text:
<?php
/**
 * Created by PhpStorm.
 * User: wodrow
 * Date: 12/1/16
 * Time: 11:44 AM
 */

namespace common\assets;

use yii\web\AssetBundle;
use yii\web\JqueryAsset;
use yii\web\YiiAsset;
use Zelenin\yii\SemanticUI\assets\SemanticUICSSAsset;
use Zelenin\yii\SemanticUI\assets\SemanticUIJSAsset;

/**
 * Class Semantic
 * @package common\assets
 *
 * php composer.phar require zelenin/yii2-semantic-ui "~2" at first
 *
\Yii::$container->set(\yii\grid\GridView::className(), \Zelenin\yii\SemanticUI\widgets\GridView::className());
\Yii::$container->set(\yii\widgets\ActiveForm::className(), \Zelenin\yii\SemanticUI\widgets\ActiveForm::className());
\Yii::$container->set(\yii\bootstrap\ActiveForm::className(), \Zelenin\yii\SemanticUI\widgets\ActiveForm::className());
\Yii::$container->set(\yii\widgets\Breadcrumbs::className(), \Zelenin\yii\SemanticUI\collections\Breadcrumb::className());
\Yii::$container->set(\yii\grid\CheckboxColumn::className(), \Zelenin\yii\SemanticUI\widgets\CheckboxColumn::className());
 */
class Semantic extends AssetBundle
{
    public function init()
    {
        parent::init();
        $this->depends = [
            YiiAsset::className(),
            JqueryAsset::className(),
            SemanticUICSSAsset::className(),
            SemanticUIJSAsset::className(),
        ];
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
why pie?
This year marks the 9th Annual Sarabande Pie Party celebrating student poets from our home state of Kentucky. And what better way to celebrate, here in the land of the Derby Pie, than with a full spread: shepherd to classic apple, pizza pie to pie-pop?
about the flo Gault Poetry Prize
Since 2006, we have been proud to sponsor the Flo Gault Poetry Prize in memory of Flo Gault and with generous support by the Gault family. Each year, we receive hundreds of poems from undergraduate students enrolled in Kencucky schools.
The first prize winner receives $500 and a letterpress broadside of the winning poem. Second and third prize winners will receive $200 and $100, respectively.
This year's winners
First Prize: "mother tongue" by Tiwaladeoluwa Adekunle (University of Kentucky)
Second: "how to turn on a man" by Hallie Beard (Murray State University)
Third: "If I Were Hemingway's Girl" by Adrian Sanders (Western Kentucky University)
Honorable Mentions: "Her" by Michaela Miller (WKU), "Love Song" by Bridget Yates (WKU), "Somalia Sleeps" by Yvonne Johnson (UK), "A Proper Lady" by Iman Zaghariet (WKU), "Breadworks, 6:00-close" by Clare Hagan (Bellarmine University)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Need help in selfjoin in Hibernate please consider following class:
class A{
   @Column(name="ID")
   int id;

   @Column(name="CODE")
   String code;

   @Column(name="NAME")
   String name;

   @Column(name="ID2")
   int id2;

   @Transient
   @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY, optional = true)
   @JoinColumns({ @JoinColumn(name = "CODE"), @JoinColumn(name = "ID2") })
   @Where(clause="parent.name is NULL")
   A parent;

   public A getParent(){
      this.parent;
   }
}

I need to retrieve the parent of object based on those conditions:
above code does not work and would you please help me out to solve it.
P.S: Parent sql query alike:
select b.* from A a inner join A b
on a.code = b.code
and a.id2 = b.id2
where b.name is null;

A: you can use @JoinFormula instead
@JoinFormula and @OneToMany definition - poor documentation
or if you want to do parent/child relationship in one table
Hibernate: Parent/Child relationship in a single-table
http://viralpatel.net/blogs/hibernate-self-join-annotations-one-to-many-mapping/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Missy Elliott Goes Back In Time In 'Why I Still Love You'
Home A Soulful Noise
Melinda Doolittle Is 'Coming Back to You' Next Year
October 30, 2008 | 4:45 pm
And now for some good news from a former American Idol finalist. This from Season 6 contestant Melinda Doolittle, who came in third place behind both eventual winner Jordin Sparks and runner-up Blake Lewis in the annual popularity contest competition. Her debut disc, entitled Coming Back to You, will finally be given the green light this coming January, with the lead single being "It's Your Love." Ms. Doolittle, who most likely was in a state of flux with production companies not knowing how to compartmentalize her sound for the longest, was no doubt helped by the current boon of artists going with the now-popular "retro" sound. And, if the single is any indication, we should expect a lot of that on her new disc. According to a recent interview posted here, Melinda says the single was originally part of the Motown catalog that was given away when the catalog was split. Her new label, Hi-Fi Recordings, now owns the catalog. Check after the bounce for a snippet of the song. [NCG/MJB]
TAGS: american idol", jordin sparks, melinda doolittle
Previous: Is There A Way To Make Sure This Dumbass Never Sells Records Again? Next: Bilal Vs. D'Angelo: 'Can't Hide Love' Round Two
Jordin Sparks & Elijah Blake Offer Us Their 'Real Love'
This Week In SoulBounce: Teairra Mari Gets Caught Out There, Jordin Sparks Welcomes Baby Boy, A New Prince Album To Arrive Via Tidal & More
This Week In SoulBounce: Jordin Sparks Is A Married Woman, Eve Is In For 'The Talk,' Jennifer Hudson Splits From Her Fiancé & More
La'Porsha Renae Lays Down The Law On 'Good Woman'
Your Spirit Will Be Lifted Thanks To The 'Greenleaf' Soundtrack
Hot 16: Celebrity Selector Kindred The Family Soul Share & Inspire '#RelationshipGoals'
I like her actually. She's got talent and personality. I may have to check out her finished product.-QH
GriotLori
Thanks for the soul bounce for Our Girl, Melinda! On our recent Moments With Melinda, found on blogtalkradio.com (#4 of the series), Melinda gave all of her fans an update on the debut CD, what she's been up to lately and even took calls. I heard some of the cuts while in Nashville for Melinda's solo debut at the 2008 Summer J.A.M. and Ken Barnes (USAToday IdolChatter) is on the money this time - "Melinda delivers a scorcher"! Anyone who has ever heard Melinda knows that is 100%-accurate! Our Girl is genuinely a down-to-earth person and would never brag or go the 'diva-route', so allow me to sound the trumpet: Melinda is about to show the fix-it-with-Pro Tools singers that you should never send a girl to do a W-O-M-A-N's job! 😉
Join us at her Street Team website and be a part of music history!
Louise7
Good news for you Melinda Doolittle fans! She's set to release her debut album titled, Coming Back to You on Hi-Fi Recordings in January 09. Produced by Grammy-nominated producer Mike Mangini (Joss Stone, Run DMC, The Jonas Brothers), Coming Back to You was recorded with a team of live musicians in Nashville and New York City.
The first single, "It's Your Love" will be released to radio in October.
"Keep yourself updated with Melinda's career at melindasbackups.
melindasbackups.com is a web site owned by Melinda Doolittle. Melinda's Backups™ is a non-profit supportive association inspired by Melinda and authorized by her to operate this web site on behalf of her fans.
November 7, 2008 • 10:45 am
Melinda's CD "Coming Back to You" is now available for pre-ordering at Amazon!
http://www.amazon.com/Coming-Back-You-Melinda-Doolittle/dp/B001K98M8M/ref=sr_1_
Come visit the Melinda Doolittle Street Team site http://www.mdstreetteam.com and help in our goal to "spread the word" with special assignments and projects.
Hi i am one of her backups (fan) Melinda are a wonderful person. DId you know that Melinda own a website for her Fans? melindasbackups. website you are all welcome to join us and support your number 1#
FREE SONG FROM AMERICAN IDOL'S MELINDA DOOLITTLE! GO TO http://www.melindadoolittle.com and get it NOW - FREE! New album released on February 3, 2009! Don't miss it!
January 12, 2009 • 4:47 am
"FREE SONG FROM AMERICAN IDOL'S MELINDA DOOLITTLE! GO TO http://www.melindadoolittle.com and get it NOW - FREE! New album released on February 3, 2009! Don't miss it!
January 12, 2009 • 11:21 am
Free song from American Idol's Melinda Doolittle!! New album "Coming Back to You" released on February 3, 2009!
You don't have to wait to hear the album's title track - you can download it for free on Melinda's website now! Don't miss it! Go to http://www.melindadoolittle.com
Weezzy7
Melinda Doolittle in her first-evern Nightclub engagement
November 17-21, New york City
more info at melindadoolittle (dot) com
Melinda live. Something not to be missed!


text:
Barcelona Sign Aleix Vidal On A 5-year Deal From Sevilla
Gernot Rohr Reveals Who Is Better Between Lionel Messi And Diego Maradona
A Round Up Of Nigerian Football In 2020
"Manchester United Is One Of The World's Biggest Clubs" – Ex-International Advises Odion Ighalo As Old Trafford Spell Draws Closer To An End
Barcelona have signed Sevilla's right-wing player Aleix Vidal on a 5-year deal for a fee of €10 million.
The Sevilla winger is now a Barca player after both teams reached a deal for a transfer to the Camp Nou believed to be worth around €10 million, Catalan based newspaper Sport claim.
The 25-year old is a versatile player who can play anywhere in the right wing be it as a fullback, a midfielder or a winger and he is set to sign a 5-year deal with the Catalan club although Sport suggest the deal will be announced next week.
Barcelona are still serving a transfer ban and will not be able to register the player. He will be allowed to train with the club but will not play any game for them be it official or unofficial until the ban is over in January 2016.
As Barcelona's right back Dani Alves is likely to leave this summer, the club have snapped a perfect replacement. Vidal is renowned for his versatility and speed and can pull off accurate crosses and powerful long shots from almost anywhere on the pitch.
Vidal is Catalan and is farmiliar with the Barca-culture. He has already helped Sevilla win the Europa League this season.
His 6 goals and 9 assists as well as his impressive performance for Sevilla this season has not gone unnoticed as he was handed his first international call-up by National team's coach Vicente del Bosque.
His abilities are tremendous as he is a powerful and aggressive playmaker. Let us hope he succeeds. Welcome Vidal!
Tags: Aleix VidalDani AlvesNewsTransfers


The third of Steve's five favorite low-risk stock funds: This hidden gem hates to lose money.
Note: Most investors couldn't care less about beating the market. They want solid returns from funds that will hold up well in awful markets. This is the third of five columns on my favorite low-risk stock funds.
Tom Forester is a belt-and-suspenders investor. Just look at his record. The most Forester Value Fund (symbol FVALX) has ever lost in a calendar year: 5.2% in 2007. That was the fund's only down year since its inception in 1999. It even squeaked out a 0.4% gain in 2008, when Standard & Poor's 500-stock index lost 37.0%. For the entire 2007-2009 bear market, the fund shed only 22.7%, compared with the S&P 500's 55.3% plunge.
Forester Value has proved that slow and steady wins the race. Over the past ten years through September 12, the fund returned an annualized 5.1%. That's an average of 2.5 percentage points per year better than the S&P 500. In the 2000-2002 bear market, the fund gained 13.8%, compared with the index's 47.4% decline. Year-to-date through September 12, the fund is down 0.3%, compared with the S&P's 6.3% decline.
How does Forester do it? First, he's not afraid to hold cash. His cash stash varies depending on the stock market's valuation and his views on big-picture risks. Because he's worried about the U.S. and European economies and "the ability of central banks and governments to do anything about it," he currently has 20% of his fund's assets in cash. He sees a 50-50 chance of a new recession. "There's a fair amount of risk out there," he says.
Next, he buys puts -- options that give the fund the right, but not the obligation, to sell S&P stock futures at a preset price. They pay off when the market falls. Like his cash levels, Forester's investments in puts vary. He currently insures about 20% of the fund with puts.
Finally, he buys low-risk stocks. He invests in large, slow-growing companies that sell at low prices relative to their earnings and other key measures. On average, the stocks in his fund sell at 12 times analysts' anticipated earnings for the coming 12 months. The portfolio also trades at less than one times revenues for the previous 12 months.
Forester fishes in placid waters. One fourth of his holdings are makers of consumer necessities, 18% are in health care and 6% are utilities. These classic defensive sectors account for half of the fund's stock portfolio.
Forester also favors dividend-paying stocks. On average, his stocks yield 2.7%, according to Morningstar. But because of all of his cash, which yields essentially zero, and because those puts cost money, the fund yields just 0.7% after its 1.25% expense ratio.
Among Forester's stock holdings: Johnson & Johnson (JNJ), Kimberly-Clark (KMB) and Kroger (KR). No stock is completely safe, but even in a recession, people are still going to buy medicines, tissues and groceries.
Wal-Mart Stores (WMT) is another favorite. "Their customers have already felt the brunt of the recession," Forester says. At 11 times estimated earnings for the next 12 months, a lot of bad news is already priced into the stock.
Forester also likes some of the beaten-down technology giants, such as Microsoft (MSFT) and Hewlett-Packard (HPQ). Microsoft currently trades at eight times estimated earnings for the next 12 months, while Hewlett, whose stock tanked recently after its management said it wants to get out of the personal-computer business, sells for a mere five times earnings.
As with any fund, of course, this one is not without risks. First, it's almost certain to lag in bull markets. More worrisome, figuring how much to hold in cash and to invest in puts is "more art than science," as Forester readily admits. Few investors can do it well consistently. But it's hard to argue with Forester's long-term results.
Despite the fund's outstanding record, it holds only $175 million in assets. That should change. This isn't a fund for everyone, but for cautious investors, it's a fine pick.
Note: Come back next week for the the fourth installment of a five-column series on my favorite low-risk stock funds. Or sign up for an E-mail alert to be notified of all my new columns as soon as they're available.
Steven T. Goldberg (bio) is an investment adviser in the Washington, D.C. area. He owns shares of Johnson & Johnson. Clients own those two stocks as well as Microsoft.


text:
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This collection of more than 300 books, book covers, and individual graphic designs shows the scope and development of the eclectic design talent of George Salter. George Salter is recognized as one of the most creative forces in modern book design. His innovative work, done for publishers during the Weimar ...
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The Leo Baeck Institute's extensive periodicals collection was an integral part of LBI's original collection and was built up from scratch by the Institute's founders in the post-war era. The periodicals collection was first described by Max Kreutzberger in the Institute's earliest published catalog issued in 1970. Kreutzberger wrote that ...
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myscience.org › news › News 2019 › Opinion: Depression - men far more at risk than women in deprived areas
Opinion: Depression - men far more at risk than women in deprived areas - 27.11.19
Opinion: Depression - men far more at risk than women in deprived areas
Social Sciences | Health
For our researchers
Deprivation affects men and women differently, writes Olivia Remes, PhD candidate at the Cambridge Institute of Public Health, with men more likely to experience depression.
Depression is a major cause of disability around the world , and if left untreated, can lead to substance abuse , anxiety and suicide.
Major depressive disorder is a particular form of the condition which affects many people, potentially causing loss of pleasure in activities that once used to bring joy. It can also lead to feelings of worthlessness, imbalances such as oversleeping or insomnia, and trigger thoughts of suicide. This is the condition we examined during our new study , which showed that living in a deprived area can lead to major depressive disorder in men, but not in women.
Before explaining these findings, it is important to provide some further background on this condition. There are certain factors which can place you at increased risk for major depression. Being diagnosed with a serious chronic ailment, such as diabetes or cancer, now or in the past, can increase your risk for it. As can experiences of trauma, such as physical or sexual abuse , or being raised in a dysfunctional family in which there was a high degree of marital discord.
These, however, are all individual factors - or personal circumstances - which can negatively affect your mental health. And most of the research on depression has indeed focused on such personal factors. But there are characteristics beyond the level of the individual - such as attributes of the communities in which we live - that can also have a profound effect on our mental well-being.
Read more: People with depression use language differently - here's how to spot it
Previous studies have shown that living in communities characterised as deprived can lead residents of those areas to rate their health as suboptimal and experience early death. Through our study, we wanted to know if living in a deprived area can also influence the mental health of men and women - even after accounting for personal circumstances. That is, even after you take people's socioeconomic status into account (in our study's case, education and social class), does a person's residential environment still affect their mental health?
The findings
To answer this question, we used data from one of Britain's longest-running studies on health, chronic diseases, and the way people live their lives: EPIC-Norfolk. This study was based on over 20,000 people who filled out detailed questionnaires on their mental health and medical history.
Respondents' postal codes were linked to the census to determine whether they lived in deprived communities. Five years after deprivation levels were measured, participants filled out a psychosocial questionnaire to determine whether they suffered from major depressive disorder. Using statistical techniques, the association between area deprivation and depression was examined while accounting for medical history, education, social class, and other important factors.
Our study showed that living in a deprived area does affect mental health - at least in men. In fact, we found that men living in the most deprived areas were 51% more likely to experience depression than those living in areas that were not deprived. Interestingly, the results did not reach statistical significance in women.
Our study did not set out to determine why this might be the case - and further research is now needed to do this. Nevertheless, it is possible that many men in the UK and other parts of the world still feel a primary responsibility to provide for and support their families.
Read more: Men feel stressed if their female partners earn more than 40% of household income - new research
A recent study investigating depression risks for men and women indicated that men are more affected by "failures at key instrumental tasks, such as expected work achievements and failures to provide adequately for the family".
Research shows that men seem to be more sensitive to certain stressors in their environment compared to women, such as those related to work and finances. Women's depression levels, on the other hand, are more influenced by stressors stemming from relationships and the social networks they are embedded in. Factors such as low parental warmth and low marital satisfaction, for example, can really affect women's mental health.
A great many factors may be behind this, but in the UK, men are three times more likely to die by suicide than women and so root causes as to why men are struggling should be investigated.
While women are at a lower risk of depression than men in deprived areas, other research shows that they are more likely to experience anxiety. Again, further work is needed on the effect of the residential environment on mental health from a gender perspective.
High numbers of people are living in deprivation around the world and depression is a leading cause of disability on a global scale. Knowing how men and women are affected by the hardship of living in deprivation can help focus mental health treatment, and this is a valuable step forward.
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text:
Nargis, de son vrai nom Fatima Rashid, est une actrice de cinéma indienne, née le . Sa mère, Jaddanbai, chanteuse, actrice et réalisatrice pionnière du cinéma indien, la fait débuter au cinéma dès 6 ans, dans Talashe Haq ; elle est alors créditée comme Baby Rani.

Elle se révèle dans les films de Raj Kapoor (surtout Aag, Barsaat et Awaara) avec qui elle entretient une liaison passionnée et forme un couple phare à l'écran. Elle arrive au sommet de sa carrière grâce au film Mother India de Mehboob Khan en 1956. C'est sur le tournage de ce film qu'elle rencontre celui qui devient son mari : la star indienne Sunil Dutt. Élevée en tant que musulmane de rite sunnite, elle s'est convertie à l'hindouisme pour pouvoir l'épouser. Ils ont un fils et deux filles. Son fils Sanjay Dutt est lui aussi acteur ; sa fille Priya Dutt est une femme politique.

Sa principale doublure voix sur les parties chantées est Lata Mangeshkar (la pratique du doublage est notoire et connue du public).

Nargis est morte le  et son mari en 2005.

Filmographie

1935 : Talashe Haq
1942 : Tamanna
1943 : Taqdeer
1945 : Bisvi Sadi
1945 : Humayun
1946 : Nargis
1947 : Mehandi
1948 : Aag de Raj Kapoor
1948 : Anjuman
1948 : Anokha Pyar
1948 : Mela
1948 : Andaaz de Mehboob Khan
1948 : Barsaat de Raj Kapoor
1948 : Darogaji
1948 : Lahore
1948 : Roomal
1950 : Aadhi Raat
1950 : Babul
1950 : Chhoti Bhabbi
1950 : Jan Pahchan
1950 : Jogan
1950 : Khel
1950 : Meena Bazaar
1950 : Pyaar
1951 : Awaara de Raj Kapoor
1951 : Deedar
1951 : Hulchul
1951 : Pyar Ki Baaten
1951 : Saagar
1951 : Amber
1951 : Anhonee
1951 : Ashiana
1951 : Bewafa
1951 : Sheesha
1953 : Aah de Raja Nawathe
1953 : Dhoon
1953 : Paapi
1953 : Shikast
1954 : Angarey
1955 : Shree 420 de Raj Kapoor
1956 : Chori Chori d'Anant Thakur
1956 : Jagte Raho
1957 : Mother India
1957 : Le Voyage des trois mers (Pardesi) de Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
1958 : Adalat
1958 : Ghar Sansar
1958 : Lajwanti
1964 : Yaadein
1967 : Raat Aur Din

Distinctions
1958 : Filmfare Award pour son rôle dans Mother India

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Nom de scène
Actrice indienne
Actrice et femme politique
Actrice de Bollywood
Filmfare Award de la meilleure actrice
Naissance en juin 1929
Naissance à Calcutta
Naissance dans la présidence du Bengale
Décès en mai 1981
Décès à Bombay
Décès à 51 ans
Mort d'un cancer du pancréas
Mort d'un cancer en Inde
Mononyme
Lauréat d'un National Film Award (Inde)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Order of elements in soapUI request I have a wcf application  with 2 operation contracts with [XmlSerializerFormat]  and remaining in the default [DataContractFormat].
In both cases I am using data contracts for requests and response and specify order of properties like
       [DataMember(Order = 10)]
   public string Tel
   {
       get;                  // in [DataContractFormat] method
       set;
   }

and
         [System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute(Form = System.Xml.Schema.XmlSchemaForm.Qualified, Order = 11)]
    public string Taxi
    {
        get;                      // in  [XmlSerializerFormat] method
        set;
    }

I use SoapUI for testing. When I change the order of elements in request:
1) [DataContractFormat] methods work as expected.
2) [XmlSerializerFormat] methods produce non standard results.
    I have read a few  articles related to this issue( 1.blog 2.so question 3.another blog)
but could not understand properly. How do I get both types to work similarly?
Thank you

A: It would seem that so answer
 is the way to go about it. i.e to use the order in the default schema of api request


text:
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Home » SPONSORED BY GE Healthcare
Lee Ann Jarousse
Rethinking Risk
What is Your Single Biggest Risk in Cybersecurity?
By Lee Ann Jarousse, Senior Editor, H&HN
The following is a summation of Douglas W. Hubbard's remarks at GE's "Strategies for Success in the U.S. Health Care Market," by H&HN editors who attended the event.
Many organizations may say their biggest cybersecrity threat is their employees, new technology or perhaps even vendors or organized crime. But the single biggest risk is probably something even more fundamental: how your organization assesses risk. If your risk-assessment process is flawed, that impacts everything else you're doing in risk management.
"Your organization's biggest risk in cybersecurity, or anything else, is flawed risk assessment," Hubbard said.
I call risk assessment a type of "apex" process. An apex process is an executive-level activity that directly influences most other processes. For example, you have to prioritize projects within your organization. If you have a hard time prioritizing projects, what should your priority be? It should be learning how to effectively prioritize projects.
However, even though such apex processes as portfolio prioritization or risk assessment are so critical, their performance is rarely measured even in organizations that diligently measure other processes. Even if an organization routinely measures its return on projects, measures performance and assesses risks, it probably doesn't know the performance of project selection, performance metrics or risk-assessment processes themselves. Do you know the ROI on your project management method, investment approval process, or risk management itself?
Consider what is perhaps the most widely used risk-assessment tool: the risk matrix, sometimes called a heat map. Clearly, it is meant to have some bearing on a lot of key decisions in the organizations that use it. So it would seem important to know the performance of this method in terms of the measured improvement compared with its costs. Yet, even though these methods are sometimes called a "best practice," that doesn't mean proponents actually measured the performance of this method.
Ideally, we should base best practices on deliberate experiments run to compare one method against another, like what is done in drug trials. This is important because, just as with new drugs, there appears to be a type of placebo effect in analysis. Too often, just by going through a structured and formal process, people will feel better about their estimates. Some people even view a structured and formal process as a positive attribute of their methodology. But merely feeling more confident in your decisions is not the goal. The goal of a decision-analysis process is that your decisions are, in fact, measurably improved.
Fortunately, measurements like this already have been done for critical components of these methods. The measured components include the performance of estimates coming from your subject matter experts, how those estimates are used, how empirical data are used, and how decisions are ultimately optimized based on these inputs. The component that may have been measured the most is the performance of the subject matter experts themselves. It has been shown that there are several ways to improve decision-making just by managing certain types of errors that are common to virtually all experts and decision-makers. Here are just a few examples:
• Research has shown that we are overconfident in their estimations; in other words, our chance of being right is much less than we think.
• We are also highly inconsistent in our estimates of risks. Measurements done by Hubbard Decision Research showed that, on average, random inconsistency accounted for 21 percent of the variation in expert judgment.
• In addition to random variations in estimates of risk, how much risk we are willing to accept also changes due to irrelevant external factors. Studies have shown how emotional states and even simply being shown smiling faces can have a significant but unconscious influence on risk tolerance.
• Finally, assessing risk is ultimately about dealing with probabilities, and people often have difficulty dealing with probability intuitively. Numerous types of cognitive errors have been documented and, without doing the math, most decision-makers are likely to commit these errors in regard to major risk-management decisions.
So, how does the most popular risk-assessment method — the risk matrix — address these issues? It doesn't. It even appears to add new errors. Tony Cox Jr., who holds a Ph.D. in risk analysis from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, probably has studied risk matrices more than anyone else, and he has concluded that risk matrices are often "worse than useless." Worse than useless means that organizations have spent time and money and actually implemented these frameworks, making decisions that are worse than they would have been otherwise.
Fortunately, research also points to methods that control for these errors and improve overall performance. For our book, "How to Measure Anything in Cybersecurity Risk," Richard Seiersen and I interviewed more than 170 cybersecurity professionals and asked them 86 questions, including whether they had experienced any actual data breaches within the past three years, and how they assess risk. We found that if the professionals could compute the probability of different levels of losses, they observed fewer breaches. Even though this result is statistically very strong, if this were the only evidence I had, I wouldn't put too much stock in it. But this finding also happens to agree with a lot of other research showing that even simple statistical models are outperforming human experts in fields as wide-ranging as the outcomes of sporting events, prognosis of kidney disease and the failure rates of businesses.
The good news is that we don't have to invent anything new. The methods that work best are, unsurprisingly, those that have been used by actuaries for decades or longer. Doing the math lets us estimate a return on risk mitigation and prioritize risk-management approaches. In contrast, we don't know how to do the math for red, yellow and green, and high, medium and low. What's more valuable — moving four medium risks to a low risk or one high risk to a medium risk? Some object to this approach, arguing that actuaries have the luxury of lots of data points in their analysis. This is inaccurate. You need less data than you think and you have more than you think.
To summarize, here are things we need to do to make progress in assessing risk. First, our risk-assessment language ought to start using the language of probabilities. Declaring something is merely "unlikely" or that the risk is "medium" is not a meaningful basis for critical decisions. Second, base your method on components that have been shown to work in a properly measured test. Again, your organization's biggest risk in cybersecurity, or anything else, is flawed risk assessment.
Review the full supplement, "Strategies for Success in the U.S. Health Care Market."
Douglas Hubbard is President of Hubbard Decision Research.
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News > Cancer trials > Adjuvant capecitabine improves survival in patients with early breast cancer
Adjuvant capecitabine improves survival in patients with early breast cancer
May 2022 Cancer trials Andrea Enguita
Capecitabine is approved for the treatment of advanced breast cancer, but not for adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer. The randomised FinXX trial evaluated the addition of capecitabine to an adjuvant chemotherapy regimen consisting of docetaxel, followed by cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and fluorouracil. After a median follow-up of 15 years, the capecitabine-containing regimen significantly improved overall survival compared with docetaxel-cyclophosphamide and epirubicin plus fluorouracil.
Adjuvant chemotherapy improves overall survival (OS) of patients with early breast cancer, but the benefit depends on the type and intensity of chemotherapy. Capecitabine is an oral prodrug of fluorouracil, approved for the treatment of advanced breast cancer but not for the (neo)adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer. Recent findings indicate that the addition of capecitabine to standard adjuvant chemotherapy prolongs disease-free survival. In preclinical models, agents such as docetaxel, paclitaxel, and cyclophosphamide increase cancer thymidine phosphorylase concentration. This potentially leads to improved conversion of capecitabine to fluorouracil within the tumour, suggesting that concomitant administration of capecitabine with such drugs improves efficacy compared with single-agent capecitabine. The randomised FinXX trial evaluated the addition of capecitabine (X) to an adjuvant chemotherapy regimen consisting of docetaxel (T), followed by cyclophosphamide (C), epirubicin (E), and fluorouracil (F).
The Finland Capecitabine Trial (FinXX) is a randomised, open-label, multicentre trial that evaluates the integration of capecitabine to an adjuvant chemotherapy regimen containing a taxane and an anthracycline for the treatment of early breast cancer. Eligible patients had to be adults with invasive breast cancer, had a WHO performance status < 2 and a time interval between breast surgery and the date of random assignment ≤ 12 weeks. The axillary lymph nodes were required to contain cancer (pN-positive), or when cancer was node-negative (pN0), the tumour diameter had to be ≥ 20 mm and cancer progesterone receptor (PR) expression-negative. No distant metastases were allowed in the staging examinations. The patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to either TX-CEX, consisting of three cycles of docetaxel (T) plus capecitabine (X) followed by three cycles of cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and capecitabine (CEX), or to T-CEF, consisting of three cycles of docetaxel followed by three cycles of cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and fluorouracil (CEF).
A total of 1,500 patients were accrued between January 2004 and May 2007 and randomly assigned to either the capecitabine arm (TX-CEX) or the control arm (T-CEF). After five patients were excluded from the intention-to-treat population, the TX-CEX and the T-CEF group comprised 751 and 744 patients, respectively. Most patients (76.4%) had ER-positive cancer, and 18.9% had HER-2 positive cancer. The data collection for OS was locked on December 31, 2020. By this date, the median follow-up time of the patients alive was 15.3 years in the TX-CEX group and 15.4 years in the T-CEF group. During this period, 25.1% of the patients died: 171 (22.8%) in the TX-CEX group and 204 (27.4%) in the T-CEF group. OS was significantly longer in the TX-CEX group compared to the T-CEF group (HR[95%CI]: 0.81[0.66-0.99], p= 0.037). The 15-year survival rate was 77.6% in the TX-CEX group and 73.3% in the T-CEF group.
Furthermore, subgroup analyses revealed that patients with ER-negative cancer and those with HER2-negative cancer treated with TX-CEX tended to live longer than those treated with T-CEF. When four subgroups were formed using cancer steroid hormone receptor status (ER-positive and/or PR-positive vs. ER-negative and PR-negative) and HER2 status (positive vs. negative), patients with triple-negative cancer (TNBC) tended to survive longer when treated with TX-CEX, whereas little survival benefit was observed in the three other subgroups. However, no significant interactions were detected between the study treatments and the subgroups.
During a median patient follow-up time of fifteen years, the addition of capecitabine to a chemotherapy regimen that included docetaxel, cyclophosphamide, and epirubicin improved OS in patients with early breast cancer. These results suggest that adjuvant capecitabine-containing chemotherapy could be considered for some patients with early breast cancer. In predefined subgroup analyses, patients with ER-negative cancer, HER2-negative cancer, and TNBC tended to benefit most from capecitabine-containing chemotherapy, but the subgroup analyses need to be interpreted with caution.
Joensuu H, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P-L, Huovinen R, et al. Adjuvant Capecitabine for Early Breast Cancer: 15-Year Overall Survival Results From a Randomized Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(10):1051-8.


The February 2013 seminar in the book-collecting series organised jointly by the Institute of English Studies (London University) and the Rare Book Society was given by Laurence Worms of Ash Rare Books, then president of the Antiquarian Booksellers' Association. Laurence Worms lectures annually at the London Rare Books School and has contributed at various times to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, the Oxford Companion to the Book, the Cambridge History of the Book in Britain and to the University of Chicago Press History of Cartography. His own British Map Engravers (co-authored with Ashley Baynton-Williams) appeared to critical acclaim in 2011.
He has also dealt in maps of London for over forty years. The seminar examined the history of London maps both in general and specifically in collecting terms – maps of London great and small, maps of the whole of London, maps of its constituent parts, the makers of those maps, and their evolving styles and purposes.
The seminar took place at 6pm on Tuesday 12 February 2013 in Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU.


AZORES: Yoga, Nature & Nurture Adventure May 13-19, 2019.
The Azores, Sao Miguel Island…described as a blend of Hawaii and Ireland, with tastes and culture of Europe. Its dramatic scenery, volcanic cliffs and beaches, beautiful rolling hills make it is MUST SEE destination. It is lush, green and off the beaten path. It is Europe meets the Tropics.
The Azores are an outdoor lovers paradise. So rich in breathtaking scenery with incredible hikes to volcanic rims, rolling hills like Ireland, hot springs, tidal pools, fabulous deserted black and white sand beaches, surfing, biking and of course yoga. Sao Miguel is the largest Azores Island (Portuguese), located in the Atlantic about an hour flight from Lisbon, Portugal and about 5 hours (direct flight) from Boston, USA. It provides plenty of culture with the European feel, yet very much its own place.
It is in the Top 10 most SUSTAINABLE PLACES IN THE WORLD, which means its really clean, the food is the freshest and delicious, local wines and liquors from their vineyards, mostly everything is locally sourced and organic.
Expect Spring-like temperatures in the 50's and 60's – perfect for outdoor adventuring and exploring. The weather in the Azores is sub-tropical and often unpredictable, that is what keeps it so lush, like jurasic park and creating those amazing rainbows! There will be plenty of adventures and truly getting to experience the Azorean way with our retreat hosts.
We will be staying at Quinta Minuvida Orchard Lodge,which is surrounded by gardens and fruit orchards. There is a swimming pool, fire-pit, observatory tower and plenty of private areas for relaxation. All accommodations feature lovingly renovated suites, each unique and gorgeous, with its own private bathroom. It is centrally located, only 15 minutes from the airport and about 30 minutes from most attractions. We are close to beaches, walking trails, hotsprings and bike paths, not to mention the largest fishing port in the Azores. Yoga room is equipped with mats and props. Click here for more photos of Quinta Minuvida and its grounds.
– Roundtrip airport transfers from Ponta Delgada Airport (PDL) to Quinta Minuvida and back (about a 15 minute ride each way).
– Airfare to Ponta Delgada (PDL) – we will provide you with info on which exact flights to book.
€300 deposit (non-refundable) is required. Full payment is due November 1 2018 .


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Driving climate action at Wales Climate Week 2020
* RE100 | The Climate Group, Corporate sourcing of renewable energy
Wales may be a small nation, but we have big ambition, writes Lesley Griffiths MS, Minister for Environment, Energy and Rural Affairs, Welsh Government
Wales may be a small nation, but we have big ambition. Over the last 20 years Wales has been leading action in ensuring sustainability begins not just at home, but in our global actions. Wales was the first fair trade nation and one of the first countries to link their legislation to the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. Earlier this month, we hosted a series of events aimed at tackling the climate emergency and looking at what Wales can do to play its part.
'Wales Climate Week' took place around the original date for the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow and it starts the countdown to the rescheduled event as well as the publication of our next All Wales Low Carbon Delivery Plan (LCDP2) in 2021, showing the world we are ready to play our part.
The pandemic has forced us to change our plans for the conference however our commitment remains unchanged. Instead of a one-day in-person event we held a full week of virtual events, open to all. Over 2200 people signed up to the website for the week, over 80 speakers 50 case studies and we have taken our pledges, which are our seeds for action for the All Wales Plan, to over 70.
We can only achieve this by working together right across our communities in Wales, with all nations of the UK and Europe, and through cooperation with nations in the global North and global South.
One of the most significant ways Wales is already taking action on climate change is through our role in the Under2 Coalition. We are proud to be founding members and see it grow into the largest global network of states and regions committed to reducing emissions in line with the Paris Agreement. 220 governments now make up the Coalition, which represents 43% of the world's economy.
Wales has been an active member of the Under2 Coalition since 2015 and is now also a member of its Steering Group for 2020-2022. In this position we will be helping to set the Coalition's aspirations and goals and pushing for more climate ambition at national level around the world.
Since 2014 we have been taking part in the Climate Group's Global States and Regions Annual Disclosure process – where states and regions report on their climate actions and targets. This is a vital part of cutting emissions, because it is impossible to cut without knowing which sectors are contributing the most. As part of the Under2 Coalition's "Tracking to Action" peer forums, hosted by the Climate Footprint Project, we recently shared with other regions how Wales is tracking policies, activities and emissions to understand the mix more accurately.
We're taking part in ambitious projects to find solutions to climate change and drive down greenhouse gas emissions across the world. As part of the Industry Transition Platform we're looking at ways to cut emissions from industry while supporting growth, job creation and prosperity. This month we contributed to the group's report 'Fostering Disruptive Innovation Opportunities', which aims to build relationships between government and the private sector and help make the most of current technologies, policies and financial support. As part of our week, we highlighted this important group with input from North Rhine-Westphalia.
Wales is also committed to helping less developed regions to work on climate change when they may not have the resources or funds to do so. Through the Under2 Coalition's Future Fund we are supporting these regions so that they can join international climate networks, participate in high level meetings and develop their abilities to mitigate the effects of climate change. We have also been involved with a peer learning secondment with São Paulo, exchanging information and ideas. To date, the Fund has supported 51 regions across 10 countries and is making a real impact where it's needed most.
Wales Climate Week has been an opportunity to reflect on our environment, together, at just the right time. As the world continues to deal with the effects of COVID-19 it becomes ever clearer that we need to build a more resilient society that protects what we value the most. So many people have developed a broader appreciation for nature and our climate in lockdown and momentum is building to do things better.
As 2020 draws to a close we will be looking to the year ahead and the actions we can take in this Climate Decade to keep global temperature rises well below 2°C. Wales will continue to work with its partners to make tackling climate change a priority for national governments in the lead up to COP26 and beyond. We have an opportunity now to make a positive change, and we must seize this opportunity together.
Article originally published by RE100 The Climate Week. Read the original article here.
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Virginia Beach man charged with entering U.S. Capitol during riots turns himself in
Virginia Beach School Board appointee won't take seat after racist, sexist Facebook posts surface
By Mike Connors
School Board members on Wednesday acknowledged they made a mistake after their top choice to fill a vacancy backed out over racist and sexist posts on his Facebook page.
Board members said they did not become aware of the offensive content on social media until after they appointed Mike Mullins, a 62-year-old retired firefighter, to the Rose Hall District. In an emergency meeting on Wednesday, less than 24 hours later, they accepted Mullins' withdrawal from consideration and decided not to select a new member until May 28.
"Obviously we had a lapse there, and it won't happen again," Kimberly Melnyk, the board's vice chairwoman, said after the meeting.
The board's appointment came after the Rose Hall seat became vacant more than a month ago when a judge ruled that Joel McDonald, who served from 2013 until this spring, vacated the position when he moved out of the district.
In a unanimous vote, nine board members had chosen Mullins to serve until a special election takes place in November. He was picked over two other finalists, Jessica Owens and Seko Varner.
Shortly after Tuesday's vote, Facebook posts from a page with Mullins' name began swirling on social media. Some were sexually inappropriate in nature, vulgar or touched on controversial racial issues.
This is one of the Facebook posts that began circulating on social media after the Virginia Beach School Board chose Mike Mullins to serve the Rose Hall District on May 21, 2019. The post, which appears to be from Mike Mullins, drew swift criticism. Mullins withdrew his candidacy on May 22, 2019. (Screenshots of Facebook posts)
One post, which appeared to be shared, was a photo of white supremacist Dylann Roof holding a Confederate battle flag. Roof was convicted of fatally shooting nine African Americans in a South Carolina church in 2015. The photo appeared above another one of Roof holding an American flag on fire. The comments above the photo said: "One is freedom of expression and the other ... is not? How about the president yesterday. Someone studied in political science did not recall that the civil war was over states rights. Not slavery. Get a life."
Another post showed a picture of the Confederate battle flag above two photos of people with their pants down wiping their backsides with the American flag. Over the images, it says, "If you're offended by this and not this congratulations you are what's wrong with America." The comment on the shared post said: "Fact my friends. When will you blame the offender and quit making excuses."
Another post shared from a radio station shows a woman cupping another woman's breasts with the comment: "See Honey, I told you, you would feel better!"
The page with the posts disappeared from public view hours after the board's vote.
Mike Mullins, 62, turned in this letter on May 22, 2019, announcing he was backing out of the Virginia Beach School Board appointment after offensive Facebook posts surfaced.
Mullins did not return calls from The Pilot on Wednesday. In his withdrawal letter, he wrote that the posts were his but were "for the most part out of context." Those attacking him were ignoring his attributes, he added.
"My friends know my opinion and my support for law enforcement, the flag, and community service is strong, just as my support for schools and teachers as well as the job they do," he wrote.
Mullins retired as a captain after about 40 years in Virginia Beach's fire department. He has been involved in teaching since 1983, and said he now trains emergency medical technicians at Tidewater Community College.
On Wednesday afternoon, a TCC spokeswoman released a statement on Mullins: "Tidewater Community College has a policy against discrimination of any kind, as does the Commonwealth of Virginia. We are looking into this situation and it is being handled as a personnel matter."
Mullins, a Kempsville High graduate, said during a public hearing last week that he is married with four children and five grandchildren. He had served as a petty officer in the U.S. Coast Guard and directed religious classes at a church, he said.
Bill Bailey, a friend of Mullins, said he has known Mullins for 26 years and that the posts do not reflect who he is. Mullins has won awards for his contributions to the community, Bailey said.
"He is a truly outstanding individual," Bailey said.
Criticism of the board was heavy by late Tuesday and showed no signs of slowing down.
Michael Berlucchi, the City Council's Rose Hall appointee, wrote on Facebook: "While I am confident the School Board was not aware of the posts when they made their decision, I have heard from many people who expressed their concern about the posts. I share your concern. I hope the School Board will reconsider their decision and encourage them to select a member with a demonstrated commitment, inclusive practices and civil discourse."
In delaying a choice of either Owens or Varner, the board said it wanted to gain clear, documented proof that both live in Rose Hall.
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Varner, who operates a workforce development program through Tidewater Community College, attended Wednesday's meeting. He said that the previous 24 hours had been challenging, disappointing and surprising. He congratulated Mullins on Tuesday night but said after reviewing the posts, he would not have wanted someone who made them to represent children.
Beverly Anderson, the School Board chairwoman, said Wednesday that before appointing Mullins, the group considered candidate applications, public comments and interviews.
Anderson said that in hindsight, social media searches should have been part of the vetting process. They will be going forward, she said, adding that school system staff spent part of Wednesday scanning posts from the two remaining finalists.
"It was a lesson learned," Anderson said. "And we'll never make this same mistake again."
Mike Connors, 757-222-5217, michael.connors@pilotonline.com
Virginia Beach School Board
Virginia Beach Public Schools
Michael Mullins
Seko Varner
Jessica Owens
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Jaime Castrillon next to leave Colorado Rapids, but does he have an MLS future?
Diego Calderon, Jaime Castrillón, Kosuke Kimura, Millonarios, New York Red Bulls, Paul Bravo, Red Bulls, Thierry Henry
Jaime Castrillon battles New York's Thierry Henry last season for the Colorado Rapids. (Grant Hindsley, The Denver Post)
Jaime Castrillon joined Diego Calderon as players who will not return to the Colorado Rapids next season, after the team's technical director, Paul Bravo, said they're cutting ties.
Castrillon, the Rapids' leading scorer in 2012, returned to the 2013 preseason under a cloud of mystery when it was suddenly announced he was injured at the end of the previous season. It started a long road of surgery, recovery and return for Castrillon.
But after playing on a renegotiated, small-price salary in 2013, Castrillon won't return for 2014.
"Jaime has spent two years here, and this past year he had to deal with a big injury," Bravo said. "By the time that he came back midway through the year, several young players had stepped up in his position."
On Monday, it was learned Calderon also won't return to the Rapids next year. But while Calderon will return to play in Ecuador, Castrillon's future is less clear.
The scoring midfielder was a pleasant surprise in 2012 when he entered MLS and proved an effective goal-poacher for the Rapids. After that, there were occasional rumors that Castrillon would return to his native Colombia, possibly to play again for Millonarios.
It is hardly a surprise that Castrillon won't return to Colorado — he missed much of the 2013 recovering from knee surgery. And in November he seemed resigned to not returning.
But he does have a U.S. green card (so he doesn't take up an MLS international roster spot). And his salary slot is certainly affordable for other U.S. teams.
"Jaime wants to play first team football, and so he's going to look for those opportunities," Bravo said.
And Castrillon did visit Orlando in November, he said. Could it be he was talking to Orlando City about a spot on the USL Pro side?
Castrillon's is an interesting case study. In the past, the odds were more likely that a player would bolt back for home in South America once is MLS prime passed (kind of like Calderon). But soccer-playing opportunities in the U.S. have certainly improved from a player's perspective.
"That's why I wanted to stay here," Castrillon told The Denver Post in June. "I like MLS. And because of the confidence the team showed in me. And because my family wanted to stay here. We've been treated very well — the fans and the club."
And on Wednesay, Castrillon reiterated with Emmanuel Quispe that he would like to continue playing in the U.S.
"I liked the seriousness (of MLS)," Castrillon said, in a rough translation. "It is a league that is growing, sports venues are very special … My family loved it! It would be great to have the chance to return to the MLS. If not Colorado Rapids, then another team I would gladly go to be part of too."
Update on Kimura
Also, speaking of former Rapids players, defender Kosuke Kimura is apparently returning to New York Red Bulls on a new, restructured contract for what could be multiple seasons.
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Categories: Colorado Rapids, Former players
Josh Kroenke named to Arsenal's board of directors, joining Stan Kroenke with London's Gunners
Diego Calderon leaves Colorado Rapids to return to Ecuador


❶It is not then the Edition: To terrify, and to be an example to others.
Of course, this will include the children in the poorer families. However, there are ways to tackle such problems. Firstly, one of the ways to combat the problem is to have stricter punishments. Although, as discussed above, it can be outside factors that lead to crime, it is still important to have severe punishments to deter teenagers from crime.
All too often, because they are young, the courts are too lenient. They too should be punished if their children commit crime. To sum up, several factors have led to increases in youth crime, but measures are available to tackle this problem.
The topic is clearly stated in the general statement of the introduction, and the thesis tells the reader that reasons and solutions will be discussed. It is organized well, with reasons for youth crime discussed in the first body paragraph and solutions in the next.
Each paragraph has two ideas and they are clearly signaled and well supported. There are some good complex structures In order for…, often the case that…, means that…, and some good examples of topic related vocabulary nurtured…, neglected…, illegal…, severe punishments…, deter…, commit crime…. They are from the Academic and General Test. You can also post t…. Hello, It's been a long time. I noticed I wasn't good enough and I spent several weeks to enhance my writing.
Multinational Organisations and Culture. Donating Money to Charity Essay. Who can defend himself from calumny, armed with that impenetrable shield of tyranny, secrecy?
What a miserable government must that be, where the sovereign suspects an enemy in every subject, and, to secure the tranquillity of the public, is obliged to sacrifice the repose of every individual?
By what arguments is it pretended, that secret accusations may be justified? The public safety, say they, and the security and maintenance of the established form of government. But what a strange constitution is that, where the government, which hath in its favour not only power but opinion, still more efficacious, yet fears its own subjects? The indemnity of the informer. Do not the laws defend him sufficiently; and are there subjects more powerful than the laws? When secret calumny is authorised, and punished only when public.
The nature of the crime. If actions, indifferent in themselves, or even useful to the public, were called crimes, both the accusation and the trial could never be too secret.
But can there be any crime, committed against the public, which ought not to be publicly punished? I respect all governments; and I speak not of any one in particular. Such may sometimes be the nature of circumstances, that when abuses are inherent in the constitution, it may be imagined, that to rectify them, would be to destroy the constitution itself. But were I to dictate new laws in a remote corner of the universe, the good of posterity, ever present to my mind, would hold back my trembling hand, and prevent me from authorising secret accusations.
No man can be judged a criminal until he be found guilty; nor can society take from him the public protection, until it have been proved that he has violated the conditions on which it was granted. What right, then, but that of power, can authorise the punishment of a citizen, so long Edition: The dilemma is frequent. Either he is guilty, or not guilty. If guilty, he should only suffer the punishment ordained by the laws, and torture becomes useless, as his confession is unnecessary.
If he be not guilty, you torture the innocent; for, in the eye of the law, every man is innocent, whose crime has not been proved. Besides, it is confounding all relations, to expect that a man should be both the accuser and accused; and that pain should be the test of truth, as if truth resided in the muscles and fibres of a wretch in torture. By this method, the robust will escape, and the feeble be condemned. These are the inconveniencies of this pretended test of truth, worthy only of a cannibal; and which the Romans, in many respects barbarous, and whose savage virtue has been too much admired, reserved for the slaves alone.
What is the political intention of punishments? To terrify, and to be an example to others. Is this intention answered, by thus privately torturing the guilty and the innocent? It is doubtless of importance, that no crime should remain unpunished; but it is useless to make a public example of the author of a crime hid in darkness.
A crime already committed, and for which there can be no remedy, can only be punished by a Edition: There is another ridiculous motive for torture, namely, to purge a man from infamy.
Ought such an abuse to be tolerated in the eighteenth century? Can pain, which is a sensation, have any connection with a moral sentiment, a matter of opinion? It is not difficult to trace this senseless law to its origin; for an absurdity, adopted by a whole nation, must have some affinity with other ideas, established and respected by the same nation. This custom seems to be the offspring of religion, by which mankind, in all nations and in all ages, are so generally influenced. We are taught by our infallible church, that those stains of sin, contracted through human frailty, and which have not deserved the eternal anger of the Almighty, are to be purged away, in another life, by an Edition: Now infamy is a stain, and if the punishments and fire of purgatory can take away all spiritual stains, why should not the pain of torture take away those of a civil nature?
Thus have men abused the unerring light of revelation; and in the times of tractable ignorance, having no other, they naturally had recourse to it on every occasion, making the most remote and absurd applications.
Moreover, infamy is a sentiment regulated neither by the laws nor by reason, but entirely by opinion. But torture renders the victim infamous, and therefore cannot take infamy away.
They are known to the English, a nation in which the progress of science, superiority in commerce, riches and power, its natural consequences, together with the numerous examples of virtue and courage, leave no doubt of the excellence of its laws. They have been acknowledged in Sweden, where torture has been abolished. They are known to one of the wisest monarchs in Europe, who, having seated philosophy on the throne, by his beneficent legislation, has made his subjects free, though dependent on the laws; the only freedom that reasonable men can desire in the present state of things.
In short, torture has not been thought necessary in the laws of armies, composed chiefly of the dregs of mankind, where its use should seem most necessary. It appears also, that these truths were known, though imperfectly, even to those by whom torture has been most frequently practised; for a confession made during torture is null, if it be not afterwards confirmed by an oath; which, if the criminal refuses, he is tortured again.
Some civilians, and some nations, permit this infamous petitio principii to be only three times repeated, and others leave it to the discretion of the judge; and therefore of two men equally innocent or equally guilty, the most robust and resolute will be acquitted, and the weakest and most pusillanimous will be condemned, in consequence of the following excellent method of reasoning.
I, the judge, must find some one guilty. Thou, who art a strong fellow, hast been able to resist the force of torment; therefore I acquit thee. Thou, being weaker, hath yielded to it; I therefore condemn thee. I am sensible, that the confession which was extorted from thee, has no weight: A very strange but necessary consequence of the use of torture, is that the case of the innocent is worse than that of the guilty. With regard to Edition: On the contrary, the person who is really guilty has the most favourable side of the question; for if he supports the torture with firmness and resolution, he is acquitted, and has gained, having exchanged a greater punishment for a less.
The accomplices commonly fly when their comrade is taken. The uncertainty of their fate condemns them to perpetual exile, and frees society from the danger of further injury; whilst the punishment of the criminal, by deterring others, answers the purpose for which it was ordained. There was a time when all punishments were pecuniary. The crimes of the subjects were the inheritance of the prince. An injury done to society was a favour to the crown; and the sovereign and magistrates, those guardians of the public security, were interested in the violation of the laws.
Crimes were tried, at that time, in a court of Exchequer, and the cause became a civil suit between the person accused and the crown.
The magistrate then had other powers than were necessary for the public welfare, and the criminal suffered other punishments than the necessity of example required. The judge was rather a collector for the crown, an agent for the treasury, than a protector and minister of the laws. But, according to this system, for a man to confess himself guilty, was to acknowledge himself a debtor to the crown; which was, and is at present the effects continuing after the causes have ceased the intent of all criminal causes.
Thus, the criminal Edition: But the confession being once obtained, the judge becomes master of his body, and torments him with a studied formality, in order to squeeze out of him all the profit possible.
All inquiries, which may serve to clear up the fact, but which may weaken the pretensions of the crown, are excluded. It was not from compassion to the criminal, or from considerations of humanity, that torments were sometimes spared, but out of fear of losing those rights which at present appear chimerical and inconceivable. The judge becomes an enemy to the accused, to a wretch, a prey to the horrors of a dungeon, to torture, to death, and an uncertain futurity, more terrible than all; he inquires not into the truth of the fact, but the nature of the crime; he lays Edition: It is in the power of the magistrate to determine, what evidence is sufficient to send a man to prison; that he may be proved innocent, he must first be supposed guilty.
The motives which religion opposes to the fear of impending evil, and the love of life, are too weak, as they are too distant, to make any impression on the senses.
The affairs of the other world are regulated by laws entirely different from those by which human affairs are directed; why then should we endeavour to compromise matters between them?
Such laws are like a dyke, opposed directly to the course of a torrent; it is either immediately overwhelmed, or by a whirlpool formed by itself, it is gradually undermined and destroyed.
The more immediately, after the commission of a crime, a punishment is inflicted, the more just and useful it will be. It will be more just, because it spares the criminal the cruel and superfluous torment of uncertainty, which increases in proportion to the strength of his imagination and the sense of his weakness; and because the privation of liberty, being a punishment, ought to be inflicted before condemnation, but for as short a time as possible. Imprisonments, I say, being only the means of securing the person of the accused, until he be tried, condemned or acquitted, ought not only to be of short duration, but attended with as little severity as possible.
This is that magic art which transforms subjects into beasts of burden, and which, in the hands of the strong, is the chain that binds the the weak and incautious. Thus it is, that in some governments, where there is all the appearance of liberty, tyranny lies concealed, and insinuates itself into some neglected corner of the constitution, where it gathers strength insensibly.
What punishments shall be ordained for the nobles, whose privileges make so great a part of the laws of nations? I do not mean to inquire whether the hereditary distinction between nobles and commoners be useful in any government, or necessary in a monarchy; or whether it be true, that they form an intermediate power, of use in moderating the excesses of both extremes; or whether they be not rather slaves to their own body, and to others, confining within a very small circle the natural effects and hopes of industry, like those little fruitful spots scattered here and there in the sandy deserts of Arabia; or Edition: Be these as they may, I assert that the punishment of a nobleman should in no wise differ from that of the lowest member of society.
Every lawful distinction, either in honours or riches, supposes previous equality, founded on the laws, on which all the members of society are considered as being equally dependent. We should suppose that men, in renouncing their natural despotism, said, the wisest and most industrious among us shall obtain the greatest honours, and his dignity shall descend to his posterity. The fortunate and happy may hope for greater honours, but let him not therefore be less afraid than others of violating those conditions on which he is exalted.
It is true, indeed, that no such decrees were ever made in a general diet of mankind, but they exist in the invariable relations of things: It may be objected, that the same punishment inflicted on a nobleman and a plebeian, becomes really different from the difference of their education and from the infamy it reflects on an illustrious family; but I answer, that punishments are to be estimated, not by the sensibility of the criminal, but by the injury done to society; which injury is augmented by the high rank of the offender.
When robbery is attended with violence, corporal Edition: But it can never be superfluous to repeat, again and again, those truths of which mankind have not profited; for political machines preserve their motion much longer than others, and receive a new impulse with more difficulty.
These crimes are in their nature absolutely different, and this axiom is as certain in politics as in mathematics, that between qualities of different natures there can be no similitude. Those injuries, which affect the honour, that is, that just portion of esteem which every citizen has a right to expect from others, should be punished with infamy. Infamy is a mark of the Edition: This is not always in the power of the laws. It is necessary that the infamy inflicted by the laws should be the same with that which results from the relations of things, from universal morality, or from that particular system, adopted by the nation and the laws, which governs the opinion of the vulgar.
The punishment of infamy should not be too frequent, for the power of opinion grows weaker by repetition; nor should it be inflicted on a number of persons at the same time, for the infamy of many resolves itself into the infamy of none.
Painful and corporal punishments should never be applied to fanaticism; for being founded on pride, it glories in persecution.
This is the method to avoid confounding the immutable relations of things, or opposing nature, whose actions not being limited by time, but operating incessantly, overturn and destroy all those vain regulations which contradict her laws. It is not only in the fine arts that the imitation of nature is the fundamental principle; it is the same in sound policy, which is no other than the art of uniting, and directing to the same end, the natural and immutable sentiments of mankind.
A wise government will not suffer, in the midst of labour and industry, that kind of political idleness which is confounded, by rigid declaimers, with the leisure attending riches acquired by industry, which is of use to an increasing society, when confined within proper limits. I call those politically idle, who neither contribute to the good of society by their labour nor their riches; who continually accumulate, but never spend; and are reverenced by the vulgar with stupid admiration, and regarded by the wise with disdain; who, being victims to a monastic life, and deprived of all incitement to the activity which is necessary to preserve or increase its comforts, devote all their vigour to passions of the strongest kind, the passions of opinion.
I call him not idle, who enjoys the fruits of the virtues or vices of his ancestors, and in exchange for his pleasures supports the industrious poor. It is not then the Edition: He who disturbs the public tranquillity, who does not obey the laws, who violates the conditions on which men mutually support and defend each other, ought to be excluded from society, that is, banished. It seems as if banishment should be the punishment of those, who, being accused of an atrocious crime, are probably, but not certainly, guilty.
For this purpose would be required a law, the least arbitrary, and the most precise possible; which should condemn to banishment those who have reduced the community to the fatal alternative, either of fearing or punishing them unjustly; still, however, leaving them the sacred right of proving their innocence.
The whole should be forfeited, when the law, which ordains banishment, declares, at the same time, that all connections between the society and the criminal are annihilated. In this case, the citizen dies, the man only remains; and with respect to a political body, the death of the citizen should have the same consequences with the death of the man. It seems to follow, then, that in this case, the effects of the criminal should devolve to his lawful heirs.
But it is not on account of this refinement that I disapprove of confiscations. If some have insisted that they were a restraint to vengeance, and the violence of particulars, they have not reflected, that though punishments be productive of good, they are not, on that account, more just; to be just, they must be necessary.
The law which ordains confiscations, sets a price on the head of the subject, with the guilty punishes the innocent, and by reducing them to indigence and despair, tempts them to become criminal.
Can there be a more melancholy spectacle, than a whole family, overwhelmed with infamy and misery, from the crime of their chief? It is remarkable, that many fatal acts of injustice have been authorised and approved, even by the wisest and most experienced men, in the freest republics.
This has been owing to their having considered the state, rather as a society of families, than of men. Let us suppose a nation, composed of an hundred thousand men, divided into twenty thousand families of five persons each, including the head or master of the family, its representative. If it be an association of families, there will be twenty thousand men, and eighty thousand slaves; if of men, there will be an hundred thousand citizens, and not one slave. In the first case we behold a republic, and twenty thousand little monarchies, of which the heads are the sovereigns; in the second, the spirit of liberty will not only breathe in every public place of the city, and in the assemblies of the nation, but in private houses, where men find the greatest part of their happiness or misery.
The private spirit of family is a spirit of minuteness, and confined to little concerns. Public spirit, on the contrary, is influenced by general principles, and from facts deduces general rules of utility to the greatest number. In a republic of families, the children remain under the authority of the father, as long as he lives, and are obliged to wait until death for an existence dependent on the laws alone. Accustomed to kneel and tremble in their tender years, when their natural sentiments were less restrained by that caution, obtained by experienee, which is called moderation, how should they resist those obstacles, which vice always opposes to virtue, in the languor and decline of age, when the despair of reaping the fruits is alone sufficient to damp the vigour of their resolutions.
How frequently are men, upon a retrospection of their actions, astonished to find themselves dishonest. In proportion to the increase of society, each member becomes a smaller part of the whole; and the republican spirit diminishes in the same proportion, if neglected by the laws.
Political societies, like the human body, have their limits circumscribed, which they cannot exceed without disturbing their economy. It seems as if the greatness of a state ought to be inversely as the sensibility and activity of the individuals; if, on the contrary, population and inactivity increase in the same proportion, the laws will with difficulty prevent the crimes arising from the good they have produced.
All severity beyond this is superfluous, and therefore tyrannical. Men regulate their conduct by the repeated impression of evils they know, and not by those with which they are unacquainted. Let us, for example, suppose two nations, in one of which the greatest punishment is perpetual slavery, and in the other the wheel.
I say, that both will inspire the same degree of terror; and that there can be no reasons for increasing the punishments of the first, which are not equally valid for augmenting those of the second to more lasting and more ingenious modes of tormenting; and so on to the most exquisite refinements of a science too well known to tyrants.
There are yet two other consequences of cruel punishments, which counteract the purpose of their institution, which was, to prevent crimes. The second consequence is impunity. Human nature is limited no less in evil than in good. Excessive barbarity can never be more than temporary; it being impossible that it should be supported by a permanent system of legislation; for if the laws be too cruel, they must be altered, or anarchy and impunity will succeed.
Is it possible, without shuddering with horror, to read in history of the barbarous and useless torments that were coolly invented and executed by men who were called sages? Who does not tremble at the thoughts of thousands of wretches, whom their misery, either caused or tolerated by the laws which favoured the few and outraged the many, had forced in despair to return to a state of nature; or accused of impossible crimes, the fabric of ignorance and superstition; or guilty only of having been faithful to their own principles; who, I say, can, without horror, think of their being torn to pieces with slow and studied Edition: A delightful spectacle to a fanatic multitude!
The useless profusion of punishments, which has never made men better, induces me to inquire, whether the punishment of death be really just or useful in a well-governed state? What right, I ask, have men to cut the throats of their fellow-creatures? Certainly not that on which the sovereignty and laws are founded. The laws, as I have said before, are only the sum of the smallest portions of the private liberty of each individual, and represent the general will, which is the aggregate of that of each individual.
Did any one ever give to others the right of taking away his life? Is it possible, that in the smallest portions of the liberty of each, sacrificed to the good of the public, can be obtained the greatest Edition: If it were so, how shall it be reconciled to the maxim which tells us, that a man has no right to kill himself?
Which he certainly must have, if he could give it away to another. But the punishment of death is not authorised by any right; for I have demonstrated that no such right exists.
It is therefore a war of a whole nation against a citizen, whose destruction they consider as necessary or useful to the general good. But if I can further demonstrate, that it is neither necessary nor useful, I shall have gained the cause of humanity.
The death of a citizen cannot be necessary but in one case. When, though deprived of his liberty, he has such power and connections as may endanger the security of the nation; when his existence may produce a dangerous revolution in the established form of government. But even in this case, it can only be necessary when a nation is on the verge of recovering or losing its liberty; or in times of absolute anarchy, when the disorders themselves hold the place of laws. But in a reign of tranquillity; in a form of government approved by the united wishes of the nation; in a state fortified from enemies without, and supported by strength within, and opinion, Edition: If the experience of all ages be not sufficient to prove, that the punishment of death has never prevented determined men from injuring society; if the example of the Romans; if twenty years reign of Elizabeth, empress of Russia, in which she gave the fathers of their country an example more illustrious than many conquests bought with blood; if, I say, all this be not sufficient to persuade mankind, who always suspect the voice of reason, and who chuse rather to be led by authority, let us consult human nature in proof of my assertion.
It is not the intenseness of the pain that has the greatest effect on the mind, but its continuance; for our sensibility is more easily and more powerfully affected by weak, but by repeated impressions, than by a violent but momentary impulse.
The power of habit is universal over every sensible being. As it is by that we learn to speak, to walk, and to satisfy our necessities, so the ideas of morality are stamped on our minds by repeated impressions. The death of a criminal Edition: If I commit such a crime, says the spectator to himself, I shall be reduced to that miserable condition for the rest of my life.
A much more powerful preventive than the fear of death, which men always behold in distant obscurity. The terrors of death make so slight an impression, that it has not force enough to withstand the forgetfulness natural to mankind, even in the most essential things; especially when assisted by the passions. The execution of a criminal is, to the multitude, a spectacle which in some excites compassion mixed with indignation. These sentiments occupy the mind much more than that salutary terror which the laws endeavour to inspire; but in the contemplation of continued suffering, terror is the only, or at least, the predominant sensation.
A punishment, to be just, should have only that degree of severity which is sufficient to deter others. Now there is no man, who, upon the least reflection, would put in competition the total and perpetual loss of his liberty, with the greatest advantages he could possibly obtain in consequence of a crime. Perpetual slavery, then, has in it all that is necessary to deter the most hardened and determined, as much as the punishment of death. I say, it has more.
There are many who can look upon death with intrepidity and firmness; some through fanaticism, and others through vanity, which attends us even to the grave; others from a desperate resolution, either to get rid of their misery, or cease to live: The mind, by collecting itself and uniting all its force, can, for a moment, repel assailing grief; but its most vigorous efforts are insufficient to resist perpetual wretchedness. In all nations, where death is used as punishment, every example supposes a new crime committed.
I shall be told, that perpetual slavery is as painful a punishment as death, and therefore as cruel. I answer, that if all the miserable moments in the life of a slave were collected into one point, it would be a more cruel punishment than any other; but these are scattered through his whole life, whilst the pain of death exerts all its force in a moment.
There is also another advantage in the punishment of slavery, which is, that it is more terrible to the spectator than to the sufferer himself; for the spectator considers the sum of all his wretched moments, whilst the sufferer, by the misery of the present, is prevented from thinking of the future. All evils are increased by the imagination, and the sufferer finds resources and consolation, of which the spectators are ignoran; who judge by their own sensibility of what passes in a mind by habit grown callous to misfortune.
Let us, for a moment, attend to the reasoning of a robber or assassin, who is deterred from violating the laws by the gibbet or the wheel. He refuses me the farthing I ask of him, and excuses himself by bidding me have recourse to labour, with which he is unacquainted.
Who made these laws? The rich and the great, who never deigned to visit the miserable hut of the poor; who have never seen him dividing a piece of mouldy bread, amidst the cries of his famished children, and the tears of his wife. Let us break those ties, fatal to the greatest part of mankind, and only useful to a few indolent tyrants.
Let us attack injustice at its source. I will return to my natural state of independence. I shall live free and happy on the fruits of my courage and industry. A day of pain and repentance may come, but it will be short; and for an hour of grief, I shall enjoy years of pleasure and liberty. King of a small number, as determined Edition: Religion then presents itself to the mind of this lawless villain, and promising him almost a certainty of eternal happiness upon the easy terms of repentance, contributes much to lessen the horror of the last scene of the tragedy.
But he who foresees that he must pass a great number of years, even his whole life, in pain and slavery; a slave to those laws by which he was protected; in sight of his fellow citizens, with whom he lives in freedom and society; makes an useful comparison between those evils, the uncertainty of his success, and the shortness of the time in which he shall enjoy the fruits of his transgression. The example of those wretches continually before his eyes, makes a much greater impression on him than a punishment, which, instead of correcting, makes him more obdurate.
The punishment of death is pernicious to society, from the example of barbarity it affords. If the passions, or necessity of war, have taught men to shed the blood of their fellow creatures, the laws which are intended to moderate the ferocity of mankind, should not increase it by examples Edition: Is it not absurd, that the laws, which detect and punish homicide, should, in order to prevent murder, publicly commit murder themselves?
What are the true and most useful laws? Those compacts and conditions which all would propose and observe, in those moments when private interest is silent, or combined with that of the public. What are the natural sentiments of every person concerning the punishment of death? We may read them in the contempt and indignation with which every one looks on the executioner, who is nevertheless an innocent executor of the public will; a good citizen, who contributes to the advantage of society; the instrument of the general security within, as good soldiers are without.
What then is the origin of this contradiction? Why is this sentiment of mankind indelible to the scandal of reason? It is, that in a secret corner of the mind, in which the original impressions of nature are still preserved, men discover a sentiment which tells them, that their lives are not lawfully in the power of any one, but of that necessity only, which with its iron sceptre rules the universe.
What must men think, when they see wise Edition: Murder, which they would represent to us as an horrible crime, we see practiced by them without repugnance or remorse. Let us follow their example. A violent death appeared terrible in their descriptions, but we see that it is the affair of a moment. It will be still less terrible to him, who, not expecting it, escapes almost all the pain. If it be objected, that almost all nations in all ages have punished certain crimes with death, I answer that the force of these examples vanishes, when opposed to truth, against which prescription Edition: The history of mankind is an immense sea of errors, in which a few obscure truths may here and there be found.
But human sacrifices have also been common in almost all nations. That some societies only, either few in number, or for a very short time, abstained from the punishment of death, is rather favourable to my argument, for such is the fate of great truths, that their duration is only as a flash of lightning in the long and dark night of error.
The happy time is not yet arrived, when truth, as falsehood has been hitherto, shall be the portion of the greatest number.
Free Essay: Crime In general the definition of a crime is an act punishable by law, usually considered an evil act. Crime refers to many types of misconduct.
Crime at a juvenile age is on one hand a crime against property and life, and on the other a crime against humanity. It is a much graver social danger that holds the .
Every day the morning papers bring news of dacoities and murders, kidnappings and rapes, hold-ups of trains and hijackings of planes, adulteration of foodstuffs, drugs and even of poisons. words short essay on Crime in our society. Crime Essays for IELTS: These essays have been written by students who are planning to take the test. Check out the essays and comments.
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BioM: Will, Margaret (1932)
Surnames: WILL STEINWAND LANG LAKOSKY HARRY
----Sources: COLBY PHONOGRAPH (Colby, Clark County, Wis.) 13 Oct 1932
Will, Margaret (Marriage - 10 Oct. 1932)
A very pretty and interesting wedding took place Monday morning, October 10th, at eight o'clock at the St. Mary's Catholic church, Colby, Rev. L. J. Lang officiating, when Miss Margaret Will, daughter of Mr. Wm. Will, Jr., became the bride of Mr. Herbert Steinwand, son of Mr. and Mrs. A. M. Steinwand. Mrs. Fred Lakosky, the only sister of the bride, acted as bridesmaid and the groom was attended by Mr. Fred Lakosky.
The bride was attired in a beautiful gown of royal blue transparent velvet and her arm bouquet consisted of Johanna roses. Mrs. Lakosky wore a burgundy triple-sheer dress and her arm bouquet consisted of flesh colored carnations.
Immediately after the ceremony, breakfast was served at the home of the groom's parents to immediate relatives and friends. Out of town people here for the wedding were Miss Alma Harry of Minneapolis, the bride's aunt, and Miss Laura Steinwand of Milwaukee, the groom's sister.
The newlyweds will make their home in Colby, the groom being employed at the Security State Bank as assistant cashier. Both the bride and the groom are popular young people of Colby and both are graduates of the Colby, Wis. High School. The bride is also a graduate of St. Joseph school of nursing of Marshfield.


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HTML5 and JavaScript break down barriers
February 18th, 2011 - 05:14pm
If 2011 has a theme, then cross-platform play would appear to be it.
Yet the question isn't whether there's a demand from developers to implement it, but rather whether the toolsets available can deliver reliable and – most importantly – easily transferable systems to make it a reality.
A new SDK from Standford Student Startup Labs outfit Game Closure promises to make multiplayer that spans platforms – iOS, Android and Facebook – attainable for all studios.
The HTML5-based environment enables developers to write games in JavaScript that utilise standard HTML5 APIs.
With no need for plug-ins, the resulting game can run in any web browser without hassle. The SDK also enables mobile version to run via native apps, using APIs such as OpenGL.
What makes the SDK truly appealing to developers, however, is the fact that they only need to write one version of the game. Game Closure allows the same code to span over multiple platforms, enabling them to deliver an experience that's identical from mobile to web.
Game Closure is currently in private beta. Developers interested in taking part can contact the firm through its website.
News Sep 1st, 2011