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The Relationship Between Trade and Foreign Investment: Empirical Results for Taiwan and South Korea
Li-Gang Liu (PIIE) and Edward M. Graham (PIIE)
Working Papers 98-7
This is an issue that has long concerned policymakers in the large industrial nations, who have worried about possible negative effects of outward FDI upon the nation's balance of payments and employment of its work force. Thus, a number of empirical studies have been published regarding this issue for these countries, but not for developing or newly industrializing countries.
In recent years, however, relative costs of labor in Taiwan and Korea have risen and, in response, Taiwanese and Korean firms have attempted to move up the "production ladder" into more capital intensive (including human-capital intensive) operations and have moved certain of their production activities overseas. Thus, the effect of FDI on trade has also become a concern of policymakers in Taiwan and Korea. For this reason, in this paper we investigate this relationship empirically for Taiwan and South Korea. We begin with a general discussion of this relationship and a review of previously published studies of the relationship for industrialized nations.
In principle, either relationship between FDI and exports-complementarity or substitutability-could hold. FDI takes place when investors, usually multinational firms, based in one nation (the "home" nation) establish operations under their managerial control in some other nation (the "host" nation). Often, the motivation is to produce locally in the host nation products that had previously been exported from the home nation, and to the extent that this happens, FDI and home nation exports are substitutes. But the home nation operations of a multinational firm can be vertically linked with host nation operations, such that an increase in the activity in the latter generates increased demand for intermediate products (including capital goods) from the former. Also, marketing and distribution capabilities created by FDI might enable the home nation operations to export final goods and services to customers that would not be reached in the absence of FDI. To the extent that either of these happens, home country FDI and exports will be complements.
Because the value of intermediate products is a component of the value added to the final goods, it could be argued that FDI and exports must be net substitutes in some long run sense. If exports of final goods from home nation are displaced by local production, there will be a net loss of export value even if the gross loss is offset in part by export of capital and intermediate goods. This is true in a trivial sense because the value of final goods must be greater than or equal to the value of all inputs used to produce those goods. However, this line of argument supposes that host nation demand for a particular good will always be fulfilled by exports from the home country, which might not be the case. Changes in the relative cost of production might imply that, with the passage of time, home nation exports will be displaced by local production irrespective of whether the displacement is done by multinational firms shifting production from the home to the host nation or by local firms operating entirely within the host nation.
Indeed, with the passage of time, the relationship between FDI and exports could very well change. Suppose, for example, that the host nation were to become over time relatively more efficient in the production of a particular class of final goods and the home nation were to become relatively more efficient in the production of intermediate goods used to produce these final goods. If multinational firms were to hold specialized skills enabling the realization of internal economies associated with vertically linking the production of the two sets of goods, the relationship between additional FDI and exports by these firms could become increasingly complementary even if at some earlier point in history an initial FDI served to displace home country exports.
More complex relationships between FDI and international trade have been noted. Urata (1995) has examined the growth of the electronics industry in East Asia, and finds that direct investment and trade in electronics goods have grown hand-in-hand in the region. The electronics industry worldwide has been marked by rapid overall growth and by rapid rates of new product development and cost reduction. Urata thus finds that outward FDI by Japanese firms in the East Asian region has been driven both by growth of host nation demand and by complex patterns of shifting relative costs. These cause firms to seek new production sites and to create complex patterns of cross hauling of both final goods and intermediate products. He notes that, as these Japanese MNEs have over time placed new direct investments in countries where they were previously absent (for example China), these firms have not stopped nor even curtailed production in countries with older-vintage FDI.
A further reason for complementarity between international trade and activity of multinational firms is explored by Brainard (1995a, 1998). She notes that multinational firms typically hold intellectual property advantages (e.g., technologies and trademarks) that might enable larger market shares and hence increase both trade and investment in markets where these firms operate. Brainard hypothesizes that the share of trade in total sales by a firm to a particular market will be negatively affected by transport costs and trade barriers, but positively affected by investment barriers and firm-level scale economies. Using US Commerce Department data for US direct investment abroad and foreign direct investment in the United States, she finds that trade and FDI barriers and scale economies are robust explanatory variables, while transportation costs are not. In a related work, Brainard shows that relative factor proportions are not robust explanators of multinational firm activity (Brainard 1995b).
Whether FDI and exports are net substitutes or net complements thus is indeterminate on the basis of principles and, as a practical matter, the issue becomes an empirical one. Most studies of this relationship in fact tend to indicate that the relationship is complementary, that more FDI is associated with more, rather than less, exports.
In both the United States and in the United Kingdom during the late 1960s, for example, there was official concern over the effects of outward FDI on the overall balance of payments on a current account basis. Central to this concern was the question of the impact of outward FDI on trade flows. In response, two studies of these effects were carried out under official auspices (Reddaway et al. 1967 and Hufbauer and Adler 1968).
Using somewhat different methodologies and coverage, both studies arrived at roughly similar conclusions: If future cash flows are not discounted, the overall long term effects of outward FDI on the balance of payments are positive. That the effects of financial flows alone are positive should not be a surprise to anyone. This is because a firm undertakes an investment undertaking of any sort on the expectation that the investment will yield a positive return for the firm's shareholders, and ultimately that return must be reflected in dividend payments by the parent organization to those shareholders. Thus, to the extent that the shareholders of the firm are nationals of the home country, the returns accruing to the foreign affiliates of a firm must ultimately accrue to home country nationals funded through the parent organization.
However, both studies also indicated that outward FDI tended to stimulate exports (mostly of capital goods and intermediate goods) without stimulating imports in equal magnitude.
Later studies yielded results generally consistent with these findings. Bergsten, Horst, and Moran (1978), for example, found that the growth of US affiliates abroad had a significantly positive effect on the growth of exports of the US parent firms. Lipsey and Weiss (1981) also found that US outward FDI was associated with increased US exports, even after controlling for other effects (firm size, expenditures on R&D and marketing, etc.) but that the production of US affiliates abroad substituted for exports to the host country of third countries. In a later study, the same authors (Lipsey and Weiss 1984) analyzed unpublished US Commerce Department data at the level of the individual firm to examine foreign production and US exports in 14 industries in the manufacturing sector. They reported positive and significant relationships in 11 of these industries.
Similar relations have been found for the impact of offshore production of Swedish-owned firms upon the exports manufactured goods of the home country, Sweden (Blomström, Lipsey, and Kulchyck 1988). Sweden is an advanced industrial economy located in close proximity to other advanced economies, and most of Sweden's direct investment is located either elsewhere in Western Europe or in North America. Blomström et al. found that increases in the production of affiliates of Swedish firms are positively related to increases in exports for the seven industrial categories studied. Also, they showed that there was no propensity for this positive relationship to change as the foreign production grew.
Pearce (1990), following an approach similar to that of Blomström et al., examined the exports and foreign production of 458 of the world's largest industrial MNEs for the year 1982. His findings are that increases in foreign production are generally positively related to increases in exports. This was found to be especially true for intrafirm (as opposed to interfirm) exports, underscoring the importance of vertical relationships among the various international affiliates of this sample of MNE's.
Buigues and Jacquemin (1996) examine the issue of complementarity versus substitution between FDI and exports with respect to both US and Japanese direct investment in the European Union. The basic assumption is that if share of the total exports from each of these countries going to the EU is positively related to the share of FDI going to the EU after controlling for three additional variables, the relationship is complementary. The three additional variables are: intra-EC nontariff trade barriers rate of growth of final demand, and the EC's sectoral specialization, all of which are assumed to be positively related to FDI. Buigues and Jacquemin's sample is pooled cross sectionally across seven industries (six for the United States) and ten years. They find the relationship between FDI and exports to be complementary for both the United States and Japan.
Industry Canada (1994) found that FDI from Canada is associated both with increases of Canada's exports and imports. The same finding is reported with respect to foreign direct investment in Canada. The findings are aggregate and (apparently) based on time series analysis. Estimates are made of the elasticities of exports and imports with respect to Canada's outward investment and the latter are higher than the former. These estimated elasticities of trade with respect to investment stocks (see Industry Canada 1994, Table 7) are not, however, controlled for the influence of factors such as economic activity, comparative costs, or other variables that could affect the outcomes.
Graham (1998), using methodology similar to that reported later in this paper, found that complementary relationships exist between outward FDI and exports and outward FDI and imports for the United States and for Japan.
Thus, all these studies involving developed countries have concluded that the relationship between FDI and exports is complementary. As is described in the next section, the results of our empirical investigations for two newly industrialized countries point to a consistent result, but with some twists.
The Empirical Methodology
The current studies on FDI/trade relationship suffer two shortcomings. One is that they only examine this relationship for industrialized countries. This relationship for the newly industrialized nations remains to be examined. Second is that most of the studies cited above could be criticized for ignoring the possible effects of simultaneous determination of FDI and exports which could be causing a spurious correlation between these two and hence lead to an erroneous interpretation of complementarity.2 This would be the case if both FDI and exports were responding to a common, unspecified causal element. For example, suppose that income or size of market alone determined both direct investment abroad and exports-that is, both exporters and direct investors put their energies into developing large markets and/or those with high per capita incomes but ignored small and/or low per capita income markets.3 Then simply to show that large share of exports was associated with markets where the share of direct investment was also large would not be sufficient to show that exports and direct investment abroad were complementary. They could still be substitutes once the effects of market size were taken into account.4 Likewise, elements of simultaneous determination could distort results of studies based on differences across industries.
Thus, the effort is made in the results reported here to control for these factors when examining the relationships between FDI and trade for Taiwan and South Korea. In particular, we remove factors that might simultaneously determine exports, imports, and FDI and then examine the residual relationship between the first two and the lattermost of these variables with the source of the simultaneity bias removed. Specifically, a gravity model was used first to estimate the effects of three variables deemed to be very important determinants of both FDI and exports. The three variables chosen were (1) per capita income in each host nation market (for which GDP per capita was used), (2) total size of this market (for which total population was used), and (3) distance from the host to the home country.5 The model was used to test determinants of FDI and exports for two home countries, Taiwan and South Korea. The "distance" from the home country to the host country was from the home countries' capitals, i.e., Taipei and Seoul, to the host nation capital. The gravity specification was multiplicative, i.e., the assumed relationship was
where y is the logarithm of the dependent variable (FDI or exports), the xi are the three independent variables, and Î is an error term (assumed, as usual, to be log-normally distributed with mean 1). The expected signs of ß1 and ß2 are positive (both home nation exports and FDI would be expected to positive functions of per capita income and market size). The expected sign of ß3 is negative for exports (the further the market is from the home nation, the higher transport costs, and hence the less likely that firms would export from the home nation) but indeterminate for direct investment. For example, if direct investment were to be a substitute for exports, then arguably the substitution would be most likely in those markets for which transactions costs associated with exports were high, and the expected sign of ß3 would be positive; but one can envisage circumstances where direct investment would occur in geographically proximate markets {see, e.g., Graham 1995}). The residuals from each of the two estimations (exports and FDI as a function of the three variables) were then regressed upon one another. The presumption was that if the gravity models have succeeded in removing simultaneity bias, then any correlation of the residuals would reflect some other causal relationship between FDI and exports-such as that due to sourcing substitution or to complementarities in production or distribution and marketing. A positive correlation coefficient would suggest complementarity and a negative coefficient substitutability. Also performed were similar two stage analyses between imports and direct investment abroad.
Results for Taiwan
For Taiwan, the sample included 54 individual countries that were destinations of both Taiwan's exports and its direct investment. These fifty-four countries accounted in 1994 for almost the entire stock of Taiwan's direct investment abroad and most of its manufactured goods exports. Separate analyses were performed using (1) the data for all countries with and without adjusting for language linkage, development status (OECD), and geographical location (Asia); and (2) the data for all countries except mainland China (which, for reasons to be explained, might act as a distorting "outlier" in the sample) with and without adjusting for language linkage, development status (OECD), and geographical location (Asia).
Summary results of the gravity analyses are given in Table 1 below. As can be seen, absent the dummy variables, as an explanator of FDI, only market size (population) appears significant. As determinants of exports and imports, however, all three explanatory variables appear significant. When using dummy variables to take into account language, development status, and geographical location, per capita income becomes positively and significantly related to Taiwan's outward FDI. Also, although distance continues to be insignificant statistically, it continues to have negative sign, i.e., the farther away the host country is from Taiwan, the less likely Taiwan is going to invest there.
The language dummy does not appear to be important as a determinant of direct investment. This might be due to the fact that Chinese is rarely spoken in the world other than mainland China and Hong Kong. By contrast, the OECD dummy is negatively and significantly related to FDI and Asia dummy is positively and significantly related to FDI. This result seems to indicate that in terms of the distribution of geographical location, Taiwan's FDI is concentrated in non-OECD Asian countries.
As determinants of exports and imports, all explanatory variables are of the expected sign and significant except for two dummy variables, language and OECD, both of which are not significant. In contrast to FDI, distance is a significant determinant of both exports and imports of Taiwan. These exports and imports are not, however, affected by whether the destination country is a developed economy or not. As with FDI, language does not appear to be a determinant of either exports or imports.
Table 2 presents the second stage regressions. As can be seen, the relationship between the remaining unexplained variation in Taiwan's outward direct investment in the manufacturing sector and the remaining unexplained variation in Taiwan's exports of manufactured goods for regressions with and without dummy variables is positive and significant at 99 percent significant level. This relationship indicates a strong complementary relationship between Taiwan FDI and exports.
The results of second stage regressions of the relationship between Taiwan's outward direct investment in the manufacturing sector and Taiwan's imports of manufactured goods are also indicated in Table 2. The coefficients, although positive, are not statistically significant for these regressions, either with or without dummy variables. Therefore, the complementary relationship between FDI and imports appears weak if indeed there is one at all.
Given Taiwan's recent large outward investment activities in Mainland China, one may wonder whether the results presented above could be biased because China of China's outlier status in the sample. This status arises because China has a huge population with a very low per capita income and is close geographically to Taiwan. To examine whether the outlier characteristics of China bias our results, we repeat the regressions dropping China from the sample. The gravity model regression results are presented in Table 3. As can be seen, the results do not change much at all, except for the size of some coefficients and t-statistics. Indeed, the complementary relationship between Taiwan's FDI and exports becomes slightly more significant, as the coefficients and t-statistics in Table 4 indicate.
These results may also lead one to wonder whether the strong complementary relationship between outward FDI and exports, as found above, is unique to Taiwan. To answer this question, in next section, we present econometric results for South Korea, a newly industrialized country which also has experienced a rapid outward FDI in recent years.
Results for South Korea
Gravity model results for South Korea are presented in Table 5. Without adjusting for development status (OECD) and geographical location (Asia) of host nations6, South Korea's outward FDI is positively and statistically related to per capita income level (unlike the case for Taiwan) as well as market size. Although the coefficient of the distance variable is positive-the opposite of the result for Taiwan-it is not significant. Similar to Taiwan, South Korea exports and imports are all significantly correlated with income, market size, and distance, the coefficients of all of these variables being of the expected sign.
However, after adjusting for development status and geographical location, FDI equation now is only marginally significantly correlated with per capita income and market size (the coefficients are significant at only the 12 percent level). And, surprisingly, the coefficient on the distance variable now becomes significant (and remains positive). Although the coefficient of the Asia dummy is still statistically significant, the coefficient of the OECD dummy is not significant, but it is of positive sign. This finding seems to indicate that although the FDI made by South Korea companies are mainly in Asia, their FDI location decisions do not hinge heavily on host country market size and per capita income. But, even though Asia remains the dominant region for Korean FDI, compared to firms from Taiwan, South Korea companies have also made relatively a large number of investments in OECD countries.
As for exports and imports, the results for South Korea are quite similar to those for Taiwan. All coefficients of explanatory variables are of the expected sign and all are significant except for that of the OECD dummy, which implies that the development status of a country is not an important factor in determining exports and imports to and from Korea.
Table 6 presents the second stage regressions. As indicated, the relationship between the remaining unexplained variation in South Korea's outward direct investment in the manufacturing sector and in South Korea's exports of manufactured goods for regressions with and without dummy variables is positive and also significant at 99 percent significant level. The relationship thus is strongly complementary. However, The results of the second stage regressions of the relationship between South Korea's FDI and its imports do not yield clear results. Although this relationship appears to be complementary and statistically significant for the residuals from the first stage regressions performed without dummy variables, it is no longer significant once dummy variables are used in this first stage analysis. We are not entirely sure how to interpret this last result but, given that the second specification (with dummy variables) is more complete than the first, we are inclined to conclude that FDI and imports for Korea, as for Taiwan, do not appear to be significantly related.
Conclusions and Policy Implications
The empirical evidence presented in the previous section is generally consistent with that of earlier studies on developed countries' FDI pattern reviewed in the introduction. The evidence tends to support that, as is the case for the industrialized countries, Taiwan's outward direct investment and Taiwan's exports in manufacturing are complements and not substitutes. This same complementarity appears in the South Korean data. However, for both countries, outward direct investment does not appear to be significantly related to imports.
These results have some important policy implications. To the extent that direct investment and exports indeed are complements, this result is not supportive of the claim that direct investment abroad is associated with loss of jobs or deindustrialization in these newly industrialized countries. This conclusion is consistent with those reported for the industrialized nations.
More importantly, however, the complementarity between FDI and exports suggests that outward direct investment from neither country is associated with "hollowing out" or "deindustrialization", as has been claimed. Rather the opposite would appear to be true: that as direct investment abroad expands, the affiliates of Taiwanese and Korean multinationals created by this investment acquire large appetites for goods produced in the home economies, and thus that expansion abroad is associated with increased, rather than decreased, export possibilities.
It is, however, also true that, even though the results pertaining to FDI and imports are not signficant statistically, these results are consistent with the notion that expansion of output is associated weakly with increased imports of manufactured goods into the home economies. But are these expanded imports associated with job loss or deindustrialization?
This last issue cannot be answered on the basis of the evidence provided here. A reasonable (but, on the basis of the evidence here, untestable) hypothesis would be that the imports associated with multinational activity embody a higher percentage of unskilled or semiskilled labor, and a lower percentage of higher skilled labor, than do the associated exports. If this hypothesis is correct, the implication would be that expansion of multinational activity does put wage or unemployment pressure on low skilled labor in the home countries but creates additional demand for high skilled labor. This in turn would cause the wages of the latter class of workers to rise relative to the former, and thus it is not out of the question that multinational activity has contributed to the growing disparities in income distribution in home countries. However, this possibility is conjectural and is not the only possible interpretation of the empirical results presented here. As is so often the case, it would appear that more research is necessary to test these propositions.
Table 1: Gravity Model Results (Mainland China Included, 1994)
Variables Dependent Variables
FDI Export Import FDI Export Import
Income/cap .32(1.1) .83(8.7)a 1.23(9.26)a .77(1.97)c .90(6.3)a 1.43(7.1)a
Population .95(4.1)a .72(8.9)a .97(8.7)a .67(2.94)b .62(7.3)a .86(7.3)a
Distance -.21(-.79) -.36(-4.0)a -.35(-7.0) -.49(1.52) -.39(-3.3)a -1.0(-6.0)a
Language .87(.43) .40(.52) -1.32(-1.2)
OECD -2.39(2.01)b -.42(-.98) -.79(-1.3)
Asia 2.19(2.31)b .84(2.4)b 1.1(2.25)b
Adjusted R-Square .22 .70 .75 .44 .76 .79
Note: superscripts a,b,c indicate 1, 5, 10 percent statistical significance level. Numbers in parenthesis are t-statistics.
Table 2: Regressions of Residuals on Residuals of Gravity Equations (Mainland China Included)
Taiwan FDI on Taiwan Exports Coefficient
Regression without Dummy 1.81(5.99)a
Regression with Dummy 1.47(4.82)a
Taiwan FDI and Taiwan Imports
Regression without Dummy .42(1.44)
Regression with Dummy .10(.36)
Note: superscripts a, b, c indicate 1, 5, 10 percent statistical significance level. Numbers in parenthesis are t-statistics.
Table 3: Gravity Model Results (Mainland China Excluded, 1994)
Population .83(3.3)a .74(8.2)a .97(8.7)a .64(2.49)b .68(7.5)a 1.0(8.0)a
Language .37(.43) 1.69(1.63) 1.15(.82)
OECD -2.40(2.0)b -.38(-.92) -.72(-1.3)
Asia 2.23(2.30)b .74(2.1)b .9(1.93)b
Table 4: Regressions of Residuals on Residuals of Gravity Equations (Mainland China Excluded)
Regression with Dummy 1.61(5.18)
Regression without Dummy .56(1.87)c
Table 5: Gravity Model Results for South Korea (1993)
Income/cap .63(3.4)a .80(9.6)a 1.16(11.9)a .38(1.55) .82(7.9)a 1.22(8.5)a
Population .65(3.5)a .81(9.1)a .91(8.1)a .29(1.56) .59(7.2)a .79(6.5)a
Distance .16(.93) -.37(-4.6)a -.83(-8.2)a .39(1.87)c -.34(-3.8)a -.84(-6.8)a
OECD 1.1(1.2) -.30(-.81) -.41(-.77)
Asia 3.04(4.23)b 1.6(4.7) a .75(1.64)
Table 6: Regressions of Residuals on Residuals of Gravity Equations
for South Korea
Regression without Dummy .59(2.31)b
Regression with Dummy .36(1.60)
1978 Bergsten, C. Fred, Thomas Horst, and Theodore H. Moran, American Multinationals and American Interests (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution).
1988 Blomström, M., R. E. Lipsey, and K. Kulchyck, "US and Swedish Direct Investment and Exports", in Robert E. Baldwin, editor, Trade Policy Issues and Empirical Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, for the National Bureau of Economic Research).
1995a Brainard, S. Lael, An Empirical Assessment of the Proximity-Concentration Tradeoff between Multinational Sales and Trade", National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 4580.
1995b , "An Empirical Assessment of the Factor Proportions Explanation of Multinational Sales", National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 4583.
1998 , An Empirical Assessment of the Proximity-Concentration Tradeoff between Multinational Sales and Trade", American Economic Review, Vol. 87, No.4. pp 520-544.
1994 Buigues, Pierre, and Alexis Jacquemin, "Foreign Direct Investment and Exports to the European Community", in Mark Mason and Dennis Encarnation, editors, Does Ownership Matter: Japanese Multinationals in Europe (Oxford and New York: The Oxford University Press).
1995 Graham, Edward M., "Canadian Direct Investment Abroad and the Canadian Economy: Some Theoretical and Empirical Considerations", in Steven Globerman, editor, Canadian-Based Multinationals (Calgary: University of Calgary Press for Industry Canada).
1998 , "On the Relationships Among Direct Investment and International Trade in the Manu-facturing Sector: Empirical Results for the United States and Japan", to appear in Dennis Encarnation, editor, Does Ownership Matter: Japanese Multinationals in East Asia ,Oxford and London: The Oxford University Press.
1968 Hufbauer, Gary C., and F. M. Adler, Overseas Manufacturing Investment and the Balance of Payments, US Treasury Department Tax Policy Research Study No. 1, (Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office.
1994 Industry Canada (Micro-Economic Policy Branch), "Canadian-Based Multinational Enterprises: An Analysis of Activities and Performance", in Steven Globerman, editor, Canadian Direct Investment Abroad (Calgary, Alberta, Canada: The University of Calgary Press).
1981 Lipsey, R. E., and M. Y. Weiss, "Foreign Production and Exports in Manufacturing Industries", Review of Economics and Statistics 63, pp. 488-494.
1984 , "Foreign Production and Exports of Individual Firms", Review of Economics and Statistics 66, pp. 304-308.
1990 Pearce, R. D., "Overseas Production and Exporting Performance: Some Further Investigations", University of Reading Discussion Papers in International Investment and Business Studies, No. 135.
1967 Reddaway, W. B., J. O. N. Perkins, S. J. Potter, and C. T. Potter, Effects of U.K. Direct Investment Overseas, London, HMSO.
1995 Urata, Shujiro, "Emerging Patterns of Production and Foreign Trade in Electronics Products in East Asia: An Examination of a Role Played by Foreign Direct Investment", paper presented to the conference "Competing Production Networks in Asia: Host Country Perspectives", Asia Foundation, San Francisco, California, April 27-28.
1. The introduction of this paper is based on Graham 1998. Results for Taiwan and Korea are entirely new and do not appear in this earlier article.
2. The major exceptions are Brainard (1995a, 1998), which are not efforts directly to test the complementarity/substitutability issue.
3. Brainard 1995a in fact shows that high income levels in countries are associated with both increased multinational sales and increased trade.
4. That is, in any market, an increase in FDI could at the margin reduce home nation exports.
5. In later regression, we also use dummy variables such as language, OECD (whether a country belongs to OECD), and Asia (whether a country belongs to Asia).
6. Since no other country uses the Korean Language other than North and South Korea, and in addition, South Korea has not invested directly in North Korea yet, we drop the language dummy in the South Korea regression.
Li-Gang Liu
Former Research Staff
Edward M. Graham
Transactions: A New Look at Services Sector Foreign Direct Investment in Asia
Foreign Investors Are a Progressive Force
South Korea Should End Its Corporate Xenophobia


Liz Myers, FSA, MAAA, Senior Consulting Actuary II. Liz Myers joined the Atlanta office of Wakely in 2017 and has 20 years of healthcare consulting experience. Liz manages Wakely's proprietary Medicare Repricing Tool that compares commercial and Medicare Advantage reimbursement to Medicare fee-for-service rates. Prior to joining Wakely, she worked on a variety of employer and provider analyses with a primary focus on network discounts and payor reimbursement evaluations while at Milliman. She also is a frequent speaker and author of articles on these topics.


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text:
UWG's Richards College of Business Extends AACSB Accreditation
Richards College of Business News
by Amy K. Lavender
Once again, the University of West Georgia's Richards College of Business continues to showcase their dedication to excellence as the college's business and accounting accreditation has been extended for another five years by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) International.
"AACSB commends each institution for their exemplary work in holding the highest honor in business school accreditation," said Robert D. Reid, executive vice president and chief accreditation officer of AACSB International. "During this peer-review process schools must demonstrate alignment with AACSB's global accreditation standards, as well as how they encourage engagement, innovation and impact across the communities they serve."
The Richards College of Business achieved AACSB accreditation in business in 1984 and in accounting in 1998. The college has been reviewed every five years by business deans and accounting chairs from across the country to maintain this status.
Dr. Faye McIntyre, Richards College of Business Dean and Sewell Chair of Private Enterprise, said upholding the AACSB's rigorous standards isn't the end-game, but rather the reward for a job well done.
"We simply do all the things that a good business school should be doing anyway," McIntyre said, "and we document it so that when the team comes they can clearly see all the great work that our faculty, staff and students have accomplished."
McIntyre pointed out that AACSB accreditation helps the college stand out among prospective students as well as prospective employers.
"Many businesses look for AACSB accreditation when they're hiring," she said. "And a lot of graduate schools will only accept students who are coming from an undergraduate program with accreditation. This accreditation signifies to students that we have quality programs, that our faculty are staying current in their disciplines, and that we have the support services needed to help our students succeed."
Faculty say they are excited about the accreditation renewal and that it is proof of what they already know: Richards College of Business is a great place to learn, work and succeed.
"The accreditation is one of many things that makes Richards College of Business a special place," said Director of External Services and Programs Simone Lee. "It's a continuous process, but at the end of the day it comes down to our people—our leadership. As dean, Dr. McIntyre continues to set high standards for the college, and she leads by example. Clearly, strong leadership results in high achievement."
The AACSB is the longest-serving global accrediting body for business schools that offer undergraduate, master's and doctoral degrees in business and accounting. AACSB Accreditation is the hallmark of excellence in business education and has been earned by less than 5 percent of the world's business schools.
UWG's Richards College of Business is one of 780 business schools in 53 countries and territories that have earned AACSB Accreditation. Of those, UWG is one of the 185 institutions that also hold additional specialized AACSB Accreditation for their accounting programs.
Economics Department Hosts Annual SAS Analytics Summit
Center for Business and Economic Research Provides Useful Information
UWG, Carrollton Elementary School Partner Through Innovative Club
CEEFL Hosts 2019 Teacher Institute
Sethna, President Emeritus, Makes Substantial Gift to UWG
BB&T Lecture Features Raymond, CEO and Author
Richards College of Business Hosts Annual Women Empowering Women Event
UWG Class Aims to Prepare Students for Tomorrow's Jobs Today
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The main difference between a radio host like me and folks like Robyn Bresnahan at CBC Ottawa is that I make my politics known while Bresnahan pretends to be neutral while pushing Liberal talking points.
Her interview with Doug Ford on Tuesday morning was nothing less than a hit job using Liberal Party of Ontario talking points and an agressive and angry tone she doesn't take while interviewing Kathleen Wynne.
The first "expert" she cited was Mike Moffatt, an economist and former advisor to the Trudeau government, who is currently Director of Policy and Reasearch at Canada 2020.
Canada 2020 describes itself as a "progressive think tank" but it is of course more than that.
This organization was founded by Tom Pitfield, a friend of Justin Trudeau since childhood, and the husband of Liberal Party President Anna Gainey. Other co-founders include Tim Barber and Susan Smith. More on Smith in a moment.
Bresnahan claimed that Moffatt had, "calculated that a PC government would have to cut about 40,000 public service jobs." She then asked Ford about cutting public service jobs.
It's bad enough that her first expert is someone whose current work is so closely tied to the Liberal Party but Bresnahan did worse than that, she mischaracterized Moffatt's work, something that James Wallace already detailed in the Toronto Sun.
Hmmmmm…..where could Smith and Bresnahan have gotten those ideas?
Well in addition to being Liberal Party of Ontario talking points, that very sentiment was also the subject of a Toronto Star editorial. Who could believe it! CBC, the Star, the Liberal Party of Ontario and Liberal strategists and researchers all working together to attack Doug Ford and the PCs on our public, taxpayer funded airwaves!
It's like they all sing from the same leftist hymn book.
Of course they actually do, not that Bresnahan will ever admit that. CBC types love to proclaim their neutrality while being hostile to every conservative idea or politician and friendly with ever leftist.
Bresnahan attacked Ford for saying that he would not raise the minimum wage from $14 to $15 and would instead take the lowest income people off the tax rolls so that they could have more money in their pockets without harming business owners. Faced with that, Bresnahan feigned, I hope, mathematical ignorance.
She pushed him on climate change, she pushed him on job cuts, she pushed him on every single Liberal issue and then finished the interview asking why he hadn't sued the Globe and Mail for claiming he sold hash. Any time that Doug Ford tried to make one of his points, she cut him off.
This is an interview I would never conduct. I would never be so rude to Kathleen Wynne.
Neither would Bresnahan. She did a year end interview with the woman that oversaw the college strike, oversaw the decline of our education system to the point where half of students in grade six can't meet the provincial standard and increased hallway healthcare in Ontario. That is just a start for what Kathleen Wynne has done to Ontario and Bresnahan's interview with Wynne was a, "What do you say to…." kind of interview with no tough questions.
There was no animosity, there was no push back on her pat leftist answers, no research to throw in her face.
It was a puff piece.
I'd like to say that I expect better from CBC but I don't. I gave up on them long ago and just this last week they showcased how far they will go to push their own leftist agenda.
If Bresnahan and the rest at CBC were willing to admit that they were pushing left wing politics, that they were the flip side of me, then I would not be complaining about them.
The real problem here is that Bresnahan and the folks at our state broadcaster like to claim that they are neutral observers while putting their hands firmly on the left side of the scale.
While I'm loathe to push CBC material, this interview with Ford has to be listened to for you to know how bad it is.
What is the percentage of the population in Ontario that works directly or indirectly for the government?
And let's not forget that the president of Canada 2020 is married to the president of the Liberal party and both accompanied Trudeau to Fantasy Island for Christmas — aka — the island of the Aga Khan. More than just a childhood friend, I'd say.
Also, let's not overlook the CCLA twitter hint recently, that they need cash to stop Ford! Important because they participated in the take down of the federal conservative government in 2015 alongside Leadnow and march alongside Black Lives Matter, No one is Illegal in the Pride Parade and the Women's march against Trump. They also worked tirelessly to gain Omar Khadr's release and compensation. i wonder if they got a commission?
And yet people vote for these crooks. Astonishing. I'm curious, who can tell me one thing that the Liberals have done that benefits Canadian taxpayers?
"Neither would Bresnahan." Of course. That interview you linked to was not Bresnahan. It was Hallie Cotnam, who replaced Bresnahan while she was on parental leave. Different journalist, different approach. At least listen to the damn audio before trying to paint a false picture, for Christ's sake.
Frankly, I don't care who conducted the interview near as much as I care about it's content. Anyone could tell it was going to be a hostile, pro-liberal, anti-conservative interview after her first couple of sentences. I wasn't sure how I felt about Ford prior to the interview, but I do now. I'm sure that CBC interview caused Ford's polling numbers to jump.
CBC HAS ALWAYS BEEN OWNED BY THE LIBERALS , THEY ARE COMPLETELY BIASED AND NO ONE WITH A BRAIN SHOULD LISTEN TO ANYTHING THEY HAVE TO SAY !
I listened to the whole interview. Got to give Doug Ford credit for not taking any BS from CBC.
The year end interview of Wynne was actually done by Hallie Cotnam, the replacement host for Robyn Bresnahan during her recent maternity leave.
But your mistake was an easy one to make because it doesn't matter which host is involved. The persistent pro-Liberal bias in the crew at Ottawa Morning is as bad as it is anywhere at the CBC.
No doubt it won't be seen that way by the upper brass at the CBC – and, sadly for the future of Canada and Ontario, it won't be seen that way by their massive clan of indoctrinati.
Ford will have an uphill fight against the extended Wynne machine (and the public funds that they use).
He will face another war too – against the persistent and determined manipulators in the back rooms of the Ontario PC Party – as well as against the many thugs and cowards in the current PC Caucus and among those non-conservatives who were manipulated into positions as candidates by Patrick Brown and his team. Mr. Ford will need real help to get past that enduring anti-conservative rot that continues to sit at the heart of the PC Party.
This interview is not allowed in my area. I am currently living in Manzanillo, On the Pacific coast of Mexico.
Congrats to Doug Ford. He is a breath of fresh air! So glad I listened to this whole interview. Doug stood ground and did not waver. We have been so frustrated with government waste. We believe as Doug said, the Government could be run far more efficiently than it has been over the last several years. Does this interviewer not get the difference between cuts and efficiency? And she sounded so angry and biased.
I maintain that in order to get out of debt one must either DECREASE SPENDING or increase revenue. The residents of Ontario are paying too much now in tax dollar revenue to the Province. Doug Ford is on the right track when he is committing to decrease needless and wreckless spending, as we have witnessed in recent years both federally and provincially.
I have every confidence that with a little time and much combined effort Doug Ford and his party will succeed with a platform that will surely benefit all residents of Ontario. After only a few days as party leader, we have already caught a glimpse of his vision.
You're comparing Tonsils to abortion she asks incredulously, as though abortion was the lesser of the two surgeries. Wow! If a parent would require knowledge of and permission given for a tonsillectomy then how much more so for an abortion…and that was the point Doug Ford was making.
The only CBC Radio worth listening to is Saturdays #TheDebaters, #ThisIsThat and #TheIrrelevantShow …. the news is all Liberal biased #horsecrap.
I was impressed how Doug handled the interview. He won't be bullied. I'm hoping for a PC majority and many long overdue changes in Ontario.
This was not an interview, this was a hatchet job by another elitist left wing nut. Defund the CBC!
I try and avoid the CBC as much as possible. They can puff and puff and puff but they won't be able to blow Doug Ford down.
wow what yellow journalism! i am no fan of doug, but this was so biased it was unreal – contrast this with how Evan Solomon handled Wynne on your station. he kept her feet to the fire, but he let her talk.
Ironic that Ms Bresnahan's interview is considered aggressive when a Tory is in the chair, perhaps Mr Lilley is envious because Mr Ford was put through the ringer, that's how it's done Mr Lilley, listen & learn.


Showing 41 to 60 out of 142 results.
DUI #4 is a felony in California. It means the slap on the wrist days are over and a pretty hefty jail or prison sentence awaits you, if convicted.
A criminal predicament like this may be one of the most expensive investments you make because it requires an attorney who will fight for your life as if it was his own. Your choice of counsel will must be wise because it will determine your freedom, your peace of mind, your occupation and reputation to name a few.
I was lucky to find a fighter to handle the 3 DUI's I was facing. I felt protected with my life in his hands and then he suddenly died.
I searched the web for the toughest and most successful DUI attorney San Diego had to offer and hundreds of lawyers and firms popped up all claiming to be rated #1 by some magazine or winner of some local award for attorney of the year.
This method was not going to work – evidently, San Diego has a tie and every DUI lawyer won first place. I found Mike Fremont through a friend of my deceased lawyer and he became my fighter. I watched him with a critical eye every step of the way. He had my life in his hands – I made poor legal decisions in the past with attorneys who did not care. I was not going to make a foolish decision again.
The battle is now over and I would not be sitting here at my desk writing an AVVO review if we lost. The outcome for all 3 DUI's plus the prior was one I can live with. I was sentenced to 5-years of informal probation, 120-days of electronic ankle monitoring and one multiple offender DUI class running all 3 DUI's concurrently. My license is revoked for 6-months and no device is required for the car when I drive again.
In closing, I want to share my first morning in court with Mike. It was interesting because he had 4 different clients in 4 separate courtrooms and was able to appear for each one without making anyone wait. That spoke volumes to me – his clients liked him and the court personnel all knew him. Thanks, Mike, for being a major part of my case. You are appreciated.
My boyfriend was charged with felony sales of narcotics, felony possession of a controlled substance, and felony possession of ammunition by an ex-felon.
Mike Fremont steps up in court and negotiates the charges with the DA. The modified charges become misdemeanor possession of a controlled substance for personal use and possession of ammunition. My boyfriend pled guilty and was sentenced to a 270-day suspended sentence with a typical 3-year 4th waiver formal probation package which he signed and failed to follow through.
My boyfriend suffered a stroke and I became his caretaker. I reviewed the conditions of his probation because he was picked up for a violation for not reporting to probation.
I contacted Mike Fremont in a state of outrage. I begged him to fight for my boyfriend and get him an appropriate sentence because he was just unable to meet the terms of his sentence in his physical condition and I could not carry him myself.
In court, Mike touched on every matter I had asked him to and my boyfriend was released within hours and the terms of his new probation were drastically modified to accommodate his disabilities.
Mike Fremont has a courtroom presence that screams for fair and reasonable terms and in our case, they were all met.
Thank you, Mr. Fremont for recognizing and demanding fairness in an imperfect judicial system. We are deeply grateful to you for helping us through the legal battle.
Having had a public defender, I certainly wish I would have washed dishes for a year to pay for Mr. Fremont's legal services. He literally educated Judge Camarena and Deputy City Attorney Nicholas Thomo as to the letter of the law and when someone is or is not required to appear in court. He had printed handouts for the Judge and the City Prosecutors. The entire spectating court room as well as the aforementioned were jaw-dropped and stupefied. He commanded the entire court room and made Nicholas Thomo look like a law school dropout. Oh how Mr. Thomo tried to save face, but Mr. Fremont was not having it.
It's apparent that some people are just gifted and love what they do. Mr. Fremont exudes confidence and not in the manner of false bravado as Mr. Thomo. Mr. Fremont's confidence comes from truly knowing the law and having the brass balls to back it up. Never have I seen an attorney with so much moxie, that the Judge and Deputy City Attorney kept quiet while Mr. Fremont have them a lesson from first year law school.
It was an embarrassing situation for Camarena and Thomo as they looked as if that were second graders being scolded by the school principal. My legal outcome was much less than satisfactory, but watching Mr. Fremont in action was worth it.
If I am ever in need of legal assistance in the future, and I hope that I am not, Mr. Fremont well certainly be my go to guy.
I received a felony DUI with a hit and run charge. I called Michael Fremont for legal assistance. Mr Fremont was very responsive to my case and was able to have my hit and run charge dismissed and lowered my charges to misdemeanors. Mr. Fremont kept me informed throughout the whole process. I highly recommend Mr Fremont to anyone going through or needing legal services.
Even after all is said and done he has came to my rescue not once but twice since my case has ended in early September 2014. Which is when I had intended on writing this.
He was the 1st lawyer I met with regarding my 1st and last DUI Case and I definitely made the right choice. Everyone was giving me grief for retaining a lawyer in a first offense . Everyone didn't know the entire story, I was actually charged with a Felony DUI/ drug possession, and a higher BAC (.16) I felt like I needed one since I had just gotten out of a messy custody battle. He is a very straightforward, no BS kind of attorney . He won't tell you something because it's what you want to hear like a lot of other attorneys will just to make a few bucks.
He got me the best deal possible without going to trial ( financial decision) and has now gotten me 2 extensions and a warrant recalled for missing some of my probation terms .
Mr. Fremont was the intervention needed in order to save my life as well as my sanity. I was on a course leading to certain death and could not find the strength to save myself. After being arrested for DUI'S that would certainly amount to jail and possibly a felony conviction, Mr. Fremont intervened to make this not the reality and was able to persuade the Judge to have me wear the SCRAM anklet as well as attend AA. This allowed the freedom to come home and keep my job and home.
A year of waiting for the sentence had me very apprehensive, yet, God, and Mr. Fremont, kept me calm and gave me the strength to confront the outcome. Mr. Fremont continuously kept me informed and provided the reassurance to feel secure with his diligence to intervene and keep me free.
Mr. Fremont performed the impossible, in my mind, with the result. His extraordinary work set me free to walk from the courtroom with no jail time, no felony, no fines. Divine.
The judge, the bailiff, the courtroom clerk, all were considerate to suggest what a transformation from the first time seeing me a year prior. Mr. Fremont told in 27 years of work, he had not witnessed this.
The simple truth and fact is Mr. Fremont took his brilliance and determination to task, and this provided all in the courtroom witness to a miracle.
Mr. Fremont, you saved my life, quite literally.
Perhaps, if you need this miracle, this Divine intervention, let me once more give his name..
I am free to enjoy this Easter day in God's majesty.
I was in a super tough spot legally and needed immediate assistance. Mr. Fremont not only came to my aid immediately but went above and beyond my expectations. He was extremely thorough and professional and handled my case with the utmost care and attentiveness. He really knows what he is doing and I was extremely satisfied with the outcome. I highly recommend Mr. Fremont and would use him again.
My story is not made up for any marketing reasons it's 100% true for anyone who is in need of a great DUI attorney.
I was on vacation in San Diego with my 2 kids and was pulled over. I blew a .10 and since one of kids were under 14 and had a felony DUI 9 years ago less than 10 years rule, it was not looking good for me. They were offering me 6 years prison term with halftime but Mr. Fremont did the unthinkable. He negotiated only 4 months of work furlough, probation and dui classes. I was able to keep my job, keep my family and made a choice never to drink again. I have now been sober for over 4 years since the incident and my life is 100 times better. This would have not happened if i had been sent to prison. I would have lost everything including my family, job and sanity. Unfortunately I have made some stupid mistakes which required the help of criminal attorneys. I owe Mr Fremont at the very least to write this review to pass my experience to someone who may be dealing with a DUI. Don't be fooled DUI's are very serious and will stay in your record. This why you should hire Mr Fremont to represent you and give you a chance to either minimize the punishment or get it thrown out of court. If you're reading this because you received a DUI call Mr Michael Fremont. He is the best DUI attorney!
Mr. Fremont I want to thank you again you really did save my life. From the bottom of my heart I thank you.
Michael was a pleasure to work with from start to finish. He updated me when necessary and was always available to me. I had gotten my second dui and blew a .11. With his extensive knowledge and understanding for the legal system he was able to get my 2nd dui dropped to a wet and reckless. Along with that my fines were dropped significantly. Although he may come across as a bit arrogant up front don't let that get in the way of having him represent you. He is as affordable, knowledgeable and well known as any other lawyer in San Diego county. Cant thank you enough Mike. Keep up the good work.
I would truly recommend this lawyer mr. Fremont! From a DUI he got me down to a wet -reckless! When I first called him I got a response right away. Mr Fremont is really good at answering right away, a long with his secretaries. Not only he took care of my DUI but of another speeding ticket. With my wet reckless obviously I didn't want to have another point on my license, mr Fremont went to court for me and they dismiss my case. I am really happy with his job and all the help he gave me.
While I was moving one early evening, I found out that my ex wife called the police and made a false report. I called around and a friend gave me Mr. Fremont's number for assistance as I had learned that the police were actively looking for me and arrest warrant issued. Mr. Fremont was available, listened to the situation. He was able to get a hold of the police and have them wait until the next morning so I could turn myself in. The next morning I went to the police station with Mr. Fremont, he knew everyone and everyone knew. He explained the situation to the officers and after considering the facts and learning the correct facts from me and Mr. Fremont. Without Mr. Fremont's assistance, I am sure that had the police arrested me, my work truck would have been impounded and I would have been arrested.
Mike is a great lawyer he saved me from getting a ignition interlock device which was huge for me. My BAC was a .23 and he still got me off. Mike is a little rough when you first get to know him, but trust me he's got the experience to get you the best outcome possible. If you got a DUI he is the man. You can't beat the amount of experience he brings!
I'm not from San diego and unfortunately end up having to deal with having a case filed against me in San diego county. Me. Fremont was highly recommended so I went with him. I was nervous about the whole process and uncertain whether to even Get an attorney. As I said, he came recommended so I went for it.
Mr. Fremont was the right choice. He achieves better results than I could have hoped for and always kept my panic levels low. Truly a life saver.
From the first phone call to the meeting of our appointment, I trusted Michael to go forward with my case. I was tested numerous times by the police by breathalyzer but will still sent to jail. I knew I needed a lawyer, and specifically a D.U.I. lawyer. One who ONLY deals with cases related to potential D.U.I's and has a RECENT history of winning cases to get the fairest outcome. My case is still in the beginning stage, but within one month, I was able to get my license back. My friends told me it wasn't worth it, but without a lawyer I knew wouldn't have had a chance and would at the systems mercy without a license. Michael has been professional, will support the law and YOUR RIGHTS UNDER IT and he is a cool person who has lived & surfed in Encinitas for a long time not some *** who just wants your money. He has always been reachable and has always called me back to make sure my questions are answered. I feel better knowing I have him on my side.
I had a very complicated DUI case and the DA and Judge were on a mission to convict me. Another lawyer tried to argue my case at first, but in the end, it was Michael Fremont who made the winning argument that led to my complete exoneration. Fremont is a brilliant researcher, a tremendous orator, and his knowledge of both law and human nature is unsurpassed. You can probably pay more money to a bigger SD law firm and get a less qualified junior associate, but why would you ever think of going to anyone else while Mr. Fremont is available. If you need a great lawyer, you must hire Michael Fremont. If you don't, and you end up convicted, you will have nobody to blame but yourself. I know that if I ever need a lawyer again, I'm calling Mr. Fremont, and if anyone near or dear to me needs a lawyer, I'm sending the, to him, and nobody else.
Michael recently swept the court room floor with unbridled passion and incontrovertable professionalism, resulting in the suppression of all evidence in my DUI case assimilated by SDPD. This trial was a career ending one due to my military service, that Michael was able to save due to his obvious respect of the court, other council and command presence of the courtroom. It was completely evident that Michael knew the ins and outs of the law, and cited a controlling case that the court followed in the suppression of all evidence!
I hired Fremont for a MIP case and he got my case fully dropped. I never had to go to court or pay any court fees. The man knows what he's doing can handle similar driving related cases just as successfully.
Michael Fremont was able to get my entire record expunged(which included 4 different charges. 1felony 3 misdameanors) He did this in an expedient manner. Each case was in a different county and he handled each case with professionalism and personal care. Bottom line is Mr. Fremont was true to his word and got results.
Outstanding and diligent service with unwavering dedication to the case. Michael was able to obtain a set-aside for my Driver's License suspension. By compiling evidence, utilizing police reports, referencing previous court cases and demonstrating a comprehensive case to argue for the dismissal of said police reports, Michael rendered them inadmissible as testimony, by establishing that the arrest was conducted unlawfully. By virtue of his efforts, I was able to avoid ANY license suspension and was able to retrieve my Driver's License without any subsequent legal or financial difficulties.


we need to define ISO code Num 3 field for a country (T005-INTCN3). Issue is that in T code OY01, only field INTCA3 is available (which is ISO code 3 char) .Both are different fields.
So how to update field T005-INTCN3 for a country. Is there some other T code for the updation ?


Citizens may have seen flags placed in Kimball alleys near electric meters and water pits this past week as the City of Kimball plans to trim vegetation around the meters soon.
Trimming around the fixtures will enable crews to see them more easily and the flags will enable workers to find pits when the snow begins to pile up.
Questions and concerns can be directed to the City of Kimball at 308-235-3639.


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Treaty with the Chippewa July 29, 1837
Articles of a treaty made and concluded at St. Peters (the confluence of the St. Peters and Mississippi rivers) in the Territory of Wisconsin, between the United States of America, by their commissioner, Henry Dodge, Governor of said Territory, and the Chippewa nation of Indians, by their chiefs and headmen.
Article 1. The said Chippewa nation cede to the United States all the tract of country included within the following boundaries:
Beginning at the junction of the Crow Wing and Mississippi rivers, between twenty and thirty miles above where the Mississippi is crossed by the forty-sixth parallel of north latitude, and running thence to the north point of Lake St. Croix, one of the sources of the St. Croix river; thence to and along the dividing ridge between the waters of Lake Superior and those of the Mississippi, to the sources of the Ocha-suasepe a tributary of the Chippewa river; thence to a point on the Chippewa river, twenty miles below the outlet of Lake De Flambeau; thence to the junction of the Wisconsin and Pelican rivers; thence on an east course twenty-five miles; thence southerly, on a course parallel with that of the Wisconsin river, to the line dividing the territories of the Chippewas and Menominies; thence to the Plover Portage; thence along the southern boundary of the Chippewa country, to the commencement of the boundary line dividing it from that of the Sioux, half a days march below the falls on the Chippewa river; thence with said boundary line to the mouth of Wah-tap river; at its junction with the Mississippi; and thence up the Mississippi to the place of beginning.
Article 2. In consideration of the cession aforesaid, the United States agrees to make to the Chippewa nation, annually, for the term of twenty years, from the date of the ratification of this treaty, the following payments.
Nine thousand five hundred dollars, to be paid in money.
Nineteen thousand dollars, to be delivered in goods.
Three thousand dollars for establishing three blacksmith shops, supporting the blacksmiths, and furnishing them with iron and steel.
One thousand dollars for farmers, and for supplying them and the Indians, with implements of labor, with grain or seed; and whatever else may be necessary to enable them to carry on their agricultural pursuits.
Two thousand dollars in provisions.
Five hundred dollars in tobacco.
The provisions and tobacco to be delivered at the same time with the goods, and the money to be paid; which time or times, as well as the place or places where they are to be delivered, shall be fixed upon under the direction of the President of the United States. The blacksmiths shops to be placed at such points in the Chippewa country as shall be designated by the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, or under his direction. If at the expiration of one or more years the Indians should prefer to receive goods, instead of the nine thousand dollars agreed to be paid to them in money, they shall be at liberty to do so. Or, should they conclude to appropriate a portion of that annuity to the establishment and support of a school or schools among them, this shall be granted them.
Article 3. The sum of one hundred thousand dollars shall be paid by the United States, to the half-breeds of the Chippewa nation, under the direction of the President. It is the wish of the Indians that their two sub-agents Daniel P. Bushnell, and Miles M. Vineyard, superintend the distribution of this money among their half-breed relations.
Article 4. The sum of seventy thousand dollars shall be applied to the payment, by the United States, of certain claims against the Indians of which amount twenty-eight thousand dollars shall, at their request, be paid to William A. Aitkin, twenty-five thousand to Lyman M. Warren, and the balance applied to the liquidation of other just demands against them-which they acknowledge to be the case with regard to that presented by Hercules L. Dousman, for the sum of five thousand dollars; and they request that it be paid.
Article 5. The privilege of hunting, fishing, and gathering the wild rice, upon the lands, the rivers and the lakes included in the territory ceded, is guaranteed to the Indians, during the pleasure of the President of the United States.
Article 6. This treaty shall be obligatory from and after its ratification by the President and Senate of the United States.
Done at St. Peters in the Territory of Wisconsin the twenty-ninth day of July eighteen hundred and thirty-seven.
Henry Dodge, Commissioner
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