text:
A comprehensive review on clinical outcome of probiotic and synbiotic therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases
Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi
Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Date of Submission 08-Nov-2017
Date of Decision 08-Jan-2018
Date of Acceptance 20-Feb-2018
Date of Web Publication 21-Mar-2018
Corresponding author: Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi, Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai- 50200
The composition of gut microflora and its metabolic activity are closely correlated with the host immune system, and the changes in the biometric of the microbiome lead to inflammatory diseases like inflammatory bowel disease. The supplementation of probiotics and synbiotic could indeed manipulate the microflora, which can be an alternative therapy for ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. Several in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies for the initiation and maintenance of remission in patients with inflammatory bowel disease have been completed. Those studies evaluated the efficacy of many probiotic formulations, especially about VSL#3. Even though the clinical studies proved that almost all the probiotic interventions are safe and bring improvement to patients, some studies are deficient in sample size, proper controls, and follow-ups. This paper summarizes the possible mechanism of inflammatory bowel disease development, probiotics, the clinical outcome of probiotic and synbiotic interventions for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, as well as the adverse effect of probiotic treatments.
Keywords: Ulcerative colitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, Probiotic, Synbiotic
Sivamaruthi BS. A comprehensive review on clinical outcome of probiotic and synbiotic therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2018;8:179-86
Sivamaruthi BS. A comprehensive review on clinical outcome of probiotic and synbiotic therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed [serial online] 2018 [cited 2021 Jan 17];8:179-86. Available from: https://www.apjtb.org/text.asp?2018/8/3/179/228000
Foundation project: This work is supported by the CMU Post-Doctoral Fellowship (No. 6592(11)/01501, dated 24 February 2017), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are one of the severe hindrances of human health. The most reported GI diseases are inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal neoplasia. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are the frequently described IBDs. The incidence of UC is more commonly reported than that of CD, and the frequency of UC cases are higher in developed countries. UK, Northern European and North American countries are reported for the high incidence of UC and CD[1],[2],[3],[4]. Intestinal neoplasia is responsible for several deaths, particularly colorectal cancer, which is the third and fourth most common cause of morbidity and mortality, respectively[5],[6],[7],[8].
The composition of gut microflora and its metabolic activity are closely correlated with the host immune system, and the changes in the biometric of the microbiome lead to inflammatory diseases like IBD. The functional food supplements are believed to sustain the health and to diminish the risk of developing diseases in human. Probiotics are live bacteria that have been revealed to exhibit beneficial effects on human health. The use of raw probiotic supplements and probiotic based foods like yogurt, fermented beverages and meats are gradually increased over the years. Several scientific reports revealed that the consumption of probiotic-based diet improved the health status of several diseases[9],[10],[11]. This paper mainly focuses on the beneficial clinical outcomes of probiotic supplements against IBD.
2. Probiotics
Probiotics are well-defined as live microbes that exhibit health benefits on the host when administered in sufficient amounts[12]. The definition is also appropriate for fermented dairy products[12], dietary supplements, conventional foods, probiotic-containing drugs, probiotic mediated fermented foods, infant formula, medical foods, animal feed, non-oral probiotics and designer probiotics[13]. Probiotics are used from the ancient times and believed to have a history of usage for the past 10 000 years[14].
A microorganism is categorized as a probiotic based on the several regulations. The safety regulations for the use of probiotic are different among the countries. The probiotic based products are marketed as dietary supplements to healthy people in the USA[15]. The regulatory requirements for a probiotic-based drug and dietary supplement are different. A probiotic strain or combination of several probiotic strains that are proposed to treat any diseases or any ill health must undergo the regulatory process as a drug as per the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. Whereas regulatory process which is necessary for the drug is not required for the probiotic based products that are intended for use as food supplements, but it must stick with the guidelines of FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition[15].
Standard regulations have been developed to claim a microbial strain as probiotic by the experts from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics. The guidelines endorse the following: (1) Strain identification using biochemical, and molecular methods to confirm the health benefits; (2) In vitro studies on evaluation of the possible mechanism of the probiotic effect; (3) The clinical trials to assess the health benefits on humans; (4) The biochemical and genetic safety assessments such as determination of drug resistance pattern, metabolic activities, side effects, production of any toxin, and no reports of pathogenicity[15],[16],[17].
The council also suggests third-party evaluation of the strain for its safety and stability. Some of the producers have evidence for probiotic effects and safety through small, randomized, controlled studies in human volunteers. Moreover, clinicians and medical prescriber must consider the scientific reports on the specified product and its beneficial effects before prescribing to people[15],[17]. The strains of the genera Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Saccharomyces, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, and Bacillus are claimed as probiotics with proven health benefits. The bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria are commonly used probiotics while other bacteria and yeasts strains are also used as probiotics.
The probiotics were proved for several health benefits against antibiotic-associated diarrhea[18],[19],[20], travelers' diarrhea[21], functional constipation[22], urinary tract infections[23], infantile colics[24],[25], ulcerative colitis[26], necrotizing enterocolitis[25], radiation-induced diarrhea[27], allergies[25],[28], hypercholesterolemia^]. It has also been proved that the administration of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) along with antibiotics reduced the severity of Clostridium difficile infection[30],[31], and the spores of Bacillus subtilis have been considered as probiotics to treat Helicobacter pylori infection and nosocomial bacteremia[32],[33].
3. IBD
UC and CD are the most frequent types of IBD characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. UC and CD differ in their histopathological signatures. An inflammatory reaction can be observed in UC with several blisters in the crypts and infiltration of eosinophils, plasma cells, and neutrophils that continuously affects the lining of the rectum and colon. In general, inflammation occurs in the same area in the case of UC with reduced disease period, and symptoms including abdominal pain, mucus discharge, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and tenesmus. In the case of CD, the entire intestine may have affected by chronic inflammation with the physiognomies of scattered healthy tissues in between the affected area. The symptoms of CD are regular abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, and weight loss. Most frequently, CD affects the colon and ileum[34],[35],[36].
The etiology of IBD is not understood completely. But, unhygienic lifestyle, pathogenic exposure, genetics, environmental factors like exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, tobacco, unhealthy diet (e.g., fatty foods), and intestinal microbiota are the possible cause of IBD[36],[37]. The composition of gut microbiota, which can alter the host immune response, is closely associated with the development of IBD[38],[39],[40],[41],[42]. The complete pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of IBD are not yet studied. The studies suggested that the IBD is the result of complex immune response against the intestinal microbiota[43]. The known mechanism of development of IBD has illustrated in [Figure 1].
Figure 1: Schematic representation of molecular and cellular mechanism in the development of IBD.
(1) Factors including environmental factors, genetic factors, lifestyle etc. affect the intestinal microbiota, which further activate the immune cells and create the inflammatory machinery. (2) The inflammatory molecules cross the epithelial barrier and form crypt abscesses, (3) which facilitate the invasion of microbes that stimulate the inflammatory cytokines. (4) The fluctuations in the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines that leads to failure of epithelial barrier function. (5) Reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which results in loss of tolerance to antigens of naïve microbiota, and facilitates the continuation of the inflammatory process. *In CD, T- helper 1 cells are involved and increase in IFN- γ , TNF- α , and IL-2 can be observed. Whereas, ××in UC, increased production of IL-4, IL-5, IL- 13 and IL-1 β was observed with the action of T- helper 2 cells.
4. Probiotics and IBD
The incidence of IBD in a person may depend on the genetic aberrations, which stimulates the abnormal inflammatory response against intestinal microbiota. The intestinal microbiome is also responsible for the continuation of the inflammatory response, and it is proven that the intestinal bacteria can penetrate the mucosa and strengthen the intestinal epithelial inflammation[44],[45],[46],[47].
The probiotics can change the microbial composition of the intestine, and it is believed that the probiotics support the growth of beneficial microbes. Thus, several probiotic based products and treatments are employed around the world. Nevertheless, the prescribed amount of probiotics and intervention strategies are varying based on the strain and the person who is consuming the product. It is necessary to have a minimal number of live bacterium, or combinations of bacteria with proven efficacy[48]. Many in vivo studies revealed the protective effects of several probiotic strains against IBD[49],[50],[51],[52]. The present paper complied the results of a probiotic-based intervention to treat or abate the sternness of IBD (CD and UC) in human subjects.
The probiotic preparation, VSL#3, composed of viable cells of Lactobacillus casei (L. casei), Streptococcus salivarius subsp thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve), Bifidobacterium infantis, and Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum). Several clinical studies were conducted in UC and CD patients to assess the protective nature of VSL#3. The studies proved that the supplementation of VSL#3 increased the remission rate and reduced the rate of relapse in UC patients, and also reduced the symptoms of the CD. TLR-2 expression, inflammatory cytokines, and IL-12p40 production were reduced, and IL-10 production was increased during VSL#3 intervention in UC patients. About 60% of UC disease activity index was reduced, and the endoscopic and histological scores were reduced by probiotic treatment. Moreover, VSL#3 supplementation increased the load of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus. But, there were no changes in Bacteroides, clostridia, coliforms, total aerobic and anaerobic bacteria load. Over all, all the studies suggested that VSL#3 supplementation was safe, which not only reduced the expression level of inflammatory cytokines and the severity of both adult and pediatric active UC but also maintained the remission of UC[53],[54],[55],[56],[57],[58].
UC patients were treated with sulphasalazine and glucocorticoid; then they were supplemented daily with 1.26 g of Bifico, a bifid triple viable capsule, for eight weeks. About 20% of patients exhibited the relapses after two months of study. The fecal lactobacilli and bifidobacteria load were increased. DNA binding property of NF-κB and NF-κB p65 expression was reduced. The expression level of anti-inflammatory cytokines was improved. The authors claimed that the Bifico was effective in prevention of the relapse in chronic UC[59]. UC patients were treated with salazosulphapyridine (3-4 g/d), or mesalazine (2 250-3 000 mg/d) for one month prior to the supplementation of bifidobacteria-fermented milk (BFM) (10 billion cells of L. acidophilus strain Yakult, Bifidobacterium bifidum strain Yakult, and B. breve strain Yakult per 100 mL) per day for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of treatment, the clinical activity index was more reduced in BFM treated group than that of the placebo. BFM treated group showed the reduction in histological score and endoscopic activity index. The concentrations of fecal propionate, total short-chain fatty acid, and butyrate were increased upon BFM supplementation in UC patients[60].
Mild to moderate distal UC patients were provided with a commercial probiotic blend of Bacillus mesentericus TO-A (10 mg), Clostridium butyricum TO-A (10 mg), and Enterococcus faecalis T-110 (2 mg) per tablet, called BIO-THREE (9 tablets per day) for 4 weeks. The endoscopic findings and clinical symptoms were determined as UC disease activity index and the changes in the fecal microbiota was evaluated by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. The results suggested that about 45% of UC patients exhibited remission because of the intervention of BIO-THREE tablets, and the bifidobacterial load in feces was increased. The BIO-THREE was considered safe and effective for the treatment of UC[61]. Another recent report by Yoshimatsu et al[62] also claimed that the BIO-THREE was effective for maintaining remission in UC patients.
About 120 UC patients were divided into three groups and supplemented with probiotic (2 × 109 CFU of B. longum), prebiotic (8.0 g of psyllium per day), and synbiotic (2 × 109 CFU of B. longum and 8.0 g of psyllium per day), for 4 weeks, respectively and the health profile of the patients was evaluated. The results showed that the probiotic intervention improved the emotional function and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire scores, and prebiotic intervention improved bowel function and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire scores. Whereas, the synbiotic intervention ameliorated the social and systemic functions, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire scores, and decreased the level of C-reactive protein. Collectively, the synbiotic intervention enhanced the life quality of UC patients, when compared to that of the probiotic and prebiotic supplements[63].
The supplementation of 2 400 mg per day of sulfasalazine, and Lactobacillus delbruekii and Lactobacillus fermentum (10 billion CFU per day) for eight weeks diminished the inflammation by reducing the leukocyte recruitment, myeloperoxidase activity, and expression level of NF-κB p65 and TNF- α in UC patients. Moreover, the reduction in fecal calprotectin level was observed in probiotic-treated UC patients. The supplementation of Lactobacillus delbruekii and Lactobacillus fermentum along with chemotherapy maintained the remission and prevented the relapse of UC[64]. Two capsules (thrice per day) of Probio- Tec AB-25 (a probiotic blend of equal concentration, 1.25 × 1010 CFU, of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and L. acidophilus LA-5, respectively) has been supplemented for 52 weeks to the patients with left-sided UC. The study results showed that about 25% of patients maintained remission after one year of treatment, and also average relapse period was extended in Probio-Tec AB-25 treated group. The study revealed that the Probio-Tec AB-25 was safe, and significantly protected the patients from UC recurrence[65].
D'Inca et al[66] explained the efficiency of intervention mode of probiotic for the treatment of UC. The UC patients were grouped into three (group 1, 2, and 3) and supplemented with 5-aminosalicylic acid (2.4 g per day), 5-aminosalicylic acid (2.4 per day) + oral L casei DG (8 × 108 CFU twice a day), and 5-aminosalicylic acid (2.4 g per day) + Rectal administration of L. casei DG (8 × 108 CFU twice a day), respectively, for 8 weeks. The colonic microflora and the level of expression of TLR were not affected in the patients of 5-aminosalicylic acid, and 5-aminosalicylic acid + oral L. casei DG supplemented groups. Whereas, rectal administration of L. casei DG suppressed the IL-1 β , and TLR-4 expression, and increased the IL-10 level. The reduction in Enterobacteriaceae and increase in Lactobacillus spp. have also been detected in group 3. The results proved that L. casei DG, as a potent probiotic, enhanced the mucosal immune system of UC patients. Another study by Oliva et al[67] proved that the rectal enema of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 (1010 CFU per day) along with oral supplementation of 50 to 75 mg/kg/d of mesalazine could significantly decrease the clinical signs and histological scores. The level of IL-10 was increased, and the levels of IL-1 β , IL-8, and TNF- α were found to be decreased. The results suggested that the rectal infusion of Lactobacillus reuteri was efficient to reduce the mucosal inflammation in pediatric UC.
Synbiotic, prepared with B. breve Yakult (109 CFU/g; 3 g per day) and galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) (5.5 g per day), was supplemented to UC patients for one year, and the clinical status of UC, myeloperoxidase concentration, and fecal microbiota was assessed. The results showed that the level of myeloperoxidase and the colonoscopic index were improved. The fecal pH and fecal Bacteroidaceae count were reduced. The synbiotic preparation improved the clinical condition of UC patients[68].
UC patients were supplemented with increasing dose of Profermin®, a fermented oatmeal with lecithin, barley malt, Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (⩾108 cells/mL), and water, for 24 weeks. The results suggested that about 46% of patients exhibited the significant reduction in Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index, and the mean time taken to reach half the reduction in repeated-measure regression analysis score was 28 days. Moreover, the authors demanded that the Profermin® was harmless and could induce the remission of UC[69]. The intervention of single probiotic strain, Bifidobacterium infantis 35624, to UC patients improved the C-reactive protein level and decreased the expression of IL-6. It has been proved that Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 can diminish the systemic inflammation in UC patients[70].
The UC patients with severe pouchitis have been treated with 500 mg of metronidazole (thrice per day), and 500 mg of ciprofloxacin (twice per day) for four weeks, followed by multi-strain probiotic preparation, Ecologic 825 (Bifidobacterium lactis (W51 and W52), Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Lactococcus lactis W19, L. casei W56, Lactobacillus plantarum W62, Lactobacillus paracasei W20, Lactobacillus salivarius W24 and L. acidophilus W22; 2.5 × 109 CFU/g; 3 g twice per day) for eight weeks. The Pouchitis Disease Activity Index was improved after treatment. The intestinal permeability level of the patients was evaluated with a representative strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) K12, and the results suggested that E. coli K12 passage was reduced. The results revealed that Ecologic 825 intervention restored the mucosal barrier function in UC patients[71].
Petersen et al[72] studied the impact of the intervention of E. coli Nissle 1917 (100 mg per day for four days, and 200 mg per day until seven weeks) on the health status of UC patients along with prior standard medications (1 000 mg of ciprofloxacin per day for one week). The results suggested that E. coli Nissle was not suitable for the add-on treatment for UC along with antibiotics.
The intervention of Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI (60 mg thrice per day) to UC patients for 24 months significantly suppressed the pouchitis development, and each group showed typical intestinal flora. The results suggested that Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI can be a potent candidate for probiotic treatment[73]. A long-term (two years) intervention of two doses of Acronelle® (Lactobacillus salivarius, L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidus strain BGN4) along with a single dose of mesalazine (1 200 mg per day) to UC patients resulted in the reduction of clinical consequences of UC. The results also revealed that Acronelle® could be an alternative to steroid therapy for UC[74]. A sum of fifty-six patients with mild to moderate UC was treated with single probiotic strain, B. longum 536 (2 × 10"-3 × 1011 cells per day), for eight weeks. About 63% of clinical remission was observed in the probiotic-treated group. The UC disease activity index score, endoscopic index, and Mayo sub-score were found to be reduced after the treatment. Overall, B. longum 536 intervention improved the health status of UC patients[75].
About five UC and fifteen CD patients were supplemented with the yogurt containing probiotic strains, Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 (1 × 103 CFU) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 (2 × 107 CFU) for 30 d. After 30 days of treatment, CD4+ CD25high T cells proportion was increased, whereas the proportion of myeloid dendritic cells and TNF- α /IL-12 monocytes was reduced in both UC and DC patients. The follow-up study also suggested that the consumption of probiotic yogurt significantly suppressed the inflammation[76].
Shadnoush et al[77] also revealed the beneficial effect of probiotic yogurt on UC and CD patients. About 250 g of yogurt containing probiotic strains (106 CFU/g of yogurt) namely, Bifidobacterium BB-12 and L. acidophilus LA-5 was supplemented daily to UC and CD patients for eight weeks. Stool samples were collected from the patients before and after the intervention, and the changes in microflora were analyzed by qPCR. The results showed that the mean numbers of Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium were significantly increased in the treatment group compared to placebo. Significant changes were not observed in weight, and body mass index of the patients.
Patients with CD in remission were treated with lyophilized cells of S. boulardii-H (200 mg; 4 × 108 cells), magnesium stearate (2.4 mg), and sucrose (6 mg) per day for three months. At the end of the 3rd month, the lactulose/mannitol ratio was found to be reduced in the treatment group compared to that of the placebo group. The intestinal permeability was also improved upon treatment of CD patients. The study revealed that S. boulardii supplementation along with baseline therapy enhanced the intestinal permeability of CD patients in remission, but complete curing was not observed[78].
Vleggaar et al[79] studied the beneficial effects of probiotic preparation, Ecologic 641 (Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactococcus lactis, L. casei, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus salivarius, and L. acidophilus) on patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and concurrent IBD. Fourteen patients were treated daily with 1010 cells of Ecologic 641 for three months and did the crossover after one month of the washout period. Significant changes was not observed between the treated and placebo groups in pruritus, fatigue, stool frequency, prothrombin, albumin and tested enzymes such as γ glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. The study results proved that Ecologic 641 don't have any beneficial effect on patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Bourreille et al[80] reported that the supplementation of S. boulardii (1 g/d) for 52 weeks to CD patients does not influence the relapse and the concentration of C-reactive protein.
Clinical outcomes have been found to be improved in CD patients as a result of synbiotic (six gram of Synergy 1, and 2 × 1011 CFU of B. longum; twice a day) intervention for six months. The significant reduction in Crohns disease activity index and histological scores was observed. After synbiotic treatment, the expression of TNF- α was reduced, and the mucosal bifidobacteria level was found to be increased in CD patients[81].
Ahmed et al[82] investigated the impact of synbiotic on the colonic microflora of IBD patients. Both UC and CD patients were supplemented with three Trevis® capsules (each capsule contains 4 × 109 cells of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12®, Streptococcus thermophilus STY-31™, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LBY-27, and L. acidophilus LA-5®), and oligofructose (15 g per day) for one month. After treatment, the changes in the microbiota of the patients were assessed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and qPCR. The results suggested that significant changes were not observed among the treated and placebo groups of both UC and CD patients. The authors claimed that the studied synbiotic supplementation does not affect the colonic microflora of IBD patients.
5. Adverse effect of probiotics
There are no reported significant adverse effects of the probiotic intervention on IBD patients. B. longum 536 supplementation caused a mild side effect (a dry cough) on one of the UC patients[75].
Though the probiotics are used for preventing, managing and treating several diseases which are common, some of the unwanted side effects like GI side effects, unwarranted immune stimulation, systemic infections, gene transfer, and lethal metabolic activities have been seen in some group of people, who have undergone the probiotic supplementation[83].
Several cases of fungemia, bacteremia, overt sepsis and endocarditis are associated with known probiotic strains namely S. boulardii, L. casei, L. acidophilus, Lactobacillus GG, Bacillus subtilis, B. breve, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus[84],[85],[86],[87],[88],[89],[90],[91],[92],[93],[94],[95],[96]. It has been reported that the probiotic intervention prompts the inflammatory response in the small bowel region, and causes D-lactic acidosis[97],[98]. The possibilities of gene transfer among the intestinal bacteria, excess stimulation of both innate and adaptive immune system, and adverse effects in GI track have also been documented[83].
Recently, Brunser[99] reviewed the safety and risk of the use of probiotics, in particular for infants, and immune-compromised patients. The reports and clinicians claimed that the use of probiotics relies on birth, age and medical conditions of an individual, and it is important to convey the unpleasant effects of probiotic to the user.
The studies suggested that the intervention of multi-strain probiotic preparation or synbiotic preparation performed better than single strain therapy. Moreover, several studies were conducted with VSL#3 and proved that the VSL#3 was safe and recommended by many clinicians to support the remission of UC, and for maintenance therapy. Most of the clinical trials, except some recent studies, were conducted with a minimum number of patients or short treatment duration or no proper follow-up. Apart from the formulation of best probiotic or synbiotic preparation, dosage, duration, mode of intervention, and form of supplementation are playing a critical role in the outcome of a clinical trial. Overall, the present review suggested that probiotics are the healthier alternatives to conventional therapy or an adjuvant for standard therapy for IBD. Further, elaborated studies are required to figure out the potent probiotic strain or combinations to treat or control the IBD, and to maintain the remission.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
The author gratefully acknowledges the Faculty of Pharmacy and Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, and also wish to acknowledge the CMU Post-Doctoral Fellowship (No. 6592(11)/01501, dated 24 February 2017), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Oliveira FM, Emerick APC, Soares EG. Epidemiology aspects of inflammatory bowel disease in the east region of Minas Gerais State. Ciencia Saude Coletiva 2010; 15(1): 1031-1037.
Shanahan F. Crohn's disease. Lancet 2002; 359: 62-69.
Sadlack B, Merz H, Schorle H, Schimpl A, Feller AC, Horak I. Ulcerative colitis-like disease in mice with disrupted interleukin-2 gene. Cell 1993; 75(2): 253-261.
Duchmann R, Kaiser I, Hermann E, Mayet W, Ewe K, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH. Tolerance exists towards resident intestinal flora but is broken in active inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exper Immunol 1995; 102: 448-455.
Duchmann R, May E, Heike M, Knolle P, Neurath M, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH. T cell specificity and cross reactivity towards enterobacteria, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and antigen from resident intestinal flora in humans. Gut 1999; 44(6): 812-818.
Matsumoto S, Hara T, Hori T, Mitsuyama K, Nagaoka M, Tomiyasu N, et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus induced improvement in murine chronic inflammatory bowel disease is associated with the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lamina propria mononuclear cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 140(3): 417-426.
Matsumoto S, Okabe Y, Setoyama H, Takayama K, Ohtsuka J, Funahashi H, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease-like enteritis and caecitis in a senescence accelerated mouse P1/Yit strain. Gut 1998; 43(1):71-78.
Kaser A, Zeissig S, Blumberg RS. Inflammatory bowel disease. Annual Rev Immunol 2010; 28: 573-621.
Darfeuille-Michaud A, Boudeau J, Bulois P, Neut C, Glasser AL, Barnich N, et al. High prevalence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli associated with ileal mucosa in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2004; 127(2): 412-421
Sartor RB. Mechanisms of disease: Athogenesis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 3: 390-407.
Clavel T, Haller D. Molecular interactions between bacteria, the epithelium, and the mucosal immune system in the intestinal tract: Implications for chronic inflammation. Curr Issues Intestinal Microbiol 2007; 8: 25-43.
Haller D, Antoine JM, Bengmark S, Enck P, Rijkers GT, Lenoir- Wijnkoop I. Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics: Probiotics in chronic inflammatory bowel disease and the functional disorder irritable bowel syndrome. J Nutr 2010; 140(3): 690S-697S.
Champagne CP, Ross RP, Saarela M, Hansen KF, Charalampopoulos D. Recommendations for viability assessment of probiotics as concentrated cultures and in food matrices. Inter J Food Microbiol 2011; 149(3): 185193.
Ocon B, Anzola A, Ortega-González M, Zarzuelo A, Suarez MD, Sanchez de Medina F, et al. Active hexose-correlated compound and Bifidobacterium longum BB536 exert symbiotic effects in experimental colitis. Eur J Nutr 2013; 52(2): 457-466.
Natividad JM, Petit V, Huang X, de Palma G, Jury J, Sanz Y, et al. Commensal and probiotic bacteria influence intestinal barrier function and susceptibility to colitis in Nod1-/-; Nod2-/- mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18(8): 1434-1446.
Liu YW, Su YW, Ong WK, Cheng TH, Tsai YC. Oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum K68 ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in BALB/c mice via the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11(12): 2159-2166.
GirishKumar B, Henry DE, Srinivasan K, Prapulla SG. Beneficial effect of a probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum CFR 2195 in trinitrobenzenesulfonate induced colitis in rat. Ann Food Sci Technol 2012; 13(2): 231-239.
Venturi A, Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Johansson R, Zucconi E, Brigidi P, et al. Impact on the composition of the fecal flora by a new probiotic preparation: Preliminary data on maintenance treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13(8): 1103-1108.
Miele E, Pascarella F, Giannetti E, Quaglietta L, Baldassano RN, Staiano A. Effect of a probiotic preparation (VSL#3) on induction and maintenance of remission in children with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104(2): 437-443.
Sood A, Midha V, Makharia GK, Ahuja V, Singal D, Goswami P, et al. The probiotic preparation, VSL#3 induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7(11): 1202-1209.
Ng SC, Plamondon S, Kamm MA, Hart AL, Al-Hassi HO, Guenther T, et al. Immunosuppressive effects via human intestinal dendritic cells of probiotic bacteria and steroids in the treatment of acute ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16(8): 1286-1298.
Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Papa A, Giglio A, Elisei W, Giorgetti GM, et al. Treatment of relapsing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with the probiotic VSL#3 as adjunctive to a standard pharmaceutical treatment: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105(10): 2218-2227.
Fedorak RN, Feagan BG, Hotte N, Leddin D, Dieleman LA, Petrunia DM, et al. The probiotic VSL#3 has anti-inflammatory effects and could reduce endoscopic recurrence after surgery for Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13(5): 928-935.
Cui HH, Chen CL, Wang JD, Yang YJ, Cun Y, Wu JB, et al. Effects of probiotic on intestinal mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10(10): 1521-1525.
Kato K, Mizuno S, Umesaki Y, Ishii Y, Sugitani M, Imaoka A, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20(10): 1133-1141.
Tsuda Y, Yoshimatsu Y, Aoki H, Nakamura K, Irie M, Fukuda K, et al. Clinical effectiveness of probiotics therapy (BIO-THREE) in patients with ulcerative colitis refractory to conventional therapy. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 1306-1311.
Yoshimatsu Y, Yamada A, Furukawa R, Sono K, Osamura A, Nakamura K, et al. Effectiveness of probiotic therapy for the prevention of relapse in patients with inactive ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(19): 5985-5994.
Hegazy SK, El-Bedewy MM. Effect of probiotics on pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB activation in ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16(33): 4145-4151.
Wildt S, Nordgaard I, Hansen U, Brockmann E, Rumessen JJ. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2011; 5(2): 115-121.
D'Inca R, Barollo M, Scarpa M, Grillo AR, Brun P, Vettorato MG, et al. Rectal administration of Lactobacillus casei DG modifies flora composition and Toll-like receptor expression in colonic mucosa of patients with mild ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56(4): 1178-1187.
Oliva S, Di Nardo G, Ferrari F, Mallardo S, Rossi P, Patrizi G, et al. Randomized clinical trial: the effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 rectal enema in children with active distal ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35(3): 327-334.
Ishikawa H, Matsumoto S, Ohashi Y, Imaoka A, Setoyama H, Umesaki Y, et al. Beneficial effects of probiotic bifidobacterium and galacto- oligosaccharide in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomized controlled study. Digestion 2011; 84(2): 128-133.
Krag A, Israelsen H, von Ryberg B, Andersen KK, Bendtsen F. Safety and efficacy of Profermin® to induce remission in ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18(15): 1773-1780.
Groeger D, O'Mahony L, Murphy EF, Bourke JF, Dinan TG, Kiely B, et al. Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 modulates host inflammatory processes beyond the gut. Gut Microbes 2013; 4(4): 325-339.
Persborn M, Gerritsen J, Wallon C, Carlsson A, Akkermans LM, Söderholm JD. The effects of probiotics on barrier function and mucosal pouch microbiota during maintenance treatment for severe pouchitis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38(7): 772-783.
Petersen AM, Mirsepasi H, Halkjær SI, Mortensen EM, Nordgaard- Lassen I, Krogfelt KA. Ciprofloxacin and probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle add-on treatment in active ulcerative colitis: A double-blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8(11): 1498-1505.
Yasueda A, Mizushima T, Nezu R, Sumi R, Tanaka M, Nishimura J, et al. The effect of Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI on the prevention of pouchitis and alteration of the microbiota profile in patients with ulcerative colitis. Surg Today 2016; 46(8): 939-949.
Palumbo VD, Romeo M, Marino Gammazza A, Carini F, Damiani P, Damiano G, et al. The long-term effects of probiotics in the therapy of ulcerative colitis: A clinical study. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160(3): 372-377.
Tamaki H, Nakase H, Inoue S, Kawanami C, Itani T, Ohana M, et al. Efficacy of probiotic treatment with Bifidobacterium longum 536 for induction of remission in active ulcerative colitis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Dig Endosc 2016; 28(1): 67-74.
Baroja LM, Kirjavainen PV, Hekmat S, Reid G. Anti-inflammatory effects of probiotic yogurt in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149(3): 470-479.
Shadnoush M, Hosseini RS, Khalilnezhad A, Navai L, Goudarzi H, Vaezjalali M. Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Korean J Gastroenterol 2015; 65: 215-221.
Garcia Vilela E, De Lourdes De Abreu Ferrari M, Oswaldo Da Gama Torres H, Guerra Pinto A, Carolina Carneiro Aguirre A, Paiva Martins F, et al. Influence of Saccharomyces boulardii on the intestinal permeability of patients with Crohn's disease in remission. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43(7): 842-848.
Vleggaar FP, Monkelbaan JF, van Erpecum KJ. Probiotics in primary sclerosing cholangitis: A randomized placebo-controlled crossover pilot study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20(7): 688-692.
Bourreille A, Cadiot G, Le Dreau G, Laharie D, Beaugerie L, Dupas JL, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii does not prevent relapse of Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11(8): 982-987.
Steed H, Macfarlane GT, Blackett KL, Bahrami B, Reynolds N, Walsh SV, et al. Clinical trial: The microbiological and immunological effects of synbiotic consumption-a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study in active Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32(7): 872-883.
Ahmed J, Reddy BS, Molbak L, Leser TD, MacFie J. Impact of probiotics on colonic microflora in patients with colitis: A prospective double blind randomized crossover study. Int J Surg 2013; 11(10): 1131-1136.
Doron S, Snydman DR. Risk and safety of probiotics. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60(S2): S129-134.
Munoz P, Bouza E, Cuenca-Estrella M, Eiros JM, Perez MJ, Sanchez- Somolinos M, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: An emerging infectious disease. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40(11): 1625-1634.
Niault M, Thomas F, Prost J, Ansari FH, Kalfon P. Fungemia due to Saccharomyces species in a patient treated with enteral Saccharomyces boulardii. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28(4): 930.
Perapoch J, Planes AM, Querol A, Lopez V, Martinez-Bendayán I, Tormo R, et al. Fungemia with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in two newborns, only one of whom had been treated with ultra-levura. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 19(6): 468-470.
Piechno S, Seguin P, Gangneux JP. Saccharomyces boulardii fungal sepsis: Beware of the yeast. Can J Anaesth 2007; 54: 245-246.
Trautmann M, Synowzik I, Nadji-Ohl M, Von Voigt TB, Reiter W. Fungemia due to Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii. Chemother J 2008; 17: 57-61.
De Groote MA, Frank DN, Dowell E, Glode MP, Pace NR. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG bacteremia associated with probiotic use in a child with short gut syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24: 278-280.
Ledoux D, Labombardi VJ, Karter D. Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteraemia after use of a probiotic in a patient with AIDS and Hodgkin's disease. Int J STD AIDS 2006; 17(4): 280-282.
Tommasi C, Equitani F, Masala M, Ballardini M, Favaro M, Meledandri M, et al. Diagnostic difficulties of Lactobacillus casei bacteraemia in immunocompetent patients: A case report. J Med Case Reports 2008; 2: 315.
Vahabnezhad E, Mochon AB, Wozniak LJ, Ziring DA. Lactobacillus bacteremia associated with probiotic use in a pediatric patient with ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47: 437-439.
Oggioni MR, Pozzi G, Valensin PE, Galieni P, Bigazzi C. Recurrent septicemia in an immunocompromised patient due to probiotic strains of Bacillus subtilis. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36(1): 325-326.
Ohishi A, Takahashi S, Ito Y, Ohishi Y, Tsukamoto K, Nanba Y, et al. Bifidobacterium septicemia associated with postoperative probiotic therapy in a neonate with omphalocele. J Pediatr 2010; 156(4): 679-681.
Zein EF, Karaa S, Chemaly A, Saidi I, Daou-Chahine W, Rohban R. Lactobacillus rhamnosus septicemia in a diabetic patient associated with probiotic use: A case report. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2008; 66(2): 195-198.
Mackay AD, Taylor MB, Kibbler CC, Hamilton-Miller JM. Lactobacillus endocarditis caused by a probiotic organism. Clin Microbiol Infect 1999; 5: 290-292.
Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, van Goor H, Timmerman HM, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 371(9613): 651-659.
Munakata S, Arakawa C, Kohira R, Fujita Y, Fuchigami T, Mugishima H. A case of D-lactic acid encephalopathy associated with use of probiotics. Brain Dev 2010; 32(8): 691-694.
Brunser. Probiotics: Innocuousness, prevention and risks. Rev Chil Pediatr 2017; 88(4): 534-540.
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3 Enteral Nutrition Supplemented with Transforming Growth Factor-ß, Colostrum, Probiotics, and Other Nutritional Compounds in the Treatment of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
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Sivamaruthi BS
Crohn%26#39;s disease
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text:
WayBetter
How do I contact Daily Burn?
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Wouldn't it be easy to cheat?
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We take the possibility of cheating very seriously and have a comprehensive and structured process in place to prevent it.
The weigh-in process described above helps ensure that people do not reuse old photos or have somebody else weigh in for them, while the human review of each weigh-in provides an additional layer of security. Our Referees have played in DietBet games themselves, and know how to look out for red flags that an automated system would miss.
On top of that, we have automated algorithms that flag players' accounts when unusual weight loss patterns are detected. If a player loses or gains weight in a way that seems suspicious or unhealthy, we reach out to them to address the concerns. Players whose accounts have been flagged must submit video weigh-ins until the flag is lifted. For any game where the bets are over $100, we require video weigh-ins for all players.
Given that these are weight loss competitions with real money on the line, we have a zero tolerance policy when it comes to cheating. If anyone is caught not representing their weight properly, they will be ejected from the site without a refund and banned from playing in future games.
Ultimately, we've found that 99% of the players who join DietBet are here for the right reasons. They really want to get healthy, and they know that cheating the system is just cheating themselves. Still, we continue to be vigilant about cheating prevention, both to increase accountability and to ensure that each game is fair.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
@interface SQTrainingMusclesPresenter ()

@property (nonatomic, weak) id<SQViperView> view;
@property (nonatomic, strong) id<SQTrainingMusclesInteractorInput> interactor;
@property (nonatomic, strong) id<SQTrainingMusclesWireframeInput> wireframe;

@end

@implementation SQTrainingMusclesPresenter

- (void)handleViewReady {
    NSAssert(self.wireframe, @"Router should be initlized when view is ready.");
    NSAssert([self.view conformsToProtocol:@protocol(SQViperView)], @"Presenter should be attach to a view");
    NSAssert([self.interactor conformsToProtocol:@protocol(SQViperInteractor)], @"Interactor should be initlized when view is ready.");
    NSLog(@"%s", __func__);
    [self.interactor loadDataSource];
}

- (void)handleViewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated {
    NSLog(@"%s", __func__);
}

- (void)handleViewDidAppear:(BOOL)animated {
    NSLog(@"%s", __func__);
}

- (void)handleViewWillDisappear:(BOOL)animated {
    NSLog(@"%s", __func__);
}

- (void)handleViewDidDisappear:(BOOL)animated {
    NSLog(@"%s", __func__);
}

- (void)handleViewRemoved {
    NSLog(@"%s", __func__);
}

- (void)handleDidSelectRowAtIndexPath:(nonnull NSIndexPath *)indexPath {
    SQTrainingCapacityMuscleType type = [[self muscleTypeDictionary][[self.interactor fetchDataSource][indexPath.row]] integerValue];
    [self.wireframe pushTrainingDateListWithType:type];
}

- (NSArray *)fetchDataSource {
    return [self.interactor fetchDataSource];
}

- (NSDictionary *)muscleTypeDictionary {
    return @{
             @"Pectoral muscle" : @(SQTrainingCapacityMuscleTypePectoral),
             @"Back muscle" : @(SQTrainingCapacityMuscleTypeBack),
             @"Leg muscle" : @(SQTrainingCapacityMuscleTypeLeg),
             @"Shoulder muscle" : @(SQTrainingCapacityMuscleTypeShoulder),
             @"Arm muscle" : @(SQTrainingCapacityMuscleTypeArm),
             @"Abdominal muscle" : @(SQTrainingCapacityMuscleTypeAbdominal)
             };
}

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A one day workshop exploring batik techniques.
A 3 day workshop developing sketchbook skills.
A one day techniques workshop using plants and flowers as inspiration.
A one day workshop learning shibori techniques.
A one day workshop working with a variety of Flying Geese blocks.
A two day workshop using plant material to make marks on paper and then turn them into printed books.


text:
The Sanjak of Vize (Ottoman Turkish: Sancak-i/Liva-i Vize) was a second-level Ottoman province (sanjak or liva) encompassing the region of Vize in Eastern Thrace. After 1849 its seat was moved to Tekfürtaği, and until its end ca. 1920 the province was known as the Sanjak of Tekfürtaği.

History
The town of Vize (Greek Bizye) was part of the remnants of the Byzantine Empire, which fell with the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453.

The town became the seat of a sanjak as part of the Rumelia Eyalet in the last third of the 15th century. By the mid-17th century, it had come under the Özü Eyalet, after 1812 to the Silistra Eyalet, and by 1846 to the Edirne Eyalet. It was renamed into Sanjak of Tekfürtaği in 1849, after the new capital, Tekfürtaği (mod. Tekirdağ). Vize itself was detached in 1879 and came under the Sanjak of Kırk Kilise. In 1912, the sanjak of Tekfürtaği encompassed the kazas (districts) of Tekfürtaği proper, Malkara, Çorlu, and Hayrabolu. In 1920, the area, along with the entirety of Eastern Thrace, was occupied by the Greek Army, who held it until they withdrew in October 1922 following the Armistice of Mudanya. After 1923 the town of Tekirdağ became the capital of the Tekirdağ Province in the Republic of Turkey.

References

Sources

Ottoman Thrace
Sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire in Europe
States and territories established in the 15th century
States and territories disestablished in 1849
1490s establishments in the Ottoman Empire
1849 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Less than .25 percent of the total content of your periodical is dedicated to horoscopes which is of occasional interest to most people. Less than 2 percent is dedicated to comics which are read by most subscribers. Fully 15 percent is dedicated to sports which fewer than 40 percent of the population cares about. I suggest you re-evaluate your audience. While you do that, I'll be subscribing to XXXXXXXX which doesn't find sports as newsworthy as your fine paper.


Esperance is a regional city in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia, on the Southern Ocean coastline approximately 720 kilometres east-southeast of the state capital, Perth. Esperance is home to 9,919 people as of the 2011 census. Its major industries are tourism, agriculture, and fishing. The Shire of Esperance is home to 13,477 people.
There on this moment no harvest work season active arround Esperance.
Do you know a farm near Esperance that has work availible? Add the farm to farmwork23.com and help other backpackers with finding their farm job.


text:
PIL seeking change in 'early morning school timings as it disturbs sleep of young students and affects their health', dismissed: Patna HC
Published on December 6, 2018 December 7, 2018 By Devika
Patna High Court: A Division Bench comprising of Mukesh R. Shah CJ and Ashutosh Kumar, J. junked a Public Interest Litigation seeking direction for a change in school timings and a 'no homework till class 8th' policy, holding the issues raised in the petition to be too vague and general.
The present petition was filed praying for a writ of mandamus commanding the respondent to make provision for setting the timing of private schools from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. and a direction to private/public schools to roll back the practice of giving home works at least till VIII standard. The case of the petitioner was that as the timing of private schools is from 7:30 a.m. to 8:00 a.m., the children have to get up early in the morning and, therefore the sleep of young students was being disturbed and it was ultimately affecting their health. Further, the petitioner avers that homework given to students was affecting their childhood. She relied on the report of World Health Organization titled 'WHO Technical Meeting on Sleep and Health' to support her contentions.
The respondent opposed the petition submitting that Rules of Affiliation had been framed keeping in mind the physical-cum-mental and emotional interests of children so that they get adequate rest, sleep and leisure in between their studies.
The Court held that petitioner was not entitled to any relief as prayed in the petition as her allegations and averments were too vague and general. It was opined that affiliation was granted to schools as per rules and there were certain guidelines which were required to be followed by every institution. Further, as far as school timings were concerned, it was for the concerned schools to fix their own timings.
In view of the above, the petition was dismissed.[Anju Mishra v. Union of India,2018 SCC OnLine Pat 2125, decided on 10-09-2018]
Tagged with: Class 8, No Homework, Private Schools, Rules of Affiliation
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Case BriefsSupreme Court
SC issues notice in suo motu contempt petition against advocate Prashant Bhushan and Twitter [Full report]
By Prachi Bhardwaj	Published on July 22, 2020 July 24, 2020
Case BriefsForeign Courts
Torture victims were wrongly imprisoned in immigration detention centres in UK
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No anticipatory bail : against whom a non-bailable warrant & proclamation is pending
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Millions of acres of the 19th-century railroad land grants were not sold to settlers as the U.S. Congress intended. More than a century later, this land is controlled by dozens of corporations -- and some of the largest holdings of coal, oil and gas, gold, and real estate in the country are based on these illegal transfers of public land grants. Click here to see a history of the railroad land grants.
What follows is a preliminary list showing the scope and diversity of the unintended empires which have been carved from the railroad land grants. More entries will be added, and links to more detailed corporate profiles are coming.
Blixseth Tim Blixseth is another in a long line of profiteers from the Northern Pacific land grant. Click here for tales about his land swaps and resorts for millionaires.
Boise Cascade. Boise Cascade has its origins in the Weyerhaeuser empire. Click here for a detailed profile of Boise Cascade, and click here for a description of Boise Cascade's mill closures and overseas ventures.
Burlington Northern Railroad was created in 1970 from the merger of the Northern Pacific, the Great Northern, and the Chicago Burlington & Quincy Railroads. In 1904, the U.S. Supreme Court had outlawed this merger of J.P. Morgan and Jim Hill, in a famous anti-trust case called Northern Securities. The BN still controlled millions of acres of 19th century land grants, chock full of coal, oil, and timber. When J.P. Morgan's mortgage bonds were paid off in 1988, the land was spun off as Burlington Resources. Burlington Northern acquired Santa Fe Railroad in 1996. Headquartered in Ft. Worth, Texas.
Burlington Resources was the 1988 spin-off of land grant resources from the Burlington Northern Railroad. The railroad transferred 1.8 million acres of timber, oil, natural gas, and coal in Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon to BR. BR's subsidiaries and spin-offs have included Glacier Park Real Estate, Meridian Minerals, Meridian Oil, El Paso Natural Gas, and Plum Creek Timber, Burlington Environmental, Chempro, ECOS, New Mexico & Arizona Land Company, and Southland Royalty. As the railroad CEO Gerald Grinstein told Forbes magazine after the spin-off, "the standing joke was that they [Burlington Resources] got the gold and we [the railroad] got the shaft." Hundreds of thousands of acres of prime industrial and commercial real estate were to Trillium and other corporations. A joint venture to develop Meridian Mineral's Bull Mountains coal reserves in Montana was set up between Arch Mineral (Ashland Oil and Hunt Industries), Sumitomo, Mitsui and Meridian. More coal in Montana, North Dakota, and Washington was sold to Great Northern Properties LP, including reserves committed to Western Energy's Rosebud mine and Peabody's Big Sky mine. BR merged with Louisiana Land & Exploration in 1997, acquired several Canadian companies, produces natural gas in Argentina, Ecuador, and elsewhere in South America, the East Irish Sea, Algeria, and offshore China. Headquartered in Houston Texas.
ConocoPhillips' 10.5 million acres of holdings in the Peruvian Amazon are home to indigenous peoples including the Kichwa, Iquito, Arabela Abijiras, Taromenane, and Pananujuri and indigenous people living in voluntary isolation of unknown ethnic origin. Any exploration or production activities will affect these people's livelihoods, traditional lifestyles and ancestral territory..."
Canyon Resources Corporation holds the mineral rights to 900,000 acres of Northern Pacific Railroad grant land in western Montana. The surface rights of nearly three-quarters of that land is owned by Plum Creek Timber, with the rest scattered among the US Forest Service, Montana state, and private owners. In 1907, Northern Pacific Railroad sold 967,309 acres to Amalgamated (Anaconda) Copper for 50 cents per acre and 50 cents per thousand board feet of timber. In the 1970s, Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) bought Anaconda. ARCO kept the oil and gas rights, but sold the surface rights (the timber) to 670,000 acres to Champion International. In 1984, ARCO sold the mineral rights to Western Energy Company, the mineral arm of Montana Power Company. Western Energy sold to Addwest Minerals, predecessor to Canyon Resources, which completed the purchase of the mineral rights (sans the oil and gas) in 1992. In 1993, Champion sold its Montana timber operations to Plum Creek Timber (which had been spun off from Burlington Northern Railroad, Northern Pacific's successor, in 1988-89). Canyon Resources has tried to sell the mineral rights to Montana State and to Plum Creek, the surface owner, but they declined. In 2002, Canyon Resources threatened to sell the mineral rights at public auction unless the property owners bought them out first. For a profile of Canyon Resources and more coverage of the mineral rights controversy, click here.
Catellus is a real estate spin-off of the combined land grants of the Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad and the Southern Pacific Railroad. Click here for a detailed profile of Catellus. The Catellus saga is a fine example of the convoluted deals that have emerged from the 19th-century railroad land grant subsidy. Here is a simplified version. The 1983 merger of the Santa Fe and the Southern Pacific was broken by the U.S. government in 1987, but lots of real estate had been rearranged by then. In 1989, Santa Fe sold 20 percent of its Santa Fe Realty to a partnership made up of JMB Realty and the California Public Employees Retirement System. In 1990, as Catellus was spun off to Santa Fe shareholders, it owned two million acres of land in 13 states. The Reichmann family's Canadian and U.S. real estate and natural resource conglomerate Olympia & York, which owned 20 percent of Santa Fe, went bankrupt. Some of the Catellus land was sold. By the end of 1996, the largest single shareholder was the California Public Employees' Retirement System (CALPERS), with 42 percent of the common stock. The Catellus portfolio included 837,000 acres of land, 16 million square feet of income-producing office properties, 5,300 acres of land leases, and interests in various joint ventures, mostly located in California (Anaheim, City of Industry, Emeryville and Oakland East Baybridge Center, Fremont, La Mirada, Ontario, Rancho Cucamonga, Richmond, San Francisco Mission Bay, San Jose South Bay Center, and Santa Fe Springs), with the balance concentrated in Oklahoma, Dallas, Phoenix, and Chicago. Catellus is one of the many land grant-based corporations which continues to benefit from public subsidy -- in this case by arranging a deal to sell 430,000 acres of its 790,000 acres of desert land back to the federal government (for $36 million) and the Wildlands Conservancy (for $16 million). The deal would include 86,000 acres within the Mojave National Preserve and 40,000 acres within Joshua Tree National Park. The Conservancy had already paid Catellus $3.2 million for 25,000 acres in Joshua Tree, and in 1998, with Catellus threatening to sell land it owned inside the Mojave Preserve, the next deal was pursued. As Conservancy head David Myers boasted (no doubt with Catellus approval) to the LA Times (Dec. 2, 1998), "we're going to get the government support we need. We're good at this." In January 2000, 225,000 acres of the deal were transferred to the U.S. BLM. Catellus is headquartered in San Francisco.
In May 2000, it was announced that Catellus would receive another $20 million for another 180,605 acres in the Mojave Desert. About $15 million was from private donations from the Wildlands Conservancy and $5 million were federal funds. The acquisition completes the largest purchase of private land in California history and the largest acquisition from one seller by the BLM. Vice President Al Gore said, "These stunning California desert lands are being preserved for future generations through a true public-private team effort that could serve as a model in other areas." Altogether, the Wildlands Conservancy and federal government have spent $45 million to acquire 405,000 acres from Catellus Development. U.S. Representative Jerry Lewis (R-CA), whose district includes much of the land, has sought to tie the purchase to expansion of the Ft. Irwin Army base, a move environmentalists say could damage desert tortoise habitat (Greenwire, May 19, 2000, citing AP/San Jose Mercury News, May 19, White House release, May 18, and Richard Simon, Los Angeles Times, May 19).
"Catellus Development Corp., one of California's largest private landowners thanks to a lineage that dates to the earliest days of railroads in the West, has agreed to be sold for $3.6 billion in cash and stock to warehouse and distribution giant ProLogis.
... [T]he company's roots and gigantic land holdings date to the 1850s, when civil engineer Theodore D. Judah built a 23-mile line called the Sacramento Valley Railroad. It later became the Central Pacific Railroad, the first to conquer the Sierra Nevada. In 1869, the line linked up with the Union Pacific, coming from the East, with the driving of the famed golden spike at Promontory Point, Utah.
As part of its mandate for a transcontinental railway, the federal government gave the railroad builders vast tracts of land as an incentive to complete the historic rail linkage.
Later, with its name changed again, this time to Southern Pacific, the railroad heavily promoted its territory in the West to attract residents and businesses and became one of the most powerful players on the economic scene in 19th century California.
Santa Fe Pacific Corp. spun off Catellus to shareholders in 1990. (Catellus to Be Bought by ProLogis. By Roger Vincent, Los Angeles Times, June 7, 2005).
Glacier Park Real Estate. In 1910, Glacier National Park was created with the assistance of the Great Northern Railroad's head James J. Hill. The railroad's Glacier Park subsidiary built the park's hotels and ran the park concession until 1961. As part of the Great Northern Railroad, Glacier Park was merged into Burlington Northern Railroad, and then spun off as part of Burlington Resources in 1988. At that time, Glacier Park Real Estate controlled 925,000 acres in 23 states, Alberta, and British Columbia, much of it agricultural land leased for grazing and crops, but also prime commercial and industrial real estate along more than 20,000 of miles of Burlington Northern Railroad tracks. Much of this real estate was sold in the early 1990s, to developers such as Trillium Corporation.
Great Northern Properties LP. Houston-based Great Northern Properties LP is a privately owned land management company with its lands and minerals largely concentrated in Montana and North Dakota. Formed in 1991 by the Robertson family and American Bailey Mining Limited Partnership to acquire these lands from Burlington Northern Railroad. With about 20 billion tons, GNP is the largest private owner of coal reserves in the United States.
In 2009, Arch Coal and Great Northern Properties announced a coal lease comprising all of GNP's coal resources in the Otter Creek Tracts located in southeastern Montana. The coal lease will give Arch the right to mine 731 million tons of coal on 9,600 acres. Montana state owns 600 million tons of coal spread over 9,500 acres in Otter Creek Valley. The corporate and state coal is intermingled in square-mile railroad land grant checkerboards.
Nevada Land and Resource Company LLC "owns in excess of 1.3 million acres making it the largest private landowner in Nevada. The land was acquired from the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company in 1995, successors to the old Central Pacific-Southern Pacific Railway. The Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroad Companies were the original recipient of 24 million acres of land from the U.S. government under the Railroad Land Grant Act of Congress of 1862... Over the years the Central Pacific and Southern Pacific railroad companies developed, traded and sold off millions of acres. Today, the current railroad company operating in the original railroad right-of-way is Union Pacific Railroad Company which still owns original grant lands in the western U.S."
"NLRC was originally formed in October 1995 as a land and resource management & development operating arm of a joint venture between Western Water Company & Morgan Stanley Real Estate Firm. In May 1997 NLRC was sold to PICO Holdings Inc. and Global Equity Corporation, which in early 1999 were merged into PICO Holdings Inc, a publicly traded company on the NASDAQ. PICO is a diversified holding company with operations in wholesale water and storage, real estate and minerals, insurance services, investment management and strategic value investments. PICO's website is www.picoholdings.com." (from NLRC website). Map of NLRC railroad land grant land holdings.
Plum Creek Timber is a quaint name for the Northern Pacific Railroad timberlands which weren't sold to Weyerhaeuser. They were spun off from Burlington Northern Railroad as part of Burlington Resources, and then spun off again as an independent corporation in 1989. As a limited partnership type of corporation which derives more than 90 percent of its revenues from natural resource extraction, Plum Creek pays no corporate income tax. The plan to convert to a Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) to attract more capital would not change the tax-free status. Since 1989, Plum Creek has been busily liquidating its old growth forest holdings in Montana (1,600,000 acres), Idaho (100,000 acres, sold in 1993), and Washington State (300,000 acres). Plum Creek has taken its ill-gotten profits and acquired land in Louisiana and Texas (538,000 acres) and Maine (900,000 acres). Headquartered in Seattle. Click here for more information on Plum Creek.
Santa Fe Railroad The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway's 2,929,348 acre public land grant was parlayed into a 14,000,000 acre holding by the 1970s. The empire included 1.3 million acres desert lands in Nevada and Utah, managed by subsidiary Catellus (by the time Catellus was spun off in the early 1990s, Catellus had more than two million acres in 13 states). Santa Fe owned or controlled another 7,600,000 acres in Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Utah. There were the Lone Tree and Rabbit Creek gold mines near Winnemucca Nevada, stone quarries in five states, 700 million tons of gold, and 250 million barrels of oil and natural gas. And mineral concessions in Paraguay. Santa Fe Energy Resources was spun off in 1990. Santa Fe Pacific Pipeline Partners runs 3,300 miles of pipeline and 14 truck terminals serving the Southwestern U.S. Santa Fe's 1983 merger with Southern Pacific was broken by the U.S. ICC in 1987, but in 1995, the merger of Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Pacific Railroads was approved.
Sierra Pacific Industries is a the largest privately-held timberland owner in the country, with more than a million acres of timberland in California. About half of this was purchased from the Santa Fe Southern Pacific Railroad in 1987. SPI's Emmerson family has used its wealth and power to set itself up as the main beneficiary of the 1998 Quincy Library legislation, which will increase timber cutting in the Lassen, Plumas, and Tahoe National Forests. As the largest contractor on the national forests in California, SPI is also one of the largest beneficiaries of the U.S. Forest Service's road construction subsidies. Headquartered in Anderson, California. Click here for a profile of Sierra Pacific Industries. Click here for a map of SPI's land ownership.
St Joe Company as of 2005 owned 850,000 acres of land (two percent of Florida) concentrated primarily in Northwest Florida, with 346,000 acres within ten miles of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The company is controlled by the Alfred I. duPont Testamentary Trust, whose assets included shares of duPont, seven Florida national banks, and thousands of acres of land in Northwest Florida. In 1938 the duPont Trustees created the St. Joe Paper Company, which continued to acquire land in Northwest Florida and corrugated box plants from New Jersey to Texas to Ireland. In 1960 the Florida East Coast Railway Company founded by Henry Flagler was acquired. In 1972 St. Joe Paper acquired the Talisman Sugar Company. In 1997 Walt Disney executive Peter Rummell was hired to transform St. Joe and its million acres of Florida land into a real estate enterprise. St. Joe Towns & Resort develops residential and leisure properties. St. Joe Land Company markets parcels up to 5,000 acres in northwest Florida and southwest Georgia for home sites, farmsteads, ranches, weekend getaways, hunting and fishing camps and other recreational uses. RiverCamps are planned settlements in rustic settings. St. Joe Commercial has developed nearly four million square feet of retail, office and commercial space. St. Joe Timberland Company manages and cuts timber and sell tracts.
Weyerhaeuser (Frederick) was railroad empire builder Jim Hill's next door neighbor in St. Paul. They served on each other boards, and cut many a legal and illegal deal. Weyerhaeuser began his career by deforesting the upper Mississippi River pine forests of Wisconsin and Minnesota, buying up or destroying its competitors along the way (we've traced more than 200 subsidiary corporations, many of them abandoned after the trees are cut). Weyerhaeuser timber holdings are based on huge purchases from Hill's Northern Pacific Railroad land grant, including 300,000 acres in Wisconsin and Minnesota, 1,500,000 acres in Washington, and 500,000 acres in Oregon (cut and then sold in the 1990s). In the early 1900s, Weyerhaeuser incorporated Boise (Payette) Cascade to take Northern Pacific grant lands in central Idaho, and created Potlatch to exploit the pines in northern Idaho and Minnesota. Weyerhaeuser has used its profits to diversify into Asia (2,000,000 acres clearcut in the Philippines and Indonesia), Australia, New Zealand, Uruguay, and elsewhere. Headquartered in Federal Way, Washington. Click here for more information on Weyerhaeuser.


text:
Q: Popover Bootstrap On Fullcalendar Rails Fullcalendar is awesomely beautiful. i try it.
I want to try adding popover on every event as a description. If i click an event, then popover will display. such as http://i.cubeupload.com/LuBXjx.png
I do not understand about json and javascript but I want to learn about it all.
anyone can help me?
Popover
calendars.js.coffee
$(document).ready ->
  $('#test').fullCalendar
    header:
      left: 'prev,next today',
      center: 'title',
      right: 'month'
    defaultView: 'month',
    height: 500,

    buttonText: {
        month: 'month',
        today: 'today'
    },

    eventSources: [{
      url: '/school/calendars',
    }],

    firstHour: 6,
    slotMinutes: 30,
    defaultEventMinutes: 120,
    axisFormat: 'H',
    timeFormat: 'H(:mm)',
    dragOpacity: {
        agenda: 0.5
    },
    minTime: 0,
    maxTime: 24

on model/event.rb
scope :between, lambda {|start_time, end_time|
    {:conditions => [
  "starts_at > ? and starts_at < ?",
  Event.format_date(start_time), Event.format_date(end_time)
] }
  }

  # need to override the json view to return what full_calendar is expecting.
  # http://arshaw.com/fullcalendar/docs/event_data/Event_Object/
  def as_json(options = {})
    {
      :id => self.id,
      :title =>  self.name ,
      :description => self.description || "",
      :start => starts_at.rfc822,
      :end => ends_at.rfc822,
      :allDay => self.all_day,
      :recurring => false,
      #:color => "red"
    }

  end

  def self.format_date(date_time)
    Time.at(date_time.to_i).to_formatted_s(:db)
  end

on controller/school/calendars_controller.rb
@events = Event.scoped
@events = Event.between(params['start'], params['end']) if (params['start'] && params['end'])
    respond_to do |format|
              format.html # index.html.erb
              format.json { render json:  @events }
     end

this is popover

 <%= @event.nama %>

Start at : <%= @event.starts_at %>
              End at : <%= @event.ends_at %>
              Description : <%= @event.description %>

A: What you need is the eventRender callback, which allows you to manipulate each event.
$('#calendar').fullCalendar({
    ...
    eventRender: function (event, element) {
        element.popover({
            title: event.nama,
            placement: 'right',
            content: + '
Start: ' + event.starts_at + '
End: ' + event.ends_at + '
Description: ' + event.description,
        });
    }
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


With a lot of template weddings, when guests are taking a break from dancing or are simply giving it a miss, it can get pretty boring to simply sit at a table and watch the happy couple. Make it easier for them to mingle with a comfy lounge area at your reception. Rent out a few cushy chairs and sofas, with plenty of throw cushions that they can sink back on. This is a great way to keep everyone in the mood, even when they want to take a break. If you really want to wow the people you're inviting, separate the area from the main space with some curtains to give it a lavish VIP feeling.
If your ceremony and reception are going to take place in two different locations, don't just wave them away to their cars. Instead, add a little more fun to the journey by renting out some impressive transportation. Horse-drawn carriages will add a potent dose of fairytale prestige to the ceremony, or you could get quirky with nostalgic yellow school buses or black London cabs. Some couples, when they've had the budget, have even rented hot air balloons and taken their guests sailing across the sky!
There's no better way to preserve happy memories than with photos. Obviously, you'll have a photographer taking shots of the ceremony and reception through the big day. Why not give your guests one more way to capture the memory with a photo booth at the reception? Constant selfies can ruin the mood, but a subtle, aesthetically pleasing photo booth from a company like Booth Boy will add another unique feature to your big day, and give you and your guests a lot of potent mementos that will last and last. When the champagne starts to run low and the dance moves get sloppy, it may be worth moving it somewhere safe!
You'll probably have a lot of guests coming from out of town, so try to keep them comfortable for their whole stay with some practical gifts. They'll appreciate little scented soaps so they don't have to lean on the bland hotel ones. If you're having an outdoor or partially outdoor reception that might get breezy, make sure your guests can stay warm by putting out a basket of toasty pashminas. If you're having a heatwave, some little bottles of spray-on sunscreen will be greatly appreciated. If your family and guests like to party a little harder than most, give out some little hangover kits with painkillers and sleeping masks. If your guest favours actually do something, they'll be a cut above the standard ideas!


IMPORTANT: It has just been reported to me that the email through my CONTACT page has not been working for the last few days. If you have sent Richard or me a message recently, the chances are we haven't recieved it, so please send again or contact Richard direct on richardebull@gmail.com. Sorry about this. Thanks. Helen.
Just found this book review by Andrea Baines of the Holistic Network in Ireland. Check out her website and blog, you might find it interesting.
Helen Parry-Jones is a gifted Spiritual Medium and Healer.
"Hands of an Angel" is Helen's own story of how, with the help of her spirit guide Sam, she developed her natural ability to not only see the spirit world and learn to understand the mechanics of mediumship, but also her discovery of how she could "see into" people's bodies, discover what ails them and provide the healing they need.
Helen comes across as a very unassuming, down-to-earth and compassionate human being, whose extraordinary abilities have enabled her to heal many people over the course of her life so far. She explains how healing comes in many forms; from relaying spirit messages from loved ones who have passed over, to channelling loving energy through her hands to others.
Despite having some unquestionable spiritual experiences as a small child and teenager, Helen tells of her great frustrations and difficulties in being so different from her friends and family, and her struggle to make her parent's believe in her experiences. Though her faith is tested many times, it is through sheer perseverance, dedication to spirit and compassion for people and animals that Helen continued to follow her intuitions not to ignore her abilities, despite the lack of support of those closest to her.
As you follow Helen's story you will discover some very valuable teachings that Helen received from her guide, Sam; about how we live our lives, about love and forgiveness, why we suffer pain, and the opposing forces of other dimensions. What is also very moving in this book is that Helen gave space to relay Sam's heartbreaking account of his own life and death.
Helen is from England, but regularly visits Ireland, having secured a Sunday evening slot on Dublin's Sunshine FM.
"Hands of an Angel" is a wonderfully inspiring and enjoyable story.
Galway here I come again!!
Very excited and getting ready to return to Galway later in May for a seminar at the Radison Hotel. I had a great response last time and I met over 200 lovely people at my booksigning at Easons wanting to wish me well and have thier book signed.
Flicking through old photos and found this one of my great "Sunshine" team, Denzil and Karren. Miss you both and our Sunday night messages!!


7 Remove vulnerable versions for bug 501750.
15 Rails 4.0.4 version bump.
24 Version bump for security bug 501750.
29 Version bump for security bug 501750.
36 Cleanup for security bug 493284.
41 Version bump for security bug 493284.
46 Version bump for security bug 493284.
49 Remove masked Rails 3.1.
58 Version bump for security bug 488298.
66 Version bump for Rails 4. Dropped keywords in bug 487206.
93 Version bump for security bug 462452.
98 Version bump for security bug 462452.
103 Version bump for security bug 462452.
123 Version bump for security bug 456840.
128 Version bump for security bug 456840.
133 Version bump for security bug 456840.
154 Version bump for security bug 453844.
159 Version bump for security bug 453844.
184 Version bump for bug 450974.
189 Version bump for bug 450974.
194 Version bump for bug 450974.
199 Version bump for security bug 450974.
208 Version bump for security bug 449826.
213 Version bump for security bug 449826.
218 Version bump for security bug 449826.
234 Version bumps for security bug 430718.
239 Version bump for security bug 430718.
248 Version bump for Rails 3.0.16, bug 428254.
253 Version bump for Rails 3.1.7, bug 428254.
258 Version bump for Rails 3.2.7, bug 428254.
262 Remove old vulnerable versions.
267 Version bump for Rails 3.1.6.
272 Version bump for Rails 3.0.15.
277 Version bump for Rails 3.2.6.
282 Version bump for bug 418481.
303 Add slot to jquery-rails dependency for forthcoming Rails 3.2-only versions.
308 Version bump for Rails 3.1.4, security bug 406547.
313 Version bump for security bug 406547.
334 Version bump. Add ruby19. Drop arches due to bug 396547.
339 Version bump for Rails 3.0.11.
368 security bug #379511 filed by Hans de Graaff.
396 Version bump for Rails 3.0.9.
400 task file that is only distributed as part of the rdoc gem.
417 Version bump for Rails 3.0.7.
422 Version bump for Rails 2.3.11.
433 3.x. Thanks to Elias Probst in bug 351434.
436 Move forward ppc and ppc64 keywords that got missed on a version bump.
441 Version bump for Rails 3.0.3.
449 Version bump for rails 2.3.10.
475 Cleanup old versions, use new syntax.
511 Stable for PPC (bug #294797).
530 Revision bump, security bug 294797.
566 Remove insecure versions, bug 283396.
569 Remove insecure versions, bug 283396.
584 Bump rubygems requirement to 1.3.2.
589 Version bump: fix security issues reported in #283396.
595 Drop ia64 keyword #279123.
600 Version bump for Rails 2.3.3.
618 Sparc stable, Bug #270331.
622 Remove old and vulnerable versions.
639 Sparc stable, Bug #253425.
643 Sparc stable, part of Bug #253425.
654 Add missing RDEPEND on >=rubygems-1.3.1 as per #250245.
669 for the tree and testing.
699 Sparc stable, Security Bug #237385.
704 Version bump. Fixes security issue #242914 (header-injection) and #237285.
705 Also features minor fixes.
728 Rails now depends on rake 0.8.1 or better.
745 Sparc stable (again), following Hans de Graff's comment 7 in Bug #221309.
746 RMD160 for rails-2.0.2.gem should now be correct.
752 Back to ~sparc because of Friedrich Oslage's comments in Bug #221309.
755 Sparc stable --- part of Bug #221309 --- Good for about 5 months.
773 a warn instead of an info message.
855 eselect-rails to here. Should address bug #172812.
863 uses app-admin/eselect-rails to manage the symlink.
871 Version bump for rails 1.2.3.
924 Stable on amd64 wrt security Bug #143369.
941 Stable on SPARC wrt security bug #138323.
947 Stable on ppc; security bug #138323.
964 Somebody left out ppc. It works fine here.
978 Stable on sparc (Bug #133003).
1025 Stable on sparc (at gustavoz's request); works as it should for me.
1077 Add ~sparc keyword. Builds and appears to run without problems.
1094 Version bump removed bad version.
1117 Fixed rubyforge gem url.


text:
Churches in Cheyenne Resuming Public Services This Weekend
Jax Updated: June 4, 2020
dbvirago
As Covid-19 restrictions have been eased over the past few weeks, churches in Cheyenne are resuming their public services this weekend.
Churches had been previously hosting services via online stream, but now, with the help of social distancing guidelines, public services can take place for the first time since March of this year. According to Wyoming News Now, Cheyenne Hills Church and First United Methodist Church are among the first to resume services in Cheyenne.
As for social distancing guidelines, First United Methodist Church will allow just 55 people to attend each service on a first come, first serve basis. Those who attend will be greeted by ushers in face masks.
For those wanting to attend public services at Cheyenne Hills Church, their first service will be Saturday (June 6th) evening at 6 p.m. First United Methodist Church resumes services on Sunday (June 7th) at 8:30 a.m. and 10 a.m.
If you'd still like to stream services online for Cheyenne Hill Church, it's available at the link here. For First United Methodist Church's stream, click here.
See Some of Cheyenne Schools' Social Distancing Car Parades
Filed Under: cheyenne, church
UPDATE: I-80 in Southeast Wyoming Reopens, I-25 Still Closed
LCSD1 Responds to 'White Privilege Cards' Incident
Cheyenne Police Searching for Missing 11-Year-Old Girl
EPA Settles With Dyno Nobel Over Alleged Violations at Cheyenne Plant
New Manufacturing Plant to Bring 200 Jobs to Cheyenne
Family of Cheyenne Teen Killed in Shooting Speaks Out
Governor Gordon on Wyoming: We Are a People With Grit, Courage, and Kindness in Our Souls
Suspect Sought After Teen Stabbed at Cheyenne South High School
Private Citizens Hoping to Build 'Huge' Sports Center in Cheyenne


Try our Swiss fruit and vegetable box one time without any commitment.
Nothing more enjoyable than having the opportunity to eat fresh Swiss fruit and vegetable at any time of the day, which will bring vitality, positive thinking and energy to your entire team!
Our Swiss fruit and vegetable box is designed to visually communicate well-being within your company.
We vary the seasonal Swiss fruit and vegetable assortment each week.


text:
Gilbert Carrasquillo/GC Images/Getty Images
The 2020 Met Gala Is Coming To YouTube
"A Moment With The Met" will have a performance by Florence + The Machine and a DJ set by Virgil Abloh.
by Erika Harwood
The 2020 Met Gala isn't happening IRL on the usual first Monday in May, but you know Anna Wintour has something else up her sleeve for the big day. Vogue announced its exclusive YouTube livestream "A Moment With The Met," which will include a performance by Florence + The Machine and a DJ set by Virgil Abloh.
The night's event, which will begin streaming at 6 p.m. ET on May 4, will be dedicated to raising funds for both the Costume Institute and Vogue's A Common Thread initiative to help fund the fashion industry during the COVID-19 crisis.
"It would be impossible to recreate the gala on Monday evening, though I have loved hearing how so many are marking the occasion in their own ways," Wintour said. "So instead, I asked a few friends to join me for a simple moment — one that I hope will bring us all a bit of joy."
In the lead-up to the big virtual event, Vogue will be looking back at some of its favorite Met Gala moments with Naomi Campbell and Liz Koshy, along with new videos on Tuesday from Cardi B, Liv Tyler, Stella McCartney, and Jeremy Scott. Don't forget to put on your first Monday in May's finest before tuning into the livestream on Vogue's YouTube channel.
Caroline Polachek In KNWLS & More Party Photos You Missed
On The List (With Melissa Rich): How To Throw The Ultimate Apartment Party
A Bode Women's Line Is Coming
The Best Celebrity Fit Pics From Paris Men's Fashion Week
Style + Culture, delivered straight to your inbox.
Nylon Nights
FBTWIGPTYT
NYLON © 2023 BDG Media, Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
Q: C++ Linked list problem. i want to know why my output is correct. i think i didn't connect first node yet here is my code.
list of problems
1.if i write "std::cout << this->first->new_data << std::endl;" in function void printout it will get an error you can look in my code i comment it already BUT in while loop it can show output and it correct WHY???
2.I haven't connected to the first node yet but the output is correct.WHY??
please help.
#include <iostream>

class Node { //this class create node
public:
    int new_data = 0; //set default value
    Node* next = nullptr;

};

class linked_list { //Create linked list
public:
    Node *first; //represent the first node of linked list;
    Node *last; //represent the last node of linked list;

    linked_list() {// constructor assign default this value to NULL;
        this->first = NULL;
        this->last = new Node();
    }

    void pushback(int add_data); //create abstract class for write out side class;

    void printout() { //show the values of linked list;

        while (this->first != NULL) {
            std::cout << this->first->new_data << std::endl;
            this->first = this->first->next;
        }
        //std::cout << this->first->new_data << std::endl;<- this error/*Exception thrown: read                              access violation.this->first was nullptr.*/
        //std::cout << this->last->data << std::endl;<- this work
    }
};

void linked_list::pushback(int new_data) {//push from back function

    if (this->first == NULL) { // if 1st node is NULL do this
        Node* new_node = new Node(); /*create new_node assign value and connected to linked list*/
        new_node->new_data = new_data;
        new_node->next = NULL;
        this->first = new_node;
        this->last = new_node;
    }
    else {
        Node* new_node = new Node(); /*create new_node assign value and connected to linked list*/
        new_node->new_data = new_data;
        new_node->next = this->last;
        this->last->next = new_node;
        this->last = new_node;
        this->last->next = NULL;

    }

}

int main()
{
    linked_list a;
    a.pushback(3);
    a.pushback(9);
    a.pushback(6);
    a.pushback(66);
    a.pushback(77);
    a.pushback(99);
    a.pushback(10000);
    a.pushback(10001);
    a.printout();

}

I want someone explain it to me and i will be glad if you wrote an example code about how I can fix it.

A: Ok now i have solved the problem. Thank you for your comments and advice. I have studied about pointer and I quite understand. here is my code that i fixed. It might not be good but i think it is the best for me now.
#include <iostream>

class Node { //this class create node
public:
    int new_data; //set default value
    Node* next = nullptr;

};

class linked_list { //Create linked list
public:
    Node* first; //represent the first node of linked list;
    Node* last; //represent the last node of linked list;

    linked_list() {// constructor assign default this value to NULL;
        this->first = nullptr;
        //this->last = new Node();->DO NOT DO THIS BECAUSE IT WILL CREATE MEMORY LEAK ["new" keyword it allocate memory].
    }

    void pushback(int add_data); //create abstract class for write out side class;
    void insertfromfront(int add_data);

    void printout() { //show the values of linked list;

        while (this->first != nullptr) {
            std::cout << this->first->new_data << std::endl;
            this->first = this->first->next;
        }

    }
};

void linked_list::pushback(int new_data) {//push from back function

    if (this->first == nullptr) { // if 1st node is NULL do this
        Node* new_node = new Node(); /*create new_node assign value and connected to linked list*/
        new_node->new_data = new_data;
        new_node->next = nullptr;
        this->first = new_node;
        this->last = new_node;//this is for connect the node.
        /*std::cout << "an adress of value of new_node " << &new_node << std::endl;
        std::cout << "an dress of new_node " << new_node << std::endl;
        std::cout << "adress values of first " << this->first << std::endl;
        std::cout << "address value of last " << this->last << std::endl;
        std::cout << "address first " << &this->first << std::endl;
        std::cout << "address last " << &this->last << std::endl;*/

    }
    else {
        Node* new_node = new Node(); /*create new_node assign value and connected to linked list*/
        new_node->new_data = new_data;
        new_node->next = nullptr;
        this->last->next = new_node;//this is for connect the node
        this->last = new_node;//this put tail to the last of linked list.

    }

}

int main()
{
    linked_list a;
    std::cout << "Adress of a " << &a << std::endl;

    /*a.pushback(3);
    a.pushback(9);
    a.pushback(6);
    a.pushback(66);
    a.pushback(77);
    a.pushback(99);
    a.pushback(10000);
    a.pushback(10001);*/
    a.printout();
}