text:
\section{Introduction}
Rapid advances in the field of ultracold molecular physics have motivated the development of new methods to create large trapped samples of polar molecules \cite{carr2009cold,quéméner2012ultracold}. Using methods such as photoassociation (PA) and Feshbach association, molecules can be formed from pre-cooled atomic samples, inheriting the ultracold translational temperature of the precursor atoms.  Generally the molecules created with these techniques are weakly bound and thus not significantly polar \cite{aymar:204302}. Further, they are prone to inelastic scattering and must be quickly transferred to their absolute ground state to avoid rapid loss \cite{PhysRevLett.96.023202,Ospelkaus12022010,hudsoninelastic2008,deiglmayr2011inelastic}. Transfer from weakly-bound levels to the vibronic ground state has been demonstrated using two-photon processes such as stimulated emission pumping and stimulated Raman adiabatic passage \cite{winklercoherent2007,nihigh2008,sageoptical2005,danzlquantum20081,PhysRevLett.105.203001}. These transfer processes add significant experimental complexity, and suffer from the fact that they can only be applied once per experimental realization, limiting the ultimate number of ground state molecules.

A different method has also been demonstrated, where molecules are photoassociated to deeply-bound, electronically-excited levels. Once formed, these short-range states can spontaneously decay to deeply-bound levels in the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ potential. However, the cross-sections for photoassociation to these states, where the internuclear distances in the molecule are short, are generally expected to be much smaller than for long-range, weakly-bound levels. This method has been used to create deeply-bound K$_{2}$, NaCs, and KRb molecules; in the case of LiCs, rovibronic ground state X($v$=$J$=0) molecules have been created, albeit at an anomalously lower rate than for X($v$=0,$J$=2) molecules \cite{PhysRevLett.84.246,PhysRevA.84.061401,PhysRevA.86.053428,deiglmayrformation2008}. Due to the dissipative nature of this process (from the spontaneous decay step), molecular formation can proceed continuously. Thus in the presence of an optical trap, it may be possible to accumulate ground state molecules as they are continuously produced. RbCs is one of an especially interesting class of molecules to consider forming with this method. The 2 RbCs $\to$ Rb$_{2}$ + Cs$_{2}$ reaction is endothermic in the rovibronic ground state, making a sample of X($v$=$J$=0) RbCs molecules collisionally stable \cite{PhysRevA.81.060703}. Hence, accumulation of a large sample of rovibronic ground state RbCs may be possible, without quickly losing them due to inelastic scattering.

Recently a set of short-range PA resonances in RbCs was reported in Refs. \cite{C1CP21497G,PhysRevA.85.013401,bouloufa2012formation,PhysRevA.87.054701}. The rotational constants correspond to an internuclear separation comparable to that at the bottom of the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ potential well, thus making it possible that these states could have large Franck-Condon factors (FCFs) for decay to the X($v$=0) state.  In Refs. \cite{C1CP21497G,PhysRevA.85.013401,bouloufa2012formation,PhysRevA.87.054701}, it was shown that levels in the shallow a$^{3}\Sigma^{+}$ state were being populated, but it was not determined if the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ state was populated as well.  One state in this set was studied further in Ref. \cite{PhysRevA.85.013401}, where the state's electric dipole moment and the saturation intensity of PA were measured. Ref. \cite{bouloufa2012formation} gives theoretical analysis of possible decay pathways for this particular state.

Here we report population of the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=0) level (and other deeply-bound vibrational levels of the state) by PA to a separate but nearby set of levels, followed by spontaneous decay. We show that the PA resonances we observe correspond to the $\Omega$=$0^{+}$ component of the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0}$ state, and we also assign the levels studied in Refs. \cite{C1CP21497G,PhysRevA.85.013401,bouloufa2012formation,PhysRevA.87.054701} to the $\Omega$=0$^{-}$ component of the same state. We also report measurements of the PA rate and its dependence on laser intensity, and compare our measurements to calculated values in order to predict conditions necessary to maximize the rate of formation of X($v$=0) RbCs molecules. As we outline below, this set of results shows a pathway to the formation and accumulation of large samples of trapped, ultracold X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=$J$=0) RbCs molecules.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\columnwidth]{figure1.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{Calculated wavefunctions for free-to-bound photoassociation and bound-to-bound [(2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$($v'$=10) $\to$ X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=0)] spontaneous decay. Wavefunction amplitudes are not drawn to scale.  Potential energy curves are from values in Ref. \cite{0953-4075-35-6-307}.}
\label{rkr}
\end{figure}

\section{Choosing a Pathway to X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ ($v$=0)}
Stimulated by the results of Refs. \cite{C1CP21497G,PhysRevA.85.013401,bouloufa2012formation,PhysRevA.87.054701} demonstrating short-range PA in RbCs, we sought to find a PA state that would create X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=0) most efficiently.  The requirements for such a state are that its electronic state must satisfy selection rules for transitions from the initial atomic scattering state and to the final X $^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ state, and that it must have substantial FCFs both for the free-to-bound PA transition and the bound-to-bound spontaneous decay to X($v$=0). Detailed spectroscopic data from Ref. \cite{doi:10.1021/jp803360w}, obtained by observing transitions from the X($v$=0) state in a cold molecular beam, showed that the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ state satisfies the requirements for coupling to the X($v$=0) state in RbCs. The (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ state also has the desirable features of simple rotational and hyperfine structure. To determine which vibrational levels in the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ state should lead to the most efficient formation of $v$=0 molecules in the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ state, we analyzed the FCFs for both the free-to-bound photoassociation and bound-to-bound spontaneous decay steps of the formation process.

We verified the bound-to-bound FCFs calculated in Ref. \cite{doi:10.1021/jp803360w} using the LEVEL 8.0 program \cite{leroylevel}, with the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ level positions from Ref. \cite{doi:10.1021/jp803360w} and the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ molecular potential from Ref. \cite{PhysRevA.83.052519}. In order to determine the free-to-bound FCFs, we solved the Schr\"{o}dinger equation numerically for the atomic scattering state in the presence of the a$^{3}\Sigma^{+}$ potential characterized in Ref. \cite{PhysRevA.83.052519}. The resulting wavefunctions, shown in Figure \ref{rkr}, were normalized by scaling the entire wavefunction such that the amplitude at large internuclear separation matched the result from a long-range wavefunction calculated in the WKB approximation, with the standard energy normalization \cite{landau1977quantum}. From the product of the two FCFs, shown in Figure \ref{FCF}, we predicted X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=0) formation rates through numerous vibrational levels of the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ state. Based on these results, we predicted that the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$($v'$=10) level (PA energy=11817.16 cm$^{-1}$) has the large free-to-bound and bound-to-bound FCFs necessary to efficiently create X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=0) state molecules.  This analysis assumes no enhancement of the PA rate due to resonant coupling in the excited PA state and should therefore be widely applicable to other levels and molecules.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figure2.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{Top: Calculated Franck-Condon factors for different vibrational levels, $v'$, in the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ state. The bound-to-bound FCFs (blue) are evaluated for transitions to the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=0) state. Free-to-bound FCFs (red) are calculated for an atomic scattering wavefunction at an energy corresponding to a temperature of 100 $\mu$K.  Bottom: Calculated products of free-to-bound and bound-to-bound FCFs are shown in black. Measured X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=0) ion signals are shown as points. Both are scaled such that the height of $v'$=10 is 1. Blue point indicates a level ($v'$=7) for which the PA laser itself strongly affects the Cs density (see Section 4.1).}
\label{FCF}
\end{figure}

\section{Experimental}
The experimental setup is very similar to work described earlier in Refs. \cite{sageoptical2005,hudsoninelastic2008}.  $^{133}$Cs and $^{85}$Rb atoms, dispensed from heated getter sources, are trapped in two independent overlapped spatial forced dark-SPOT MOTs with densities (atom numbers) of $n_{\mathrm{Rb}}\approx3\times$10$^{10}$ cm$^{-3}$ ($N_{\mathrm{Rb}}\approx5\times10^{6}$) and $n_{\mathrm{Cs}}\approx5\times$10$^{10}$ cm$^{-3}$ ($N_{\mathrm{Cs}}\approx10^{7}$). The atomic temperatures were measured by time-of-flight expansion as $T_{\mathrm{Rb}}\approx$80 $\mu$K and $T_{\mathrm{Cs}}\approx$100 $\mu$K.

To drive the PA transitions, we continuously illuminate the atomic clouds with $\sim$250 mW of narrowband ($\sim$1 MHz) light from a Ti:Sapphire laser with a beam waist (1/$e^{2}$ power radius) of 100 $\mu$m. Atoms in their lower hyperfine ground states ($F_{\mathrm{Cs}}$=3, $F_{\mathrm{Rb}}$=2) collide in the presence of a resonant photon and are promoted to a selected rovibrational level in an electronically-excited molecular state. These molecules quickly decay to numerous vibrational and rotational levels associated with the electronic ground states.

To state-selectively detect the electronic ground state molecules, we use resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectroscopy. A tunable pulsed dye laser (DCM dissolved in DMSO) operating at 10 Hz near 650 nm (pulse energy $\approx$300 $\mu$J, $d\approx$4 mm) resonantly excites a single vibrational level, whose population is subsequently photoionized by a second laser pulse at 532 nm (pulse energy $\approx$2 mJ, $d\approx$4 mm) that arrives approximately 10 ns later. A continuously applied voltage of 2 kV accelerates the ions to a monolithic Channeltron ion detector. The signal from the Channeltron is sent through a transimpedance amplifier and then to DAQ electronics. The signal is analyzed by time-of-flight mass spectroscopy to differentiate molecular RbCs$^{+}$ ions from other atomic and molecular species. The molecular ion signal is calculated by integrating the time-of-flight trace over the appropriate narrow time window corresponding to the arrival of RbCs$^{+}$.  The spectral resolution of this detection scheme is limited by the relatively broad resonant dye laser pulse ($\sim$0.3 cm$^{-1}$). The relevant vibrational levels are spaced by more than 10 cm$^{-1}$ and are well-resolved. The rotational and hyperfine splittings, however, are not resolved by the pulsed laser.

\section{Results and Analysis}
\subsection{Photoassociation Spectroscopy of \upshape{(2)}$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$}
We have observed several deeply-bound PA lines correlated to vibrational levels in the $(2)^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ state, including $v'$=1,2,4,5,8-13. The expected resonance frequencies for these lines were calculated by subtracting the energy difference between the bottom of the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ potential well and the Rb 5$s_{1/2}$ ($F$=2) + Cs 6$s_{1/2}$ ($F$=3) atomic asymptote (3836.141 cm$^{-1}$) \cite{PhysRevA.83.052519} from the (2)$^3\Pi_{0^{+}}$ term energies given in Ref. \cite{doi:10.1021/jp803360w}. The experimentally observed line positions and rotational constants were found to be in excellent agreement with these calculated values, with deviations at a level consistent with the accuracy of our wavelength determination ($\sim$0.007 cm$^{-1}$ for total energy and $\sim$0.0002 cm$^{-1}$ for rotational constant). We failed to observe PA to the $v'$=3,6,7 levels; this is consistent with the very low calculated free-to-bound Franck-Condon factors for $v'$=3,6. For $v'$=7, the PA excitation frequency is very close to an atomic Cs resonance;  our intense PA laser perturbs the MOT here, precluding efficient PA to this level.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.85\columnwidth]{figure3.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{parot}PA spectrum showing rotational structure of the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$($v'$=10) level. The measured rotational constant, (B$_{v'=10}$=0.0124(2) cm$^{-1}$, is consistent with the value given in Ref. \cite{doi:10.1021/jp803360w} for this level (B$_{v'=10}$=0.0123 cm$^{-1}$). Relative peak areas are consistent with calculated results using the formalism in Ref. \cite{calcpaper}. Peak areas (rather than heights) were used to account for observed broadening due to the Stark effect from the applied electric field used to accelerate the molecular ions. The $J$=4 rotational level has not been observed at the predicted location, which is consistent with excitation of $\ell\leq2$ scattering states to an $\Omega=0^{+}$ PA state.}
\end{figure}

Recently Ji \textit{et al.} \cite{PhysRevA.85.013401} and Fioretti and Gabbanini \cite{PhysRevA.87.054701} observed different nearby short-range PA lines that they assigned to the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ state. We believe that assignment is incorrect, and that instead the levels they observed must belong to the $\Omega$=0$^{-}$ component of the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0}$ state. Our conclusion is based primarily on the very precise agreement of our observations with the data in Ref. \cite{doi:10.1021/jp803360w}. By contrast, the assignment in Refs. \cite{PhysRevA.85.013401,PhysRevA.87.054701} relied on much less precise comparison to ab initio calculations as a way to distinguish between assignment to $\Omega$=0$^{+}$ versus $\Omega$=0$^{-}$. To further validate our conclusion about the state assignment, we calculated the rotational line strengths for PA to deeply-bound levels in both the $\Omega$=0$^{+}$ and the $\Omega$=0$^{-}$ components of a $^{3}\Pi_{0}$ state; the detailed calculation will be given in a separate paper \cite{calcpaper}.  Based on this analysis, we predict strikingly different rotational line strength distributions for $\Omega$=0$^{+}$ versus $\Omega$=0$^{-}$ states. In particular, for the $\Omega$=0$^{+}$ state we find that the ratio of signal sizes for $J$=2 to that for $J$=0 should be 2, which agrees well with the experimental result of 1.8 from Figure \ref{parot}. Similarly, we find that the $J$=1 to $J$=3 signal size ratio for the $\Omega$=0$^{-}$ state should have the value of 4, which appears to agree very well with the result in Figure 3 in Ref. \cite{PhysRevA.85.013401}. Based on these results, we assign the PA lines found in those earlier works to the nearby (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{-}}$ state with high confidence.

\subsection{Determination of  X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}(v)$ Vibrational Populations}
Following spontaneous decay from the PA state, numerous rovibrational levels in the electronic ground a$^{3}\Sigma^{+}$ and X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ states are populated. To determine which vibrational levels in the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ state were populated, we analyzed 1+1 REMPI spectra with the resonant first step, shown in Figure \ref{rbcscurves}, proceeding through the well-characterized (2)$^{1}\Pi$ state \cite{gustavsson1988spectroscopic,doi:10.1021/jp803360w}.  For select portions of the scanned region, as seen in Figure \ref{REMPI}, the spectra are very simple and allow for straightforward assignment of the observed transitions. We conclude that the $v$=0-5 vibrational levels of the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ state are significantly populated following spontaneous decay of typical PA resonances in our experiment.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{figure4.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{rbcscurves} Relevant potential energy curves for RbCs from values in Refs. \cite{PhysRevA.87.054701,0953-4075-35-6-307,doi:10.1021/jp803360w,PhysRevA.83.052519,gustavsson1988spectroscopic}. Photoassociation proceeds through deeply-bound levels of the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ state. Spontaneous decay then populates the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ and a$^{3}\Sigma^{+}$ states. The resulting vibrational population in the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ state is measured through REMPI analysis of X$^{1}\Sigma^{+} \to$ (2)$^{1}\Pi$ transitions. Single-photon transitions to the nearby (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{-}}$ state are forbidden and do not contribute to the REMPI signal. Thick (thin) lines denote potentials extracted from experimental data (ab initio calculations). Solid (dotted) lines denote singlet (triplet) states. Dashed horizontal line shows the 6$p_{3/2}$ atomic Cs asymptote. Potentials incapable of supporting bound states in the range of internuclear separations of interest have been omitted.}
\end{figure}

From our REMPI data, we can extract a measure of the population, $p_{v_{x}}$, in a given X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ vibrational level, $v_{x}$. The spectra are fit to a sum of Lorentzian curves given by the following form:
\begin{eqnarray}
S(f)=\sum_{v_{x}v'_{\Pi}}\frac{(\Gamma+\beta\cdot F(v_{x},v'_{\Pi}))^{2}(1-e^{-\alpha\cdot F(v_{x},v'_{\Pi})})}{(f-f_{0}(v_{x},v'_{\Pi}))^2+(\Gamma+\beta\cdot F(v_{x},v'_{\Pi}))^{2}}p_{v_{X}}.
\end{eqnarray}
Here $S(f)$ is the signal at laser frequency $f$, $v'_{\Pi}$ is the vibrational state in the (2)$^{1}\Pi$ state, $\Gamma$ is the spectral width of the pulsed dye laser, $f_{0}(v_{x},v'_{\Pi})$ is the transition frequency from $v_{x}$ to $v'_{\Pi}$, $\alpha, \beta$ are fit parameters that are constant for all transitions, $F$ is the known FCF (calculated from the data in Ref. \cite{gustavsson1988spectroscopic}) for the transition at $f_{0}$, and $p_{v_{x}}$ is an adjustable X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ vibrational population fit parameter. Here $\alpha$ and $\beta$ describe the saturation and power broadening, respectively, of the laser-driven transitions. The values of $p_{v_{x}}$ are adjusted by hand to fit the data, but are the same for all transitions originating from a single X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ vibrational level, $v_{x}$. Results of applying this procedure, for the spectrum arising from PA into the $(2) ^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$($v'$=10) level, are shown in Table \ref{fracpop}.

Additionally, we determined relative values for X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=0) molecular production rates for PA through various vibrational levels, $v'$, of the (2)$ ^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ state, summarized in Figure \ref{FCF}. We see generally good qualitative agreement with our calculated rates based on our free-to-bound and bound-to-bound FCF calculations. The primary discrepancies come from an apparent over-production for PA through $v'$=4,5. We believe this may be due to a local increase in the Cs atomic density at the PA laser position, due to dipolar trapping of Cs atoms in the PA laser beam. For these levels, the intense PA laser is approximately 75-100 cm$^{-1}$ red-detuned relative to the Cs D2 line, creating a potential well a few tens of $\mu$K deep for Cs atoms under our conditions, possibly resulting in increased Cs density and hence increased PA rate. Lastly, modest saturation of PA was seen for (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$($v'$=10) at the PA laser intensity ($I_{PA}\!\approx$550 W/cm$^{2}$) used here, and is likely for vibrational levels with similarly high free-to-bound FCFs ($v'$=4,5). This would slightly reduce the observed X($v$=0) production rate, relative to the expectation from the calculated FCF product.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figure5.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{REMPI} REMPI scan of vibrational progression of the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v_{x}$) $\to$ $(2)^{1}\Pi$ ($v'_{\Pi}$) transitions. For this data, the PA laser frequency is locked to the $J$=1 rotational line of the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ state (near 11817.18 cm$^{-1}$) while the frequency of the pulsed dye laser is scanned. Red (black) fit line shows the predicted spectra arising from population in X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v_{x}$=0) (sum of $v_{x}$=1-5). Line positions for the fit are based on spectroscopic data in Ref. \cite{doi:10.1021/jp803360w}; peak heights and widths are set by calculated FCFs and fit vibrational populations, $p_{v_{x}}$.}
\end{figure}
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline
X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ Vibrational Level ($v_{x}$) & Relative Population ($p_{v_{x}}/p_{v_{0}}$) \\ \hline
0 & 1 \\ \hline
1 & 0.67 \\ \hline
2 & 0.5 \\ \hline
3 & 0.33 \\ \hline
4 & 0.33 \\ \hline
5 & 0.17 \\ \hline
6-10 & 0.33 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{fracpop} Relative X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v_{x}$) vibrational level populations, $p_{v_{x}}/p_{v_{0}}$, following spontaneous decay from (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$($v'$=10) extracted from REMPI spectroscopy data.}
\end{table}

We also performed similar REMPI analysis of the previously discovered PA line at 11724.08 cm$^{-1}$ first seen in Ref. \cite{C1CP21497G}, which we now assign to the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{-}}$ state. Selection rules forbid direct decay of this $\Omega=0^{-}$ state to the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($\Omega$=0$^{+}$) state. Nevertheless, significant population of the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=0) state occurred, at a rate comparable to that seen for production from the allowed decay of the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$($v'$=10) PA line. We discuss a possible explanation for this observation later, in Section 4.4.

\subsection{Saturation of Molecular Production}
We also investigated the molecular production rate as a function of PA laser intensity. To model the saturation behavior, we recall from Ref. \cite{bohnsemianalytic1999} that the ground state molecular formation rate coefficient, $K$, is proportional to
\begin{equation}
K\propto \frac{I_{\mathrm{PA}}}{(I_{\mathrm{PA}}+I_{\mathrm{sat}})^{2}},
\end{equation}
where $I_{\mathrm{sat}}$ is the PA laser intensity that maximizes ground state molecular formation. By measuring the molecular production as a function of laser intensity, we can extract an approximate value for $I_{\mathrm{sat}}$, as shown in Figure \ref{saturation}. The fit yields the value for I$_{\mathrm{sat}}=$ 4(2) kW/cm$^{2}$, where the uncertainty is dominated by imprecise knowledge of the effective PA laser beam size at the position of the atoms. We can compare this fit value to one estimated using our free-to-bound FCF and a crudely approximated value for the product of angular factors and the electronic matrix element (taken here as $2ea_{0}$, where $e$ is the electron charge and $a_{0}$ is the Bohr radius). With this assumption, we estimate a saturation intensity for PA to the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ ($v'$=10) state of I$_{\mathrm{sat}}\sim$13 kW/cm$^{2}$, in crude qualitative agreement with our fit value.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.75\columnwidth]{figure6.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{saturation} Onset of saturation in molecular production with increased laser intensity. Here the PA laser is locked to the $J$=1 line of the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$($v'$=10) level. Fit to saturation behavior of Equation (2) (red) allows for extraction of the saturation intensity, $I_{\mathrm{sat}}$.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Molecular X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=0) Production Rate}
In this section we look to compare observations and calculations of the absolute production rate for X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=0) molecules in our experiment. As in Ref. \cite{bohnsemianalytic1999}, the PA rate, $\Gamma_{\mathrm{PA}}$, can be written as
\begin{equation}
\hbar\Gamma_{\mathrm{PA}}=2\pi|\braket{\psi_{\mathrm{PA}}}{\vec{d}\cdot \vec{E}|\chi(R)}|^{2},
\end{equation}
where $\ket{\psi_{\mathrm{PA}}}$ is the PA state wavefunction, $\ket{\chi(R)}$ is the energy-normalized atomic scattering state wavefunction, $\vec{d}$ is the dipole operator, and $\vec{E}$ is the electric field from the PA laser. Using the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, we can factor the total matrix element into electronic and nuclear components and approximate the PA rate as
\begin{equation}
\hbar\Gamma_{\mathrm{PA}}\approx\frac{\pi I}{c\epsilon_{0}}|\expectation{d}|^{2}\hspace{1mm}F,
\end{equation}
where $I$ is the PA laser intensity, $\expectation{d}$ is the electric dipole matrix element, and $F$ is the free-to-bound Franck-Condon factor.  The total ground state formation rate coefficient, $K$, is then found by taking the thermal average of the product of the relative velocity and the photoassociation cross-section, summing over partial waves, which is given as
\begin{equation}
K=\bigg<v_{\mathrm{rel}}\frac{\pi}{k^{2}}\sum_{\ell}(2\ell+1)\frac{\Gamma_{\mathrm{PA}}\gamma_{\mathrm{nat}}}{(\Gamma_{\mathrm{PA}}+\gamma_{\mathrm{nat}})^{2}}\bigg>,
\end{equation}
where $k$ is the de Broglie wavevector, $\gamma_{\mathrm{nat}}$ is the PA state linewidth, $v_{\mathrm{rel}}$ is the relative velocity of the collision partners, and the brackets denote a thermal average. At our temperatures, we expect only $v_{\mathrm{rel}}$ and $k$ to vary significantly over the thermal average; $\Gamma_{\mathrm{PA}}$ is taken to be constant, as the scattering state wavefunction, $\ket{\chi(R)}$, should only vary slowly over the relevant energies.

Finally, this rate coefficient is multiplied by the product of the atomic densities and integrated over the volume illuminated by the PA laser beam to give the total ground state molecular formation rate, $R$,
\begin{equation}
R=K\int n_{\mathrm{Rb}}n_{\mathrm{Cs}}dV.
\end{equation}

Based on our experimental parameters, the calculated FCF (330 E$_{\mathrm{h}}^{-1}$, where E$_{\mathrm{h}}$ is the Hartree energy), and a crudely approximate value for the electric dipole matrix element including all angular factors ($\expectation{d}\!\sim\!2ea_{0}$), we expect a total PA rate of approximately $R\sim5\times10^{5}$ molecules/s.  This value takes into account that the PA laser beam is smaller than the atomic clouds in the MOTs.

The ground state formation rate, $R_{X}$, is scaled by the branching fraction for decay from the PA state to the X($v$=0) state, and is given by $R_{X}=bR$. The value of $b$ is determined by a combination of two factors: the electronic branching fraction and the bound-to-bound FCF. We crudely estimate the electronic state branching fraction as follows.   The (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}\!\to$X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ electric dipole transition is nominally forbidden, due to the change in total spin $S$.  However, mixing of singlet and triplet states due to the spin-orbit interaction is a significant effect in heavy molecules like RbCs, and such mixing, for example, of the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ state with the nearby (3)$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ state, leads to a non-zero transition amplitude. Very crudely, we can expect a singlet mixing amplitude due to the spin-orbit interaction of $\sim$(Z$\alpha)^{2}\approx$(0.16) for Cs \cite{landau1977quantum}, hence a transition probability reduced by a factor of $(Z\alpha)^4\!\approx\!0.03$ compared to a fully allowed electric dipole transition.  To calculate the electronic state branching fraction, we must also take into account the scaling of the spontaneous decay rate with $\omega^{3}$, where $\omega$ is the frequency of the decay radiation.  The frequency for the $(2)^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}\!\to$ X decay ($\sim$15700 cm$^{-1}$) is a factor of 1.3 larger than that for the fully allowed decay to the a$^{3}\Sigma^{+}$ state ($\sim$12000 cm$^{-1}$).  Hence the electronic state branching fraction for (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}\!\to$X decay should be $\sim 1.3^{3} (Z\alpha)^4 \approx 0.06$. As shown in Figure \ref{FCF}, the ($v'$=10$\to\!v$=0) bound-to-bound FCF has the value $F\approx$0.1. Hence we finally estimate a vibronic state branching ratio, $b\sim$0.006. Putting this together with the calculated photoassociation rate, $R$, we therefore predict an approximate total ($v$=0) production rate of $\sim$3$\times10^{3}$ molecules/s under our particular experimental conditions.

This calculated result can be compared to the approximately calibrated signal in our experiment. Based on our signal size, detector gain, crudely estimated ionization efficiency ($\sim\!5\%$) \cite{892556}, and molecule fraction in the detection region for a given REMPI pulse ($\approx$0.025, due to molecular motion at a temperature $T\approx$100 $\mu$K), we estimate the observed ($v$=0) production rate to be $\sim$6$\times10^{3}$ molecules/s, where the primary uncertainties come from the Channeltron detector gain and the ionization efficiency.  This is in qualitative agreement with our theoretical estimate.

We also briefly consider the unexpected X($v$=0) formation observed from PA through the $\Omega$=0$^{-}$ level first observed in Ref. \cite{C1CP21497G}. It appears that this PA state decays to the X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ state via a multi-step process (e.g. via the mixed B$^{1}\Pi_{1}$ and b$^{3}\Pi_{1}$/c$^{3}\Sigma_{1}$ states \cite{rbcsprospects}), since the $\Omega$=0$^{-}\!\nrightarrow\!\Omega$=0$^{+}$ selection rule forbids direct decay \cite{herzberg1950molecular}. Compared to the case of direct, single-photon decay, this two-photon process should be suppressed by the $\omega^{3}$ dependence of the spontaneous decay rate to the higher-lying intermediate levels. However, strong singlet/triplet mixing in the intermediate states may enhance the relative formation rate of X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=0) molecules for this process, compared to the direct, nominally forbidden decay from the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ state. Further, the PA laser creates a potential well that is a few hundreds of $\mu$K deep for Cs atoms for this resonance ($\approx$8 cm$^{-1}$ red-detuned relative to the Cs D2 line) under our conditions. This may lead to an enhancement in the observed X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=0) formation rate, beyond that expected simply from the PA rate and decay branching ratio.  We note that this mechanical effect of the PA laser was clearly evident on this resonance; at very high PA laser intensities for this particular resonance, the Cs MOT was visibly perturbed, reducing PA efficiency.

\section{Outlook}
Having demonstrated photoassociative formation of vibronic ground state molecules, we now discuss a potentially simple pathway to create large trapped samples of rovibronic X($v$=$J$=0) ground state molecules, by accumulating these molecules in an optical trap. We begin with a brief discussion of rotational state populations. Although rotational levels of the X($v$=0) state are unresolved with our pulsed laser detection scheme, the expected relative rotational populations can be calculated based on the associated H\"{o}nl-London factors for spontaneous decay.  For the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$($J_{\mathrm{PA}}$=1) $\to$ X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($J_{X}$=0,2) transition, the relative line strength in emission is S$_{J=2}$/S$_{J=0}$=2. Thus 1/3 of the ($v_{X}$=0) molecules should be in the $J_{X}$=0 rotational level.

These rovibronic ground state molecules can be continuously formed and accumulated in an optical dipole trap (as demonstrated for vibrationally-excited molecules in Refs. \cite{PhysRevLett.96.023202, hudsoninelastic2008, deiglmayr2011inelastic}). However, inelastic collisions leading to trap loss compete with molecular formation. Specifically, two-body collisions with Rb atoms and rovibronically excited molecules (RbCs$^{*}$) are predicted to cause trap loss, while collisions with Cs atoms and rovibronic ground state molecules are predicted to be purely elastic.\footnote{In this analysis we ignore collisions with electronically-excited atoms.  This seems justified if we assume the continued use of dark-SPOT MOTs, where the atomic excited state fraction is extremely small.} Thus, in order to achieve the longest possible trap lifetimes, it will be necessary to remove the rotationally and vibrationally excited molecules that will also be created via PA and subsequently trapped along with the desired X($v$=$J$=0) molecules.

We argue that it should be possible to exploit the rapid inelastic collisions of RbCs$^{*}$ with Cs to selectively remove the unwanted molecules while retaining the rovibronic ground state molecules, as suggested in Ref. \cite{hudsoninelastic2008}. Then removing the atoms with a resonant push laser beam will leave a collisionally-stable sample of rovibronic ground state molecules. Here we discuss a scheme to accomplish this, consisting of two steps.  In the first step, RbCs molecules are formed by PA in the presence of Rb and Cs MOTs, and their population accumulates in a co-located optical trap.  Next, the Rb atoms are removed, while the Cs atoms are kept to ``scrub" the unwanted molecular states.

During the initial stage of PA in the presence of the optical trap and atomic MOTs, the governing rate equations for molecular creation and destruction are given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{ground}\dot{n}{_{\mathrm{RbCs}}}  =&  \tilde{b}K_{\mathrm{PA}}n_{\mathrm{Rb}}n_{\mathrm{Cs}}-K_{(\mathrm{RbCs-Rb})}n_{\mathrm{RbCs}}n_{\mathrm{Rb}}\\
&-K_{(\mathrm{RbCs-RbCs^{*}})}n_{\mathrm{RbCs}}n_{\mathrm{RbCs^{*}}}, \nonumber
\\
\label{excited}\dot{n}{_{\mathrm{RbCs^{*}}}}  =&  (1-\tilde{b})K_{\mathrm{PA}}n_{\mathrm{Rb}}n_{\mathrm{Cs}}-K_{(\mathrm{RbCs^{*}-Rb})}n_{\mathrm{RbCs^{*}}}n_{\mathrm{Rb}} \\
&-K_{(\mathrm{RbCs^{*}-Cs})}n_{\mathrm{RbCs^{*}}}n_{\mathrm{Cs}} -K_{(\mathrm{RbCs^{*}-RbCs})}n_{\mathrm{RbCs^{*}}}n_{\mathrm{RbCs}}\nonumber\\
&-K_{(\mathrm{RbCs^{*}-RbCs^{*}})}n_{\mathrm{RbCs^{*}}}^{2}, \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $\tilde{b}$=$b$/3 is the branching ratio to the $v$=$J$=0 level, $n_{x}$ is the density of species $x$, $K_{PA}$ is the rate coefficient for photoassociation, and $K_{(x-y)}$ is the inelastic collision rate coefficient for species $x$ and $y$. Here $x$=RbCs$^{*}$ refers to RbCs molecules in any state except X($v$=$J$=0) state, and $x$=RbCs refers only to rovibronic ground state molecules. We conservatively assume that all collisions proceed at the unitarity-limited rate ($K_{\mathrm{max}}=\expectation{v_{\mathrm{rel}}\frac{\pi}{k^{2}}}\approx3\times10^{-11}$ cm$^{3}$/s at 100 $\mu$K), as suggested by previous work in Refs. \cite{PhysRevLett.96.023202,Ospelkaus12022010,hudsoninelastic2008,deiglmayr2011inelastic}. Further, we set $K_{\mathrm{PA}}$ to the same value, as it should be possible to saturate the PA rate with sufficient laser power \cite{PhysRevLett.91.080402}. Then in the limit of small branching, $\tilde{b}\ll 1$ ($\tilde{b}\sim$0.2\% for X($v$=$J$=0), as calculated above), and constant and equal Rb and Cs density ($n_{\mathrm{Rb}}\!=\!n_{\mathrm{Cs}}$), the steady-state density of rovibronic ground state molecules is given approximately by
\begin{equation}
n_{\mathrm{RbCs}}\approx \frac{\tilde{b}}{\sqrt{2}}n_{\mathrm{Cs}}.
\end{equation}
For improved atomic densities of $n_{\mathrm{Rb}}$=$n_{\mathrm{Cs}}$=5$\times$10$^{11}$ cm$^{-3}$, as achieved in Ref. \cite{hudsoninelastic2008}, and  including the effects of atomic loss from the MOTs due to PA, the ground state molecular density maximizes at $n_{\mathrm{RbCs}}\approx$3$\times$10$^{8}$ cm$^{-3}$ after $\approx$100 ms for $\tilde{b}$=$0.002$.

Once the maximum density is achieved, the Rb atoms can be rapidly removed from the trap by a resonant push beam.  Then the trapped sample contains the desired RbCs molecules, as well as Cs atoms and undesired RbCs$^{*}$ states.  The population dynamics in this stage of the experiment are described by the rate equations
\begin{eqnarray}
\dot{n}{_{\mathrm{RbCs}}}=&-K_{(\mathrm{RbCs-RbCs^{*}})}n_{\mathrm{RbCs}}n_{\mathrm{RbCs^{*}}}, \\
\dot{n}{_{\mathrm{RbCs^{*}}}}=&-K_{(\mathrm{RbCs^{*}-Cs})}n_{\mathrm{RbCs^{*}}}\tilde{n}_{\mathrm{Cs}} -K_{(\mathrm{RbCs^{*}
-RbCs})}n_{\mathrm{RbCs^{*}}}n_{\mathrm{RbCs}}\nonumber\\
&-K_{(\mathrm{RbCs^{*}-RbCs^{*}})}n_{\mathrm{RbCs^{*}}}^2,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\tilde{n}_{\mathrm{Cs}}$ is the density of Cs atoms in the trap. Using the calculated molecular densities after PA as the initial conditions, these rate equations can be solved numerically. As shown in Figure \ref{scrub}, for even modest co-trapped atomic Cs densities, excited molecules can be removed quickly with only a small reduction of the ground state molecular density. For a co-trapped Cs density of $\tilde{n}_{\mathrm{Cs}}$=6$\times10^{11}$ cm$^{-3}$ (as in e.g. Ref. \cite{hudsoninelastic2008}) and $\tilde{b}$=$0.002$, $n_{\mathrm{RbCs}}$ stabilizes at 3$\times10^{8}$ cm$^{-3}$ after $\approx$300 ms, a 15$\%$ reduction from the initial ground state molecular density (just before removal of the Rb atoms).

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.75\columnwidth]{figure7.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{scrub}Simulated population dynamics of excited (dashed lines) and ground state (solid lines) molecular densities during the ``scrubbing" stage. Initial densities are given for PA with $n_{\mathrm{Rb}}$=$n_{\mathrm{Cs}}$=5$\times10^{11}$ cm$^{-3}$. Black lines show dynamics in the absence of co-trapped Cs atoms. Red lines show dynamics with co-trapped Cs density of 6$\times$10$^{11}$cm$^{-3}$. All inelastic rate coefficients are set to K$_{\mathrm{max}}=3\times10^{-11}$ cm$^{3}$/s.}
\end{figure}

Now we consider realistic experimental conditions and the potential for this approach to create a sample of trapped X($v$=$J$=0) molecules. For a trap radius of 200 $\mu$m (as in e.g. Ref. \cite{hudsoninelastic2008}), reaching saturation of the PA transition using our experimental fit (calculated) value requires a laser power of approximately 5(16) W.  Although it is difficult to achieve this power with a single laser beam pass, a relatively low finesse ($\mathcal{F}\!\sim\!5\!-\!20$) power build-up cavity can be used to increase the intensity to the desired level over the trap volume. We assume this saturation intensity can be achieved over the entire volume. The final results of this discussion can be summarized as follows, using what we consider to be realistic experimental parameters:  for initial MOT densities of $n_{\mathrm{Rb}}$=$n_{\mathrm{Cs}}$=5$\times10^{11}$ cm$^{-3}$, an X($v$=$J$=0) branching ratio of $\tilde{b}$=$0.002$, a co-trapped Cs density of $\tilde{n}_{\mathrm{Cs}}$=6$\times$10$^{11}$ cm$^{-3}$, and a trap volume of $\pi$(200 $\mu$m)$^{2}\times$1 mm, we calculate a X($v$=$J$=0) molecular density (number) $n_{\mathrm{RbCs}}$=3$\times10^{8}$ cm$^{-3}$ ($N_{\mathrm{RbCs}}$=4$\times$10$^{4}$) after approximately 400 ms (100 ms for loading, and 300 ms for ``scrubbing" of unwanted states).  This seems quite promising as a simple method for producing a sample of ultracold, polar RbCs molecules in their rovibronic ground state.

\section{Conclusion}
We have demonstrated numerous pathways to the production of rovibronic ground state of $^{85}$RbCs molecules, through short-range photoassociation to the (2)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$ state followed by radiative decay to the X($v$=$J$=0) state. We have predicted and experimentally verified which of these PA levels most efficiently create X$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$($v$=0) molecules. With this straightforward path to producing molecules in the rovibronic ground state, it may be possible to accumulate a large sample of molecules in an optical trap. We have calculated the expected density of ground state molecules, and proposed a mechanism to purify the sample of unwanted species.  We believe this represents a promising and extremely simple route to producing trapped samples of ultracold polar molecules.  We note as well that while the particular PA pathway used here is convenient in many ways, there may be more promising pathways in RbCs. For example, the strongly mixed (1)$^{3}\Pi_{0^{+}}$/(2)$^{1}\Sigma^{+}$ complex of states \cite{C1CP21769K}, or states with resonant coupling, as seen in KRb in Ref. \cite{PhysRevA.86.053428}, may provide the required large transition strengths to both the atomic scattering state and the rovibrational ground state.

\ack{We acknowledge fruitful discussions with J.T. Kim and W.C. Stwalley, especially for pointing out the work done in Ref. \cite{doi:10.1021/jp803360w}.  We also gratefully acknowledge funding from the DOE, NSF, and AFOSR-MURI.}

\section*{References}
\bibliographystyle{iopartnum}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Lesen Sie diese Seite auf Deutsch.
Lees dit in het Nederlands.
Lire cette page en français.
Despite those in charge pushing a vision of the European Union as one big community with freedom of labour and trade, this does not seem to apply when online gambling is concerned. Contrasting laws in neighbouring countries make the landscape somewhat confusing, and what may be legal and accepted in one country, is frowned upon in another. When it comes to online betting, surely as the host government of the European Union, Belgium should adopt the core principles of freedom and competitiveness, on which the EU was founded. But do they? Quickly we will have a look at the best options for Belgian residents for betting online.
Belgium have certainly gone against the general trend of increased liberalisation towards online gaming in recent years. Whilst most countries are reducing barriers to online betting and are adopting a more welcoming approach, Belgium have slapped severe restrictions on their citizens and bookmaking companies. This stance is fairly surprising, particularly as the approach adopted prior to the changes in 2011 was a liberal one.
Betting shops are strong in number on Belgian land, with a plethora of different firms operating. British giant Ladbrokes have maintained a presence within the country since the 1980's, with the 'Magic Sign' evident in nearly 440 locations.
Online gambling was legalised in Belgium in 2002, at the same time when many other European countries were banning internet betting activity. The population enjoyed several years of unmonitored and unrestricted betting activity, until there was a noticeable change in policy, drawn up in the Gambling Act 2009.
As of 1st January 2011, the new Belgian gambling legislation came into force. This included strict regulation of online gaming, with a closed licencing system. Online licences were limited to 9 for casinos, 180 for gaming arcades and 34 for wagers. Furthermore, another stipulation for online operators was that they had to maintain a physical connection in Belgium, such as setting up land based servers and getting a land based licence. Only those companies who operated in Belgium would be able to accept online Belgium custom.
Since the implementation of the new legislation in 2011, the 'blacklist' of betting websites has been ever increasing. Whilst most bookmakers initially paid scant disregard to the Belgian laws, recent legal victories against the likes of Bet-At-Home (who challenged the legality of the blacklist), have seen the major European operators conform to the rules imposed.
Obviously as Ladbrokes have had a physical presence in Belgium for over two decades, it was a natural progression for them to obtain an online licence. Bwin, another firm who had previously entered a legal dispute with the Belgian Gaming Commission (BGC), are now fully licenced, although when signing up on their website, citizens of Belgium are redirected to a '.be' address.
Betfair, who have also entered in a courtroom dispute with the BCG, appear to have succumbed to the requirements necessary to operate legally in the country and there are now no restrictions on sign ups on the premier betting exchange. Coral and Winner complete the select list of the major companies who are legally able to operate in Belgium.
The situation with BetVictor is a little more unclear. They are happy to accept both Sportsbook and Casino custom, but Poker is not available to citizens of Belgium.
Citizens in Belgium have access to a plethora of different payment options for their betting activities. Debit and credit cards are obviously the most popular, but Paypal, Neteller, Paysafecard, Skrill, Western Union and bank transfer can also be used on the vast majority of sites. As most betting websites that are accessible are now licenced in Belgium, there are few issues and restrictions when funding an account.
Horse racing has always been a favourite pass time of the Belgians, with both conventional and harness racing being enjoyed at tracks such as Mons and Waregem. With world class jockey Christophe Soumillon hailing from Schaerbeek, and Belgium being in close proximity to the racing nations of France and the UK, its popularity is no surprise.
Football is also a big betting sport in Belgium, especially with the national squad having their best team in recent memory. With superstars like Eden Hazard and Christian Benteke plying their trade in the English Premier League, interest in the in the game across the channel is high, and is reflected in betting activity.
The Belgian Gambling Commission set a precedent when declaring strict new regulations on online betting, as part of the Gambling Act 2009. The prohibition of Belgian customers using unlicensed websites was greeted with derision and resistance from the bookmaking fraternity, but several trips to court have resulted in favourable outcomes for the BGC.
With some of the major firms such as Bwin and Betfair now seemingly accepting the rules by which they can hold a Belgian gaming licence, the number of potential bookmakers Belgian citizens can use, has expanded.
Not having access to major football betting sites such as SBO and 188Bet will be detrimental for those who stake big and take their betting seriously, but for the recreational gambler in Belgium, there seems to be more than sufficient choice for horse racing, football and most other sports.


text:
Charlotte Taylor may refer to:
 Charlotte De Bernier Taylor (1806–1861), American entomologist
 Charlotte M. Taylor (born 1955), botanist and professor
 Charlotte Booth (rower) née Taylor (born 1985), English rower
 Charlotte Taylor (runner) (born 1994), British long-distance runner
 Charlotte Taylor (cricketer) (born 1994), English cricketer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


How The Cosmic Law of Energy Optimization Determines the Time of Our Ascension?
State-of-Ascension-Report-32: The Ascension Season 11.11.11 Is Still Opened.
State-of-Ascension-Report-31: The Ascension Season 11.11.11 Is Still Opened.
State-of-Ascension-Report-30: The Ascension Season 11.11.11 Is Still Opened.
State-of-Ascension-Report-29: The Ascension Season 11.11.11 Is Still Opened.


Hayjac Designs is named after my two children, Hayden and Jack. I started the company in spring, 2003, after the kids were old enough to attend school and I had a little more time on my hands. Because I have always been interested in jewelry design, I started taking artisan classes and researching ways to design sterling silver products. After working with a local jewelry supplier to find just the right pieces, I began making custom jewelry for family and friends. Soon enough, the requests were pouring in and I started selling to local boutiques.
Every piece of jewelry is hand made with extreme care. Because I hand stamp the discs, drill, buff and polish all of the jewelry myself, I can guarantee that every piece that comes out of Hayjac Designs will be unique and top quality.
My jewelry is not just for moms. It is designed for anyone who wants a constant reminder of someone special. It is also great for those who have a meaningful word or phrase which provides them with inspiration. Personalized jewelry makes a wonderful gift for someone you love, and of course, it is nice to treat yourself as well!
Thank you for your business. Please feel free to contact me with any questions about our specialty designs.


text:
South China Sea dispute: Strong indication Australia will join push back on China's island-building
By David Wroe and Philip Wen
Updated June 1, 2015 — 8.30am first published May 31, 2015 — 4.27pm
South China Sea dispute: What you need to know
South China Sea tensions: rolling updates
Defence Minister Kevin Andrews has issued the Abbott government's strongest signal yet that Australia is prepared to join the United States and other countries in pushing back against China's island-building and militarisation in the South China Sea.
Further hardening Australia's stance, Mr Andrews has used a speech at a key Asian security conference to state unequivocal opposition to large-scale land reclamation – a clear dig at China's island-building and positioning of military hardware on the disputed Spratly Islands chain.
His remarks to the Shangri-La dialogue in Singapore, which was attended by top Asia-Pacific defence officials including from China, closely echo those of US counterpart Ashton Carter, as worried countries across the region present an increasingly united front against Beijing's assertiveness.
Mr Andrews issued a thinly veiled warning that other countries in the region will respond if Beijing persists, saying that actions in international security tend to produce "a corresponding counter-reaction".
Controversial Chinese development at Hughes Reef in the Union Banks, located in the northern Spratly Islands.
"As with Newton's principles, aspects of international security are often characterised by an action and a corresponding counter-reaction," he said. "In making decisions, countries and leaders should always be wary of the consequences, intended or otherwise, of a particular course of action and the potential for these actions to lead to escalation and miscalculation."
Mr Andrews added that Australia had a "legitimate interest in the maintenance of peace and stability ... unimpeded trade and freedom of navigation" – a possible signal that the Abbott government could, as Fairfax Media reported last week, take part in joint military exercises close to the Spratly Islands as a show of defiance against China's claims.
Separately, Mr Andrews told the Wall Street Journal that Australia asserted its right to continue flying military patrols over the contested area – a rejection of any attempt by China to declare an air defence identification zone – but said there had been no formal talks with the US about naval freedom-of-navigation exercises.
High among the region's concerns are that China will follow its precedent in its dispute with Japan in the East China Sea and declare an air defence identification zone over the waters further south.
Such a move "depends on whether our security in air and maritime will be threatened and extensive factors will be taken into consideration", Admiral Sun Jianguo, a deputy chief of staff of China's People's Liberation Army, said, in an address which rejected criticisms, including from the US, that China's actions were "out of step" with international norms.
He said the construction was "justified, legitimate and reasonable", and that the projects are for the purpose of providing "international public services" including maritime search and rescue, research and environmental protection.
Fairfax Media has reported that China has been shifting weapons onto artificial islands that it has built up from previously submerged atolls among the Spratly Islands.
Pentagon officials confirmed it had been aware of two motorised artillery guns, which it believed have since been removed.
Dr Carter, the US Defence Secretary, called for an "immediate and lasting halt" to the Chinese expansion and vowed that the US would defy any attempt by Beijing to impede freedom of navigation in the area.
"Turning an underwater rock into an airfield simply does not afford the rights of sovereignty or permit restrictions on international air or maritime transit," he said.
China is locked in territorial disputes in the South China Sea with several neighbours including the Philippines, Vietnam and Malaysia.
There are particular fears that as well as using the military build-up to enforce its territorial claims, China could also threaten freedom of navigation through some of the world's busiest shipping lanes, which Australia relies upon heavily for its international trade.
In the past, Australian ministers have stressed Australia does not take sides in these competing claims, but Mr Andrews pointedly struck a tougher pose on Sunday.
"Australia has made clear its opposition to any coercive or unilateral actions to change the status quo in the South and East China Sea," Mr Andrews said.
"This includes any large-scale land reclamation activity by claimants in the South China Sea.
"We are particularly concerned at the prospect of militarisation of artificial structures."
Mr Andrews cloaked his language by avoiding mentioning China directly, rather calling on "all parties" to stop large-scale reclamation and "refrain from provocative actions".
But while other countries have for decades carried out some building on islands in the South China Sea, China has done more in the past 18 months than all other countries combined throughout history.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


LandlordInvest.com, a fully FCA authorised peer-to-peer lending platform and a HM Revenue & Customs approved ISA manager has completed more than £1,000,000 in secondary market sales on its secondary market.
LandlordInvest's secondary market enables investors to offer eligible loans or loan parts for sale to other investors. This provides investors with the possibility to access all or part of an investment's principal before that loan reaches maturity.
In total*, 1,393 secondary market sales have been completed** with a total value of £1,016,453. The average sale amount was £730 with the highest being £50,000 and the lowest being £100.
The number of unique sellers was 86 and the number of unique buyers was 150.
** Where a loan part has been offered with partial sales enabled, each partial sale was counted.
LandlordInvest launched the secondary market in May 2017.


text:
DocuPen: A Scanner The Size Of A Toothbrush
The DocuPen is designed to scan 8.5" wide pages in black and white without any computer assistance. It connects to the PC via USB for download and for battery recharge. It can store about 100 monochrome pages before you have to dump its 2Mb flash memory to disk.
Picture this... You're sitting at lunch when your discussion unexpectedly turns to a new business venture, so you and your colleague start to scrawl notes on the napkin and your writing expands to the table top. You don't want to loose the inspiration, but you also don't relish carrying the table out of the restaurant. Rather than transcribing the notes, you roll your DocuPen across the napkin, then across the table top and leave a nice tip on your way out the door. Back at your office you plug the DocuPen into your PC and print a perfect copy of your inspired notes.
The DocuPen is an exercise in minimalism. The device is designed to scan 8.5" wide pages in black and white without any computer assistance. On top of that, it's ultimately portable. The unit I tested, the DocuPen R-700, connects to the PC via USB for download and for battery recharge. It can store about 100 monochrome pages before you have to dump its 2Mb flash memory to disk. That sounds like a lot of scanning when you don't have a document feed, but it beats trying to find a copy machine or worse, handwriting notes.
I was able to make clean scans using the DocuPen after only a few practice tries. The R-700 is an updated version of the scanner that has been improved by adding a second set of rollers and a rechargeable battery. The dual rollers help keep the scanner moving in a straight line, and the LED on top of the scanner let you know if you're moving the pen too fast for accurate scanning.
I scanned a variety of documents including standard office correspondence with black ink, magazine pages, a color photo, and several pages from a book. Since the DocuPen was designed for scanning individual pages of text, it performed best when put to that task. Color photos are converted to high contrast images, much as you might expect when attempting to send a color photo via fax. Magazine pages came through admirably as long as the text was printed in a dark color, and line diagrams looked great. I had trouble scanning pages from books when it wasn't possible to flatten the book's spine. With a normal flat-bed scanner, it's possible to scan a reasonable portion of the text that doesn't touch the scanner bed, but it was difficult to keep the DocuPen tracking straight across the curvature of an open book.
From MFA to Zero Trust
Evolution of Ransomware Gangs


We offer classes in jazz, tap, hip-hop, breakdancing, ballet, tumbling and musical theater. Our dance program provides two biannual dance recitals which feature each and every one of our regular students.
We are partnered with the City of Sacramento and have locations in two of the city's Parks and Recreation Community Centers (Coloma and South Natomas).
Alice Twilla, owner of SacShowBiz, has been teaching dance in the Sacramento area for 15 years. She loves children and enjoys helping build their confidence through Performing Arts. Alice is an artist for VSA Sacramento and teaches throughout many schools in Sacramento.
Alice also is the producer/choreographer for the original Hip-Hop Crew for the Sacramento Kings. In addition to Kings games, they have performed at the 2007 NBA All-Star Game, the Steve Harvey show, Maury Povich show and the annual KSFM Cinco De Mayo concert. They are also fan favorites at Haas Pavilion, where are frequently invited to perform for the Cal Berkeley basketball teams.
SacShowBiz continually performs at many locations and venues throughout Greater Sacramento Area communities and the state.
Sydnee Twilla, co-owner and artistic director of SacShowBiz, is celebrating 30 years of providing amazing dance experiences for the children in the Sacramento community.
In 1991, Sydnee created "Express Yourself", an award-winning after-school outreach program. This program enjoyed a 10-year run and gave thousands of children the chance to experience the joys of creative expression.
Sydnee has dedicated her life to teaching tap and developing outstanding young performance groups.
Rocco Kline, Rocco Kline - owner of SacShowBiz, has been teaching dance in the Sacramento area for 21 years. He specializes in Hip-Hop, but has trained in most dance fields. He's performed with D.O.S. (Definition Of Soul ) and performed for LL COOL J in concerts.
Rocco is also the original creator and choreographer for the Hip Hop Crew dancers who performed for the Sacramento Kings, Sacramento Monarchs games, and many more big organizations. Rocco has a passion for teaching adults and children showing his emotions through dance. He is currently teaching throughout the Sacramento City Unified School District with the "I Can do That" program where he teaches dance to students with all abilities. His motto is always " Hip Hop Don't Stop ". He is also a loving father to 5 boys of his own. His oldest son Rex was on the hit show "Glee" and his other son Romero currently dances with Sac Showbiz. Both Rex and Romero continue to train extensively in the dance world and are following in their dad's footsteps.


Andrea Beaty is the author of several children's books, including Iggy Peck, Architect; Rosie Revere, Engineer; and Ada Twist, Scientist. Raised in a southern Illinois town so small that she knew everybody and their pets, she grew up loving Nancy Drew and then progressed to Agatha Christie and the classics. Her secret ambition is to star in a Broadway musical, and she is often tempted to break into song and dance at very odd moments.


Located 300 miles from one third of America's population and within a short driving distance of New York City, Chicago, Toronto, Philadelphia and Washington, DC, northwest Pennsylvania is centrally located and your gateway to major markets in the Eastern United States, the Midwest, and Canada.
Northwest Pennsylvania the ideal location for your business expansion or location project. Locating in northwest Pennsylvania offers big city amenities while maintaining small town attributes of low costs and a high quality of life.
Northwest Pennsylvania is a region rich in reputation for its industrial innovation and entrepreneurial culture. With a long history of industrial manufacturing, the region offers a quality workforce and flexible job training programs with access to pools of graduates from major research universities and technical institutes.
Erie International Airport is served by four airlines with an average 19 daily scheduled nonstop flights to and from 5 major destinations.
The Port of Erie and O-N Minerals Erie offer cargo shippers on the Great Lakes/Seaway System the finest facilities available. With 85 million people within a 500 mile radius, Port Erie and O-N Minerals are at the hub of the US and Canadian Industrial Center. Erie also boasts Donjon Shipbuilding & Repair.
Tap into Erie: Freshwater is one of Erie, Pennsylvania's greatest assets.
Located on the shores of Lake Erie our community possesses an abundance of fresh water and fresh opportunities for new businesses and businesses interested in expanding or growing to a climate that's right for growth. Abundant water, sewer, gas and electricity make it possible for us to support a wide variety of manufacturing, technology, distribution and agricultural businesses.
Today many regions across the United States are beginning to face the fact that their freshwater supplies are limited. Water shortages are on the rise, from Charlotte to Atlanta and Los Angeles to Las Vegas.
Now the second-largest producer of natural gas in the U.S., Pennsylvania shale gas is driving down energy costs and opening new opportunities for manufacturers. The recent surge in the availability of Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs) Marcellus Shale gas is drastically lowering the cost of plastics production by providing ethylene as an inexpensive feedstock alternative in addition to propylene. Over the past six years, the abundance of natural gas has lowered wholesale electricity prices over 40 percent. This has saved the average household nearly $ 1,000 a year with even greater savings for commercial and industrial customers. In addition, purchased natural gas cost rates have been lowered by more than 50 percent. A November 2012 report from TD Bank showed the entire manufacturing sector could save more than $ 50 billion per year in the form of these lowered costs. Pennsylvania went from importing 75 percent of its natural gas just six years ago to being a net exporter of natural gas for the first time in 100 years.
There are a number of opportunities where business and industry can partner with the School of Engineering, these include sponsored research projects and customized training in everything from plastics processing to human resource and leadership.
The Plastics Training Academy at Penn State Behrend offers workshops and seminars developed to meet the plastics industry's twenty-first century skill building needs. Project, process, tooling, quality, and manufacturing engineers, technicians, and designers, as well as operators, team leaders, supervisors, management, human resource, set-up, maintenance, marketing, materials, and sales personnel will all benefit from our training.
The Institute of Intelligence Studies at Mercyhurst University offers a bachelor of arts degree in intelligence studies, a master of science degree in applied intelligence, an online master of science degree in applied intelligence, and two graduate certificate programs that give students the education they need to pursue a career as an analyst in national security, law enforcement or business sectors.
Erie Institute of Technology or EIT is an Erie Pennsylvania technical or trade school providing training programs for computer, electronics, manufacturing, technology careers.
Training programs include Welding, RHVAC, Electrican, Graphic Design, CNC, Network and Database Administrator, and Biomedical Equipment Technology.
The Department of Applied Technology was created to address high-priority workforce development needs in the region. Students will earn an Associate of Applied Science degree in administration technology or industrial technology from Venango College of Clarion University. Industrial Technology Programs include among others: CNC Operator, Electric Arc Welding, Natural Gas Technology, CADD, Welding & Fabrication, and Advanced Manufacturing.
"Nine years ago Optical Filters expanded from the United Kingdom and opened its North American Manufacturing operations in Meadville, PA. We started business in a 6,000 sq. ft. facility and after 4 years added a 22,000 sq. ft. second building that will be expanded in 2014 to 32,000 sq. ft. The original building is now home to our R & D team. This team of young graduates from regional colleges has developed cutting edge technology that is providing the core technology for the next phase of Optical Filters growth.
In Northwest Pennsylvania and Meadville we have access to key resources for our growth. A stable and educated work force, low costs for buildings and business taxes, in depth support services and a community that embraces manufacturing.
"Ezeflow, a Canadian based company, purchased Flowline in May of 2010. Since that time we have invested over $5 Million to keep pace with the ever-changing industry we are in. The local and state government agencies have been very supportive of our initiatives. We receive work training support, international trade and marketing incentives and have been successful in securing low interest loans from the state. The area provides a stable workforce and western PA is an incubator for the metal working trades which we are a part of. The community supports manufacturing and is business friendly.
© 2015 Copyright by N W Commission. All rights reserved.


The iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Zululand World heritage Site issued a press release November 28 saying that the combination of recent rains and the result of dredge spoil removal has greatly improved the situation in the drought -stricken area.
CEO of iSimangaliso Andrew Zaloumis said, "While this is excellent news for the system it is still not out of the woods and more rain is needed, especially in the catchment areas." The recent photographs taken on 8 November show a dramatic difference to the water levels in Lake St. Lucia – Africa's largest estuarine lake which is the world's "oldest proclaimed estuary." Images taken in February of this year were very bleak and showed that only 10 percent of the surface level of the lake was underwater.
This has now improved to 90 percent of the area covered with water and instead of isolated patches, the Lake is once again a large single bodied entity. In the drought, the Lake had become isolated from the Narrows but now water can flow to the mouth.
Coastal rains have accounted for much of the relief to the ecosystem, but iSimangaliso attribute a large amount of the water improvements to the hydrological water restoration project that is currently underway.
Historically, it was believed that if the main river - the uMfolosi - that fed the Lake was allowed to flow freely, that in time it would cause silting of the estuary. The area was artificially managed for nearly sixty years by dredge spoil which was deposited in the course of the uMfolozi River in an attempt to limit its inflows into Lake St Lucia Estuary.
More recent research showed that this practice had severely restricted the amount of freshwater to Lake St Lucia from the uMfolozi River. The ongoing removal of dredge spoil has just been boosted with the addition of six automated dump trucks, two bulldozers and two excavators which began moving sand from the rehabilitation site this week.


A nice keepsake to celebrate the Canadiens 100th anniversary. Great pictures. Yet, it's hard to believe a book like this has some factual errors that research could have corrected. It's been a while since I read it and I'd have to check back to see what they were, and granted there were only two or three, but it did turn me off from the book somewhat. Still nice to have in the Habs collection.
A MUST own and a MUST read for all HABS Fans!!


World-wide-web Structure is an extremely fun skill to learn—combining the most current toys of know-how with the creativeness of style! On prime of that, mastering internet style is special in that we can find out straight from latest gurus who publish their techniques for all to read through on their personal World-wide-web-logs!
The plan of the World-wide-web started with Tim Berners-Lee during 1989, even though he was working at CERN. His vision was to make a international level hypertext primarily based task, and his implementation with a browser was with WorldWideWeb in 1991. During the early times only text primarily based internet pages could be employed on solitary lined internet browsers.There was no integration of multimedia aspects like photographs, seem and others.On the other hand the arrival of the Mosaic internet browser authorized integration of multimedia aspects. In October, 1994, W3C was founded to produce standards for the World-wide-web, which approach still continues. In 1999 and on, quite a few browsers like Microsoft's Net Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google's Chrome, and Netscape have been produced into the sector, and new browsers are still coming.
You'll locate down below a rising variety of subject areas that we consider deliver a great foundation for any internet designer. We are also working on the demands for formal skills, so you can start off collecting evidence of your techniques toward a formal qualification in your nation. Of training course, if you have something to incorporate or improve then be sure to be a part of us and add!
The next subject areas have been purchased to aid deliver a pathway for you to find out the primary techniques of internet style. Of training course, you might deviate from that path—or make a new path!
Establish a primary internet webpage 75%.svg—Get started developing your personal internet internet pages and mastering how to design and style them! You will also locate useful info on what helps make a great internet style. All of this info is elementary to finding started.
An Introduction to Dynamic Websites with PHP25%.svg—Learn the fundamentals of server-aspect scripting, which includes webpage templates and sort handling. Now which includes PHP Issues!
Just about every matter contains an outline, recommended things to do and mastering sources to aid you along your way.
Utilizing the Net as a Learning Device twenty five%.svg – Start mastering how you can continue to keep up-to-date with the globe of internet-style.
Structure Ideas for World-wide-web Structure 00%.svg – Just before finding also technical, get started with some all significant graphic style concepts as they are used to the internet!
Rising Technologies – There are some fairly nifty resources and technologies regularly working their way into World-wide-web style… start off to locate out about them! Now with XML Issues.
Accessibility – Start making use of the right procedures from the start off!
Structure Strategies – Strategies for Structure sources.
Obtaining Your Site On the World-wide-web twenty five%.svg – So you have acquired your web-site, now you need to get it on the internet for absolutely everyone to see!
Helpful Purposes – Make absolutely sure you have the right resources for the job! Below you may locate a listing of HTML/CSS editors both of those WYSIWYG and text-primarily based.


Bad at Sports finishes our 5 episode look back with a return to the cultural impact of Hou Hanru. He casts a shadow that has only grown longer in the 8 years since we originally aired this interview. We are excited to return to his thinking right after his appointment to the Guggenheim as Consulting Curator to The Robert H. N. Ho Family Foundation Chinese Art Initiative.


We are a newly opened B&B based in the scenic market town of Forfar, in Angus, Scotland. We are looking forward to welcoming guests from all over to our lovely home with great views overlooking the Strathmore valley. Our house is modern and very well appointed, but still lovely and cosy and homely - we are sure it will feel like your "home away from home" in no time! We are friendly and easy going and have two playful Yorkies called Harley and Marley who will stay with us in our private areas, unless you particularly want to say hello to them!
Guests will have shared access to our comfy lounge and dining area. There is a communal large games / multi-media / fitness room at the rear of the house and a sun-house with hot tub and decking at the back of the house. We kindly ask guests not to use our kitchen, utility room or sun-room which are private for us and the doggies. A continental breakfast is included free of charge and we offer a cooked breakfast for £5 per person and evening meals are available if reserved in advance.
There are lovely walks from the house up through the woods to Balmashanner Tower with fantastic views of Forfar to the Angus hills and glens. Forfar is also within easy walking distance and has excellent supermarkets, pubs, parkland and a loch for walks, sports centre, farmers market, traditional bakers and cafes. There are pitch & put, driving range and 18 hole golf course facilities in Forfar too, along with tennis courts and other leisure facilities.
There are a wide variety of eateries from basic to exceptional local cuisine which we can recommend to you during your stay. Near by we have the Queen Mother's historic home, Glamis Castle (5 miles), excellent fishing at Rescobie Loch (5 miles) and the River South Esk (15 miles). The Angus Glens (20 miles) are superb for walking and the beautiful sandy beach at Montrose (19 miles) is easy to access by car or public transport for some fresh sea air! The pretty costal town of Arbroath (16 miles) is the home to a 12C Abbey and is where Robert the Bruce wrote the "Declaration of Arbroath" to the Pope in 1320.
The cities of Dundee, Perth, Stirling, Edinburgh and Glasgow are all easily accessible by car or by excellent bus and train services. Local buses frequently leave Forfar depot for nearby towns and villages. Taxis are available at reasonable cost locally too.
Any questions, please feel free to enquire. Looking forwards to welcoming you for your stay!
Please contact us for availability of our rooms midweek for special events e.g. oil industry exhibitions!
Please contact us for availability of our rooms during golf competitions!
Please contact us for availability of our rooms during skiing season!


Dealing with My Worst Qualities.
Prompt: What is your worst quality?
My, first worst quality has to do with my ability to not be able to contrentrate long or be multi-functional anymore. I am not blaming my health for it; I am saying my health intensified the issue.
I can do one thing at a time and it is often frustrating when I am working on writing up a paper or blogging about a subject, and someone starts trying to have a conversation with me. It makes me angry because I can't multi-task, the person talking to me is interrupting my ideas and line of thought. And you know how if you are a creative person, ideas often flow out of you when they do; you have to write, paint, or do whatever you do to get your burst of creativity on paper. Meanwhile, a person is still talking to you none-stop and asking you questions and it is annoying. At the same time, I feel bad about being irritated.
I want to be able to talk with my Mom and others. But if I am busy or worn out after doing activities all day, I will brush people off. I will tell my Mom to stop bothering me. I go to my room and finish what I'm doing or sleep if I'm tired. I want to be chatty and happy but I feel bothered and drained by people talking at me and asking countless questions at times. So my first big flaw is I am irritable and single-minded. I am working on actively being a better listener. But it is hard at the time of day everyone gets home from work because I am worn out from the day and my medication is wearing off. I want to listen more and be involved in the conversation and not tune it out or walk away. Sometimes I able to be a better listener and sometimes I'm too irritated to pay attention.
The second flaw I have is something I try to attend to before it becomes worse. I have a tendency if I get mad or angry to let the issues I'm upset about build-up inside me. I get stressed-out when this occurs. I will sort through issues in my head trying to solve them. "Problems to solutions that don't even exist," I was told once. But the issue is my problems are real and bothersome. And I attempt to be a nice kind person so I don't usually tell someone off or ask them to stop doing something unless they are especially bothering me.
An issue arises, however; if someone is repeatedly doing a hurtful action. Or if a person keeps doing a whole bunch of bothersome and hurtful actions all the time. I try to tell myself it is no big deal. I pray about it. I practice yoga and meditate sometimes. I write a lot as you know. And often writing helps a ton. Sometimes if I write something up and even if I don't post it because it's too personal or mean about another person, I feel better.
But every now and then someone pushes my buttons and I explode into yelling and tears. I'm a soft spoken reasonable person so when I yell and scream people are surprised and usually offended. Maybe, they didn't realize something was a larger issue to me then they would have thought. Maybe, I am blowing the situation out of proportion. And maybe, I genuinely have the right to be so upset at someone.
I scared and hurt a friend in Vegas once when I erupted with anger. My friend T and I needed to take L aside and talk to her before the situation got worse but neither T or I did. L had been treating T and I badly the entire summer. Not to mention, she wanted to do all these things with us in Vegas but didn't actually have the money to pay for it so T and I ended up paying for L, on many activities we did. Also, the fact L had a wonderful boyfriend who was our friend too, and L was flirting and making out with other guys made T and I angry.
I have told this part before: while we are in a club, T became so drunk she was sick and we had to leave the bar. We tried to get L to leave because we promised to stay together, all three of us. L kept telling us to wait and I finally told her T and I had to go, the bouncer was about to carry T and I out the back exit. L chose to stay with two guys she had been flirting with all night.
We finally saw L again as we got back to the hotel room. She was angry too and tried to blame it all on us and said we had abandoned her at the club. I knew T would never stand up to L because she prefers not to handle situations head on. T used to let a person treat her badly, instead of standing up to them. Luckily, she has become better at this over time.
I was so mad about L's behaviour all summer. I exploded. L was shocked and she asked me why I would even want to be her friend if I thought so badly of her. And I told L how bad she was treating her boyfriend and if she didn't stop, even T said she'd tell L's boyfriend on her. L had been treating T and I badly too. L left our room with all her stuff. She wouldn't talk to us the rest of the trip.
L made up with T because she hadn't yelled at her, even though L had been a bad friend to T, ditching her for guys countless time. After many emails and some time L and I were friends again three months later. I finally apologized because she wouldn't. And funny enough, she became closer to her boyfriend. L saw how valuable he was, and ended up becoming engaged, and marrying him.
Even though, L was misbehaving, she didn't deserve to be yelled at so loudly and L didn't deserve to have everything T and I were mad at her for dumped on her. People are imperfect and you have to pick and choose your battles. Some things about your friends you have to accept; just as you have flaws so do they. The best friends love you after you've shown them your worst side and you love them after you have seen the worst of them. Ultimately, it comes down to choosing your friend or choosing to be right.
I am careful now because of this situation in Las Vegas when I was twenty-three, to not let my anger build up. If I have a big problem with someone or something they are doing, I am honest. And I try hard to tell people how I'm feeling in such a way that isn't accusatory but rather focuses on how something is hurting me or causing me to feel a certain way. The truth is people do not always realize they are being hurtful. Often, you need to tell the person who is damaging you to stop treating you a certain way and they will listen and cease.
Not letting issues build up helps. I also have learned to let some issues go. I try to get someone else's view on the situation, Google the general problem, or pray about it. For many situations I find looking at them from a different perspective is helpful. If you see the situation differently it won't become a problem that will build up. I have also learned that you have to say goodbye to some people or take your issues with a person to a higher authority. But since we are adults, there is usually no higher authority, unless it is a work issue or an issue of crime.
So for instance, I had trouble with a girl who was editor of a magazine I volunteered to write for. She didn't understand why I was upset about her editing my articles to sound entirely as if they were in her voice. Some of her other editors were being taught to do the same. I didn't find out until later when I took actual editing courses, what this editor was doing was incorrect and rude. You always try to preserve the voice of the writer and the way the article is written as much as you can. I was confident enough in my writing skills, my BA in English Literature, and the couple hundred articles I had written for her magazine previously. My ideas and my writing style wasn't bad but my grammar and spelling needed work.
The editor wrote me a letter saying I had to work on my grammar and spelling, which was true. And she had tried to let me improve but I wasn't, so she increasingly, cut down my article writing until I was only writing one article a week; before I was writing nothing. I exploded to her letter with a nasty email. She thought this was exactly how I was going to react. She probably had the same issue come up with past contributers to her magazine. I ended up apologizing to her for being ageist because she was more than five years younger then me with no degree, so I didn't trust her writing or editing experience. Honestly, I had good instincts with her, despite my hasty email.
In truth, she was being manipulative and I finally recognized, she didn't like my writing style. She was looking for people who wrote how she wrote on her personal blog and in her articles. And she didn't want me to write for her magazine even when she needed writers. I was offended but I knew I didn't want to be a writer like her or for her. She said the magazine was expanding and the writers had to expand or become better with it. I agreed but still had problems with how she chose to write and what she focused on in her magazines.
I didn't like how she regularly wrote about cheating with men and women and ruining relationships. Although I support LBGT people, I was offended that she rarily had articles pertaining to man and woman couples, boyfriends and girlfriends. I found this editor to be selfish, micro -managing, and immature despite her attempts to appear professional.
She didn't want my writing but wanted to use my blogs to tweet and post. She wanted to stay friends but didn't want me to write for her because I was offended by her note. I had every right to be.
So, I let her go. I stopped supporting the magazine by buying the quarterly issues. I wouldn't let her use any of my writing for her magazine. I unfriended her on Facebook and Twitter. I stopped taking her text messages and didn't give her my new number when it changed. I unsubscribed from her blog and anything related to the magazine. It was a great decision.
I don't know where she is at now. I hope she is well and has worked out some of her life and issues with the magazine such as finding writers. It was mean of me to write her a nasty reply to her email. She didn't deserve it, even if she lacked a degree or experience. But I couldn't be friends with her after how she talked about my writing, how she treated my skills as if suddenly they were useless. I knew from professors, writing articles in the Edmonton Journal in University, and even strangers my writing was good. It didn't mean my writing didn't require improvement (it still does and will forever) but I didn't like how she belittled my skills and my person. I let her go.
So, I have learned some tricks to working off stress and dealing with problems before they become so large I explode in tears and screaming. Every once in a long awhile, I can't help it but I am getting better. We cannot always overcome our flaws but we can try to manage them.


text:
Pickens County gets first woman resident judge
Pickens County has a new Family Court judge.
Pickens County gets first woman resident judge Pickens County has a new Family Court judge. Check out this story on greenvilleonline.com: https://grnol.co/1VjYgzz
Ron Barnett, rbarnett@greenvillenews.com Published 10:45 a.m. ET May 26, 2016 | Updated 12:21 p.m. ET May 26, 2016
Karen Roper(Photo: provided)
Karen Sanchez Roper has been elected to succeed Alvin D. Johnson, who will retire on June 30 after 20 years on the bench.
She is the first woman to be appointed by the General Assembly as a resident judge for Pickens County.
Roper is an attorney and founding partner of Roper Law Firm in Pickens. She will leave the law practice upon assuming her duties on the bench.
"I am delighted to have this opportunity to serve my community," she said. "I am humbled by the trust placed in me by the General Assembly, particularly the members of our local delegation, and will work diligently to ensure the Family Court continues to support and encourage our families."
A native of Valdosta, Georgia, Roper received her undergraduate degree from the University of Georgia and her law degree from the University of South Carolina.
She established Roper Law Firm in 1997, with a focus on family law litigation. Her husband, attorney Ken Roper, joined the firm in 2001.
In addition to her legal work, she has served in various leadership roles with civic organizations in the community, including the Cannon Memorial Foundation Board, Leadership Pickens County, First Steps, Prevent Child Abuse, and the Pickens Women's Association.
Gov. Nikki Haley appointed Roper to the Anderson-Oconee-Pickens Mental Health Board in 2014.
As judge, Roper will preside over cases primarily in the 13th Judicial Circuit, covering Pickens and Greenville counties, but also will hear cases throughout the state as assigned by South Carolina Court Administration.
The Family Court has exclusive jurisdiction over all matters involving domestic relationships and decides cases concerning marriage, divorce, separation, custody, visitation rights, termination of parental rights, adoption, child support, alimony, division of marital property, name changes, and juvenile matters.
Judicial candidates are screened through the Judicial Merit Selection Commission and undergo a law examination, interviews with the South Carolina Bar and the Upstate Citizen's Committee, and a public hearing before the Commission. After qualification and nomination, judges are elected by members of the South Carolina General Assembly.
Karen and Ken Roper are the parents of two sons, Carson and Hampton, who attend Pickens High School. She and her family are members of Pickens Presbyterian Church, where she is an Elder and Trustee.
Read or Share this story: https://grnol.co/1VjYgzz
Ask LaFleur: How is Clemson football team allowed to bypass TSA and long airport lines


Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a life-threatening genetic disorder that was first described in 1910 and that now affects nearly 100,000 people in the United States. SCD is associated with many acute and chronic complications that can require immediate medical attention.
AAFP member Barbara Yawn, M.D., M.Sc., M.S.P.H., of Rochester, Minn., recently co-chaired a panel that developed a clinical guideline(www.nhlbi.nih.gov) on managing SCD, a summary(jama.jamanetwork.com) of which was published online Sept. 10 by JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association.
Because SCD is a relatively uncommon condition, there are not enough SCD specialists around the country, Yawn told AAFP News. As a result, family physicians and other primary care physicians play an important role in expanding support to all individuals and families living with SCD, she said.
"As we learn better how to treat and manage SCD, people with SCD are living longer and will need physicians who can care for them not only in childhood and adolescence but also into adulthood," said Yawn.
The expert panel identified and reviewed a final subset of 1,575 original studies, breaking them down into a series of evidence tables that focus on various aspects of the disease and its treatment.
According to a newly released clinical guideline, the recommended oral treatment for sickle cell disease (SCD) is hydroxyurea, which can be started as early as at age 9 months.
A person with SCD who arrives in the office or emergency department complaining of sudden onset of severe pain requires immediate treatment with appropriate pain therapy, which may include opioids.
People with SCD (and all other chronic diseases) often have multiple problems, and acute care is appropriately given to those issues.
Prior to publication, the full guideline was reviewed by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Advisory Council (NHLBI), a separate panel of SCD experts, and the National Blood Disorders Program coordinating committee.
Yawn highlighted three key points from the guideline for AAFP News.
First, SCD can and should be treated to prevent the disease's complications, she said. The recommended oral treatment is hydroxyurea, which can be started as early as at age 9 months. There are potential side effects associated with the drug, Yawn added, but many of the medications physicians prescribe have potential side effects.
"To provide adequate care to all people with sickle cell disease in the United States, we need family physicians who have multiple affected patients to learn to initiate and monitor hydroxyurea therapy," Yawn said. "Experts in SCD can be contacted and consulted to help with co-management. Just as rural physicians have long helped monitor and support chemotherapy, they can co-manage people with SCD."
Secondly, when a person with SCD arrives in the office or emergency department complaining of sudden onset of severe pain, he or she requires immediate treatment with appropriate pain therapy, which may include opioids. Delaying the initiation of adequate pain therapy can lead to further complications, Yawn added.
"While drug overuse is of course a concern for all health professionals, inadequate treatment is also a major concern for those with acute pain crises in SCD," she said. "You may see no physical signs, but if the person has a diagnosis of SCD (usually confirmed in the medical records or a call to their personal physician) then treating is the first step. Treatment should begin within 30 minutes of admission to the emergency department.
"These episodes are called vaso-occlusive crises for good reason."
Finally, people with SCD (and all other chronic diseases) often have multiple problems, and acute care is appropriately given to those issues. But people with SCD require important preventive care measures, as well. These include, for example, administering the correct immunizations and following the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation(www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org) on screening for SCD in newborns, Yawn said.
"Unique to SCD, infants require daily prophylactic penicillin therapy due to the high risk of invasive pneumococcal disease, and transcranial doppler screening to evaluate for the risk of strokes that often begin in childhood," she said.
With the advent of universal newborn screening, Yawn noted, virtually every infant with SCD will be diagnosed at birth or soon afterward. Doing so provides the opportunity to begin penicillin prophylaxis early, assure appropriate immunizations and begin the discussion with parents about potential use of other therapies, such as hydroxyurea, she said. Early diagnosis also allows for early identification of local SCD specialists with whom family physicians can consult for support in co-management.
"Almost all people with SCD will have multiple pain or vaso-occlusive crises beginning as early as a few months of age," said Yawn. "We hope these guidelines will be able to give the family physician and his or her staff the immediate information they need to guide routine care such as immunizations and screening, as well as immediate care of complications."
The group of experts on the SCD guideline panel included several adult and pediatric hematologists who specialize in SCD, blood bank and transfusion medicine specialists, a psychiatrist who specializes in support and care of SCD patients and families, a maternal fetal medicine specialist, an emergency department nurse with expertise in acute SCD crises management and the methodologists. The NHLBI staff member who worked with the panel, Joylene John-Sowah, M.D., is a family physician, as well, said Yawn.
This is the seventh guideline panel Yawn has participated on, she said, and she thinks it's important that family physicians continue to represent the family medicine viewpoint on any guideline that will eventually affect their practices.
"It is important to have a family physician on these panels who can not only help interpret the evidence and level of evidence but can also make sure that the recommendations are written in a format that is useful for primary care and encompasses the important care we provide in prevention and health maintenance, as well as care of complications," Yawn said.
American Family Physician: "Opportunities to Improve Outcomes in Sickle Cell Disease"
American Family Physician: "Approach to the Vaso-occlusive Crisis in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease"


text:
I am so sick of technology, having to confirm confirmations and verify things I\'ve already verified or having to verify things I simply shouldn\'t have to verify to begin with. Even when I try to register for the simplest website with an account that contains no personal information whatsoever (frustrated I have to freaking register for everything anyway) I have to sit there and wait and wait for some ******** verification code that never shows up. The other day I had to try to verify an alternate email by verifying a different alternate email (that had already been verified to begin with!) in order to add an alternate email to an alternate email! This is something I shouldn\'t have had to do in the first place! But I had to. I\'d like to throw the whole lot of ************ out of the window but the way the world is set up now, you go and ask a question or request an application for something, only to be told \"you need to fill out the online form.\" So what, I navigated your stupid computerized (of course!) phone system and wasted what, an hour waiting only to be told I have to go navigate another **** system and jump through another 5000 hoops just to be able to do something that would be solved so much easier and faster by someone simply mailing me a piece of paper! Not to mention the captcha I just noticed below this box full of characters I can\'t even read, can\'t even post an anonymous frustrated rant without having to jump through some hoop or another. I was telling my husband the other day, the way things are now, in the future we\'ll have to log in and verify our email 6 times and provide an alternate email and cell phone number just to be able to use our own toilet!
#367 — Comments (11493) — 7/18/2014 at 12:39 AM — Miscellaneous — I Feel You (1) — Get Over It (2)
hNr14j http://pills2sale.com/ viagra online
One moment, please crestor 10mg preis We all agree that more must be done to work across local authority boundaries when recruiting adoptive parents. Of course it is unacceptable that a couple approved for adoption by one authority can wait for years to be matched with a child, even though a neighbouring authority has a child who could be perfect for them. Equally we agree that more could and should be done to speed up the adoption process.
magic story very thanks zamst a1 ankle brace review This week, the Senate confirmed him to run the CFPB, a governmental watchdog arm devised to shield consumers from predatory lending and financial abuse. Obama nominated Cordray in July 2011, but Republicans blocked his nomination until this week, having opposed the CFPB’s creation under the massive financial-reform bill in 2010 and having continued to oppose its materialization with an appointed head. They approved Cordray as part of a bipartisan deal on executive nominations.
A few months keflex dosage for dog bites He said: “My message would be that I get and understand concerns the public have over aspects of the system at the moment and I will take whatever steps I can to develop and reform the system in a way that makes that possible.”
Would you like to leave a message? nebido canada "I think the whole business was challenged during the hardest part of the recession, and also my husband was ready to retire," said Rosati's wife, Kitty, who authored books including "Rice Diet Solution."
I'm at Liverpool University gramaryl&l t;/a> Here�s how it works: after 432 hours, one gram of black soldier fly eggs will multiply into 2.4 kg of larvae protein. The organic, self-harvest larvae drop into a small container and are ready to eat, be it as a crunchy topping on risotto or pan-fried as a meat substitute for stir-fries or snacks.
I can't get a signal how many motrin to get high If a Google user has publicly endorsed a particular brand or product by clicking on the 1 button, that person's image might appear in an ad. Reviews and ratings of restaurants or music that Google users share on other Google services, such as in the Google Play online store, would also become fair game for advertisers.
When can you start? c an you get a yeast infection from diflucan The speed-loving driver of the fatal train crash in Spain has been formally charged with negligent homicide Sunday night after the death of a 79th victim who succumbed to her injuries, a Spanish newspaper reported.
Do you know the number for ? cell phone booster metal building * On Thursday Goldman Sachs Group Inc announced thatrevenue in its fixed-income, currency and commodities division,a powerful unit inside the bank that in better years hasproduced more than 35 percent of its entire revenue, dropped 44percent from year-ago levels. The weakness renewed worries aboutthe headwinds that Goldman and other banks are facing in bigmoney-producing areas like fixed-income trading. ()
I wanted to live abroad azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate nasal spray uses in hindi Earlier Lumia models also won positive reviews from critics and technology blogs but have failed to halt a shift to Android phones. Android and Apple's iOS together account for over 90 percent of smartphone sales, according to research firm IDC.