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#**Level 5 Certification:  Grip & Grip Size**
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**After almost 30 years of research into grip size we know the following:**
> 1.   Grip Size changes by Core Region Putter through Driver
2. Grip size changes heel to toe Balance
3. The size of the grip allows you to test by 100 mil increments within your Student's Dominant Core Region & usually within industry standards.
4. Five Simple measurements yield grip size when input on the Wright Balance site
5. When Lower & Upper Core players have exactly the same hand size, the Lower Core Player will play a larger Grip than the Upper Core Player
7. When players test the range of 3 different sizes that fit their Dominant Core Region, they will experience changes in heel to toe balance.  Each of those sizes will square the hip line.  However, only one of those 3 sizes will test for maximum Power.

**Why is Grip Size Important?**

Everything we do while holding or gripping something  to swinging a club, racquet or bat, walking with a cane or walker requires balance.  Our Wright Balance® research shows that grip and hand size can either support balance or create imbalance.

When you place something in your left and/or your right hand that does not fit your hand size, the improper size creates tension on one side of your core muscles, depending on Stance Width, and compromises balance.  This core tension causes your hips to rotate left or right to an "open" or "closed" position creating imbalance at ground level as shown in this illustration.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/4pdhKWj.jpg)

This includes anything from a golf club, putter, bat, tennis racquet, rake, broom, shovel or even a cane or crutches.   Grip Sizing has numerous applications, I am going to focus on Golf & Baseball in this overview.

When the grip size fits both the left and right hand, you will get a balance configuration similar to the one below.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/GAy2lWT.jpg)

**How do golfers play with the incorrect size?**  Players learn to place their hands on the club (stronger or weaker) in a way that compensates for an open or closed hip line.   The compensation still creates Core Tension, but a square hip line.  Core Tension is a predisposing condition for injury.

#**Grip Size Measurements**

What is a "mil"?

Golf grips are measured in inches. One (1) mil is equal to 1/1000 inch.  The Golf industry has established the following Standards:
>1. The **Industry Standard** Grip Size is measured for the Left hand only, 2 inches down from the top ring of the Butt Cap of the Golf Grip for irons & **2 inches down** from the top for the Putter.
2.  An installed "Standard" Size grip measures 900 to 915 mils
3. An installed "Undersized" Grip measures 850-70 mils
4. An installed Midsize Grip measures 960 mils
5. An installed "Jumbo" or "Oversized" Grip measures 1020 mils.
**NOTE**:  When considering these measurements, please know that the industry standard size is taken 2 inches down from the top ring of the Butt Cap of the Club

Wright Balance® grip size standards are measured to the middle finger of the left hand on irons and woods and the middle finger of both hands on the putter.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/4V1tEo9.jpg)

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/1xSuJIs.jpg)

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/LvpwkSv.jpg)

Why is this important?  Some players grip down on the club.  The grip has a natural taper of about 50 to 70 mils from the left to right hand. Palm width, position of a player's hands on the club and the natural taper of the grip are reasons we measure to the middle finger of the left hand on irons and woods and the middle finger of both hands on the putter.  Please keep these factors in mind as you read this overview.

**Grip Size vs Hand Size**

Bigger is not better.  Fitting your student's left hand for their irons and woods and their right and left hands for putter to the proper sizes is the goal.  A grip that fits your hand size sets your ideal ***heel to toe*** Balance, minimizes the stress in your core muscles, squares your hip line, facilitates maximum separation of the Upper & Lower Core in the swing and creates a balanced set up to the ball with greater Power recruitment from the ground (Ground Reaction Force).

There is a belief among students & teachers that if you want to take your hands out of your swing, you should use bigger grips; if you want to use more hands in your game, get smaller grips.  If you are an Upper Core Player, you want to use your arms and hands.  If you are a Lower Core Player, you want to use your body.  An Upper Core Player's release is with the arms and hands.  The Lower Core Players release is with their body.  As might be expected, your Upper Core player will have smaller grips than the Lower Core, even in some cases when the Upper Core player has larger overall hands.

Just because someone is tall and wide does not mean their hand size is large.  I have a senior tour player who is 6 feet 2 inches who uses an undersized grip.  Standard grips are too big for him.  Two time Masters winner Bubba Watson uses 12 extra wraps of tape under his right hand and 10 extra under his left (he is left-handed.)  US Open Winner Retief Goosen plays an oversize grip with 7 extra wraps.

One of my students, PGA Tour Winner and former Long Drive Champion, Dennis Paulson uses a standard left hand grip size.  He put 6 extra wraps under his right hand (his hand size on our laser hand scanner measured   880 mils for his left hand and 876 mils for his right, precisely 6 extra wraps under his right hand).  Dennis intuitively found his correct size during his early years on tour.  He experimented with different grip sizes until he found the one that felt best to him.

Another of my students, seven year PGA Tour veteran, Pat Burke measured 932 mils left hand and 873 right hand (also measured on our laser hand scanner.)  Pat had a career ending wrist injury in 1997 that he attributes to playing the incorrect grip sizes.

If your student has have very large hands, there is a sizing adjustment to maintain Core Balance and move them to a size that will minimize swing weight changes and allow them to play a grip size closer to one of the industry standard grips.

**How to Check the Current Grip Size**

Have your student assume one of their Dominant Core Region Stance Widths you determined in testing.

Place the Blue Bar and Bungee on your students hips.  Be certain to note that their hips are square to their stance line.  Have them add knee flex to be certain their hips are square **without** a club.

From a "Standing Tall" position, ask your student to grip their 6 or 7 iron like a baseball bat.  (Note:  The orientation of your student's hands on the club will open or close their hip line when they assume a Golf Grip.  The majority of players grip a baseball bat without compensations in their grip.)  This will give you a true observation of the impact of grip size.  In the following illustration, LPGA Legends Tour Winner, Laurie Rinker demonstrates the impact of Grip Size using a baseball grip.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/wJDGJV0.jpg)

This video will provide you with the testing of grip size in a Middle Core Player.

Once the grip is assumed, ask your player to add a slight knee flex.  This knee flex will amplify  any Core Tension that will produce pelvic rotation if the grip does not fit.  Note that Laurie's hips remain square in the following illustration after adding knee flex.  This grip size fits her left hand.  Laurie's Grip Size is 915 mils.  I will return to that in a bit.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/hC6NhPc.jpg)

You test the Putter Grip Size the same way you do the full swing grip size, using the baseball grip with all fingers touching.   Notice how Colby's putter grip size does not fit.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/P6epzwL.jpg)

When he sets up with a grip that fits his left hand, as in the photo illustration below, his hips are square.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/DVMqxxE.jpg)

First, let's go through the hand measurement process and the entry of that information on the Wright Balance website.

**Hand Measurements**

This illustration is a closeup of the Finger Measurement Form you were issued by the Wright Balance Team.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/aHWGvaX.jpg)

Note that the lines on this form are **Green** & **Blue**.  The **Green** lines have odd numbers and the **Blue** lines have even numbers.  There is a **Vertical** **BLUE** Line dividing the Finger measurement form.  That Vertical Blue Line is where your student will center the card between their fingers as they do their right & left middle finger measurements.

When your student uses this form, it is **important** that they place the measurement form **GENTLY** between their middle and ring fingers, ***hold the form at eye level*** and, using a magnifying glass, verbalize what color line and its corresponding number is at the tip of their middle finger.  Note: you are only measuring the Middle Finger of the left and right hands.  Again,  ***Do not apply downward pressure*** when the form is placed between the Ring and Middle Fingers.  Downward pressure will impact the measurement.

If your student reports that a green line is at the tip of their middle finger, they should also report an odd number as their measurement.  If they report a blue line is at the tip of their middle finger, they should report an even number.

Be certain that the measurement card is held perpendicular to the ground and the card is held at eye level. If the card is not held at eye level, your student will report a higher or lower number and the accuracy of their grip size will be compromised.  You will be able to test the accuracy of your measurements after you set up a club to their measured grip size.

 **1.**  Place the measurement card **GENTLY** between the middle and ring fingers of the Left Hand on the center **BLUE Line** of the measurement tool.  ***Do not apply downward pressure*** when the card is placed between the Middle & Ring Fingers.  Any pressure will alter the final measurement.
 **2.**  Ask your student to hold the form at eye level and, using a magnifying glass.  be certain they have the **BLUE line** dividing the middle of the measurement tool between their Middle and Ring Fingers.  Ask your student the line color at the tip of their Middle Finger.
 **3.** Ask your student the Corresponding Number on the line.  (Note:  the green lines are odd numbers and the blue lines are even numbers.)
**4.**   Be certain the number matches (odd vs even) the line color.   If the line color and number correspond, make a note of the number.
**5.** Repeat 1 - 4 above until your student reports the same measurement twice and make a note of the number for their left hand.
**6.** Repeat 1 - 5 on your student's right hand and record the number for the right hand.

  **Palm Width**

Turn the Finger Measurement card over and you will note a hand width measurement scale.  Place the edge of your student's hand at the level of the knuckles on the scale as shown in this illustration.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/YQYN7J9.png)

Position their hand on "0" at their knuckle line on their right hand as shown in the illustration.  Note the width of their right palm.  Repeat this measurement on their left palm.

 **Measurements Entry online**

Your student MUST complete their profile before doing either the Stance Width measurements or Grip Size.  Click on "Add User" as in the Illustration below.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/uhYbA8H.jpg)

Then, click on "Add Customer" as shown in the illustration below.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/M3YkCSz.jpg)

  Then, Click on "**Grip Size**" as shown in the illustration below.

 ![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/Q4wHm2C.jpg)

The Size Template will appear as shown in the illustration below:

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/ypxhrtZ.jpg)

Then, input the tested Dominant Core Region.  Input the number of the Core Region as shown in the illustration below.  If your student tested a 7, 8 or 9 for example put the exact Core Region number they tested.  As already noted, grip size changes by Core Region.  Do not arbitrarily put any number in any part of this form.  All of these measurements are important to insure that your student gets the proper grip size results.

 ![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/rZnwmnx.jpg)

Again, you must do your student's Dominant Core Region assessment to do the Grip Size.  Grip Size changes by Core Region.  The first entry you will make is their Dominant Core Region (1-9).  The left & right Middle Finger Length and Palm Width of each hand are the other entries.

 Once you have completed the Grip Size entry click on "Proceed" and enter your "Fitter Code".  Your student's results will be immediately emailed to you as shown in the illustration below.

 ![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/MDlo0TA.jpg)

#**Testing Grip Sizes**

Based upon your student's measured hand size,  test 3 Grip Sizes within industry standards to determine which size sets their ideal heel to toe balance for maximum Power.  All 3 sizes will square their hips at address.  However, only one of the 3 sizes will set their heel to toe balance for maximum Core Separation & Power & and unrestricted pivot and motion sequence.

When you test the 3 sizes,  there will be a difference in heel to toe balance between the 3 different grip sizes & a significant difference in Power in one of the 3.  Palm size plays a role in the grip size that sets the balance or maximum Power.

Use Pre-Wrap if you need to build up a grip.  Pre-Wrap is available at any Sporting Goods store or you can purchase it online via the Wright Balance Shopping Cart.

You will use the pre-wrap on irons, woods and putters when you test.  use the pre-wrap to build up the club to the desired measurement.  You will find that most of the time it will only take a few wraps to get to the size you need.  If you wrap the grip with minimal overlap when you use the pre-wrap, each wrap adds approximately 20 mils.  The following illustrations show the pre-wrap on an iron during testing.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/J5pQBHe.jpg)

Use a piece of chalk to mark where the left middle finger for the desired Grip Size is to be placed for the testing.

For very small grips, you won't need to add pre-wrap.  Measure down the grip to the desired size and mark with a piece of chalk as shown in this photo illustration.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/JThUO4B.jpg)

The average grip tapers 50 to 70 mils from the middle of the right hand to the middle of the left hand.  For the full swing, you won't need to be concerned with size discrepancies between the left and right hands unless they are greater than 40 mils.  In that case, check the left hand only and then add the right to see if the right hand changes the hip line.

These three 3 videos show the testing for Grip Size of LPGA Legends Tour Player, Laurie Rinker (Middle Core) & her two sons Brent Graham (Lower Core) and Tim Graham (Upper Core).

This Video is testing grip size with Middle Core  Player Laurie Rinker.

Note the strategy in each of the videos of testing 3 sizes of grips by 100 mil increments.  The first test was to have the players assume a baseball grip to test to verify that their hips remained square when they changed Grip Sizes.  The Grip Sizes are set in 100 mil increments.   For example, If the measured grip size is 1085, test 1085, 985 and 885.   If you don't find strength in those 3 sizes, you will need to build up a grip with pre-wrap to test 1185.  There are grips on the market for players with very large hands that will cover that size range.  What if the players hands are small? If the Grip Size is 675, you will need to test 775, 875 and 975.  You won't find a grip size of 675 and you will have to measure down an undersized grip to get to 775.  Be sure to mark a chalk line at the desired size on the grip where you want your student to place their middle finger of their left hand.

Palm size plays a role in determining the ideal tested grip size.  Lauries Grip Size measured at 1015.  She tested strongest at 915.  When Laurie's grip tested too small (815 mils), her weight moved toward her toes as shown in the following illustration.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/fCd79LR.jpg)

When her tested grip size was too big (1015 mils), her measured size), she moved toward her heels.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/N8ATnOv.jpg)

Laurie showed the greatest power with a 915 mils grip.  The 915 Grip Size put Laurie in her ideal balance position.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/3in6Tq8.jpg)

This is a video of Grip Size Testing of Upper Core Player, Tim Graham.

In this video you will note that Tim's grips were tested at 100 Mil increments.  Note that his hips were square in all 3 test.  However, note that with the grip that was too large moved Tim toward his heels and compromised his balance when the size was tested in the downswing plane.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/woGaWC4.jpg)

The grip size that was too small moved Tim toward his toes and also compromised his balance when tested in the downswing plane.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/3JeWAex.jpg)

When Tim found his ideal balance with maximum Power, he could not be moved out of balance when the shaft was pushed downward in the downswing plane.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/zni2NBk.jpg)

This is a video of Grip Size Testing of Lower Core Player, Brent Graham.

When Brent was measured, his hand size was 1165 Mils.  When tested at 1165, his balance moved to his heels and he was unable to hold the club at the top when downward pressure was applied.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/rQtnQcf.jpg)

When  Brent was tested at 965 Mils, he described his weight moving toward his toes and, again, he was unable to support the downward pressure on the downswing plane.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/jLFkxnc.jpg)

When Brent was tested at 1065, he described being centered over his arches and he was not able to be moved in the downswing plane when pressure was applied.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/iACtBH9.jpg)

#**Getting the Proper Size Done**

Now you are ready to re-grip your Student's clubs to the size that tested with the most power & their correct Putter Grip Size.

Many golf stores and club fitting professionals change grips.  However, keep in mind that they are used to changing standard grips with no extra tape wraps and very few midsize and oversize grips.  I would suggest having one club gripped to your student's size specifications & checking the work before doing all their clubs.  If you are doing their clubs on site, the following guidelines will help.  I would suggest you share this summary with your Club Maker or Grip Technician.

***Checking the Grip Size***

As of this writing, you can use the following as a general guide when deciding what grips to place on your clubs.  Grip sizes are classified as Undersized, Standard, Mid-Size & Oversize / Jumbo.  There is a movement to change the term "Jumbo" to Oversize.  **The*Golf Industry Standard is to measure 2 inches down from the top ring of the butt cap**.

The Following is a "Guideline".  As you will read, the Tour Velvet Grip tends to run smaller by 10 to 20 mils (depending on shaft size)  than the measurements in the chart below.

 ![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/2WGCz1a.jpg)

The above Chart for **Industry Standards** is also expressed as shown below.

The Undersized Grip installed is 850 mils
The Standard Grip installed is 900 to 915 mils
The Mid-Size Grip installed is 960 mils
The Oversized / Jumbo Grip installed is 1020 mils

**The following are measurements to the Middle finger of the Left hand on the installed grips by size**

1.  **Undersized Grip:** When measured to your left hand Middle Finger is approximately 830 to 840 mils.
2. **Standard Grip:** When measured to your left hand Middle Finger is approximately 870 to 880 mils.
3. **Mid-Sized Grip:** When measured to your left hand Middle Finger is approximately 920-925 mils.
4. **Over-sized / Jumbo Grip:** When measured to your left hand Middle Finger is approximately 985 mils.

**Note:**  The Golf Pride Tour Velvet tends to run 10 to 20 mils smaller on Mid-Size & Oversize / Jumbo Grips as it tends to stretch more than other grips when installed.

There is also variability in the grip sizes by the type of grip you use and the butt diameter of your shafts.  The butt diameter on your wood shafts will be 10 to 15 mils larger than your irons butt diameter with a few exceptions.

If you roll back the grip at the shaft & look inside the end of the grip you will see a few letters and one of these notations: R60, R58 or R56.  Hold the shaft so the clubhead points upward.  Roll the edge of the grip down to find the number label.  You may have to roll the grip down ½ inch or more.  Sometimes only the numbers will be labeled.  Those numbers represent the internal diameter of the grip.  The most common sizes are the 60 and 58.  The 56 size is found mostly in junior grips.  The R60 has a thinner wall than the R58.  If you have to use extra wraps, use the R58 grip.

 ![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/qx1VShe.jpg)

New grips purchased in the Golf Store will be labeled on the grip.  They are almost always R58 or R60.  If you need an R56 (undersized grip) you might have to special order the grips.  If your student's hands are small, don't conclude that they need the R56.  As I noted, **the R60 is not bigger, the wall of the grip is thinner**.  This is important information for you to keep in mind when your students have their grips changed in the future.

The results of the sizing might surprise you.  You will be able to test in 100 Mil increments adjust the grip size to both fit your student's Core Region and to accommodate industry standards.  Be certain to test until you get maximum strength.

**Note:**  Grips will "stretch" when you add extra tape wraps only if they have a seam.  Check grips to see if they have a seam.  It is easy to determine.  It will run down the back side of the grip from the club butt to the shaft.  This applies to Putter Grips as well.

When you are re-gripping  clubs, as a rule of thumb, each extra wrap of tape will add 8 mils.  After 3 or 4 extra wraps, you will begin to get 7, 6 mils and so on.  However, 5 to 10 mils variance with extra wraps will have little effect in the overall grip sizing.

#**Putter Grip Sizing**

There are no standard putter grip sizes.  For decades, there was one size for putter grips, very small.  In fact, a standard putter grip is smaller than the standard, off the shelf grip for irons and woods.  In the past few years larger putter grips are the trend.

You can check the impact putter grip size has on your student's  hip line (core muscle tension) & Left to Right Balance exactly the same way you checked their irons and woods.

Recall that our first observation with regard to path in Dr. Jobe's biomechanics lab was that the Putter Path would track the balance line in the feet.  This illustration shows a balance configuration where the putter path  would track inside out.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/pBaqD7G.jpg)

This illustration show a balance configuration where the putter path would track outside in.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/zpGblx2.jpg)

The Line of Force in the following illustration suggest a path that is ideal.
Note that this illustration shows a straight line of Force for a Lower Core Player

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/GAy2lWT.jpg)

If this configuration is created for a Lower Core Player, it is likely going to work for them.  However, if it was created for an Upper or Middle Core Player, the Lie Angle is likely too flat, moving the player back in their Stance.

There are multiple factors that will produce the balance line or Line of Force.  They are:

 - Stance Width
 - Grip (Placement of hands on Club)
 - Grip Size
 - Putter Lie Angle
 - Putter Length
 -
You are able to control for Stance Width, Grip and Grip Size within your lesson.  I would encourage you to look at the putter Lie Angle and Length as well.

Length is determined by Stance Width.  The wider the Stance Width, the shorter the Putter will be.  Your student will have multiple Stance Widths to choose from their Wright Balance Stance Width Results.  Fitting the Grip Size and Grip first when you change the Grip Size is where I would begin.  Once your student has a chance to get used to the putter grip size change and they find a comfortable width, you can followup with length and lie angle.

Let's talk first about Grip Size.  I would begin by showing your student where they are aimed with the putter.  If you have a putter aim system, I would do this measurement before you change the Grip Size, Grip or Stance Width.  Ask your student to set up to a ball on a target line as shown in this illustration.  (Wright Balance has the Putter Aim assessment system shown in this illustration on the Wright Balance Products Page.)

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/T6eEe3o.jpg)

The other check you should do with the putter is your students visual perception of lines.  Use a golf ball with a line on it aimed at a toothpick (This is also a Wright Balance Product).  You will note that your students visual perception of the line is left or right of the toothpick unless they have exact compensations.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/y35g3G3.jpg)

My general rule of thumb is that if a student is aimed precisely and they see the line on the ball aimed at the toothpick,  I don't change anything.  Those are the players who will tell you they are good putters.  I would suggest you work only on speed control at that point and change nothing with the grip or their set up.  If they have 2 putters, then you may ask to re-grip one of them.

I would encourage you to tell your student that once the Putter Stance Width, Grip Size, Ball Position, Posture and Grip is done, they **do not need to think about their mechanics**.  I would advise them that their setup will take care of the path and they don't need to think about making a stroke.  That will free their mind to focus on pictures for speed.

These photos and video appeared earlier in this EBook but they are  important to be certain that the putter grip fits your student.  The major difference in fitting your students grip size with the Putter is that both the left and right hands must be fit on the putter.

The following illustration shows that this Putter Grip fits this player's left and right hands.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/DVMqxxE.jpg)

This illustration shows that this Putter Grip does not fit either the left or right hand or neither hand.   You will need to check first the left hand and then the right hand, then both hands using the baseball grip on the putter.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/P6epzwL.jpg)

This video also appeared earlier in this EBook.

Check the putter grip using one hand at a time.  Ask your student to place their left hand on the putter as they would on a baseball (or cricket) bat making sure all fingers are touching.  Have them keep their right hand behind the hip bar.  Be certain their Stance Width is on one of their Dominant Core Region Widths.

For the past several years, we have used a variety of putter grip sizes and built them up with extra wraps of tape.  Due to the lack of a standard putter grip size other than the very small grip, each putter grip had to be built, measured and the grip "blown off" until the exact size was accomplished.  It was an expensive, time consuming process.   They process has become much easier and faster as you will see below.

#**How to Determine the Putter Grip Size**

Take the result you received from the Wright Balance Grip Sizing.  This illustration is an example of those results.  In this example you will note that the irons, woods and Putter left and right hands are within 20 thousandths.  We don't have the final data in on the putter Grip Size adjustment.  That is, if this player test best at 965 for their irons and woods (minus 100 Mils from measured size) do we also subtract 100 Mils for the proper Putter Size?  I would be inclined to use the actual Putter Grip Size shown on the results page.  As we do more research on the sizing, I will let you know our findings.  For the time being I would suggest that you use the Grip Sizing from the results.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/tMZKnee.jpg)

 **The results below are very different for this player.**

   ![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/YOXHHJW.jpg)

Note that the Upper Core Grip Size for the Irons is Left Hand 1045 Mils and Right Hand 965 Mils.  Since the left hand is larger, you will likely be okay with this left to right difference with irons and woods.  The natural taper of the iron and woods grip is 50 to 70 Mils,  but not the Putter.

This players Putter Grip Size for the Left and Right hands will need to be set exactly to his hand sizes.  Most Putter Grips have very little if any taper except for the traditional putter grip style.

Like the irons and woods, Putter Grip Size is measured 90 degrees to the face.  It may be easier to think of measuring the width of the Putter (side to side) **not** the depth (front to back).   Some of the modern large grips have posted the diameter of their grips online.  If the left and right hands are close in size, you may be able to find a Putter Grip online that fits your student.

I wrapped (and still do) Putter Grips to precisely fit the players left and right hands.   When players have small grip sizes or sizes you are unable to find online, you will need to wrap your student's putter grip using pre-wrap as the underlisting and a Tennis Grip to get the proper Grip Size.  I would encourage you to wrap the Putter yourself.

Most of the time we wrap over a conventional putter grip using premeasured materials that will look and feel like a putter grip.  It is difficult to get an oversized Putter Grip that fits a player's hands as many of them have a known installed diameter and they don't stretch.  Most importantly, when your student's putter grip fits, and they are in one of their dominant Core Region Stance Widths,  they will see lines accurately and they will be aimed at a toothpick at 6 feet.  Their putter path will stay on their target line longer, all things important to be a good putter.

This illustration shows the application of Pre-wrap as the underlisting while building up the Putter Grip in preparation to wrapping the putter with a Tennis Regrip.   This process is demonstrated in the video that follows this illustration.
![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/n1Ji0zL.jpg)

 This video was made 8 years ago and appeared online in 2012.  It still applies.  These materials are also available.  If you need to get these materials we will have them online for you to purchase in the near future.

# **Baseball** & Cricket

Baseball has been part of the Wright Balance research process since the early 2000s.  In 2009 I went with Dr. Michael Mellman to 7 time MLB All Star Reggie Smith's baseball hitting facility.  I measured Matt Kemp, Los Angeles Dodger Center Fielder at the time,   for Stance Width and Bat handle size.  Matt took his yardstick and bat size and stepped into a hitting cage where he spent the next 30 minutes practicing striding from one Dominant Core Region Stance Width to another.  Matt was the first MLB player fit by Wright Balance.   Reggie Smith subsequently took the fitting system to MLB Spring training for 3 years in a row.

Now we have grip sizing by Core Region.  We believe that their are Lower, Middle & Upper Core hitters as well.  The ability of your student to set the trail arm in their through swing will be a factor as you learned in Level 1 Wright Balance Certification.  Baseball coaches have a bias of instruction teaching either a "linear" or "rotational" swing.  I heard from MLB Veteran Reggie Smith "rotational" teacher about the many "discussions" he had over the years with  MLB Veteran Tony Gwynn "linear" teacher about what was the most efficient way to swing.  The right or wrong in this discussion is likely related to the player's ability to externally rotate their shoulder in a Lower Core Stance Width.  The measured Carrying / Power Angle is where the answer resides.

Set up with a bat that fits your hand sizes in a Upper Core Stance Width with a Carrying / Power Angle of 160 or so and note that your right elbow is close to horizontal to the ground as shown in this Illustration.  Be certain to set the Upper Core Power Spots as you do with Golf.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/CA26wcC.jpg)

 Jai tested with Maximum strength in his Lower Core.  However, his Carrying / Power Angle measure 158 in a Lower Core Stance Width and 168 in his Upper Core Stance Widths.  He had to be a "linear" hitter.  He would not be able to set his right elbow in his through swing.  If you recall, Jai also had to play golf from Upper Core Stance Widths and Grip.

Move to a Lower Core Stance width and set the Lower Core Power Spots in both your left and right hands and you will note that your right elbow drops as shown with Jai in the following illustration.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/T2CTlhs.jpg)

Teaching should be to your student's ability to set up and swing within their biomechanical capability.  Measuring players ability to externally rotate their shoulder in their Dominant Core Region is the first step to determining what they are physically capable of doing.

Note the difference in the right elbow positions in these 2 MLB Players, both home run swings. Also note the difference in their left elbow positions and the bat angles.  Which one is Middle or Upper Core Swing and which one is a Lower Core Swing?

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/Gchl2nm.jpg)

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/nIIhDGg.jpg)

Here is a better view of a Lower Core Hitter from behind and above.  Note again the bat position, the right elbow and the clearance of the hips, also a home run swing.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/FtIhZ5M.jpg)

Which one is the best swing?  The swing that fits the players body.   The bottom line is:  Be sure when you fit grip size that you are fitting the player with a bat handle size in a Core Region in which they can perform.

#**Visual Perception and Balance**
One of the most significant changes you will find with Grip Sizing combined with the Core 360 Exercise Program is the change in the Visual Perception of the ball in space.  Time is a "hitters friend."  When a hitter is able to accurately see the ball in space their ability to hit is elevated.

Unlike golf, baseball players need to have freedom of movement in all directions as well as accurate visual perception.  This comment speaks to the golfer being able to do the Oblique Exercises and plank the 3 Stance Widths to play well.  The entire Core 360 Exercise Program is important for all other sports.

To test the visual perception of lines, our early research used 6 baseballs with lines on them aimed down the middle of a plate as shown in these illustrations.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/7DKI8OK.jpg)

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/1hFWp6i.jpg)

The player will see the line down the middle of the plate (without a bat) only in their Dominant Core Stance Width prior to the WB Core 360 Exercise.  When they are not in their Dominant Core Stance Width, your student will describe seeing the ball moving inside or outside.  After completing the WB Core 360 Exercises, they will report visually seeing the ball down the middle of the plate.  Introduce a bat and the visual perception of the ball moves again inside or out.

Former 10 year MLB veteran, Mike Lamb was fit the last year of his career.   These are photo illustrations of Mike's bats before (left) and after (right) his Wright Balance Fitting.  Mike had his bat "cut" to his exact size.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/ncrO32c.jpg)

Note that the bat at the top in the photo below is larger in the right hand than the Left.  Mike hit left handed and his left hand is larger than his right.

![enter image description here](http://i.imgur.com/gt8K98R.jpg)

After Mike's performance change at the plate, he brought several of his MLB friends to the Lab for a fiting.

This video is of San Diego Padre, Drew Macias going through a Grip Size and Stance Width Fitting.

In the video below, Mike Lamb describes what it was like visually after making the grip size change.

The next video demonstrates the use of the Carrying (Power Angle) in set up at the plate, exactly the same as Golf.

In this video, 12 time Gold Glove Winner, Omar Vizquel is discussing Stance Width and Posture for Symmetry, recruitment of Ground Force and freedom of motion.  Note that his Stance Width Measurements, Stride at the plate and Carrying (Power) Angle are the foundation of this discussion.  This was from 2012,  Omar's last year before retirement.  He was playing for the Toronto Blue Jays on pace for 3,000 hits at the time of this meeting.

In this video Omar Vizquel, Mike Lamb and I discuss the similarities of a balanced stance width at the plate and fielding.


It is often said that time is an illusion, but if I look back at my life, memories seem to validate the existence of time.
Memory seems to validate time, but if we look at it closely we see that it in fact validates the timeless, changelessness of Consciousness.
Memory creates the appearance of time, in which objects are considered to exist independently from one another, and through which they are considered to evolve.


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FuelCell Energy, Inc. (NASDAQ:FCEL) to Post Q1 2023 Earnings of ($0.07) Per Share, KeyCorp Forecasts
FuelCell Energy, Inc. (NASDAQ:FCEL – Get Rating) – Equities researchers at KeyCorp lowered their Q1 2023 earnings per share (EPS) estimates for FuelCell Energy in a research report issued on Monday, January 16th. KeyCorp analyst S. Karp now anticipates that the energy company will post earnings per share of ($0.07) for the quarter, down from their prior forecast of ($0.06). The consensus estimate for FuelCell Energy's current full-year earnings is ($0.31) per share. KeyCorp also issued estimates for FuelCell Energy's Q2 2023 earnings at ($0.07) EPS, Q3 2023 earnings at ($0.08) EPS, Q4 2023 earnings at ($0.09) EPS, FY2023 earnings at ($0.32) EPS and FY2024 earnings at ($0.25) EPS.
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A number of other equities research analysts have also recently commented on the company. B. Riley lowered their target price on FuelCell Energy from $5.00 to $4.00 and set a "neutral" rating on the stock in a report on Wednesday, December 21st. Jefferies Financial Group began coverage on shares of FuelCell Energy in a research note on Wednesday, October 19th. They issued a "hold" rating and a $3.00 target price for the company. Finally, UBS Group began coverage on shares of FuelCell Energy in a report on Tuesday, December 13th. They issued a "neutral" rating and a $3.85 target price on the stock. Five equities research analysts have rated the stock with a hold rating, Based on data from MarketBeat, the stock has an average rating of "Hold" and a consensus target price of $3.77.
FuelCell Energy Stock Down 6.6 %
FCEL stock opened at $3.13 on Thursday. The company has a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.12, a current ratio of 6.76 and a quick ratio of 5.70. The company's 50 day simple moving average is $3.20 and its 200-day simple moving average is $3.54. FuelCell Energy has a 12 month low of $2.47 and a 12 month high of $7.33. The firm has a market capitalization of $1.27 billion, a PE ratio of -8.24 and a beta of 3.61.
Institutional Trading of FuelCell Energy
Several hedge funds and other institutional investors have recently added to or reduced their stakes in FCEL. Commonwealth Equity Services LLC grew its stake in shares of FuelCell Energy by 3.6% during the 3rd quarter. Commonwealth Equity Services LLC now owns 90,820 shares of the energy company's stock valued at $309,000 after buying an additional 3,137 shares during the period. Mackenzie Financial Corp increased its stake in FuelCell Energy by 26.1% during the first quarter. Mackenzie Financial Corp now owns 18,305 shares of the energy company's stock worth $105,000 after acquiring an additional 3,788 shares during the last quarter. Van ECK Associates Corp increased its stake in FuelCell Energy by 3.3% during the third quarter. Van ECK Associates Corp now owns 135,394 shares of the energy company's stock worth $462,000 after acquiring an additional 4,320 shares during the last quarter. Amalgamated Bank lifted its stake in shares of FuelCell Energy by 8.0% in the 3rd quarter. Amalgamated Bank now owns 59,534 shares of the energy company's stock valued at $203,000 after purchasing an additional 4,385 shares in the last quarter. Finally, Private Advisor Group LLC grew its holdings in shares of FuelCell Energy by 18.1% during the 3rd quarter. Private Advisor Group LLC now owns 30,051 shares of the energy company's stock worth $102,000 after purchasing an additional 4,600 shares during the period. Hedge funds and other institutional investors own 42.83% of the company's stock.
FuelCell Energy Company Profile
FuelCell Energy, Inc, together with its subsidiaries, manufactures and sells stationary fuel cell energy platforms that decarbonize power and produce hydrogen. It offers SureSource 1500, a 1.4-megawatt (MW) platform; SureSource 3000, a 2.8 MW platform; SureSource 4000, a 3.7 MW platform; SureSource 250, a 250- kilowatt (kW) platform; SureSource 400, a 400-kW platform; and SureSource Hydrogen, a 2.3 MW platform that is designed to produce up to 1,200 kilograms of hydrogen per day for multi-megawatt utility, microgrid, and distributed hydrogen applications, as well as on-site heat and chilling applications.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


* Three Letter Word - J.O.B.S.
* Pelosi Says 500 Million Again!!!
* Obama Born in 61 Because of March In 65?
* America Invented the Auto?
* The Bomb That Fell On Pearl Harbor? Just one?
* Sheila Jackson Lee - Consitution 400 years old.
* Debbie Wasserman Schultz Can't Say "Misled"
* Biden Refers to Racial Epitaph???
* Biden Never Knows Where He Is?
* Michelle Thinks We Always Vote On Nov 2nd.
The Next Time A Liberal Claims Conservatives Are Stupid, Send Them A Link To This Page!


Born in 1871 in Buffallo, NY, Edward Dufner enjoyed a long, successful career as an art teacher and actively exhibiting painter. Dufner was considered the leading Impressionist in New Jersey during a period when Impressionism flourished in various regional artist colonies across the United States. Edward Dufner was one of the first students of the Buffalo Art Students League to earn an Albright Scholarship to study painting in New York. In 1893, he moved to Manhattan and took classes at the Art Students League. Five years later, Dufner and his wife went to Paris where he studied at the Academies Julian and Carmen. Dufner traveled in Europe for five years, also studying with James McNeill Whistler, before returning to the United States in 1903. A major instructor of portrait and still-life painting at the Buffalo Fine Arts Academy from 1903-1907, Dufner resigned in 1908 to teach at the Art Students League in NY. He was an associate member of the National Academy of Design in 1910 and 1929. Dufner received several awards, including a prize at the Paris Salon in 1899 and the gold medal in the National Art Competition in NYC, 1925. In 1910, he held a special Art Students League summer in Caldwell, New Jersey, and spent subsequent summers painting there. Dubbed the "Painter of Sunshine," Dufner favored as a subject joyous spring landscapes, often depicting a stream with swimming ducks, and figures such as women and children in crisp white garments leisurely spending the afternoon outdoors.


Why is it always that nice guys finish last?! It's not fair, and watching your friend cheat on her adoring husband can be frustrating and unnerving. Unfortunately it can be equally as difficult to rat out your friend and expose their cheating ways. You may be concerned that you are betraying your friend, or perhaps you're concerned that her husband won't believe you. Or perhaps you're worried the husband will tell your friend that you accused her of cheating, and she will, in turn, hate you for the rest of your life. Your list of concerns could go on and on, but there is a solution thanks to The Incognito Help Line.
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Cheating ladies don't always act in private, and many love to publicly flaunt their affairs behind their husband's backs. Thankfully, you don't have to leave them in the dark any longer.


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Affiliations and Memberships
The Shaw University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) to award the associate's, bachelor's, and master's degrees. Contact the SACSCOC at 1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, Georgia 30033-4097 or call 404-679-4500 for questions about the accreditation of Shaw University. Normal inquiries about Shaw University, such as admissions requirements, financial aid, educational programs, etc., should be addressed directly to Shaw University and not to the SACSCOC office.
The Shaw University Divinity School is accredited by The Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada [10 Summit Park Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15275-113: Telephone number (412-788-6505 or 800-367-8250)] to award the Master of Divinity and Master of Arts in Christian Education degrees.
The Kinesiotherapy degree program is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP).
The Social Work program is accredited by the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE).
The Teacher Education program is accredited by the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation- CAEP (formerly NCATE), and is approved by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction (NCDPI).
Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada
Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association
Cooperating Raleigh Colleges
Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs
Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (formerly NCATE)
Council for Social Work Education
Council on Undergraduate Research
National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education
National Association of College and University Business Officers
National Association of College Deans, Registrars and Admissions Officers
National Association of Colleges and Universities
National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators
New York University Faculty Resource Network
North Carolina Association of Colleges and Universities
North Carolina Independent Colleges and Universities
North Carolina Department of Public Instruction
Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges
Southern Association of College and University Business Officers
The Carolinas Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers
United Negro College Fund, Incorporated
Shaw University exists to advance knowledge, facilitate student learning and achievement, to enhance the spiritual and ethical values of its students, and to transform a diverse community of learners into future global leaders. (Approved by the Board of Trustees on October 16, 2008)
Expanded Statement of Purpose
Shaw University was founded in 1865 by the American Baptist Home Mission Society of the Baptist Church to provide theological education to freedmen after the Civil War. It is a private, coeducational, liberal arts institution of higher learning with the main campus located in Raleigh, North Carolina, and eight satellite campuses dispersed throughout the state. Shaw University is committed to providing educational opportunities to all segments of society without regard to race, creed, or ethnic origin. However, as the oldest historically African-American university in the south, it has maintained a special interest in the education of minorities from diverse backgrounds, with academic potential for success. Consistent with its motto, Pro Christo et Humanitate (For Christ and Humanity–that religion and learning may go hand in hand, and character grow with knowledge), Shaw University seeks to empower students with a sense of moral purpose based on Christian principles that provide guidance for intellectual and personal growth.
Shaw University is committed to the transformative educational process of preparing graduates for citizenship in the twenty-first century workplace and for graduate or professional school, and seeks to instill in its students a philosophy that values lifelong learning, leadership, and service. In order to meet the challenges of a global society, Shaw University endeavors to develop graduates who are broadly educated in the liberal arts and sciences, possessing the knowledge and skills required of all disciplines, and the competencies associated with their chosen fields of study. Students who successfully complete undergraduate degree programs at Shaw University will demonstrate proficiency in critical and creative thinking, an ability to communicate effectively, both orally and in writing; proficiency in mathematical reasoning skills, scientific inquiry, technological and information literacy, an awareness of and commitment to ethical judgment, awareness of global issues, knowledge of diverse human cultures, and a commitment to personal and social responsibility. Students enrolled in graduate degree programs will, upon graduation, be able to demonstrate advanced knowledge in their chosen discipline.
The mission of Shaw University is to advance knowledge, facilitate student learning and achievement, to enhance the spiritual and ethical values of its students, and to transform a diverse community of learners into future global leaders, by providing quality educational programs and services to students that prepare graduates to lead productive lives and successful professional careers as citizens in a globally competitive society.
Central to the accomplishment of this mission is the recruitment and retention of qualified faculty and staff, who possess the qualifications and expertise to actively support students in the learning process. The University demonstrates its commitment to teaching and learning by providing quality educational programs and services in a safe and supportive learning environment, which meet the needs of students, promotes personal growth and development, and fosters academic achievement and student success. In addition to teaching and learning, Shaw University strives to create and maintain an academic climate that promotes the scholarship of research and the pursuit of new knowledge through active research programs. The University also recognizes its responsibility to instill in students, the importance of making a difference, not only in their own lives, but in the lives of others, by partnering with local communities to provide services that improve the human condition and contribute to the betterment of society. (Approved by the Board of Trustees on May 7, 2010)
On December 1, 1865, when Henry Martin Tupper undertook the organization of a theology class as a means of teaching Freedmen to read and interpret the Bible, no one envisioned the end result of this being the establishment of a university. Rapid growth in the size of this class led to the purchase of land in 1866 for the purpose of erecting a building to serve as both church and school. The school was named the "Raleigh Institute," and it functioned as such until 1870, when it was supplanted by the "Shaw Collegiate Institute." In 1875, it was incorporated as the "Shaw University," which name it still bears, with the charter specifying that students were to be admitted without regard to race, creed, or sex. The school does not bear the name of its founder but of Elijah Shaw, the benefactor who provided funds for the first building, Shaw Hall, erected in 1871.
The coeducational emphasis of the institution was noted with the erection of the Estey Seminary (1873), the first dormitory in the United States for "Black Women." Named for its primary benefactor, Jacob Estey, the building was used as a residence hall for women until 1968 and for men from 1968 to 1970. The building is listed in the National Register of Historic Places and now serves as a cultural center for the Raleigh community.
The University graduated its first college class in 1878, its first class of medical doctors in 1886, awarded its first law degree in 1890, and its first pharmacy degree in 1893. In 1909, the Normal Department was supplanted by an Education Department, and in 1910, the Preparatory Department became a four-year academy. The professional schools were closed in 1918, but the college, theological department, and academy were continued, the latter existing until 1926. The theological department became a theological seminary in 1933 and continued as part of the University until 1976, when it became an independent institution.
Since 1921, Shaw has functioned primarily as a liberal arts college, although it has retained its name as a university. In 1931, the University elected its first Black president, Dr. William Stuart Nelson, who was president from 1931 to 1936. In 1963, the University elected Dr. James E. Cheek, an alumnus of Shaw University as its ninth president. He remained president from December 1963 through June 1969. Dr. Talbert O. Shaw, the 12th President of Shaw University (1987-2003), led the institution in its "Strides to Excellence: Why Not the Best" campaign. He and Shaw University were the subject of a March 1994 cover article in The Chronicle of Higher Education, the leading college and university professional publication. The article focused on the University's recent history, remarking on the great strides it has made and the momentum it has developed.
Dr. Clarence G. Newsome served as the 13th President. Under his administration, cutting-edge technological advances were installed; land acquisition increased; professional partnerships were established; and faculty, staff, and student morale showed signs of positive improvement. His vision, "A New Shaw for a New Millennium," coupled with "Strides to Excellence: Only the Best" characterized the administration of Dr. Newsome.
Dr. Dorothy Cowser Yancy was named Interim President in June, 2009. Dr. Yancy served as the 14th and first female President of The Shaw University. Under her leadership, the University restructured its debt and greatly improved its CFI (Composite Financial Index) ratio - an indication of institutional viability and completed renovations to over 17 campus buildings. Prior to Shaw University, Dr. Yancy served as the 15th President of Johnson C. Smith University.
In September, 2010, Dr. Irma McClaurin was named 15th President of Shaw University. Among Dr. McClaurin's goals was to establish, foster, and nurture a culture of collaboration and partnerships, specifically related to what she described as the four Es (E4) - employment, economy, education, and emerging technologies.
Dr. Dorothy Cowser Yancy returned in September of 2011 to take the helm of Shaw University as its 16th President. The focus, during her tenure, was strategic planning to build institutional capacity to support teaching, research and service, create financial stability and growth, enhance student success and competitive edge, create innovation and development, and enhance community engagement and service.
Dr. Gaddis Faulcon was named Acting President in January 2014. Dr. Faulcon, who served as a faculty member and the Dean of the College of Graduate and Professional Studies at Shaw University, chose the following priorities for the University: to increase retention; to increase enrollment at the CAPE sites; and to improve the customer service experience across the academy.
Dr. Tashni-Ann Dubroy was named the 17th President in August 2015. Dr. Dubroy is a proud alumnus of Shaw University. She initiated the EPIC program- Entreprunial Thinking and Excellence, Presence, Innovation, and Customer Care.
Dr. Paulette R. Dillard was appointed the 18th President in September 2018. Dr. Dillard previously served as Shaw University's Vice President for Academic Affairs. She has ushered in a new era of excellence which will focus on student academic and career success, the development of new programs, new revenue streams, streamlined structures and processes all of which are institutional priorities captured in our 2020 Strategic Plan.


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Biography & True Stories > Arts & entertainment biographies > Arts & entertainment autobiographies
Entertainment > Film, TV & radio > Television
Popular Science & Nature > Nature Writing > Wildlife
Life on Air (Paperback)
Sir David Attenborough (author)
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Synopsis Author
Sir David Attenborough is Britain's best-known natural history film-maker. His career as a naturalist and broadcaster has spanned nearly six decades, and in this volume of memoirs Sir David tells stories of the people and animals he has met and the places he has visited.
His first job - after Cambridge University and two years in the Royal Navy - was at a London publishing house. Then in 1952 he joined the BBC as a trainee producer, and it was while working on the Zoo Quest series (1954-64) that he had his first opportunity to undertake expeditions to remote parts of the globe, to capture intimate footage of rare wildlife in its natural habitat. He was Controller of BBC2 (1965-68), during which time he introduced colour television to Britain, then Director of Programmes for the BBC (1969-1972). However, in 1973 he abandoned administration altogether to return to documentary-making and writing, and has established himself as the world's leading Natural History programme maker with several landmark BBC series, including Life on Earth (1979), The Living Planet (1984), The Trials of Life (1990), The Private Life of Plants (1995), Life of Birds (1998), The Blue Planet (2001), Life of Mammals (2002), Planet Earth (2006) and Life in Cold Blood (2008).
Sir David is an Honorary Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, a Fellow of the Royal Society and was knighted in 1985. He is also Britain's most respected, trusted and lauded natural history broadcaster and writer, championing conservation and standing at the forefront of issues concerning the planet's declining species. A lot has changed since his first television documentary, and in this updated edition of Life on Air Sir David tells us of his experiences of filming in the 21st century.
Publisher: Ebury Publishing
It's almost impossible to believe that all these things happened to one man... but David Attenborough wears his achievements lightly and there are as many laughs here as there are animals. -- Michael Palin
What shines through most of all is his enthusiasm - as undimmed now as when he started out. * Sunday Telegraph *
An enthralling autobiography from one of the linchpins of television. His life has been fascinating. Attenborough is a master story-teller, and his book is crammed with anecdotes. * Good Book Guide *
Life on Air, David Attenborough's professional autobiography, tells the entertaining story of how he turned us all into armchair experts in natural history. -- Douglas Palmer * New Scientist *
[An] engaging and often amusing text. * Choice *
David Attenborough's 60-year career with the BBC has established him as one of the UK's most-loved broadcasters, and the Life series, which he writes and hosts, has helped to form a comprehensive survey of all life on the planet.
Visit the Sir David Attenborough author page
And Away...
The Philosophy of Modern Song
This Much is True
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Ticket to the World
The Lives of Brian
TommyInnit Says...The Quote Book
Tom Simons
Playing Under the Piano
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Mortimer & Whitehouse: Gone Fishing
A Heart That Works
Rob Delaney
Boy in a China Shop
Keith Brymer Jones
Michelle Zauner
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Arup reveals plans for new AC Milan football stadium
Jessica Mairs | 4 February 2015 11 comments
News: engineering firm Arup has unveiled concept designs for a new football stadium with a removable roof for Italian football club AC Milan.
Visualisations of the AC Milan home stadium show a football pitch sunken into the middle of a cluster of glazed blocks on a red flood-lit plaza in the centre of Milan. Some blocks feature rooftop gardens, while others show viewing terraces and stairwells.
Singapore national stadium boasts world's largest free-spanning dome
The proposal was developed by a team of architects, urban planners and engineers from the Milan-based branch of Arup, as part of the football's team's bid to redevelop a plot of land in the city's Portello area.
AC Milan currently shares the Giuseppe Meazza Stadium – more commonly known as the San Siro – with its arch rivals Inter Milan. If the team's bid for the land is successful, it aims to relocate before the beginning of the 2018 football season.
In statement on its website, the AC Milan said the plans were inspired by the Emirates Stadium in London and the stadiums of Basel, Bilbao and Neuchatel, but added that the structure would be "a very Milanese stadium, unique in the world".
The stadium would seat 48,000 people and feature a removable roof that could open and close to help dampen noise from spectators during matches.
Sight-lines between each seat in the auditorium and the pitch would be analysed and designed by Arup using a parametric tool, which they claim would guarantee the best possible view from every part of the stadium.
"The project has been developed with a fully holistic and integrated approach where all the design components have been carefully balanced around the spectator's experience," said a statement from Arup.
"The new stadium will also provide a unique experience to the spectators, with particular attention towards families, with cutting edge technologies and facilities," they added.
A glass tower block with an L-shaped plan rises from one corner of the complex. The club's Twitter handle in alternating red and black lettering is emblazoned on one side of the elevated volume and above the main entrance to the stadium on the plaza.
An on-site hotel, sports college, restaurants, public gardens and children's playground would provide services for spectators and visiting teams.
VIP facilities would feature lounges and private viewing terraces with views of the pitch, socialising areas and of the route between the changing rooms and the pitch.
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CLUB VOLLEYBALL IS WHEN YOU PAY LIKE $300 DOLLARS TO TRAVEL AROUND PLAYING VOLLEYBALL WITH PEOPLE FROM DIFFRENT SCHOOLS IN YOUR STATE! IT'S REALLY FUN!
club volley ball is like a separate league of teams from school teams. it's for more advanced players and the teams travel more. it's actually very expensive too. one season can take over $1500 out of your pocket because they have a whole lot more equipment. You know like how there's school basketball teams and then there's the NBA. well the NBA has better equipment and so does club volleyball. does that help you?
What is the height of a volleyball pole?
What type of clubs does tiger use?
How do I get out of volleyball in PE class?
Do you have any volleyball tips?


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The Supreme Court Must Restore Religious Liberty to Military Members
House Passes Measure Allowing Access to Iranian Funds to Families of Over 200 Marines Killed in Terror Attack
God Is Better Than Government at Healing the Human Heart
Pentagon to Send 2,100 More Troops to Border
U.S. Bans Sales of F-35 to Turkey over Purchase of Russian Air-Defense Systems
Law & the Courts
By Kelly J. Shackelford
About Kelly J. Shackelford
Monifa Sterling (Photo courtesy First Liberty Institute
A lower court prohibited a Marine from taping up a Bible verse in her own workspace.
Americans serving in the military lost some of their rights earlier this month when the military's highest court ruled that a Marine has no rights under an important religious freedom law, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA). Because this military court has exclusive jurisdiction over many military matters, only the U.S. Supreme Court can restore religious liberty to our service members by choosing to take up the case of United States v. Sterling.
Lance Corporal Monifa Sterling was a young Marine struggling with military life and getting poor reviews from her superiors. She sought encouragement in her Christian faith, posting by her computer a paraphrase of Isaiah 54:17 from the Bible: "No weapons formed against me shall prosper."
Her supervisor ordered her to remove the Bible verse, even though other Marines in the office had personal and inspirational items in their workspaces. Sterling refused and was court-martialed. She represented herself in court without an attorney, asserting religious liberty, but was convicted and dishonorably discharged from the military.
My law firm, First Liberty Institute, along with Paul Clement, the former U.S. solicitor general who has argued 83 cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, took her case on appeal. Our team presented Sterling's case before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF), arguing that RFRA protected her posting of the Bible verses. RFRA provides that whenever a federal agency or employee imposes a substantial burden on a person's exercising or expressing faith, the government action is unlawful unless it's the least restrictive means to achieve a truly compelling national interest.
Yet in a stunning decision, the military court ruled 4–1 that RFRA did not protect Sterling's religious expression, splitting with other federal appeals courts on two critical points of law.
First, the court held that a religious burden is "substantial" only if it concerns something important to that person's faith. That's wrong; RFRA broadly states that it covers "any exercise of religion, whether or not compelled by, or central to, a system of religious belief." Courts have no business deciding what they think is important to your practice of faith.
Instead, what makes a burden substantial is the government's action. If the state lowers the speed limit on the highway you take to church from 55 to 45 mph, that's a burden, but it's not substantial. However, if the state makes it a crime to take that road to church, threatening you with jail, the burden becomes substantial. It has nothing to do with how important it is to you to drive to church.
The court was confused. Sterling could not express religious speech at all, and she faced prosecution for disobeying. Calling that burden "substantial" is an understatement.
Second, the court noted that military service members can ask for accommodations from their chain of command, and said that Sterling must do so before claiming any rights under RFRA.
Pentagon bureaucrats cannot rewrite an act of Congress.
But RFRA does not include any requirement that a person must navigate bureaucratic mazes before getting legal protection. Pentagon bureaucrats cannot rewrite an act of Congress. Not only that, but someone requesting an accommodation must obey orders while waiting for a decision. That means a soldier, sailor, airman, or Marine might lose religious freedom for months before receiving what federal law promises them on day one.
On both of these points, federal courts of appeals have issued contrary decisions. The Supreme Court needs to resolve these circuit splits.
It's even more important that the justices take Sterling's case, because CAAF is the only court that reviews military prosecutions. Without Supreme Court review, millions of service members stationed all over the world will be stripped of protections Congress has provided for them. As a key brief filed by nine retired military generals in this case states, religious freedom is profoundly important to legions of our troops, whose faith is central to their bravery and effectiveness.
These judges seemed skeptical of Lance Corporal Sterling's claims because she struggled to adjust to military life and wasn't a model Marine. But that's not the law. RFRA treats all Americans equally, giving the same protections to America best Marine as it does to one who is underperforming.
#related#Each member of our Armed Forces puts himself or herself on the line to protect the rights of more than 300 million Americans. All of them make daily sacrifices; some even give up their very lives.
But they don't sacrifice their basic rights. Although military life is more restricted that civilian life, when Congress passes a law saying that every part of the federal government — including the military — must respect certain rights, every court must follow that law.
RFRA protects Lance Corporal Monifa Sterling. The Supreme Court must correct the lower court's mistake for the sake of all Americans, especially our men and women in uniform.
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In these days of human-friendly webforms and plain language instructions, the term 'alt text' is an geeky reminder of the first years of web development, when simple websites were built using raw HTML.
Seeing those words on a image upload form or dialog, anyone can be mistaken for thinking this is something too technical and opaque to bother about. Really, what does it mean?
Take the time to learn, because the 'alt text' attribute can be your best friend on your website.
What does 'alt text' mean?
The term 'alt text' is a short version of 'alternative text'. It refers to a word, phrase, or better yet, brief sentence that can be added to an image or graphic. In cases where the image or graphic can't appear (for example, in a text-only browser or where your visitor has switch images off), the 'alt text' appears instead of the image, and should describe the appearance, content or nature of the missing image.
One of the most important uses for the 'alt text' attribute is to make a website accessible to visitors who are visually-impaired, and that short, descriptive sentence helps a visually-impaired user to determine whether that image is important - and to glean the important information that was otherwise conveyed only visually.
There are many accessibility features that your web developer must build into your website, and now most websites make the 'alt text' available as an easy-to-use text field. As you add images and other content to your website, don't ignore that little text field. Stop, take a minute and type in a description.
It offers evidence that the website is 'well-maintained' and follows good practice, which search engines like Google and Yahoo really like.
It adds text to a non-textual element, where you can reinforce your main message.
Make the description reflect the key concept of the website or page or news item.
And there is is. A simple little thing with a big impact.
If you find you cannot add 'alt text' to the images on your website, it may be time to upgrade to a system that works for you. Contact AlbanyWeb if you would like advice on a conversion or upgrade.


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What The Authorities Are not Saying About Jennifer Lawrence And How It Affects You
an actress
The girl in the Kissing Booth is a terrible individual who would throw away a Rare friendship just for a Likelihood at banging his brother. Appreciate is like a force — if it is powerful sufficient, then even the strongest can't resist being drawn to it. The wave of chemistry amongst Ben Affleck and Sandra Bullock in Forces Of Nature was weak and barely wavy. The chemistry in between them barely reached the fans that watched this film.
"We ran for the reason that I did not want to study something. I didn't want to know," she said. "I saw my sister and my household and we saw Keith's family and then we had been straight on a plane." That provably incorrect statement unleashed a deluge of on the web pushback, with responders throwing out numerous examples of massive action motion pictures with female leads. Wide variety at some point took down the offending tweet, a rare move in a media ecosystem that from time to time prioritizes outrage-driven engagement.
Per Vanity Fair, Halle Berry — who starred in the early X-Guys films — stated she and Bryan would get in fights on set. Rami Malek and Sophie Turner of Bohemian Rhapsody stated their experiences with the director were "unpleasant." The actor praised the working atmosphere fostered by director Lila Neugebauer, calling her 1 sneak a peek at this web-site. of "the calmest, best selection-makers I've ever worked with," and stated any on-set disagreements among the cast and crew had been settled amicably.
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Paul proposed to Skinnygirl founder Bethenny in March 2021 right after she finalized a extended and bitter divorce with ex-husband Jason Poppy, 52. The 51-year-old reality star posted many pictures of her and Paul, 44, at a current gala for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Bethenny Frankel took to Instagram on Thursday to share a date evening her latest blog 'for a wonderful cause' with fiance Paul Bernon. Searching beautiful as ever, Lawrence also wore a beige dress with lace detailing on the neckline, midriff, and hemline.
Each Joel and Clementine willingly have their memories erased in a bid to overlook one particular a further and the heartbreak of their breakup. But in the finish, no quantity of mind manage could erase the passion and adore the two naturally really feel for one an additional. With its dark aesthetic and disturbing imagery, Donnie Darko tells the story of an emotionally tormented teen. The film is notoriously hard to adhere to, with twists and turns at just about every scene. Its conclusion has a sense of ambiguity and uncertainty, leaving lots of viewers to create fan theories and explanations to make sense of the film's meaning. The 2014 film Predestination explores the complexities of time travel and the nature of fate.
She dressed stylishly in a black maxi dress and matching jacket. The couple was seen possessing dinner at hotspot Giorgio Baldi in Santa Monica, Calif. Just after Dark Phoenix, Lawrence embarked on a brief leave from the entertainment small business, only opting to appear in character-driven projects. She appeared in Don't Appear Up, which was released on Netflix in 2021. Her newest film project is the 2022 film Causeway, which debuted on Apple Television+ in early November.
Top Jennifer Lawrence Tips!
"Just a entertaining fact, abaya is our daily wear — it offers comfort with its light and flowy fabric. Furthermore, in the pre-Islamic era, persons believed that wearing garments that covered the complete body was substantially much more about a status symbol rather than a religion," she wrote. For the festivities held at Cipriani South Street in New York City, Francesca—whose birthday lands on Nov. 16, a day ahead of her dad's— dressed to the nines in a child blue dress with mesh extended sleeves. The Wolf of Wall Street director, 80, looked just as sharp in a black tux with a black bow-tie.
All tips, such as picks and predictions, is primarily based on individual commentators' opinions and not that of Minute Media or its connected brands.
The "Damn Strait" announced his son's birth on Tuesday (Oct. 25) by way of Instagram.
Jennifer is expecting her initial child with husband Cooke Maroney.
Fans very first caught wind of the pair's romance when Lawrence and Aronofsky had been spotted leaving a Los Angeles restaurant with each other in October 2016.
As Apple Tv+ notes, the "two unlikely strangers locate solace in newfound friendship as they navigate their journey from grief to healing." While there is no playbook, Brian Tyree Henry not too long ago revealed how he and the actress broke the ice on the set of their new film Causeway. The star appeared to be making the most of the pleasant late summertime climate as she cut a casual figure in the course of her outing. "By the way, I can hear you talking to him at times, and it really is actually cute," DeGeneres added, top lots of viewers to think that Lawrence's bundle of joy is a baby boy.
Henry and Lawrence in A24/Apple's Causeway, in which Lawrence plays an Army vet struggling to return to her civilian life in New Orleans. WILLIAMS I really feel like I'm stuck ten minutes ago attempting to figure out how and if you can portray violence and rape with out it getting fetishized. I've thought so much about it because you so generally see it in scripts. You can not trust that it isn't going to be fetishized when you place it into the wrong person's hands. I'm so moved to hear that this is taking place, that you can concentrate on the ladies and what their experience is. Get browser notifications for breaking news, reside events, and exclusive reporting.
The nearly 45-minute sit-down interview with Davis focused on motherhood, inequities inside Hollywood, and their respective film projects. LATER IN THE EVENING, as I returned to our booth with refilled mugs of Stella Artois, Lawrence finished sending a text and place her phone facedown on the table. I noticed then that her iPhone case was emblazoned with the initials "JLM," and given that Lawrence is a large fan of the sitcom "30 Rock," I asked how it felt to now share a legal name with Jenna Maroney, the daffy blonde Jane Krakowski played on the show. But in current years, she's taken more of a backseat, focusing on marriage and getting her 1st kid rather than worrying about chasing the latest franchise automobile. It's the kind of actor's-actor indie that is meant to demonstrate that years of walking red carpets haven't changed this Oscar-winner.
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William praises the Queen for making a difference 'in a man's world'
By Maddison Leach| 2 months ago
Prince William has shown his admiration for the Queen, praising her for making a difference in "a man's world".
As part of their recent project with iconic TV chef Mary Berry, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge took Berry along to visit several of the charities they champion.
During one visit the conversation turned to the Queen, with William explaining Her Majesty's long history of making a difference has inspired him to do the same.
Prince William has praised his grandmother, the Queen, for making a difference. (AP/AAP)
"My grandmother becoming Queen at a very young age, in the days when it was a man's world, it was very difficult for her to… make a difference," the prince told Berry on a visit to homeless charity The Passage in November.
"And she's done it. In her own very unique, distinct way… my grandmother and my grandfather together are the epitome of public service."
Queen Elizabeth currently has over 600 patronages, many of which she inherited from her father and has remained dedicated to throughout the many years of her reign.
Her Majesty is patron of more than 600 charities and organisations. (PA/AAP)
It's a dedication Her Majesty passed down to her own children, who in turn passed it on to William's generation. He and Prince Harry, along with their wives, champion hundreds of charitable causes.
LISTEN: Tune in to 9Honey's royal podcast, The Windsors, to hear more about the Queen's long reign.
"I personally get a lot out of helping people," William confessed to Berry.
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"I find that you hear, and you understand, and you learn so much more by giving a bit of your time, a bit of your day, to just be around."
William added he grew up understanding he was very lucky and therefore had a responsibility to give back to people, which he now does through his many charitable causes.
William and Kate will appear in a Christmas special with Berry. (Instagram)
The project he and Kate worked on with Berry saw the trio host a party for the charity employees who will be required to work over Christmas, with the royals focused on giving back to the people who dedicate their lives to charity work.
Filmed by the BBC, Kate and William's work with Berry will air as part of an hour-long TV special called A Berry Royal Christmas later this month.
Auto News: Kia's Australian Open Fleet hits the road - caradvice.com.au


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'Star Wars 9' theory says Palps will play Kylo for a fool, just like Anakin
Say what you will about Palpatine, the man loves a clone army.
Mae Abdulbaki
9.25.2019 11:00 AM
With Emperor Palpatine's return in Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker, it's honestly a wonder the movie wasn't called "The Rise of Palpatine". Though his ascent to power is already common knowledge among franchise fans, a new theory claiming Palpatine manipulated Anakin Skywalker to bring down the Jedi hints at some intriguing possibilities for the villain's role in the final installment of the Skywalker saga.
Star Wars: Attack of the Clones centered around the development of a clone army modeled after the bounty hunter Jango Fett. Enter The Clone Wars (the animated film and series of the same name), which explored the war years in greater detail. The theory proposes that Palpatine essentially used the war as leverage to wipe out the Jedi Order — and Anakin Skywalker.
Star Wars Shadow Council is back with a lengthy theory about Palpatine's involvement with the Clone Wars. The post, submitted by blogger Robotical712, offers expanded insight about Palpatine's role in the Clone Wars, speculating about connections between the war, the elimination of the Jedi and Palpatine's plot to turn Anakin to the dark side.
Anakin Skywalker was the key to Palpatine taking down the Jedi Order. Lucasfilm
The theory explores how [Palpatine's plan] to seize power (https://www.inverse.com/article/59422-star-wars-9-leaks-theory-order-66-emperor-palpatine-return) hinged upon Anakin embracing the dark side of the force. The Clone Wars weakened the Jedi in every way — Palps could, after all, control the clones from anywhere and thus attack the Jedi from anywhere in the galaxy. We know Anakin was also at the center of the Clone Wars and prior to the war's end, he had yet to be turned by Palpatine. Assuming Anakin would have been a tremendous asset to the defense of the Jedi temple, so began Palpatine's real plan: to pit Skywalker against the Jedi Order, weakening it by taking away their Chosen One.
Here's what Robotical712 had to say about this:
For the most part, Palpatine only had to wait and allow the war to chip away at the young Jedi's heroism and faith in the Order. Though, Palpatine did take some direct steps to break the Anakin's trust. Arranging for his own assassination, Palps managed to manuever the Jedi Council into faking Obi-Wan's death without Anakin's knowledge, severely straining his relationship with both.
Was this Palpatine plotting Anakin's fall? Lucasfilm
Palpatine is nothing if not a long-term planner. If he saw an opportunity to turn Anakin to the dark side and destroy the Jedi in the process, it makes sense that he would have seized upon it. War is the most straightforward way to weaken a regime and build a new one in its place. Palpatine simply saw Anakin as an obstacle on his path to power and knocked him out of the fight alongside the good guys.
So how does this all tie in with The Rise of Skywalker? We already know Palpatine will return in some form, and some fans speculate he will command the rumored Sith Fleet, possibly leading a new clone army of red-armored Sith Troopers to weaken the embattled Resistance.
This would be on-brand for Palpatine, given his established affinity for clones and followers lacking minds of their own. He could wield the Sith Fleet in Episode 9 to eliminate those who stand in his way, just as he used the clones before. This would likely put both the Resistance and those allied to the light side of the Force (like Rey) squarely in the former emperor's crosshairs. Will the past repeat itself? Somehow we suspect that Kylo Ren, who reveres his grandfather Anakin and takes after him in so many ways, will play a critical role in shaping the outcome of Palpatine's latest attempt to seize power. Will Kylo Ren finish what Darth Vader started? Or will Ben Solo resist temptation where his grandfather failed?
Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker hits theaters December 20, 2019.


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Home Blog Ison Harrison Immigration Specialist Speaks As Britain Returns Over 100 Asylum Seekers
Ben Davison
Partner & Head of Immigration
Specialist immigration lawyer, Ben Davison, has spoken out on the UK's record of returning over 100 asylum seekers back to Afghanistan and Iraq over the last five years, despite them being originally taken in as unaccompanied children.
The Bureau of Investigative Journalism has revealed that 138 children were given temporary leave to remain in the UK, but were returned to their country of origin after turning 18, despite the perilous situations they will be returning to in most cases.
A story printed in the Daily Mirror this week highlights the plight of these asylum seekers, some of whom were forced to join the Taliban for their own safety, and yet were tortured and later fled as unaccompanied children to the UK to seek protection from their "enemies".
Experts in immigration law
Ison Harrison's Ben Davison is quoted in the article, which discusses the complex legal situation relating to unaccompanied children arriving in the UK. Currently, these asylum seekers are required to make asylum claims through the same process as adults, which includes explaining exactly why returning to their home country would present a personal risk to their safety. Applicants who are rejected are granted leave to remain in the UK until six months before their 18th birthday, and while they can then apply for an extension, few are successful.
In the article, Ben is quoted as saying: "If their appeal is unsuccessful, that's the point where the Home Office can take removal action. Appeals are more likely to be unsuccessful because if it's going to be recognised that they will be at risk, it's usually recognised first time around. They can argue that they have established a private life in the UK, but there are specific rules. Children generally need to have been in the UK for seven years to show it would be unduly harsh to remove them, and those who have been here for a shorter period don't meet that set criteria."
The recent Taliban takeover of Afghanistan is not necessarily sufficient reason for an unaccompanied child to stay in the UK, the applicant still has to prove a specific personal risk. In the meantime, and while they await a decision, the children are often housed in poor asylum accommodation.
At the end of November, 27 asylum seekers drowned in a dinghy while attempting to reach the UK, but a Home Office spokesperson responded: "Those with no right to be in the UK and foreign national offenders should be in no doubt that we will do whatever is necessary to remove them. This is what the public rightly expects and why we regularly operate flights to different countries."
The spokesperson added that in light of the ongoing situation in Afghanistan, returns from the UK were currently suspended.
How Ison Harrison helps unaccompanied children seeking asylum
Nevertheless, the article highlights the perilous journey asylum seekers have been forced to make, many of them heading to the UK, and indeed, many of them landing in the Yorkshire region where they have found help from Ison Harrison.
Speaking after the Daily Mirror article was published, Ben Davison added:
"I make it about 188 matters in which Ison Harrison have represented asylum-seeking children in the last five years. We've acted for children who have arrived in the care of Leeds, Wakefield, North Yorkshire (and York), Kirklees, Hull and East Yorkshire local authorities, and living as far afield as Newark and Doncaster and up to Scarborough."
In terms of ages, Ben believes Ison Harrison have helped children as young as 10. "That's officially," he adds "we suspect one was actually closer to 8. They arrive unaccompanied and on our books and include victims of trafficking and modern slavery from all corners of Asia and Africa."
This highlights how the work of Ison Harrison often has to transcend what is strictly applicable by law, and comes down to how best to humanely treat people.
If you or anyone you know is aware of unaccompanied children seeking asylum and requiring help with the process, you can contact our immigration and asylum law department at Ison Harrison today.


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As people age, the brain — like the rest of the body — experiences physiological effects of aging. These effects can impact a person's ability to think clearly, and to remember pertinent information.
Mild cognitive impairment is a medical condition and ICD-10 diagnosis, which may represent an early phase of an ongoing neurodegenerative process that can worsen with increasing age. The good news is that early detection and treatment of MCI can help mitigate its symptoms.
What Are the Signs of Mild Cognitive Impairment?
The person can still manage most things they need to do in their day-to-day life. This includes things like preparing food, bathing, paying bills, and other routine things that everyone needs to do. Most of us take these things for granted, but for seniors, neurological problems can begin to interfere in serious ways.
The relatively minor nature of the impairments can sometimes make it hard for the person, or their family and friends, to notice that something is wrong. Unlike full blown dementia, MCI's signs are usually subtle.
MCI is divided into subtypes, along two axes: amnestic versus non-amnestic, and single domain versus multiple domain.
Amnestic MCI involves memory loss, and is considered to be an early stage in the development of Alzheimer's disease. People with this subtype are at a greater lifetime risk of Alzheimer's.
Non-amnestic MCI impairs other aspects of cognition, other than memory. This can involve judgement, decision-making, problem-solving, language, and other cognitive domains.
Single-domain MCI impacts one mental function, whether it's memory or something else.
Multiple domain MCI involves more than one function. For example, someone might have both language problems, like forgetting words or losing their train of thought suddenly, and problems remembering things.
Because MCI is a known risk factor for Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases of aging, it's important that it's detected early.
If you're concerned that you or a family member might have MCI, the next step is a consultation with a neurologist. A general practitioner can refer a person if necessary.
To determine whether it's MCI, the patient will usually undergo some neuropsychiatric testing. These tests are designed to both pinpoint deficits in memory and cognition, and to use specific features of these deficits to pinpoint the underlying cause.
There are also physical biomarkers that can aid in diagnosis. A neurologist or neuropsychiatrist may request neuroimaging studies to look for specific abnormalities in brain tissue, or they may draw cerebrospinal fluid from the person.
Medical history. The person's medical history is taken into account. This helps determine if they have a history of any other neurological or psychiatric issues — for example, major depressive disorder can impact memory and cognition. Family history is also examined, as it can impact someone's susceptibility to MCI and related neurological problems as they get older.
Assessment of the person's ability to function independently. What physicians are looking for is changes from what could previously be considered normal for that person.
Input from family members. A person with MCI isn't always acutely aware of their own deficits, although this can vary from person to person. For this reason, doctors will often look to family members or very close friends for more insight into the person's behavior.
Mental status assessment tests. These tests assess how aware and alert a person is.
In-office neurological examinations. These routine exams test reflexes, pupillary responses, and other neurological indicators.
Psychiatric evaluation. As we've mentioned, depression and other mood disorders can impact memory and cognition. These form an important differential diagnosis in patients who might have MCI. It's possible that they're actually depressed, and need psychiatric treatment instead. This can include medications, as well as various styles of talk therapy.
Labs and imaging. This looks for physiological abnormalities in the brain and body.
There aren't any known medications specifically for MCI, but there are peer-reviewed approaches that can help reduce the symptoms and delay the onset of more serious dementia. Unfortunately, drugs like Aricept that work for Alzheimer's don't seem to have much effect on MCI.
Exercising regularly. This is good for cardiovascular health, including ensuring good blood flow to the brain.
General cardiovascular health. Along with exercise and lifestyle changes that can improve cardiovascular function, underlying problems with blood pressure or other issues should be treated.
Staying mentally and socially stimulated. Being social, reading regularly, learning new things, and using services like Lumosity that offer tests targeting specific cognitive functions, can all help sustain healthy brain function and stave off dementia.
Prognosis: Does MCI Get Worse Over Time?
While MCI does increase a person's risk of later developing more severe dementia, some people with MCI never progress further, and don't experience any worsening of their symptoms.
It depends on the person, but staying healthy — both mentally and physically — can do a lot to prevent or delay dementia.
With that said, early detection is important. If you or a loved one might be showing signs of MCI, like poor judgement or struggling to remember basic information, it's always a good idea to have them referred to a neurologist for testing.
For more information on memory care and memory loss, visit Senior Care Center's blog. If you are looking for a memory care home for your loved one, give us a call today to speak to a Senior Care Advisor.