text:
THOMPSON v. CONSOLIDATED GAS UTILITIES CORP.
THOMPSON V. CONSOLIDATED GAS UTILITIES CORP.(1937)
Argued: Decided: February 1, 1937
On Appeal from the District Court of the United States for the Western District of Texas.[ Thompson v. Consolidated Gas Utilities Corp. 300 U.S. 55 (1937) ]
[300 U.S. 55 , 57] Messrs. Wm. Madden Hill, of Dallas, Tex., C.C. Small, of Amarillo, Tex., and Wm. McCraw and W. J. Holt, both of Austin, Tex., for appellants.
Mr. S. A. L. Morgan, of Amarillo, Tex., for appellees.
Mr. Justice BRANDEIS delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case challenges the validity of a gas proration order issued by the Railroad Commission of Texas for the Panhandle fields on December 10, 1935, and carried forward in supplemental orders. 1 The orders were en- [300 U.S. 55 , 58] tered under chapter 120 of the Texas Acts 1935, Forty-Fourth Legislature, Regular Session, commonly known as House Bill 266 (Vernon's Ann.Civ.St.Tex. art. 6008). Under the orders the production of sweet gas from the plaintiffs' wells is limited to an amount below their market requirements under existing contracts, below their present production, and below the capacity of their transportation and marketing facilities. It is charged that the purpose of so limiting the production is not to prevent waste, or to prevent invasion of the legal rights of co-owners in the common reservoir, but solely to compel the plaintiffs, and others similarly situated, to purchase gas from those well owners who have not provided themselves with a market and marketing facilities-well owners who under existing law are obliged to stop production, for want of a market, unless some marketing outlet is found.
Two suits to enjoin enforcement of the order were brought in the federal court for Western Texas. One was by Texas Panhandle Gas Utilities Company, for which Consolidated Gas Utilities Corporation has been substituted as plaintiff; the other by Texoma Natural Gas Company. In each suit the members of the Railroad Commission and the Attorney General of the State were made defendants. The properties for which the plaintiffs seek protection are their sweet gas wells and reserves in the Texas Panhandle; their pipe lines extending into other States; their compressors and marketing facilities for use in connection therewith; and contracts which they have made for the supply of the gas to distributors in other States. The plaintiffs claim that the order takes this property without warrant in law. They contend that the order is in excess of the authority which House Bill 266 confers upon the commission; and that, if the statute be construed as conferring the authority exercised, it violates the Federal Constitution and that of the State. The District Judge issued a restraining order. The cases [300 U.S. 55 , 59] were considered together. The court, three judges sitting, granted temporary injunctions, Texas Panhandle Gas Co. v. Thompson (D.C.) 12 F. Supp. 462,2 and made them permanent, Consolidated Gas Utilities Corporation v. Thompson, 14 F.Supp. 318. The cases were consolidated for purposes of appeal. The jurisdiction, federal and equitable, was not questioned. The record is extensive; the findings of fact explicit; the briefs in this Court occupy over 500 pages.
The Texas Panhandle contains the largest natural gas field in the United States, an enormous reservoir of natural gas and oil extending through seven counties for a distance of 125 miles with a width of from 10 to 40 miles. The development of the gas industry which began there in 1926 has proceeded at a rapid rate since 1933. The field produces both sweet and sour gas. 3 Wasteful use of sweet gas is prohibited by the statute; and, within the statutory definition, practically the only nonwasteful use is for heat and light. For such use there is substantially no local market,4 as the region is sparsely settled. Gas cannot be stored. To utilize the sweet gas of the Panhandle field, it must be delivered to the ultimate consumer by pipe lines in a continuous flow from the wells to the burner tips of the consumer. Prior to the entry of the orders challenged, the owners of approximatey 80 per cent. of the total area in the Panhandle fields [300 U.S. 55 , 60] proven productive of sweet gas had constructed six major pipe lines from the West Panhandle field,5 and three from the East Panhandle field, extending to Chicago, Des Moines, Omaha, Sioux City, Kansas City, St. Paul, Indianapolis, Denver, Minneapolis, Fort Worth, Dallas, and other distant points. Six or seven of these major pipe line companies, including the plaintiffs', have produced and transported to the markets only gas produced from their own leases.
Under the restrictions imposed by the present statute, there is substantially no market outlet for the sweet gas of these fields except such as may be provided by pipe lines. The owners of 180 wells in the West Panhandle field, and of 121 wells in the East Panhandle field, together representing about 20 per cent. of the proven reserves of sweet gas in the whole field, neither own nor control any pipe line. And they have no access to any;6 since none of the pipe lines here involved is a common carrier. The plaintiffs and most of the other owners of pipe lines have no economic occasion to purchase gas from wells of the non-pipe line producers, as the potential capacity of their own wells far exceeds their market demand. 7 There appears no legal obstacle, under the law of [300 U.S. 55 , 61] Texas, to the construction of additional pipe lines to serve the owners of wells in the Panhandle fields now without such connections. It is said that there are communities in other States which would afford markets if pipe lines were constructed to reach them. But the financial difficulties are obvious.
Prior to House Bill 266, several efforts, statutory and administrative, had been made to compel, or induce, the owners of existing pipe lines to purchase the seeet gas of those well owners who lack pipe line facilities. Orders entered under statutes enacted prior to 1933 were enjoined as unconstitutional or ultra vires. 8 By chapter [300 U.S. 55 , 62] 100, Acts 1933, Forty-Third Legislature, Regular Session,9 the use of natural gas was permitted for other purposes than light or fuel, including the manufacture of natural gasoline, where no reasonable market for light or fuel was available to the owner. Production under authority of this statute and the permits issued thereunder was found to involve intolerable waste. 10 Such was the situation when on May 1, 1935, the Legislature enacted House Bill 266 (Vernon's Ann.Civ.St.Tex. art. 6008), under which the order here challenged was issued.
The act undertakes by drastic provisions to end the waste of sweet gas. It provides:
'Sec. 3. The production, transportation, or use of natural gas in such manner, in such amount, or under such conditions as to constitute waste is hereby declared to be unlawful and is prohibited. The term 'waste' among [300 U.S. 55 , 63] other things shall specifically include: (then follow specifications (a) to (m) inclusive).
'(h) The production of natural gas in excess of transportation or market facilities, or reasonable market demand for the type of gas produced.' Vernon's Ann.Civ.St.Tex. art. 6008, 3.
The defendants contend that the act likewise requires restriction of production regardless of the existence of waste, for the adjustment of rights of owners in a common reservoir of gas. And, as we read the substance of defendants' argument, they also construe the statute as authorizing gas proration orders, to provide a market for the sweet gas of those wells which, because they lack pipe line connections, have heretofore sold their gas for inferior, wasteful uses. These claims are rested primarily on the following provision:
'Sec. 10. It shall be the duty of the Commission to prorate and regulate the daily gas well production from each common reservoir in the manner and method herein set forth. The Commission shall prorate and regulate such production for the protection of public and private interests: (a) In the prevention of waste as 'waste' is defined herein; (b) In the adjustment of correlative rights and opportunities of each owner of gas in a common reservoir to produce and use or sell such gas as permitted in this Article.' Vernon's Ann.Civ.St.Tex. art. 6008, 10.
This provision is supplemented by others including those set forth in the margin (Vernon's Ann.Civ.St.Tex. art. 6008, 1, 11, 12, 14, 16, 20). 11 [300 U.S. 55 , 64] On December 10, 1935, the Railroad Commission, after hearings held, issued the basic order here challenged, which provides, among other things:
'It is ordered, That effective, 7 o'clock A.M., December 11, 1935, the daily allowable gas production, computed on the basis set forth in House Bill No. 266, is as follows:
East Panhandle Field 181,174,000 cubic feet daily West Sweet Panhandle Field 608,552,000 cubic feet daily West Sour Panhandle Field 451,137,000 cubic feet daily
'It is ordered, That the daily allowable production of gas for individual wells in the East and West Panhandle Fields shall be determined by dividing the reasonable market demand into two parts, and that these parts shall be distributed to each well in proportion to the relative [300 U.S. 55 , 65] producing ability of these individual wells and the number of acres containing each of these wells, but in no case shall more than one hundred sixty (160) acres in the East Panhandle Field and not more than Six Hundred Forty (640) acres in the West Panhandle Field, in both sweet and sour zones, be allocated to any one well for the purpose of proration.
'It is ordered, That the total daily allowable production of gas from gas wells in the East and West Pan [300 U.S. 55 , 66] handle Fields shall be distributed and prorated among the individual wells on the following basis and in the following manner, to-wit: Fifty (50%) per cent. of the reasonable market demand of the field shall be allocated on the ratio of the individual well acreage to the sum of the total well acreage in the field; and fifty (50%) per cent. of the reasonable market demand of the field shall be allocated on the ratio of the individual well potential to the sum of the total well potentials in the field.'
The order reduces plaintiffs' allowable production to a volume far below their requirements. The plaintiffs and other pipe line owners acquired, at large cost, their markets in distant States and their transportation and marketing facilities. 12 By means of their pipe lines all the sweet gas produced by the plaintiffs (and likewise all produced by other pipe line owners) was, and is, marketed under contracts with distant distributors, chiefly in other States. These markets are not free markets. The plaintiffs necessarily bound themselves to supply the requirements of the distributors; and the distributors bound themselves to take their requirements from the plaintiffs. In order to fulfill their contractual obligations, the plaintiffs developed the capacity of their wells and acquired large reserves to provide for their future needs so that they have no occasion to purchase gas from other wells. By limiting the plaintiffs' allowable production, the order disables them from perform- [300 U.S. 55 , 67] ing their contracts unless they purchase gas from non-pipe line wells. Such purchases would at least involve the cost of the gas and the loss resulting from failure to make fuller use of their own property.
The plaintiffs do not contest that the State has power to conserve its natural resources for the public, as well as to protect private rights, 13 or that the Legislature has power to confer upon the Railroad Commission authority to make and enforce regulations to that end; or that to limit production to the aggregate reasonable market demand is, as a conservation measure, clearly proper in the interest of the public and of the private persons owning the right to draw from a common reservoir; or that the commission has authority to issue regulations to that end. The plaintiffs do not deny that the Legislature may confer upon the Railroad Commission also authority to prorate the total allowable production among all the individual wells which draw from the common reservoir, provided the proration is in accordance with their respective market demands and due consideration is given to existing reserves. But they insist that House Bill 266 (Vernon's Ann.Civ.St.Tex. art. 6008) has not conferred that authority. And as to the order, the plaintiffs assert that, while restrictive in form, it is in fact coercive; that its purpose and effect are not to prevent waste of gas in the common reservoir nor to prorate the opportunities of production as distinguished from marketing; that the limitation of the production of the wells is merely a device to compel the individual plaintiffs, and other pipe line owners, to purchase gas for which they have no need; that the real purpose and [300 U.S. 55 , 68] effect of the order are to prorate, not production, but distant markets and the facilities for serving them; and that, thus, the order takes their property without warrant in law.
First. Prior to the enactment of House Bill 266,14 the property rights of the plaintiffs were substantially those conferred by the common law of the State. Under it, the owner of land has title to oil and gas in place and, likewise, to the oil and gas which migrate to formations under his land through drainge from other lands. 15 Under that rule, he may produce all the oil and gas that will flow out of the well on his land, subject to the exercise by other landowners of the same right of capture through drilling offsetting wells, so as to get their full share. 16 This common-law rule, declared in an unbroken line of authorities, has been widely applied. 17 While a producer who negligently uses explosives in his operations will be liable if he causes physical damage to his [300 U.S. 55 , 69] neighbors' gas and oil bearing strata and thus impairs the productivity thereof,18 the common law of the State did not, apparently, afford a remedy against depleting the common supply by wasteful taking or use of oil or gas drawn from the wells on one's own property. But since 1899 the Legislature of the State has prohibited, or curbed, certain practices in the production of gas and oil which it recognized as wasteful. 19
Second. The defendants contend that the order assailed is a regulation duly promulgated for the prevention of waste, and the protection of correlative rights of owners in the common pool, and was so applied. It may be assumed that House Bill 266 should be construed as authorizing regulations to prevent waste, and to create and protect correlative rights of owners in a common reservoir of gas to their justly proportionate shares thereof, free of drainage to neighboring lands. It may be assumed, also, that the statute, so construed, is a valid exercise of the State's undoubted power to legislate to those ends; and that it validly delegates to the Railroad Commission authority to promulgate regulations therefor. It is settled that to all administrative regulations purporting to be made under authority legally delegated there attaches a presumption of the existence of facts justifying the specific exercise. Pacific States Box & Basket Co. v. White, 296 U.S. 176, 185 , 163, 101 A.L.R. 853. But, obviously, the proration orders would not be valid if shown to bear no reasonable relation either to the prevention of waste or the protection of correlative rights, or if shown to be [300 U.S. 55 , 70] otherwise arbitrary. The plaintiffs have assumed the heavy burden of overcoming the presumption and of establishing that the order is an arbitrary taking of their property. They assert, among other things, that they have, at all times, conducted their operations prudently and without waste; that they have, in fact, taken only a small part of the gas in the ground which they own or lease; and that there is no present danger that the pipe line owners will, by continuing to operate as they have done, cause waste or prejudice either to any public interest, or to a property right of any other person. We think the plaintiffs have sustained the burden resting upon them. For their assertions are adequately supported by the following special findings of the lower court:
1. 'The owners of wells connected to pipe lines, including complainants have always produced their wells in a prudent and skilful manner and in accordance with the most approved methods of production, without committing or causing physical waste.'
2. 'Before House Bill 266 went into effect, grossly wasteful practices in the production of natural gas in the Panhandle field were occurring,' but 'most of this waste was due to the extravagant production of natural gas from oil wells and to the production of gas from gas wells and processing such gas for the extraction of a very small quantity of natural gasoline therefrom and popping or wasting to the air the residue gas, which constituted 97% of the fuel value of the gas in its original state. * * * No evidence was offered-indeed, it was not even seriously claimed-that anything complainant had done or contemplated doing has, in the slightest degree, contributed or will contribute to that waste.'
3. Even if the effect of the Texas legislation be to halt production by other well owners, 'the production from their own wells by complainant and other pipe lines of the quantity of gas required from time to time to fulfill [300 U.S. 55 , 71] their marketing contracts and requirements will cause no coning or channeling of water, no trapping off of recoverable oil or gas, no underground waste of oil, gas or reservoir energy or reduction of the total quantity of recoverable gas from the field, even though the other wells in the sweet gas area of the West Panhandle field be produced at a much lower rate or be not produced.'
4. Large and wasteful production of gas in connection with production of oil in the Panhandle field, and, more recently, in connection with the operations of plants 'stripping' the gas of its natural gasoline content, 'has resulted in the migration of tremendous quantities of natural gas from the southwestern side of the field to the northeastern side of the field. Many of these areas of low pressure are situated in the sour gas producing area, with the result that tremendous quantities of sweet gas have moved out from the sweet gas area into the sour gas area,' and have thus become unfit for use as fuel for lighting and heating purposes. Drainage away from the areas of complainants' holdings is found to have been intensified by disproportionate production of gas from gas wells not connected to pipe lines. In the East Panhandle field 'the leases on which the wells connected to pipe lines are located have produced an average-(of) 8,116,000 cubic feet of gas per acre, and those on which the wells connected to stripping plants are located have produced an average of 16, 662,000 cubic feet per acre.' In the West Panhandle field, production at the time of trial of this case had aggregated 4,427,642,131,000 cubic feet. 'Of this total the pipe lines, with an ownership of 56% of the total reserves, have produced only 529,545,454,000 cubic feet, while the owners of the other 44% have produced 3,898,096,776,000 cubic feet. Complainant, with an ownership of approximately 20% of the total reserves, had produced only 98,808,409,000 cubic feet, or 2.25% of the total withdrawals from the West Panhandle field.' [300 U.S. 55 , 72] The average rock pressure of the wells not connected to pipe lines is materially lower than that of complainants' and other pipe line companies' wells. Hence, in the West Panhandle field, 'by reason of these fifferentials in pressure between the wells connected to pipe lines and those not connected, the migration or drainage as a whole is from the wells connected to pipe lines, including those connected to complainant's pipe lines, to the wells not connected to pipe lines.' Likewise, 'all along the northeast slope of the structure in the East Panhandle field there is an extremely low pressure area, where tremendous quantities of gas have been produced in connection with the operation of oil wells and wells connected to stripping plants. The general drainage in the East Panhandle field is from the areas of high pressure toward and to these low pressure areas. The majority of the wells not connected to pipe lines are situated in these low pressure areas, or between these low pressure areas and the high pressure areas to the south and west thereof, in which areas of higher pressure the wells connected to the pipe lines are situated . * * * Very large quantities of gas have migrated from the reserves of the pipe lines, including the reserves of complainants, to the low pressure areas in and around the oil fields on the northeast slope of the reservoir and to the areas on which most of the 391 wells belonging to others than the pipe lines in the West Panhandle field are situated.' Further, past losses do not complete the story. 'Without regard to the rate of withdrawal in the existing areas of low pressure, the migration of gas from the reserves of the pipe lines to those areas of low pressure will continue over a long period of time.'
In the light of these findings the lower court concluded that the order was not intended to prevent waste attributable to plaintiffs; and that it was not intended to adjust correlative rights in the common reservoir for the [300 U.S. 55 , 73] purpose of averting unjust drainage from the reserves of those wells lacking pipe line connections. On the other hand, the court concluded that the proration ordered, with its drastic limitation of output from wells now connected to pipe lines, will obviously not protect those wells against undue drainage to other parts of the field, but will deprive their owners of the protection which fuller production would offer. These findings are adequately supported by the evidence.
On the other hand, the assertion of the defendants that the order will, by requiring a uniform and rateable system of production by all the wells, result in the ultimate recovery of a larger amount of gas than would otherwise be produced, and, likewise, the assertion that the plaintiffs, by their present production, are depriving, or threaten to deprive, non-pipe line owners of their opportunity to share rateably in the gas in the common reservoir, are not sustained. By the assignment of errors in this Court, defendants challenged the correctness of many of the findings. But we are of opinion that, so far as here material, all their contentions, and also the findings of the Railroad Commission in its order of December 10, prophesying 'waste' if the proration ordered is not carried out, are unfounded.
Third. The defendants contend, apparently, that House Bill 266 should be construed as authorizing the Commission to reduce the production of the plaintiffs and of other pipe line owners, even if the sole purpose of doing so is to furnish a market for the sweet gas of those wells now without pipe line connections. On the other hand, the plaintiffs insist that House Bill 266 should be construed as authorizing the proration of production only in connection with, and as part of, waste prevention; and that, since their operations do not involve or threaten waste, the order was without statutory authority. That contention the lower court sustained. It did so, on the [300 U.S. 55 , 74] ground that to authorize the restriction of nonwasteful production by the pipe line well owners solely for the purpose of compelling them to furnish other wells with a market would be a change of the common law of Texas so radical that, if the Legislature had so intended, it would have expressed that intention in language more explicit than any used in the act. Moreover, the court pointed out that, under the established rule of construction, the interpretation urged by defendants should be avoided because the statute so construed would be of doubtful validity. 20
We are always reluctant to pass upon a seriously controverted question of the meaning of a state statute, because our decision, although disposing of the particular case, cannot settle the issue of the proper construction of the statute. 21 No court of the State has construed the act. The defendants might, perhaps, have secured its construction by the state court. For the amendment of section 266 of the Judicial Code made in 1913 provides that upon the institution of an appropriate suit in a state court a stay may be had of the proceedings in the federal court to await adjudication by the state court. 22 But no suit in a state court was instituted by the defendants to that end. When not instructed by some decision of a state court, we are disposed, in exercising appellate jurisdiction, to accept the construction given by the lower federal court to a statute of the State, particularly when that court is composed, as in this in [300 U.S. 55 , 75] stance, wholly of citizens of the State, familiar with the history of the statute, the local conditions to which it applies, and the character of the State's laws. 23 But, being under duty to make an independent study of the question, we have done so.24 That study leaves us in grave doubt whether the lower court has correctly interpreted the intention of the lawmakers. 25 On the other hand, we are clearly of opinion that, if the act were construed as the defendants contend it should be, and as the commission has applied it, it would violate the Federal Constitution. As a general rule, it is no less true with reference to State than to Federal legislation that this Court will not decide an issue of constitutionality if the case may justly and reasonably be decided upon a [300 U.S. 55 , 76] construction of the statute under which the act is clearly constitutional. Compare Bratton v. Chandler, 260 U.S. 110, 114 , 44; South Utah Mines & Smelters v. Beaver County, 262 U.S. 325, 331 , 43 S. Ct. 577, 579; Hopkins v. Southern California Telephone Co., 275 U.S. 393, 403 , 183. But where one party's case depends upon a construction of a state statute under which it plainly must be held to violate the Federal Constitution, and where the proper construction of the statute is a matter of grave doubt, this Court will rest its decision on the Constitution, and will not undertake to decide the question of construction as to which it lacks the power to give a definitive answer. Compare Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Kuykendall, 265 U.S. 196, 204 , 556; Michigan Public Utilities Commission v. Duke, 266 U.S. 570, 578 , 193, 36 A.L.R. 1105; Sterling v. Constantin, 287 U.S. 378, 396 , 53 S. Ct. 190, 194. We, therefore, accept, for the purposes of our decision, the defendants' construction; and pass to the discussion of constitutional questions.
Fourth. Either production greater than the demand or use for an inferior purpose would necessarily involve overground waste of gas. The manner, place, or extent of production might lead to underground waste. We assume that the prohibition of any wasteful conduct, whether primarily in behalf of other owners of gas in the common reservoir, or because of the public interests involved, is consistent with the Constitution of Texas and that of the United States, and that to prevent waste production may be prorated. 26 We assume, also, that the State may constitutionally prorate production in order to [300 U.S. 55 , 77] prevent undue drainage of gas from the reserves of well owners lacking pipe line connections. 27 If proration were lawfully applied for any such purposes, the fact that thereby other private persons would incidentally and gratuitously obtain important benefits would present no constitutional obstacle. And the fact that plaintiffs' gas is to be sold in interstate commerce would not preclude such exercise of the State's power. Compare Champlin Refining Co. v. Corporation Commission, 286 U.S. 210, 235 , 52 S. Ct. 559, 565, 86 A.L.R. 403.
But the sole purpose of the limitation which the order imposes upon the plaintiffs' production is to compel those who may legally produce, because they have market outlets for permitted uses, to purchase gas from potential producers whom the statute prohibits from producing because they lack such a market for their possible product. Plaintiff's operations are neither causing nor threatening any overground or underground waste. Every well owner in the field is free to produce the gas, provided he does not do so wastefully. He is legally and, so far as appears, physically free to provide himself with a market and with transportation and marketing facilities. There is no basis for a claim that his right, or opportunity, will be interfered with by a disproportionate taking by any one of those who may legally produce.
The lower court found specifically:
'The terms and provisions of the orders attacked, the necessary operation and effect of such orders, the history of the field and other pertinent facts as disclosed by this record conclusively establish that the purpose of the Commission underlying the orders was, upon a theory of protecting correlative rights to coerce complainant and other (others) similarly situated to buy gas from, and thus to share their private marketing contracts and commitments and the use of their pipe lines and other facil- [300 U.S. 55 , 78] ities for transmitting their gas to market with, the owners of wells not now connected to pipe lines, who have not contributed in money, services, negotiations, skill, forethought or otherwise to the development of such markets and the construction of such pipe lines and other facilities. In short to compel complainants to afford markets to those having none.
'The necessary operation and effect of such orders is to take from complainant and others similarly situated substantial and valuable interests in their private marketing contracts and commitments and in the use of their pipe lines and other facilities for transmitting their gas to their markets, without compensation, and to confer same upon the owners of the approximately 180 sweet gas wells in the field not connected to pipe lines.'
The use of the pipe line owner's wells and reserves is curtailed solely for the benefit of other private well owners. The pipe line owner, a private person, is, in effect, ordered to pay money to another private well owner for the purchase of oil which there is no wish to buy. 28 Moreover, he is thus prevented from protecting himself, to the extent that he is able to market his gas, against the losses which the court below finds are occurring and will continue to occur due to drainage from the high-pressure areas, wherein plaintiffs' wells are located, to the existing low-pressure areas, in which are located the majority of the wells not connected to pipe lines. There is here no taking for the public benefit; nor is payment of compensation provided. Plaintiffs' pipe lines are private property. So far as appears, they are constructed on private lands. There is no suggestion that [300 U.S. 55 , 79] any of them is a common carrier of gas. The purpose of the owners in constructing the pipe lines was for the transport of gas only from their own leases, and such has been their consistent policy. Unlike the property involved in The Assigned Car Cases, 274 U.S. 564 , the pipe lines are not used in connection with the operation of any public utility in Texas. 29
The purpose of this order is the same as that which the Legislature sought to achieve by the 'Common Purchaser Act,' of August 12, 1931, held unconstitutional in Texoma Natural Gas Co. v. Railroad Commission (D.C.) 59 F. (2d) 750. The effect upon the property of the pipe line owners of the two statutes and the orders issued thereunder is, likewise, the same. There is a difference in the means employed; but the difference is not of legal significance. The 1931 act attempted to compel the purchase by frankly commanding it, under sanctions criminal and civil. The 1935 act operates by indirection. Its command is no less compelling; its penalties not significantly different. The order disables the plaintiffs from performing their contracts except by means of purchases. Resort to those means necessarily results in depriving the plaintiffs of property. Under each statute, if obeyed, the State takes from the pipe line owner the money with which the purchase is made, the money lost through curtailed use of properties developed at large expense, the money lost because of the drainage away from his land of the gas which he is forbidden to produce for himself, but must buy from those towards whose lands it migrates.
Our law reports present no more glaring instance of the taking of one man's property and giving it to another. [300 U.S. 55 , 80] In Missouri Pacific Ry. Co. v. State of Nebraska, 164 U.S. 403 ; Missouri Pacific Ry. Co. v. Nebraska, 217 U.S. 196, 18 Ann.Cas. 989;30 Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Minnesota, 238 U.S. 340 ; Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Cahill, 253 U.S. 71, 10 A.L.R. 1335; Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R.R. Co. v. Morristown, 276 U.S. 182, 48 S. Ct. 276; and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Ry. Co. v. Holmberg, 282 U.S. 162 , expenditures directed to be made for the benefit of a private person were held invalid, although the party ordered to pay was a common carrier. In Citizens' Savings & Loan Association v. Topeka, 20 Wall. 655, and Cole v. La Grange, 113 U.S. 1 , the payments ordered for the benefit of a private person were declared invalid, although the money was to be raised by general taxation. In Myles Salt Co., Ltd. v. Board of Commissioners, 239 U.S. 478 , the exaction was held unlawful, though imposed under the guise of an assessment for alleged betterments. Compare Georgia Railway & Electric Co. v. Decatur, 295 U.S. 165 . And this Court has many times warned that one person's property may not be taken for the benefit of another private person without a justifying public purpose, even though compensation be paid. See Hairston v. Danville and Western Ry. Co., 208 U.S. 598, 605 , 606, 13 Ann.Cas. 1008; Rindge Co. v. County of Los Angeles, 262 U.S. 700, 705 . Compare Cincinnati v. Vester, 281 U.S. 439, 446 , 449.
Fifth. The defendants contend that the situation in the Panhandle field presented a conflict of private interests so serious as to become a matter of public concern; and that the Legislature has power to adopt measures to prevent the harmful discord. They insist, moreover, that the plaintiffs, having invoked the legislative action to stop the wasteful and disproportionate drawing of sweet gas by others-a prohibition of which they are now reaping the benefits-may not deny the legislative power to [300 U.S. 55 , 81] authorize the incidental limitations of its own production; since the Legislature would not have prohibited the waste, or inferior uses of the gas, without providing for its purchase by the pipe line companies. Whether the latter assertion is true in fact, we do not know. But it is clear that there is no basis in law for the argument, since there is no claim that plaintiffs ever consented to inserting any such provision in the act. Indeed, they insist, as a matter of construction, that the Legislature has not done so. And House Bill 266 is so much more drastic a statute than the restrictions upon inferior uses of gas which were apparently the object of plaintiffs' efforts before the Legislature that in their present situation plaintiffs cannot fairly be said to be receiving the benefits and evading the burdens of a measure which they initiated. Moreover, plaintiffs do not assert rights under the statute which they assail. They have not taken, and are not obliged to take, any affirmative steps thereunder to obtain whatever benefits may accrue to them because of the restrictions imposed on production for inferior uses. Compare Daniels v. Tearney, 102 U.S. 415, 421 ; Wall v. Parrot Silver & Copper Co., 244 U.S. 407, 411 ; Booth Fisheries Co. v. Industrial Commission, 271 U.S. 208, 211 . Those benefits result incidentally from the enactment of other provisions of the act, the constitutionality of which is not questioned, and which seem clearly separable from the sections here challenged. Compare Hurley v. Commission of Fisheries, 257 U.S. 223, 42 S. Ct. 83; United Fuel Gas Co. v. Railroad Commission, 278 U.S. 300, 308 .31
[ Footnote 1 ] The complaints' original bills challenged earlier orders issued by the Railroad Commission under the Act here in question, notably the orders of August 28, and September 25, 1935. These orders were the subjects of temporary injunctions granted in Texas Panhandle Gas Co. v. Thompson (D.C.) 12 F.Supp. 462 Upon the issuance of the order of December 10, 1935, complainants amended their bills to make that order and its supplements the object of their attack.
[ Footnote 2 ] Compare note 1, supra.
[ Footnote 3 ] Only sweet gas is fit for lighting and heating. Sour gas is that contaminated by sulphur compounds. It is now used in this field principally in the manufacture of carbon black. When the act was passed, plants supplying 70% of the carbon black manufactured in the United States were operating in this field.
[ Footnote 4 ] The small market for sweet gas within the field is limited to fuel for the drilling of wells and the operation of industries incident to the oil and gas business; to small pipe lines supplying gas to communities near the field; and to purchases by two companies with pipe lines to distant cities. These have made 30 new connections with wells of others and are taking rateably from these wells.
[ Footnote 5 ] For administrative purposes the territory is divided into the East Panhandle and the West Panhandle zones. The West zone alone contains any sour gas area. The sweet gas area of the West Panhandle field embraces 723, 000 acres. In it there are 517 wells, 180 of which do not have an outlet for light and fuel purposes. The sweet gas area of the East Panhandle field embraces 181,000 acres. In it there are 322 wells, of which 121 do not have an outlet for light and fuel purposes. Gas from the Panhandle field is supplied for domestic and industrial light and fuel purposes to approximately 10,000,000 persons in the United States.
[ Footnote 6 ] The only exception to this is in the case of the few independent wells with which two of the pipe line companies have made connections. See note 4, supra.
[ Footnote 7 ] Thus at the time of the hearing below Texoma Natural Gas Company was producing its wells at the rate of about 10 per cent. of their daily potential capacity, and the average throughout the year, it was found, had been and would be substantially less than this figure. The highest percentage of the daily potential ever taken over a period of one month for all of the wells of Consolidated Gas Utilities Corporation has been 6. 53 per cent. The wells of other pipe line owners in these fields have likewise been produced at low percentages of capacity.
[ Footnote 8 ] (a) Chapter 28, Acts 1931, Forty-Second Legislature, First Called Session (Vernon's Ann.Civ.St.Tex. art. 6049a), known as the Common Purchaser Act, was construed and applied by the Railroad Commission as requiring private pipe line companies engaged theretofore only in producing and transporting gas from their own leases to purchase without discrimination, under regulations of the commission, quantities of gas offered them by producers in the field lacking their own pipe lines. The act was held unconstitutional as in violation of the due process and commerce clauses of the Federal Constitution, and enforcement of the orders was enjoined, in Texoma Natural Gas Co. v. Railroad Commission (D.C .) 59 F.(2d) 750.
(b) Purporting to act under the general conservation laws of the State, as amended by chapter 26, Acts 1931, Forty-Second Legislature, First Called Session, the Railroad Commission subsequently issued orders completely closing down some portions of the Panhandle field, and limiting production from pipe line companies' wells in other portions. Enforcement of these orders was enjoined on the ground that the commission's action was ultra vires, in Texoma Natural Gas Co. v. Terrell (D.C.) 2 F.Supp. 168.
(c) By chapter 2, Acts 1932, Forty-Second Legislature, Fourth Called Session, the Railroad Commission was meantime authorized, whenever the full production from wells producing gas from a common reservoir should exceed reasonable market demand, to limit production to such demand and allocate the allowable production. Orders purporting to be issued under the authority of this act were enjoined in Canadian River Gas Co. v. Terrell (D.C.) 4 F.Supp. 222, on the ground that they were ultra vires because the statute authorized regulation only to prevent waste, and the court concluded that the orders did not bear any reasonable relation to that end.
(d) Then followed the enactment of the statute now under consideration.
[ Footnote 9 ] As amended by chapter 88, Acts 1933, Forty-Third Legislature, First Called Session. Compare F. C. Henderson, Inc., v. Railroad Commission (D.C .) 56 F. (2d) 218; Sneed v. Phillips Petroleum Co. (C.C.A.) 76 F.(2d) 785.
[ Footnote 10 ] According to evidence presented by the State, in July, 1935, before the prohibitions of House Bill 266 became effective against uses therein declared wasteful, there were in the West Panhandle field 41 stripping plants producing natural gasoline, consuming daily 1,847,339 M.C. F. sweet gas, from which the gasoline production saved only 3 per cent. of the fuel value of the gas in its original state. Between February 1, 1933, and August 1, 1935, 709 billion cubic feet of gas were said to have been blown into the air after the natural gasoline content had been extracted.
[ Footnote 11 ] 'Section 1. Declaration of policy: In recognition of past, present, and imminent evils occurring in the production and use of natual (natural) gas, as a result of waste in the production and use thereof in the absence of correlative opportunities of owners of gas in a common reservoir to produce and use the same, this law is enacted for the protection of public and private interests against such evils by prohibiting waste and compelling ratable production.'
'Sec. 11. The Commission shall exercise the authority to accomplish the purpose designated under item (a) of Section 10 when the presence or imminence of waste is supported by a finding based
upon the evidence introduced at a hearing to be held as herein provided.
'The Commission shall exercise the authority to accomplish the purpose designated under item (b) of Section 10 when evidence introduced at a hearing to be held as herein provided will support a finding made by the Commission that the aggregate lawful volume of the open flow or daily potential capacity to produce of all gas wells located in a common reservoir, is in excess of the daily reasonable market demand for gas from gas wells that may be produced from such common reservoir, to be utilized as permitted in this Article.
'Sec. 12. On or before the twentieth (20th) day of each calendar month the Commission shall hold a hearing * * * for the purpose of determining the aggregate daily capacity to produce of all gas wells in a common reservoir, and as nearly as possible, the daily volume of gas from each common reservoir that will be produced from gas wells during the following month to be utilized as permitted in this Article. Upon such determination, the Commission, based upon evidence introduced at such hearing, shall allocate to each gas well producing gas from such common reservoir a percentage of the daily productive capacity of each well which may be produced daily during the following month from each gas well producing gas from such common reservoir. Such percentage of the daily producing capacity
of each well shall be regarded as its daily allowable production of such daily volume required for utilization from such common reservoir. * * *
'Sec. 14. It shall be the duty of the Commission, after notice and hearing, to ascertain and determine the reasonable market demand for gas from gas wells to be used for light and fuel purposes and for all other lawful purposes to which sweet gas may be put under the terms of this Article and by proper order to restrict the production of gas from all gas wells in said field producing such gas to an amount equal to market demand or to an amount which may be produced without waste as otherwise defined; provided, however, the production of such gas shall in any event be restricted to the amount of the reasonable market demand therefor. In such order the Commission shall allocate, distribute or apportion the total allowable production from such field among the various gas wells affected by the order on a reasonable basis, and as provided in Section 13. * * *
'Sec. 16. It shall be unlawful for any person to produce gas from a gas well as herein defined in excess of the daily allowable production in such schedule of allowable production. * * *
'Sec. 20. In the event the Commission finds that the owner of any gas well has failed or refused to utilize or sell the allowable production from his well when such owner has been offered a connection or market for such gas at a reasonable price, such well shall be excluded from consideration in allocating the daily allowable production from the reservoir or zone in which same is located until the owner thereof signifies to the Commission his desire to utilize or sell such gas. In all other cases all gas wells shall be taken into account in allocating the allowable production among wells producing the same type of gas.'
[ Footnote 12 ] The Texoma Natural Gas Company (with an affiliate) has, at a cost of about $72,000,000, acquired 200,000 acres of leases in the West Panhandle field known to be capable of producing sweet gas; drilled about 90 wells; erected a compressor plant; constructed a pipe line to its Chicago market; and secured marketing contracts for distribution in other States. Similarly, the Consolidated Gas Utilities Company (with affiliates) has expended a smaller sum in acquiring and developing gas reserves in the East Panhandle field and in constructing pipe lines to, and securing contracts for marketing its gas in Kansas.
[ Footnote 13 ] Section 59a of article 16 of the Constitution of Texas, which article was proclaimed October 2, 1917, provides, in part:
'The conservation and development of all of the natural resources of this State * * * and the preservation and conservation of all such natural resources of the State are each and all hereby declared public rights and duties; and the Legislature shall pass all such laws as may be appropriate thereto.'
[ Footnote 14 ] House Bill 266 amends article 6008 of the Revised Civil Statutes, which is the statute particularly dealing with the production and use of natural gas. That article was amended by chapter 26 of Acts of 1931, Forty- Second Legislature, First Called Session, p. 46, 2. It was again amended by chapter 100 of the Acts of 1933, called the 'Sour Gas Law,' Forty-Third Legislature, Regular Session, p. 222; also by chapter 88 of the Acts of 1933, Forty-Third Legislature, First Called Session, p. 229, which remained in force until August 1, 1935, when House Bill 266 became effective.
[ Footnote 15 ] See Texas Co. v. Daugherty, 107 Tex. 226, 176 S.W. 717, L.R.A. 1917F, 989; Stephens County v. Mid-Kansas Oil & Gas Co., 113 Tex. 160, 254 S.W. 290, 29 A.L.R. 566; Grayburg Oil Co. v. State (Tex.Civ.App.) 50 S.W.( 2d) 355.
[ Footnote 16 ] Prairie Oil & Gas Co. v. State (Tex.Com.App.) 231 S.W. 1088; compare Houston & Texas Central R.R. Co. v. East, 98 Tex. 146, 81 S.W. 279, 66 L.R.A. 738, 107 Am.St.Rep. 620, 4 Ann.Cas. 827.
[ Footnote 17 ] Compare, e.g., Hermann v. Thomas (Tex.Civ.App.) 143 S.W. 195; United North & South Oil Co., Inc., v. Meredith (Tex.Civ.App.) 258 S.W. 550, affirmed (Tex.Com.App.) 272 S.W. 124; Hunt v. State (Tex.Civ.App.) 48 S.W.(2d) 466; Malone v. Barnett (Tex.Civ.App.) 87 S.W.(2d) 523. See Brown v. Humble Oil & Refining Co. (Tex.Sup.) 83 S.W.(2d) 935, 99 A.L.R. 1107.
[ Footnote 18 ] See Comanche Duke Oil Co. v. Texas Pacific Coal & Oil Co. (Tex.Com. App.) 298 S.W. 554.
[ Footnote 19 ] See Danciger Oil & Refining Co. v. Railroad Commission (Tex.Civ. App.) 49 S.W.(2d) 837, 840, reversed and dismissed as moot, 122 Tex. 243, 56 S.W.(2d) 1075; Brown v. Humble Oil & Refining Co. (Tex.Sup.) 83 S.W.(2d) 935, 940, 941, 99 A.L.R. 1107.
[ Footnote 20 ] Harriman v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 211 U.S. 407, 422 ; United States v. Delaware & Hudson Co., 213 U.S. 366, 408 .
[ Footnote 21 ] Compare Pullman Co. v. Knott, 235 U.S. 23, 27 ; Lee v. Bickell, 292 U.S. 415, 425 , 731; Fox v. Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, 294 U.S. 87, 97 , 337.
[ Footnote 22 ] Act of March 4, 1913, c. 160, 37 Stat. p. 1013 (28 U.S.C.A. 380 and note). Compare Welch Pogue, 'State Determination of State Law and the Judicial Code,' 41 Harv.L.Rev. 623, 626, et seq.
[ Footnote 23 ] Compare Wilson Cypress Co. v. Del Pozo y Marcos, 236 U.S. 635, 657 ; City of Hammond v. Schappi Bus Line, Inc., 275 U.S. 164, 169 , 68. See Bowman v. Continental Oil Co., 256 U.S. 642, 647 , 608; Louisiana Public Service Commission v. Morgan's Louisiana & Texas Railroad & Steamship Co., 264 U.S. 393, 397 , 359; Wabash Valley Electric Co. v. Young, 287 U.S. 488, 497 , 236; City of Marion v. Sneeden, 291 U.S. 262, 271 , 423. This Court has consistently accorded great deference to the construction of territorial legislation adopted by the local courts, whether the prevailing system was the common or the civil law, and this though in such cases this Court possesses authority to make a definitive construction which it lacks in the case of the legislation of a State. See Fox v. Haarstick, 156 U.S. 674, 679 ; Kealoha v. Castle, 210 U.S. 149, 153 ; Phoenix Ry. Co. v. Landis, 231 U.S. 578, 579 ; Diaz v. Gonzalez, 261 U.S. 102, 105 , 106, 287; compare Reynolds v. Fewell, 236 U.S. 58, 67 .
[ Footnote 24 ] See St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Co. v. Middlekamp, 256 U.S. 226, 230 , 491; Bratton v. Chandler, 260 U.S. 110, 114 , 44; South Utah Mines & Smelters v. Beaver County, 262 U.S. 325, 331 , 579; Corporation Commission v. Lowe, 281 U.S. 431, 438 , 399; Fox v. Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, 294 U.S. 87, 95 , 96, 337. Compare Philippine Sugar Estates Development Co., Ltd. v. Government of the Philippine Islands, 247 U.S. 385, 390 ; Yu Cong Eng v. Trinidad, 271 U.S. 500, 522 , 523, 624, 625.
[ Footnote 25 ] Compare Van Dyke v. Geary, 244 U.S. 39, 46 ; Palmetto Fire Insurance Co. v. Conn, 272 U.S. 295, 305 , 89; Lee v. Bickell, 292 U.S. 415, 424 , 731; Fox v. Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, 294 U.S. 87, 96 , 55 S. Ct. 333, 337.
[ Footnote 26 ] Ohio Oil Co. v. Indiana (No. 1), 177 U.S. 190 ; Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 220 U.S. 61 , Ann.Cas.1912C, 160; West v. Kansas Natural Gas Co., 221 U.S. 229, 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1193; Walls v. Midland Carbon Co., 254 U.S. 300 ; Bandini Petroleum Co. v. Superior Court, 284 U.S. 8, 78 A.L.R. 826; Champlin Refining Co. v. Corporation Commission, 286 U.S. 210, 86 A.L.R. 403; Sterling v. Constantin, 287 U.S. 378 .
[ Footnote 27 ] Compare cases cited in note 26, supra.
[ Footnote 28 ] Plaintiffs claim that they will be obliged to incur further expense in the construction of gathering lines to connect their pipe lines with the wells of others. There is no finding of willingness on the part of non-pipe line well owners to assume or share such expense.
[ Footnote 29 ] Compare Producers Transportation Co. v. Railroad Commission, 251 U.S. 228, 230 , 231; Michigan Public Utilities Commission v. Duke, 266 U.S. 570, 577 , 578, 193, 36 A.L.R. 1105; Smith v. Cahoon, 283 U.S. 553, 563 , 585.
[ Footnote 30 ] See Chicago & Northwestern Ry. Co. v. Ochs, 249 U.S. 416, 421 , 422.
[ Footnote 31 ] Cases are collected in notes, 34 Col. L.Rev. 1495; 48 Harv.L.Rev. 988.


I can't believe tomorrow is the day! We have to be at the clinic by 8:30 tomorrow, and it's a two hour drive for us, so it will be an early morning! I'm feeling hopeful. I'm staying positive! I'm praying for a miracle and that my little guys are thawing out correctly as I write this. The clinic hasn't called, and I'm taking the approach that no news is good news! I will be staying off the Internet this weekend, but I will catch up with you all next week. I will take any prayers and positive thoughts you can spare! I hope you all have a wonderful weekend.
Good luck! Sending prayers AND positive thoughts your way!
Thinking of you in your 2WW!!! Fingers crossed!!
Thanks everyone for the positive thoughts!


But in today's world of Spotify, YouTube and Apple Music, music fans are paying less attention to those kinds of late-in-the-year releases. They're too busy streaming Christmas music.
These are boom times for holiday music, with overall streams increasing to nearly 2.4 billion in the fourth quarter last year from almost 1.3 billion in the same period in 2015, according to Nielsen Music.
But with the exception of a few traditional pop-star releases, including Taylor Swift and Sam Smith this year and Adele in 2015, shopping-season superstar albums have become noticeably more absent.
Revenue from paid subscription services increased to $2.5 billion last year from $780 million in 2014, according to the R.I.A.A. Amid this industry upheaval, artists and labels find it makes little sense to hew to traditional release-date dogma.
Albums used to come out only on Tuesdays, for instance, until labels loosened that policy two years ago. Music fans, especially young ones raised on iTunes and YouTube, are so accustomed to instant singles on SoundCloud and surprise album releases that they cannot understand waiting until after Thanksgiving to hear a finished work.
Mr. Berman pointed to Gwen Stefani, who, he said, released her new "You Make It Feel Like Christmas" in part to become an "evergreen," Mariah Carey-like streaming hit.
"It will, for years to come, be an important holiday piece of music," he said, perhaps hopefully.
A music-business emphasis on holiday music is not new — radio stations tend to flip formats from Top 40 or country to all "Grandma Got Run Over By a Reindeer" all the time around Thanksgiving. But streaming services have increased the volume. Spotify has 16 in-house holiday playlists, like "Christmas Pop" and "Blue Christmas," totaling nearly four million followers; SiriusXM has added eight holiday-music channels, including one devoted entirely to Hanukkah music.
Universal Music, the world's biggest label, has increased streaming from Mr. Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Nat King Cole and the rest of its holiday catalog by 50 percent annually, according to Jane Ventom, the company's executive vice president of marketing and product development. "A Charlie Brown Christmas" increased its streams by 57 percent this year, compared with the same period in 2016.
Still, superstars do seem to be able to upend the holiday theme. Ms. Swift sold more than one million copies of "Reputation" in its release week last month; Adele's "25" came out in November 2015 and sold 7.4 million albums by year's end. Alex Luke, global head of programming and content strategy for Amazon Music, which is emphasizing holiday content such as Smokey Robinson's new "Christmas Everyday," said fans were simply consuming more of both holiday and pop music this time of year.
"I think it's additive," he said.
John Fleckenstein, executive vice president of RCA Records, home of Sia and Pentatonix, noted that the fourth quarter, which the music industry considers the final three months of the year, was the time of prominent award shows and important TV appearances. The Country Music Association Awards and the American Music Awards, for instance, both take place in November.
"Until those two things start to change, you'll still see a lot of the big names come out at the end of the year," he said.
Indeed, data from Nielsen Music shows that the top five singles from the last two fourth quarters combined to stream just a little more than the overall holiday-music songs during the same periods. But that difference has been shrinking. And although it does not mean Mr. Crosby is about to pull even with Ms. Swift on the charts, it does suggest a shift in listener behavior.


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2476 - 23 January 2021
Obituary: dealer Angela Short
Angela Short (previously Linstead), the well-known Tunbridge Wells dealer, passed away peacefully on December 5 aged 89.
The late Angela Short.
Angela lived most of her life in Tunbridge Wells and, like many dealers, cut her teeth running a Saturday stall on the Portobello Road while working for the decorator Merlin Pennink.
Over 45 years ago she set up her first shop, A&A Antiques on Mt Sion, at a time when antiques were very much a male-dominated business. She later moved to Mt Ephraim where she traded as Cowden Antiques until her retirement at the millennium.
She loved everything about the trade and was often to be seen at all the local house sales, buying, gossiping and laughing. Her energy, sense of humour, eye for the unusual and decorating potential, gained her the respect of dealers and customers alike, all of whom will remember her with affection.
There are few houses in the Tunbridge Wells area that do not contain at least one or two pieces sourced from Angela.
From Orlando Harris (son)
ATG letter: Find out more about Cardew
Obituary: ceramics dealer David March (1936-2020)
Obituaries (print edition)
Obituary: Ceramics dealer and Shakespearean actor Michael Graham
Obituary: David Rogers Jones (1942-2022)
Obituary: Frank Dux (1932-2022)
Obituary: Scientific instruments dealer Peter Delehar
Obituary: Glass dealer and chandelier expert Martin Mortimer (1928-2022)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The original ending to Mark's Gospel (Mark 16:8) ends not with an appearance by the risen Christ, but a rumour of his travelling on up the road to Galilee. The disciples are to follow and trust that they'll meet him along the way.
In this way of prayer, we are trying to create a space to name the 'here but not here' dimension of the risen Christ in our lives, which Mark's original ending expresses so beautifully.
Take the large piece of paper and draw an outline of a figure. If you're arty, you can surround the figure with light colours, but leave the centre empty. We are creating a 'Jesus shaped gap.' Now cover the paper with all the items you have collected, until it is completely obscured.
Invite the congregation to come forward and move an item from the paper and place it at the edge of the drawn figure. As more and more people participate, Christ will be revealed in the midst of the every day.


text:
Paperback!
Interview and giveaway with Jackie Lee Miles
Roseflower Creek
Collaborations between writers
PublishAmerica and the never-ending special offers...
CSN Stores bookcase review
What real publishers don't do
Unpublished to published
Night: dark & stormy
I thought Roseflower Creek would be like The Lovely Bones . Both are told from the point of view of a young girl who has been murdered, and this book begins with,
The morning I died it rained. Poured down so hard it washed the blood off my face.
But I was wrong – in some ways, this book is even better. The main character is ten-year-old Lori Jean, whose unemployed stepfather drinks and whose mother doesn't stand up for her until it's too late. It's rural Georgia in the 1950s and her family is called poor white trash for a reason.
Although Lori Jean's idea of a fun time is making mud pies at Roseflower Creek with her best friend Carolee, she's not self-sacrificing. She works hard trying to win a new bike. And more importantly, what she lacks in possessions she more than makes up for in heart. After her mother marries her stepfather their lives begin to slide slowly downhill, but Lori Jean never gives up hoping, or seeing the good in everyone – not even after she dies, and things get even worse for her surviving family.
The book begins with her death, then backtracks to show the downward spiral that led to it – and how Lori Jean's naïve but good-hearted attempt to help her family contributed to that. Although she can't interact with anyone after she dies, her insights and hopes continue to the end. That was one of the best parts for me – her distinctive point of view, that of a ten-year-old girl, which provides humor even when things are the most bleak.
The folks at the jail was real nice to Mama. They give her this attorney man to help her. He was a public offender, I think they said.
It took me a few pages to get used to the Huck Finn-esque style, but after that I barely noticed. The book has tragedy – some that you expect and some that you don't – but its ultimate theme is of forgiveness, and it's inspirational without being preachy. I enjoyed it.


That's the new goal of K-12 education in the West, which is why the academic results have been deteriorating ever since. Those insiders who know the real reason cannot remain empowered to bring about the change desired via the schools if they admit to what is going on. People like me now, who know and can prove the reality, always run up against parents who cannot bear to know. The problem is these sought changes are psychological and the Common Core in the US and 21st century skills everywhere mask that reality.
Continued ignorance means that techniques that really are grounded in acknowledged brainwashing techniques are being imposed on teachers and students in our classrooms. Let's continue our journey to examine how crucial this ability to have an adaptable mind and personality is to those who really want wholesale political, social, and economic change. Always seeking ambitious administrators willing to impose this on classrooms.
I had a reader recently who also teaches ask me how the omnipresent concept of 'problem-solving' under the Common Core differed from the classic (if painful) classic math word problems. Let's use the still relevant definition from the 1990 manual: "Problem solving is the process of bridging a perceived gap between what is and what ought to be." A very useful skill indeed along with adaptability if fundamental transformations are the real goal and education and people have become mere conduits or tools to effect the sought changes. Here's another useful tool: the POWER Model of Problem Solving.
As someone who has read many of the blueprints involved over the decades with these sought transformations, that POWER model is precisely what Big Data and supercomputers and governments at all levels think is the new way to plan societies and economies. Education at all levels simply needs to produce the people with mindsets and worldviews to either tolerate the wholesale shifts or to embrace them. Both involve dissolving the logical mind of the Enlightenment and believe me, the advocates just keep saying that.
Interestingly too, here is the new definition of leadership. Notice how useful this will be to bringing about wholesale change, especially when it becomes the entire basis for graduate degrees, as in education or public policy doctorates.
Now imagine if a willingness to 'problem solve' using the POWER Model or be a leader as described above gets you lucrative jobs or grants from massively rich charitable foundations or public sector jobs where promotions are tied to how aggressively you push this transformational vision to make students 'adaptable' and 'trainable.' You would get precisely what is going on now as this Next Generation Learning graphic across all sectors and institutions from Ford makes clear.
What was needed, of course, is that very same adaptability and malleable mind and personality we just keep encountering as the new goal of education. To be educable, not educated. Learning how to Learn and Growth sound so much better than the real goals of a "radical expansion of brain, mind, and consciousness" that will allow step-by-step achievement of "personal, cultural, social, political, economic, educational, and technological evolution." The term revolution probably better describes what is sought, but since these fundamental changes are all supposed to be bloodless, evolution sounds better. Plus it fits the invisible shifts involved over time until the dramatic changes over time can be locked into place.
How? Through a moral and spiritual transformation in what enough people to be the majority electorate value and believe about how the world works, what they are owed by others, and what the world should be.
David Loye in that The Great Adventure book laid out "how to actually build it." Next time we will trace that blueprint against the real implementation. It started last week where I live.
Unless you want the next generation to remain psychological adaptation guinea pigs, this is something all parents and taxpayers need to know. This is no time for rose-colored glasses.


"We do not move there, where there are bugs."
Translation:Oda mi nem költözünk, ahol bogarak vannak.
The first "there" isn't necessary here and furthermore sounds very, very unnatural in English. You can't just translate literally. This is a problem in many sentences in this lesson.
I think the literal translations are good, because we're working with directional concepts that English doesn't have. Yes, they sound awkward, but but they're needed to specify the right Hungarian forms.


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Debra was a Boston independent filmmaker before she picked up and left for NYU's graduate film program. Her first short film there, "Snake Feed," was accepted into the Sundance Labs, where she developed the concept into her first narrative feature, Down to the Bone, starring Vera Fermiga. From there, Debra and her creative partner Anne Rossellini developed a film based on Daniel Woodrell's 2006 novel, Winter's Bone. The film was released in 2010 and tells the story of a girl who's the sole caretaker of her family who must hunt down her missing father to avoid being kicked out of her house and losing everything. The girl was played by Jennifer Lawrence. Lawrence was nominated for an Academy Award, as was Debra's film and screenplay. In 2018, she directed Leave No Trace, a story about a father with PTSD trying to raise his teen daughter off the grid when some well-meaning people intervene and change the course of their lives. Starring Ben Foster and newcomer Thomasin Mckenzie Harcourt, Leave No Trace has been on multiple Top Ten lists, and won Debra the Best Director award at the 2019 LAFCA awards ceremony.
The film that Debra has chosen to discuss is Samuel Fuller's classic noir, Pickup on South Street. This is a personal favorite of Debra's and it becomes clear with how much appreciation and thought she has for the film. Debra discusses how she is able to create realistic dialogue for people who aren't from her "bougie, liberal" world. She talks about working with actress Dale Dickey, and why people love watching her on screen. Debra also elaborates on the use of guns in cinema, how we rely on them to tell stories, and how she is trying to "restore meaning to the woundable body."
You can watch Leave No Trace on Amazon Prime.
If you haven't seen it yet, go watch Pickup on South Street.
With April Wolfe and Debra Granik.
Debra Granik, wrote and directed the acclaimed 2010 film "Winter's Bone." The film was sort of a modern film noir, except instead of LA or New York, it was set in the Ozarks. It followed a 17-year-old girl as she pieced together the story behind her father's disappearance. Ree Dolly walked through burned out meth labs, negotiated with crime families, bail bondsmen and cops. And, of course: Ree Dolly was played by Jennifer Lawrence. It was her first ever starring role.
After 8 years, Granik just released her follow up - it's called "Leave No Trace," which is available to stream on Amazon now. Like "Winter's Bone," her new film "Leave No Trace" puts a compelling but compassionate focus on marginalized groups - one of the main threads is a combat veteran's struggle with trauma and homelessness.
It tells the story of a father and daughter who live entirely off the grid in a nature reserve not far from Portland, Oregon. The film details regular life for Will (Ben Foster) and his daughter Tom (Thomasin McKenzie). They forage and cook mushrooms. Will teaches Tom to play chess. They build fires for warmth. The way they live is peaceful, but not exactly legal. They are discovered in the woods by the police and social workers get involved, offering housing, work, school. But as you might imagine, it's a tough transition – especially for Will.
Debra Granik talks about the process of making her new film at length. Debra is also working on a film based on the book "Nickeled and Dimed," which is a thoroughly investigated, brilliant work of nonfiction about the impact of the 1996 welfare reform act on the working poor in the US. She'll tell us how she plans to turn that into a narrative film. Plus, she explain what she learned about film making from being wedding videographer long before she was a film director.
This week Ricky, Alonso, and Drea survive the survivalist drama, Leave No Trace. They discuss the thematic threads that are found in all of Debra Granik's work - from Down to the Bone to Winter's Bone to Leave No Trace. Plus, they get a call from the "Who Shotline" and answer the question "What movie best represents your hometown?" You know Ricky's got things to say about Chicago! And lastly, as always, staff picks.
In news, half of Martin Scorcese's new movie The Irishman will feature a "youthified" Robert De Niro and Al Pacino, the world gets a glimpse at the Will Smith genie, and Sean Penn writes a love letter to Bradley Cooper.
With Drea Clark, Alonso Duralde, and Ricky Carmona.
Currently, there are about 700,000 people enrolled in the US Government's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program. Participants in the program are people who were brought into the US as kids without proper documentation. DACA allows them to stay, and offers them certain protections. Johan Miranda is one of the thousands of people that signed up when DACA was first introduced in 2012 under the Obama Administration.
He came to the US when he was three from Peru. His parents traveled to the US on a Tourist Visa. When the Visa expired he and his parents stayed. His family started a new life in San Francisco. When he first started out in comedy a lot of his material was kinda observational - funny, but nothing with a super distinct voice or perspective. Which isn't unusual for a lot of new comics.
But that changed in November of 2016, after the election. With a new administration, the residency status of the folks covered by DACA became uncertain. The new US elected president promised to implement some of the strictest immigration policies in history, and to repeal the DACA policy he was protected under.
As you might expect it was at this point that Johan says he wasn't feeling to hot about the government having his fingerprints and information. But in a way, it's what gave him the courage to find his voice and be talk honestly during his stand-up routine. And it's really funny, of course!
He'll talk about what it was like to finally get his driver's license after he was approved for DACA, and going to barber school only to find out he needed a social security number at the end of the program. We'll also learn about the material he was working on before the election – some unused material about the movie "Titanic" – get a preview of the bit, which he says might be working back into his set after this interview.
If you're in LA this weekend you can check out his new one man show, "Why Johan Miranda Should Be Deported," this Friday, July 27 at the Lyric Hyperion Theatre & Cafe.
Debra Granik, wrote and directed the acclaimed 2010 film "Winter's Bone." After 8 years, she's just released her follow up - it's called "Leave No Trace."
"Winter's Bone" was sort of a modern film noir, except instead of LA or New York, it was set in the Ozarks. And instead of a fedora wearing gumshoe, it followed a 17 year old girl as she pieced together the story behind her father's disappearance. Ree Dolly walked through burned out meth labs, negotiated with crime families, bail bondsmen and cops. And, of course: Ree Dolly was played by Jennifer Lawrence. It was her first ever starring role.
Like Winter's Bone, her new film "Leave No Trace" puts a compelling but compassionate focus on marginalized groups - one of the main threads is a combat veteran's struggle with trauma and homelessness.
It tells the story of a father and daughter who live entirely off the grid in a nature reserve not far from Portland, Oregon. The film detail regular life for Will (Ben Foster) and his daughter Tom (Thomasin McKenzie, another new actor). They forage and cook mushrooms. Will teaches Tom to play chess. They build fires for warmth. The way they live is peaceful, but not exactly legal. They are discovered in the woods by the police and social workers get involved, offering housing, work, school. But as you might imagine, it's a tough transition – especially for Will.
This week, Jesse tells us why the Adult Swim show "Joe Pera Talks With You," is a brilliant and funny guide to the world. The show's not for everyone. For one thing, it's not what you call laugh-out-loud hilarious – but despite the awkward, kinda strange tone, Pera makes you feel all warm and fuzzy inside.
Check out this segment on YouTube!


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Requiem dla 500 tysięcy – polski montażowy film dokumentalny z 1963 roku w reżyserii Jerzego Bossaka i Wacława Kaźmierczaka. Film złożony jest z autentycznych materiałów filmowych i fotograficznych z okresu II wojny światowej, zdobytych od niemieckiej armii i wojennych służb wywiadowczych. Zrealizowany został w dwudziestą rocznicę powstania w getcie warszawskim, z myślą o uczczeniu pamięci wymordowanych przez hitlerowców Żydów polskich oraz bohaterów polskiego ruchu oporu, którzy zginęli w trakcie niesienia pomocy mordowanym.

Fotografie i kroniki filmowe, z których Bossak i Kaźmierczak złożyli Requiem dla 500 tysięcy, wzbogacono wyłącznie o autentyczne rozporządzenia i odezwy hitlerowców oraz fragmenty raportów Jürgena Stroopa, a także komentarze zza kadru do najważniejszych faktów historycznych z okresu II wojny światowej. Kształt filmu podporządkowany jest strukturze chronologicznej, mającej unaocznić represyjność i okrucieństwo Niemców wobec warszawskiej społeczności żydowskiej (od obowiązku noszenia opasek z syjońskimi gwiazdami, przez masowe przesiedlenia i utworzenie getta, aż po stłumienie powstania i wymordowanie pozostałej populacji żydowskiej).

Requiem dla 500 tysięcy zostało nagrodzone Złotym Smokiem Wawelskim na Krakowskim Festiwalu Filmowym.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Linki zewnętrzne

Polskie filmy dokumentalne
Polskie filmy z 1963 roku
Polskie filmy o Zagładzie Żydów
Polskie filmy o II wojnie światowej

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Quotations about Audible. Quotes to stimulate mind and drive action! Use the words and quote images to feed your brain inspiring things daily!
The night is made for tenderness,--so still that the low whisper, scarcely audible, is heard like music,--and so deeply pure that the fond thought is chastened as it springs and on the lip made holy.
For twenty-five centuries, Western knowledge has tried to look upon the world. It has failed to understand that the world is not for the beholding. It is for hearing. It is not legible, but audible.
Are my words ever actually audible, or do they just echo in my head while people stare at me, waiting?
She admired him; she was used to clutching her hands together in his wake and heaving audible sighs.
A bugler sounded the Last Post. Heartbreak made audible.
The whole gamut of good and evil is in every human being, certain notes, from stronger original quality or most frequent use, appearing to form the whole character; but they are only the tones most often heard. The whole scale is in every soul, and the notes most seldom heard will on rare occasions make themselves audible.
During the primary, I heard the audible voice of God. … He said, 'Credibility.' It wasn't a thought in my head. I thought it meant I was going to win. But after the primary, I got credibility.
There are certain times in a concert when I'll call an audible because I feel like God is calling me to play a different song. But truthfully, I feel called to play for the church whether it's song being played on Christian radio or it's concerts I'm doing primarily in churches.
I hear God as an audible voice.
Muddled syntax is the outward and audible sign of confused minds, and the misuse of grammar the result of illogical thinking.
We in the "developed" world seem to have many auditory strategies that insulate us from the presence of silence, simplicity, and solitude. When I return to Western culture after time in desert, mountain or forest, I discover how we have filled our world with a multiplicity of noises, a symphony of forgetfulness that keeps our won thoughts and realizations, feelings and intuitions out of audible range.


Santa Clara University's Leavey School of Business is adding a new service for its students. Professor of Practice Buford Barr will be heading up a yet to be named group to help students map their courses and their careers more effectively.
Prof. Barr is a marketing and communications expert who has long applied this expertise to helping students with their personal branding. Branding is used in the broadest sense here, everything from designing your capabilities, planning a trajectory, and presenting your capabilities for the long haul.
So what do you call this service that every University needs?
We brainstormed this week, and so far Personal Brand Management is our best suggestion. What do you think?
Prof Barr offers that the goal is to plan, develop, and deliver your personal brand: Creating positive awareness, attitudes, and responses towards you and your work.
Today's job dynamics require this thoughtful approach from the time a student is a freshman, through Commencement (Prof Barr notes that graduation is called Commencement, not Finishing, for a reason), and onto what we hope is a long and fulfilling career. This career is likely to have more different jobs than careers of the past.... This means that on-going preparation for the future is even more important for these students.
Personal brand management will include everything from thoughtful course selection, internship selection, personal decorum, and how to get the most from each job. This service is in addition to the work of the Career Center.


Description: A Apartment Movers is a business categorized under transportation services, not elsewhere classified, which is part of the larger category transportation services, not elsewhere classified. A Apartment Movers is located at the address P.O. BOX 799 in Commerce, Texas 75429-0799. The Partner is Jeff Shook who can be contacted at (903)886-4638.
Location & access map for "A Apartment Movers"


Too big tables in the database is a problem we all face. Still, we are reluctant to delete these extra records because we are afraid to lose data, or we believe that we may use this data in the future.
PartitionDB lets you keep the existing data and even continue growing it, as much as you need without changing your code. By using the distributed table option.
In order to run the example below, it is required to download PdbLogic.
In this example, a database is created, and a table, Deposits. The table is filled out by values.
Now, we wish to distribute the table. In this example it would make most sense to do it based on date and month.
We will create three tables: Deposits201701, Deposits201702 and Deposits201703.
This script partitioned the table to three tables.
Note that you can use the optional parameter IsOutputScript when calling PdbLogic..PdbdistributeTable; if IsOutputScript is set, the function PdbLogic..PdbdistributeTable execution will generate a script, instead of really distribute the table. The script includes the code that is responsible to the table distribution, and you can run it yourself. This gives you a full control over your database manipulation.
You can use this script to distribute your table, exactly as it is done using PdbdistributeTable.
We now have three tables, containing the data from the original table.
Distributed value should match the type of the distribution column.
One distribution value or range must be passed.
In case of range, all values that are inside the range or equal to the minimum and maximum values will get in, besides date, in which the upper value will be smaller than the maximum value.
To use table distribution functionality and other PartitionDB utilities, download our PdbLogic and attach to your database.
To read more check out our blog.
So if I have let say 100 Deposit tables, then it looks like I have to rework triggers to contain HUGE if statement that will contain update/insert/delete logic for each range? Or I am missing something?
Distributed Partition Views (DPV) do not hold any "number of table" limitation.
As you can read in our post, in order to avoid some of the other limitations, we are replacing DPV operations by instead of triggers.
The trigger reside only on the view. On the actual tables, there are no triggers, but only built-in automated check constraint.
Our customers mainly use our platform DPVs for distributing OLTP SaaS ecosystems between brands, branches, networks & regions, where some also use it for DWH needs.
We have checked our platform on over 36 tables DPV, and still didn't find any lag in operations. Please let us know if some occur.
We believe we need to understand the business need in order to properly architect, design & implement the solution.
Also, You can look more on the backend work done on DPVs by issuing "@IsOutputScript=1".
Please let us know if you require more assistance.


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NEWS: Dalby signs professional deal with the O's
The club are pleased to confirm striker Sam Dalby is the next in a long line of academy players to sign his first professional contract.
The first year scholar has signed a three-year professional contract having impressed greatly in the O's under-18 squad this season, netting 11 goals in their 19-game unbeaten run.
Dalby has already featured for the first team and his substitute appearance against Stevenage in the Checkatrade Trophy saw him become the sixth youngest ever player to represent the senior side when aged 16 years and 226 days.
The club are committed to providing a first-team platform for its youngsters to thrive and Dalby follows hot on the heels of six other academy products netting their first professional contracts.
In addition to Dalby – Josh Koroma, Steven Alzate, Tristan Abrahams, Myles Judd and Henry Ochieng have also signed pro deals with the club, while the likes of Aron Pollock, Sam Sargeant, Freddy Moncur and Sandro Semedo have also graduated through the club's academy.


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Early Xerox products and history
Xerox is the company that brought the first plain paper copier to the world. The process for making copies on plain paper, was first called Electro-photography, but was later changed to Xerography.
With this website we want to preserve the history of Xerox, both the company and the machines that was produced in the early years of Xerox. We hope you enjoy this showcase, and history of the old Xerox copiers and duplicators, as well as the story of Xerox and Xerography.
In 1988 Xerox launched their 50 series, to celebrate Fifty years after Chester Carlson produced the first xerographic image in his Astoria, Queens, New York lab. Xerox called the new copiers, grouped under the 50 series label, its most important new products since 1982, when it announced the first of its 10 series of copiers. The new models had more features and cost more than models in the 10 series, which helped Xerox win back much of the market it had lost to Japanese rivals. The first models in the 50 series was 5018, 5028, 5046, 5052 and 5090.
New comment system
Many visitors in this website have commented on many of the Xerox machines, and that's greatly appreciated. When you leaving a reply (comment) on any of the machines, it's now possible to edit the comment for 15 minutes after you have entered it. If you never have entered a comment before, it need to be moderated before it's visible.
Check out the new section in this website - the 10 series. First out is the Xerox 1075 copier.
Xerox 3100 Diplomat
Have you ever heard about the Xerox 3100 Diplomat? Read more about this machine in this page.
Check out some new pictures of the Xerox 4500. Read more...
We are very interested in brochures and pictures of old Xerox copiers/duplicators. If you have pictures or brochures, please contact us on this email address: xeroxnostalgia@outlook.com.
Old Xerox commercials
Want to see old Xerox commercials? Visit this page for some old commercials.
The history of Xerography
Xerography has long been used to describe the special copying technique. But how well do we know the story behind it?
Photocopying machine (in common speech called the copy machine) is perhaps the most remarkable technological invention of the last century. The importance is not far from the computer.
Karl Becker on Xerox 9200
Sherry Viggiano on History
Spencer Hull on Xerox 9900
Gilbert Gonzalez on Xerox 3100
Gilbert Gonzalez on Xerox 6500 color copier
admin on Xerox 660
Bob on Xerox 9500
Arpi on Xerox 660
Mike on Xerox 2830


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White Russian Killer Whale (VIDEO)
(ANIMAL NEWS) RUSSIA — Researchers in the Far East Russia Orca Project have discovered the worlds only known all-white male orca. The footage released of "Iceberg," named for the way the white dorsal fin looks coming up out of the water, shows the mammal swimming with his pod off Russia's Commander Islands in the Bering Sea. The researchers announced that they are hoping to relocate the mammal this summer and find out whether Iceberg is a true albino orca, or just a beautiful, rare white version of the species. Read on for more on this remarkable mammal. — Global Animal
Photo Credit: FEROP
GrindTV, Pete Thomas
Russian scientists have released footage of what's believed to be the world's only all-white adult male orca, which belongs to a small pod known to inhabit waters off Russia's Commander Islands in the Bering Sea. The orca was named "Iceberg" because of the way its towering white dorsal fin broke the surface of the chilly waters east of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
Researchers with with the Far East Russia Orca Project spotted and photographed Iceberg twice in 2010, but are only now releasing the footage as part of announcement that they're about to launch another mission in the hope of re-locating the peculiar mammal.
Iceberg, who is believed to be about 16 years old, belongs to a pod, or social unit, of 13 orcas. The pod is one of 61 social units identified in the region by FEROP. Scientists are not sure the orca is a true albino, but hope to find out with closer inspection if they can find his pod.
A news release about Iceberg issued Monday morning — under the headline "White Russian" — generated lots of excitement among marine mammal enthusiasts.
Erich Hoyt, co-director of the FEROP and a research fellow with the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, stated on his blog: "In many ways, Iceberg is a symbol of all that is pure, wild and extraordinarily exciting about what is out there in the ocean waiting to be discovered."
A sampling of comments posted on the group's Facebook page:
— "That's so wonderful to see! I hope you can get more sightings of him in the future!"
— "Beautiful, thanks for sharing…."
— "Good luck I hope you are able to find him again!"
Hoyt said via email that he has heard of only a handful of white orcas having been spotted globally, "with Iceberg being the only male and the whitest."
The researcher concluded his blog post with this passage: "With regard to Iceberg's pod, we have no genetic data but are hoping to meet them again in summer 2012 and learn more about the phenomenon of white whales, why they occur, what it means and whether Iceberg is a true albino — perhaps we can catch a glimpse of the pink eye — or 'just' one of the most beautiful orcas anyone has ever seen."
More GrindTV: http://www.grindtv.com/outdoor/blog/33402/first-ever+footage+of+rare+white+orca+released+by+russian+scientists/


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Государственные награды Чувашской Республики — награды субъекта Российской Федерации, учреждённые Государственным советом Чувашской Республики и перечисленные в Законе Чувашской Республики от 12 апреля 2005 года № 15 «О государственных наградах Чувашской Республики».

Главой Чувашской Республики, Государственным советом Чувашской Республики, Кабинетом министров Чувашской Республики и отдельными ведомствами могут быть учреждены свои ведомственные награды.

Государственные награды Чувашской Республики

Иные награды в Чувашской Республике

См. также
Награды Чебоксар

Примечания

Чувашия

Списки наград по субъектам Российской Федерации
Почётные звания Чувашской Республики
Награждённые медалью «За заслуги перед городом Чебоксары»