CHAPTER-1INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERALCement concrete is the most extensively used construction material in the world. The reason for its extensive use is that it provides good workability and can be moulded to any shape. Ordinary cement concrete possesses a very low tensile strength, limited ductility and little resistance to cracking. Internal micro cracks, leading to brittle failure of concrete. In this era, civil engineering constructions have its own requirements such as strength and durability. Every structure is constructed to full fill the requirement and hence to meet this purpose, modification in traditional cement concrete has become important and mandatory.
Waste utilization is an attractive alternative to disposal in that disposal cost and potential pollution problems are reduced or even eliminated along with the achievement of resource conservation. Nevertheless, the utilization strategy must be coupled with environmental and energy considerations to use available materials most efficiently. Steel slag, the by-product of steel and iron producing processes, started to be used in civil engineering projects during the past 12 years. The second waste from steel is the iron filing, which is produced locally in great amounts from steel workshops and factories. This product has a negative impact on the environment when disposed from this reason the research project started. Thus using the lathe scrap as an alternative in concrete can be examined.
1.2 CONCRETE . . . Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded with cement and fine aggregate. The cement is used to bind all material together and hardened with time, when aggregate is mixed together with dry Portland cement of water. The mixture form slurry, which can be early poured, anywhere and moulded into any shape. The coarse aggregate which is used in concrete is consist of large chunks of materials in a concrete mix, generally a coarse gravel or crushed rocks such as lime stone or granite. Chemical admixtures are use to achieve its properties. These admixture may slow down the rate of hardness of concrete. The reinforcement is also used in concrete to improve the tensile strength of concrete, as concrete is good in compression and bad in tension.
1.3 MOTIVATIONScrap from lathe machine is produced from different manufacturing processes which are carried out by lathe machine. Scrap which is a waste can be used as an reinforcing material in concrete to enhance the various properties of concrete. Scrap from machine can act in a same way as steel fiber. Steel scrap which is a lathe waste is generated by each lathe industry and dumping of such wastes in barren soil causes contamination of soil and ground water, which creates unhealthy environment. In addition to get sustainable development and environmental benefits, lathe scrap can be used as recycled fiber with concrete. With increase in population and industrial activities, the quantity of waste fibers generated will increase in coming years. These industrial waste fibers can be effectively used for making high-strength low cost FRC after exploring their suitability. Plain reinforced concrete is brittle material due to addition of steel fibers in concrete considerably increases the tensile strength, static flexural strength, durability ,impact strength and shock resistance. Concrete is a material which is weak in tension and fails in brittle manner when subjected to tension and flexure. When steel scrap is added to concrete, the behavior of composite material is superior to plane concrete. A good waste solid management is to find a way to make use of it. In this paper an experimental investigation was carried out to study the feasibility of using steel scrap obtained from lathe machine in concrete by checking the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of M20 concrete and thus optimizing the fiber proportions. Lathe steel scrap reinforced concrete (LSSRC) is a cost effective replacement for fiber reinforced concrete.
To explore and study the use of lathe scraps as fiber in concrete.
To compare proportions and percentages of lathe fibers in concrete and study their effects.
Effect of use of Steel Scrap on workability.
Effect on Compression Strength of concrete by using lathe scrap of various size.
Effect on Tensile Strength of concrete using lathe scrap of various size.
Effect of micro cracks using lathe Scrap.
propagation, modulus of elasticity, shrinkage reduction and toughness.
1.6 METHODOLOGYConcrete is strong in compression and weak in tension and also it has brittle character. The concept of using steel scrap concrete is to improve the characteristic strength of construction material. Use of steel scrap in concrete increases the strength and ductility, but requires careful placement and labour skill. Internal micro cracks, leads to the brittle failure of concrete.
It is observed that one of the important properties of Steel Scrap Concrete is its superior resistance to cracking and crack propagation. Thus the concrete is reinforced with the steel scrap in various proportions such as 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3% by weight of cement of size 20mm. The Compressive and Tensile Strength were analysed as per IS standards on 7th, 14th and 28th day of curing.
The property of concrete is that concrete is weak in tension and strong in compression. The concept of using steel scrap in concrete improves the properties of concrete. In Earlier days the application of steel scrap includes the addition of straw to the mud bricks, horse hair to reinforce plaster. Use of randomly steel scrap in concrete increases strength and ductility, but casting of concrete requires attention. According to many researchers, the addition of steel scrap into concrete reduces the workability of concrete. Therefore to solve this problem super-plasticizer is added, without affecting other properties of concrete. Fiber reinforced concrete reinforced with more or less randomly distributed fibers. It has been successfully used in construction during its excellent flexural-tensile strength, resistance to spitting, impact resistance and excellent permeability and frost resistance. It is an effective way to increase toughness, shock resistance and resistance to plastic shrinkage cracking of the concrete. Steel Fiber in concrete improves ductility and its load carrying capacity. The mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete are much improved by the use of hooked fibers than straight fibers.
In today's technologically advanced world we can find concrete very easily at lower costs compared to before. It is one of the most adaptable and flexible building materials available which can be molded to fit into any column or rectangular beam as well as a cylindrical tank of water storage. High rise buildings and any structural shapes from the ordinary to the extraordinary can be built. The need for reinforcing concrete is due to the weak tensile strength even though under compression concrete is very strong. Hence, we use many forms of reinforcement; the most common being steel bars. As with every boon of modern civilization we must deal with the pros and cons of concrete too. Some of the disadvantages are low tensile strength and formwork requirement. Its primary benefits are its high water and fire resistance and compressive strength with a very good service life and low maintenance. Concrete has its drawback in relatively low strength per unit weight.
Concrete?s tensile strength is characteristically 8-15% of its compressive strength. This limitation has been dealt with by engineers in recent and past times by utilizing rebar?s (reinforcing bars) to create reinforced concrete. The purpose of this is to benefit from the resistance that rebar?s have over tensile and shear stresses and the resistance of concrete over compressive stresses. A beam has a longitudinal rebar which resists flexure (tensile stress) while the stirrups enveloping the longitudinal bar hold the bar in position in addition to resisting shear stresses. When we speak of vertical bars in a column, they are resistant to buckling and compression stresses while the ties provide confinement to vertical bars along with resisting shear. Reinforced concrete structures are susceptible to cracks which flow freely until they meet a rebar. Therefore, we need closely paced tightly held reinforced concrete which should also be multidirectional.
Testing of fresh and hardened concrete is performed and analysed as per Indian standard procedure. The performance of Steel reinforced concrete in various proportions such as 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3% with size of 20mm was examined. These ratios will give good compressive strength as compare to normal concrete and also improves its tensile strength also. The comparison between normal concrete, quarry dust replacing sand concrete, and replacing sand concrete with fiber to generate a good cohesion with other aggregates which enhances mechanical properties of the concrete.
Also, it has been observed that with the increase in fiber content increases the strength of concrete. The tensile strength of concrete increases effectively. The micro and macro cracks can be reduced by using Steel fibre reinforced concrete. Slump cone test was adopted to measure the workability of concrete. The Slump cone test results revealed that workability gets reduced with the increase in fiber content.
Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) is Portland cement concrete reinforced with more or less randomly distributed fibres. In FRC, thousands of small fibres are dispersed and distributed randomly in the concrete during mixing, and thus improve concrete properties in all directions. The development of fiber reinforced cement concrete is undergoing in recent year. Fiber reinforced concrete is successfully used in constructions with its excellent properties of compression-tensile strength, crack resistance and impact resistance. It is an effective way from which we can increase the properties of concrete such as toughness, shock resistance and resistance to plastic shrinkage cracking of the mortar. They can be circular, triangular or flat in cross-section. The fire is often described by a convenient parameter called ?aspect ratio?. The aspect ratio of the fibre is the ratio of its length to its diameter. The principle reason for incorporating fibres into a cement matrix is to increase the toughness and tensile strength and improve the cracking deformation characteristics of the resultant composite.
For FRC to be a viable construction material, it must be able to compete economically with existing reinforcing system.FRC composite properties, such as crack resistance, reinforcement and increase in toughness are dependent on the mechanical properties of the fibre, bonding properties of the fibre and matrix, as well as the quantity and distribution within the matrix of the fibres.
2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW1. Sheetal Chinnu James et.al.: Fiber reinforced concrete is a concrete containing fibrous materials that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. The fibers include steel fiber, glass fiber, natural fiber and synthetic fiber. The waste steel scrap material which is available from the lathe can be used as steel fiber for innovative construction industry and also in pavement construction. Lathe waste is generated by each lathe industries and dumping of these wastes in the barren soil contaminates the soil and ground water, which creates an unhealthy environment. In addition to get sustainable development and environmental benefits, lathe scrap as recycled fibers with concrete are likely to be used. In this project fiber reinforced concrete using lathe waste is prepared and its fresh and hardened properties are studied. The tests conducted were slump test, compressive strength test, split tensile strength test and flexural strength test. For this concrete cubes, beams and cylinders were casted and cured and tests were done at 7th day and 28th day.
This project work emphasis on the study of using steel scrap and manufacture sand in the innovative construction industry. "Steel scrap" concrete is a concrete containing fibrous material that is uniformly distributed and casually oriented. The steel scrap waste material which is obtainable from the lathe can be used as steel fiber for the innovative construction industry and in pavement construction. It is generated by each lathe industries Dumping of these wastes contaminates the soil and groundwater, which creates a harmful environment. In addition, to get sustainable development and environmental benefits, lathe scrap with concrete is likely to be used. In this project steel scrap concrete using lathe waste is prepared and its properties are studied. "Manufactured sand" is such alternative for good quality Natural River sand due to depletion of resources and restriction due to environmental consideration has made concrete manufacturers look for suitable alternative fine aggregate. Though it has been in use in concrete manufacturing in India, the percentage of its contribution is still very negligible in many parts of the country. The tests conducted were slump test, compressive strength test, split tensile strength test and. For this concrete cubes, beams and cylinders were cast and cured and tests were done at 3th day, 7th day and 28th day.
3. Pooja Shrivastavaa and Dr.Y.p. Joshi: Reuse of Lathe Waste Steel Scrap in Concrete Pavements: These project works assess on the study of the workability and mechanical strength properties of the concrete reinforced with industrialized waste fibers or the recycled fibers. In each lathe industries wastes are available in form of steel scraps are yield by the lathe machines in process of finishing of different machines parts and dumping of these wastes in the barren soil contaminating the soil and ground water that builds an unhealthy environment. Now a day's these steel scraps as a waste products used by innovative construction industry and also in transportation and highway industry. Different experimental studies are done to identify about fresh and hardened concrete properties of steel scrap fiber reinforced concrete (SSFRC) and their mechanical properties are found to be increase due to the addition of steel scrap in concrete i.e. compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength, fatigue strength and split tensile strength were increased but up to 0.5-2% scrap content . When compared with usual concrete to SSFRC, flexural strength increases by 40% and considerable increases in tensile and compressive strength. These steel scrap also aid to improve the shrinkage reduction, cracking resistance i.e. preventing crack propagation and modulus of elasticity.
4. Prof. Kumaran and Nithi : Effect of Lathe Waste in Concrete as Reinforcement: An Experimental investigation is carried out on the strength of lathe waste concrete and deformational behavior of lathe waste concrete beams. The waste steel scrap available from the lathe is used. Optimum combination of lathe waste is studied. For this cube and cylinder compressive strength, flexural test and split tensile strength tests were carried out. The deformational behavior was investigated with this optimum content. A total of 24 reinforced lathe waste concrete beams had been tested to investigate the influence of lathe waste and combined effect of lathe waste and stirrups on the deflection, cracking, ultimate load and failure pattern.Beams without stirrups and with stirrups are studied. The experiments have demonstrated the advantages of combining lathe waste with steel stirrups. Load- deflection behavior of simply supported beams is increased. Reinforced lathe waste concrete beams show less deformation than similar reinforced normal conventional concrete beams. The combination of lathe waste and stirrups increases the ultimate load of concrete beams. Test results indicated that the inclusion of lathe waste significantly improves the strength and deformational characteristics of concrete.
5. G Vijayakumar et.al. Impact And Energy Absorption Characteristics Of Lathe Scrap Reinforced Concrete: This project work emphasis on the study of using lathe scrap as fibre reinforced concrete in the innovative construction industry. Every day about 8 to 10 kg of lathe waste are generated by each lathe industries in the Pondicherry region and dumped in the barren soil there by contaminating the soil and ground water, which creates an environmental issue. Hence by adopting proper management by recycling the lathe scrap with concrete is considered to be one of the best solutions. The 7 days strength of the Lathe scrap reinforced concrete shows an increase in its compressive strength when compared with PCC, and almost become equal to the strength when tested on 28 days under normal curing. The addition of lathe scrap in concrete has increase the performance of beam in flexural by 40% when compared with PCC. There is only a considerable increase in the split tensile strength of concrete with lathe scrap when compared with PCC. The workability of fresh concrete that containing different ratios of lathe scrap was carried out by using slump test. The result showed that addition of lathe scrap in to PCC mixture enhanced its compressive strength while it decreased the workability of the fresh concrete containing the lathe scrap. The impact strength of concrete mixed with lathe scrap shows increased impact strength when compared with PCC.
6. Abhishek Mandloi and Dr. K. K. Pathak: Utilization of Waste Steel Scrap for Increase in Strength of Concrete-Waste Management: Due to rapid growth of population, rapidlyincreasing in industries which directly increases wastewithout any management. In this world where somecountries are developed and some are developing, theunbelievable demand of steel is on its peak, but it leadstoward a dumping ground of industrial waste. For reductionof this dumping of scrap and save the earth from thishazardous problem utilization of steel scrap in concrete isthe key step for save the environment and achievingsustainability that will enable the earth to continue to support human life. This paper presents a research to utilization of waste (CNC lathe waste) by partial replacement (5% by weight of natural coarse aggregate)with coarse aggregate. Also for the increment in strength of concrete, wire mesh is used while casting in the form of10mm3cubes.
7. Zeeshan Nissar Qureshi and Yawar Mushtaq Raina: Strength Characteristics Analysis of Concrete Reinforced With Lathe Machine Scrap: The aim of the paper was to study the feasibility of using lathe machine scrap in concrete by checking the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and load deflection characteristics. All these parameters were found out by varying proportions of lathe machine by 0%, 1 %, 1.5% and 2% by weight in M20 concrete. Thus finding out optimum percentage of lathe machine scrap in concrete up to which its mechanical properties like compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength can be increased. All the tests were conducted by following the guidelines set by Indian Standard. The compressive strength was found out to be 25.5N/mm2 , 26.8N/mm2 , 28.4N/mm2 and 23.33N/mm2 for 0%, 1 %, 1.5% and 2% lathe machine scrap reinforcement respectively. The splitting tensile strength was 2.85N/mm2 , 3.04N/mm2 , 3.37N/ mm2 and 2.94N/mm2 , where as flexural strength were 4.33N/mm2 , 5N/mm2 , 5.66N/mm2 and 4.83N/mm2 for 0%, 1 %, 1.5% and 2% lathe machine scrap reinforcement respectively. The strength properties of concrete were increasing by adding lathe machine scrap up to 1.5 % by weight in concrete after this slight reduction in strength properties of concrete was noticed. The compressive, split tensile and flexure strengths were increasing by 11.37 %, 18% and 30 % for optimum percentage of lathe machine scrap which was found to be 1.5%. The load carrying capacity of beam at same percentage of lathe machine scrap was found to be 5.66kN and deflection which was also maximum among all percentages was 7mm. Lathe machine scrap was found to be strong and environmental friendly material which can improve structural strength of concrete, decrease steel reinforcements besides, reducing width of cracks when used as reinforced material in concrete.
From the above research it is shown that the use of steel fibre reinforcement increases the strength. Many researchers had worked in steel fibre reinforced concrete in many proportions but none of them had tested by adding upto 3% of steel fibre in concrete. Thus in this thesis the work has been done by using of steel fibre reinforced concrete of Aspect Ratio 66 in various proportion such as 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3%.
Concrete is relatively strong in compression but weak in tension and tends to be brittle. This weakness in tension can be overcome using lathe scrap as reinforcement. To improve the tensile strength fibers can be used in replacing lathe scrap. Thin fiber reinforced concrete makes concrete as light weight material thus inclusion of fiber in concrete as a reinforcement can be called as fiber reinforced light weight concrete. There are various fiber used as reinforcement now a day.
Fig 1. Lathe scrape3.3 CEMENTCement is a binding material, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The word "cement" derived from the Romans. Cements used in construction are of two types hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cements (e.g.,Portland cement) harden because of hydration, a chemical reaction between anhydrous cement powder and water. Thus they can harden underwater or when constantly exposed to wet weather. Non-hydraulic cements do not harden underwater; for example, slaked limes harden by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide. The uses of cement are as an ingredient of mortar in masonry, and of concrete, a combination of cement and an aggregate to form a strong building material.
Portland cement clinker is made by heating in a kiln, a homogeneous mixture of raw materials to a claiming temperature, which is about 1450°C for modern cements. The major raw material for the clinker-making is usually limestone (CaCO3) mixed with a second material containing clay as source of alumina-silicate. Normally, an impure limestone which contains clay or SiO2 is used. The CaCO3 content of this limestone's can be as low as 80%. Secondary raw materials (materials in the raw mix other than limestone) depend on the purity of the limestone. Some of the materials used are clay, shale, sand, iron ore, bauxite, fly ash, and slag.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. The second most common type of sand is calcium carbonate, for example aragonite, which has mostly been created over the past half billion years, by various forms of life, like coral and shellfish.
In terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm (or 1?16 mm) to 2 mm. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain. Sand grains are between gravel (with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm) and silt (particles smaller than 0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm). The size specification between sand and gravel has remained constant for more than a century, but particle diameters as small as 0.02 mm were considered sand under the Albert Atterberg standard in use during the early 20th century. A 1953 engineering standard published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials set the minimum sand size at 0.074 mm. A 1938 specification of the United States Department of Agriculture was 0.05 mm.
It should be clean and coarse.
It should contain sharp, angular, coarse and durable grains.
Aggregates are the most mined materials in the world. Aggregates are a component of concrete and asphalt concrete; the aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value as compared to most soils, aggregates are widely used in drainage applications such as foundation and French drains, septic drain fields, retaining wall drains, and road side edge drains. Aggregates are also used as base material under foundations, roads, and railroads. In other words, aggregates are used as a stable foundation or road/rail base with predictable, uniform properties (e.g. to help prevent differential settling under the road or building), or as a low-cost extender that binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to form concrete. Fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mixture.
3.6 WATERA cement paste is formed by adding water to the cement by the process of hydration. The cement paste combines the aggregate together and fills the voids within it. A lower water-to-cement ratio yields a stronger, more durable concrete, while more water gives a free-flowing concrete with a higher slump. Impure water for making concrete may cause problems in setting or in causing premature failure of the structure. As the reactions proceed, the products of the cement hydration process gradually bond together the individual sand and gravel particles and other components of the concrete to form a solid mass.
Compaction of concrete is the process adopted for expelling the entrapped air from the concrete. In the process of mixing air gets entrapped in the concrete. If the workability is low it indicates that the amount of air entrapped is high. 100 percent compaction is important for strength and durability. Now a day's durability property has become more important than strength.
3.8 CURINGCuring is the process of controlling the rate of moisture loss from concrete during cement hydration. It can be seen either after placing in the position or during the manufacture of concrete. the hydration of cement takes time of a day, and even weeks. Curing must be undertaken for a reasonable period of time if the concrete is to achieve its potential strength and durability. Curing may also encompass the control of temperature since this affects the rate at which cement hydrates. Curing is designed to keep the concrete in water to prevent the loss of moisture from the concrete during the period in which concrete is gaining strength.
The test specimen are stored in place free from vibration, in moist air of at least 90% relative humidity and at a temperature of 270C + 20C for 24hrs + ½ hrs from the time of addition of water to the dry ingredient. After this period the specimen are marked and removed from the mould and unless required dor test within 24hrs, immediately submerged in clean fresh water or saturated lime solution and kept these until taken out just prior to test. The water or Solution in which the specimen are submerged, are renewed every seven days and are maintained at a temperature of 270C + 20C. The specimen is not to be allowed to become dry at any time until they have been tested.
3.9 MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETEThe method of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability, and workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix design. The proportioning of ingredient of concrete is governed by the required performance of concrete in 2 states, namely the plastic and the hardened states. If the plastic concrete is not workable, it cannot be properly placed and compacted. The property of workability, therefore, becomes of vital importance.
a) The minimum compressive strength required for structural construction.
c) Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle in mass concrete.
The I.S. method treats normal mixes (up to M35) and high strength mixes (M40 and above) differently. This is logical because richer mixes need lower sand content when compared with leaner mixes. The method also corrects water cement ratios, workability and for rounded coarse aggregate. In IS method, the quantities of fine and coarse aggregate are calculated with the help of yield equation, which is based on specific gravities of ingredients. Thus plastic density of concrete calculated from yield equation can be close to actual plastic density obtained in laboratory, if specific gravities are calculated accurately. Thus we can find the actual cement consumption closer to the targeted in the first trial mix itself. The water cement ratio is calculated from cement curves graph based on 28 days strength of cement. This can be time consuming and impractical at times. The IS method gives separate graphs using accelerated strength of cement with reference mix method. This greatly reduces the time required for mix design.
The DOE method overcomes from some limitations of IS method. In DOE method, the fine aggregate content is a function of 600micron passing fraction of sand and not the zone of sand. The 600-micron passing fraction emerges as the most critical parameter governing the cohesion and workability of concrete mix. Thus sand content in DOE method is more sensitive to changes in fineness of sand when compared to the IS method. The sand content is also adjusted as per workability of mix. It is well accepted that higher the workability greater is the fine aggregate required to maintain cohesion in the mix. The water content per m3 is recommended based on workability requirement given in terms of slump and Vee Bee time. It recommends different water contents for crushed aggregates and for natural aggregates. The quantities of fine and coarse aggregates are calculated based on plastic density. However the DOE method allows simple correction in aggregate quantities for actual plastic density obtained at laboratory.
This method is based on determining the coarse aggregate content based on, dry rodded coarse aggregate bulk density and fineness modulus of sand. Thus this method takes into account the actual voids in compacted coarse aggregates that are to be filled by sand cement water. This method also gives separate tables for air-entrained concrete. This method is most suitable for design of air-entrained concrete. This method gives separate values of water and sand content for maximum size of aggregate up to 150mm. Hence this is most suitable method for designing plum concrete. It also gives separate values for 12.5 and 25 mm down coarse aggregate.
In this method, the aggregate to cement ratios are worked out on the basis of type of aggregate, max size of aggregate and different levels of workability. The relative proportion of aggregates is worked on basis of combined grading curves. This method facilitates use of different types of fine and coarse aggregates in the same mix. The relative proportion of these can be easily calculated from combined grading curves. The values of aggregate to cement ratio are available for angular rounded or irregular coarse aggregate.
1. Determine the mean target strength ft from the specified characteristic compressive strength at 28-day fck and the level of quality control.
where S is the standard deviation obtained from the Table 1of approximate contents given after the design mix.
2. Calculate water cement ratio for the desired mean target strength using the empirical relationship between compressive strength and water cement ratio. The water cement ratio is then chosen and checked against the limiting water cement ratio for the requirements of durability and adopts the lower of the two values.
3. Estimate the amount of entrapped air for maximum nominal size of aggregate.
4. Select the water content, for the required workability and maximum size of aggregates.
5. Determine the percentage of fine aggregate in total aggregate by absolute volume for the concrete using crushed coarse aggregate.
6. Adjust the values of water content and percentage of sand as provided in IS Codes for any difference in workability, water cement ratio, grading of fine aggregate and for rounded aggregate.
7. Calculate the cement content from the water-cement ratio and the final water content as arrived after adjustment. Check the cement against the minimum cement content from the requirements of the durability, and greater of the two values is adopted.
8. From the quantities of water and cement per unit volume of concrete and the percentage of sand already determined in steps 6 and 7 above, calculate the content of coarse and fine aggregates per unit volume of concrete.
9. Determine the concrete mix proportions for the first trial mix.
10. Prepare the concrete using the calculated proportions and cast three cubes of 150 mm size and test them wet after 28-days moist curing and check for the strength.
11. Prepare trial mixes with suitable adjustments till the final mix proportions are arrived at.
3.10.1.1 FINENESS TEST AS PER IS: 4031 (Part 3) – 1996: The fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and hence on the rate of gain of strength and also on the rate of evaluation of heat. The fineness of cement is tested by sieving method. Sieve method: weigh correctly 100 gram of cement and take it on a standard IS Sieve No 9 that is 90 microns. Breakdown the lumps in the fine sample with finger. Continuously sieve the sample by giving circular and vertical motion for a period of 15 minutes. Weigh the residue left on the sieve. The weight should not exceed 10% of ordinary cement.
Initial setting time is regarded as the time elapsed between the water is added to the cement and the time cement paste starts losing its plasticity. The final setting time is the time elapsed between the water is added to the cement and paste has completely lost its plasticity and has attained sufficient firmness to resist certain definite pressure.
3.10.2 TEST OF AGGREGATE AS PER IS 2386-5 (1963)3.10.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATEThe specific gravity of an aggregate is generally required for calculations in connection with cement concrete design work for determination of moisture content and for the calculations of volume yield of concrete. The specific gravity also gives information on the quality and properties of aggregate.
1. Find the weight of the empty container W1.
2. Take coarse aggregate in the container up to approximately half of the container and find out the weight W2.
3. Fill the container with water upto the level of the coarse aggregates so that all void space inside the aggregate is filled with water. Find its weight W3.
4. Fill the container with water after emptying it from mix of coarse aggregate and water.
6. Repeat the same process for another trail by taking the aggregate upto the full of the container and by filling the water up to same point.
3.10.2.2 FINENESS MODULUSTESTSieve analysis is used in determining the particle size distribution of the coarse and fine aggregates. This is done by sieving the aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963. In this we use various sieves as standardized by the IS code and then pass the aggregates through those sieves and collect the different sized particles retained above the sieve and note the sieve size with weight retained .
1. Take 5Kg of coarse aggregate (nominal size 20mm) from the sample by quartering.
No's 480, 240, 120, 60, 30, and 15 over a clean dry tray for a period of not less than 2 minutes.
3. The shaking is done with a varied motion backward and forward, left to right, circular, clockwise and anticlockwise and with frequent jarring.
4. So that material is kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing directions.
1. Take 1 Kg of sand from sample by quartering in clean dry plate.
2. Arrange the sieves in order of No. 480, 240, 120, 60, 30 and 15 keeping sieve 480 at top and 15 at bottom.
3. Fix them in the sieve shaking machine with the pan at the bottom and cover at the top.
4. Keep the sand in the top sieve no 480, carry out the sieving in the set of sieves and arranged before for not less than 10 minutes.
5. Find the weight retained in each sieve.
3.10.2.3. AGGREGATEIMPACTVALUEThis test is done to determine the aggregate impact value of coarse aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963. The apparatus used for determining aggregate impact value of coarse aggregates is Impact testing machine conforming to IS: 2386 (Part IV)- 1963,IS Sieves of sizes – 12.5mm and 10mm, A cylindrical metal measure of 75mm dia. and 50mm depth, A tamping rod of 10mm circular cross section and 230mm length, rounded at one end and Oven.
i) The cup of the impact testing machine should be properly placed in the position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test sample placed in it. Then it is compacted with 25 strokes by tamping rod.
ii) The hammer should be raised to the height of 380mm from the surface of the aggregates in the cup and allowed to fall freely onto the aggregates. The test sample should be subjected to a total of 15 such blows, each being delivered at an interval of not less than one second.
The sample should be removed and sieved through a 2.36mm IS Sieve. The fraction passing through is weighed (Weight 'B'). The fraction retained on the sieve is weighed (Weight 'C') and if the total weight (B+C) is less than the initial weight (A) by more than one gram, the result should be discarded and a fresh test done.
The ratio of the weight of the fines formed to the total sample weight should be expressed as a percentage.
iii) Two such tests should be carried out and the mean of the results should be reported.
3.11 TESTING OF CONCRETE3.11.1 WORKABILITY TEST:The quality of concrete satisfying the above requirements is termed as workable concrete. The word "workability" signifies much wider and deeper meaning than the other terminology "consistency" often used loosely for workability. Consistency is a general term to indicate the degree of fluidity or the degree of mobility. A concrete which has high consistency and which is more mobile, need not to be right workability.
The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and freed from supper flowus moisture and adherence of any old set concrete before commencing the test.
The mould is placed on smooth, horizontal, rigid, and non absorbent surface.
The mould is then field in four layers in approximate 1 fourth of height of mould.
Each layer is tamped 25 times by the tamping rod. After the top layer has been roded, the concrete is stuck of level with trowel.
Then the mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly and carefully in vertical direction.
This allows the concrete to subside.
The subsidence is referred as slump of concrete. The difference in level between the height of mould and the height of point of subsided concrete is measured.
This difference in height in mm is taken as slump of concrete. The test is repeated for all mixers.
3.11.2 TESTING OF HARDENED CONCRETE:Testing of Hardened concrete plays an important role in conforming the quality of cement concrete works. As the hardening of the concrete takes time, one will not come to know, the actual strength of concrete for some time. This is an inherent disadvantage in conventional test. But, if strength of concrete is to be known at an early period, accelerated strength test can be carried out to predict 28 days strength. But mostly when correct materials are used and careful steps are taken at every stage of the work, concretes normally give the required strength.
The test specimen are stored on the site at a place free from vibration, under damp mating, sacks or other similar material for 24 hour + 30 minute from the time addition of water to the other ingredients. The temperature of the place of storage should be within the range of 220 to 320 C. After the period of 24 hour, they should be marked for later identification removed from the moulds and unless required for testing within 24 hour, stored in clean water at a temp of 240 to 300 C until they are transported to the testing laboratory. They should be sent to the testing laboratory will packed in damp sand, damp sacks or other suitable material so as to arrive there in the damp condition not less than 24 hours before the time of test. On arrival the testing laboratory the specimen are stored in water at a temp 270 + 20 C until the time of test. Record of the daily maximum and minimum temp should be kept both during the period of the specimen remain on the site and in the laboratory particularly in cold weather region.
Compression test is the most common test conducted on hardened concrete, partly because it is an easy test to perform and because most of desirable characteristic properties of concrete of qualitatively related to its compression test.
The compression test is carried out on specimens cubically in shape. The cube specimen is of size 15 X 15 X 15 cm.
Mould: Metal mould preferable steel, or cast iron, thick enough to prevent distortion is required. The mould size 15 X 15 X 15 cm is made in such a manner as to facilitate the removal of moulded specimen without damage.
Compaction: the test cube specimen is made as soon as after mixing and in such a way as to produce full compaction of the concrete without segregation. Hand compaction is done by standard tamping bar used and stroke of the bar are distribution in the uniform manner over the cross section of mould. In this cubical specimen 25 strokes per layer of 10cm height is done.
Next step is to remove the cube from mould.
Curing: the test specimens are stored in place free from vibration, in moist air of at least 90% relative humidity and at a temperature of 27 ? ± 7C for @4 hours from the time of addition of water to the dry ingredients. The water in which the specimens are submerged, is renewed every seventh day.
Then the concrete will be placed on the compressing testing machine and load is applied.
3.11.2.2 TENSILE STRENGTH TEST AS PER IS: 5816 – 1999Concrete is relatively strong in compression and weak in tension in reinforced concrete member, little dependence is placed on the tensile strength of concrete since steel reinforcing bars are provided to resist all tensile force. Tensile stresses are likely to develop in concrete due to drying shrinkage, rusting of steel reinforcement, temperature gradients and many other reasons.
The standard size of specimen is 150mm dia and 300mm height of metal preferable steel or cast iron and the metal should be of sufficient thickness to prevent spreading and warping. The mould should be constructed with the longer dimension horizontal and in such a manner as to facilitate the removal of the moulded specimen without damage.
The prepared mixture should be poured into the mould and tampered 25 times by tampering rod of size 40cm long and 2kg weight.
Then the specimen is removed from mould and stored in water at a temperature 24° c to 30° c.
They are tested immediately on removal from the water.
The dimension of each specimen is noted before testing and no preparation of surface is done.
The bearing surface of the specimen is wiped clean.
The specimen is then placed in the machine in such a manner that the load is applied to the upper most surface as cast in the mould.
The axis of the specimen is carefully aligned with the axis of the loading device.
No packing is used between the bearing surface of the specimen and the roller..
The load is applied without shock and increasing continuously at a rate such that the extreme fiber stress increases.
The properties of lathe scrape material were studied properly. It has good reinforcement property when added to concrete. Lathe Scrap material are measured by volume of cement. The cement, aggregate and concrete tests are performed as per Indian Standard Testing procedure. The lathe scrap is added in concrete in various proportion as 0%, 0.5%, 1%,1.5%,2%,2.5% and 3% in size of 20mm . The concrete mixed with lathe scrape were casted and analysed. The different proportions were named for scrape length 20mm as N1, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 respectively.
As shown in Graph1, the Slump Value of lathe scrap steel fiber reinforced concrete for 20mm is 28.6cm, 28.1cm, 27.8cm, 27.4cm, 27.1cm, 26.8cm and 26.3cm for ratio 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3% respectively. The slump value is decreasing as the percentage of concrete increases, thus it indicates that as amount of steel scrap fiber increase the workability decreases.
As it is evident from Table 8, an enhancement in 28 days compressive strength compared to control sample and steel scrap fiber concrete for all size of 20 mm fiber lengths. Also an increase in the fiber content has direct effect on compressive strength. Higher compressive strength of LWC specimens as 32.40 KN/mm2 at 28th day of curing with 3% of steel scrap fiber. The result of the compressive strength of concrete cubes show that the compressive strength increases as percentages of fiber increased.
From the Graph 2, it is noted that the 20mm length fiber in concrete as the reinforcement increases the strength of concrete. The combined Graph of compressive strength of concrete with steel fiber reinforced shows that addition of 3% fiber by weight of cement of 20mm size giver better result out of all other options. The strength of concrete of 20mm size fiber is 18.56 N/mm2, 18.67 N/mm2, 18.89 N/mm2 , 19.2 N/mm2, 19.37 N/mm2, 19.5N/mm2 and 19.8N/mm2 for N1, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 respectively at 7th day of curing. The concrete gives higher strength when 3% steel fiber is added. It shows that, higher the percentage of fiber higher the compressive strength of concrete.
From the Graph 3, it is noted that the 20mm length fiber in concrete as the reinforcement increases the strength of concrete. The combined Graph of compressive strength of concrete with steel fiber reinforced shows that addition of 3% fiber by weight of cement of 20mm size giver better result out of all other options. The strength of concrete of 20mm size fiber is 20.35N/mm2, 20.5 N/mm2, 20.75 N/mm2 , 21.15 N/mm2, 21.32 N/mm2, 21.7N/mm2 and 22.1 N/mm2 for N1, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 respectively at 14th day of curing. The concrete gives higher strength when 3% steel fiber is added. It shows that, higher the percentage of fiber higher the compressive strength of concrete.
From the Graph 4, it is noted that the 20mm length fiber in concrete as the reinforcement increases the strength of concrete. The combined Graph of compressive strength of concrete with steel fiber reinforced shows that addition of 3% fiber by weight of cement of 20mm size giver better result out of all other options. The strength of concrete of 20mm size fiber is 26.31N/mm2, 26.43 N/mm2, 27.17 N/mm2 , 27.36 N/mm2, 27.56 N/mm2, 27.83N/mm2 and 28.4 N/mm2 for N1, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 respectively at 28th day of curing. The concrete gives higher strength when 3% steel fiber is added. It shows that, higher the percentage of fiber higher the compressive strength of concrete.
The reinforcement provided by fibres can work at both a micro and macro level. At a micro level fibres arrest the development of micro-cracks, leading to higher compressive strengths, whereas at a macro level fibres control crack opening, increasing the energy absorption capacity of the composite. Although the primary purpose of fibre reinforcement is to improve energy absorption capacity after macro-cracking of the matrix has occurred, this reinforcement often works also at a micro level. The ability of the fibre to control micro cracking growth depends mainly on the number of fibres, deformability and bond to the matrix. A higher number of fibres in the matrix leads to a higher probability of a micro-crack being intercepted by a fibre.
From Graph 5, it is observed that Compressive Strength increases as volume of Steel fiber increases. As per the previous research it is observed that the using Steel fiber upto 3% in concrete is good. The Compressive Strength of concrete with steel Fiber reinforced in proportions of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% is 26.31MPa, 26.43MPa, 27.17MPa, 27.36MPa, 27.56MPa, 27.83MPa and 28.4MPa at 28th day of curing respectively. The Compressive strength is in increasing order and the maximum strength is gained at 3.0% of steel fiber use concrete that is 28.4 MPa.
Split tensile strengths of steel scrap fiber concretes were found to be higher compared to reference concrete. It can be observed that the fiber concrete specimens containing longer fiber show the best split tensile strength among all concretes.
From the Graph 6, it is noted that the 20mm length fiber in concrete as the reinforcement increases the strength of concrete. The combined Graph of Split Tensile strength of concrete with steel fiber reinforced shows that addition of 3% fiber by weight of cement of 20mm size giver better result out of all other options. The strength of concrete of 20mm size fiber is 0.91N/mm2, 1.03 N/mm2, 1.17 N/mm2 , 1.29 N/mm2, 1.5N/mm2, 1.78N/mm2 and 1.97 N/mm2 for N1, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 respectively at 7th day of curing. The concrete gives higher strength when 3% steel fiber is added. It shows that, higher the percentage of fiber higher the compressive strength of concrete.
From the Graph 7, it is noted that the 20mm length fiber in concrete as the reinforcement increases the strength of concrete. The combined Graph of Split Tensile strength of concrete with steel fiber reinforced shows that addition of 3% fiber by weight of cement of 20mm size giver better result out of all other options. The strength of concrete of 20mm size fiber is 1.17N/mm2, 1.31 N/mm2, 1.54N/mm2 , 1.87N/mm2, 2.08N/mm2, 2.25N/mm2 and 2.4N/mm2 for N1, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 respectively at 14th day of curing. The concrete gives higher strength when 3% steel fiber is added. It shows that, higher the percentage of fiber higher the compressive strength of concrete.
From the Graph 8, it is noted that the 20mm length fiber in concrete as the reinforcement increases the strength of concrete. The combined Graph of Split Tensile strength of concrete with steel fiber reinforced shows that addition of 3% fiber by weight of cement of 20mm size giver better result out of all other options. The strength of concrete of 20mm size fiber is 2.96N/mm2, 3.1 N/mm2, 3.9N/mm2 , 4.3N/mm2, 4.65N/mm2, 4.8N/mm2 and 4.98 N/mm2 for N1, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 respectively at 28th day of curing. The concrete gives higher strength when 3% steel fiber is added. It shows that, higher the percentage of fiber higher the compressive strength of concrete.
From Graph 9, it is observed that Split Tensile Strength increases as volume of Steel fiber increases. As per the previous research it is observed that the using Steel fiber upto 3% in concrete is good. The Split Tensile Strength of concrete with steel Fiber reinforced in proportions of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% is 2.96MPa, 3.1MPa, 3.9MPa, 4.3MPa, 4.65MPa, 4.8MPa and 4.98MPa at 28th day of curing respectively. The Split Tensile strength is in increasing order and the maximum strength is gained at 3.0% of steel fiber use concrete that is 4.98MPa.
CHAPTER 5CONCLUSIONInnovations in engineering design and construction, which is need for economy and high strength with light weight building materials. Fiber-reinforced concrete is very close to fulfil their expectations of researchers. In the past several years, countries are focusing on development of infrastructure, thus there is a sudden boom in construction activities. Increase in number of constructions have taken place, with fiber reinforced concrete in foundation piles, prestressed piles, piers, highways, industrial floors, bridge decks, facing panels, floatation units for walkways etc, because of its high strength and light weight. This has also been used for controlling shrinkage and temperature cracking.
Compressive and tensile strength of Concrete increases with increase in fiber content.
It is observed that compressive and split tensile strength of concrete reinforced with Aspect ratio 66 (20 mm long) Steel Scrap fiber is higher than the normal reinforced concrete.
The Compressive Strength of SFRC (Aspect ratio 66(20mm long and 0.3mm diameter) for proportions of 0%, 0.5%, 0.10%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3% are 22.31MPa, 22.43 MPa, 23.17 MPa, 23.36MPa, 23.56MPa, 23.83MPa and 24.4MPa respectively at 28th day of curing.
The Split Tensile strength of SFRC for proportions of 0%, 0.5%, 0.10%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3% are 2.96MPa, 3.1 MPa, 3.9MPa, 4.3MPa, 4.65MPa, 4.8MPa and 4.98MPa respectively at 28th day of curing.
With the use of 3% of steel fibre gives the maximum result in compression as 15.8MPa, 20.10MPa and 24.4MPa at 7th day, 14th day and 28th day of curing respectively.
With the use of 3% of steel fibre gives the maximum result in Split Tensile Strength as 1.97MPa, 2.4MPa and 4.98MPa at 7th day, 14th day and 28th day of curing respectively.
From the result it is observed that the workability of Steel Fibre reinforced concrete decreases as the percentage of steel fibres increases.
The addition of Steel Fibre in concrete increases the Tensile properties of concrete and also improves resistance to cracking.
1. Further investigations can be done to explore compressive ; tensile strength of concrete reinforced with 25% to 45% fibers, with an increment of 5%.
2. Fiber with 12 mm to 25 mm length may also be explored for reinforcement, in concrete.
3. Fibers may also be explored to improve soil properties.
Chapter 6REFERENCESAbdul Rahman et.al. Performance Analysis of Steel Scrap in Structural Concrete: Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 14, Issue 2 Ver. VII (Mar. – Apr. 2017).
Ashok, S. P.; Suman, S.; Chincholkar, N. (2012). Reuse of steel scrap from lathe machine as reinforcing material to enhance properties of concrete.Global J. of Engg.; Appl. Sciences, ISSN, 2(2), 164-167. (2011). Shear strength model for steel fiber reinforced concrete beams without stirrup reinforcement. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 137(10), 1039-1051.
Awanish Kumar Shukla investigated on "Application of CNC waste with recycled Aggregate in Concrete mix" – 2013.
Dhilip kumar and Shankar : An Experimental Study On Mechanical Properties Of Scrap Reinforced Concrete Using Waste Metal, International Journal Of Intelligence Research (IJOIR) Volume 8, July – December 2016.
E. Mello et al, have studied on "Improving concrete properties with fiber addition".
G Vijayakumar et.al.: Impact And Energy Absorption Characteristics Of Lathe Scrap Reinforced Concrete, international journal of structural and civil engineering research, vol 1 no1 November 2012.
Haldkar and Ashwini Salunke: Analysis of Effect of Addition of Lathe Scrap on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064.
Irwan lie Keng Wong had research on "Study of Utilization of waste lathe scrap on increasing compressive strength and Tensile strength".
IS: 10262-2009, Guidelines for concrete mix design proportioning, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
IS: 383-1970, Specification for coarse and fine aggregate from natural source of concrete, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
IS: 516-1959, Method of Testing Strength of Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
IS: 9103-1999, concrete admixture – specification, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
Pooja Shrivastava and Dr.Y.p. Joshi: Reuse of Lathe Waste Steel Scrap in Concrete Pavements, International. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 4), December 2014.
Prof. Kumaran M et.al. : Effect of Lathe Waste in Concrete as Reinforcement, International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (E-ISSN: 2321-9637) Special Issue International Conference on Technological Advancements in Structures and Construction "TASC- 15", 10-11 June 2015.
R. Rajkumar et al, "Study on the properties of High Strength concrete using Glass powder and Lathe scrap"- March 2014.
Seetharam. P. G et.al: Studies on Properties of Concrete Replacing Lathe Scrap, International Journal of Engineering Research ; Technology (IJERT) Vol. 6 Issue 03, March-2017.
Sheetal Chinnu James: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE USING LATHE SCRAP FIBER, international journal of advanced technology in engineering and science Vol. No.3, special issue No. 01 September 2015.
Vijayakumar, G.;Senthilnathan, P.; Pandurangan, K.; Ramakrishna, G.(2012). Impact and energy absorption characteristics of lathe scrap reinforced concrete. International Journal of Structural and Civil Engineering Research, IJSCER, 1(1), 60-66.
Zeeshan Nissar Qureshi1, Yawar Mushtaq Raina: Strength Characteristics Analysis of Concrete Reinforced With Lathe Machine Scrap" International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August, 2016″.
MS. Shetty – "Concrete technology – Theory and practice" S. Chand and company, 2008.


The city of Costa Mesa, together with the Costa Mesa Chamber of Commerce and Orange Coast Computers and Recycling, will be collecting e-waste for recycling. The event is from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. at a drive-through service at City Hall, 77 Fair Drive.
The Rev. Dr. Art Cribbs, executive director of the California Clergy and Laity United for Economic Justice group and an ordained minister at the United Church of Christ, will appear at a Martin Luther King Day Jr. service at 10 a.m. at Fairview Community Church, 2525 Fairview Road, Costa Mesa.
The Orange County Great Park will offer a free baseball clinic for boys and girls ages 7 to 12. The event is from 10 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. at the North Lawn. For more information, go to http://www.ocgp.org.
The Orange County band Pinch Me will perform in the courtyard at Muldoon's Irish Pub, 202 Newport Center Drive, Newport Beach. Seating for concert, from 2 to 4 p.m., is on a first-come, first-served basis.
The city of Irvine and Second Harvest Food Bank are holding a food drive to help the needy during the holidays. The city and Second Harvest are seeking the following types of food donations, including: canned fruit and juices, canned soups, rice, cereal, canned veggies, canned fish, chicken or meat. For a list of sites where the food donations can be dropped of, go to http://www.cityofirvine.org. For more information, call at (949) 653-2900.
Fleming's at Fashion Island offers a special three-course prime rib dinner menu for $29.95 per person. For more information, call (949) 720-9633 or visit http://www.flemingssteakhouse.com.
The 7th annual Mesa Verde Classic Golf Tournament to benefit youth sports in Costa Mesa is from 10:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. at the Mesa Verde Country Club, 3000 Club House Road. For more information, go to http://www.mesaverdeclassic.dojiggy.com.
Newport Beach Mayor Nancy Gardner will appear at a Corona del Mar Chamber of Commerce luncheon at Five Crowns, 3801 E. Coast Hwy., Corona del Mar. The event starts at 11:30 a.m. with check-in and networking, followed by a three-course lunch at noon. Chamber members pay $25 and guests pay $30. For more information, call (949) 673-4050 or email admin@cdmchamber.com.
Lori Wilson, a clinical exercise psychologist, will lead a free Health & Wellness workshop, which will include a free lunch. The event is at 11:30 a.m. at Newport Harbor Lutheran Church. For more information, call (562) 818-3625 or email nurse@nhlcs.org.
The Zen Center of Orange County, 120 E. 18th St., Costa Mesa, offers a five-session "Zen JumpStart" for people who want to learn about the meditation practice. The class will meet from 7 to 9 p.m. on Tuesdays through Feb. 14. You should pre-register for the course, which is a tax-deductible $200. To register, go to http://www.zcoc.org.
The Newport Beach Public Library, 1000 Avocado Ave., kicks off its third season of the What's Cooking at the Library series with a presentation by Ryan Wilson, executive chef at Five Crowns. The event is at 7 p.m., and costs $20 per person. For more information, visit http://www.neportbeachlibrary.org.
Dutch drummer Han Bennink, along with violinist/violist Mary Oliver, bassist Mark Dresser and trombonist Michael Dessen, will perform a free concert at 7 p.m. in Room 218 of the Music and Media Building at UC Irvine's Claire Trevor School of Arts. The program is being presented by the school and its music department, whose faculty includes Dessen.
Crime fiction novelist T. Jefferson Parker will appear in conversation with Barbara DeMarco-Barrett as part of The Pen on Fire Writers Salon. The event is from 7 to 8 p.m. at Scape Gallery, 2859 E. Coast Hwy., Corona del Mar. For tickets, go to http://www.barbarademarcobarrett.com.
The Irvine Barclay Theatre, in association with Arts Orange County, presents "National Theatre Live: Collaborators," a play about Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov and his being commissioned to write a play to celebrate Joseph Stalin's 60th birthday. General admission tickets cost $20 and the show is at 7:16 p.m. For more information, go to http://www.thebarclay.org.


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Trading Life for Money – a Somalia Report Exclusive
A Reformed Pirate Tells his Story
By Abdihakim Warsame, Somalia Report
Youth are a largely curious and impressionable lot who are prone towards the more dramatic and popular occupations and lifestyles. Many young men in Somalia would be very happy to be called a pirate, a Mujaheed or a militiaman. These titles portray power, influence and most importantly spread fear. He may find it difficult to tell you what exactly he seeks to achieve through his heartfelt struggles and initiatives. These social groups constantly draw their strength from an endless supply of youthful recruits. Within Somalia's poverty and battle ridden boundaries, a generation of youth who only understand the language of violence have emerged to claim these seemingly coveted and powerful roles in society.
Somalia Report interviewed Ibrahim Farah Osman, 26, who was once a pirate and is now reformed. He lives in Kakuma refugee camp, in Northern Kenya.
Thank you Ibrahim for your time. Could you briefly tell us about your experience as a pirate?
Life was completely different. I was a pirate for a short time between 2009 and 2010. I neglected myself and my family at large. I behaved irresponsibly and I admit it was not good. As a pirate, I was constantly exposed to dangers which I narrowly escaped. I once survived imminent death when we were attacked and a colleague of mine was shot dead. It happened so fast and when we least expected an attack. In summary, it was a dog's life and I dislike who and what I was then.
When did you join pirates and how?
I joined a pirate gang in November 2009 while in Mogadishu. I later quit in February in 2010. Many factors contributed to my joining piracy. I was an unemployed youth living in the city then. You can imagine the kind of hardships when bankruptcy strikes you severely. I had no option so I joined them. Another friend of mine who was among the pirates, but is currently in jail, encouraged me to join them due to the high income despite the dangers involved.
Where did you operate during your stint as a pirate?
During my time we worked in almost every part of Somalia's waters though some parts remained uncharted. We moved some times to the Gulf of Aden, we never cared about the likely dangers we would encounter. Piracy is a dirty game. Try and imagine a scenario where someone sells his own life for money.
How much were you and your seniors paid?
In my case, I was a minor member of the gang. I was part of the guards who patrol the waters and keep an eye out for incoming danger in the form of international navies or possible rescue operations for hijacked ships and hostages. During my brief stint, I was paid a total of $5000 once. For this amount, I was exposed to countless dangers and lived in a constant state of fear and stress.
It is a well paying job if all you seek is money, although it's an illegal business. If you survive you may become the richest person in Africa. The shares that are paid out according to an individual's position are unbelievably high. Within weeks, you may make hundreds or even thousands of US dollars. It is impossible to understand how it quickly runs out on you.
You are paid according to your duration in service and the amount available for sharing. Pirates have senior managers who are rarely in the picture but handle the negotiations for ransom. They are to be paid too and get the lion's share.
There is a committee in charge of our operation's expenditure and they are the ones who paid our salaries.
Sometimes there is a harvest of large amounts of money where does that money go?
I was not a senior member of the gang and cannot tell how each shilling was spent. Most of it, I know is spent on maintenance and operations like fixing speed boats and purchasing equipment to improve our operations. Most of the remaining amounts lined the pockets of the senior managers of the operations and leaders of gangs.
Are there any of your friends who have fallen into the hands of anti piracy groups?
There are many who have been caught and today they are being held in different parts of the world. Some in Kenya, others I am not sure, but many of my friends are victims of piracy today.
Lastly how would you advice your friends who are still dabbling in similar activities?
I wish to advice them to stop that business and opt for a legal and accepted business, for their own good.
Article republished with permission, (c) 2012 Somalia Report.com, all rights reserved.
About Somalia Report:
Somalia Report is a privately funded, non-partisan website that hires Western editors to work with Somali journalists inside the country to cover all aspects of the region: piracy, conflict, terrorism, government, local news, culture and key issues. The hour-by-hour coverage is targeted to professionals who need expertise, situational awareness and in-depth background to breaking news.
NOTE: Somali Report's piracy-related news will soon be subscription-based in the very near future, please contact SR's Editor, Jay Bahadur at: [email protected] or [email protected] for more information.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Чемпионат мира по стрельбе из лука 1936 года — 6-й чемпионат мира по стрельбе из лука. Соревнование было проведено в Праге (Чехословакия) в августе и был организован Всемирной Федерации стрельбы из лука (FITA).

Медалисты

Классический лук

Медальный зачёт

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт чемпионата мира по стрельбе из лука
 Полные результаты

Спорт в Чехословакии в 1936 году
Чемпионаты мира по стрельбе из лука
Чемпионаты мира в Чехословакии
Международные спортивные соревнования в Праге
Август 1936 года
Международные соревнования по стрельбе из лука в Чехословакии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Embrace your inner artist and create with flare! The Little Painters Combo will inspire the joy and play that comes with the shared love of crafting and creating. Use these creative stamps & dies to celebrate any event the palette of life has to offer!


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Tag: media
Donald W. Reynolds Journalism Institute — It's easier than ever to create a data-driven newsletter
on October 31, 2018 November 17, 2018 By Tamara
by Eric Potter Donald W. Reynolds Journalism Institute October 31, 2018 When Tamara Power-Drutis worked at Crosscut Public Media, a nonprofit news site in Seattle, she was involved with the site's email newsletter. She was absolutely sure they were doing it wrong. She just didn't know in what way. "It went out twice a day, but we didn't [...]
YES! Magazine — 13 Climate Justice Leaders Imagined as Comic Superheroes
on April 22, 2018 June 7, 2018 By Tamara
by YES! Editors YES! Magazine Apr 21, 2018 The Earth could use some climate-change-fighting superheroes right about now. And according to a new comic series by the nonprofit Amplifier, there are a few real-life ones in our midst. Thirteen of them, actually. On Earth Day, April 22, Amplifier released the comic art series #MyClimateHero, portraying leaders of [...]
Citizen University TV — Conversation with Tamara Power-Drutis, Amplifier
on October 26, 2017 June 7, 2018 By Tamara
with host Eric Liu Citizen University TV Oct 25, 2017 Want a powerful sign for a protest? Seattle's Amplifier.org lets you download free political images and slogans. Host Eric Liu talks with Amplifier's Chief of Staff Tamara Power-Drutis about how the nonprofit harnesses art for social change with the goal of turning artists into activists [...]
YES! Magazine — It's Time to Restore and Strengthen the Voting Rights Act
on August 10, 2017 September 14, 2018 By Tamara
On the 52nd anniversary of the Voting Rights Act, 31 states with histories of racial discrimination no longer have federal oversight of their voting process. If judging only by the 99 new laws proposed in 2017 to restrict registration and voting access, one might assume that voter fraud is a widespread issue. Yet according to a study in May by the Brennan Center for Justice, of the 23.5 million votes cast in the 2016 general election, only an estimated 30 incidents across 42 jurisdictions were referred to by election officials as suspected noncitizen voting. In a one-year period, America has had more proposed laws prohibiting voting than cases of actual voter fraud incidents. So what makes a statistically nonexistent issue warrant the current level of scrutiny or legislative action?
International Journalists' Network — Free tool helps newsrooms curate, manage effective newsletters
on June 30, 2017 June 7, 2018 By Tamara
Some newspaper subscribers head to their mailboxes every morning to grab the paper. Others open their inboxes and scroll through email newsletters to find stories to read. In the age of the internet, email newsletters are yet another direct way for newsrooms to connect with their audiences. They create a more intimate relationship with subscribers, drive traffic to the main website and boost revenue. Although beneficial, it can be a challenge for newsrooms to set aside time and resources to craft an effective newsletter. That's where the free tool Opt In can help.
Amplifier — Protecting Each Other in Portland
on June 26, 2017 September 14, 2018 By Tamara
Last week's horrifying murder of Nabra Hassanen placed a spotlight on the increase in Anti-Muslim hate crimes in the United States since the 2016 presidential election. While hard data on these crimes is difficult to piece together given the individual and institutional barriers to reporting, the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) 2017 Civil Rights Report cites 2,213 bias incidents in the last year, including 260 anti-Muslim hate crimes. This marks a 44% rise from 2015, and a staggering 584% increase from 2014, when the group counted just 38 hate crimes.
Editor & Publisher — Look Ahead: Crosscut News is Developing a Free Email Newsletter Tool for News Organizations
Crosscut is researching the most effective way to convert unique news readers into engaged email subscribers in partnership with the Reynolds Journalism Institute. Tamara Power-Drutis, former executive director at Crosscut and RJI fellow, served as the project leader. Later this year, Crosscut will release what Power-Drutis describes as a free "newsletter playbook tool" to serve as a guide for news organizations.
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With a strong reputation for live music, comedy, visual arts, family entertainment and much more Arlington Arts has become known as one one of West Berkshire's most dynamic centres. It is also known for providing high quality services for corporate clients hiring their fully serviced suite of conference facilities.
The Nick Heyward performance tomorrow evening, Wednesday 10 April, is SOLD OUT so here is some key information to help the night run as smoothly as possible.
Doors to the venue will open at 7pm with doors to the auditorium opening at 7:45pm and the nights entertainment due to start at 8pm.
We can now announce that the acoustic duo Butterfly will be performingbefore Nick hits the stage.
With the show being a sell out please arrive earlier than usual, especially if you are collecting tickets or you plan to use one of our 2 bars. Yes we are using both bars tomorrow evening so please do use the Top Bar in the Upper Foyer to your left as you enter Arlington Arts.
All roads to Arlington Arts are open as usual at the time of writing.
Back for their third year in a row are The Thinking Drinkers with a BRAND NEW SHOW Heroes of Hooch.
Enjoy five free drinks as the award-winning experts reveal how alcohol has inspired pioneering explorers, politicians and painters in equal measure, from Plato and Picasso, to Nelson, Napoleon and Norm from Cheers. You'll learn a lot, laugh a lot and, don't forget, you get five free drinks.
The performance is on Saturday 28 March 2020. Tickets are £16.
So do not miss out on one of the finest UK tribute acts on Friday 19 July at 8pm. Tickets are £16.
We're excited to bring you Newbury HealthFest 2019 curated by Natures Corner at the end of April.
You'll already know that the main speaker will be Mr Medicinal Chef himself Dale Pinnock, but we can now reveal to you the full schedule. See the two schedules (speakers and workshops) below to plan your HealthFest 2019!
Tickets are £15 which includes a FREE LUNCH!
Get yourselves over to Natures Corners website to see the full schedule!
We are pleased to announce the return of The Kris Barras Band to Arlington Arts on Friday 11 October 2019.
TICKETS GO ON SALE FRIDAY 29 MARCH AT 10AM. You will be able to purchase tickets from this link.
We're bringing back our 'Put a Spring in Your Step' campaign giving you a 10% discount on tickets for selected shows this April!
So get yourselves over to our Special Offers page and then to our What's On calendar and get yourself some cheaper tickets!
If you are on the fence then be sure to check out our April preview!
The performance will take place at Arlington Arts on Saturday 12 October. Tickets will be £20 and are on sale from Friday 22 March at 10am at the link below.
This week we have some of the greatest music of the past with The Animals & Friends and Pulse: A Pink Floyd Tribute.
If you are coming to Arlington Arts this weekend we have some very important information for you below.
The Wantage Road up to Snelsmore Common (labelled below) is closed and you are unable to access the venue from that direction. Please use the Oxford Road up past Donnington Golf Course and The Fox and Hounds Pub.
Please be aware that Pulse is sold out and we have a waiting list so please do not expect to be able to purchase tickets on the door. If you are collecting tickets at the box office, please arrive in plenty of time to ensure you are in your seat before the performance starts.
You may want to use our second bar in the upper foyer as well because our main bar tends to get quite congested at busy shows.
At the Upper Foyer Bar we will be continuing last weeks popular offer of £3 a pint for the Revisionist Craft Lager .
If that doesn't take your fancy we also offer Shipyard Pale Ale at the Upper Foyer Bar. This is not included in the £3 a pint offer.
We are pleased to announce that Matt Woosey will support The Oli Brown Blues Band.
Matt Woosey has made a career of defying expectations. His albums break down the confines of genre. His performances span from eyeball-to-eyeball solo sets in fans' front rooms, to thundering full-band explosions that shake the most prestigious venues in Europe. He's an artist who slips the creative handcuffs of the industry, a trailblazer with no reverse gear, a guitar visionary whose palette bleeds into folk, rock, ambient and electronica.
He will support The Oli Brown Blues Band on Wednesday 20 March at 8pm. Tickets are only £15.


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Margaret Ann Coder
Margaret was born in Lima, Ohio in 1928 and died in Fort Collins, CO in November 2016. In Lima, she attended grade school and High school. In college, she majored in History and Psychology. She then served in the US Navy, Pentagon, Washington D.C. and was honorably discharged on 1956.
She worked for Liberty Mutual as a commercial underwriter for 17 years in San Francisco, then Fireman's fund in San Rafael. California. Subsequently she entered the Pet Portrait business and won several Merit ratings nationally. She was honored with a Life Membership by the Professional Photographers of America.
Margaret moved to San Francisco then to Larkspur CA where she bought a house and then her first Australian Terrier in 1971. She became a member of the Australian Terrier Club of Northern California and the Australian Terrier Club of America. Margaret began showing in Obedience and then in Conformation. Her first Australian Terriers were Regency's Cy's Bound for Glory (Pete), and Glori's Speedy Miss.
Margaret loved and showed several Australian Terriers most recently her beloved Tommy. After moving to Fort Collins, Colorado, she became a member of the Australian Terrier Club of Colorado.
She is missed by her many Aussie friends and best friend of 43 years, Riana Renfrew.
Hal Wilcox
Hal was born in 1924 and died this July at the age of 91. He served in the Coast Guard and U.S. Marine Corps during World War II. After returning from the war, he and Alice were married. Alice proceeded Hal in death in 2005. Surviving Hal and Alice are their three sons: Gary, Keith and Gene.
They purchased their foundation bitch, CH Landlyn Nancy, bred by Roland Taub and Carolyn Erickson in 1981. Nancy was bred to CH Crestwood's Cavalier Robert in 1984 producing CH Halice's Mighty Joshua who was the number one dog in the country at 4 yrs. old.
A second breeding produced CH Halice Ryba's Carefree Kate who later won a National Specialty. Years later they bred CH Ryba's Travl'n Matilda to Ch Benayr Reckless and Ch Ryba's Diamond Jim was born. That was their last litter.
Hal served on the ATCA Board and attended numerous Specialties. For those of us who loved him, his passing represents a tremendous loss. Rest in eternal peace Hal.
Randy Knight
A member of the ATCA for 37 years Randy and his wife Phyllis bred under the Brandywine prefix. A Viet Nam Veteran Randy taught school for 39 years prior to his retirement. A talented poet and song writer he was known for coming up with songs on the spur of the moment.
Randy was always willing to share his knowledge or to offer assistance. He and his wife Phyllis mentored many new people in the breed. Some of their most notable dogs were Ch Maiala Brandywine's Kingpin, Ch Brandywine's Big Bam Boom and Ch Brandwine's Jet Setter. Brandywine dogs can be found behind many of the current dogs today. Randy will be remembered fondly by friends and family for his quick wit and sense of humor and by all those who have Brandywine Aussies.
Jennie Worthing
She was my friend and mentor.
A lot of people knew Jennie Worthing from dog shows, but I met and knew her in a more personal way, sort of like a mom. By the way, when CB radios were popular, her handle was "Rent-A-Mom." She enjoyed her children's friends and would call them her "rent-a-kids."
I met Jennie in 1997 while trying to find an Australian Terrier breeder, as I had lost my two Aussies, which were pets. My first dogs didn't come from a breeder, but from my vet (which is another story), so I started searching for Aussies. I phoned a local Cairn breeder, not knowing she was good friends with Jennie's daughter and a rent-a-kid. She told me she knew a breeder and her name was Jennie Worthing. She had no pups when I contacted her, but she invited me to come to a dog show in our area. I went to the show and our friendship started. I was in awe over what I learned that day at the dog show and wasso excited to have met her and many other people. She was the president and founding member of the Australian Terrier Club of Greater Chicago Area. I hadn't even known there were such clubs for the Aussie!
After meeting Jennie and some other members of the ATCGCA, the search was on to find a pup. When I did find one from someone who was not with the Chicago group, Jennie came to my home to meet my pup. She then encouraged me to join the ATCGCA and to also think about showing him. I took him to a puppy match sponsored by the Chicago club, which he won! With that, I was hooked on showing him.
m She wanted to celebrate his win, so on our way back to our hotel, we stopped and got a six-pack and a bottle of bourbon and a pizza. We celebrated!
I remember driving to the national in Greeley, CO with her and 4 dogs in 1999. We stopped on the way to see a few sights, and enjoyed ice cream and great conversation at a Dairy Queen along I-80 in Nebraska. On our way home, we stopped at the same DQ; we laughed about that for many years. This year, when I drove out to Longmont, she told me to stop at that DQ and have some ice cream in remembrance of our time there together. I looked for it, but sadly had to call her and tell her it was not there anymore.
Jennie always looked forward to the ATCGCA specialty held in Grayslake, IL every year in June. She enjoyed seeing the people and their dogs come from other states. Visiting with everyone who attended meant the world to her.
Jennie would do anything for an Aussie and was always willing to assist with rescues, driving to O'Hare to pick them up, helping me groom them and find them homes. I enjoyed all the shows, dinners, and travels I had with Jennie. There are so many good memories.
I love you, Jennie—thank you. Carole Larsen
Esther Krom
Sad news for those of us who knew her...our long-time friend and breeder of Shastakin Australian Terriers passed away on Tuesday, Aug 5, at her home in Clifton NJ with her dogs by her side. I am so grateful for the opportunity to speak with her recently when she called to say she would not be able to make the trip to the ATCA Specialty 2014 in Longmont. These recent conversations with Esther were just like always...giving no indication that she was growing as vulnerable as she may have been, and that some may have reported. True to herself, Esther continued to participate with her dogs and to envision breeding plans for the future. Her friends never failed to assist her at shows, helping put her dog on the table, and even helping her show her dog.
Esther was a doer. She became a member of the ATCA in 1981. In those early years she was the first Aussie breeder in America to travel to a World Show in Europe (even Nell herself traveled only as far as Bermuda for World competition, if my memory serves me right). Esther returned with her dog, Shastakin Chucko-Jo (known as "Junior") a World Champion! Her Shastakin Australian Terriers were among the most typey dogs I have ever seen. Grooming may not have been her forte, but breeding sound bodies, beautiful strong heads and dogs brimming with type revealed her fine eye for a dog. It was such fun evaluating puppies with her.
It appears Esther expected she had conquered the Big-C when it struck her several years ago; she certainly made a valiant effort to do so and to continue her life with her dogs uppermost in her actions and plans. Truthfully, none of us expected to lose her so soon despite degrees of incapacity she so bravely endured.
Esther will be missed by the many long-time friends and collaborators, breeders, exhibitors in the New Jersey-New York-Pennsylvania triangle, among them Alexa Samarotto, Ida Ellen Weinstock, Carol Jablonski and members of the Garden State Terrier Club and many others. She will be missed by her friends in other countries, Maureen Bottinga and other breeder/fanciers in Canada, and Lynn Bell in the UK, not to mention myself, Kerrie Bryan among other members of the Australian Terrier Club of America. Esther had earned the respect of many through the years since acquiring her first Aussie, "Shasta", with whom she hunted to develop Shasta's terrier instincts. She appreciated the working terrier as much as the well-bred terrier, and her dogs' measured up to this ideal of Esther's over the years.
Rest in peace, dear Esther.
Carol Sazama
Joan L. Parr Holbert , age 77, on July 31, 2012 .
Joan was a true lover of the Canine family. She was a trainer in Obedience and Confirmation and showed Australian terriers while winning a wall full of trophies and ribbons. Later in life she fell in love with Therapy Dog Training and became an instructor and examiner for graduation of therapy dogs as to be able to enter hospitals to bring joy to patients. She was an active member & officer of the Clermont County Dog Training Club for many years Joan was a great friend of Australian Terrier Rescue.
Leslie Fisher
passed away peacefully on Sunday, October 23, 2011, after a courageous battle with cancer.
Beloved wife of Bryan, loving and devoted mother of Alexander and Kristof. Survived by her brother, Drew (Lisa) Farkas, daughter of Lester and the late Eleanor Farkas, along with relatives and friends.
Leslie attended the Peabody Institute of the John Hopkins University (violin), the University of Michigan (BA History), and Marquette University Law School (J.D., 1988). She was the 1987 champion of the Marquette University Law School moot court competition, and after graduation became an Assistant District Attorney in Rock County.
She loved her dogs Fox, Sophie and Teddi. She was an active member in the Australian Terrier Club.
Sharon Adams
Sharon L. Adams, 61, passed away Saturday, Aug. 7, 2010. Sharon was born Mar. 8, 1949A graduate of Harding HS, OKC, she was a longtime state employee. Sharon was a member and instructor for the OKC Obedience Training Club and the Australian Terrier Club in which she was very active. She fostered and trained many Rescue aussies.
Dr Katharine Barnes, along with her husband Dr Eugene Barnes, acquired their first Australian Terrier and established Sprite Lea Kennels in the 60's. Katharine said from the day they saw their first Aussie they were hooked! Katharine and Gene enjoyed many years of breeding and exhibiting dogs that they had imported and bred. Through the years they had numerous top winning dogs that had an impact on the breed.
Many of the top winning dogs, past and present, have Sprite Lea Kennels represented in their pedigrees.
In October of 1970, Katharine imported Australian Ch Taralee for Fame just after winning his Australian championship. He finished in the U.S. in four shows without defeat and then swept to his championship in Canada also without defeat. Winning his championships in 3 countries in less than 6 months! Katharine referred to "Fame" as their founding "father" due to his superb breeding record.
The Barnes previous import, Ch Taralee Sekelutu, was also among the top stud dogs but was best known for his Best in Show wins, including the first Best in Show in the United States.
Sprite Lea Kennels went on to produce a Best in Show winner, Ch Sprite Lea Nevil v. Knockland and sire another Best in Show winner, Ch Jeralen's Christopher Tobin. Through the years they produced hundreds of home bred champions and many top winning dogs. This evidenced through the many Sprite Lea dogs represented on the ROM lists.
In later years, Katharine's interests turned to obedience and in her 80's have managed to finish a UD on an Australian Terrier. Dr Katharine Barnes remained a friend to the breed through her entire life. She will be missed by all who knew her.


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American automakers may be about to get burned by high fuel costs
May 25th 2006 at 4:38PM
I was talking to my neighbor yesterday and he told me he's getting ready to trade in his 9-mpg truck for a more economical car. He spends about $120 a week on gas as he commutes to work and he's had it. Turns out, he's not alone.
The Detroit Free Press had a story yesterday about a shift in consumer wants when it comes to fuel economy in their vehicles is leading to more people turning down trucks and SUVs in favor of fuel-efficient cars. The Free Press, always concerned with how the hometown companies will react to automotive trends, says this shift could hurt the Big Three and many autoworkers.
Consumer reports recently listed 23 vehicles it claims have good fuel economy. Detroit was responsible for just two of them, the Pontiac Vibe and the Ford Focus Wagon. The Freep even found a Detroit resident (pictured) whose grandfather worked for Henry Ford but was on the lot buying a Honda Civic because it had a good mileage rating and other top scores from Consumer Reports.
[Source: Detroit Free Press via Clean MPG]


You can tell the difference between a clean home and a dirty one just by the quality of the air you breathe when you step in. You probably don't even want to think of all the dust, allergens, mold and bacteria that can accumulate inside your HVAC and duct systems. And you probably also don't want to think about how the air generated by your heating and cooling equipment picks up those particles while it's blown through the ducts and out your vents.
You can stop worrying – Hillcrest Air Conditioning & Plumbing offers duct cleaning services in Bakersfield.
Inspect your systems ahead of the cleaning to ensure there are no harmful materials inside the HVAC units.
We'll do the dirty work for you so you can breathe cleaner air and enjoy a more comfortable home. Give Hillcrest Air Conditioning & Plumbing a call or use our online scheduler to make a duct cleaning service appointment now.


Diamonds are a girls best friend and denim is the perfect way to dress down but still look great and fashionable! A diamonds & denim theme party is a great way to dress up dressing down but in a fashionable way!
The cool thing about this party theme is that it uses items that almost everyone has. Everyone has a pair of their favorite jeans and everyone either has bling or can pick up some bling of some kind for the party.
This article will cover the main aspects of planning a diamonds and denim party including where you can buy fake diamond jewelry, resources, pictures and ideas for taking a diamond and denim party to the next level!
How Do I Throw A Diamonds and Denim Theme Party?
First you must define the party for your guests, many aren't going to know what a "Diamond and Denim" party is right off the bat. Let them know it's going to be a mix of dressed up glamour with a chic dress down component as well.
This means for girls they should wear denim jeans, skirts, dresses and jackets with as much white gem jewelry as possible. A country flair fan be added with cowgirl hats, bandanas and cowboy boots.
Guys can go a couple of ways, they can do dark jeans, black jacket and a blinged out chain, diamond watches, or a bracelet. Another take is to go with jean jackets, jeans, or a bit of a cowboy theme as well with bandanas mixed in with their bling. You can also have big blinged out belt buckles with dollar signs to show off the diamond aspect.
Tell guests that they are to arrive in their diamonds and denim and to expect a mix of glamour and chic dress down. This will help them prepare and get ready for the event and make sure everyone looks good.
The best decorations are the ones that shine or bling. You can go with some stars mixed into the diamond theme because the white sparkle fits in really well. This is a great pack of 50 various party items with a diamond prismatic finish to establish a cool sparkle vibe.
Passing out rings at the beginning can be another cool way to get the bling factor into the room. Giveaways are fun because people tend to collect them through the night so by the end of the night a few of your guests will be super blinging through all of the rings and party items they have picked up. This assortment of fake diamond rings is the perfect way to get the sparkle into the party without a ton of money.
Buy these fantastic diamond rings for your guests. They come in packages of 12!
Spritzers, sprite, and club soda all work well to give a lot of fizz and keep the party hopping all night. Consider using one of these light up martini glasses to take advantage of the bubbles and create little dancing bubbles of light in your guests glasses.
Other drinks that work well are either champagne or sparkling apple cider. Both of these drinks work really well and are perfect for adding a bit of glamour and sparkle to the evening.
Picking the right kind of lighting can really up the coolness of the party. You can either hire an event lighting company, or you can buy your own lights for the party. After the party you can sell them online and really the only money that you would be out is the money up front for the lighting. Some cool effects are called either a star ball or a moonflower. We'll look at the moonflower first.
These lights use high powered LEDs to project pin beams of light that look like little diamond. It's somewhat of a mirror ball type effect but much easier to setup and requires less work to get it just right. The cool part of these lights is that the LEDs create little or no heat so you can use them all night and don't have to worry about guests burning themselves on the lights. You can buy LED moonflower lights here.
This star ball light is perfect for creating pin points of diamond shaped lights on the walls at your party.
This light is called a star ball light. It uses a high power LED source to project little white beams of light all over the place. These lights are similar to the moonflower but have a wider coverage. This means you can put it on a table or in one spot and it can cover a larger part of the room with just one light. These lights are great effects because it looks like little beams of light and diamonds all over the room. You can buy the star ball effect here.
Decorations can be handled a number of ways. The most important is making sure you have lots of silver, white and sparkly items. Centerpieces you can use things with stars in them in the middle of the tables.
Strobes around the room can simulate a cool diamond sparkle effect. This can also help keep the energy up so it always looks like people are getting their photo taken. It looks great and helps juice up the energy for the party. These mini-string strobe lights are great for this purpose.
A mix of classy loungey music is great for pulling off this party as guests are arriving. This type of music is a great mix of informal and cool chic formal. Here is a great selection of club music through Amazon that would be perfect for this type of party. You can also search for diamond songs that would be a good fit. Diamonds are a girls best friends is a perfect song for a diamonds and denim party.
These glasses are great in multiple colors and come in packages of 20 perfect for drinks for your guests. Buy them here.
Diamond and denim parties are a lot of fun, using things that people already have you can create party that is chic, glamorous and funky. The glamour of the evening, the fun music, photography, and video can make it an awesome experience for you and your guests. You can throw the party around various purposes, you could have an award show, birthday party, or any other type of event that would warrant diamonds and jeans. Remember, have fun, make it big and be glamorous!