text:
Gran gives gift of life to granddaughter after she turned yellow
'They will always share this special bond. When I look at pictures of my mum and Phoebe, it's quite surreal'
Natasha Wynarczyk
Chantelle HeedsLive News Reporter
Phoebe Elliston with gran Debbie (Image: DAILY MIRROR)
A grandmother has given her granddaughter the gift of life.
This comes after Phoebe Elliston turned completely yellow at just four weeks old.
Doctors told her mum, Lauren Elliston, that she would need a liver transplant. But when her body rejected a deceased donor's organ, her grandmother, 56-year-old Debbie Souter-Matthews, stepped in.
Phoebe's mum Lauren Elliston, 31, couldn't be more thankful for Debbie's decision to donate 20% of her liver.
READ MORE: 'I only have about 10 to 15 years left and I'm not going to lie, I'm terrified'
Lauren told The Mirror: "What my mum has done really hasn't sunk in for any of us, because she literally saved Phoebe's life."
The 31-year-old pub worker from Wigan, added: "They will always share this special bond. When I look at pictures of my mum and Phoebe, it's quite surreal as I'm like, 'this is two people sharing one liver'. Before her transplant, Phoebe was so miserable - I never heard her laugh and she only smiled on rare occasions. Now she's completely different and so happy."
When Lauren noticed something was wrong with newborn Phoebe, she was refered first to her local A&E, then to hospital in Leeds where she was diagnosed with biliary atresia.
This occurs when there is a blockage in tubes carrying bile from the liver to the gallbladder, caused by the bile ducts not developing normally.
Phoebe needed an immediate operation to remove her gallbladder and bile ducts - but Lauren was told that even after this kind of major surgery two thirds of people with biliary atresia still need a liver transplant at some point.
"Everything was fine for the first few months," says Lauren. "But in the summer, Phoebe's belly massively swelled due to a complication of her condition, and doctors told me she'd probably need a transplant before the age of two - but we still thought we had a bit of time. In August, she got a liver infection and we were told she needed to be on the list for a transplant."
A deceased donor was found in October, but while the surgery went well, after a few days she became ill as her body rejected the organ. Phoebe's kidneys also shut down, and she ended up on dialysis.
But there was hope, as Debbie had been told she could be a living donor. She had even prepared for surgery three times before the donor was found. Days after Phoebe's body rejected the donor's organ Phoebe had a successful transplant from Debbie.
"My mum has said it feels like it was meant to be that she gave some of her liver to Phoebe," says Lauren.
"They both went into theatre at the same time. That was a scary day especially as Phoebe was so poorly. But Phoebe likes mum's liver and within a couple of days it kicked in and everything was working. She spent four weeks in intensive care and had to relearn everything such as how to sit up and lift her head up as she had lost all of her muscle strength."
Phoebe Elliston (Image: DAILY MIRROR)
Early this month, Phoebe and Debbie were both discharged from hospital and are recovering well at home, with Debbie's liver slowly growing back.
Although Lauren had planned for Phoebe to spend her birthday with Debbie, due to the rise in Covid cases as well as Phoebe's need to shield, the pair spent Christmas Day at home.
Lauren adds: "We had a birthday cake and balloons, and sang happy birthday - but with Phoebe's birthday being Christmas Day I always said we would also have her half birthday on 25 June where we can celebrate properly with mum when we aren't shielding."
Lauren and Debbie hope to take Phoebe to the British Transplant Games and the European Transplant and Dialysis Games both being held in the UK next summer.
These events will allow Lauren to meet other families whose children have had organ transplants.
She said: "They've been a huge support to us over social media. Having people there who have been through a similar experience has been really helpful."
Jet2, easyJet, Ryanair, BA, TUI, Emirates: New Year travel rules for Spain, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Greece
Lancashire's 4,110 new Covid cases and the areas they were found


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Instagram Lite APK
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If you want to save the Internet, you can download I.L right now, so it is very interesting for some people with internet data or roaming in foreign. However, let me tell you that this app already exists on the Play Store but for now, it can not download I.L in some languages or other countries.
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text:
Q: If $a+b+c=3$ so $\sum\limits_{cyc}\frac{a}{\sqrt{b^2+c^2}}\geq\sum\limits_{cyc}\frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2+bc}}$ Let $a$, $b$ and $c$ be positive numbers such that $a+b+c=3$. Prove that:
$$\frac{a}{\sqrt{b^2+c^2}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{a^2+c^2}}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}\geq\frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2+bc}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{b^2+ac}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{c^2+ab}}$$
I tried to use C-S, Holder, SOS, Rearrangement and more, but without some success.

A: The Buffalo Way works although it is an ugly solution.
Squaring both sides of the inequality, we need to prove that
$$\sum_{\mathrm{cyc}} \frac{a^2}{b^2+c^2} + \sum_{\mathrm{cyc}} \frac{2ab}{\sqrt{b^2+c^2}\sqrt{c^2+a^2}}
\ge \sum_{\mathrm{cyc}} \frac{1}{a^2+bc} + \sum_{\mathrm{cyc}} \frac{2}{\sqrt{a^2+bc}\sqrt{b^2+ca}}.$$
Using AM-GM and GM-HM, we have $\sqrt{b^2+c^2}\sqrt{c^2+a^2} \le \frac{b^2+c^2 + c^2 + a^2}{2}$
and $\sqrt{a^2+bc}\sqrt{b^2+ca} \ge \frac{2(a^2+bc)(b^2+ca)}{a^2+bc + b^2+ca}$. Thus, it suffices to prove that
$$\sum_{\mathrm{cyc}} \frac{a^2}{b^2+c^2} + \sum_{\mathrm{cyc}} \frac{4ab}{b^2+c^2 + c^2 + a^2}
\ge \sum_{\mathrm{cyc}} \frac{1}{a^2+bc} + \sum_{\mathrm{cyc}} \frac{a^2+bc + b^2+ca}{(a^2+bc)(b^2+ca)}.$$
After homogenization, we need to prove that
$$\sum_{\mathrm{cyc}} \frac{a^2}{b^2+c^2} + \sum_{\mathrm{cyc}} \frac{4ab}{b^2+c^2 + c^2 + a^2}
\ge \frac{(a+b+c)^2}{9}\Big(\sum_{\mathrm{cyc}} \frac{1}{a^2+bc} + \sum_{\mathrm{cyc}} \frac{a^2+bc + b^2+ca}{(a^2+bc)(b^2+ca)}\Big)$$
or
$f(a, b, c)\ge 0$ where $f(a,b,c)$ is a homogeneous polynomial with degree $18$.
We use the Buffalo Way. WLOG, assume that $c = \min(a,b,c)$.
If $c = 0$, we have $f(a,b,0) = a^3b^3(2a^2-3ab+2b^2)(2a^2+b^2)(a^2+2b^2)(a^2+b^2)(a-b)^2(a+b)^2$. True.
If $c > 0$ and $c \le a \le b$, let $c = 1, \ a = 1+s, \ b= 1+s + t; \ s,t\ge 0$.
$f(1+s, 1+s+t, 1)$ is a polynomial in $s, t$ with non-negative coefficients. True.
If $c > 0$ and $c \le b\le a$, let $c=1, \ b = 1+s, \ a = 1+s+t; \ s,t\ge 0$.
$f(1+s+t, 1+s, 1)$ is a polynomial in $s, t$ with non-negative coefficients. True.
We are done.

A: We begin with a first substitution we put :
$\frac{b}{2}-a=x-2\epsilon<0=-u$
$\frac{b}{2}+a=y+\epsilon=v$
$c+a=z+\epsilon=w$
The initial inequality become :
$$\frac{v-u}{\sqrt{(\frac{v+u}{2})^2+(\frac{2w-v-u}{2})^2}}+\frac{\frac{v+u}{2}}{\sqrt{(v-u)^2+(\frac{2w-v-u}{2})^2}}+\frac{\frac{2w-v-u}{2}}{\sqrt{(v-u)^2+(\frac{u+v}{2})^2}}\geq \frac{1}{\sqrt{(v-u)^2+(\frac{2w-v-u}{2})(\frac{v+u}{2})}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{(\frac{v+u}{2})^2+(\frac{2w-v-u}{2})(v-u)}}\frac{1}{\sqrt{(\frac{2w-v-u}{2})^2+(v-u)(\frac{v+u}{2})}}$$
We get $w+v-u=3$
Now we make a second substitution :
$-u=\frac{-p}{\sqrt{r^2+q^2-p^2}}$
$v=\frac{r}{\sqrt{r^2+q^2-p^2}}$
$w=\frac{q}{\sqrt{r^2+q^2-p^2}}$
We get this :
$-p+r+q=3\sqrt{r^2+q^2-p^2}$
The initial inequality become
$$\frac{2\frac{r-p}{2}}{\sqrt{(\frac{r+p}{2})^2+(\frac{2q-r-p}{2})^2}}+\frac{\frac{r+p}{2}}{\sqrt{(2\frac{r-p}{2})^2+(\frac{2q-r-p}{2})^2}}+\frac{\frac{2q-r-p}{2}}{\sqrt{(2\frac{r-p}{2})^2+(\frac{r+p}{2})^2}}\geq \frac{\sqrt{r^2+q^2-p^2}}{\sqrt{(2\frac{r-p}{2})^2+(\frac{2q-r-p}{2})(\frac{r+p}{2})}}+\frac{\sqrt{r^2+q^2-p^2}}{\sqrt{(\frac{r+p}{2})^2+(\frac{2q-r-p}{2})(2\frac{r-p}{2})}}\frac{\sqrt{r^2+q^2-p^2}}{\sqrt{(\frac{2q-r-p}{2})^2+(2\frac{r-p}{2})(\frac{r+p}{2})}}$$
We make a last substitution :
$r=R$
$-p=-RP$
$q=RQ$
With $P\geq 1$ if we put $p\geq q \geq r$
So the initial condition become :
$-P+1+Q=3\sqrt{1+Q^2-P^2}$
Wich is equivalent to :
$Q=\frac{3}{8}\sqrt{(9P^2-2P-7)}+\frac{(1-P)}{8}$
The initial inequality become :
$$\frac{2\frac{1-P}{2}}{\sqrt{(\frac{1+P}{2})^2+(\frac{2Q-1-P}{2})^2}}+\frac{\frac{1+P}{2}}{\sqrt{(2\frac{1-P}{2})^2+(\frac{2Q-1-P}{2})^2}}+\frac{\frac{2Q-1-P}{2}}{\sqrt{(2\frac{1-P}{2})^2+(\frac{1+P}{2})^2}}\geq \frac{\sqrt{1+Q^2-P^2}}{\sqrt{(2\frac{1-P}{2})^2+(\frac{2Q-1-P}{2})(\frac{1+P}{2})}}+\frac{\sqrt{1+Q^2-P^2}}{\sqrt{(\frac{1+P}{2})^2+(\frac{2Q-1-P}{2})(2\frac{1-P}{2})}}\frac{\sqrt{1+Q^2-P^2}}{\sqrt{(\frac{2Q-1-P}{2})^2+(2\frac{1-P}{2})(\frac{1+P}{2})}}$$
So to conclude it sufficient to combine the condition with the inequality to obtain an inequality with one variable .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Stage Struck és una pel·lícula muda de la Famous Players-Lasky Corp. distribuïda per la Paramount. Basada en una història de Frank R. Adams adaptada per Sylvia La Varre, va ser dirigida per Allan Dwan i protagonitzada per Gloria Swanson, Lawrence Gray, Gertrude Astor i Ford Sterling. Estrenada el 15 de novembre de 1925 amb una feble acollida, la pel·lícula presentava les escenes inicial i final en Technicolor.

Argument
A la ciutat de New Martinsville Jenny Hagen, una cambrera de restaurant, somia desperta amb ser una actriu famosa. Està enamorada de l'especialista en creps del menjador, Orme Wilson, les habilitats del qual per voltejar-les davant de la finestra del restaurant atrauen els clients que passen. A més de ser una cambrera maldestra, Jenny és tímida amb Orme, que l'anomena el seu ratolí. Quan li cau la safata, Jenny dóna la seva excusa habitual: "Ho vaig fer per ser divertida". En secret renta la roba d'Orme en lloc de portar-la a la bugaderia. Sabent que Orme té desenes de fotografies d'actrius a la paret de la seva habitació, Jenny paga cinc dòlars per un curs d'interpretació per correspondència, que equival a unes quantes pàgines d'instrucció, i fa postures davant del mirall del seu dormitori.

Un dia arriba a la ciutat el Water Queen, un vaixell d'exhibició fluvial, i l'empresari Waldo Buck saluda els locals presentant l'actriu Lillian Lyons, l'estrella de l'espectacle. Orme s'enamora de la protagonista i la convida al restaurant a sopar. Quan arriba l'actriuOrme demana a Jenny que l'ajudi amb les tasques de la cuina per així poder passar més temps amb Lillian. Ella només accepta quan ell li promet que la deixarà que l'ajudi a voltejar les creps al pícnic de la ciutat l'endemà.

Aquella nit, Jenny remodela la seva roba amb unes tisores perquè coincideixi amb l'estil de Lillian. L'endemà, Orme es mostra disgustat amb el maquillatge de Jenny, i aquesta s'enfada amb Lillian quan menysprea les cambreres. Després Jenny parla amb Waldo Buck i li explica que és actriu per lo que aquest li ofereix l'oportunitat de recitar uns quants versos dissabte abans de la presentació de "La cabana de l'oncle Tom" A canvi, però, ha de participar en un combat de dones amb Lillian. Jenny diu a Orme que no podrà assistir l'espectacle de la Water Queen.

Dissabte, mentre la gent del poble s'amuntega a l'auditori del vaixell, Waldo Buck informa Jenny que durant la lluita ha de portar una mitja al cap perquè és "la meravella emmascarada". Per separat, Buck li diu a la Lillian que la Jenny caurà després dels primers cops. Durant la baralla, però, Jenny noqueja accidentalment Lillian i la multitud enfervoreix. Mentre Jenny recita els seus versos de poesia, Lillian s'aixeca i la colpeja per darrere i l'assistent de Buck expulsa Jenny de l'escenari per no seguir el guió Jenny sent Orme cridar a Lillian però creu que està enfadat amb ella en comptes de amb l'actriu. Desesperada, Jenny salta al riu però ell també s'hi llança tot seguit al seu rescat- Mentre Jenny protesta ell li diu: "Calla, ratolí, t'estimo". Junts obren el seu propi restaurant especialitzat en crepes en forma de cor.

Repartiment

 Gloria Swanson (Jennie Hagen)
 Lawrence Gray (Orme Wilson)
 Gertrude Astor (Lillian Lyons)
 Oliver Sandys (Hilda Wagner)
 Ford Sterling (Buck)
 Carrie Scott (Mrs. Wagner)
 Emil Hoch (Mr. Wagner)
 Margery Whittington (Soubrette)
 Jack McLain
 Jim Cassady

Referències

Enllaços externs
 "Stage Struck" al catàleg de l'American Film Institute
 Pel·lícula completa a YouTube

Pel·lícules dels Estats Units del 1925
Pel·lícules dirigides per Allan Dwan
Pel·lícules sobre actors

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text:
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C. R. Lemons
C. R. Lemons is a native Texan who requires a cup of coffee to function, must have background music playing for concentration, and enjoys her life full of laughter. As a child, she would sneak her mom's romance novels and lose herself in them. Her love of writing started through poetry in her teens. C. R. Lemons always had an active imagination and dreamt of sharing it through writing. This dream finally came true with her first novel, Getting Him Off Quickly (Getting Him Off Series, Book 1), and continues with her published catalog full of romance, thrillers, and poetry. As an award-winning author, she excels at writing literary stimulation, one word at a time. For the latest list of books by C. R. Lemons, please visit her website at http://www.crlemons.com.
CRLemons.com
Getting Him Off Quickly (Getting Him Off Series, Book 1)
Erotic Thriller
Paralegal Daisy Sinclair works for a well-known successful criminal defense attorney in downtown Fort Worth. She works hard and plays even harder, but has a code to never mix business with pleasure. This code is tested when her boss hires Warren Cole as a criminal investigator to partner with her in a case defending a prominent figure against a double murder charge.
Investigator Cole is a gorgeous six foot five former homicide detective and Navy SEAL with piercing emerald green eyes, unkempt jet black hair, caramel tan complexion and rock hard body. When Daisy catches herself imagining him handcuffed to her bed while investigating the crime scene, she soon realizes mixing business with pleasure maybe unavoidable.
Daisy is a strong-willed free spirit who plays by her own rules and Warren is a cocky alpha male who is accustomed to going by procedure. This combination makes for an interesting and entertaining investigative team. As they set out to prove their client's innocence, they find themselves on a suspenseful winding journey of the many suspects and motives to discover things may not be what they seem, or are they?
Getting Him Off Secretly (Getting Him Off Series, Book 2)
Paralegal extraordinaire Daisy Sinclair goes undercover with the ever-so-sexy criminal investigator Warren Cole, her partner in crime investigation and in love. Their relationship couldn't seem more perfect until their firm is hired by the Honorable Elijah "Eli" Whitfield to solve the disappearance and subsequent murder of his acquaintance. He is not just any Judge, he is Daisy's former boss with chestnut brown hair, deep blue eyes, a smile that a politician would kill for and is by far the sexiest one presiding in Texas. There is a history between these two that lingers and comes to fruition when Daisy's undercover assignment takes her deep into a secret world of the most powerful men in Fort Worth and working intimately close with the Judge. Daisy finds herself at a crossroads between her committed relationship with her boyfriend and resisting a hot steamy affair with her former boss all while trying to catch a murderer.
Getting Him Off Completely (Getting Him Off Series, Book 3)
Investigative Paralegal Daisy Sinclair works alongside her boyfriend Criminal Defense Investigator Warren Cole to solve a complex murder case when they find themselves defending a dear friend and co-worker. The case has them collaborating with local law enforcement and going undercover in a notorious outlaw motorcycle club while her personal life has her planning her best friend's wedding as the maid of honor.
Daisy finds herself in two completely different roles as she juggles both assignments. However, when crime scene evidence leads her to the wedding venue these roles warp her into an Investigative Paralegal Maid of Honor Extraordinaire and no suspect or wedding guest will be crossed off the list until thoroughly cleared.
By the time the case is solved and the wedding is over, Daisy will have taken one hell of a journey of self-discoverability, social awakening, and personal sacrifices.
Getting Him Off Sweetly (Getting Him Off Series, Book 4)
Take a satisfying bite of this delicious mysterotica, dripping with hot sex and tantalizing intrigue.
Investigative Paralegal Daisy Sinclair is shaken to the core when she comes across the brutal crime scene of someone she holds very dear to her heart along with witnessing her long-time friend and high school sweetheart Nikolaos "Niko" Papadopoulos standing over the victim and holding the murder weapon. Niko is quickly arrested as the prime suspect in the murder. Given her history with the suspect and being present at the crime scene, Daisy is thrown right in the middle of the police investigation as a person of interest by a homicide detective who has it out for her boss. Since Daisy has such a close personal connection to the victim and the suspect, she makes it her mission to find out who is responsible for the murder and to prove her friend's innocence.
Dealing with such a personal loss, Daisy finds herself relying heavily on her partner and boyfriend, Criminal Defense Investigator, Warren Cole for the strength to get her through the investigation. Warren takes on the role with ease and as a result their relationship grows deeper. They find themselves not only searching for a murderer, but taking their relationship to the next level and searching for the perfect home to move into. Although not one place seems just right for Daisy, she finds herself faced with wanting more for the first time in her life and wondering if more involves the question with the ring.
During the investigation, Daisy comes across some shady and entertaining characters as well as undoubtedly finding trouble along the way. However, will she find the answers she is searching for, will the question arrive, and will the ring make an appearance? If so, is it what she ultimately wants and desires?
A sweet craving for more will be the only thing left once this tasty treat of an erotic thriller has been devoured.
Getting Him Off Finally (Getting Him Off Series, Book 5)
Wedding bells are ringing, clocks are ticking, and Daisy's life is changing.
Investigative Paralegal, Daisy Sinclair and Defense Investigator, Warren Cole are getting married and their boss is retiring. While discussing his planned retirement, Daisy and Warren's boss informs them of the law firm's last case. It is a re-investigation into a nine year old murder and, their new client has already been convicted of and sentenced to death for this murder. The execution date has been set and is scheduled to take place in two weeks, forcing the newlyweds to postpone their honeymoon. Not every marriage starts off having to postpone the honeymoon because the bride and groom have to investigate a murder before a scheduled execution date, but Daisy and Warren are far from your average couple. As they make their way through the re-investigation and interview the heavy conscience burdened witnesses, new information is disclosed, additional evidence is found, and many more questions are raised. While tirelessly working the case, they are also having to entertain their houseguests, Daisy's parents, who were supposed to housesit for the vacationing honeymooners. As a result, Daisy and Warren find themselves in a situation most newlyweds are unfamiliar with...not being able to consummate their marriage.
What is in store, personally and professionally, for Daisy and Warren's next chapter? As time runs out, will they conclude that their client is rightfully convicted or, will someone else be revealed as the true murderer? Oh, and, when will Daisy and Warren find the time for their first matrimonial sexcapade?
The end is definitely coming and all that is waiting are new beginnings.
Fractured Wings
Just when the time has come to spread your wings and fly on your own, life has other plans and anchors you to the ground...
Alex Sutherland has lived a charmed, small town life, which has been perfectly mapped out. As a recently engaged law school graduate, she is on the cusp of starting her new life and career in the big city. However, her carefully laid out plan is instantly halted when she is attacked while out for a run on the last day at her childhood home.
Although her physical wounds have healed, she is plagued with constant nightmares and recurring memories of the brutality. At her lowest moment, Alex finds her strongest support from Anthony Gabrielli, the FBI agent in charge of her case. Through his subtle encouragement, she takes steps to reclaiming her prior self, even though her assailant has not been caught. When she discovers she is still being targeted, she decides to face her fears and becomes determined to find out what lurks in the shadows.
When the evil is revealed and plays out like an apocalyptic crumbling of her sweet home town, will Alex be unable to survive the disastrous outcome, or have the strength to break free so she may finally soar on her own terms?
The Mysterious Mr. Blackstone
When two unsteady souls, in totally different life stages, cross paths at just the moment that each needs the other most...
Rachel Trammel is an associate attorney, fresh out of law school, and works for the Law Firm of Mason, Blackstone & Thorpe. Always hiding behind her glasses and blending into her surroundings, Rachel is oblivious to the beauty she holds which is only enhanced by her sweet and humble nature. She works hard as a first-year attorney and entertains herself through observation along with a very active imagination.
The one person who inspires and makes regular appearances in Rachel's imagination is her immediate boss and senior partner, Cameron Blackstone. Mr. Blackstone is a distinguished, charismatic, steel-blue eyed dream, who causes Rachel's sexual fantasies to run wild at the most inappropriate times. With his dark past and mysterious habits of rarely being seen during the daytime, Rachel amuses herself with the many possibilities to the reasons why and even entertains the idea that Mr. Blackstone may be a vampire.
As these two spend time together, working on their cases, Mr. Blackstone begins urging Rachel past her comfort zone and as a result she unknowingly chisels away at his deep-seated barriers. A mutual attraction seems to develop, but is hindered by the shadows that lurk in Mr. Blackstone's past. When the truth is finally exposed, will it bring them closer together or will it be too heavy of a burden for Rachel to carry?
...they will either balance each other out and become better versions of themselves, at the hands of the other's encouragement; or, resist each other's hands to only fall deeper into apprehension.
Naturally His
Sometimes change is beyond our control. Then there are other times when change is a complete choice...
After her husband of thirteen years has an affair, Katy Andrews kicks him out of their house and finds herself unhappily married. She never thought she would be considering divorce and to add to the already complicated situation, the two own a general contracting business together. As a result, she is in a state of limbo afraid of changing her comfortable lifestyle and not knowing what to do. She just wakes up every morning and continues the same routine, making the best of a life that she had not planned for.
That all changes when Katy accidently sends an inappropriate email, meant for her sister, to her clients' architect, Liam Scott. She could have never suspected, in her wildest imagination, what ends up transpiring. The extremely charming Liam offers Katy the role of her lifetime. Although cautious, she is captivated by him and willingly submits to his intriguing proposition. Under his control, Liam becomes a dominant presence in Katy's life, guiding her through the darkness, as a strong bond develops.
Ending up on an unexpected journey of self-discovery, Katy realizes her comfortable lifestyle with her cheating husband does not even compare to the one Liam introduces her to and the one she has always been destined for.
She was lost in unhappiness until he came into her life and she blindly followed him as he led her to understanding who she is, Naturally His.
Naughtiness is Contagious: An Orgy of Erotic Poetry
Erotic Poetry
WARNING: An extremely HOT read.
Naughtiness is Contagious, An Orgy of Erotic Poetry, is full of sensually erotic words. It will have you blushing, tingling, and screaming for more all at once. Don't resist in joining the celebration of the naughty art of erotic musings. Open your mind and body to the written word of sexual desires... 28 poems that tease, please, and release your inner sexual soul.
Some poetry for your pleasure... ENJOY!
Poetic Nympho
WARNING: Your Poetic Nympho will be awakened.
A collection of erotic poetry that explores the sexual senses, ranging from a simple flirt to the adventurous D/s lifestyle. The author wants you to feel sexy, invites you to explore your sexual desires, and ultimately release your Poetic Nympho hidden deep within.


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Serena wins Miami Open
KEY BISCAYNE, Fla. (AP) – Serena Williams won her eighth Key Biscayne title Saturday and remained unbeaten this year by drubbing Carla Suarez Navarro 6-2, 6-0 in the final of the Miami Open tennis tournament.
Williams became the fourth woman to win the same WTA event at least eight times. Martina Navratilova won Chicago 12 times, the most titles by a woman at any tournament.
Navratilova was on hand to present the top-ranked Williams with her latest trophy.
Williams claimed her second title this year. She won her 19th Grand Slam championship at the Australian Open in January, and has now won 12 consecutive finals.
Williams improved to 18-0 this year. She withdrew before the Indian Wells semi-final last month with a knee injury but quickly recovered.
Williams was erratic at times as she navigated this year's draw, and was jeered for angrily pounding the court with her racket in an early-round match.
But the sun-splashed crowd was firmly behind her in the final. A roar erupted when she entered the stadium, and she had them cheering her winners from the first point.
Suarez Navarro looked nervous, and while she managed to hold in her first two service games, Williams pulled away from there. Williams' grunts grew louder as she closed out the first set, and she won the final ten games, including 25 of 30 points in the second set.
Mixing pace and direction, Williams won 21 of 22 points on her first serve, and she totalled 29 winners to three for Suarez Navarro. She improved to 5-0 against Suarez Navarro and has lost a total of 12 games in those matches.
Now 73-7 at Key Biscayne, Williams has won her past 18 matches in the tournament. She considers it her home event because she lives 90 minutes up Interstate 95 in Palm Beach Gardens. She has gone home with the championship trophy eight of the 15 times she has entered, with her first title in 2002.
The 26-year-old Suarez Navarro was playing in the biggest final of her career, and she'll crack the Top 10 next week for the first time.


Writing a research paper can be challenging. With the right tools and resources, the process can be less complicated. The resources below have been developed to help improve the process.
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Evaluating Print Sources – Strategies to evaluate secondary printed sources—books, journal articles, magazines, etc.
Is Your Web Site Credible? – Finding information on the World Wide Web is one thing, trusting it is another. You must be a critical consumer of materials you find on the Web. Quality and validity are not guaranteed when anyone can publish anything, anytime, without the benefit of scholarly peer review. Use this guide to analyze the web sites you find.
End Note – With End Note the online bibliographic databases, you can organize your references, images and PDFs in any language, and create bibliographies and figure lists instantly.
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Why invest in La Tania?
If there is a resort where it is good to invest, it is probably the one of La Tania. The small last one of the vast domain of the Three Valleys indeed has all of a great. Neighbouring the imposing resorts of Courchevel or Meribel, it has kept a more intimate atmosphere than its sisters, presenting itself as the ideal holiday resort for families looking for a haven of peace in the heart of the Alps.
Since its creation in 1990 and its inauguration as an annexe village of the 1992 Olympic Winter Games, La Tania, Bear Lair in the Savoyard dialect, has steadily fanned the covetousness of visitors and future real estate investors, and for good reasons... Offering to lovers of winter sports an ideal window on the fabulous area of the Three Valleys, it offers rare but interesting real estate opportunities, at prices more accessible than those practised in neighbouring resorts.
La Tania is the perfect compromise for those who wish to indulge in Alpine sports while staying in a setting conducive to comfort and relaxation. Founded in 1990, the resort has always positioned itself as a green resort, offering children and adults the opportunity to play and move freely, whether on foot, toboggan or ski.
In order to respect the exceptional environment and setting in which it was founded, the municipality took care to keep it small, and to make sure that all its buildings were covered with wood. Located in the heart of a forest of spruces and located on the mountainside, the municipality scrupulously ensures that each of its amenities fits harmoniously to the local panorama. Urbanization projects are therefore discreet, and are always made in the concern to respect the surrounding nature.
For the well-being of its residents and tourists passing through, parking was positioned on the outskirts of the village.
Once the first buds appear and the pastures finally reveal their green mantle, La Tania becomes the ideal holiday resort for all lovers of alpine summer recreation: hiking or biking, via ferrata, climbing, paragliding, are as much of activities that will delight young and old in the summer.
As a tourist, it is difficult to resist the charms of the breathtaking panorama offered to explorers on the numerous marked trails attached to the Tania.
Summer and winter, the heart of the town beats to the rhythms of sporting and cultural events organized within it, which can federate in all simplicity the lovers of the Savoie from all walks of life.
The hamlet of La Tania is still today considered as the "best kept secret area of the Three Valleys". Culminating at 1400 meters above sea level, halfway between its illustrious sisters Courchevel and Meribel, La Tania is distinguished by its more intimate character, away from the frenzy of these great resorts that make the international reputation of the French Alps.
Of a smaller size, the resort offers some real estate opportunities that the shrewdest investors will soon seize. At the current time, only 4,500 beds are open for seasonal accommodation. Aware of the growing fondness aroused by the discreet "Bears Lair", the town has recently expanded its development on the edge of the forest.
A new extension project is also expected in the coming months in the Moretta sector, allowing the development of the snow front, the construction of a new ski lift and the construction of a roundabout on the territory of the delegated municipality of La Perrière.
Plush cottages, old buildings to renovate, luxury apartments... The buying opportunities are relatively rare but the price per square meter in La Tania remains much more interesting than the ones practised in the neighbouring resorts of the Three Valleys.
Each year, a few privileged manage to realize interesting real estate operations in the discrete but not less sought-after green station.
Are you interested to invest or rent in the heart of this little Savoyard pearl that is La Tania? Discover on our site the exclusive opportunities that our team managed to find for you.


We'd love your help. Let us know what's wrong with this preview of Restating Orientalism by Wael B. Hallaq.
Since Edward Said's foundational work, Orientalism has been singled out for critique as the quintessential example of Western intellectuals' collaboration with oppression. Controversies over the imbrications of knowledge and power and the complicity of Orientalism in the larger project of colonialism have been waged among generations of scholars. But has Orientalism come t Since Edward Said's foundational work, Orientalism has been singled out for critique as the quintessential example of Western intellectuals' collaboration with oppression. Controversies over the imbrications of knowledge and power and the complicity of Orientalism in the larger project of colonialism have been waged among generations of scholars. But has Orientalism come to stand in for all of the sins of European modernity, at the cost of neglecting the complicity of the rest of the academic disciplines?
To ask other readers questions about Restating Orientalism, please sign up.
The thesis of this book is that Muslim intellectual life did not die a natural death in the mid-19th century — it was murdered.
Hallaq proposes that the tarantula's bite of modernity entails "structural genocide" of that which is pre-modern, which included the dismembering and eventual destruction of traditional Islamic institutions, extending to actual human genocide at the place of contact, notably even today in Israel. The Orientalist gaze, he says, does not extend to every sort of statement m The thesis of this book is that Muslim intellectual life did not die a natural death in the mid-19th century — it was murdered.
Hallaq proposes that the tarantula's bite of modernity entails "structural genocide" of that which is pre-modern, which included the dismembering and eventual destruction of traditional Islamic institutions, extending to actual human genocide at the place of contact, notably even today in Israel. The Orientalist gaze, he says, does not extend to every sort of statement made about the Orient by a Westerner, but is more specifically the product of a mindset that cannot tolerate the Orient and ultimately desires to destroy it. "Before the modern European subject was formed as a deployable colonist," Hallaq writes, "he was already colonized as an epistemological subject who could think the world as a generic Orientalist."
1. We should seek out the truthful core of Edward Said's book Orientalism, which has made it an academic staple despite its historical errors.
2. As a replacement for Said's shortcomings, we should look to the metaphysical worldview of René Guénon, including his concept of East and West. Hallaq proposes that Guénon has a sharper view than Said of what Orientalism is and what it does, and how to counter-act it at the intellectual level.
3. We should take the works of Carl Schmitt as symptomatic of the state of modernity, viewing them as useful but suspicious. In particular we should question his concept of the "state of exception", instead proposing a "state of extraordinarity" which constitutes "the moment of truth in the ordinary" and brings out the unsustainable, inhumane truth of everyday life in globalist modernity. Both Nazism and Zionism serve as extraordinary expressions of the ordinary modern paradigm.
Linking his thesis into the massive, global problems of environmental crisis and alienation, Hallaq contends that we will be unable to counteract the inherent unsustainability and sociopathic nature of modernity until we are able to find an epistemologically anti-modern alternative center.
Hallaq's writings have explored the structural dynamics of legal change in pre-modern law, and have recently been examining the centrality of moral theory to understanding the history of Islamic law. His books include Ibn Taymiyya Against the Greek Logicians (1993); A History of Islamic Legal Theories An Introduction to Sunni Usul al-fiqh (1997); Authority Continuity and Change in Islamic Law (2001); and An Introduction to Islamic Law (2009). Shari'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations (2009) examines the doctrines and practices of Islamic law within the context of its history, from its beginnings in seventh-century Arabia, through its development and transformation under the Ottomans, and across lands as diverse as India, Africa and South-East Asia, to the present. Hallaq's work has been widely read, and translated into Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Japanese, Indonesian and Hebrew.


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In aviation, a mid-air collision is an accident in which two or more aircraft come into unplanned contact during flight. Owing to the relatively high velocities involved and the likelihood of subsequent impact with the ground or sea, very severe damage or the total destruction of at least one of the aircraft usually results.

The potential for a mid-air collision is increased by miscommunication, mistrust, error in navigation, deviations from flight plans, lack of situational awareness, and the lack of collision-avoidance systems. Although a rare occurrence in general due to the vastness of open space available, collisions often happen near or at airports, where large volumes of aircraft are spaced more closely than in general flight.

First recorded mid-air collision

The first recorded collision between aircraft occurred at the "Milano Circuito Aereo Internazionale" meeting held between 24 September and 3 October 1910 in Milan, Italy.  On 3 October, Frenchman René Thomas, flying the Antoinette IV monoplane, collided with British Army Captain Bertram Dickson by ramming his Farman III biplane in the rear.  Both pilots survived, but Dickson was so badly injured that he never flew again.

The first fatal collision occurred over La Brayelle Airfield, Douai, France, on 19 June 1912.  Captain Marcel Dubois and Lieutenant Albert Peignan, both of the French Army, crashed into one another in an early-morning haze, killing both pilots.

Efforts to prevent collisions

TCAS

Almost all modern large aircraft are fitted with a traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS), which is designed to try to prevent mid-air collisions. The system, based on the signals from aircraft transponders, alerts pilots if a potential collision with another aircraft is imminent. Despite its limitations, it is believed to have greatly reduced mid-air collisions.

Civilian/military mid-air collisions in the United States
On some occasions, military aircraft conducting training flights inadvertently collide with civilian aircraft. Before 1958, civilian air traffic controllers guiding civilian flights and military controllers guiding military aircraft were both unaware of the other's aircraft. The 1958 collision between United Airlines Flight 736 and a fighter jet, and another U.S. military/civilian crash one month later involving Capital Airlines Flight 300, hastened the signing of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 into law.  The act created the Federal Aviation Agency (later renamed the Federal Aviation Administration), and provided unified control of airspace for both civil and military flights. In 2005, in an effort to reduce such military/civilian mid-air collisions in U.S. airspace, the Air National Guard Flight Safety Division, led by Lt Col Edward Vaughan, used the disruptive solutions process to create the See and Avoid web portal. In late 2006, the U.S. Defense Safety Oversight Council recognized and funded the site as its official civil/military mid-air collision prevention website, with participation by all the services.

List of notable civilian and military–civilian mid-air collisions

List of notable military mid-air collisions

See also
 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident – a near-miss incident between two commercial aircraft
 "ABQ", an episode of Breaking Bad that revolves around a mid-air collision
 Automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast (ADS-B)
 Big sky theory
 Bird strike – a collision between an aircraft and an airborne animal
 Disruptive solutions process
 List of mid-air collisions and incidents in the United Kingdom
 List of UAV-related incidents – for non-fatal collisions involving manned aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles
 Near miss (safety)
 Portable collision avoidance system (PCAS)
 Runway incursion – including a list of aircraft collisions on the ground
 Traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS)

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links
  – Tabular statistics and summaries of over 100 midair collisions in U.S. from 1948 to 1957
 Analysis of Mid-Air Collisions, One of the most hazardous consequences of a loss of separation between aircraft, including as a result of a level bust, is a mid-air collision SKYbrary
 Indepth Backgrounder: Mid-air collision, CBC


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[ << ] [ >> ] [Top] [Contents] [Index] [ ? ]
JML is a notation for formally specifying the behavior and interfaces of Java [Arnold-Gosling-Holmes00] [Gosling-etal00] classes and methods.
The goal of this reference manual is to precisely record the design of JML. We include both informal semantics (intentions) and where possible [[[we will eventually include]]] formal semantics (describing when an implementation satisfies a specification). We also discuss the implications for various tools (such as the run-time assertion checker, static checkers such as ESC/Java2, and documentation generators such as jmldoc [Burdy-etal03]).
In this manual we also try to give examples and explanations, and we hope that these will be helpful to readers trying to learn about formal specification using JML. However, this manual is not designed to give all the background needed to write JML specifications, nor to give the prospective user an overview of a useful subset of the language. For this background, we recommend starting with the papers "Design by Contract with JML" [Leavens-Cheon06] and "JML: A notation for detailed design" [Leavens-Baker-Ruby99], and continuing with the paper "Preliminary Design of JML" [Leavens-Baker-Ruby06]. These are all available from the JML web site `http://www.jmlspecs.org/', where further readings and examples may also be found.
Readers with the necessary background, and users wanting more details may, we hope, profit from reading this manual. We suggest reading this manual starting with chapters 1-3, skimming chapter 4 quickly, skimming chapter 5 to get the idea of what declarations mean in JML, and then reading the chapters on class specifications (chapter 6) and method specifications (chapter 9), paying particular attention to the examples. After that, one can use the rest of this manual as a reference.
The rest of this chapter describes some of the fundamental ideas and background behind JML.
1.1 Behavioral Interface Specifications
1.2 A First Example
1.3 What is JML Good For?
1.4 Status and Plans for JML
1.5 Historical Precedents
1.6 Acknowledgments
JML is a behavioral interface specification language (BISL) that builds on the Larch approach [Guttag-Horning93] [Guttag-Horning-Wing85b] and that found in APP [Rosenblum95] and Eiffel [Meyer92b] [Meyer97]. In this style of specification, which might be called model-oriented [Wing90a], one specifies both the interface of a method or abstract data type and its behavior [Lamport89]. In particular JML builds on the work done by Leavens and others in Larch/C++ [Leavens-Baker99] [Leavens96b] [Leavens97c]. (Indeed, large parts of this manual are adapted wholesale from the Larch/C++ reference manual [Leavens97c].) Much of JML's design was heavily influenced by the work of Leino and his collaborators [Leino95] [Leino95b] [Leino98] [Leino-etal00] [Leino-Nelson-Saxe00]. JML continues to be influenced by ongoing work in formal specification and verification. A collection of papers relating directly to JML and its design is found at `http://www.jmlspecs.org/papers.shtml'.
The interface of the method or type is the information needed to use it from other parts of a program. In the case of JML, this is the Java syntax and type information needed to call a method or use a field or type. For a method the interface includes such things as the name of the method, its modifiers (including its visibility and whether it is final) its number of arguments, its return type, what exceptions it may throw, and so on. For a field the interface includes its name and type, and its modifiers. For a type, the interface includes its name, its modifiers, its package, whether it is a class or interface, its supertypes, and the interfaces of the fields and methods it declares and inherits. JML specifies all such interface information using Java's syntax.
A behavior of a method or type describes a set of state transformations that it can perform. A behavior of a method is specified by describing: a set of states in which calling the method is defined, a set of locations that the method is allowed to assign to (and hence change), and the relations between the calling state and the state in which it either returns normally, throws an exception, or for which it might not return to the caller. The states for which the method is defined are formally described by a logical assertion, called the method's precondition. The allowed relationships between these states and the states that may result from normal return are formally described by another logical assertion called the method's normal postcondition. Similarly the relationships between these pre-states and the states that may result from throwing an exception are described by the method's exceptional postcondition. The states for which the method need not return to the caller are described by the method's divergence condition; however, explicit specification of divergence is rarely used in JML. The set of locations the method is allowed to assign to is described by the method's frame axiom [Borgida-etal95]. In JML one can also specify other aspects of behavior, such as the time a method can use to execute and the space it may need.
The behavior of an abstract data type (ADT), which is implemented by a class in Java, is specified by describing a set of abstract fields for its objects and by specifying the behavior of its methods (as described above). The abstract fields for an object can be specified either by using JML's model and ghost fields [Cheon-etal05], which are specification-only fields, or by specifying some of the fields used in the implementation as spec_public or spec_protected. These declarations allow the specifier using JML to model an instance as a collection of abstract instance variables, in much the same way as other specification languages, such as Z [Hayes93] [Spivey92] or Fresco [Wills92b].
For example, consider the following JML specification of a simple Java abstract class IntHeap. (An explanation of the notation follows the specification. This specification, like the others in this manual, should ship with the JML tools, or you can find it online from: `http://jmlspecs.org/examples.shtml'.
package org.jmlspecs.samples.jmlrefman;               // line 1
// line 2
public abstract class IntHeap {                       // line 3
//@ public model non_null int [] elements;        // line 5
/*@ public normal_behavior                        // line 7
@   requires elements.length >= 1;              // line 8
@   assignable \nothing;                        // line 9
@   ensures \result                             // line 10
@        == (\max int j;                        // line 11
@               0 <= j && j < elements.length;  // line 12
@               elements[j]);                   // line 13
@*/                                             // line 14
public abstract /*@ pure @*/ int largest();       // line 15
// line 16
//@ ensures \result == elements.length;           // line 17
public abstract /*@ pure @*/ int size();          // line 18
};                                                    // line 19
The interface of this class consists of lines 1, 3, 15, and 18. Line 3 specifies the class name, and the fact that the class is both public and abstract. Lines 15 and 18, apart from their comments, give the interface information for the methods of this class.
The behavior of this class is specified in the JML annotations found in the special comments that have an at-sign (@) as their first character following the usual comment beginning. Such lines look like comments to Java, but are interpreted by JML and its tools. For example, line 5 starts with an annotation comment marker of the form //@, and this annotation continues until the // towards the end of the line, which starts a comment within the annotation which even JML ignores. The other form of such annotations can be seen on lines 7 through 14, line 17, and on lines 15 and 18. These annotations start with the characters /*@ and end with either @*/ or */; within such annotations, at-signs (@) at the beginnings of lines are ignored by JML. Note that there can be no space between the start of comment marker, either // or /* and the first at-sign; thus // @ starts a comment, not an annotation. (See section 4. Lexical Conventions, for more details about annotations.)
The first annotation, on line 5 of the figure above, gives the specification of a field, named elements, which is part of this class's behavioral specification. Ignoring, for the moment the extra JML modifiers, one should think of this field, in essence, as being declared like:
public int[] elements;
That is, it is a public field with an integer array type; within specifications it is treated as such. However, because it is declared in an annotation, this field cannot be manipulated by Java code. Therefore, for example, the fact that the field is declared public is not a problem, because it cannot be directly changed by Java code.
Such declarations of fields in annotations should be marked as specification-only fields, using the JML modifier model.(1) A model field should be thought of as an abstraction of a set of concrete fields used in the implementation of this type and its subtypes. (See section 8.4 Represents Clauses, for a discussion of how to specify the connection between the concrete fields and such model fields. See also the paper by Cheon et al. [Cheon-etal05].) That is, we imagine that objects that are instances of the type IntHeap have such a field, whose value is determined by the concrete fields that are known to Java in the actual object. Of course at runtime, objects of type IntHeap have no such field, the model fields are purely imaginary. Model fields are thus a convenient fiction that is useful for describing the behavior of an ADT. One does not have to worry about their cost (in space or time), and should only be concerned with how they clarify the behavior of an ADT.
The other annotation used on line 5 is non_null. This just says that in any publicly-visible state, the value of elements must not be null. It is thus a simple kind of invariant (see section 8.2 Invariants).
In the above specification of IntHeap, the specification of each method precedes its interface declaration. This follows the usual convention of Java tools, such as JavaDoc, which put such descriptive information in front of the method. In JML, it is also possible to put the specification just before the semicolon (;) following the method's interface information (see section 9. Method Specifications), but we will usually not to do that in this document.
The specification of the method largest is given on lines 7 through 15. Line 7 says that this is a public, normal behavior specification. JML permits several different specifications for a given method, which can be of different privacy levels [Ruby-Leavens00] [Leavens-Mueller07]. The modifier public says that the specification is intended for use by clients. (If the privacy modifier had been protected, for example, then the specification would have been intended for subclasses.)
The keyword normal_behavior tells JML several things. First, it says that the specification is a heavyweight method specification, as opposed to a lightweight method specification like that given on line 17. A heavyweight specification uses one of JML's behavior keywords, like normal_behavior, which tells JML that the method specification is intended to be complete. By contrast, a lightweight specification does not use one of JML's behavior keywords, and tells JML that the specification is incomplete in the sense that it contains only some of what the specifier had in mind.(2) Second, the keyword normal_behavior tells JML that when the precondition of this method is met, then the method must return normally, without throwing an exception. In other words, it says that the exceptional postcondition is false, which prohibits the method from throwing an exception when the precondition holds. (Third, it says that the divergence condition defaults to false. See section 9. Method Specifications, for more details.)
The heart of the method specification of largest is found on lines 7 through 13. This part of the specification gives the method's precondition, frame axiom, and normal postcondition. The precondition is contained in the requires clause on line 8. The frame axiom is contained in the assignable clause on line 9. The normal postcondition is contained in the ensures clause on lines 10-13.(3)
The precondition in the requires clause on line 8 says that the length of elements must be at least 1 before this method can be called. If that is not true, then the method is under no obligation to fulfill the rest of the specified behavior.
The frame axiom in the assignable clause on line 9 says that the method may not assign to any locations (i.e. fields of objects) that are visible outside the method and which existed before the method started execution. (The method may still modify its local variables.) This form of the frame axiom is quite common.(4) Note that in assignable clauses and in assertions, JML uses keywords that start with a backslash (\), to avoid interfering with identifiers in the user's program. Examples of this are \nothing on line 9 and \result on line 10.
The postcondition in the ensures clause, on lines 10 through 13, says that the result of the method (\result) must be equal to the maximum integer found in the array elements. This postcondition uses JML's \max quantifier (lines 11 through 13). Such a quantifier is always parenthesized, and can consist of three parts. The first part of a quantifier is a declaration of some quantified variables, in this case the integer j on line 11. The second part is a range predicate, on line 12, which constrains the quantified variables. The third part is the body of the quantifier, on line 13, which in this case describes the elements of the array from which the maximum value is taken.
The methods largest and size are both specified using the JML modifier pure. This modifier says that the method has no side effects, and allows the method to be used in assertions, if desired.
The method size is specified using a lightweight specification, which is given on line 17. The ensures clause on line 17 says nothing about the precondition, frame axiom, exceptional postcondition, or divergence condition of size, although the use of pure on line 18 gives an implicit frame axiom. Such a form of specification is useful when one only cares to state (the important) part of a method's specification. It is also useful when first learning JML, and when one is using tools, such as ESC/Java2, that do not need heavyweight specifications.
The specifications of the method largest above is very precise: it gives a complete specification of what the method does. Even the specification of size has a fairly complete normal postcondition. One can also give JML specifications that are far less detailed. For example, we could just specify that the result of size is non-negative, with a normal postcondition such as
//@ ensures \result >= 0;
instead of the postcondition given earlier. Such incomplete specifications give considerably more freedom to implementations, and can often be useful for hiding implementation details. However, one should try to write specifications that capture the important properties expected of callers (preconditions) and implementations (postconditions) [Meyer92a] [Liskov-Guttag86].
JML is a formal specification language tailored to Java. Its basic use is thus the formal specification of the behavior of Java program modules. As it is a behavioral interface specification language, JML specifies how to use such Java program modules from within a Java program; hence JML is not designed for specifying the behavior of an entire program. So the question "what is JML good for?" really boils down to the following question: what good is formal specification for Java program modules?
The two main benefits in using JML are:
the precise, unambiguous description of the behavior of Java program modules (i.e., classes and interfaces), and documentation of Java code,
the possibility of tool support [Burdy-etal03].
Although we would like tools that would help with reasoning about concurrent aspects of Java programs, the current version of JML focuses on the sequential behavior of Java code. While there is work in progress on extending JML to support concurrency [Rodriguez-etal05], the current version of JML does not have features that help specify how Java threads interact with each other. JML does not, for example, allow the specification of elaborate temporal properties, such as coordinated access to shared variables or the absence of deadlock. Indeed, we assume, in the rest of this manual, that there is only one thread of execution in a Java program annotated with JML, and we focus on how the program manipulates object states. To summarize, JML is currently limited to sequential specification; we say that JML specifies the sequential behavior of Java program modules.
In terms of detailed design documentation, a JML specification can be a completely formal contract about an interface and its sequential behavior. Because it is an interface specification, one can record all the Java details about the interface, such as the parameter mechanisms, whether the method is final, protected, etc.; if one used a specification language such as VDM-SL or Z, which is not tailored to Java, then one could not record such details of the interface, which could cause problems in code integration. For example, in JML one can specify the precise conditions under which certain exceptions may be thrown, something which is difficult in a specification language that is not tailored to Java and that doesn't have the notion of an exception.
When should JML documentation be written? That is up to you, the user. A goal of JML is to make the notation indifferent to the precise programming method used. One can use JML either before coding or as documentation of finished code. While we recommend doing some design before coding, JML can also be used for documentation after the code is written.
Reasons for formal documentation of interfaces and their behavior, using JML, include the following.
One can ship the object code for a class library to customers, sending the JML specifications but not the source code. Customers would then have documentation that is precise, unambiguous, but not overly specific. Customers would not have the code, protecting proprietary rights. In addition, customers would not rely on details of the implementation of the library that they might otherwise glean from the code, easing the process of improving the code in future releases.
One can use a formal specification to analyze certain properties of a design carefully or formally (see [Hall90] and Chapter 7 of [Guttag-Horning93]). In general, the act of formally specifying a program module has salutary effects on the quality of the design.
One can use the JML specification as an aid to careful reasoning about the correctness of code, or even for formal verification [Huisman01] [Jacobs-Poll01] [Ruby06].
JML specifications can be used by several tools that can help debug and improve the code [Burdy-etal03].
There is one additional benefit from using JML. It is that JML allows one to record not just public interfaces and behavior, but also some detailed design decisions. That is, in JML, one can specify not just the public interface of a Java class, but also behavior of a class's protected and private interfaces. Formally documenting a base class's protected interface and "subclassing contract" allows programmers to implement derived classes of such a base class without looking at its code [Ruby-Leavens00] [Ruby06].
Recording the private interface of a class may be helpful in program development or maintenance. Usually one would expect that the public interface of a class would be specified, and then separate, more refined specifications would be given for use by derived classes and for detailed implementation
The reader may also wish to consult the "Preliminary Design of JML" [Leavens-Baker-Ruby06] for a discussion of the goals that are behind JML's design. Apart from the improved precision in the specifications and documentation of code, the main advantage of using a formal specification language, as opposed to informal natural language, is the ease and accuracy of tool support. One specific goal that has emerged over time is that JML should be able to unify several different tool-building efforts in the area of formal methods.
The most basic tool support for JML -- simply parsing and typechecking -- is already useful. Whereas informal comments in code are typically not kept up to date as the code is changed, the simple act of running the typechecker will catch any JML assertions referring to parameter or field names that no longer exist, and all other typos of course. Enforcing the visibility rules can also provide useful feedback; for example, a precondition of a public method which refers to a private field of an object is suspect.
Of course, there are more exciting forms of tool support than just parsing and typechecking. In particular JML is designed to support static analysis (as in ESC/Java [Leino-etal00]), formal verification (as in the LOOP tool [Huisman01] [Jacobs-etal98]), recording of dynamically obtained invariants (as in Daikon [Ernst-etal01]), runtime assertion checking (as in JML's runtime assertion checker, jmlc [Cheon-Leavens02b] [Cheon03]), unit testing [Cheon-Leavens02], and documentation (as in JML's jmldoc tool). The paper by Burdy et al. [Burdy-etal03] is a survey of tools for JML. The utility of these tools is the ultimate answer to the question of what JML is good for.
JML is still in development. As you can see, this reference manual is still a draft, and there are some holes in it. [[[And some notes for the authors by the authors that look like this.]]]
Influences on JML that may lead to changes in its design include an eventual integration with Bandera [Corbett-etal00] or other tools for specification of concurrency, aspect-oriented programming, and the evolution of Java itself. Another influence is the ongoing effort to use JML on examples, in designing the JML tools, and efforts to give a formal semantics to JML.
JML combines ideas from Eiffel [Meyer92a] [Meyer92b] [Meyer97] with ideas from model-based specification languages such as VDM [Jones90] and the Larch family [Guttag-Horning93] [LeavensLarchFAQ] [Wing87] [Wing90a]. It also adds some ideas from the refinement calculus [Back88] [Back-vonWright89a] [Back-vonWright98] [Morgan-Vickers94] [Morgan94]. In this section we describe the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. Readers unfamiliar with these historical precedents may want to skip this section.
Formal, model-based languages such as those typified by the Larch family build on ideas found originally in Hoare's work. Hoare used pre- and postconditions to describe the semantics of computer programs in his famous article [Hoare69]. Later Hoare adapted these axiomatic techniques to the specification and correctness proofs of abstract data types [Hoare72a]. To specify an ADT, Hoare described a mathematical set of abstract values for the type, and then specified pre- and postconditions for each of the operations of the type in terms of how the abstract values of objects were affected. For example, one might specify a class IntHeap using abstract values of the form empty and add(i,h), where i is an int and h is an IntHeap. These notations form a mathematical vocabulary used in the rest of the specification.
There are two advantages to writing specifications with a mathematically-defined abstract values instead of directly using Java variables and data structures. The first is that by using abstract values, the specification does not have to be changed when the particular data structure used in the program is changed. This permits different implementations of the same specification to use different data structures. Therefore the specification forms a contract between the rest of the program in the implementation, which ensures that the rest of the program is also independent of the particular data structures used [Liskov-Guttag86] [Meyer97] [Meyer92a] [Parnas72]. Second, it allows the specification to be written even when there are no implementation data structures, as is the case for IntHeap.
This idea of model-oriented specification has been followed in VDM [Jones90], VDM-SL [Fitzgerald-Larsen98] [ISO96], Z [Hayes93] [Spivey92], and the Larch family [Guttag-Horning93]. In the Larch approach, the essential elaboration of Hoare's original idea is that the abstract values also come with a set of operations. The operations on abstract values are used to precisely describe the set of abstract values and to make it possible to abbreviate interface specifications (i.e., pre- and postconditions for methods). In Z one builds abstract values using tuples, sets, relations, functions, sequences, and bags; these all come with pre-defined operations that can be used in assertions. In VDM one has a similar collection of mathematical tools to describe abstract values, and another set of pre-defined operations. In the Larch approach, there are some pre-defined kinds of abstract values (found in Guttag and Horning's LSL Handbook, Appendix A of [Guttag-Horning93]), but these are expected to be extended as needed. (The advantage of being able to extend the mathematical vocabulary is similar to one advantage of object-oriented programming: one can use a vocabulary that is close to the way one thinks about a problem.)
However, there is a problem with using mathematical notations for describing abstract values and their operations. The problem is that such mathematical notations are an extra burden on a programmer who is learning to use a specification language. The solution to this problem is the essential insight that JML takes from the Eiffel language [Meyer92a] [Meyer92b] [Meyer97]. Eiffel is a programming language with built-in specification constructs. It features pre- and postconditions, although it has no direct support for frame axioms. Programmers like Eiffel because they can easily read the assertions, which are written in Eiffel's own expression syntax. However, Eiffel does not provide support for specification-only variables, and it does not provide much explicit support for describing abstract values. Because of this, it is difficult to write specifications that are as mathematically complete in Eiffel as one can write in a language like VDM or Larch/C++.
JML attempts to combine the good features of these approaches. From Eiffel we have taken the idea that assertions can be written in a language that is based on Java expressions. We also adopt the "old" notation from Eiffel, which appears in JML as \old, instead of the Larch-style annotation of names with state functions. To make it easy to write more complete specifications, however, we use various semantic ideas from model-based specification languages. In particular we use a variant of abstract value specifications, where one describes the abstract value of an object implicitly using several model fields. These specification-only fields allow one to implicitly partition the abstract value of an object into smaller chunks, which helps in stating frame axioms. More importantly, we hide the mathematical notation behind a facade of Java classes. This makes it so the operations on abstract values appear in familiar (although perhaps verbose) Java notation, and also insulates JML from the details of the particular mathematical logic used to do reasoning.
The work of Leavens and Ruby was supported in part by a grant from Rockwell International Corporation and by NSF grant CCR-9503168. Work on JML by Leavens, and Ruby was also supported in part by NSF grant CCR-9803843. Work on JML by Cheon, Clifton, Leavens, Ruby, and others has been supported in part by NSF grants CCR-0097907, CCR-0113181, CCF-0428078, and CCF-0429567. Support from the NSF continues under a Computing Research Infrastructure (CRI) grant jointly to several institutions: CNS 08-08913 (Leavens at U. of Central Florida, and a subcontact to Rajan and Basu at Iowa State Unviversity), CNS 07-07874 (Cheon at UTEP), CNS 07-07701 (Clifton at Rose Hulman), CNS 07-07885 (Flanagan at U. Cal. Santa Cruz), CNS 07-08330 (Naumann at Stevens), and CNS 07-09169 (Robby at Kansas State). The work of Poll is partly supported by the Information Society Technologies (IST) Programme of the European Union, as part of the VerifiCard project, IST-2000-26328.
Thanks to Bart Jacobs, Rustan Leino, Arnd Poetzsch-Heffter, and Joachim van den Berg, for many discussions about the semantics of JML specifications. Thanks for Raymie Stata for spearheading an effort at Compaq SRC to unify JML and ESC/Java, and to Rustan and Raymie for many interesting ideas and discussions that have profoundly influenced JML. Thanks to Leo Freitas, Robin Greene, Jesus Ravelo, and Faraz Hussain for comments and questions on earlier versions of this document. Thanks to the many who have worked on the JML checker used to check the specifications in this document. Leavens thanks Iowa State University and its computer science department for helping foster and support the initial work on JML.
See the "Preliminary Design of JML" [Leavens-Baker-Ruby06] for more acknowledgments relating to the earlier history, design, and implementation of JML.
This document was generated by U-leavens-nd\leavens on May, 31 2013 using texi2html


text:
Q: In how many ways can we make groups of 3 numbers if we have 4? So let's say we have $a,b,c,d$. In how many ways we can combine them in groups of 3. For example: $abc,acb,bca,aab,aac,bbc,ddc,ddd,aaa$. There should be a formula using arrangements. I did it long ago and I got like 64 if I remember well. By the ways the numbers can repeat 2 times or 3 times ex.:$aab,ccd,ccc$.

A: I think you are looking for permutations with repetition, where in your particular case, the set is $S=\{a,b,c,d\}$, i.e. is a $(K=4)$-element set, and you are forming $(n=3)$-tuples.
The answer is, therefore $K^n=4^3.$


Learn the basics of nonstandard measurement at school! This book has been translated into Spanish and shows young readers that they can measure the length, width, and weight of all kinds of school supplies with nonstandard measurements. A flute is six cubes long! A desk is four hands wide! A ball weighs five blocks! These fun measurement examples, along with engaging "You Try It!" problems, will encourage children to practice measuring their own school supplies and will improve their understanding of early STEM themes.


Barbour Lambswool Tartan Gift Set – Rivers & Glen Trading Co.
Inspired by Barbour's Scottish heritage, this beautifully presented gift box contains a luxurious Lambswool scarf in the signature Classic Tartan. A complementary knitted Lambswool glove completes the stylish set.


Ambrosia specializes in elegant al fresco meals. The a la carte Mediterranean fare lets the high-quality ingredients take center stage (after the panoramic Aegean Sea views, of course). Fine linens and silver add a sense of occasion to the otherwise unaffected, inviting space.
A stone wall frames sunset views at the laidback Meltemi Pool Restaurant. Fresh salads, light snacks and casual dinners focus on Mediterranean flavors.


text:
Q: React Native with Redux : state changes not showing in console When I put console.log('test') statements in my reducer, I can see them in the console when the actions are called. But I'm not seeing the redux "NEXT STATE"/ "PREV STATE" stuff in the console.
Is there anything basic I could be missing?
In the code below - I'm not trying to make any real functionality happen, I'm just trying to setup redux and see the state change in the console (so I know I'm on the correct path).

Container
import React, { PropTypes } from 'react-native';
import Header from './Header';
import { connect } from 'react-redux';
import { leave } from './actions';
import { join } from './actions';

const mapStateToProps = (state) => {
  return {
    in: state.in
  }
}

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => {
  return {
    join: (id) => {
      dispatch(join(id))
    },
    leave: (id) => {
      dispatch(leave(id))
    }
  }
}

export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Header);

Reducer
export default function Header(state = { in: false }, action = {}) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case 'LEAVE':
      return {
        ...state,
        in: false
      }
    case 'JOIN':
      console.log(state);
      console.log(action);
      console.log('join');
      return {
        ...state,
        in: true
      }
    default:
      return state;
  }
}

Actions
export const join = (id) => {
  return {
    type: 'JOIN',
    payload: {
      in: true
    }
  }
}

export const leave = (id) => {
  return {
    type: 'LEAVE',
    payload: {
      in: false
    }
  }
}

A: It solved when I realized that https://github.com/fcomb/redux-logger is needed to be installed separately.

A: As you've already identified, you need to install redux-logger middleware.
https://github.com/evgenyrodionov/redux-logger
From their docs:
import { applyMiddleware, createStore } from 'redux';

// Logger with default options
import logger from 'redux-logger'
const store = createStore(
  reducer,
  applyMiddleware(logger)
)

I only do this when in a dev environment
const middlewares = [];

if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'dev') {
  middlewares.push(logger);
}
const store = createStore(
  reducer,
  applyMiddleware(...middlewares)
)


text:
Mayang Sari is een bestuurslaag in het regentschap Pelalawan van de provincie Riau, Indonesië. Mayang Sari telt 1764 inwoners (volkstelling 2010).

Plaats in Riau


text:
Writer, naturalist, teacher, and strategist, Mark Lundegren is creator of the Natural Strategy method, helping people and groups use the lessons of nature to achieve their full potential.
Mark's first book, The Seven Keys of Natural Life, explains the Natural Strategy method, its origins in natural systems and evolutionary science, its practical application across human functioning, and its potential to renaturalize and transform modern life and endeavor.
In The Seven Keys of Natural Life, Mark explores naturally vibrant and progressive functioning in principle, core observations and lessons of evolving nature from contemporary science, progressive realization of beneficial or healthy outcomes at all levels of life, and our opportunity to revolutionize the way we live today through naturally progressive and health-minded action.
For his second book, Nature's One Commandment, Mark seeks to expand both popular and technical appreciation of the natural phenomenon of health, its central place in evolving life and systems, and its core attributes, demands, lessons, and opportunities.
Examining twenty-four perennial human ideals, in history and today, Nature's One Commandment is the philosophical companion to Mark's more practically-minded Seven Keys. In this work, Mark explores how and why health is the most essential or ultimately selected natural quality or ideal, among all possible qualities and ideals, and the implications for human life, priority, and action in all times.
Before writing these two books, Mark created the HumanaNatura natural health system, helping people and communities achieve superior fitness and quality of life through essential natural health practices. In addition to writing and teaching, Mark is active as an organizational strategy and innovation advisor, natural health advocate, and occasional wilderness guide.
Contact Mark anytime at marklundegren.com@gmail.com.


While the government keeps making public and highly publicised pledges to support small businesses, it would appear that in actuality the state seems to be hell-bent on undermining them. New examples of this sort of thing appear practically every week. Take small vendors, for instance: the new far stricter regulations on sales of beer and cigarettes may very well wipe out an entire small business sector, leaving thousands of people without jobs all across Russia. On the one hand the government seems to be going after a righteous goal – to protect the nation against drinking and smoking, but on the other hand, nobody seems to care about what is going to happen to the people currently employed in this sector. Furthermore, the leaders of the Ministry for Health believe that small retail of alcoholic beverages and cigarettes should be eliminated completely as a type of business.
In principle the government is willing to support domestic business but they tend to think in very global terms. Thus at the Innoprom-2012 exhibition on July 12th, the Russian prime minister Dmitry Medvedev was quoted as saying that in its support of small, medium and large businesses the government should focus on ensuring the stability of macroeconomic indicators. "This has to be done so as to avoid a repeat of the situation we had in Russia in the 1990s," he explained. In addition, the head of government said he was confident that if modern well-balanced methodologies are used to regulate the economy, more credit will soon be available to businesses: interest rates will fall while maximum repayment periods on loans will increase.
In the meantime, ordinary small business people, whom the government officials say they care so much about, are concerned with much more down-to-earth problems, one of them being high street retai.
"Most of the provisions in the Ministry for Health's bill on Protecting the Population from the Consequences of Tobacco Consumption would in reality translate into huge losses for entrepreneurs, more corruption on the domestic level and an explosive growth of the black market for cigarettes in Russia," conclude the experts of the Russian Academy of National Economy and the Higher School of Economics. These experts were commissioned by the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs to assess the impact that the new bill would have on the business climate in the country and its consequences for small businesses if it were to be passed. They published their findings in late July.
It should be noted that the Ministry for Health's proposed anti-tobacco bill consists almost exclusively of bans: advertising of tobacco products is to be banned, displaying cigarettes in showcases is to be banned, smoking in public places and selling cigarettes in retail outlets with a floor area of less than 50 square metres are to be banned, tobacco companies are to be banned from donating money to charity as well as from sponsoring events. At the moment the bill is being reviewed in the ministries affected by it.
In the meantime the bit that worries entrepreneurs the most is the ban on selling cigarettes in small retail outlets with a floor area of less than 50 square metres. Experts believe there is no real justification for this ban. They are also criticising the proposed ban on showcasing cigarettes in retail outlets because similar bans in countries like Canada, Iceland and Ireland have proved ineffective.
It should be mentioned, though, that representative of large retail chains deny these allegations. Thus, while the executive director of the Association of Retail Companies Ilya Belonovsky admits that large retail chains will benefit if the new bill is passed into law, he says they will not gain that much in the end. "Cigarette sails make up no more than 3-4% of our total sales," he explains, "so maybe they will go up by 1%... there is no point to exaggerate future revenue. Moreover, I've already said several times we don't need this 'gift' at all".
In view of the fact that from January 1st 2013 street kiosks will also not be able to sell beer, the vast majority of them will simply have to close down. "If small retailers can no longer sell tobacco and alcohol, this basically wrecks the entire small retail business as such. It should be reminded here that among the things that killed Gorbachev's regime in the late 1980s was a tobacco riot. Consequences have to be assessed before any action of this sort is taken, "notes the head of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs Alexander Shokhin.
Mikhail Gorbachev was the first and the last president of the USSR.
He was elected president on March 15th 1990 and held the post until the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. Gorbachev's time in office is remembered today primarily as a time of acute shortages of groceries, cigarettes and consumer goods, latent inflation, and introduction of rationing for a broad range of goods.
However, the head of the Ministry for Health Veronica Skvortsova is firm. "We're not talking about infringing the rights of small and medium sized tobacco businesses," she was quoted as saying in late May, "what we want for this kind of business is to simply disappear entirely in the future".
In the meantime the problem with the development of small and medium sized businesses still has not been resolved and analysts say that something is going to be done about it.
Thus, the asset management director of the investment company Trade Portal Nikolai Solabuto points out that one of the main obstacles preventing small and medium businesses from taking off in Russia is overregulation, lack of office spaces and industrial real estate and high overheads of running a business.


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The flexible nature of our service allows clients to bid for projects without the need to hire people in advance and the speed of deployment enables planning for multiple projects, adding and removing resources in line with the programme.


text:
Home Travel UK Getaway: Francis Hotel, Bath
Absolutely London takes a trip to the historic city of Bath
By Abbie Schofield
Review: Francis Hotel, Bath
Just an hour and a half on the train from Paddington, Bath is the only World Heritage city in Britain. Its hot springs were used by the Romans as a spa, creating the famous Roman Bathhouse that visitors can tour today. Bath became fashionable once again during the Georgian period, when wealthy families would visit to 'take the waters' and attend high-society balls, card games and concerts.
Overlooking grassy Queen Square and a ten minute walk from Bath Spa train station, Francis Hotel couldn't be in a more fantastic location — all the major sights are a short stroll away. The hotel's grand facade is characteristically Georgian and made from Bath Stone, limestone that covers the entire city in a honeyed hue. Inside, decor draws on the Regency period but with a stylish twist, combining period features with modern amenities. Rooms are luxurious (elegant mirrors, poster beds and floor-to-ceiling windows) yet quirky, colourful and full of character, decorated with art inspired by Bath's history, from Roman-style artefacts to illustrations of Georgian fashion.
A trip to the city wouldn't be complete without a tour of the Roman Baths. While you can't take a dip, there are free audio guides which are well worth a listen as you explore. Nearby is Bath Abbey, a spectacular former Benedictine monastery set in a bustling square with street performers. Then walk over to the Royal Crescent and the Circus, two wonderful examples of Georgian architecture from the late 1700s.
If the weather is good and you fancy venturing further afield, the Bath Skyline is a National Trust route that takes you uphill and in a loop around town. It's a good three to four hour walk through woodland, fields and country lanes, perfect for viewing Bath's beauty from above and working up an appetite.
Francis Hotel Bar & Lounge
Bath has plenty to offer in terms of restaurants, from cosy cafes to fine dining. Sotto Sotto is an affordable and authentic Italian in a stone cellar just moments from the Roman Baths. For something more upmarket, head to The Circus where seasonal ingredients are used to create innovative yet comforting European dishes alongside an excellent wine list.
Bath is also known for its tea rooms, and Sally Lunn is one of the oldest in Bath, established in 1680. After you've sampled their famous Sally Lunn bunn, visit the kitchen museum to see how the first ever Bath bunn was created. The treats don't stop there — for some proper west country fudge, head to The Fudge Kitchen where they serve every flavour imaginable, from salted caramel to lemon cheesecake, and even make the sticky sweet right in front of you.
Not a city known for its nightlife, Bath does have plenty of lively bars, although you'll want to avoid any student spots. Have after-dinner drinks at Circo Cellar where a passionate team make creative cocktails in an atmospheric underground cellar.
Rooms rates at Francis Hotel, Bath start from £166 per room, based on two people sharing a double bed and on a B&B basis.
francishotel.com
Check out more UK getaway inspiration
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