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Walk the Great Wall
Trek one of the Seven Wonders of the World, the Great Wall of China.
Destinations > China > Walk the Great Wall
Travel Deal
Save 15%* on select Explore Worldwide small group trips
Valid Travel
01 Jan 2020 to
2 nights standard guesthouse, 6 nights standard hotel, 1 night simple hotel, 9 breakfasts, transportation by bus and boat, services of an Explore Worldwide tour leader, local guides and drivers throughout.
Selected Fridays: Apr - Oct '20
Stretching from the Yellow Sea to the edge of the Gobi Desert - some 4,300 kilometres - the magnificent ramparts and watch towers of the Great Wall were built to protect China's northern frontier from raiding Mongol horsemen. Our walks concentrate on some of the most interesting and spectacular sections including the Old Dragon's Head and Jinshanling. This trip gets off the beaten track and explores rural China.
Back to China Tours
Visit the point where the Great Wall meets the sea - Old Dragons Head
Marvel at the Tianamen square, the largest square in the world.
Walk on spectacular sections of the wall near its eastern end at Jiaoshan
Arrive Beijing and check-in at your hotel.
A full day in Beijing, China's capital and its political and cultural centre. The city has been the capital for most of the period since Kublai Khan made it the capital of his mighty Asian Empire in the late 1200s. All clocks in this vast country are set by Beijing time despite the western-most regions being some 5000kms away. During our stay we shall visit the Forbidden City, the one-time home of the Ming and the Manchu (Qing) emperors and a treasure trove of eastern wares. The afternoon is free for you to explore this fascinating city and you may choose to go on a tour of the hutongs (old residential districts of the city - optional). There is the possibility of seeing a Beijing opera in the evening, or perhaps an acrobatic performance (optional). The opera in Beijing is considered to be the best in China. (B)
Shanhaiguan
Leaving Beijing we drive to Shanhaiguan. It is here that the Great Wall reaches the Bohai Sea at a point called Laolongtou or the 'Old Dragon's Head' - named after the legendary carved dragon's head that once faced the ocean. The city was a garrison town with a large square fort (which still exists) with huge gateways facing the four compass points. The east gate is an impressive structure known as 'First pass under Heaven'. It has these words inscribed at the top signifying the ancient Chinese perceived division of the world into 'civilised China' and the 'barbarians'. After visiting Old Dragon's Head we then drive to the First Pass where we have our first opportunity to walk on the Wall and visit the Great Wall Museum.
Panjiakou
Today we walk out of town along an old section of the wall to the impressive Jiaoshan Pass where it heads into the mountains for the first time. The fitter amongst the group may wish to continue up to a high point for spectacular views (weather permitting). This afternoon we take the scenic drive to Panjiakou where the wall crosses water. (B)
Luowenyou
This morning we take a boat excursion on the reservoir at Panjiakou. The surrounding scenery is stunning - the Wall following undulating ridges across the rugged hills before plummeting into the water at two points, Panjiakou and Xifengkou. Joining our vehicle again we head for Luowenyou where we are able to walk for approximately five kilometres on a rugged and quite steep section of the wall with glorious views across the surrounding area. From Luowenyou we continue to our hotel in the grounds of the Eastern Qing Tombs near Zunhua. (B)
Huangyaguan
Making a reasonably early start this morning, we hope to have this lovely site to ourselves. The Eastern Qing Tombs are the largest and most complete of the Imperial Tombs in China with 5 emperors, 15 empresses and 136 concubines all buried here. In addition the surrounding mountains contain the tombs of hundreds of lesser nobles such as princes and dukes. We are able to enter a few of the beautifully carved tombs which mostly date back to the 17th and 18th Centuries. That of Emperor Qianlong covers almost half a square kilometre. Leaving the tombs we drive to a point on the Great Wall where there is access, and walk for 2-3 hours into Huangyaguan. This section of the wall is very quiet and offers some great views - the first part of the walk is an ascent up to a prominent tower before descending down to another tower near the river. From here we cross the river and walk into the town and our hotel for the night. (B)
Jinshanling
Today we drive from Huangyaguan to Gubeikou. On arrival we walk through the small village of local farm houses, a great opportunity to see life in rural China up close. From here we will walk up on to the wall along a mountain path. This section of the wall takes us past 16 beacon towers and we get to see a part of the wall in the distance that is restricted and not usually seen. We leave the wall at Jinshanling and head to the hotel. Total walking about 6hrs. (B)
Today we aim to walk on one of the most stunning sections of the Wall between Jinshanling and Simatai - both locations where the wall has been refurbished. The walk between these two places is on partially ruined sections, with some quite steep ascents and many steps to be climbed. In 2010 Simitai was closed to the public, so we'll walk as far as we're allowed towards Simitai before returning to Jinshaling for a second night. We pass 18 watch-towers on this walk - these provide the only shade along the route andgive us an excuse to pause and admire the breath-taking views. (approx 4-5 hours walking). (B)
Today we return to Beijing. We should arrive back into the city by early afternoon with late afternoon free for further personal exploration. You may wish to take an excursion to the Summer Palace or the Temple of Heaven in Tiantan Park (both optional). (B)
Our tour ends this morning after breakfast. (B)
The offer applies to bookings made between 00.01 hrs GMT 31 December 2019 and 23:59 hrs GMT 22 January 2020. We regret the discount cannot be applied retrospectively to existing bookings. The offer is available on selected Explore small group trips, selected departures up to 30 June 2020. The full list of discounted trips is shown on the Explore website. The 15% discount will be applied to the quoted land only price of the trip on the Explore website. The discount cannot be applied to additional services such as flights, single room options and pre- or post-trip arrangements. Note that Flight Inclusive prices are available, but the discount only applies to the Land aspect; flight options will be explained at time of booking. The offer cannot be used in conjunction with Explore Loyalty Discounts. It can be combined with the Recommend a Friend Offer (see website for details). This offer is available to customers booking directly with Explore as well as customers booking indirectly through travel agencies, both from the UK and overseas. The reduced price is displayed on the Explore website. There is no need to quote a discount code. The offer is subject to availability and Explore reserves the right to withdraw it.
Pandas & Buddhas of Sichuan
Explore top highlights of China, whilst spending your time volunteering at Dujiangyan panda base.
Experience Shanghai
Let your taste buds burst while exploring the stylish city of Shanghai!
Experience Xi'an
Explore the amazing city of Xi'an, in this four day historic journey!


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Off Beat celebrates its second anniversary
Monday 20 Dec 2010
Two years of success and the 'beat goes on' with Off Beat as they head to El Sawy Culturewheel to celebrate with their fans their second anniversary.
To celebrate their second anniversary, Off Beat is scheduled to perform at El Sawy Culturewheel next week. Their concert will include a various collection of Egyptian and rock songs and will take place on Monday 27 December at 8:00 pm.
Originally assembled in October 2007, Offbeat is a live band with a diverse musical background and taste. The Cairo-based sextet defines a style that ranges from classic rock and blues ballads (covering artists like Gary Moore, Chris Rea and Lynard Skynard), 1950s and 1960s Rock'n'Roll (Chuck Berry) to 1980s and 1990s hits performed in an "off-beat" style.
El Sawy
Culturewheel
Egypt preparing to host first South African cultural season
Not to be missed: From Egyptian Harp Ensemble, Ahmed Ali El-Haggar to Mummies, Al Kit-Kat
Richard Clayderman gives three-hour charity concert in Cairo benefiting cancer treatment
Egyptian indie singer and songwriter Rania Shaalan dies at 53
Angham featured in Spotify's billboard at New York's Times Square
Met Opera concert to mark anniversary of Ukraine invasion
'My dream is to sing at the Pyramids of Giza': Greek singer Alkistis Protopsalti
Spotify signs licensing agreement for Rotana's full catalogue
Not to be missed: Soprano Fatma Said at Grand Egyptian Museum, Estabena band at Room

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home > Exclusively in a sentence
Exclusively in a sentence
Sentence count:214+8 Only show simple sentencesPosted:2016-07-21Updated:2020-07-24
Synonym: alone, entirely, only, solely. Similar words: exclusive, exclude, excluding, conclusion, excessive, actively, relatively, effectively. Meaning: [-lɪ] adv. without any others being included or involved.
1. Freedom is always and exclusively freedom for the one who thinks differently.
2. This sample room is exclusively for women.
3. The club is an exclusively male preserve.
4. The debate is being conducted almost exclusively on party political lines.
5. The star has a ski slope reserved exclusively for her.
6. She trades at Mr. Martin's store exclusively.
7. Constitutional changes are exclusively the prerogative of the parliament.
8. That shop caters exclusively to the weaker sex.
9. The study focuses exclusively on secondary schools.
10. This room is exclusively for women.
11. They deal exclusively in Chinese art.
12. The ceremony is exclusively masculine.
13. This offer is available exclusively to our established customers.
14. David Fincher paints from a palette consisting almost exclusively of grey and mud brown.
15. Randolph's work was exclusively concerned with the effects of pollution on health.
16. This offer is available exclusively to people who call now.
17. This special offer has been exclusively designed for readers of this magazine.
18. Our knowledge about agriculture has so far been exclusively confined to books.
19. I also exclusively revealed her pregnancy back in March.
20. What can he do that is exclusively male?
21. Don't rely exclusively on shade as a shield.
22. The Brat Pack is not exclusively male.
23. But the dealing room was not exclusively Tory.
24. For 20 years[http://Sentencedict.com], it focused exclusively on white men.
25. The regiment recruits almost exclusively from its home county.
26. Nor is such a mission an exclusively female one.
27. The answer can now be exclusively revealed.
28. Some are exclusively concerned with public image: placing advertisements, briefing journalists and lobbying opinion formers.
29. The proposals before the legislature include the creation of two special courts to deal exclusively with violent crimes.
30. Instruction in these subjects in undergraduate classes is almost exclusively by lecture.
6. This room is exclusively for women.
7. The ceremony is exclusively masculine.
8. Our knowledge about agriculture has so far been exclusively confined to books.
More similar words: exclusive, exclude, excluding, conclusion, excessive, actively, relatively, effectively, respectively, cluster, massive, offensive, extensive, defensive, aggressive, impressive, progressive, comprehensive, plus, clue, include, stimulus, music, wanderlust, cousin, conclude, including, illustrate, housing, musical.
vet (148+4)
newscast (24)
memo (190+4)
taxi (286+48)
sidle (19)
douse (25+2)
stifling (70+3)
remnant (98)
deciduous (129+2)
incessantly (52+3)
magnify (54)
intrusion (157+5)
floating (155+21)
keel (98+2)
exalted (108+3)
ingenious (168+4)
jilted (25+3)
deftly (54+1)
horny (59+3)
scornfully (20+2)


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Yauheni Lazuka or Yevgeniy Lazuka (, born 13 April 1989 in Salihorsk, Belarus) is an Azerbaijani swimmer of Belarusian origin. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, he competed in the 100 m butterfly and the 4 x 100 m medley relay.  At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed in the Men's 100 metre butterfly, finishing in 38th place overall in the heats, failing to qualify for the semifinals.

References

Azerbaijani male swimmers
Belarusian male swimmers
Living people
Olympic swimmers of Azerbaijan
Olympic swimmers of Belarus
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Male butterfly swimmers
Place of birth missing (living people)
1989 births
People from Salihorsk
Sportspeople from Minsk Region

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Use our Instant Louisiana 3G Fixed Wireless Tool for 3G Broadband Availability!
To request 3G Fixed Wireless for your business in Louisiana, give us a call at 1.888.765.8301 or use our 3G Fixed Wireless online quote tool (on the right) to get an initial estimate on 3G Fixed Wireless in LA. Once we receive your company information we'll give you a call to discuss your 3G Broadband inquiry.
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We give an unbiased opinion on 3G Fixed Wireless in Louisiana.


Bertiesoft Ltd is a small UK based technology organisation. We specialise in developing innovations, nurturing their growth and following through to delivery in a commercial and charitable framework.
We also offer Software Engineering, Programme Management & Service Integration skills to leading FTSE100 companies globally.
With a combination of niche and mainstream solutions, and through organic growth we have launched social media services, microsite services, audio streaming services (long before the technology we all have today) and marketing tools for digital advertising.
We currently have a new Social Network service in beta phase - it aims to share the funny side of life !!
With the provision of Professional services to global organisations, covering a veriety of different business sectors including telecommunications, storage, finance, retail, property, leisure & consumer electronics, Bertiesoft can offer skillsets including Software Engineering (management, design, build), PMO/Programme management / Project management, Business Analysis & process change, product development & strategy management.
Digital services, online marketing, advertising, digital (PPC, PPV, subscription) & traditional pricing models, Agile & Waterfall engineering practices to name a few are available on a consultancy & Professional Services basis.
Whether it be a bespoke solution or global social network solution, they share the same challenges. The ability to generate revenue and thus define the ROI (Return on Investment) typically associated to such services & solutions or always a primary challenge.
Free-to-use services offer the out-of-the-box package. Whether there is a limit of features, storage capacity, time or other such factor, they core service is free-of-charge. Value Added Services (VAS) typically offer extended global or custom features which are chargeable. The ability to advertise / target your information on a free-to-use are examples of such Value Added Services.
All services engineered by Bertiesoft offer Value Added Services for the provision of digital advertising campaigns, supporting subscription based Pay-Per-Click & Pay-Per-View mechanisms.
Providing innovation, incubation and delivery within the Technology and Software Engineering domain.


For the first time ever, there's a single Web site that business owners can turn to for all their federal compliance information. When the site is re-launched in October, Business.gov will search for compliance news, information, and federal forms from nearly 100 government Web sites, and compile government compliance contact information from throughout the federal government. With compliance demands on small businesses growing over the past decade, business owners can become overwhelmed.
The average small business owner spends $7,647 per employee staying in compliance with government regulations, according to the U.S. Small Business Administration's Office of Advocacy. That's 45% more per employee than larger firms. Small businesses make up more than 99.7% of all U.S. employers, and create more than 65% of America's net new jobs. Business.gov will help businesses stay in compliance and stay in business with a one-stop place for compliance information from federal agencies ranging from the Environmental Protection Agency to the Department of Labor.
Next articleFriday Funny: CCTV Uncovers the Uncovered!


These standards committee reports from IPC's Fall Standards Development Committee Meetings have been compiled to help keep you up to date on IPC standards committee activities. This is the first in a series of reports.
The 5-21a IPC-7070 Task Group is developing IPC-7070, Component Mounting – Issues and Recommendations, which will supersede IPC-CM-770. Some requirements from IPC-7351, Generic Requirements for Surface Mount Design and Land Pattern Standard, have been moved into the new document which will provide an opportunity to explain the dos and don'ts of robust component mounting. The committee reviewed an outline of IPC-7070 and determined the need for the land pattern document to link closely toIPC-7070. A simplified component description was established and the committee will work to align the two documents, each with their own focus, but be closely related.
The 5-21g Flip Chip Mounting Task Group is preparing revision A of IPC-7094, Design and Assembly Process Implementation for Flip Chip and Die Size Components. The revision will include information on new semiconductor packaging concepts of 2.5 and 3-D package configurations. An outline of the revision is being drafted which will include a reorganization of various chapters.
The 5-21jnd Solder Paste Printing Task Group released IPC-7527, Requirements for Solder Paste Printing, for publication.
The 5-21k IPC-SM-817 SMT Adhesive Task Group has re-formed and is opening IPC-SM-817, General Requirements for Dielectric Surface Mounting Adhesives, for revision A. This group has developed two surveys, one for adhesive manufacturers and one for adhesive users, to determine if any of the tests within the document are obsolete and if other tests should be added.
The 5-22a J-STD-001 Task Group reviewed nearly 75 open action items and comments on IPC J-STD-001E, Requirements for Soldered Electrical and Electronic Assemblies. This task group met a second day to resolve comments on criteria common to both IPC J-STD-001 and IPC-A-610, Acceptability for Electronic Assemblies.
The 5-22arr J-STD-001/Conformal Coating Material & Application Industry Assessment Task Group discussed the current status of round robin testing and made a number of revisions to measurement protocols.
The 5-22h Thermal Profiling Guide Task Group held its first meeting and focused on revision A of IPC-7530, Guidelines for Temperature Profiling for Mass Soldering (Reflow & Wave) Processes. The group discussed missing definitionsand modification of what thermal profiles should be covered, including special applications of laser, inductive soldering, hot bar and hot belt. The group also discussed development guidelines, calibration, process control and process guidelines.
The 5-23a Printed Circuit Board Solderability Specifications Task Group completed work on IPC J-STD-003C, Solderability Tests for Printed Boardsrevision. This document was published in October 2013.
The 5-23b Component and Wire Solderability Specifications Task Group revised design of experiment (DOE) activity on solder paste aperture requirements for Test Method S.
The 5-24a Flux Specifications Task Group is continuing to review and revise all applicable test methods.
The 5-24b Solder Paste Task Group began review of all test methods originating with the group and discussed revising IPC-HDBK-005, Guide to Solder Paste Assessment.
The 5-24c Solder Alloy Task Group published IPC J-STD-006C, Requirements for Electronic Grade Solder Alloys and Fluxed and Non-Fluxed Solid Solders for Electronic Soldering Applications in July 2013. The task group is addressing the addition of two new solder alloys to the appropriate sections of the document and reviewing changes/corrections which have been brought to the committee's attention. The goal is to publish an amendment to the document.
The 5-31g Stencil Cleaning Task Group is working on revision A of IPC-7526, Stencil and Misprinted Board Cleaning Handbook.
The 5-31j Cleaning Compatibility Task Group decided to develop a guideline for electronic and electrical component part testing. This document would include static and dynamic cleaning exposure tests to determine resistance to deleterious effects of cleaning agents.
The 5-32a Ion Chromatography/Ionic Conductivity Task Group is developing a component test method which could potentially be used as a secondary approach to evaluating counterfeit parts.
The 5-32b SIR and Electrochemical Migration Task Group discussed the development of an SIR test pattern library. This group received a report on the updated IPC-B-52 test board.
The 5-32e Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF) Task Group addressed revision B of IPC-9691, User Guide for the IPC-TM-650, Method 2.6.25, Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF) Resistance Test (Electrochemical Migration Testing). Changes in sections 8, 9 and 12 were agreed to in what is now Draft 11 of the user guide. The group discussed other CAF test techniques being used in industry.
The 5-33a Conformal Coating Task Group reviewed IPC-CC-830, Qualification and Performance of Electrical Insulating Compounds for Printed Wiring Assemblies, This group is pursuing a C revision rather than an amendment. The revisions will include a test method for adhesion, address issues with testing and documentation on insulation testing results of 500 megohms vs. 5000 megohms, and include the possible addition of a new generic type of conformal coating.
The 5-33c Conformal Coating Handbook Task Group published IPC-HDBK-830A, Guidelines for Design, Selection and Application of Conformal Coatings in October 2013. Task group members will be transitioned to the 5-33a group and will undertake the support of the conformal coating sections of IPC-A-610 and IPC J-STD-001. In addition, the group will address the evaluation of conformal coating for use environments.
The 5-33f Potting and Encapsulation Task Group published IPC-HDBK-850, Guidelines for Design, Selection and Application of Potting Materials and Encapsulation Processes Used for Electronics Printed Circuit Board Assembly in July 2012.
The 7-31j Requirements for Structural Enclosure Task Group published IPC-A-630, Acceptability Standard for Manufacture, Inspection and Testing of Electronic Enclosures in September 2013. The task group reviewed and resolved comments from the second ballot of IPC-HDBK-630, Structural Enclosure Guidelines Handbook. The handbook will be going back out to the committee for third ballot with the goal to publish before the end of 2013.
This entry was written by Sandy Gentry, posted on November 15, 2013 at 9:59 am, filed under Assembly, Boards, Committees, IPC, Standards, Technical and tagged assembly and joining, cleaning and coating, Committees, product assurance, standards development. Bookmark the permalink. Follow any comments here with the RSS feed for this post. Post a comment or leave a trackback: Trackback URL.


After spending most of my Thanksgiving weekend writing, I took my story to writing group. "So what do you think?" I asked.
'Not enough love' was the takeaway. Thinking about this, I wondered if my definition of love was getting in the way. While waiting for my cardiologist, I remembered a therapy session from two weeks.
"Define love," my therapist said.
"Yeah. That might be a challenge to work with," he said sitting back. He rifled through my thick folder.
"But let me explain," I said.
"Your relationships end badly?" he said.
We sat there in silence. A therapeutic smack down.
"It's a stark image," I said to my therapist.
Maybe I just need to rewrite the damn story with all the stark messiness and real danger of my definition of love instead of trying to fit my story into a Mickey and Minnie Mouse construction. Quite possibly that's why the story didn't work.
Love, be a story tonight.


I was searching for a Property and found this listing (MLS® #201801855). Please send me more information regarding Lot 1 And 2 Las Animas De Abiquiu, Abiquiu, New Mexico, 87532. Thank you!
I'd like to request a showing of Lot 1 And 2 Las Animas De Abiquiu, Abiquiu, New Mexico, 87532 (MLS® #201801855). Thank you!
Stunning views on this 60+ acre lot in a subdivision of 18 lots with protected covenants and restrictions. This tranquil setting abounds with wild life. The terrain is conducive to a variety of building sites and reflects the ancient volcano that has left behind geological specimens prior to the time the property was part of a Spanish Land Grant. Such land is becoming precious and increasingly rare.


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Q: How to insert multiple queries in node js mysql after reading from excel file and insertion is dependent on excel rows? I have a scenario where i need to read contents from an excel file. In the excel file there is column which tell if the a row is primary or not. Others will be sub rows of the primary row. I need to insert primary in one table. Get the last insertId and store the sub rows in another table. But always am getting some error related to "child foreign key stuff". Below is the approach am following
Reading the contents for excel with below code
let reader = require('xlsx');

module.exports.storeData = () =>{

const file = reader.readFile('./data/file.xlsx');

let data = []

const sheets = file.SheetNames

// for(let i = 0; i < sheets.length; i++)
// {
   const temp = reader.utils.sheet_to_json(
    file.Sheets[file.SheetNames[sheets.indexOf('sheet-name')]])
   temp.forEach((res) => {
      data.push(res)
   })
// }
this.pushToDB(data);

}

Below is how am checking if the row is primary and pushing data to 1 table else to the other table. Am also using async. But not getting last_insertId Asynchronously. Some Main table data gets inserted but not Sub Table data
let last_insert_id = 0;

const executeQuery = async (con, query, params) => {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
       con.query(query, params, (err, result) => {
           if (err) { return reject(err); }

           return resolve(result);
       });
    });
 }

 module.exports.pushToDB = async (data) => {
    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
    host: "localhost",
    user: "root",
    password: "",
    database: "data-db"
    });

     con.connect(async function(err) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("Connected!");

        data.forEach(async (res, ind) => {

            try {

                if(res['Primary_Col'] == 'Yes'){

                    let param = ['col1']
                    const query1 = "INSERT INTO Main_Table (COL1) VALUES (?)";
                    const result = await executeQuery(con, query1, param);

                    last_insert_id = result.insertId;

                    console.log(last_insert_id);

                }

                if(res['Primary_Col'] == 'No'){
                    let param = ['col1', 'col2', 'col3' ]
                    const query1 = "INSERT INTO SUB_TABLE (COL1, COL2, COL3) VALUES (?,?,?)";
                    const result = await executeQuery(con, query1, param.map(String)); //param array values will be changes to string
                }

            } catch (err) {
                con.destroy;
                throw err;
            }
        });
    });
}

this.storeData();

The exact error
Error: ER_NO_REFERENCED_ROW_2: Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Beautiful Large Size Persian Tabriz Design Modern Egyptian Rug, Country of origin: Egypt, Circa Date: 21st Century / Modern Rug – Gentle arabesques created by a series of softly colored palmettes and small-scale rosettes decorate the chic ivory field of this contemporary Persian Tabriz rug design from Egypt. The delicate botanical arabesque is linked by a series of meandering floral sprays and sinuous vine-scrolls decorated with petite flowers and trefoil leaves. Broad main borders, wide secondary borders and dainty guard-bands surround the elegantly styled field of this contemporary Persian Tabriz style Egyptian rug. Branching shrubs rendered in contrasting earth-tone colors create a stunning mosaic-like effect in the borders, which complements the delicate botanical motifs used within the gently colored field of this breathtaking modern rug.
This elegant Tabriz-style carpet features a complex all-over arabesque woven in a traditional muted color scheme associated Tabriz.


Prominently located on South Western Street, the site features easy access and excellent visibility with direct access to Interstate 40, one of Amarillo's main traffic thoroughfares with daily traffic counts in excess of 84,100 vehicles. A four way signalized traffic light coupled with excellent signage enhances this location's exposure.
Not only does the property enjoy a centralized location, but it is an out parcel to "Western Crossing", a 188,133 square foot regional shopping center featuring Petco, Michael's, Mardel ,Burlington Coat Factory and others.
The site is located in a very strong retail area adjacent to Taco Bell and Subway and across from McDonalds, Wendy's and Burger KIng. Additionally, it is close to large retailers like Home Depot,Office Depot, Walgreen;s, Sam's Club,Target, Best Buy,Bed Bath and Beyond and Ross Dress for Less and the regional "Westgate Mall" , an 878,000 square foot enclosed shopping mall anchored by Dillard's, Penny's,Victoria;s Secret, Forever 21, Bath and Body Works , Sears and many more. The Mall is a major traffic draw for the area.
The site is in proximity to several major attractions including Amarillo Civic Center, Amarillo Country Club, Amarillo Zoo, The Botanical Garden and Sunrise Wonderland Amusement Park, to name a few. Also, strong student populations surround the site with Tascosa High School (2,200 students), Amarillo College (9,900 students), Avondale Elementary (530 students), Austin Middle School (815 students), Crocket Middle School ( 850 students) plus others.
Over 158,000 people reside within a 5 mile radius.
JUST REDUCED!!! New construction (2016), 8,000 square foot Emergency Center located in a prime location in growing Amarillo, Texas. Corporate guarantee Net Net Net lease with 10 years remaining and absolutely NO landlord responsibilities.
The Lease is structured with 2% annual increases every year through the term.
Recently acquired from Neighbors Healthcare, this location has a proven track record and features a state of the art facility. Now operating as Exceptional Emergency Center, the center will continue to provide exceptional emergency care, cardiology and emergency care for adults and children. The facility is equipped to handle imaging and laboratory needs such as CT scans, ultrasound or X-rays. Premier emergency services are offered 24 hours daily, 7 days a week.
Exceptional Emergency Centers operate in Texas and Oklahoma.
The Doctor's operating the facility have invested their own money in the business indicating a strong commitment to this location and its future.


I really discovered Dorset for the first time last week when I went on a day trip to Bridport and West Bay and was smitten! Bustling Bridport shone in the winter sun. Lovely Lyme Regis was resplendent and reached out to Lyme Bay, which is home to an amazing array of marine life. My design of Dorset includes not just Dorset's ancient heritage such as Corfe Castle, Maiden Castle and the Cerne Abbas Giant but also its wonderful wildlife. Dorset is a rich food larder for much British wildlife as well as migratory birds that pop in to say hello each year. I've included some of our furry and feathered friends in my illustration of delightful Dorset.


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The history of nudity involves social attitudes to nakedness of the human body in different cultures in history. The use of clothing to cover the body is one of the changes that mark the end of the Neolithic, and the beginning of civilizations. Nudity (or near-complete nudity) has traditionally been the social norm for both men and women in hunter-gatherer cultures in warm climates, and it is still common among many indigenous peoples. The need to cover the body is associated with human migration out of the tropics into climates where clothes were needed as protection from sun, heat, and dust in the Middle East; or from cold and rain in Europe and Asia. The first use of animal skins and cloth may have been as adornment, along with body modification, body painting, and jewelry, invented first for other purposes, such as magic, decoration, cult, or prestige. The skills used in their making were later found to be practical as well.

In modern societies, complete nudity in public became increasingly rare as nakedness became associated with lower status, but the mild Mediterranean climate allowed for a minimum of clothing, and in a number of ancient cultures, the athletic and/or cultist nudity of men and boys was a natural concept. In ancient Greece, nudity became associated with the perfection of the gods. In ancient Rome, complete nudity could be a public disgrace, though it could be seen at the public baths or in erotic art. In the Western world, with the spread of Christianity, any positive associations with nudity were replaced with concepts of sin and shame. Although rediscovery of Greek ideals in the Renaissance restored the nude to symbolic meaning in art, by the Victorian era, public nakedness was considered obscene.
In Asia, public nudity has been viewed as a violation of social propriety rather than sin; embarrassing rather than shameful. However, in Japan, mixed-gender communal bathing was quite normal and commonplace until the Meiji Restoration.

While the upper classes had turned clothing into fashion, those who could not afford otherwise continued to swim or bathe openly in natural bodies of water or frequent communal baths through the 19th century. Acceptance of public nudity re-emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Philosophically based movements, particularly in Germany, opposed the rise of industrialization. Freikörperkultur (Free Body Culture) represented a return to nature and the elimination of shame. In the 1960s naturism moved from being a small subculture to part of a general rejection of restrictions on the body. Women reasserted the right to uncover their breasts in public, which had been the norm until the 17th century. The trend continued in much of Europe, with the establishment of many clothing-optional areas in parks and on beaches.

Through all of the historical changes in the developed countries, cultures in the tropical climates of sub-Saharan Africa and the Amazon rainforest have continued with their traditional practices, being partially or completely nude during everyday activities.

Prehistory

Evolution of hairlessness
The relative hairlessness of homo sapiens requires a biological explanation, given that fur evolved to protect other primates from UV radiation, injury, sores and insect bites. Many explanations include advantages to cooling when early humans moved from shady forest to open savanna, accompanied by a change in diet from primarily vegetarian to hunting game, which meant running long distances after prey. Another explanation is that fur harbors ectoparasites such as ticks, which would have become more of a problem as humans became hunters living in larger groups with a "home base". However, that would be inconsistent with the abundance of parasites that continue to exist in the remaining patches of human hair.

Jablonski and Chaplin assert that early hominids, like modern chimpanzees, had light skin covered with dark fur. With the loss of fur, high melanin skin soon evolved as protection from damage from UV radiation. As hominids migrated outside of the tropics, varying degrees of depigmentation evolved in order to permit UVB-induced synthesis of previtamin D3.

The loss of body hair was a factor in several aspects of human evolution. The ability to dissipate excess body heat through eccrine sweating helped to make possible the dramatic enlargement of the brain, the most temperature-sensitive organ. Nakedness and intelligence also made it necessary to evolve non-verbal signaling mechanisms, such as blushing and facial expressions. Signalling was supplemented by the invention of body decorations, which also served the social function of identifying group membership.

Origin of clothing

The wearing of clothing is assumed to be a behavioral adaptation, arising from the need for protection from the elements; including the sun (for depigmented human populations) and cold temperatures as humans migrated to colder regions.  It is estimated that anatomically modern humans evolved 260,000 to 350,000 years ago. A genetic analysis estimates that clothing lice diverged from head louse ancestors at least by 83,000 and possibly as early as 170,000 years ago, suggesting that the use of clothing likely originated with anatomically modern humans in Africa prior to their migration to colder climates. What is now called clothing may have originated along with other types of adornment, including jewelry, body paint, tattoos, and other body modifications, "dressing" the naked body without concealing it. Body adornment is one of the changes that occurred in the late Paleolithic (40,000 to 60,000 years ago) that indicate that humans had become not only anatomically but culturally and psychologically modern, capable of self-reflection and symbolic interaction.

One of the indications of self-awareness was the appearance of art. The earliest surviving depictions of the human body include the small figurines found across Eurasia generally termed "Venuses" although a few are male and others are not identifiable. While the most famous are obese, others are slender but indicate pregnancy, which is generalized as representing fertility.

Ancient history
The widespread habitual use of clothing is one of the changes that mark the end of the Neolithic and the beginning of civilization. Clothing and adornment became part of the symbolic communication that marked a person's membership in their society. Thus nakedness in everyday life meant being at the bottom of the social scale, lacking in dignity and status. However, removing clothes while engaged in work or bathing was commonplace, and deities and heroes might be depicted nude to represent fertility, strength, or purity. Some images were subtly or explicitly erotic, depicting suggestive poses or sexual activity.

Mesopotamia

In Mesopotamia, most people owned a single item of clothing, usually a linen cloth that was wrapped and tied. Possessing no clothes meant being at the bottom of the social scale, being indebted, or if a slave, not being provided with clothes. In the Uruk period there was recognition of the need for functional and practical nudity while performing many tasks, although the nakedness of workers emphasized the social difference between servants and the elite, who were clothed.

The identity of the goddess depicted in the Burney Relief is a topic of scholarly debate, Lilith, Ishtar/Inanna or Kilili her messenger, and Ereshkigal being proposed.

Egypt

For the average person in ancient Egypt clothing changed little from its beginnings until the Middle Kingdom. Both men and women of the lower classes were commonly bare chested and barefoot, wearing a simple loincloth or skirt around their waist. Slaves might not be provided with clothing. Servants were nude or wore loincloths. Although the genitals of adults were generally covered, nakedness in ancient Egypt was not a violation of any social norm, but more often a convention indicating lack of wealth; those that could afford to do so covered more. Nudity was considered a natural state. Laborers would be naked while performing many tasks, particularly if hot, dirty, or wet; farmers, fishermen, herders, and those working close to fires or ovens.

During the Early Dynastic Period, (3150–2686 BCE), and the Old Kingdom, (2686–2180 BCE) the majority of men and women wore similar attire. Skirts called schenti—which evolved from loincloths and resembled modern kilts—were customary apparel. Women of the upper classes commonly wore a kalasiris, a dress of loose draped or translucent linen which came to just above or below the breasts. Female servants and entertainers at banquets were partly clothed or naked. Children might go without clothing until puberty, at about age 12. The status of upper class children was shown by wearing jewelry, not clothing. Being born naked, humans were also nude in the afterlife (although in new bodies at the prime of life).

In the First Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BCE) and the Middle Kingdom (2055–1650 BCE) clothing for most people remained the same, but fashion for the upper classes became more elaborate. During the Second Intermediate Period (1650–1550 BCE) portions of Egypt were controlled by Nubians and by the Hyksos, a Semitic people. During the brief New Kingdom (1550–1069 BCE), Egyptians regained control. Upper-class women wore elaborate dresses and ornamentation which covered their breasts. Those serving in the households of the wealthy also began wearing more refined dress. These later styles are often shown in film and TV as representing ancient Egypt in all periods.

Aegean civilization

In some ancient Mediterranean cultures, even well past the hunter-gatherer stage, athletic and/or cultist nudity of men and boys – and rarely, of women and girls – was a natural concept. The Minoan civilization prized athleticism, with bull-leaping being a favourite event. Both men and women participated wearing only a loincloth. Everyday dress for men was normally bare-chested, whilst women wore an open-fronted dress.

Greece

Male nudity was celebrated in ancient Greece to a greater degree than any culture before or since. The status of freedom, maleness, privilege, and physical virtues were asserted by discarding everyday clothing for athletic nudity. Nudity became a ritual costume by association of the naked body with the beauty and power of the gods. The female nude emerged as a subject for art in the 5th century BCE, illustrating stories of women bathing both indoors and outdoors. The passive images reflected the unequal status of women in society compared to the athletic and heroic images of naked men. In Sparta during the Classical period, women were also trained in athletics, and while scholars do not agree whether they also competed in the nude, the same word (gymnosis, naked or lightly clothed) was used to describe the practice. It is generally agreed that Spartan women in the classical period were nude only for specific religious and ceremonial purposes. In the Hellenistic period Spartan women trained with men, and participated in more athletic events. However, unlike the later Roman baths, those in Hellenistic Greece were segregated by sex.

Ancient Greece had a particular fascination for aesthetics, which was also reflected in clothing or its absence. Sparta had rigorous codes of training (agoge) and physical exercise was conducted in the nude. Athletes competed naked in public sporting events. Spartan women, as well as men, would sometimes be naked in public processions and festivals. This practice was designed to encourage virtue in men while they were away at war and an appreciation of health in the women. Women and goddesses were normally portrayed clothed in sculpture of the Classical period, with the exception of the nude Aphrodite.

In general, however, concepts of either shame or offense, or the social comfort of the individual, seem to have been deterrents of public nudity in the rest of Greece and the ancient world in the east and west, with exceptions in what is now South America, and in Africa and Australia. Polybius asserts that Celts typically fought naked, "The appearance of these naked warriors was a terrifying spectacle, for they were all men of splendid physique and in the prime of life."

In Greek culture, depictions of erotic nudity were considered normal. The Greeks were conscious of the exceptional nature of their nudity, noting that "generally in countries which are subject to the barbarians, the custom is held to be dishonourable; lovers of youths share the evil repute in which philosophy and naked sports are held, because they are inimical to tyranny;"

The origins of nudity in ancient Greek sport are the subject of a legend about the athlete Orsippus of Megara.

Rome

The Greek traditions were not maintained in the later Etruscan and Roman athletics because its public nudity became associated with homoeroticism. Early Roman masculinity involved prudishness and paranoia about effeminacy. The toga was essential to announce the status and rank of male citizens of the Roman Republic (509–27 BCE). The poet Ennius declared, "exposing naked bodies among citizens is the beginning of public disgrace". Cicero endorsed Ennius' words. In the Roman Empire (27 BCE –  476 CE), the status of the upper classes was such that public nudity was of no concern for men, and for women only if seen by their social superiors. At the public Roman baths (thermae), which had social functions similar to a modern beach, mixed nude bathing may have been the norm up to the fourth century CE. Jews during the Greco-Roman period maintained negative attitudes towards nudity, both as a temptation for illicit sexuality and a distraction from the life of holiness.

Ancient Roman attitudes toward male nudity differed from those of the Greeks, whose ideal of masculine excellence was expressed by the nude male body in art and in such real-life venues as athletic contests. The toga, by contrast, distinguished the body of the adult male citizen of Rome. The poet Ennius (c. 239–169 BC) declared that "exposing naked bodies among citizens is the beginning of public disgrace (flagitium)," a sentiment echoed by Cicero.

Public nudity might be offensive or distasteful even in traditional settings; Cicero derides Mark Antony as undignified for appearing near-naked as a participant in the Lupercalia festival, even though it was ritually required. Negative connotations of nudity included defeat in war, since captives were stripped and sold into slavery. Slaves for sale were often displayed naked to allow buyers to inspect them for defects, and to symbolize that they lacked the right to control their own bodies. The disapproval of nudity was less a matter of trying to suppress inappropriate sexual desire than of dignifying and marking the citizen's body. Thus the retiarius, a type of gladiator who fought with face and flesh exposed, was thought to be unmanly. The influence of Greek art, however, led to "heroic" nude portrayals of Roman men and gods, a practice that began in the 2nd century BC. When statues of Roman generals nude in the manner of Hellenistic kings first began to be displayed, they were shocking—not simply because they exposed the male figure, but because they evoked concepts of royalty and divinity that were contrary to Republican ideals of citizenship as embodied by the toga. In art produced under Augustus Caesar, the adoption of Hellenistic and Neo-Attic style led to more complex signification of the male body shown nude, partially nude, or costumed in a muscle cuirass. Romans who competed in the Olympic Games presumably followed the Greek custom of nudity, but athletic nudity at Rome has been dated variously, possibly as early as the introduction of Greek-style games in the 2nd century BC but perhaps not regularly until the time of Nero around 60 AD.

At the same time, the phallus was depicted ubiquitously. The phallic amulet known as the fascinum (from which the English word "fascinate" ultimately derives) was supposed to have powers to ward off the evil eye and other malevolent supernatural forces. It appears frequently in the archaeological remains of Pompeii in the form of  tintinnabula (wind chimes) and other objects such as lamps. The phallus is also the defining characteristic of the imported Greek god Priapus, whose statue was used as a "scarecrow" in gardens. A penis depicted as erect and very large was laughter-provoking, grotesque, or apotropaic. Roman art regularly features nudity in mythological scenes, and sexually explicit art appeared on ordinary objects such as serving vessels, lamps, and mirrors, as well as among the art collections of wealthy homes.

Respectable Roman women were portrayed clothed. Partial nudity of goddesses in Roman Imperial art, however, can highlight the breasts as dignified but pleasurable images of nurturing, abundance, and peacefulness. The completely nude female body as portrayed in sculpture was thought to embody a universal concept of Venus, whose counterpart Aphrodite is the goddess most often depicted as a nude in Greek art. By the 1st century AD, Roman art showed a broad interest in the female nude engaged in varied activities, including sex.

The erotic art found in Pompeii and Herculaneum may depict women performing sex acts either naked or often wearing a strophium (strapless bra) that covers the breasts even when otherwise nude. Latin literature describes prostitutes displaying themselves naked at the entrance to their brothel cubicles, or wearing see-through silk garments.

The display of the female body made it vulnerable; Varro thought the Latin word for "sight, gaze", visus, was etymologically related to vis, "force, power". The connection between visus and vis, he said, also implied the potential for violation, just as Actaeon gazing on the naked Diana violated the goddess.

One exception to public nudity was the thermae (public baths), though attitudes toward nude bathing also changed over time. In the 2nd century BC, Cato preferred not to bathe in the presence of his son, and Plutarch implies that for Romans of these earlier times it was considered shameful for mature men to expose their bodies to younger males. Later, however, men and women might even bathe together. Some Hellenized or Romanized Jews resorted to epispasm, a surgical procedure to restore the foreskin "for the sake of decorum". In Palestine, Jews were hostile to the Roman baths beyond the issue of nudity.

India

From around 300 BC Indian mystics have utilized naked ascetism to reject worldly attachments.

China
In much of Asia, traditional dress covers the entire body, similar to Western dress. In stories written in China as early as the 4th Century BCE, nudity is presented as an affront to human dignity, reflecting the belief that "humanness" in Chinese society is not innate, but earned by correct behavior. However, nakedness could also be used by an individual to express contempt for others in their presence. In other stories, the nudity of women, emanating the power of yin, could nullify the yang of aggressive forces.

Late antiquity

The Fall of the Western Roman Empire marked many social changes, including the rise of Christianity. Early Christians generally inherited the norms of dress from Jewish traditions, except for the Adamites, an obscure Christian sect in North Africa originating in the second century who worshiped in the nude, professing to have regained the innocence of Adam. The transformation of European culture during the following centuries was not a unified process. Concepts of individuality and privacy were emerging in the context of cities, each of which was a world of its own. In contrast to the modern city, urban life in late antiquity was not anonymous for the elite, but dependent upon public reputation, which was built upon birth into an upper-class family. The maintenance of social distance between the "well-born few" and their inferiors was of prime importance. For men, maintaining this superiority included sexual dominance based upon fear of effeminacy or emotional dependence, but without regard to sexual orientation. Although clothing was a marker of status in many public situations, nudity at the public baths was an everyday experience where the upper classes maintained their social distinction whether naked or clothed.

It was the establishment of the Christian Church as the state religion that made clothing the necessary sign of a person's rank in society and relationship to the Emperor.

During the first centuries after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, although conversion to Christianity progressed, pagan beliefs regarding the body and sexual conduct remained. The Germanic people of Europe lived in extended families that included several generations plus servants and slaves, in great wooden houses. All slept together, naked, around a common fire.

In the later Middle Ages beginning with the Carolingian period, both men and women dressed from head to foot, going nude only when they swam, bathed, or slept. The Roman bathes continued to be used, even in monasteries, but were more often reserved for the ill. People swam in rivers and bathed in hot springs, Charlemagne doing so at Aix-en-Provence with as many as a hundred guests. In some pagan ceremonies, a young girl or woman would undress entirely to call forth the fertility of the fields. However, touching a woman was interfering with this life process, and prohibited. Nudity was sacred for pagans as part of procreation, thus associated only with sex.

The early Christian view was quite different from the pagan, based upon the human body as the creation of God. Until the beginning of the eighth century, Baptism had been performed by full immersion and without clothing in an octagonal basin attached to every cathedral. Converts emerged reborn, so early Chistians associated nudity with grace. The elimination of naked Baptism in the 8th century represented the Christian acceptance of the pagan view of nudity is sexual. This led to the clothing of Christ on the Cross, the original depictions being naked, as would have been the case for Roman crucifixions.

The late fourth century CE was a period of both Christian conversion and standardization of church teachings, in particular on matters of sex. The dress or nakedness of women that were not deemed respectable was also of lesser importance. A man having sex outside marriage with a respectable woman (adultery) injured third parties: her husband, father, and male relatives. His fornication with an unattached woman, likely a prostitute, courtesan or slave, was a lesser sin since it had no male victims, which in a patriarchal society might mean no victim at all.

Post-classical history

Europe
The period between the ancient and modern world—approximately 500 to 1450 CE—saw an increasingly stratified society in Europe, with attitudes and behavior dependent upon social status. At the beginning of the period, everyone other than the upper classes lived in close quarters and did not have the modern sensitivity to private nudity, but slept and bathed together naked as necessary. The Roman baths in Bath, Somerset, were rebuilt, and used by both sexes without garments until the 15th century. Later in the period, with the emergence of a middle class, clothing in the form of fashion was a significant indicator of class, and thus its lack became a greater source of embarrassment. These attitudes only slowly spread to all of society.

Until the beginning of the eighth century, Christians were baptized naked to represent that they emerged from baptism without sin. The disappearance of nude baptism in the Carolingian era marked the beginning of the sexualization of the body by Christians that had previously been associated with paganism.

In the 13th century theorists dealt with the issue of sexuality, Albertus Magnus favoring a more philosophical view influenced by Aristotle that sex within marriage was a natural act. However, his pupal Thomas Aquinas and others took the view of Saint Augustine that sexual desire was shameful not only as original sin, but that lust was a disorder because it undermined reason. Sexual arousal was deemed so dangerous as to be avoided except for procreation, nudity being particularly taboo, which remained until the Renaissance.

Sects with beliefs similar to the Adamites, who worshiped naked, reemerged in the early 15th century.

Although there is a common misconception that Europeans did not bathe in the Middle Ages, public bath houses were popular until the 16th century, when concern for the spread of disease closed many of them. The first Christians inherited Roman culture, which maintained public water supplies and baths, and bathing remained a popular institution, and a profitable one. Saint Augustine and Clement of Alexandria promoted the virtue of cleanliness. However, the story of Bathsheba was used to warn against the potential for men being seduced by women bathing. Stories of the life of saints emphasized denial of the flesh, and it was the monastic rule that forbade clergy bathing more than three times per year.

In Christian Europe, the parts of the body that were required to be covered in public did not always include the female breasts. In 1350, breasts were associated with nourishment and loving care, but by 1750, artistic representations of the breast were either erotic or medical.

Mesoamerica
The Aztec city Tenochtitlán reached a population of eighty thousand before the arrival of the Spanish in 1520. Built on an island in Lake Texcoco, it was dependent upon hydraulic engineering for agriculture which also supplied bathing facilities with both steam baths (temazcales) and tubs. In the Yucatan, Mayan men and women bathed in rivers with little concern for modesty. Yet in spite of the number of hot springs in the region, there is no mention of their use for bathing by indigenous peoples. The conquistadors viewed indigenous bathing practices, which included both men and women entering temazcales naked, in terms of paganism and sexual immorality and sought to eradicate them.

Middle East
Clothing in the Middle East, which loosely envelopes the entire body, changed little for centuries in part because it is well-suited for the climate, protecting the body from dust storms while allowing cooling by evaporation.
The practice known as veiling of women in public predates Islam in Persia, Syria, and Anatolia. Islamic clothing for men covers the area from the waist to the knees. The Qurʾān provides guidance on the dress of women, but not strict rulings; such rulings may be found in the Hadith. The rules of hijab and Sharia law defines clothing for women as covering the entire body except the face and hands. The nature of the clothing cannot be transparent, revealing what is underneath: "clothed yet naked", nor the clothing of men, such as trousers. Originally, veiling applied only to the wives of Muhammad; however, veiling was adopted by all upper-class women after his death and became a symbol of Muslim identity.

In the medieval period, Islamic norms became more patriarchal, and very concerned with the chastity of women before marriage and fidelity afterward. Women were not only veiled, but segregated from society, with no contact with men not of close kinship, the presence of whom defined the difference between public and private spaces. Of particular concern for both Islam and early Christians, as they extended their control over countries that had previously been part of the Byzantine or Roman empires, was the local custom of public bathing. While Christians were mainly concerned about mixed-gender bathing, which had been common, Islam also prohibited nudity for women in the company of non-Muslim women. In general, the Roman bathing facilities were adapted for separation of the genders, and the bathers retaining at least a loin-cloth rather than being nude, as in the Turkish bath of today.

Africa
According to Ibn Battuta, female servants and slaves in the Mali Empire during the 14th century would be completely naked. The daughters of the sultan also exposed their breasts in public.

Colonial era
Among the Chumash people of southern California, men were usually naked, and women were often topless. Native Americans of the Amazon Basin usually went nude or nearly nude; in many native tribes, the only clothing worn was some device worn by men to clamp the foreskin shut. However, other similar cultures have had different standards. For example, other native North Americans avoided total nudity, and the Native Americans of the mountains and west of South America, such as the Quechuas, kept quite covered. These taboos normally only applied to adults; Native American children often went naked until puberty if the weather permitted (a 10-year-old Pocahontas scandalized the Jamestown settlers by appearing at their camp and cartwheeling in the nude).

In travels in Mali in the 1350s, Muslim scholar Ibn Battuta was shocked by the casual relationships between men and women even at the court of Sultans, and the public nudity of female slaves and servants.

In 1498, at Trinity Island, Trinidad, Christopher Columbus found the women entirely naked, whereas the men wore a light girdle called guayaco. At the same epoch, on the Para Coast of Brazil, the maidens were distinguished from the married women by their absolute nudity. The same absence of costume was observed among the Chaymas of Cumaná, Venezuela, and Du Chaillu noticed the same among the Achiras in Gabon.

The seventeenth century colonization of North America by England followed failed attempts at Roanoke Island that led them to adopt the Spanish template for dealing with the Natives, which was to attack first. This was supported by a view of Indigenous "naked people" as either violent or docile, and a Christian doctrine that killing was justified for those that could not be converted and subjugated.

Early modern
The association of nakedness with shame and anxiety became ambivalent in the Renaissance in Europe. The rediscovered art and writings of ancient Greece offered an alternative tradition of nudity as symbolic of innocence and purity  which could be understood in terms of the state of man "before the fall". Subsequently, norms and behaviors surrounding nudity in life and in works of art diverged during the history of individual societies. The meaning of nudity in Europe was also changed in the 1500s by reports of naked inhabitants in the Americas, and the African slaves brought to Italy by the Portuguese.  Female slaves were naked when purchased, then clothed and baptized by their new owners. Both slavery and colonialism was the beginning of the modern association of nakedness with savagery.

The medical opinion in the 18th century that bathing in cold water and exposure to the sun had therapeutic benefits created tension between swimmers and defenders of Victorian Christian opinion that the body is shameful, and must be covered when exposed to public view. In addition, mixed bathing with otherwise appropriate costumes was also sinful. Until the early 20th century in New South Wales this led to the enactment of regulations banning public bathing except at limited times, segregated by sex, and in costumes that covered the body from neck to knees.

During the Enlightenment, taboos against nudity began to grow and by the Victorian era, public nudity was considered obscene. In addition to beaches being segregated by gender, bathing machines were also used to allow people who had changed into bathing attire to enter directly into the water.

In England during the 17th to 19th centuries, the clothing of the poor by Christian charity did not extend to those confined to "madhouses" such as Bethlem Royal Hospital, where the inmates were often kept naked and treated harshly.

The Victorian Era is often considered to be entirely restrictive of nudity. However, throughout the United Kingdom in the 19th century, workers in coal mines were naked due to the heat and the narrow tunnels that would catch on clothing. Men and boys worked fully naked, while women and girls (usually employed as "hurriers") would generally only strip to the waist, but in some locations, they were fully naked as well. Testimony before a Parliamentary labour commission revealed that working naked in confined spaces made "sexual vices" a "common occurrence".

Late modern

Japan
The Tokugawa period in Japan (1603–1868) was defined by the social dominance of hereditary classes, with clothing a regulated marker of status and little nudity among the upper classes. However, working populations in both rural and urban areas often dressed only in loincloths, including women in hot weather and while nursing. Lacking baths in their homes, they also frequented public bathhouses where everyone was unclothed together.

Expressing the colonial view of the first Americans to visit, in 1860, Rev. S. Well Williams (interpreter to U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry), wrote: Modesty, judging from what we see, might be said to be unknown, for the women make no attempt to hide the bosom, and every step shows the leg above the knee; while men generally go with the merest bit of rag, and that not always carefully put on. Naked men and women have both been seen in the streets, and uniformly resort to the same bath house, regardless of all decency. Lewd motions, pictures and talk seem to be the common expression of the viler acts and thoughts of the people, and this to such a degree as to disgust everybody.

With the opening of Japan to European visitors in the Meiji era (1868–1912), the previously normal states of undress, and the custom of mixed public bathing, became an issue for leaders concerned with Japan's international reputation. A law was established with fines for those that violated the ban on undress. Although often ignored or circumvented, the law had the effect of sexualizing the naked body in situations that had not previously been erotic.

Another Japanese tradition was the women free-divers (ama) who for 2,000 years until the 1960s collected seaweed and shellfish nude or wearing only loincloths. Women farmers often worked bare-breasted during the summer while other workers might be nude.

Europe

Opinions regarding the health benefits of bathing were generally favorable by the 19th century. This led to the establishment of gender segregated public bath houses for those who had no bathing facilities in their homes. In a number of European cities where this included the middle class, some bath houses became social establishments for men. In the United States, where the middle class more often had private baths in their homes, public bath houses were built for the poor, in particular for urban immigrant populations. With the adoption of showers rather than tubs, bathing facilities were added to schools and factories.

For the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, the official poster was created by a distinguished artist. It depicted several naked male athletes (with their genitals obscured) and was for that reason considered too daring for distribution in certain countries. Posters for the Antwerp 1920, Paris 1924, and Helsinki 1952 Summer Olympics also featured nude male figures, evoking the classical origins of the games. The poster for the 1948 Olympics in London featured the Discobolus, a nude sculpture of a discus thrower.

Germany
In Germany between 1910 and 1935 nudist attitudes toward the body were expressed in sports and in the arts. In the 1910s a number of solo female dancers performed in the nude. Adorée Villany performed the Dance of the Seven Veils, and other stories based upon middle eastern themes, for appreciative upper class audiences. However, after a 1911 performance in Munich, Villany was arrested, along with the theater manager, for indecency. Eventually acquitted, she was forced to leave Bavaria. Olga Desmond's performances combined dance and tableau vivant posing nude in imitation of classical statues.

There were advocates of the health benefits of sun and fresh air that instituted programs of exercise in the nude for children in groups of mixed gender. Adolf Koch founded thirteen Freikörperkultur (FKK) schools. With the rise of Nazism in the 1930s, the nudism movement split ideologically between three groups: the bourgeoisie, the socialists, and the fascists. The bourgeoisie were not ideological, while the socialists adopted the views of Adolf Koch, seeing education and health programs including nudity as part of improving the lives of the working class. While not unanimous in their support, some Nazis used nudity to extol the Aryan race as the standard of beauty, as reflected in the Nazi propaganda film about the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin directed by Leni Riefenstahl, Olympia.

Socialist views of nudity extended to the Soviet Union, where in 1924 an informal organization called the "Down with Shame" movement held mass nude marches in an effort to dispel earlier, "bourgeois" morality.

Other countries
In the 1920s naturism took different directions in Scandinavia, France, England, Belgium and the Netherlands. While based on the German model, each county had its own religious, political, and cultural perspectives. Regaining a connection to nature lost during industrialization was a common theme. A distinction was made between the nudity and sexuality in order to appreciate health and beauty of the body without association with "vice, eroticism, and exhibitionism".

Gender distinctions in public behavior

Public swimming pools in the United States were the product of municipal reform movements beginning in the mid-19th century. In New York City, municipal baths and pools were first opened in 1870 not only to improve the health of the inhabitants of tenements, but to control the use of the waterfront by men and boys who violated Victorian norms by behaving boisterously and swimming nude where women might see them from passing boats. This effort had mixed effect, with boys continuing to swim nude in rivers into the 1930s; preferring unsupervised play to rule-bound recreation. Civic leaders had not intended pools to be used for recreation, but for health and sporting activities, which were male only. Initially, working-class men and boys swam in the nude, as had previously been customary in lakes and rivers. Only later were days set aside for use of baths and pools by women.

From 1860 to 1937 men in the UK and America were often required to wear suits that covered the upper torso when swimming where women were present. Early swimsuits made of knitted wool made swimming difficult. In many places, gender segregation was maintained where recreational activities were deemed unladylike, such as particular beaches, rivers, lakes and swimming pools. In England from 1900 to 1919, women were forbidden to bathe within a hundred yards of any male swimmer over the age of twelve. Restrictions in behavior and bathing costumes were slowly relaxed during the 1920s, and by the 1930s, this could result in men swimming nude within the view of women.

In places limited to men, communal nudity in the U.S. and other Western countries was the norm for much of the 20th century. Males have been more likely than females to be expected to swim nude in indoor pools or to share communal showers in school locker rooms with other members of the same sex. These expectations were based on cultural beliefs that females need more privacy than males. Social attitudes at the time maintained that it was healthy and normal for men and boys to be nude around each other and schools, gymnasiums, and other such organizations typically required nude male swimming in part for sanitary reasons due to the use of wool swimsuits. In the 1926 edition of the guidelines on swimming pools by the American Public Health Association (APHA), citing the problem of properly cleaning suits, it was recommended that for pools used only by men that they swim in the nude. This guideline remained until 1962 but continued to be observed by the YMCA and public schools with gender segregated classes into the 1970s.

The nudity of male children was of less concern, and could occur in mixed gender venues. In 1909 The New York Times reported that at an elementary school swim public competition the 80 lb. division, finding that their suits slowed them down, competed in the nude. As recently as 1996 the YMCA maintained a policy of allowing young children five or under to accompany their parents into the locker room of the opposite gender, which some health care professionals questioned.

Movies, advertisements, and other media frequently showed nude male bathing or swimming. There was less tolerance for female nudity and the same schools and gyms that insisted on wool swimwear being unsanitary for males did not make an exception when women were concerned. Nonetheless, some schools did allow girls to swim nude if they wished. To cite one example, Detroit public schools began allowing nude female swimming in 1947, but ended it after a few weeks following protests from parents. Other schools continued allowing it, but it was never a universally accepted practice as was nude male swimming even though classes were not co-ed. A 1963 article on the elementary school swim program in Troy, New York stated that boys swam nude, but that girls were expected to wear bathing suits, continuing the practice of prior decades. When Title IX implemented equality in education in 1972, pools became co-ed, ending the era of nude swimming. In the 21st century, the practice of  boys swimming nude is largely forgotten, or even denied to have ever existed.

Contemporary
Both hippies or other participants in the counterculture of the 1960s embraced nudity as part of their daily routine and to emphasize their rejection of anything artificial. Communes sometimes practiced naturism, bringing unwanted attention from disapproving neighbors. In 1974, an article in The New York Times noted an increase in American tolerance for nudity, both at home and in public, approaching that of Europe. However, some traditional nudists at the time decried the trend as encouraging sexual exhibitionism and voyeurism and threatening the viability of private nudist clubs. In 1998, American attitudes toward sexuality had continued to become more liberal than in prior decades, but the reaction to total nudity in public was generally negative. However, some elements of the counterculture, including nudity, continued with events such as Burning Man.

In hunter-gatherer and pastoral cultures in warm climates nudity or minimal dress had been the social norm for both men and women prior to contact with Western cultures or Islam. A few societies well-adapted to life in isolated regions retain their traditional practices and cultures while having some contact with the developed world.

Many indigenous peoples in Africa and South America train and perform sport competitions naked. For example, the Nuba people in South Sudan and the Xingu tribe in the Amazon region in Brazil wrestle naked. The Dinka, Surma and Mursi peoples in South Sudan and Ethiopia engage in nude stick fights.

Complete or partial nudity for both men and women is still common for Mursi, Surma, Nuba, Karimojong, Kirdi, Dinka and sometimes Maasai people in Africa, as well as Matses, Yanomami, Suruwaha, Xingu, Matis and Galdu people in South America.

In some African and Melanesian cultures, men going completely naked except for a string tied about the waist are considered properly dressed for hunting and other traditional group activities. In a number of tribes in the South Pacific island of New Guinea, men use hard gourdlike pods as penis sheaths. Yet a man without this "covering" could be considered to be in an embarrassing state of nakedness.

See also

Christian naturism
American Gymnosophical Association
Depictions of nudity
History of the nude in art
History of the Rechabites
Nudity and sexuality
Nudity in combat
Timeline of social nudity

Notes

References

Works cited

Nudity in general

Prehistory

Ancient history

Classics

Post classical and early modern

Colonialism

Late modern and contemporary

Further reading

 Rouche, Michel, "Private life conquers state and society", in A History of Private Life vol I, Paul Veyne, editor, Harvard University Press 1987

External links

Nudity
Nudity
History of clothing


St Luke's C of E Primary: Champions! St Luke's win the Leigh, Lowton and Golborne Hockey Cup!
Champions! St Luke's win the Leigh, Lowton and Golborne Hockey Cup!
Congratulations to the year 5/6 Hockey team for becoming the first school to win the Leigh, Lowton and Golborne Hockey Cup. They have now qualified for the Wigan School Games Final.The next stage will be for a place at the Greater Manchester School Games! This is the second trophy won this year!


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Home > Policies > Media > Media and Resources
Mixed Results for Ohio Children in the New State Budget
Renuka Mayadev
rmayadev@childrensdefense.org
Ohio's new state budget for 2016-17 contains wins and losses for Ohio children. On the plus side, Children's Defense Fund-Ohio applauds legislators and the Governor's office for enacting policies that will improve the availability of quality child care for low-income children. On the other hand, the budget's policies will prevent families from obtaining health coverage, exacerbate Ohio's infant mortality crisis, and make it harder for counties to protect children from abuse and neglect. "This legislation does not serve all children from a holistic perspective," says Sarah Biehl, Policy Director at Children's Defense Fund-Ohio. "It creates positive programs in pieces, but the overall outlook for our state's poorest and most vulnerable youth is still grim."
Early Childhood Education–The allocation of $40 million in new funds to serve an additional 6,125 children through Ohio's child care subsidy program is great news. In addition, the budget allocates $40 million for Ohio's Step Up to Quality program, which recognizes that low-income children need not just a safe place to stay while their parents are at work, but enriching programming that develops skills. Governor Kasich and legislative leaders who championed these changes recognize the importance of quality care for low-income children, and this is a very promising step forward for low-income families.
Child Hunger –$19 million allocated to Ohio's foodbanks will put food on the plates of many hungry children in Ohio who need healthy food to learn and grow.
Infant Mortality –The creation of new programs to target racial disparities in infant mortality rates by focusing resources in high-risk communities and at high-risk mothers are promising steps forward to combatting Ohio's infant mortality crisis.
Medicaid and Infant Mortality –Although Children's Defense Fund-Ohio is happy that Medicaid coverage has been preserved for pregnant women (and all adults) between 138-200% of the federal poverty guidelines, family planning services for those women has been removed. This means that mothers will not have help planning to space out their pregnancies at a time when Ohio is receiving national and local attention for its dismal infant mortality rates. Spacing out pregnancies is key to reducing infant mortality.
Healthy Ohio–Implementation of the "Healthy Ohio" program, which will require adult Medicaid beneficiaries to pay premiums, contribute to health savings accounts, and otherwise spend money they don't have to maintain their health coverage, will put many women of child bearing age at risk of losing health coverage – something that is also anathema to reducing Ohio's infant mortality rate.
Veto of Health Hubs –Governor Kasich's veto of the budget's expansion of the Health Hubs program –which would have provided intensive care coordination to communities of color – is a step backward from would have been a promising step toward advancing health equity among Ohio's children of color.
Children's Services –The loss of over $17 million to county children's services offices that are charged with protecting our most vulnerable children is devastating to Ohio's children.
Department of Youth Services Cut Not Reinvested –The budget's $32 million cut to the budget of the Department of Youth Services should have been reinvested in mental health services and other community-based programming for youth. While Children's Defense Fund-Ohio is pleased that Ohio is incarcerating fewer youth, the money saved by not incarcerating children must be reallocated to ensuring that fewer youth enter the juvenile justice system. We must begin by ensuring better access to mental health care, substance abuse and addiction services, and other crucial safety net resources for youth and families.
The Children's Defense Fund Leave No Child Behind® mission is to ensure every child a Healthy Start, a Head Start, a Fair Start, a Safe Start and a Moral Start in life and successful passage to adulthood with the help of caring families and communities.
jjohnson2018-07-31T08:30:37-05:00July 7th, 2015|
Ohio Advocates for "Whole Child" Budget Agenda Release Policy Briefs Urging DeWine Administration for Investments in Child Health and Wellness, Education, and Economic Stability for Working Families
CDF-Ohio Urges Legislators to Support HCR 25 and Declare a State of Emergency on Childhood Trauma


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Shankar M Bakkannavar
MBBS, MD (Forensic Medicine), MBAHCS
Associate Professor, Department of Forensic medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
Emailshankar.mb@manipal.edu
Websitehttps://manipal.edu/kmc-manipal/department-faculty/faculty-list/shankar-m-bakkannavar.html
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, , Kasturba Medical College, MAHE
576104 Manipal
Acquired cystic disease associated renal cell carcinoma
Bakkannavar, S. M., Velayudhan, D., Prabhu, R. & Ramnarayan, K., 01-01-2018, In : Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine. 40, 3, p. 366-368 3 p.
Allografts
Retrospective study of analysis of cardiac injuries in autopsied hearts at a centre in South India
Mukhi, S., Bakkannavar, S. M. & Nayak, V. C., 01-01-2018, In : Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine. 40, 4, p. 361-368 8 p.
Eruption pattern of permanent teeth in the age group of 5 to 15 years of Udupi District of Karnataka
Kidiyoor, V., Monteiro, F. N. P., Bakkannavar, S. M., Kumar, G. P. & Nayak, V. C., 01-01-2017, In : Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine. 39, 4, p. 349-356 8 p.
Anthropometry
Hydrocarbon poisoning in a child—a cause of hypoxia and seizure: Case report
Anushree, U., Shenoy, R. P., Hebbar, S., Bhat, V. R., Bakkannavar, S. M. & Prabhu, K., 01-03-2017, In : Advanced Science Letters. 23, 3, p. 1967-1968 2 p.
An unusual case of fatal transection of femoral vessels
Raghavendra Babu, Y. P., Fahad, S., Atreya, A., Bakkannavar, S., Pramod Kumar, G. N. & Acharya, J., 01-09-2016, In : Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences. 6, 3, p. 307-309 3 p.
Thoracic Injuries
Estimation of time since death from cytoplasm changes of bone marrow cells
Biradar, G., Satish Babu, B. S., Bakkannavar, S., Pradeep Kumar, G. & Shaila, B., 01-09-2016, In : Journal of South India Medicolegal Association. 8, 2, p. 85-89 5 p.
Bone Marrow Cells
Vitreous Body
Megakaryocytes
Gossypiboma: A land mine in surgical practice
Pavanchand Shetty, H., Bakkannavar, S. M., Kudva, A., Nayak, V. C., Pradeep Kumar, G. & Nirmal Krishnan, M., 01-09-2016, In : Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 7, 5, p. 2947-2950 4 p.
Foreign Bodies
Gossypium
Kumta butane disaster: A Debriefing Report
Nayak, V., Patil, N., Bakkannavar, S., Nirmal Krishnan, M., Avinash, A., Rao, K., Rao, R. & Ahmed, T., 01-01-2016, In : Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 7, 1, p. 1197-1199 3 p.
Posthumous diagnosis of plasmodium vivax infection causing death: A Rare Entity
Nayak, V. C., Bakkannavar, S. M., Patil, N., Pradeep Kumar, G., Vijay, V., Rao, R., Rao, K. & Priya, P., 01-01-2016, In : Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 7, 1, p. 1178-1181 4 p.
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium
Psychiatric illness and naphthalene poisoning: A case report
Kidiyoor, Y., Rai, S., Bakkannavar, S. M., Nayak, V. C., James, R. I., Patil, N. & Saravu, K., 01-09-2016, In : Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 7, 5, p. 211-213 3 p.
Coal Tar
Rhabdomyolysis and strychnine poisoning: A case report
Kidiyoor, Y., Rai, S., Bakkannavar, S. M., Nayak, V. C., James, R. I. & Saravu, K., 01-11-2016, In : Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 7, 6, p. 45-47 3 p.
Rhabdomyolysis
Strychnos nux-vomica
Canine index - A tool for sex determination
Bakkannavar, S. M., Manjunath, S., Nayak, V. C. & Pradeep Kumar, G., 01-12-2015, In : Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences. 5, 4, p. 157-161 5 p.
Epidemiology of pedestrian fatalities in manipal: A retrospective study
Bakkannavar, S. M., Kumar, A., Nayak, V. C. & Sharma, M., 01-01-2015, In : Journal of Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. 15, 2, p. 76-80 5 p.
Highway accidents
Alcoholic Intoxication
Microscopic cardiac changes in an electrocution death
Dabas, N., Bakkannavar, S. M., Bhat, S. & Palimar, V., 01-01-2015, In : Journal of Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. 15, 2, p. 93-96 4 p.
Paraquat poisoning: Analysis of an uncommon cause of fatal poisoning from Manipal, South India
Kanchan, T., Bakkannavar, S. M. & Acharya, P. R., 01-01-2015, In : Toxicology International. 22, 1, p. 30-34 5 p.
Paraquat
Traumatic cardiac Tamponade-A case report
Biradar, G., Bakkannavar, S. M., Satish, S. B., Nayak, V. C. & G., P., 01-01-2015, In : Journal of South India Medicolegal Association. 7, 2, p. 101-103 3 p.
Cardiac Tamponade
Heart Rupture
Fatal occupational scalds - A case report and review of literature
Bakkannavar, S. M., Raghavendra Babu, Y. P., Manjunath, S. & Pradeep Kumar, G., 01-03-2014, In : Journal of South India Medicolegal Association. 6, 1, p. 31-34 4 p.
Foramen magnum as a tool of estimating stature in a male population
Raghavendra Babu, Y. P., Bakkannavar, S. M., Manjunath, S., Suresh Kumar Shetty, B., Pavanchand Shetty, H., Pramod Kumar, G. N. & Sundar, S. S., 01-01-2014, In : Journal of South India Medicolegal Association. 6, 2, p. 46-48 3 p.
Foramen Magnum
Cardiac aneurysm: A nature's way of correction
Kumar Goud, P., Bakkannavar, S. M. & Chinmayee, P., 01-09-2013, In : American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 34, 3, p. 228-230 3 p.
Heart Aneurysm
Traffic Accidents
Craniocerebral Trauma
Cicatrix
Fatal curling's ulcer after burns in a child-a case report
Bakkannavar, S. M., Nayak, V. C., Taravadi, P. V. & Pradeep, K. G., 19-09-2013, In : Medico-Legal Update. 13, 1, p. 10-12 3 p.
Duodenal Ulcer
Alleged dowry-deaths: A preliminary analysis of the autopsy evidence
Menezes, R. G., Bakkannavar, S. M., Pradeep Kumar, G., Manjunath, S., Raghavendra Babu, Y. P. & Nayak, V. C., 01-09-2012, In : Journal of South India Medicolegal Association. 4, 2, p. 61-64 4 p.
Analysis of fatal road traffic accidents in a coastal township of South India
Kanchan, T., Kulkarni, V., Bakkannavar, S. M., Kumar, N. & Unnikrishnan, B., 11-2012, In : Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 19, 8, p. 448-451 4 p.
A study of fingerprints in relation to blood group
Nayak, V. C., Bakkannavar, S. M., Pradeep, K. G., Ahluwalia, S., Gupta, S., Bala, J., Juneja, G. & Nayak, S., 01-12-2012, In : Journal of South India Medicolegal Association. 5, 1, p. 4-7 4 p.
Dermatoglyphics
Forensic Anthropology
Deaths due to electrocution
Palimar, V. & Bakkannavar, S. M., 01-09-2012, In : Journal of South India Medicolegal Association. 4, 2, p. 55-57 3 p.
Epidemiology of rodenticide poisoning in Manipal
Nayak, V. C., Bakkannavar, S. M., Biradar, G., Pradeep Kumar, G. & Amar, R., 01-09-2012, In : Journal of South India Medicolegal Association. 4, 2, p. 46-49 4 p.
Mesiodistal width of canines: A tool for sex determination
Bakkannavar, S. M., Monteiro, F. N. P., Arun, M. & Kumar, G. P., 01-01-2012, In : Medicine, Science and the Law. 52, 1, p. 22-26 5 p.
Victim profile and pattern of thoraco-abdominal injuries sustained in fatal road traffic accidents
Suresh Kumar Shetty, B., Kanchan, T., Menezes, R. G., Bakkannavar, S. M., Nayak, V. C. & Yoganarasimha, K., 01-01-2012, In : Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine. 34, 1, p. 16-19 4 p.
Abdominal Injuries
Incidence of adrenal haemorrhage at autopsy
Nayak, V. C., Bakkannavar, S. M., Bhat, V., Pradeep Kumar, G. & Priyadarshini, N., 01-09-2011, In : Journal of South India Medicolegal Association. 3, 2, p. 60-63 4 p.
Myocardial infarction in a 22 year old male- A case report
Bakkannavar, S. M., Monteiro, F. N. P., Bhagavath, P., Yagain, K., Kidiyoor, Y. & Pradeep Kumar, G., 01-01-2011, In : Medico-Legal Update. 11, 1, p. 21-23 3 p.
Coronary Occlusion
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A case report
Bakkannavar, S. M., Manjunath, S., Shetty, C. K., Nayak, V. C. & Pradeep Kumar, G., 01-03-2011, In : Journal of South India Medicolegal Association. 3, 1, p. 30-33 4 p.
Age and gender variations in trend of road traffic fatalities in Manipal, India
Kanchan, T., Menezes, R. G. & Shankar M, B., 01-10-2010, In : Medicine, Science and the Law. 50, 4, p. 192-196 5 p.
Death by attack from a domestic buffalo
Bakkannavar, S. M., Monteiro, F. N. P., Bhagavath, P. & Pradeep Kumar, G., 01-02-2010, In : Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 17, 2, p. 102-104 3 p.
Keyhole exit in a gunshot wound
Nayak, V. C., Monteiro, F. N. P., Manjunath, S., Bakkannavar, S. M., Menezes, R. G. & Pradeep Kumar, G., 01-03-2010, In : Journal of South India Medicolegal Association. 2, 1, p. 22-24 3 p.
Gunshot Wounds
Pituitary adenoma: An incidental finding at autopsy
Palimar, V., Rao, A. C. K., Bakkannavar, S. M. & Pradeep Kumar, G., 01-03-2010, In : Journal of South India Medicolegal Association. 2, 1, p. 31-33 3 p.
Incidental Findings
Pituitary Neoplasms
Toxicoepidemiology of fatal poisonings in Southern India
Kanchan, T., Menezes, R. G., Mohan Kumar, T. S., Bakkannavar, S. M., Bukelo, M. J., Sharma, P. S., Rasquinha, J. M. & Suresh Kumar Shetty, B., 01-08-2010, In : Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 17, 6, p. 344-347 4 p.
A rare case of myocardial infarction due to parathion poisoning
Kidiyoor, Y., Nayak, V. C., Devi, V., Bakkannavar, S. M., Kumar, G. P. & Menezes, R. G., 01-11-2009, In : Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 16, 8, p. 472-474 3 p.
Parathion
Early adipocere formation: A case report and review of literature
Mohan Kumar, T. S., Monteiro, F. N. P., Bhagavath, P. & Bakkannavar, S. M., 01-11-2009, In : Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 16, 8, p. 475-477 3 p.
Postmortem Changes