text:
Network Working Group T. Hansen, Editor
Internet-Draft AT&T Laboratories
Intended status: Informational L. Masinter
Expires: August 10, 2023 M. Hardy
PDF for an RFC Series Output Document Format
draft-iab-rfc-use-of-pdf-latest
Note: a later version of this document has been published as RFC 7995.
This document discusses options and requirements for the PDF rendering of RFCs in the RFC Series, as outlined in RFC 6949. It also discusses the use of PDF for Internet-Drafts, and available or needed software tools for producing and working with PDF.¶
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.¶
2. Choosing PDF versions and Standards
3. Options and Requirements for PDF RFCs
3.1. "Visible" Requirements
3.1.1. General Visible Requirements
3.1.2. Page Size, Margins
3.1.3. Headers and Footers
3.1.4. Paragraph Numbering
3.1.5. Paged Content Layout
3.1.6. Typeface Choices
3.1.7. Hyphenation and Line Breaks
3.1.8. Hyperlinks
3.1.9. Similarity to Other Outputs
3.2. "Invisible" Options and Requirements
3.2.1. Internal Text Representation
3.2.2. Unicode Support
3.2.3. Image Processing (Artwork)
3.2.4. Text Description of Images (Alt-Text)
3.2.5. Metadata Support
3.2.6. Document Structure Support
3.2.7. Embedded Files
3.3. Digital Signatures
4.1. References
Appendix A. History and Current Use of PDF with RFCs and Internet-Drafts
A.1. RFCs
A.2. Internet-Drafts
Appendix B. Paged Content Layout Quality
Appendix C. Tooling
C.1. PDF Viewers
C.2. Printers
C.3. PDF Generation Libraries
C.4. Typefaces
C.5. Other Tools
Appendix D. Acknowledgements
The RFC Series is evolving, as outlined in [RFC6949] . Future documents will use a canonical format, XML, with renderings in various formats, including PDF.¶
Because PDF has a wide range of capabilities and alternatives, not all PDFs are "equal". For example, visually similar documents could consist of scanned or rasterized images, or include text layout options, hyperlinks, embedded fonts, and digital signatures. (See [I-D.hardy-pdf-mime] for a history of PDF.)¶
This document explains some of the relevant options and makes recommendations, both for the RFC series and Internet-Drafts.¶
The PDF format and the tools to manipulate it are not as well known as those for the other RFC formats, at least in the IETF community. This document discusses some of the processes for creating and using PDFs using both open source and commercial products.¶
The details described in this document are expected to change based on experience gained in implementing the RFC production center's toolset. Revised documents will be published capturing those changes as the toolset is completed. Other implementers must not expect those changes to remain backwards-compatible with the details described in this document.¶
NOTE: [RFC-EDITOR: This note should be removed before publication.] See <https://github.com/masinter/pdfrfc> for XML source, related files, and an issue tracker for this document.¶
PDF [PDF] has gone through several revisions, primarily for the addition of features. PDF features have generally been added in a way that older viewers 'fail gracefully', but even so, the older the PDF version produced, the more legacy viewers will support that version, but the fewer features will be enabled.¶
As PDF has evolved a broad set of capabilities, additional standards for PDF files are applicable. These standards establish ground rules that are important for specific applications. For example PDF/X was specifically designed for Prepress digital data exchange, with careful attention to color management and printing instructions. The PDF/E standard was designed for engineering documents with dynamic workflows (where a document continues to be revised after publication) and allows interactive media (including animation and 3D).¶
Two additional standards families are important to the RFC format, though: long-term preservation (PDF/A), and user accessibility ( PDF/UA [PDFUA] ). These then have sub-profiles (PDF/A-1, PDF/A-2 [PDFA2] , PDF/A-3 [PDFA3] ), each of which have conformance levels. These standards are then supported by various software libraries and tools.¶
It is effective and useful to use these standards to capture PDF for RFC requirements, and they will make the PDF files useful in workflows that expect them.¶
Recommendations: ¶
Use PDF 1.7; although relatively recent, it is well supported by widely available viewers.
For RFCs, require PDF/A-3 with conformance level "U". This captures the archivability and long-term stability of PDF 1.7 files, mandatory Unicode mapping, and many of the requirement features.
Use PDF/A-3 for embedding additional data (including the XML source file) in RFCs and Internet-Drafts.
Use PDF/UA for user accessibility.
This section lays out options and requirements for PDFs produced by the RFC editor for RFCs. There are two sections: "Visible" options are related to how the PDF appears when it is viewed with a PDF viewer. "Internal Structure" options affect the ability to process PDFs in other ways, but do not control the way the document appears. (Of course, a viewer UI might display processing capabilities, such as showing whether a document has been digitally signed.)¶
In many cases, the choice of PDF requirements is heavily influenced by the capabilities of available tools to create PDFs. Most of the discussion of tooling is to be found in Appendix C.¶
PDF supports rich visible layout of fixed-sized pages.¶
For a consistent "look" of RFC and good style, the PDFs produced by the RFC editor should have a clear, consistent, identifiable and easy-to-read style. They should print well on the widest range of printers, and look good on displays of varying resolution.¶
PDF files are laid out for a particular size of page and margins. There are two paper sizes in common use: "US Letter" (8.5 x 11 inches, 216x279 mm, in popular use in North America) and "A4" (210x297 mm, 8.27x11.7 inches, standard for the rest of the world). Usually PDF printing software is used in a "shrink to fit" mode where the printing is adjusted to fit the paper in the printer. There is some controversy, but the argument that A4 is an international standard is compelling. However, if the margins and header positioning are chosen appropriately, the document can be printed without any scaling.¶
Recommendation: The Internet-Draft and RFC processors should produce A4 size by default. However, the margins and header positioning need to be chosen to look good on both paper sizes without scaling. Following the advice found in [RFC2346] , this means that we should use A4 portrait mode with left and right margins of 20 mm, and top and bottom margins of 33 mm.¶
Page headers and footers are part of the page layout. There are a variety of options. Note that page headers and footers in PDF can be typeset in a way that the entire (longer) title might fit.¶
Recommendation: Page headers and footers should contain similar information as the headings in the current text versions of documents, including page numbers, title, author, working group. However, the page headers and footers should be typeset in a way so as to be unobtrusive. The page headers and footers should be placed into the PDF in a way not to interfere with screen readers.¶
One common feature of the Internet-draft output formats are optional visible paragraph numbers, to aid in discussions. In the PDF and thus printed rendition, it is possible to make paragraph numbers unobtrusive, and even to impinge on the margins.¶
Recommendation: When the XML "editing=yes" option has been chosen, show paragraph numbers in the right margin, typeset in a way so as to be unobtrusive. (The right margin instead of the left margin prevents the paragraph numbers from being confused with the section numbers.) If possible, the paragraph numbers should be coded in a way that they do not interfere with screen readers.¶
By its nature, PDF is paginated, so pagination issues must be considered. This is reflected in two areas: running headers and footers, and how text is layed out on a page for optimal reading.¶
Appendix B describes the process of creating a paged document from running text such that related material is present on the same page together and artifacts of pagination don't interfere with easy reading of the document.¶
Layout engines differ in the quality of the algorithms used to automate these processes. In some cases, the automated processes require some manual assistance to ensure, for example, that a text line intended as a heading is "kept" with the text it is heading for.¶
Headers and footers should be printed on each page. The information should include the RFC number or internet-draft name, the page number, the category (informational, etc.), a shortened version of the authors' names, the date of the RFC or internet-draft, and the short form of the document title.
Choose a layout engine so that manual intervention is minimized, and that widow and orphan processing, heading and title contiguation are automatic.
A PDF may refer to a font by name, or it may use an embedded font. When a font is not embedded, a PDF viewer will attempt to locate a locally installed font of the same name. If it can not find an exact match, it will find a "close match". If a close match is not available, it will fall back to something implementation dependent and usually undesirable.¶
In addition, the PDF/A standards mandate the embedding of fonts. Instead of using additional software to embed the fonts, the software generating the PDF files should produce PDF/A-conforming files directly, thus ensuring that all glyphs include Unicode mappings and embedded fonts from the outset.¶
If the HTML version of the document is being visually mimicked, the font(s) chosen should have both variable width and constant width components, as well as bold and italic representations.¶
The typefaces used by Internet-Drafts and by RFCs need not be identical.¶
Few fonts have glyphs for the entire repertoire of Unicode characters; for this purpose, the PDF generation tool may need a set of fonts and a way of choosing them. The RFC Editor is defining where Unicode characters may be used within RFCs. [I-D.flanagan-nonascii] ¶
Typefaces are typically licensed and, in many cases, there is a fee for use by PDF creation tools; however, not for display or print of the embedded fonts.¶
For consistent viewing, all fonts should be embedded. The fonts used must be available for use by the IETF community. Some discussion of available typefaces can be found in Appendix C.4.
The choice of type faces with respect to serif, sans serif, monospace, etc., should follow the recommendations for HTML and CSS rendering [I-D.hildebrand-html-rfc] and [I-D.flanagan-rfc-css] .
The range of Unicode characters allowed in the XML source for Internet-Drafts and RFCs may be bounded by the availability of embeddable fonts with appropriate glyphs [I-D.flanagan-nonascii] .
Typically, when doing page layout of running text, especially with narrow page width and long words, layout processors of English text often have the option of hyphenating words, or using existing hyphens as a place to introduce word breaks. However, inserting line breaks mid-word can be harmful when the "word" is actually a sequence of characters representing a protocol element or protocol sequence.¶
Recommendation: avoid introducing hyphenated line breaks mid-word into the visual display, consistent with requirements for plain text and HTML.¶
PDF supports hyperlinks both to sections of the same document and to other documents.¶
The conversion to PDF can generate: ¶
hyperlinks within the document
hyperlinks to other RFCs and Internet-Drafts
hyperlinks to external locations
hyperlinks within a table of contents
hyperlinks within an index
All hyperlinks available in the HTML rendition of the RFC should also be visible and active in the PDF produced. This includes both internal hyperlinks and hyperlinks to external resources.
The table of contents, including page numbers, are useful when printed. These should also be hyperlinked to their respective sections.
As specified in the section on Referencing RFCs in [RFC7322] , hyperlinks to RFCs from the references section should point to the RFC "info" page, which then links to the various formats available.
Hyperlinks to Internet-Drafts from the references section should point to the datatracker entry page for the draft, which then links to the various formats available.
There is some advantage to having the PDF files look like the text or HTML renderings of the same document. There are several options even so. The PDF ¶
could look like the text version of the document, or
could look like the text version of the document but with pictures rendered as pictures instead of using their ASCII-art equivalent, or
could look like the HTML version.
Recommendation: the PDF rendition should look like the HTML rendition, at least in spirit. Some differences from the HTML rendition would include different typeface and size (chosen for printing), page numbers in the table of contents and index, and the use of page headers and footers.¶
Most of the choices used for the [I-D.hildebrand-html-rfc] rendering and [I-D.flanagan-rfc-css] are thus applicable. See those documents for specifics on the rendering of the specific XML elements. Some notes are: ¶
Every place in the document that would receive an HTML ID would be given an identical PDF named destination. In addition, a named destination will be created for each page with the form "pg-#", as in "pg-35".
No pilcrows are generated or made visible.
The table of contents (generated if the XML's <rfc> element's tocInclude attribute has the value "true") will have the section number linked to that section named destination, but will also include a page number that is linked to the page named destination. The section title and the page number will be separated by a visually-appropriate separator and the page numbers will be aligned with each other.
The index (generated if the XML's <rfc> element's indexInclude attribute has the value "true") will have the section number linked to that section named destination, but will also include a page number that is linked to the page named destination.
The running header in one line (on page 2 and all subsequent pages) has the RFC number on the left (RFC NNNN), the (possibly shortened form) title centered, and the date (Month Year) on the right. The text is rendered in a way that is visually unobtrusive.
The running footer in one line (on all pages) has the author's last name on the left, category centered, and the page number on the right ([Page N]). The text is rendered in a way that is visually unobtrusive.
We should not attempt to replicate in PDF the feature of the HTML format that includes a dynamic block that displays up-to-date information on updates, obsoletions and errata.
PDF offers a number of features which improve the utility of PDF files in a variety of workflows, at the cost of extra effort in the xml2rfc conversion process; the tradeoffs may be different for the RFC editor production of RFCs and for Internet-Drafts.¶
The contents of a PDF file can be represented in many ways. The PDF file could be generated: ¶
as an image of the visual representation, such as a JPEG image of the word "IETF". That is, there might be no internal representation of letters, words or paragraphs at all.
placing individual characters in position on the page, such as saying "put an 'F' here", then "put an 'T' before it", then "put an 'E' before that", then "put an 'I' before that" to render the word "IETF". That is, there might be no internal representation of words or paragraphs at all.
placing words in position on the page, such as keeping the word "IETF" would be kept together. That is, there might be no internal representation of paragraphs at all.
ensuring that the running order of text in the content stream matches the logical reading order. That is, a sentence such as 'The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) supports the Internet.' would be kept together as a sentence, and multiple sentences within a paragraph would be kept together.
All of these end up with essentially the same visual representation of the output. However, each level has tradeoffs for auxiliary uses, such as searching or indexing, commenting and annotation, and accessibility (text-to-speech). Keeping the running order of text in the content stream in the proper order supports all of these auxiliary uses.¶
In addition, the "role map" feature of PDF (<http://help.adobe.com/en_US/acrobat/X/pro/using/WS58a04a822e3e50102bd615109794195ff-7cd8.w.html>) would additionally allow for the mapping of the logical tags found in the original XML into tags in the PDF.¶
Text in content streams should follow the XML document's logical order (in the order of tags) to the extent possible. This will provide optimal reuse by software that does not understand Tagged PDF. (PDF/UA requires this.)
It might be possible to use the "role map" annotation to capture enough of the xml2rfc source structure, to the point where it is possible to reconstruct the XML source structure completely. However, there is not a compelling case to do so over embedding the original XML, as described in Section 3.2.7.
PDF itself does not require use of Unicode. Text is represented as a sequence of glyphs which then can be mapped to Unicode.¶
PDF files generated must have the full text, as it appears in the original XML.
Unicode normalization may occur.
Text within SVG for SVG images should also have Unicode mappings.
Alt-text for images should also support Unicode.
The XML allows both ASCII art and SVG to be used for artwork.¶
If both ASCII art and SVG are available for a picture, the SVG artwork should be the preferred over the ASCII artwork.
ASCII artwork must be rendered using a monospace font.
Guidelines for accessibility of PDF <http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/PDF1.html> recommend that images, formulas, and other non-text items provide textual alternatives, using the '/Alt' Tag in PDF to provide human-readable text that can be vocalized by text-to-speech technology.¶
Recommendation: Any alt-text for artwork and figures available in the XML source should be stored using the PDF /Alt property. Internet draft authors and the RFC editor should ensure inclusion of alt-text for all SVG or images, within the XML source.¶
Metadata encodes information about the document authors, the document series, date created, etc. Having this metadata within the PDF file allows it to be used by search engines, viewers and other reuse tools. PDF supports embedded metadata in a variety of ways, including using XMP [XMP] , the Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP). The RFC editor maintains metadata about an RFC on its info page.¶
Recommendation: The PDFs generated should have all of the metadata from the XML version embedded directly as XMP metadata, including the author, date, the document series, and a URL for where the document can be retrieved. This information should be consistent with the RFC editor info page at the time of publication.¶
PDF supports an "outline" feature where sections of the document are marked; this could be used in addition to the table of contents as a navigation aid.¶
The section structure of an RFC can be mapped into the PDF elements for the document structure. This will allow the bookmark feature of PDF readers to be used to quickly access sections of the document.¶
Recommendation: The section structure of an RFC should be mapped into the PDF elements for the document structure. This would include section headings for the boilerplate sections such as the Abstract, Status of the Document, Table of Contents, and Author Addresses, plus the obvious section headings that are normally included in the Table of Contents. If possible, this should be done in a way that the same fragment identifiers for the HTML version of the RFC will work for the PDF version.¶
PDF has the capability of including other files; the files may be labeled both by a media type and a role, the AFRelationship key [PDFA3] . In this way, the PDF file acts also as a container.¶
Embedded content may be compressed.¶
Many PDF viewers support the ability to view and extract embedded files, although this capability is not universal.¶
Embedding content in the PDF file allows the PDF to act as a complete package, which can be transformed, archived, and digitally signed. (Some sample code illustrating how items can be attached to a PDF file and subsequently extracted can be found at <https://github.com/Aiybe/xmptest>.) Useful possibilities: ¶
Embed the source XML input file itself within the PDF. If the source SVG and images for illustrations are also embedded, this would make the PDF file totally self-referential.
Embed directly extractable components that are useful for independent processing, including ABNF, MIBs, source code for reference implementations. This capability might be supported through other mechanisms from the XML source files, but could also be supported within the PDF.
Finding, extracting and embedding other components may require additional markup to clearly identify them, and additional review to ensure the correctness of embedded files that are not visible.
Embed the XML source and all illustrations, for RFCs, as a standard feature for xml2rfc's PDF output.
If possible, make this a standard feature for Internet-Drafts as well.
Named <sourcecode> entries should be embedded.
Bitmap images (SVG sources, JPEGs, PNGs, etc) should be embedded.
The RFC Editor and staff are at times called to provide evidence that a particular RFC is the "original" and has not been modified; digital signatures can provide that verification. As signatures also apply to embedded content, embedding the XML source will provide a way of signing the source XML that was used to product the PDF file as well.¶
PDF has supported digital signatures since PDF 1.2, and there are multiple methods and options available for signing PDF files. The signing of internet-drafts and RFCs will be guided by [I-D.housley-rfc-and-id-signatures] .¶
ISO, "Portable document format -- Part 1: PDF 1.7", ISO 32000-1, 2008.
Also available free from Adobe.
[XMP]
ISO, "Extensible metadata platform (XMP) specification -- Part 1: Data model, serialization and core properties", ISO 16684-1, 2012.
Not available free, but there are a number of descriptive resources, e.g., <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform>
[PDFA2]
ISO, "Electronic document file format for long-term preservation -- Part 2: Use of ISO 32000-1 (PDF/A-2).", ISO 19005-2, 2011.
ISO, "Electronic document file format for long-term preservation -- Part 3: Use of ISO 32000-1 with support for embedded files (PDF/A-3)", ISO 19005-3, 2012.
[PDFUA]
ISO, "Electronic document file format enhancement for accessibility -- Part 1: Use of ISO 32000-1 (PDF/UA-1)", ISO 19005-3, 2012.
Palme, J., "Making Postscript and PDF International", RFC 2346, DOI 10.17487/RFC2346, May 1998, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2346>.
Flanagan, H. and N. Brownlee, "RFC Series Format Requirements and Future Development", RFC 6949, DOI 10.17487/RFC6949, May 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6949>.
Flanagan, H. and S. Ginoza, "RFC Style Guide", RFC 7322, DOI 10.17487/RFC7322, September 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7322>.
[I-D.flanagan-nonascii]
Flanagan, H., "The Use of Non-ASCII Characters in RFCs", Internet-Draft draft-flanagan-nonascii-06 (work in progress), November 2015, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-flanagan-nonascii-06.txt>.
[I-D.flanagan-rfc-css]
Flanagan, H., "CSS Requirements for RFCs", Internet-Draft draft-flanagan-rfc-css-04 (work in progress), September 2015, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-flanagan-rfc-css-04.txt>.
[I-D.hardy-pdf-mime]
Hardy, M., Masinter, L., Markovic, D., Johnson, D., and M. Bailey, "The application/pdf Media Type", Internet-Draft draft-hardy-pdf-mime-05 (work in progress), February 2017, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-hardy-pdf-mime-05.txt>.
[I-D.hildebrand-html-rfc]
Hildebrand, J. and P. Hoffman, "HyperText Markup Language Request For Comments Format", Internet-Draft draft-hildebrand-html-rfc-10 (work in progress), August 2015, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-hildebrand-html-rfc-10.txt>.
[I-D.housley-rfc-and-id-signatures]
Housley, R., "Digital Signatures on RFC and Internet-Draft Documents", Internet-Draft draft-housley-rfc-and-id-signatures-03 (work in progress), June 2016, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-housley-rfc-and-id-signatures-03.txt>.
NOTE: this section is meant as an overview to give some background.¶
The RFC series has for a long time accepted Postscript renderings of RFCs, either in addition to or instead of the text renderings of those same RFCs. These have usually been produced when there was a complicated figure or mathematics within the document. For example, consider the figures and mathematics found in RFC 1119 and RFC 1142, and compare the figures found in the text version of RFC 3550 with those in the Postscript version. The RFC editor has provided a PDF rendering of RFCs. Usually, this has been a print of the text file that does not take advantage of any of the broader PDF functionality, unless there was a Postscript version of the RFC, which would then be used by the RFC editor to generate the PDF.¶
In addition to PDFs generated and published by the RFC editor, the IETF tools community has also long supported PDF for Internet-Drafts. Most RFCs start with Internet-Drafts, edited by individual authors. The Internet-Drafts submission tool at https://datatracker.ietf.org/submit/ accepts PDF and Postscript files in addition to the (required) text submission and (currently optional) XML. If a PDF wasn't submitted for a particular version of an Internet-Draft, the tools would generate one from the Postscript, HTML, or text.¶
The process of creating a paged document from running text typically involves ensuring that related material is present on the same page together, and that artifacts of pagination don't interfere with easy reading of the document. Typical high-quality layout processors do several things: ¶
Widow and Orphan Management:
Widows and orphans (<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widows_and_orphans>) should be avoided automatically (unless the entire paragraph is only one line). Ensure that a page break does not occur after the first line of a paragraph (orphans), if necessary, using slightly longer page sizes. Similarly, ensure that a page break does not occur before the last line of a paragraph (widows).
Keep Section Heading Contiguous:
Do not insert a page break immediately after a section heading. If there isn't room on a page for the first (two) lines of a section after the section heading, insert a page break before the heading.
Avoid Splitting Artwork:
Figures should not be split from figure titles. If possible, keep the figure on the same page as the (first) mention of the figure.
Headers for Long Tables after Page Breaks:
Another common option in producing paginated documents is to include the column headings of a table if the table cannot be displayed on a single page. Similarly, tables should not be split from the table titles.
keepWithNext and keepWithPrevious:
The XML attributes of "keepWithNext" and "keepWithPrevious" should be followed whenever possible.
Whitespace Preservation:
The XML entities such as NBSP and NBHYPHEN should be followed as directed whenever possible.
This section discusses tools for viewing, comparing, creating, manipulating, transforming PDF files, including those currently in use by the RFC editor and Internet-Drafts, as well as outlining available PDF tools for various processes.¶
As with most file formats, PDF files are experienced through a reader or viewer of PDF files. For most of the common platforms in use (iOS, OS X, Windows, Android, ChromeOS, Kindle) and for most browsers (Edge, Safari, Chrome, Firefox), PDF viewing is built in. In addition there are many PDF viewers available for download and install.¶
PDF viewers vary in capabilities, and it is important to note which PDF viewers support the features utilized in PDF RFCs and Internet-Drafts (features such as links, digital signatures, Tagged PDF and others mentioned in Section 3).¶
While almost all viewers also support printing of PDF files, printing is one of the most important use cases for PDFs. Some printers have direct PDF support.¶
Because the xml2rfc format is a unique format, software for converting XML source documents to the various formats will be needed, including PDF generation.¶
One promising direction is suggested in <http://greenbytes.de/tech/webdav/rfc2629xslt/rfc2629xslt.html#output.pdf.fop>: using XSLT to generate XSL-FO which is then processed by a formatting object processor such as Apache FOP.¶
Several libraries are also available for generating PDF signatures. The choice of library to use for xml2pdf will depend on many factors: programming language, quality of implementation, quality of PDF generated, support, cost, availability, and so forth.¶
This section is intended to discuss available typefaces that might satisfy requirements. Some openly available fixed-width typefaces (without extensive Unicode support, however) include: ¶
Source Sans
A font that looks promising for its broad Unicode support is Skolar, but it requires licensing. Another potentially useful set of typefaces is the Noto family from Google.
In addition to generating and viewing PDF, other categories of PDF tools are available and may be useful both during specification development and for published RFCs. These include tools for comparing two PDFs, checkers that could be used to validate the results of conversion, reviewing and commentary tools that attach annotations to PDF files, and digital signature creation and validation.¶
Validation of an arbitrary author-generated PDF file would be quite difficult; there are few PDF validation tools. However, if RFCs and Internet-Drafts are generated by conversion from XML via xml2rfc, then explicit validation of PDF and adherence to expected profiles would mainly be useful to ensure that xml2rfc has functioned properly.¶
Discourage (but allow) submission of a PDF representation for Internet-Drafts. In most cases, the PDF for an Internet-Draft should be produced automatically when XML is submitted, with an opportunity to verify the conversion.
The input of the following people is gratefully acknowledged: Nevil Brownlee (ISE), Brian Carpenter, Chris Dearlove, Martin Duerst, Heather Flanagan (RSE), Joe Hildebrand, Paul Hoffman, Duff Johnson, Ted Lemon, Henrik Levkowetz, Julian Reschke, Adam Roach, Leonard Rosenthol, Alice Russo, Robert Sparks, Andrew Sullivan, and Dave Thaler. ¶
Tony Hansen (editor)
AT&T Laboratories
200 Laurel Ave. South
Middletown, NJ 07748
EMail: tony@att.com
Larry Masinter
EMail: masinter@adobe.com
URI: http://larry.masinter.net
Matthew Hardy
EMail: mahardy@adobe.com


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Shea Butter acts as a moisturizer and makes the skin supple by providing hydration. It also helps tissue cell regeneration, softens the skin and may reduces wrinkles.
Beeswax creates a barrier which helps to seal moisture into the skin. This barrier also helps to protect the skin from environmental stresses.
CoQ10 is an antioxidant that may boost skin repair and regeneration and reduce free radical damage.
Vitamin K1 is beneficial for reducing broken capillaries, brightening dark under-eye circles, calming redness and evening skin tone.
Hyaluronic Acid (High Molecular Weight) is a natural compound serving as a viscous medium in the tissues of the body and as a lubricant in joints. It is a humectant which absorbs and retains moisture. It soothes, hydrates, and protects the skin against transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and makes for a strong and healthy skin barrier.
In skincare, there is no "one-size-fits-all" solution. At Silent Tree Naturals, while we do target specific issues and offer products which may be beneficial to those issues, we do not claim to diagnose, treat or cure any conditions.


Specsavers Hearing Centre in Mold got behind the UK Council on Deafness' annual Deaf Awareness Week campaign this month, and committed to raising local awareness and understanding of the challenges faced by the deaf or hard of hearing.
One in six people in the UK are deaf or hard of hearing, according to the UK Council on Deafness.
John Wisbey, hearcare director at Specsavers Mold, said: 'It's vital that everybody understands the challenges faced by those with hearing difficulties, challenges which often leave people feeling frustrated, embarrassed, isolated and unconfident.


text:
Q: How to do a flow of work automaticlly each time after yarn? A project required A dependence which required B. And I want to change some code in B. But each time I rerun yarn (add new dependence), these changes all rolled back.
For example: in my react-native project I required "react-navigation": "^2.0.1", and in react-navigation's package.json also required "react-native-safe-area-view": "^0.8.0". I change some code in react-native-safe-area-view/index.js because it's hard to upgrade react-navigation.
Another example: same project I change some code in RNCamere.m(Objective-C) which in node_modules/react-native-camera/ios/RN/RNCamera.m. It's hard to upgrade react-native-camera.
But each time I add new dependence (yarn add) these changes were all rolled back. So I have to do the same thing again. And my partners also have to do the same thing again and again.
Is there any good solutions for optimizing this workflow? I really don't want to do the same work.
I think using sed to change these files each time after yarn is a good way, but I have to write long long script to fix it. Any other suggestions?

A: You should make a fork of the react-native-safe-area-view project, in one of your repo. Then in your package.json add something like this in your dependencies:
"react-native-android-action-sheet": "git+ssh://git@url_of_your_fork/react-native-safe-area-view.git#v0.0.1",

A: My situation was: project relies on A, A relies on B, A also relies on C, and C also relies on B.
node_modules:
  react-native-safe-area-view@0.8.0     -> B@0.8.0
  react-navigation@2.2.0                -> A
  react-navigation-tabs@0.5.0           -> C
    node_modules:
      react-native-safe-area-view@0.7.0 -> B@0.7.0

My solution was:

*

*fork these three projects on github

*git revert to the tag version

*change the code where needs to be modified

*modify A's package.json to git+https://github.com/MYNAME/C.git/#mytag

*modify B's package.json to git+https://github.com/MYNAME/C.git/#mytag

*modify A's package.json to  git+https://github.com/MYNAME/B.git/#mytag

*modify project's package.json to git+https://github.com/MYNAME/A.git/#mytag

So the problem solved. It's a hard(bad) try.
Here's the github issue detail: https://github.com/react-navigation/react-navigation/issues/5205

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Yesterday, eServGlobal's core PayMobile business revealed a new contract from an existing customer in the Asia Pacific region, valued at £1m over a three-year period with approximately half likely to be booked this year. The contract is for a recharge voucher management platform for a leading local operator; the APAC is one of the leading mobile markets in the world and recharge is an essential feature in this predominantly pre-paid arena. Another of the previously delayed orders, the contract is part of the expected pipeline of business and we make no change to forecasts or target price at this stage. However, it is encouraging that the core business has a strong pipeline of opportunities and continues to see success and growth ahead of the big mobile world show in Barcelona at the end of this month, traditionally a point when many deals are initiated.
Another 1.2% added to customer numbers on the back of 1.3% through the Eccles acquisition, while the net loan book should increase 2.2%, on top of the 1.9% from Eccles. We keep numbers unchanged at present but suggest a net increase in the region of c.£200k to PBT when we revisit estimates at full year 2019.
Mporium has provided additional detail regarding the recent strategic collaboration agreement with Allay. As the exclusive customer lead generation channel for the consumer claims firm, Mporium will deploy its proprietary technology platform IMPACT to drive customer leads for a fixed price per lead. Since the agreement was signed last month, the lead generation business has already started to generate considerable revenues for the Group, billing £1.0m for each of the past two weeks, compared to £1.2m for the total of 1H18. Mporium anticipates the UK consumer regulation market to be a significant opportunity for the Group, due to the growing regulation surrounding consumer compensation. With a total addressable market of £100bn across a number of verticals (PPI, packaged bank accounts, flight delay compensation) and high value customer leads, we believe the Allay deal is the start of a significant transformation for Mporium. Notably, this is just one application for the MproiumX platform, the latest pay-for-performance division of the Group. We look forward to initiating on the Group over the coming weeks.
Iofina has successfully restructured its convertible and term loan facilities, with convertibility removed and repayment pushed out a year to mid-2020. Iofina will incur a higher interest rate as a result and can no longer capitalise interest payments, although this still looks the best outcome that could have been expected and removes a major issue that has been weighing on the shares. In our forecasts we have delayed the assumed IOsorb™ plant expansions by 6-9 months, which reduces our EBITDA forecasts by 11-12%. This sees our DCF-based price target fall 3% to 34p. Nevertheless, Iofina still offers material upside and strong leverage to improving iodine prices and its continued operational recovery.


EconPapers: What Causes the Delay in Reforms in Europe?
What Causes the Delay in Reforms in Europe?
Abstract: The academic literature provides no clear answer to this question. In principle, the recent slowdown in reform activity and fiscal consolidation in the euro area may derive from several developments. Potential reasons involve the end of the economic recession, the provision of financial assistance to crisis countries, and improved financing conditions for governments as a result of unconventional monetary policy, which all reduced reform pressure. While existing studies analyse several of these causes of reform delays in general, there is only very limited evidence for such a relation in the current environment in the euro area.


"The airline opens a Dublin-Philadelphia route Sunday. Kavanagh said Aer Lingus will announce new U.S. destinations for 2019 later this year"
A321- MKE, CLE, PIT, DTW, MSP, BUF, RDU, CLT, IND, and CVG.
A330- SAN, DEN, LAS, DFW, and TPA.
What new U.S. destinations do you think Aer Lingus will announce later this year?
Selfishly I want to see DEN (decent chance) and IAH (definately won't happen before DFW). I'd also love to see MEM with the A321neo.
I see STL being a good route with the A321neo, still a good-sized metro area and a good sized AA FF base without TATL on a EU or US legacy, they could give WOW a run for their money.
I too am hoping for DEN. I could easily see 3 or 4 weekly nonstop to DUB to supplement the daily BA flight to LHR.
In terms of new 330 routes, I think either DEN or LAS is at the top of the list followed by SAN, TPA, and DFW.
I could see it slowly come into the Denver market as well with a few times a week. Will be interesting to see how IAG decides to use Aer Lingus in the USA in the future.
CLE is likely hideous for the 2 Iceland carriers. EI must be smarter than to jump into that.
I don't think CLT/RDU are within range? Certainly not CLT.
I'll throw in PDX, due to EI's future partnership with AS.
If WOW can do KEF-LAX with the A321, certainly EI can do DUB-PDX with the A321neo?
While I think we will see them in PDX eventually, I doubt the route will be added next year since their SEA service hasn't even started yet. They will probably first want to see how many people connect off the SEA flight onward to PDX via their partnership with Alaska.
I'd suggest Dublin to both Dallas and Denver for future A330 service.
For A321LR: PIT, MSP and Halifax.
I don't see Tampa ever happening. They are happy with daily to Florida right now; with 4w to Orlando and 3w to Miami.
TPA and Aer Lingus have met multiple times regarding potential DUB-TPA service and Air Lingus is certainly interested in the opportunity. Will TPA be added next year? Probably not, but I certainly wouldn't say that it's never happening.
I would say all of those are guaranteed additions. Especially with the 321's arriving.
Certainly CLT, at some point.
DFW, MSP, and DTW would be my main guesses.
I expect Aer Lingus to add all of those markets eventually. Especially MSP and DTW with the 321's.
DFW, DEN, LAS, MSP, BWI, DTW, CMH, STL (if BA doesn't materialize), and PIT would be the frontrunners. Next would probably be RDU, PDX, CLT, or CVG. I would include MKE on there, but the community there isn't as interested due to the proximity to ORD.
If Aer Lingus were to enter MSP or DTW, Would DL react? I don't think there is enough capacity for two flights, at both airports.
I really don't think so because EI would target a different customer base rgan DL. Delta doesn't care about selling cheap seats.
CLE already has 2 TATL carriers trying to out compete each other in a brand new TATL market, one offering a similar product to EI, competing for a relatively small pool of pax. For comparison STL only has one. If EI were to come in you would see both WW and FI send prices even further down (good for the customer but not profitable). There is a lot of risk for other carriers in announcing another TATL flight from CLE, until we see how the FI and WW flights do (same applies to IND, BNA, and other cities with new TATL service).
So considering that STL seems more likely to get EI(obviously depending on what happens with BA). DTW is a much larger TATL market, so WW has a much smaller effect on its market. I give the edge to CVG as well just because its a proven TATL market.
Florida is unique as a market. Unlike almost every other in the US, the overseas Anglo community has pretty much an insatiable demand for sun. TPA is a very reasonable bet.
Oh good. This is only the third or fourth time we've had this same topic posted this year and still NO ONE has mentioned Corpus Christi?
PIT has been pushing for another TATL option along with DL's service to CDG and Condor's seasonal service to FRA; DUB and LHR are the two markets often cited by PIT officials, and EI service to DUB would be another feather in the cap of the airport's CEO (the number of non-stop destinations have nearly doubled over the past couple of years since she took over).
That would overfly DTW. Not gonna happen, bro.
With historic low unemployment, a growing diversification from the auto industry, and the renovation of downtown, DTW is growing to be a large untapped market, dominated by DL/AF to CDG/FRA/LHR/MAN/FRA/MUC/FCO and LH to FRA. An ultra-low cost, such as WOW Air will start services next month but an independent airline, such as EI, can mostly being additional value to a basin of 4.5 million people. Hoping for the best.
DFW, probably. DEN, unlikely. MEM, no chance in hell.
I know MEM doesn't have a chance, but we are areal entitled to our own pipe dreams. DEN is rumored to be happening sooner rather than later.
I get ya. I'm the same with BNA-NRT. In my head it seems like it would work. On paper, not so much so. Maybe when the IAB is complete.
ATL has been mentioned by the airline as a possible new destination with the Airbus A321LR.
IMO, EI needs to be careful not to place all of its eggs in one basket (i.e. the US).
How about some diversification (albeit still within 'North America'), like MEX?
Maybe too much of a risk for EI. There are lots of Irish people who have friends and family in the USA or Canada and lots of US born Americans seam to think of themselves as Irish just because their granny (or great granny) was born there. Florida, California, New York and Boston are also big tourist destinations for both Irish and Brits. So there is passenger demand in both directions.
As far as I remember EI's only long haul destination outside of the USA and Canada was DXB and that didn't last long.
It would be great to see EI trying MEX but it might be unlikely.
You are my hero. Thank you so much for sharing the true perspective of the greater Detroit area and not just what's found by doing a quick Google search. Sure there are bad parts of Detroit just like the Southside of Chicago and that doesn't stop people from flocking to Chicago so why should that stop people from visiting the Detroit metro area and all it has to offer. Yes Detroit should be EI very next US destination.
That article is nearly 2 years old.
Amazing how A321s and the type can now fly routes in the day you'd see 747s on!
Depends on what the IAG thinks, if their BA flight is doing well, EI is a possibility for MSY. If the IAG thinks BA still needs to mature, they won't do EI just yet.


text:
// $Id: ChannelException.java,v 1.4 2004/08/04 14:26:34 belaban Exp $
using System;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;

namespace Alachisoft.NGroups
{

	///  This class represents the super class for all exception types thrown by
	/// JGroups.
	///
	[Serializable]
	internal class ChannelException:System.Exception, ISerializable
	{
		///  Retrieves the cause of this exception as passed to the constructor.
		///

		/// This method is provided so that in the case that a 1.3 VM is used,
		/// 1.4-like exception chaining functionality is possible.  If a 1.4 VM is
		/// used, this method will override Throwable.getCause() with a
		/// version that does exactly the same thing.
		///
		///
		/// <returns> the cause of this exception.
		/// </returns>
		virtual public Exception Cause
		{
			get
			{
				return _cause;
			}

		}

		// Instance-level implementation.
		private Exception _cause;

		public ChannelException():base()
		{
		}

		public ChannelException(string reason):base(reason)
		{
		}

		public ChannelException(String reason, Exception cause):base(reason)
		{
			_cause = cause;
		}

		public override String ToString()
		{
			return "ChannelException: " + Message;
		}

		#region /                 --- ISerializable ---           /

		///
		/// overloaded constructor, manual serialization.
		///
		protected ChannelException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context):base(info, context)
	{
	}

		///
		/// manual serialization
		///
		/// <param name="info"></param>
		/// <param name="context"></param>
		public override void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
		{
			base.GetObjectData(info, context);
		}

		#endregion
		/*
		* Throwable implementation.
		*/

		///  Prints this exception's stack trace to standard error.
		///

		/// This method is provided so that in the case that a 1.3 VM is used, calls
		/// to printStackTrace can be intercepted so that 1.4-like
		/// exception chaining functionality is possible.
		///
		public void  printStackTrace()
		{
		}

		///  Prints this exception's stack trace to the provided stream.
		///

		/// This method implements the 1.4-like exception chaining functionality when
		/// printing stack traces for 1.3 VMs.  If a 1.4 VM is used, this call is
		/// delegated only to the super class.
		///
		///
		/// <param name="ps">the stream to which the stack trace will be "printed".
		/// </param>
		public void  printStackTrace(System.IO.StreamWriter ps)
		{
		}

		private void  printCauseStackTrace(System.IO.StreamWriter pw)
		{
		}

	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Submit Business News
Psychology Strength Reviews (Mike Gillette) The Psychology of Strength Program?
Life tends to make us susceptible, and becoming tough-minded can be had through life experiences. Physically strong individuals think they are ready to deal with anything thrown at them. They put numerous hours in towards building up their muscles in a bid to toughen up.
Strength psychology sets apart individuals that could be relied on when situations get tough. However, what they fail to understand is that physical strength does not mean someone is mentally tough. One has to master the art of controlling their mind to harness the strength of their body. They learn how to keep their tempers in check, have a presence, and have a specific way to reduce the intensity of difficult situations.
Such are among the same skills taught through stringent training by those in the line of duty. The military, firefighters, and police are a few examples of those that never run from danger; they are mentally trained to run towards it.
In the past, our forefathers were toughened by their lifestyles, as life wasn't as easy as it is now for many people. They were required to survive in all types of environments, hunting for food and physically fighting off enemies who threatened their mere existence.
Today, societies encourage opening up, and mental strength is not tested daily, thus turning us into soft and vulnerable individuals.
To toughen up mentally, one could enroll with the armed forces. But there exists a shortcut that could transform individuals regardless of their age, size, or experience to become mentally tough.
Introducing Mike Gillette, who has a significant number of accolades attached to his name.
Who is Mike, and What is the Psychology of Strength program?
Brought up in a family riddled with drug and domestic abuse, the little and timid boy has morphed into a real-life action hero. Throughout his overachieved life, he has served in several roles;
An army paratrooper
Fortune 500 executives bodyguard
Swat commander
A bodyguard to several A-Lister celebrities
A counterterrorism consultant for various Federal Agencies
A Hall of Famer in the Martial Arts Masters
Wrote a training manual for DHS and TSA
Tactical trainer for top government agencies such as the FBI and DEA
Featured on Ripley's Believe or Not and Guinness World Records
The Psychology of Strength program was designed to answer all issues where mental toughness can be applied when needed.
Overcoming Psychological barriers
While one could assume that Mike was born with the champion mindset, his personal story has highlighted overcoming weakness, attributing that mental strength is not inborn or hereditary. His inspirational story emanates from a single parent set up as a result of unintended pregnancy that caused the separation of his family. At some point in his life, he was among the smallest in his class and afraid of everything.
His mother often got into toxic relationships with abusive men who battered her daily. His mother then succumbed to a brain tumor when he was barely 15 years, and his life went on a downward spiral. He attempted suicide at 18 after plunging into alcohol and drugs. It was then that his life took a turn, embracing it as a second shot at life.
He later joined the army, which afforded him a slot at the University of Arizona in 1984 through an ROTC scholarship as a military officer. During a climbing expedition with his college buddies, he had a near-death experience that shattered his back and ankles after falling onto the Canyon floor. He had to work so hard to reclaim his former shape, which he did after a grueling four and a half years. He had cheated death again, earning a second chance for a second time.
Most people would have given up after such catastrophes, which he had to overcome, breaking mental and physical barriers to turn into one of the most sought-after tactical trainers. He intends to share the secrets that propelled his comebacks.
ALSO READ:Functional Fitness Solution Reviews
Steps to building a tough mind
The secrets set apart the winners from everyone else in their respective fields. Be it be the successful business leaders or gold medalist Olympians. These he has often revealed in a select audience as he's sharing the same techniques he has indoctrinated into special forces and law enforcement field agents.
Mike has illustrated in his real-life examples that a tough mind is a winning mindset. By achieving a tough perspective and overcoming fear, one could achieve anything they set to. One cannot dare to undermine the mind's power over the physical body. It would be best to keep your emotions in check as they might compromise your purpose and sobriety of the mind.
Planning and preparing your objectives tend to reinforce mental strength. This can be achieved by picking the right mentors who have overcome difficult situations, thus acquiring valuable expertise to bolster mental strength.
Just like any other part of the human body, the mind has to be constantly badgered to retain its sharpness. Consistency in pushing boundaries and capabilities builds mastery of the mind.
The Psychology of Strength program
The program will unleash a real-life, step-by-step manual that will unbind self-limiting beliefs and suppress the fear that obstructs success. It is available in a two-disc DVD set, coupled with an extensive Strong mind manual that supplements the presentations. In the program, the renowned mental strength expert shares intimate strategies he's accumulated into assisting you to develop a tough mind. The program has conveniently been broken down into three stages;
Stage 1: The Mindset of Mental Toughness
Here there is a detailed dissection of the biochemical process that affects the state of readiness. He further discloses how to unshackle oneself from beliefs that will hold you back.
Stage 2: Life by Design
He explains the correlation between planning and developing a tough mind. The setting and smashing of goals to build up your resilience and avert the shortcoming of planning with his inspirational real-life scenarios.
Stage 3: Mind Strengthening Skills
Here he will indulge your mind in various life-threatening scenarios without immersing you in actual risk, proving that dedication and direct practice assure mental toughness. The section has short exercises that you should follow like clockwork to improve emotional control, mental toughness, and alertness.
Purchase the Mike Gillette Strength Psychology Program
Consumers ready to learn from the best can purchase the digital program on the official website. Here they will find three ways to buy the program. Packages are as follows:
Digital Download Only: Book and Two-Disk DVD $19.00
Physical Collection: Book and Two-DVD Sets Shipped Worldwide $29.00
Digital and Physical Collection: A printed book and Two-DVD set shipped worldwide and instant download of the book and Two-DVD sets $29.00
Mike is offering all customers a 60-day money-back guarantee on their purchase and can be contacted by email at:
Support: criticalbench.com
RELATED:Best Home Workout Exercise Plans for Fitness Enthusiasts in 2022
The links contained in this product review may result in a small commission if you opt to purchase the product recommended at no additional cost to you. This goes towards supporting our research and editorial team and please know we only recommend high quality products.
Please understand that any advice or guidelines revealed here are not even remotely a substitute for sound medical advice from a licensed healthcare provider. Make sure to consult with a professional physician before making any purchasing decision if you use medications or have concerns following the review details shared above. Individual results may vary as the statements made regarding these products have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The efficacy of these products has not been confirmed by FDA-approved research. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
King County's 4Culture to offer federal relief funds to 'cultural producers' impacted by the pandemic
King County Council approves new leadership, committee structure and assignments
Behind the scenes in the race for King County prosecutor | Roegner
The growing disconnect between public servants and the press | Whale
Auritine Reviews: Does It Work? Effective Ingredients or Cheap Pills?
2022's Best Online Payday Loan For Bad Credit: Get Instant Cash From Top 4 Direct Lenders| Emergency Loans Guaranteed Approval Near Me
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Having the option for the best emergency loan is always crucial. As we all know, finances can be a sensitive…
© 2022 Vashon-Maury Island Beachcomber and Sound Publishing. All Rights Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Molecular imaging combines the knowledge of cellular biology with noninvasive diagnostic imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), to provide medical innovation that goes beyond simply detecting abnormalities to the characterization of human biology.
Cancer care is a multidisciplinary effort, requiring collaboration of many specialists. Molecular imaging with Biograph mCT, Biograph mMR and Symbia T scanners is an integral part of this process as it provides pretreatment staging information, allows monitoring of treatment response and helps in detecting tumor recurrence.
Molecular imaging is an essential tool in radiation oncology for accurate staging of patients before radiation treatment, defining radiation fields and in monitoring treatment progress.
Molecular imaging helps the physician detect functional differences between normal and malfunctioning neurobiology and neurochemistry. PET and SPECT imaging can reveal disease related biological changes before the onset of symptoms.
Molecular imaging assists physicians with the non-invasive management of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease and in the selection of patients who would benefit from revascularization or cardiac transplantation.


text:
Thyroid Cancer and Cell Phone Radiation: Research Says There's a Link
TOPICS:BN FrankCancercell phone radiation
By B.N. Frank
Research has determined that exposure to cell phones and other sources of wireless radiation can
increase cancer (see 1, 2, 3, 4) and tumor risk
cause hair loss
cause rashes, other skin irritations, and premature skin aging
cause and/or increase blood sugar fluctuations
cause and/or increase cardiac health issues
cause and/or increase insomnia
compromise respiratory health
disrupt the blood-brain barrier (see 1, 2, 3)
increase risk for "Microwave Sickness," Electromagnetic Sensitivity and Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity
reduce immunity to viruses and other illnesses
Thanks to Dr. Joel Moskowitz for providing in-depth research about thyroid cancer and cell phones on his website, Electromagnetic Radiation Safety:
Thyroid Cancer & Mobile Phone Use
From: Carlberg et al. 2016 (see abstract below).
A new review of the research has found that cell phone radiation adversely affects cells in the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. The study was published in the journal, Environmental Science and Pollution Research International by Jafar Asl and colleagues.
The findings from this study support the findings from two recent human studies. Ermioni Tsarna and colleagues recently found in a cohort study that cell phone use during pregnancy increased the risk of preterm birth.
Jiajun Luo and colleagues found in a case-control study that heavy cell phone use increases the risk of thyroid cancer. In a followup study, the researchers found that genetic susceptibilities modify the associations between cell phone use and risk of thyroid cancer (see below).
The figure above is from the open access paper: Carlberg M, Hedendahl L, Ahonen, Koppel T, Hardell L. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the Nordic countries with main focus on Swedish data. BMC Cancer. 16:246. 2016. https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-016-2429-4
Adverse Effects of Cell Phone Radiation on the Thyroid Gland: Research Review
Asl JF, Larijani B, Zakerkish M, Rahim F, Shirbandi K, Akbari R. The possible global hazard of cell phone radiation on thyroid cells and hormones: a systematic review of evidences. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. Published online May 6, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-05096-z.
The aim of this review was to investigate the effects of possible harmful waves from either cell phone use or being within the range of the cell phone from 450 to 3800 MHz on the thyroid cells and hormones. Eight electronic datasets were systematically searched using MeSH terms, including "cell phone," "mobile phone," "GSM," "radio frequency," "smartphone," "triiodothyronine," "thyroxin," "thyroid-stimulating hormone," "T3," "T4," "TSH," and "morphological" and all possible combinations, to identify relevant studies published up to Dec 2018. We also manually searched the reference lists of potentially selected studies to identify further relevant publications. About 161 relevant studies were initially found. After screening titles and abstracts, 139 studies were excluded, and finally 22 studies (comprising 7182 cases) were included in the qualitative synthesis.
Of the 22 included studies, 11 studies reported changes in T3 and T4 levels (six reported a decrease in T3 levels and one reported increase in it); moreover, five found decreased T4 levels and two studies an increased level. In other 10 studies, TSH alteration was reported. Of these, two studies reported a decrease in TSH level and one reported an increase in the hormone levels, while in the remaining studies non-significant changes were reported. Finally, seven studies examined histological changes in the thyroid gland follicles and showed that the volume of these cells was reduced.
Based on the evidence discussed above, the reduction in diameter of thyroid follicles is potentially linked with cell phone radiation. Exposure may negatively influence the iodine uptake in the thyroid gland or increases temperature effect on the thyroid gland. However, further research are needed in order to show that the level of TSH and thyroid hormone suppression by microwave.
The range of SAR [Specific Absorption Rate] reported in this study was 0.082–4.6 W/kg. Silva et al. stated that RFE [radio frequency energy] exposure conditions have no potential carcinogenic effect on thyroid cells with 0.082–0.170 (W/kg) SAR (Silva et al. 2016). It is expected that reducing this factor will reduce the risk of cell phone waves, but Bhargav et al. show that thyroid gland hormones are significantly lesser after RF-EMF with 0.54 W/kg SAR exposure compared to sham (Bergamaschi et al. 2004), and other studies show contradictory results about the role of SAR and hormonal effects. Despite the fact that SAR is a very important criterion for judging the highest energy of a radio signal released from a source of a particular model of a mobile phone, it alone cannot provide enough information to compare the amount of radio signal released by different phones to users.
… epidemiological evidences have revealed that even a relatively slight decrease in T4 levels during pregnancy may lead to decrease of cognitive functions in offspring (Haddow et al. 1999; Pop et al. 2003). In this regard, Eşmekaya et al. stated that cell phone has the potential to cause pathological consequences in the thyroid gland via changing organ structure, as well as increasing the activity of caspase-dependent pathways related to apoptosis (Esmekaya et al. 2010). Silva et al. show the exposure to RFE seems to have no possible oncogenic consequence on human thyroid cells (Silva et al. 2016). Nonetheless, it is quite difficult to perform a study exploring the impacts of EMFs on a fetus or child due to ethical concerns (Sangun et al. 2015).
Conclusions and future perspective
Tissue heating may be usually linked to nonspecific stress reaction induced by microwave exposure. Exposure negatively influences the iodine uptake in the thyroid gland, or may influence with increased temperature effect on the thyroid gland. However, with the advent of new generations of communications like the 5G, further research are needed in order to show the level of TSH and thyroid hormone suppression by microwave.
Read the full 40-page report HERE
American Academy of Pediatrics and other medical experts have warned for many years that children are more vulnerable to exposure.
Organizations like The Phonegate Alert Team also raise awareness about exposure risks as well as litigation against cell phones for excessive radiation levels (see 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). Doctors and scientists worldwide support a recently introduced petition to boycott 5G phones.
Activist Post reports regularly about unsafe technology. For more information visit our archives and the following websites.
Electromagnetic Radiation Safety
Wireless Information Network
Be the first to comment on "Thyroid Cancer and Cell Phone Radiation: Research Says There's a Link"


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Divorce and Legal Separation
Parenting Time / Custody
Family Law FAQs
Misdemeanor DUI 1st Offense
Misdemeanor DUI 2nd Offense
Drug Related DUI
Aggravated DUI
DUI/DWI FAQs
Possession of Drugs for Sale/ Trafficking
Self Incrimination
Child Custody Enforcement
Intoxicated Driving FAQ
Best Interest of Child
Child Custody FAQ
Best Interests of the Child in Arizona
Courts make decisions all the time that affect children. These decisions are often related to things like child custody, child support, any future modifications to custody and support, and termination of parental rights. These decisions are made in light of the best interests of the child.
At Law Office of Cliff L. Hill, PLLC, our family law lawyer in Arizona provides guidance to our clients and helps them understand what the best interest of the child means generally, and how it could affect their unique case specifically. Making sure our clients are informed helps them make better decisions, too. So, contact us online or at (928) 443-9165 to schedule a consultation.
What is the Best Interest of the Child Standard in Yavapai?
To determine what is in the best interests of the child, a set of factors have been established to guide the courts. These factors are also meant as a way to objectively arrive at these decisions so that they are fairer and more consistent. The standards used by most states are based on and developed from the Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act, adopted in 1970. Section 402 of this Act provides that
The court shall determine custody in accordance with the best interest of the child. The court shall consider all relevant factors including:
(1) the wishes of the child's parent or parents as to his custody;
(2) the wishes of the child as to his custodian;
(3) the interaction and interrelationship of the child with his parent or parents, his siblings, and any other person who may significantly affect the child's best interest;
(4) the child's adjustment to his home, school, and community; and
(5) the mental and physical health of all people involved.
The court shall not consider conduct of a proposed custodian that does not affect his relationship to the child.
As mentioned, these factors are the basis. With regard to the second factor, most states will listen to the wishes of the child but may not act on those wishes unless the child is a certain age. Further, many states have added additional factors into that state's specific standard of the best interests of the child.
Other Factors in Addition to the Best Interests of the Child
Courts can also consider other relevant factors. This could include:
Race, although it cannot be a decisive factor
Religion, although the courts cannot interfere with a parent's right to practice but can weigh how the religion or religious ritual may affect the child
Sexual conduct, which refers to the parent's sexual conduct and if it will adversely impact the child
Domestic violence, where there is spousal abuse and/or child abuse
Disability, where one parent may be disabled, the court may reflect on how that disability may impact the parent's ability to care for the child
Which Best Interests of the Child Standard Applies if Custody Involves Multiple States?
Child custody determinations are decided by state courts. Wherever the case is filed, typically that state's best interests of the child standard applies. In some cases, where a genuine question as to which state can enforce a custody order exists, uniform laws like the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act may control. That, too, is determined by the state.
Keep in mind, not all states have adopted these uniform laws, but most use them as guidance.
Contact a Family Law Lawyer in Arizona Today
The best interests of the child standard will greatly influence your child's life as well as yours. If you have questions, need advice, or want to file a complaint for divorce, child custody, or child support, contact Law Office of Cliff L. Hill, PLLC online or call us at (928) 443-9165 today.
Law Office of Cliff L. Hill, PLLC
If you require legal advice and representation for issues surrounding a divorce or legal separation, or if you need to defend yourself from a criminal charge, consider contacting Cliff Hill.
Cliff Hill is committed to personally representing his clients through the challenges brought by legal disputes in the area of family law or fighting a criminal charge.
323 W Goodwin Street
Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri: 08:30am - 05:00pm
Copyright © 2023 Law Office of Cliff L. Hill, PLLC


text:
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Copyright Microsoft Corporation
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

namespace Microsoft.Azure.Commands.ResourceManager.Cmdlets.Implementation
{
    using System;
    using System.Management.Automation;
    using System.Threading.Tasks;
    using Microsoft.Azure.Commands.ResourceManager.Cmdlets.Components;
    using Microsoft.Azure.Commands.ResourceManager.Cmdlets.Entities.Resources;
    using Microsoft.Azure.Commands.ResourceManager.Cmdlets.Extensions;
    using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the deployment operation.
    /// </summary>
    [Cmdlet(VerbsCommon.Get, "AzureResourceGroupDeploymentOperation"), OutputType(typeof(PSObject))]
    public class GetAzureResourceGroupDeploymentOperationCmdlet : ResourceManagerCmdletBase
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the resource group name parameter.
        /// </summary>
        [Alias("Name")]
        [Parameter(Mandatory = true, ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName = true, HelpMessage = "The deployment name.")]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty]
        public string DeploymentName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the subscription id parameter.
        /// </summary>
        [Parameter(Mandatory = false, ValueFromPipeline = true, ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName = true, HelpMessage = "The subscription to use.")]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty]
        public Guid? SubscriptionId { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the resource group name parameter.
        /// </summary>
        [Parameter(Mandatory = true, ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName = true, HelpMessage = "The resource group name.")]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty]
        public string ResourceGroupName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Executes the cmdlet.
        /// </summary>
        protected override void OnProcessRecord()
        {
            base.OnProcessRecord();

            if (this.SubscriptionId == null)
            {
                this.SubscriptionId = this.Profile.Context.Subscription.Id;
            }

            if(!string.IsNullOrEmpty(this.ApiVersion))
            {
                this.WriteWarning("The parameter ApiVersion in Get-AzureResourceGroupDeploymentOperation cmdlet is being deprecated and will be removed in a future release.");
            }

            this.RunCmdlet();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Contains the cmdlet's execution logic.
        /// </summary>
        private void RunCmdlet()
        {
            PaginatedResponseHelper.ForEach(
                getFirstPage: () => this.GetResources(),
                getNextPage: nextLink => this.GetNextLink<JObject>(nextLink),
                cancellationToken: this.CancellationToken,
                action: resources => this.WriteObject(sendToPipeline: resources.CoalesceEnumerable().SelectArray(resource => resource.ToPsObject(ResourceObjectFormat.New)), enumerateCollection: true));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Queries the ARM cache and returns the cached resource that match the query specified.
        /// </summary>
        private async Task<ResponseWithContinuation<JObject[]>> GetResources()
        {
            var resourceId = this.GetResourceId();

            var apiVersion = await this
                .DetermineApiVersion(resourceId: resourceId)
                .ConfigureAwait(continueOnCapturedContext: false);

            return await this
                .GetResourcesClient()
                .ListObjectColleciton<JObject>(
                    resourceCollectionId: resourceId,
                    apiVersion: apiVersion,
                    cancellationToken: this.CancellationToken.Value)
                .ConfigureAwait(continueOnCapturedContext: false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the next set of resources using the <paramref name="nextLink"/>
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="nextLink">The next link.</param>
        private Task<ResponseWithContinuation<TType[]>> GetNextLink<TType>(string nextLink)
        {
            return this
                .GetResourcesClient()
                .ListNextBatch<TType>(nextLink: nextLink, cancellationToken: this.CancellationToken.Value);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the resource Id from the supplied PowerShell parameters.
        /// </summary>
        protected string GetResourceId()
        {
            return ResourceIdUtility.GetResourceId(
                subscriptionId: this.SubscriptionId,
                resourceGroupName: this.ResourceGroupName,
                resourceType: Constants.MicrosoftResourcesDeploymentOperationsType,
                resourceName: this.DeploymentName);
        }
    }
}


text:
Q: Teamcity Use specific VCS Root As Prompt Parameter in Single Build configuration I am using the 3 build configurations to use VCS root as develop, staging and master. Each having custom parameters like build env, Kubernetes cluster, namespaces, etc.
However, sometimes my dev team needs to check if the master branch code is running correctly on dev env, dev K8s cluster, dev namespaces.
For that, I want to create the custom prompt-based parameters where they can choose the VCS Root with parameter options like develop, master or staging.
Can anyone please guide how to achieve this for the single build configuration? Can I parameterize the VCS root? I want to keep this prompt-based option so there will not be any automatic trigger required.
I will keep the the common 3 build configurations as it is. I just want to add 4th build configuration named as "Custom" where there will be choice for every parameter.

A: Yes, you can parameterize your VCS root,
if your repository is same for all environments then you have to set only one parameter for VCS root an that is for branch name.
Step 1 :
Write %branch-name% in VCS root configuration and save it.
The same parameter (config.branch-name) will be added automatically in your build configuration in which this VCS root used (new configuration as well as in existing configuration)
Step 2 :
In other configuration keep your config.branch-name parameter as it is ( Type : Configuration parameter, Display:Normal) but,
in new configuration, set Display : prompt for config.branch-name parameter
Note : This is only for setting variable based VCS root, assuming you can set all other parameters as per your requirement


text:
Calls to Prevent Corrupt Foreign Officials from Using Our Banks
24/02/2018 by Zeb Holmes & Ugur Nedim
British-American policy advisor Bill Browder has led calls for "rule of law" nations such as Australia to enact laws similar to the 'Magnitsky Act' in the United States, which make it harder for corrupt foreign state officials to launder embezzled money by using international commercial systems.
The Magnitsky Act
The Magnitsky Act is named after Russian tax accountant Sergei Magnitsky, who was imprisoned and later beaten to death behind bars after accusing Russian state officials of embezzling $US230 million of public funds.
Mr Magnitsky was killed just seven days before the end of the 12 month period he could be held without trial.
The original intention of the Act was to make the officials who were suspected of arranging Magnitsky's murder accountable for their actions, by preventing them from entering the United States or using the nation's commercial infrastructure for their own benefit.
Indeed, the law resulted in several US bank accounts and assets of these officials being frozen.
Law expanded
But the law has since been applied to a number of other Russian officials who the US suspects have stolen from the public purse.
And December 2016, the US Congress broadened the scope of the law to sanction international human rights abuses by enabling the federal government to freeze and seize the assets of government officials considered to be responsible for abuses anywhere in the world.
The widening of the law exposed the United States to accusations of hypocrisy, as it makes the US federal government the judge, jury and executioner when it comes to determining and sanctioning human right abuses by foreigners, in circumstances where the US has itself been responsible for some of the worst human rights abuses of modern times.
A total of six nations have enacted legislation similar to the Magnitsky Act, and Mr Browder would like Australia to be the seventh.
"I would like to find a multi-party group of advocates to join me in Australia, in the way I have done it in the US, UK and Canada, to put a Magnitsky Act to the Australian parliament," he remarked.
On 21 February 2017, the UK House of Commons unanimously passed an amendment to the country's Criminal Finances Bill inspired by the Magnitsky Act, allowing the government to freeze the assets of international human rights violators.
But it's not just Australia that Broader wants on board. He has called upon all legitimate "rule-of-law countries" to pass similar laws, thereby making it more difficult for corruption to flourish.
"The Russians are not going to keep all their money in Dubai or China, they're going to keep their money in the US, Canada, and Australia, in safe countries," he explained.
"If we can disrupt the safety of their money it really does have a profound impact on their psychology."
Support in Australia
Human Rights barrister Geoffrey Robertson wants to see an Australian Magnitsky Act that targets human rights violators of all nationalities.
"We're a proud country, why should we host human rights violators?" he stated.
"Those from Sri Lanka who were responsible for the Tamil genocide, those judges in Hong Kong who are now breaching international law by repunishing pro-democracy demonstrators. We shouldn't allow these people in, and we shouldn't allow them to put their children in our best private schools, or put their money in our banks, or put their parents in our hospitals."
Mr Robertson called the Act one of most important new developments in human rights, saying it provides "a way of getting at the Auschwitz train drivers, the apparatchiks, the people who make a little bit of money from human rights abuses and generally keep under the radar."
Resistance from Russia
Mr Browder believes Mr Magnitsky failed to obtain justice, and was ultimately killed, because the crimes he exposed go all the way to the top echelons of power in Russia, including Vladimir Putin.
"We've traced money from the fraud going to his nominee, a man named Sergei Roldugin, who happens to be the godfather of Putin's children, his oldest friend from childhood, who has been exposed through the Panama Papers as a cellist who is worth $US2 billion," Mr Browder stated.
"Which means, for all intents and purposes, Putin got the money."
Mr Browder says Putin has accused him of criminal conduct and attempted to have Interpol place him on the Red Notice list, in order to prevent him from travelling abroad.
"Putin has made this his single-largest foreign policy priority, to stop the Magnitsky Act," he remarked.
Kremlin-linked lawyer Natalia Veselnitskaya notoriously met with then members of the Trump campaign team, Jared Kushner, Paul Manafort and Donald Trump Junior. Briefing notes left at the meeting show that the Russian lawyer was indeed lobbying the Trump team to overturn the Magnitsky Act
US intelligence chiefs have assured the media there will be no change. "This [law] is not going to change or stop", assured National Security Agency director Michael Rogers warned:
Many fee it's time to do our part in helping reduce international corruption by enacting a Magnitsky-style law.
Zeb Holmes
Zeb Holmes is a lawyer with a passion for social justice who advocates criminal law reform, and a member of the content team at Sydney Criminal Lawyers®.
Zeb's
Ugur Nedim is an Accredited Criminal Law Specialist with over 20 years of experience as a criminal defence lawyer. He is the Principal of Sydney Criminal Lawyers®.
Ugur's
Government Criticised for Failing to Act over Panama Papers
There's a Resounding Silence Over the Paradise Papers Revelations
The Poor Are Criminalised, While the Crimes of the Rich Are Overlooked
The Wealthy and Powerful Getting Away with Tax Fraud
Corruption in Australia on the Rise
Car Rebirthing in NSW
SEE PREVIOUS 'Game Changing' Medicinal Cannabis Laws: An Interview with Labor MLC Adam Searle
SEE NEXT Australian Businesses Must Inform Customers of Data Breaches


in the July edition of the Aurora.
This is a profoundly important time of transition in the life of our diocese, as we say goodbye to one Canon to the Ordinary (CTO) and prepare to welcome another.
When I first became aware that there was a serious possibility of being a nominee in our 2006 Bishop election, I immediately began to think and pray about who I might possibly invite to be my CTO. As I was Bishop Lamb's CTO at the time, I had a deep appreciation of what such a position could mean to the ministry of a Bishop, and to the health of a diocese. My model for the relationship between Bishop and CTO was the one that I had enjoyed with +Jerry, characterized by mutual trust and respect; shared vision and values; clear communication; and combined gifts, skills, and interests that were different but complementary. I had loved being a parish priest, but my four years as CTO were truly joyful.
It was with that ideal in mind that I invited Britt, whom I knew from Diocesan Transition Ministry Officer circles, to be my CTO. It was an inspired choice. She was exactly the right person at the right time, and I will forever be grateful that she discerned God's call to this ministry.
I was consecrated Bishop in September 2006; Britt arrived here in December 2006. She has participated in almost everything that I have dreamed, decided, planned, taught, organized, witnessed to and fought for in my episcopate up until now. All the growth and progress we have made as a diocese in that time has her fingerprints on it. She has been invaluable to me and a great gift and blessing to us all.
And now it is time to say goodbye, in the light of the very happy news that her husband Bryon Hanson is the new Pastor of Phinney Ridge Lutheran Church in Seattle. I have no doubt that, in God's economy, a call to a new and wonderful ministry awaits Britt in that part of the world.
Britt and I had been discussing the possibility of her departure for several months, and so I was able to undertake the same basic CTO search process as before: reflect upon the best models for this ministry; assess what this diocese and its Bishop most need at this time, and in the years ahead, to do God's mission in Northern California; explore which suitable persons might be available when the time came; consult with wise friends; and pray for God's guidance throughout.
The result of this process is, once again, an occasion for us all to rejoice! As you now know, I have chosen Andrea McMillin to be my new CTO, effective September 1st; she has accepted, and the Board of Trustees has unanimously consented. You will have many opportunities to get to know her in the very near future, and you will be working with her for years to come. I am pleased to be able to introduce her to you now, and to tell you how very excited I am about this new ministry.
Please join me in taking every suitable opportunity this summer to thank Britt, to celebrate her ministry with us, and to bless this change in her life. Please also prepare to welcome and support Andrea and her family as they arrive and she begins her ministry in September. Pray for both Britt and Andrea, and all of the Office of the Bishop staff in this time of transition. However we have worked at making this transition seamless, it will be a demanding time, and there will no doubt be a few challenges.
God provides us with all that we need to do the work that God is calling us to do in Northern California. Britt's ministry has been an important example of that truth; Andrea's coming to us is another. All thanks and praise to God, in whom we are so greatly blessed!


text:
Adelschlag – miejscowość i gmina w Niemczech, w kraju związkowym Bawaria, w rejencji Górna Bawaria, w regionie Ingolstadt, w powiecie Eichstätt, wchodzi w skład wspólnoty administracyjnej Nassenfels. Leży na terenie Parku Natury Altmühltal, w Jurze Frankońskiej, około 5 km na południowy wschód od Eichstätt, przy linii kolejowej Ingolstadt – Würzburg.

Dzielnice
W skład gminy wchodzą cztery dzielnice:
 Adelschlag
 Möckenlohe
 Ochsenfeld
 Pietenfeld

Demografia

Polityka
Wójtem gminy jest Michael Spreng, rada gminy składa się z 14 osób.

Oświata
W gminie znajduje się trzy przedszkola, szkoła podstawowa z częścią Hauptschule (8 nauczycieli, 157 uczniów) oraz prywatna szkoła podstawowa (35 uczniów).

Przypisy

Powiat Eichstätt
Gminy w Bawarii

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Corbett, OR
Displays the list by events nearest to the center of Corbett.
American Legion - Post 27 Meeting
Wednesday, Feb 2, 2022 at 7:00 p.m.
Camas Community Center
American Legion - Post 122 Meeting
Wednesday, Mar 2, 2022 at 7:00 p.m.
Primus w/ Black Angels
Tuesday, Jun 14, 2022 at 6:30 p.m.
McMenamins Historic Edgefield Manor
Friday, Jun 17, 2022 at 6:00 p.m.
Saturday, Jul 2, 2022 at 7:00 p.m.
Trombone Shorty w/ Tank and The Bangas
Sunday, Jul 3, 2022 at 6:00 p.m.
More from AARP in Corbett
Corbett Happenings | Upcoming AARP Events | About AARP
Thursday, Feb 17, 2022 at 1:45 p.m. Pacific Time
Tuesday, Feb 22, 2022 at 8:45 a.m. Pacific Time
Monday, Mar 7, 2022 at 8:45 a.m. Pacific Time
Corbett Happenings
An ally on the issues that matter most to you in Corbett


This statistic depicts the ARPU of Vodafone in the mobile communications segment in Germany from the second quarter of 2011/2012 to the first quarter of 2018/2019. In the first quarter of 2012/2013 (April to June 2012), Vodafone generated a total average revenue of roughly 14.9 euros per customer per month. By the first quarter of 2018/2019 this figure had increased to 15.4 euros per customer.
The abbreviation ARPU refers to Average Revenue per User/Unit.
Financial year ends in March.


I was walking into my neighborhood sweetery called Yummy Cupcakes in Burbank, CA back in November. There was a friend Adam Gertler from Food Network "The Next Food Network Star" Season 4 filming inside for his new show on Food Network called "Kid in a Candy Store." They were filming for an episode called "Sweetly Deceptive" It was about sweets that look like something that it's not, but more delicious. The producers asked me to join in on the fun with Adam. Enjoy the Pics and Video episode, which premiered on Feb.14, 2011 and again on Sunday Feb. 20th.
Love you blog and congrats on your cooking future. I for one hope you come check out my blog page and jump on the same wagon I'm on right now. Thanks for the follow.
Thanks for the compliment Owen. I will check out your blog and see what your up too. Have a great night.


DUNKADEMICS | Brandon Moss PUNCHES Vince Carter-style 360 Windmill in a Game!!
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Paul George DESTROYS 360 Windmill at The Drew League!