahall , 963 S.W.2d 368 ( 1998 )
963 S.W.2d 368 (1998)
Thomas L. CAHALL, Claimant/Respondent,
Thomas L. CAHALL, Employer, and
Lumbermen's Mutual Casualty, Insurer/Appellant.
Missouri Court of Appeals, Eastern District, Division Three.
January 6, 1998. Motion for Rehearing and/or Transfer to Denied March 11, 1998. Application to Transfer Denied April 21, 1998.
*370 John J. Johnson Jr., Brown & James, St. Louis, for appellant.
R.L. Veit, Carson & Coil, Jefferson City, for respondent.
Motion for Rehearing and/or Transfer to Supreme Court Denied March 11, 1998.
AHRENS, Presiding Judge.
An Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) found claimant, Thomas L. Cahall, sustained a compensable injury caused by two work related accidents, one on July 27, 1994 and another on October 11, 1994. The ALJ awarded claimant medical benefits and temporary total disability benefits as a result of those accidents. The ALJ concluded that a prior injury in 1988 to the same leg did not foreclose the receipt of further workers' compensation benefits when the resulting conditions and the resulting medical treatments differed from the current injuries. The insurer appealed to the Labor and Industrial Relations Commission (Commission), denying liability and arguing the 1994 incidents did not amount to compensable accidents as a matter of law because claimant did not meet his burden of proving work was a substantial factor in the need for treatment or disability. The Commission affirmed the ALJ's awards. The insurer now appeals.[1] We affirm.
We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the awards. Claimant, a truck driver, incurred an open tibia fracture of his right leg on January 28, 1988, while employed by Riddle Trucking, Inc. The injury went from the knee joint down into the shaft of the tibia bone and contained an open wound about five inches long. Claimant received treatment for the tibia fracture from Dr. Jacques VanRyn from 1988 to 1993. Physicians inserted a metal plate in claimant's right leg. In 1993, claimant received a workers' compensation award in regard to his 1988 tibia fracture.[2]
In February of 1994, claimant returned to work as a self-employed truck driver and obtained workers' compensation insurance through Lumberman's Mutual Casualty Company. Claimant continued to have some swelling in his right leg from time to time. If scraped, a sore appeared, but then healed. However, claimant continued to operate a tractor-trailer without major difficulties.
On July 27, 1994, claimant slipped while climbing down from his truck at a truck stop in California. He scraped his right leg along the metal step. Claimant later noticed clear fluid seeping out of the site of the scrape. He bandaged the wound. Claimant testified the wounded area soon began to turn black and blue.
Claimant returned to Missouri, his leg now swollen and discolored. Dr. VanRyn performed a skin graft on the area of his right knee. Claimant took oral antibiotics. Claimant returned to work as a truck driver in September, 1994. On a return trip to California, his right leg began to swell.
On October 11, 1994, claimant rolled his tractor-trailer in New Mexico. Claimant sustained a bruise on his right leg and it began to seep again. The right leg became so swollen his pants felt tight. Claimant could hardly use his right foot to drive. Claimant returned to Dr. VanRyn, who admitted him *371 to the hospital. Claimant also saw Dr. Cabbabe, who believed claimant's body was rejecting the metal plate installed as a result of the 1988 injury. Claimant's physicians removed the metal plate, finding no infection.
In February of 1995, claimant returned to driving a truck. His right leg continually swelled, forcing him to stop for the purpose of elevating the leg. After driving to California, claimant's leg required two or three days of rest. Moreover, claimant required three or four days of rest between trips.
In July of 1995, while in California, claimant noticed his right leg bleeding extensively. Again, he returned to Dr. VanRyn. Dr. Van-Ryn told claimant to quit driving or face the possibility of losing his right leg. Claimant also saw Dr. Reynolds, who attempted to improve claimant's blood circulation.
Dr. William Costen testified by deposition that he examined claimant's right knee on April 29, 1996 and determined claimant's right knee had aged severely as a result of this 1988 accident and injury. Dr. Costen stated the July 27, 1994 incident and the October 11, 1994 incident aggravated the condition of claimant's knee and that Dr. VanRyn's treatment since 1994 related to those injuries. Dr. Costen noted that pre-1994 bruises healed while the July and October 1994 bruises did not heal. He believes the 1994 injuries triggered the need for treatment. He feels the 1994 bruises led to necrosis, requiring surgery.
Dr. VanRyn, the treating physician, believes claimant could not work following the October 11, 1994 incident. Dr. VanRyn recommended an additional six months of no work, with the right leg elevated. Dr. Van-Ryn testified the 1994 bruises were a substantial contributing factor to claimant's current medical problems and his current condition. Dr. VanRyn testified the recent diagnosis of "venous insufficiency" applies only to the 1994 injuries because claimant remained asymptomatic from the loss of veins prior to the 1994 bruises. Dr. Van-Ryn believes the combination of the 1994 incidents was one-third of the cause of claimant's current condition. The preexisting condition of 1988 constituted one-third of the cause and long distance driving at claimant's age, physical size and condition made up the last one-third.
We have jurisdiction to review the consolidated awards pursuant to Section 287.495 RSMo 1994, authorizing an appeal from the final award of the Commission. "An order lacks finality where it remains tentative, provisional, contingent, subject to recall, revision or reconsideration by the issuing agency." Hillenburg v. Lester E. Cox Medical Ctr., 879 S.W.2d 652, 655 (Mo.App. 1994). Usually, no appeal lies from a temporary or partial award. Id. "However, appellate review on the issue of liability in a workers' compensation case is permissible although an award is denominated `temporary or partial.'" Stufflebean v. Crete Carrier Corp., 895 S.W.2d 115, 116 (Mo.App.1995) (citing Woodburn v. May Distributing Co., 815 S.W.2d 477, 481 (Mo.App. 1991); Smith v. Fabricated Metal Prods., 883 S.W.2d 537, 538 n. 3 (Mo.App.1994)). At this time, appellants contest only the Commission's findings of liability. Therefore, the Commission's decisions are reviewable by way of appeal, despite the titling of the awards as temporary or partial.
We review the decision of the Commission pursuant to Sect. 287.495 RSMo 1994. This court is bound to affirm the Commission's award if it is supported by competent and substantial evidence on the whole record. Sellers v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 752 S.W.2d 413, 415 (Mo.App. 1988). The inquiry is limited to whether the Commission could have reasonably made such findings and reached the result it did. Id. An award may only be disturbed when it is not supported by substantial evidence or is clearly contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence. Id. We defer to the Commission on issues concerning credibility and weight to be given to conflicting evidence and testimony. Miller v. Wefelmeyer, 890 S.W.2d 372, 375 (Mo.App.1994). The Commission is free to disregard testimony of a witness even if no contradictory or impeaching evidence is introduced. Id. It is in the Commission's sole discretion to determine the weight to be given expert opinions, and that cannot be reviewed by this Court. Id. *372 at 376. We do, however, review matters of law independently. Kintz v. Schnucks Markets, Inc., 889 S.W.2d 121, 123 (Mo.App. 1994). We must liberally construe all provisions of the Workers' Compensation Act to resolve all doubts in favor of the employee. Fischer v. Archdiocese of St. Louis-Cardinal, 793 S.W.2d 195, 198 (Mo.App.1990).
The sole issue raised on appeal is whether the work incidents, in each case, were accidents which resulted in compensable injuries under Sections 287.020.2 and 287.020.3(2) RSMo 1994. The term "accident" is defined in Sec. 287.020.2 as "an unexpected or unforeseen identifiable event or series of events happening suddenly and violently, with or without human fault, and producing at the time objective symptoms of an injury." An injury is only compensable if it is clearly work-related. Sec. 287.020.2. "An injury is clearly work related if work was a substantial factor in the cause of the resulting medical condition. An injury is not compensable merely because work was a triggering or precipitating factor." Id. Employment must be a substantial factor in causing the injury. Sec. 287.020.3(2)(a).
The Commission's findings of causation and work-relatedness are questions of fact. See Hall v. Spot Martin, 304 S.W.2d 844, 851-52 (Mo.1957); Smith v. Climate Engineering, 939 S.W.2d 429, 437 (Mo.App. 1996) (finding competent and substantial evidence to support the Commission's decision that claimant's work was a substantial factor in causing his condition, despite fact that aging process may have also been a substantial factor).
Appellants argue that claimant's explanation, that the 1994 incidents partially caused claimant's current condition, is not sufficient under the current statute. They further contend that Dr. VanRyn's testimony, which attributed one-third of the cause of claimant's current condition to the combination of the two 1994 incidents, is insufficient to satisfy the "substantial factor" test of Section 287.020. We disagree.
Appellants define substantial as requiring a considerable quantity, not merely some part. Appellants assert that one-third is only a small part, not a considerable part. Moreover, the actual fraction relating to each 1994 incident would be less than one-third. Appellants contend that even one-third cannot be held to be a substantial factor. However, the use of the general article "a" before "substantial factor", as opposed to the specific article "the", indicates a causative factor may be substantial even if it is not the primary or most significant factor. There is no bright-line test or minimum percentage set out in the Workers' Compensation Law defining "substantial factor".
We must, however, assume the Missouri legislature intended to effect a change in the Workers' Compensation Law by redefining the terms "accident" and "injury" in the 1993 amendments. McCutcheon v. Tri-County Group XV, Inc., 920 S.W.2d 627, 631 (Mo.App.1996). Before the 1993 amendments, an accident need not have been the sole, primary or direct cause of the injury. Rector v. City of Springfield, 820 S.W.2d 639, 642 (Mo.App.1991). An accident need only have been an efficient, exciting, superinducing, concurring or contributing cause. Manley v. American Packing Co., 363 Mo. 744, 253 S.W.2d 165, 169 (1952). Compensation was appropriate as long as the accident triggered a physical breakdown in or change in the pathology of an employee's body. Wynn v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc., 654 S.W.2d 87, 89 (Mo.1983). The 1993 amendments now state that work must be a substantial factor in the cause of the resulting medical condition or disability. Section 287.020.2. An injury is not compensable if "work" is merely a triggering or precipitating factor of the injury. Sec. 287.020.2
In the instant case, we find there is competent and substantial evidence on the whole record that each of the 1994 work incidents was a substantial factor in causing claimant's current medical condition and were not merely triggering or precipitating factors.
These work related accidents may have triggered claimant's current medical condition in that they were the last of multiple causal factors. However, a work related accident can be both a triggering event and a substantial factor. Moreover, the evidence *373 supports the Commission's findings that the 1994 incidents were more than mere precipitating factors because there is evidence in the record that claimant's leg would not have deteriorated with time regardless of the 1994 incidents.
Dr. VanRyn, the treating doctor, testified that even though claimant had a pre-existing condition, he maintained employment for approximately four years until the occurrences in 1994 rendered him totally disabled. He further testified the 1994 bruises went down into the muscles, causing veins to collapse. These veins did not regenerate, causing substantial damage to claimant's leg. Dr. Van-Ryn believed claimant had a significant loss of veins from the 1988 injury, "but he had enough veins still open to compensate for four years after he returned back to essentially his full driving schedule." Dr. VanRyn explained the 1994 injuries resulted in the loss of more venous structure. It is his belief that as a result of the combination of injuries claimant does not have enough open veins to continue to allow his leg to stay in a dependent position to drive.
On cross-examination, Dr. VanRyn testified that in his medical opinion, each 1994 incident was a substantial factor in claimant's current medical condition. Appellants point to Dr. VanRyn's testimony that "if there were no 1988 event, then the events of 1994 would not have caused a problem." This does not mean the events of 1994 cannot be substantial factors. It is the combination of events that caused the current medical condition. Considering the testimony, it appears if there were no events in 1994, then the 1988 event would not have resulted in claimant's current condition. Additionally, Dr. VanRyn testified the potential for bone infection, necessitating the removal of the metal plate, would not have resulted from the 1988 accident, but from a secondary episode causing seeding of bacteria in the area of the plate.
Dr. Costen labeled the events of 1994 as causes in that they contributed or triggered claimant's current injuries by aggravating a preexisting injury. This is not dispositive. The 1994 events can be both triggering events and substantial causal factors. The statute only states they may not be mere triggering events. Dr. Costen testified he currently diagnosed claimant with venous stasis as a result of the combination of injuries. This differs from the diagnosis predating his 1994 injuries. Claimant was asymptomatic from the loss of veins prior to the 1994 injuries. After the 1994 injuries, Dr. Costen believes claimant lost so many veins that they no longer provided proper circulation to the leg. Dr. Costen agreed that Dr. VanRyn's treatment since 1994 for Mr. Cahall's right knee was for the 1994 injuries. Dr. Costen distinguished bumps and bruises in 1992 and 1993 from the injuries in 1994, stating the pre-1994 bruises healed while the July and October 1994 bruises did not. Dr. Costen felt the 1994 injuries are significant in that they were "bruises that led to necrosis... that led to surgery."
We conclude from a review of the whole record that the Commission's findings that claimant's 1994 work-related incidents were substantial factors in causing his current medical condition are supported by competent and substantial evidence and are not contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence. We reach only the issue of liability in this opinion. We do not have jurisdiction at this time to review the amount or content of the temporary or partial awards, which are subject to modification prior to final award. To the extent this decision regarding liability may lead to a duplicate recovery of medical expenses, the Commission can resolve these issues in further proceedings. The awards of the Commission are affirmed as to the issue of liability.
CRANDALL and KAROHL, JJ., concur.
[1] The appeals from the Commission's awards were consolidated on this Court's own motion.
[2] Claimant reopened his 1988 case in 1995; the Commission found the 1988 injury to be the cause of the employee's need for medical treatment. In Cahall v. Riddle Trucking, Inc., 956 S.W.2d 315 (Mo.App. E.D., 1997), this Court affirmed the Commission's finding that claimant's need for medical treatment was caused by the 1988 accident; this Court found sufficient evidence to support the Commission's award regarding certain medical bills and reversed in regard to other medical bills, not supported by medical records.
DocketNumber: 72099
Citation Numbers: 963 S.W.2d 368
Judges: Ahrens
Filed Date: 1/6/1998
Wynn v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc. , 654 S.W.2d 87 ( 1983 )
Rector v. City of Springfield , 820 S.W.2d 639 ( 1991 )
Smith v. Fabricated Metal Products , 883 S.W.2d 537 ( 1994 )
Hall v. Spot Martin , 304 S.W.2d 844 ( 1957 )
Manley v. American Packing Co. , 253 S.W.2d 165 ( 1952 )
Cahall v. Riddle Trucking, Inc. , 956 S.W.2d 315 ( 1997 )
Kintz v. Schnucks Markets, Inc. , 889 S.W.2d 121 ( 1994 )
Hillenburg v. Lester E. Cox Medical Ctr. , 879 S.W.2d 652 ( 1994 )
Fischer v. Archdiocese of St. Louis-Cardinal Ritter ... , 793 S.W.2d 195 ( 1990 )
Miller v. Wefelmeyer , 890 S.W.2d 372 ( 1994 )
McCutcheon v. Tri-County Group XV, Inc. , 920 S.W.2d 627 ( 1996 )
Smith v. Climate Engineering , 939 S.W.2d 429 ( 1996 )
Stufflebean v. Crete Carrier Corp. , 895 S.W.2d 115 ( 1995 )
Woodburn v. May Distributing Co., Inc. , 815 S.W.2d 477 ( 1991 )
Sellers v. Trans World Airlines, Inc. , 752 S.W.2d 413 ( 1988 )
Ming v. General Motors Corp. , 130 S.W.3d 665 ( 2004 )
Harp v. Malone Freight Lines, Inc. , 16 S.W.3d 667 ( 2000 )
Hughey v. Chrysler Corp. , 34 S.W.3d 845 ( 2000 )
Doerr v. Teton Transp., Inc. , 258 S.W.3d 514 ( 2008 )
Hampton v. Big Boy Steel Erection , 121 S.W.3d 220 ( 2003 )
Rono v. Famous Barr , 91 S.W.3d 688 ( 2002 )
Bennett v. Columbia Health Care , 80 S.W.3d 524 ( 2002 )
Tangblade v. Lear Corp. , 58 S.W.3d 662 ( 2001 )
Kelley v. Banta & Stude Const. Co., Inc. , 1 S.W.3d 43 ( 1999 )
Smith v. Donco Const. , 182 S.W.3d 693 ( 2006 )
Bloss v. Plastic Enterprises , 32 S.W.3d 666 ( 2000 )
Sanderson v. Porta-Fab Corp. , 989 S.W.2d 599 ( 1999 )
Cochran v. Industrial Fuels & Resources , 995 S.W.2d 489 ( 1999 )


Wide and flexible magnetic health bracelent mad eof natural hematite. Hematite cleans the blood strengthens the blood-circulating organs - kidneys, liver and spleen.
In eastern lithotherapy hematite is used for treatment of abscesses, and to fight the blockage of blood vessles. The bracelet is magnetized to provide a better and healthier effect.


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text:
Dragon (2013-15)
by Oliver Emanuel
Company: Vox Motus / National Theatre of Scotland / Tianjin Children's Arts Theatre
Venue: Edinburgh Internation Festival & UK Tour
Director: Jamie Harrison & Candice Edmunds
Set Designer: Jamie Harrison
Puppet Designer: Jamie Harrison & Guy Bishop
Associate Lighting Designer (2015): Derek Anderson
Photographs (2013): Drew Farrell
Photographs (2015): Peter Dibdin
Dragon won a 2014 UK Theatre Award for Best Show For Children and Young People and a CATS Award for Best Technical Presentation. It was also nominated for CATS Awards for Best Design, Best New Play, Best Ensemble & Best Show for Children and Young People.
Following its UK premier in 2013, Dragon was recreated in spring 2014 at the Tianjin People's Art Theatre for a mainland China tour, and appeared as a part of the 2015 Edinburgh International Festival
Dragon's design was exhibited as part of the Society of British Theatre Designers' Make/Believe exhibition at the V&A in London..
"one of those theatrical experiences that will live forever in the memory" - Clare Brennan, The Observer
"it's difficult to resist ... the sheer visual beauty and imagination of the telling" - Joyce MacMillan, The Scotsman
"it is with a sense of wonder that you watch Dragon" - Susannah Radford The Skinny
Simon Wilkinson Lighting Design
Email: simon@sxw.org.uk
Representation: www.bba.management
Email: bronia@bba.management


highlight of our weekend is definitely getting engaged!
I love soup/stew during winter, it's so warning and filling. I just made a sour spicy soup that we both loved, will make it again this week.
I saw the sour spicy soup on your post; I'll have to put it on our menu soon!
You know the highlight of my weekend was getting my house back in order - now I can't wait to get the back half of the house done!
Happy birthday to your little man, who isn't that little anymore!
Enjoy your gorgeous living room!!!
Yes, he's growing up too quickly!
Holy moly you guys had a busy week with birthdays! You must have had so much cake haha. I love making stew. It's so easy and filling!
Mmm, i like a good stew! And fishsoup!
I like fish soup/stew but have never made it myself. I'll have to look into it!
With the cooler weather arriving this past Sunday a good, hearty soup (lentil for me) sounds like the perfect comfort food.
Those soups and stews sound wonderful, I can't wait for it to get cooler in LA. Your son is so cute and it looks like you had a great weekend.
Thanks, Nora! It's still warm in the Bay Area but finally cool enough to enjoy soups and stews!


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New rules designed to strengthen fire testing for cladding systems on residential buildings have been published for consultation by Housing Secretary Sajid Javid.
The consultation, which aim to improve building safety, will look at restricting or banning the use of 'desktop studies' as a way of assessing the fire performance of external cladding systems.
The consultation is seeking views on whether 'desktop studies' are appropriate for all construction products, wall systems (cladding) or for any other purpose.
If 'desktop studies' are deemed appropriate, the proposed changes include improving the transparency of assessments, enabling proper scrutiny of results and ensuring that the studies can only be carried out by properly accredited bodies that have the relevant expertise.


text:
pistol whip: SMOKE & THUNDER
ACCOLADES TRAILER
After creating the campaign for Cloudhead Games' critically acclaimed update for Pistol Whip: Smoke & Thunder (which included an animated announcement trailer and three in-engine trailers) we were asked to top off the campaign with the final Accolades asset, showcasing all the wonderful things people had to say about the game and it's latest wild-west venture.
To create this asset, we decided to assemble a mix of story and gameplay, with a recut version of one of the in-game music tracks. For the titles, we produced custom sequences from a selection of approved quotes to use in the trailer, where we stylized the animation and the visual identity to match the wild-west theme of the update. We then worked with Cloudhead to find the perfect mix of VO from the game to help setup the story, which we then assembled alongside our in-house 4K capture, sound mix, editorial, and a music mix of one of the songs included in the update. We also did a VFX and animation pass on the in-game cinematics, with volumetric lighting, VFX work, and camera animation to make them feel more active and in-motion compared to in-engine.
The final result is an asset that helps showcase the critical acclaim and fast paced action Pistol Whip delivers.
Copyright © 2022 Player One Trailers
Part of Player One Studios


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text:
Pebble Island (Paperback)
Revised Anniversary Edition
Modern Warfare Falklands SAS & Elite Forces Military
By Jon Cooksey,	Francis Mackay
Series: Elite Forces Operations Series
Published: 29th March 2017
You'll be £14.99 closer to your next £10.00 credit when you purchase Pebble Island. What's this?
+£4.50 UK Delivery or free UK delivery if order is over £35
(click here for international delivery rates)
Pebble Island ePub (36.3 MB) Add to Basket £4.99
Pebble Island Kindle (78.9 MB) Add to Basket £4.99
This is the story of the SAS raid on Pebble Island during the Falklands War.
In atrocious weather, 48 men of 22 SAS Regiment were landed by Sea King Helicopter on the Island. Their task was to destroy the 11 enemy aircraft located at the Airstrip on the Island and neutralize the Argentinean force posted there to guard it.
The raid was successful and all the Aircraft were destroyed but debate still goes on as to whether the raid was a political gesture to give the British Public some action or whether it was to knock out the Airbase that could have made life difficult for the landings at San Carlos Bay later in the War.
The book covers sections on: history of the engagement, training and planning involved, equipment used, weapons file, breakdown of forces engaged, consequences and controversies as well as personal accounts of those involved.
An accessible and fact filled history of this secret operation in the Falklands War.
Well worth the purchase.
Amazon Customer, Richard Domoney-Saunders
Travel companies have been taking tours to the Falklands to see the battlegrounds and this title would be useful for such a trip. Covering the fighting on Pebble Island, the authors explain each phase and what was involved, including the air power, logistics and troops on the ground. The human endeavor would test the most physically strong and this, together with all the technical detail, is a well-rounded chapter of history.
Gun Mart, October 2017 - reviewed by John Norris
This book looks back at the particular raid by the SAS on an Argentine landing ground set up on the Falkland Islands at Pebble Island. It was the first such raid undertaken by the SAS since WW2. The particular raid, though part of a larger mission, was known as Operation Prelim. There were 6 Pucara aircraft based on a grass landing field at Pebble Island and which were considered a significant threat to the planned landings of British troops. What we have is the detailed story of the planning and execution of the raid which succeeded in destroying all the Pucaras, along with a Shorts Skyvan and 4 Mentors.
Robin Buckland - Military Model Scene
Amourer Incorporating Classic Arms and Militaria, July 2017
The work is profusely illustrated. 136 images between photographs, drawings, maps, planes, profiles of armament and aeronautical profiles, compose the pictorial section.
Great documentary work. Revised Anniversary Edition.
Read the full Spanish review here.
José Manuél Rico Cortés (Mister JM) - Miniaturas JM
This revised anniversary edition is a very welcome
edition, packed with insight and images. The Royal Navy assembled a Task Force in double quick time, sailed 8,000 miles and gave the Argentine bandits a drubbing – classic Empire Strikes Back. – Very
Firetrench
This small extremely well presented book with clear illustrations, established the importance of denying the Argentinians the use of Pebble Island as a forward operating base from where they could attack any approaching shipping. The success of the raid without loss of life had a significant effect on the early stages of the war. For the un-initiated it is revealing to discover the level of planning and resources needed to mount such an operation, and as always, there are never enough people or the right equipment. It is a truism that no plan survives contact with the enemy and what is clear from the book, is the flexibility of those on the ground to evolve the plan as required.
Robert Bartlett
About Jon Cooksey
The late Jon Cooksey was a leading military historian who took a special interest in the history of the world wars. He was the editor of Stand To!, the journal of the Western Front Association, and an experienced battlefield guide. His many books included The Barnsley Pals, Calais, Harry's War and, as editor, Blood and Iron.
More titles by Jon Cooksey
More titles by Francis Mackay


SCOTTSDALE — Snowflake Junior High School (SJHS) has been selected as one of three national winners in the Samsung Solve for Tomorrow science and technology contest.
The prize includes $150,000 worth of technology products such as LED TVs, laptops and tablets.
As part of the competition, SJHS also won $20,000 to donate to a community nonprofit organization of its choice. The school's donation will go to the Phoenix Herpetological Society to help support PHS' wildlife and science education programs.
Samsung also named Snowflake Junior High as this year's Community Choice winner for securing the most public votes for their team on social media. As the Community Choice winner, SJHS students have won an additional $20,000 in technology for their school.
SJHS emerged from thousands of public school entries from across the country to take home one of three top prizes for their innovation: a low-cost wildlife detection system that will warn drivers when large animals like elk and deer approach the road. The winners were named after finalists presented their projects to a panel of judges on Tuesday.
The SJHS project addresses the need for a low-cost system that can be deployed on a widespread, connected basis. Collisions with large animals cause more than 150 deaths per year and countless auto accidents.
People can watch a video about the project at www.samsung.com/solve.
For more information about PHS, including reservation-only tours of the private sanctuary or education programs, go to www.phoenixherp.com or call 480-513-4377 (HERP).


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When we save the rain forest, the polar bear, and Al Gore, we should party so hard that Canada calls the cops on us for noise.
I don't need a holiday or a feast to feel grateful for my children, the sun, the moon, the roof over my head, music, and laughter, but I like to take this time to take the path of thanks less traveled.
I'm thankful for the three ounce Ziploc bag, so that I have somewhere to put my savings.
I don't have a bank account because I don't know my mother's maiden name.
Once I was gone for a month and I was just miserable, so I flew back from Florida for two hours just to be home and see my cats.
I have a very silly sense of humor. I've never laughed harder in my entire life than seeing someone with toilet paper stuck on the bottom of their shoe.
I used to watch 'The Waltons' and sob because my family was nothing like that. We had a cruel sense of humor in my family.


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Home > Destinations > India > East India > Orissa Temple and Tribes Tour
Orissa Temple and Tribes Tour - 14 Days
Orissa Temple and Tribes Tour
Note: This is just a suggested itinerary indicative of what could be possible. We tailor holidays for your specific needs. Contact us if you want modifications so that we could tailor a holiday to suit your need for an unforgettable India tour.
Arrived Kolkata
Arrival at Kolkata International Airport, meeting assistance by our representative who will welcome you and will provide transfer to the hotel. Upon reaching your hotel, you will be handed over the travel documents with a complete briefing of tour by the representative. Check-in and proceed to your room. Overnight stay at Hotel.
After breakfast proceed for a full day city tour visiting Dalhousie Square (Covering Raj Bhavan, St. John's Church, High Court, GPO, Town Hall, Writer's Building and other important colonial buildings), Flower Market, Howrah Bridge, Kumhartoli (The Potter's Village), Marble Palace, Indian Museum, St. Paul's Cathedral Church & Victoria Memorial.
The Heritage tour will give insight in to the historical aspect of old Calcutta. This square has many old historic buildings, to name a few - Silver Mint (1824-31) built in Greek style is presently in a dilapidated condition, The Writers Building - designed by Thomas Lyon as a trading house for East India Company in 1780 has 57 sets of identical windows on 3 storeys built like a barrack inside. The Old Mission Church, built by Swedish missionary Johann Kiernander was consecrated in 1770, General Post Office designed by Walter Granville in 1868 has a white dome and Corinthian pillars, The Raj Bhawan, once a residence of British Governors-General and Viceroys, it is now the home of Governor of West Bengal, next to it is the most important Gothic building of Kolkata - the Calcutta High Court, built in 1872.
The Pareshnath Jain Temple is an ornate Digambar Jain temple built in central Indian Style in 1867 by a jeweller. The interior is richly decorated in European baroque and Italianate styles with mirrors and Venetian glass mosaics. The gardens have formal geometric flower beds.
Belur Math was founded in 1899 by Swami Vivekanand, a disciple of Saint Ramakrishna. It is presently the international headquarters of Ramakrishna Mission and preaches the unity of all religions. Symbolizing the belief of ""Math"" (monastery) it has Hindu, Christian and Islamic style of architecture.
Visit to the Ninth oldest regular Museum of the world, Indian Museum, Kolkata. It was established in the year 1814 at the Asiatic Society and was transferred to the present site in 1878. It has over sixty galleries of Art, Archaeology, Anthropology, Geology, Zoology and Botany sections, spreading over 10000 sq. feet area. Many rare specimens both Indian and Trans - Indian origin relating to Humanities and Natural Science are preserved and displayed in the galleries of these sections. It has a collection of more than 50,000 coins of Gold, Silver and other metals. It also has a mummy in its Egyptian section.
In the afternoon visit the Victoria Memorial - a gift by Lord Curzon to Queen Victoria in honor of her commemoration and as a symbol of her Indian Empire. It has been designed in Italian Renaissance-Mughal style and built in White Marble in 1921 and has many galleries with over 3000 exhibits. At the entrance it has an impressive 'weather vane' in form of a 5mt tall bronze figure of Victory, weighing over 3 tons. Overnight stay at hotel.
Kolkata – Bhubaneshwar
Arrive Bhubaneshwar, assistance and transfer to Hotel. Bhubaneshwar is the capital of the ancient kingdom of Odisha (Orissa), and is famous as the temple city of India. Travel through Odisha (Orissa) is a mélange of art, architecture and long-established customs. City tour of Bhubaneswar, which has some stunning temples clustered around the Bindusagar Tank. Of the original 7000 only 500 remain dating from the 7th century to the 11th century AD. Of these the most outstanding is the 11th century Lingaraja Temple, which celebrates the zenith of Odisha (Orissa) art; and the late 10th century beautifully decorated Muktesvara Temple, which marks the end of the phase of temple building in Odisha (Orissa).
The 55-mt-high Lingaraja Temple is a rare masterpiece depicting the high point of Orissan architecture of the 10th-11th century. Described as /""the truest fusion of dream and reality,/"" every inch of its surface is covered with elaborate carvings of gods, goddesses, dryads, nymphs and fairies. The temple can be seen from miles away and the sculpture and architecture here fuse elegantly to create a perfect harmony. It is believed that all pilgrims, who wish to go to the Jagannath temple at Puri, must first offer worship at the Lingaraja temple. The temple has two added structures—the Natya Mandir (dance hall) and the Bhoga Mandap (offering platform). It is important to note that non-Hindus are not allowed inside the Lingaraja Temple.
Rajarani Temple - The Rajarani Temple (AD 1100), set amongst picturesque paddy fields, derives its name from the stone known as the Rajarani. It was built earlier in comparison to the impressive Lingaraja, but what sets apart this relatively small temple is its celebration of the feminine form. Here women are portrayed in a stunning variety of amorous poses and moods reminding one of the temples of Khajuraho.
Mukteshwar Temple - Perhaps the most ornate temple in Bhubaneswar, the Mukteshwar Temple (7th–8th century AD) has intricate carvings of deities that show the amalgamation of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain styles of architecture. The carvings on the roof, especially the bho motifs of the grinning lion and the monkey, are quite striking. There is a well to the south of the temple in which childless women toss a coin to wish for a child.
Brahmeshwara Temple - The Brahmeshwara Temple (AD 1050) is situated around a kilometre east of the main road of the city. It stands in a courtyard flanked by four smaller temples and a Shivling. Besides, there are other minor shrines in every corner of the courtyard. Two interesting images are found inside this temple: a well-oiled image of Lakshmi, covered in cloth, and a miniature image of Nataraja sitting on a bull and playing a veena.
Outside the city limits are the Udayagiri and Khandgiri caves, harking back to the time of Jain and Buddhist occupation of this region in the 2nd century BC. The Jain caves are among the earliest in India and all the caves were built or excavated during the 150 years before Christ. In contrast to the stark decor of the Jain caves, the Buddhist caves are decorated with excellent friezes and sculptures.
Overnight stay at hotel.
Bhubaneshwar - Dhauli - Konark - Puri
On the drive to Konark (75km), we will stop at Dhauli where the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka renounced violence and embraced the teachings of Buddha. We visit the Peace Pagoda known as Shanti Stupa built in early 1970s by the Japanese. We also stop at two ancient rock edicts, today eclipsed by the presence of the Pagoda. Dating from 260BC they outline Ashoka's detailed instructions to his administrators to rule with gentleness and fairness. Our next stop is the colourful village of Pipili where we can see Orissan handicrafts, the speciality being the famous applique work.
Visit to the Chariot of the Sun God temple, built by King Langula Narasimha Deva in the 13th century AD during the golden era of Orissan art. This temple, among the crowning works of Orissan architecture and sculpture, is sheer poetry in stone. Every day the Sun God rises from the horizon, across the shimmering blue waters of the Bay of Bengal, and casts the warmth and luminosity of his revitalizing rays on the sanctum sanctorum, circling the temple during the course of the day, illuminating the three brilliant images of the sun - in the morning, at mid-day and in the evening, as day makes way for the night. As you approach the water, you will see rising from the golden sandy beach, one of the country's most vivid archaeological treasures - the Surya Mandir (Sun Temple). For a millennium, this temple served as a beacon to the ancient and medieval mariners. Despite the fact that the Black Pagoda, as it was referred to by European soldiers who wanted to distinguish Konark from the whitewashed Jagannath Temple in Puri, lies in ruins, the structure is magnificent. Afternoon drive to Puri takes about 2hrs. Overnight stay at hotel
Puri is one of the four principal holy abodes in India, as well as a popular beach resort. It offers the rare experience of watching both the sunset and sunrise from the same beach. Pre-Dravidian and pre-Aryan history relates that a tooth of Buddha was temporarily enshrined in Puri before being moved to Sri Lanka. Supporting the theory that Buddhism prevailed in this area, the Jagannath Temple, dedicated to the Lord of the Universe, and the main attraction in Puri, was believed to have originally been a stupa (pagoda). The extraordinary form, Jagannath takes in this temple, is said to be the unfinished work of the craftsman god, Vishvakarma. Angry at Vishnu, he left his interpretation of the 'Lord of the Universe' incomplete. Overnight stay at hotel.
Puri – Chilika Lake
The drive to Chilika Lake takes us through picturesque countryside and charming villages. Chilika lies in the heart of coastal Odisha (Orissa). Spread over 1,100 sq km, this is the country's largest lake. Dotted with islands, Chilika has a rich variety of aquatic life and is a bird watcher's paradise, particularly when migratory birds arrive in winter. Sunset and sunrise are memorable experiences here. Overnight stay at Guest House.
Chilika Lake – Gopalpur
Rising early we visit the lake to view the avian life and the Kalijai Temple, abode of the presiding deity of the lake, located on a tiny island. In winter the lake attracts migratory bird from Iran, Central Asia, and as far as Siberia. We will also be able to watch the fishermen at work, who come here in search of prawns, mackerel and crabs. After breakfast we drive to Gopalpur-on-Sea, an ancient seaport not often visited by tourists. Sand dunes, groves of coconut palm and casuarinas separate the small town from the beach. Overnight stay at hotel.
Gopalpur – Taptapani
Morning, relax at the hotel; afternoon drive to Taptapani (150km). Luxuriate in the small hot springs in this peaceful village: water from the hot sulphur springs, discovered here in a forest setting, is channeled to a pool for bathing. There is a shrine of goddess Kandhi inside the original pool, which is believed to cure infertility. You may also like to visit Chandragiri, 36 kms away, where a community of Tibetan refugees resides, and supports itself by weaving carpets. Overnight stay at Inspection Bungalow.
Taptapani – Rayagada
Odisha (Orissa) has the third highest concentration of tribes in India, and because of the remoteness of the area where they live these tribes are untouched by modern ways of life. Each has a distinct language and pattern of social and religious customs. Though economically challenged and a very low rate of literacy, the tribal groups have highly developed artistic skills as seen in their body paintings, ornaments, weaving and wall paintings. Music and dance also are an integral part of their ceremonies and seasonal festivals. During the next few days we will be visiting some of these tribal settlements. On the 220km drive today we will stop at the villages of the Saoras, a major tribe who live in hilly areas. In contrast to other tribes who live in clans, the Saoras live in extended families descended from a common ancestor. The village is administered by a headman assisted by a religious leader and village shamans (medicine men), who are able to communicate with deceased ancestors. The walls of the mud houses are decorated with remarkable paintings and traditional designs. Monday is the market day for this tribe so we will have time to wander through the tribal market. Overnight stay at hotel.
Rayagada – Kothgarh – Rayagada
The excursion today takes us to the Kothgarh tribal area (180km). The inhabitants speak Kuvi - a language derived from the Dravidian strain of Southern India. Human sacrifice has now been replaced with animal sacrifice, offering sacrificial blood to their supreme goddess, represented by a piece of wood or stone, to ensure fertility of the soil. The members of this tribe still use bows and arrows to protect themselves from wild animals. Tuesday is the market day. Return to Rayagada. Overnight stay at hotel.
Rayagada – Jeypore
Drive to Jeypore through Chatikona, visiting a few Dongariya Kondh villages en route. Overnight stay at hotel.
Jeypore – Onukudelli
The area we visit today is the home of the approximately 6000 members of fierce Bondas (naked people) of Tibetan-Burmese origin. They live in remote hills and keep themselves isolated. Bondas grow rice by shifting cultivation and domesticate cows and goats and can only be seen when they come to trade at the local market. Therefore, we must time our visit to coincide with the weekly market-day on Thursday. The Bonda women are conspicuous with their bead necklaces, striking brass and silver necklets, and their shaved heads decorated with plaits of Palmyra leaves. We will also visit the colourful Gadabas, a Munda tribe who speak in an Austro-Asiatic dialect. Overnight stay at Inspection Bungalow in Machkund near Onukudelli.
Onukudelli – Gupteswar – Jeypore
A day excursion to Gupteswar (140km) to visit the caves, which are believed to have been the refuge of Lord Rama during his fourteen years of exile, and the place where he worshiped Shiva. On the way we will visit a few Dhuruba villages. Return to Jeypore. Overnight stay at hotel.
Jeypore – Vishakhapatnam – Delhi
Today we leave hotel early in the morning at 0600hr and drive to Vishakhapatnam and straightaway transfer to airport for flight to Delhi. Late night transfer to the International airport.
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From Writing Code to Mixing Music, What Can't Aaron Stanley Do?
by Hannah Eberle | June 28, 2019
By day, we're marketing geeks. Computer nerds. Quirky writers and artists. And damn proud of it!
But after hours, our team members shed their marketing capes – and pursue all kinds of cool Hobbies, Interests and Talents (we call them HITs for short).
Here's what Aaron Stanley, Haley Marketing Front-End Developer, is into:
HIT: Mashup Producer and Performer
In my free time, I make audio mashups by combining two or more songs into new arrangements. It started back in college when I stumbled upon the then newly released The Grey Album, where a DJ named Danger Mouse mashed up Jay-Z's The Black Album and The Beatles' "White Album." At the time, I was taking a music production course, so I figured out how to do it myself and made some mashups for my final project.
Since then, over the years I've released a handful of my mashups on YouTube and Reddit, which got a lot of positive feedback. Eventually I even put together a band to perform them live which became fairly popular throughout my home state of Illinois.
My favorite thing about mashups is when people are expecting to hear one song and then another one creeps in. When I was performing with the live group, the best reactions were always at the start of "Enter Sandman" when "Don't Stop Believing" showed up over it.
Besides that, this experience has opened up my musical tastes to help me appreciate different genres of music. Now I love hearing a song on the radio and thinking of other songs that would pair well with it.
Full Circle Moment
Once you start listening to mashups, it's hard not to hear them everywhere you go. I love getting approached by people with new ideas! One of the most popular songs I made was arranged with my 8-year-old niece. She had the idea to pair Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do" with Fitz & The Tantrum's "Handclap." We spent a whole afternoon taking the two songs and combining them into an awesome arrangement that she was super proud of by the end. That's a great memory for me and we got an awesome song out of it, too. My other highlight was getting one of my mashups retweeted last year by none other than my original inspiration, Danger Mouse!
Want to hear some of Aaron's top beats? Check out his work below:
24k Magic Is How We Do It
Baby One More Shape Of You
Confident Uprising
Toxic Bang Bang
Meet Our Team staffing industry marketing, Marketing Staffing Agencies, Haley HITs, digital marketing firms, Aaron Stanley mashup producer, Aaron Stanley Haley Marketing Group
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Apparently McConnell supports the "Trump Shutdown," stating "the president is in the right place trying to get the right outcome," a prediction inconsistent with recent polls. In fact, according to a recent poll conducted by Reuters, 51% of Americans do not support the shutdown and believe Trump is responsible for it.
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