text:
Home Bio Fuel Know More About Your Country: India's Renewable Energy Journey
Know More About Your Country: India's Renewable Energy Journey
We need to know and move more towards India's Renewable Energy Journey
Bright sunshine for around 300 days in a year, swift winds over most of the geographical area, numerous powerful water streams in hilly regions, and abundant greenery all over, Mother Nature has bestowed a bounty of natural resources to India. The exponential growth in population followed by urbanization and industrialization are increasing the demand for power day by day. Hence, India developed a strategy and roadmap to explore and exploit renewable sources of energy to power its dream of sustainable growth. India's Renewable Energy Journey is the amazing journey which will excite you to know each and every detail of India's Renewable energy journey. A separate department of non-conventional energy sources was created in 1982 which was upgraded as an exclusive, dedicated, and federal ministry in 1992, was rechristened as the ministry of new and renewable energy in 2006.
The recent resource assessments indicate India has over 1,000 gigawatts potential of renewable power from wind, solar, biomass, and small hydropower. On the global platform of the UN climate change summit at Paris, India committed to reducing the emission intensity by 33 to 35 per cent by 2030 and will produce 40 per cent of our power from nonfossil fuels. The target of renewable energy capacity has been upgraded by the government to 175 gigawatts by 2022 that includes solar, wind, biopower, and small hydropower. Ministry of new and renewable energy, MNRE, launched a National Solar Mission in 2010 with 20 gigawatts target which has now been enhanced to 100 gigawatts. Conducive policies, favourable and friendly regulations for the purchase of solar power, common acquisition of land and infrastructure development have facilitated the growth of solar power and the establishment of 34 solar parks in 21 states. With an aggregate capacity of 20 gigawatts government has recently launched the second phase with an additional 20-gigawatt capacity.
Today, India takes pride in commissioning the world's largest solar park of 1,000 megawatts in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. The solar power has attained a great parity in India. The levelled tariff of solar power which was once about 30 U.S. cents or over 17 Indian rupees per unit has come down to less than 4 U.S cents or 2.5 Indian rupees per unit. Under make in India, high-quality solar photovoltaic cells, module systems, and devices are being manufactured at competitive prices. In rural India, a special scheme for installation of over 100,000 solar water pumps is transforming the agricultural scenario and also easing accessibility to drinking water, off-grid solar plants, LED solar home lights, solar lanterns, LED solar street lights being installed in rural and urban areas are transforming the quality of life. Over 1 million solar lamps have been distributed to students of tribal and backward communities in over 100,000 villages.
Policy facilitations, easy and low-cost of financing have created a wave of solar rooftops across the country. Small and large urban dwelling units, institutions, airports, railway stations, defence establishments, industry and other government establishments are installing and enjoying the benefits of solar rooftops through the net metering mechanism. An innovative step has been taken to utilize the vast area of canal banks and canal tops for installing solar projects. No wonder, now India proudly hosts world's largest solar rooftop installation of 12.5 megawatts on a single roof at Dera Bias in Punjab. MNRE supports and promotes emerging concentrated solar thermal technology for various thermal applications in urban India which includes industries, dairy, and other enterprises. In wind energy sector, latest estimates at hundred meter levels put PAN India potential at more than 300 gigawatts. Business potential and lucrative returns have made wind power a champion having a large share of the total installed capacity of renewable. India has reached a wind manufacturing capacity of 10,000megawatt per annum. The country has developed a manufacturing base of international quality at competitive prices with indigenization region to over 70%. Manufacturers are offering a wide range of turbines with over 55 models of capacities ranging from 225 kilowatts to 3 megawatts. Moving further, MNRE has taken steps to repowering of all turbines and exploration of offshore wind energy. The Unique intervention of e-reverse auction is proving its words by discovering the lowest tariff of rupees 3.46 per unit for 1,000-megawatt wind power projects.
Now, India is the fourth largest producer of wind power in the world. Ministry is promoting renovation of existing old water mills for grinding flour and also generates electricity for individual households and cluster of villages. Government is encouraging foreign investors to set up renewable power projects in India with 100 per cent foreign direct investment. In hilly and difficult terrains small hydropower units up to 25 megawatts are proving their worth by providing the clean power at affordable cost with quick capacity additions. Nearly, 4400-megawatt capacity has been installed so far. In rural areas, nearly fifty lakh improved biogas plants are providing clean fuel for cooking and power generation. Bagasse-based cogeneration in sugar mills are producing enough power to meet the electricity requirements of the mills besides surplus power is traded to other power grids. Improved biomass power plants producing power mainly from agricultural residues and waste have been installed by a large number of private enterprises. India has over 57-gigawatt renewable power which accounts for 18% of total installed capacity. Over the years, MNRE has built up a robust institutional infrastructure and network for providing policy development and R&D support to its schemes and programs. As an emerging leader of renewable energy on the global map, India has developed competencies to offer consultancy services for installation of renewable power projects.
India has also led to the creation and launch of international solar airlines with 121 solar resource-rich countries as members. No doubt India has the makings of becoming the world capital of green energy and is heading towards realizing the dream of clean, green, and affordable power to all.
BAGASSE-BASEDCOGENERATION
NEW & RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE POWER PROJECTS
WORLD'S LARGEST SOLAR PARK
Previous articleIndian Bio-Fuels We And Our Next Generation Need To Know
Next articleSolar Window Opportunity That We Need To Utilize More


Mike Jeffries, CEO of Abercrombie & Fitch, has been under scrutiny for his company's decision to not sell any women's clothes in sizes above large as well as some of his comments about who the intended demographic of the clothing company is.
According to Business Insider, the reason for not stocking these sizes comes down to Jeffries simply not wanting larger people to wear his clothes. Robin Lewis, co-author of "The New Rules of Retail" explained the way the CEO thinks.
"He doesn't want larger people shopping in his store, he wants thin and beautiful people," Lewis said. "He doesn't want his core customers to see people who aren't as hot as them wearing his clothing. People who wear his clothing should feel like they're one of the 'cool kids.'"
When asked for an official reason for not selling women's pants over size 10 an Abercrombie & Fitch spokeswoman gave no answer, according to Business Insider.
In a 1996 interview with Salon Jeffries was upfront when discussing who the company is aimed to.
"In every school there are the cool and popular kids, and then there are the not-so-cool kids," Jeffries said. "Candidly, we go after the cool kids. We go after the attractive all-American kid with a great attitude and a lot of friends. A lot of people don't belong (in our clothes), and they can't belong. Are we exclusionary? Absolutely. Those companies that are in trouble are trying to target everybody: young, old, fat, skinny. But then you become totally vanilla. You don't alienate anybody, but you don't excite anybody, either."
Jeffries explained to Salon the role that sexual attractiveness plays for Abercrombie.
"It's almost everything. That's why we hire good-looking people in our stores," Jeffries said. "Because good-looking people attract other good-looking people, and we want to market to cool, good-looking people. We don't market to anyone other than that."
Plus sized customers account for two thirds of the apparel buying market, according to Business Insider. One would think that Abercrombie would want to tap into a market of that size. For now it looks as if the company has no intentions of catering to plus size customers.
As long as Abercrombie's profits continue to be large Jeffries can make sure that none of his customers are.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{INTRODUCTION}

Magnetic reconnection is one of the most important processes of plasma
physics, and is believed to play the central role in observed phenomena
in laboratory and cosmic plasmas. At the same time there has been a
long-standing debate about the correct theoretical model of magnetic
reconnection. Most previous theoretical and numerical work focused on
reconnection processes in two-dimensions, in which all physical scalars and
vectors are independent of the third coordinate ($z$). There exist two original
and well known models of magnetic reconnection with constant resistivity.
First, the Sweet-Parker reconnection model~\cite{sweet_1958,parker_1963},
which predicts a slow magnetic reconnection rate in hot low-density plasmas.
Second, the Petschek model~\cite{petschek_1964}, in which a fast
reconnection rate is achieved by introducing switch-off magnetohydrodynamic
(MHD) shocks attached to the ends of a relatively short reconnection layer
in the downstream regions. Many numerical simulations have been carried out
to discriminate between these two models. More recent high-resolution
simulations generally favor the Sweet-Parker model of slow reconnection
in the case of constant resistivity, and do not confirm the Petschek
theoretical picture for the geometry of the reconnection layer with
shocks~\cite{biskamp_1986,breslau_2003,uzdensky_2000}. However, reconnection
becomes much faster and Petschek-like if resistivity is not constant and
is enhanced locally in the reconnection layer (numerical studies of this
case were pioneered by Ugai and Tsuda~\cite{ugai_1977,tsuda_1977}, by Hayashi
and Sato~\cite{hayashi_1978,sato_1979}, and by Scholer~\cite{scholer_1989}).

These results have been called into question in a recent paper,
Baty, Priest and Forbes (2006)~\cite{baty_2006}, which claims that Petschek
reconnection can occur when the resistivity is not absolutely constant but
varies by an arbitrarily small amount. This paper has motivated us show on
the basis of an earlier paper of ours, Malyshkin
{\it et~al$.$}~\cite{malyshkin_2005}, that the Petschek shocks are produced not
by the variation of the resistivity but by the rate of variation which for
their case is very large and unlikely to happen naturally.

In 2001 Kulsrud~\cite{kulsrud_2001} provided some theoretical insight
into magnetic reconnection process which qualitatively explained the results
of recent simulations. He considered quasi-stationary, two-dimensional
magnetic reconnection in the classical Sweet-Parker-Petschek reconnection
layer with zero guide field ($B_z=0$), zero plasma viscosity and an anomalous
resistivity that is a piecewise linear function of the electric current.
Kulsrud was first to suggest that one has to calculate the
half-length of the reconnection layer $L'$ from the MHD equations and
the jump conditions on the Petschek shocks, instead of treating $L'$
as a free parameter (as Petschek erroneously did when chose $L'$ to be
equal to its minimal possible value under the condition of no
significant disruption to the plasma flow). As a result, in the case
of constant resistivity Kulsrud correctly estimated the layer half-length
$L'$ to be approximately equal to the global magnetic field scale,
$L'\approx L$. In this case the Petschek reconnection rate reduces to the
slow Sweet-Parker reconnection rate~\cite{kulsrud_2001,kulsrud_2005}, in
agreement with numerical simulations. The second result obtained
by Kulsrud is that in the case when resistivity is non-constant but
anomalous and enhanced (e.g.~by plasma instabilities), the reconnection
rate can become considerably faster than the Sweet-Parker rate.

In our recent paper (Malyshkin, Linde and Kulsrud~\cite{malyshkin_2005}),
to which we will hereafter refer as MLK2005 paper, we put Kulsrud's
derivations on a rigorous analytical basis and extended his model by
using a new theoretical approach to calculate the reconnection
rate. This approach is based on ``local'' analytical derivations across
a thin reconnection layer, and it is applicable to the case when
resistivity is anomalous, nonuniform and an arbitrary function
of the electric current and of the spatial coordinates. We included the
case of non-zero guide field $B_z\ne0$ and non-zero plasma viscosity
in our model. We found an approximate formula for the reconnection
rate which confirmed Kulsrud's theoretical results.

The present paper has two goals. First, to calculate the reconnection
rate, and second, to compare it with the recent simulations of Baty
{\it et~al$.$}~\cite{baty_2006}.

In the next section we simultaneously follow two theoretical approaches
to the calculation of the reconnection rate. In the first approach,
which we call the ``global'' equations approach, we derive and solve
approximate MHD equations for a whole reconnection layer, including
the upstream and downstream regions and the layer center. These
theoretical derivations are similar to those done
before, except for an important difference. Namely, we take into
consideration an additional important equation, the spatial
homogeneity of the z-component of electric field $E_z$ along the
reconnection layer. This equation, together with the jump condition on
Petschek shocks, allows us to find the reconnection layer length $L'$,
which must be determined consistently~\cite{kulsrud_2001}. The second
theoretical approach, which we call the ``local'' equations approach,
basically coincides with the calculations done in the MLK2005 paper.
In this approach we derive and solve approximate MHD equations across
a thin reconnection layer, including only the upstream region and the
layer center. Both approaches give the same approximate formula for
the reconnection rate, which is valid in the general case of an
arbitrary nonuniform anomalous resistivity [see Eq.~(\ref{RATE})].
Using these two approaches simultaneously allows us to better
understand the physics of a reconnection process.

In Sec.~\ref{LOCALIZED_RESISTIVITY} we pursue the second goal of this
paper. We consider the case treated by Baty {\it et~al$.$}~\cite{baty_2006},
when resistivity is a prescribed function of the two spatial coordinates
$x$ and $y$ (remember that we consider two-dimensional reconnection, so
that no physical quantities depend on $z$). We argue that our theoretical
model is in agreement with the results of these recent simulations of
reconnection by Baty, Priest and Forbes~\cite{baty_2006}. This agreement
contradicts their theoretical conclusion that Petschek shocks exist
with constant resistivity, and we explain why. Finally, in
Sec.~\ref{DISCUSSION} we discuss our results.

\section{Reconnection with nonuniform anomalous resistivity}
\label{ANOMALOUS_RESISTIVITY}

In this section we consider magnetic reconnection with nonuniform
anomalous resistivity in the classical two-dimensional
Sweet-Parker-Petschek reconnection layer, shown in
Fig.~\ref{FIGURE_LAYER}. The layer is in the x-y plane with the
x- and y-axes being perpendicular to and along the layer
respectively. The length of the layer is
$2L'$, which is approximately equal to or smaller than the global
magnetic field scale $L$ that will be introduced below. The
thickness of the layer, $2\delta_o$, is much smaller
than its length, i.e.~$2\delta_o\ll2L'$. The classical
Sweet-Parker-Petschek reconnection layer is assumed to have a
point symmetry with respect to its geometric center point~$O$ in
Fig.~\ref{FIGURE_LAYER} and reflection symmetries with
respect to the axes $x$ and $y$.
Thus, for example, the x- and y-components of the plasma velocities
${\bf V}$ and of the magnetic field ${\bf B}$ have the following
simple symmetries:
$V_x(\pm x,\mp y)=\pm V_x(x,y)$, $V_y(\pm x,\mp y)=\mp V_y(x,y)$,
$B_x(\pm x,\mp y)=\mp B_x(x,y)$ and $B_y(\pm x,\mp y)=\pm B_y(x,y)$.
There could be a pair of Petschek shocks attached to each of the
two reconnection layer ends in the downstream regions. Because
of the MHD jump conditions on the Petschek shocks, there must
be a nonzero perpendicular magnetic field $B_x'$ in the
downstream region at point~$O'$ in
Fig.~\ref{FIGURE_LAYER}~\cite{kulsrud_2001,kulsrud_2005}.
If the plasma viscosity is small, then the plasma outflow velocity
$V_{\rm out}'$ in the downstream region at point~$O'$ is approximately
equal to the Alfven velocity $V_A$ calculated in the upstream region
at point~$M$ (refer to Fig.~\ref{FIGURE_LAYER}). The
plasma inflow velocity $V_R$ in the upstream region at point~$M$,
outside the reconnection layer, is much smaller than the
outflow velocity, $V_R\ll V_A$. Finally, the magnetic field $B_m$
at point~$M$, outside the layer, is mostly in the direction of
the layer (i.e.~in the y-direction).

\begin{figure}[t]
\vspace{3.6truecm}
\special{psfile=layer_horizontal.eps voffset=0 hoffset=0 vscale=47 hscale=47 angle=0}
\caption{(Color online) The geometrical configuration of the classical
Sweet-Parker-Petschek reconnection layer is shown. Petschek shocks exist only
if the reconnection is considerably faster than the Sweet-Parker reconnection
rate.
}
\label{FIGURE_LAYER}
\end{figure}

Now let us list four assumptions that we make about reconnection
process. First, we assume that the characteristic Lundquist number
is large, which (by our definition) means that resistivity is
negligible outside the reconnection layer. Second, we assume the
plasma flow is incompressible. Third, for simplicity we neglect plasma
viscosity. (The case of nonzero viscosity is treated in the MLK2005
paper~\cite{malyshkin_2005}.) Fourth, we assume the reconnection
process is quasi-stationary. This is true if the reconnection is
slow, $V_R/V_A\ll1$, and that there are no plasma instabilities in
the reconnection layer. For an incompressible viscousless plasma the
assumption of slow reconnection is equivalent to the assumption
that the reconnection layer is thin, $\delta_o/L'\approx V_R/V_A\ll1$.
The above assumptions are standard in the Sweet-Parker and Petschek
reconnection models. Please note that we make no assumptions
about the values of the guide field $B_z$. In other words, our
derivations apply to what is called ``two-and-a-half dimensional''
reconnection.

For brevity, we use physical units in which the speed of light and
four times $\pi$ are replaced by unity, $c=1$ and
$4\pi=1$~\footnote{Equations in the CGS units can be obtained by
substitutions
${\bf B}\rightarrow {\bf B}/\sqrt{4\pi}$ for magnetic field,
${\bf E}\rightarrow c{\bf E}/\sqrt{4\pi}$ for electric field,
${\bf j}\rightarrow (\sqrt{4\pi}/c){\bf j}$ for electric current,
and $\eta\rightarrow\eta$ for resistivity.
}.
In these units the MHD equations that we need to find the reconnection
rate are as follows. Faraday's law
${{\bf\nabla}\times{\bf E}}=-\partial{\bf B}/\partial t$ for
the x- and y-components of magnetic field in two dimensions is
\begin{eqnarray}
\partial E_z/\partial y=-\partial B_x/\partial t\approx 0,
\quad
\partial E_z/\partial x=\partial B_y/\partial t\approx 0,
\label{FARADAYS_LAW_EXACT}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\partial{\bf B}/\partial t\approx 0$ because of the
quasi-stationarity of reconnection. From Eqs.~(\ref{FARADAYS_LAW_EXACT})
we see that the electric field z-component is constant
in space, i.e.~$E_z=E_z(t)$ is a function of time only.
Next, neglecting the displacement current in the framework of MHD,
Ampere's law for the z-component of the current is
\begin{eqnarray}
j_z=({\bf\nabla}\times{\bf B})_z=\partial B_y/\partial x-\partial B_x/\partial y.
\label{AMPERES_LAW_EXACT}
\end{eqnarray}
Ohm's law for the spatially uniform z-component of the electric
field is
\begin{eqnarray}
E_z(t)=-V_xB_y+V_yB_x+\eta j_z=\mbox{constant in space},
\label{OHMS_LAW_EXACT}
\end{eqnarray}
where resistivity $\eta=\eta(j_z,x,y)$ is an arbitrary function
of the electric current z-component and of the two-dimensional
coordinates~\footnote{
We assume that $\eta(j_z,x,y)$ has finite derivatives in $y$ up to
the second order and in $x$ and $j_z$ up to the first order.
We consider $\eta$ to be a function of $j_z$ instead of the total
current $j=(j_z^2+j_x^2+j_y^2)^{1/2}$. This is because the electrical
conductivity in the z-direction can be reduced by plasma instabilities
due to large values of $j_z$.
}.
Next, the equation for plasma acceleration along the layer in the y-direction is
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho({\bf V}\cdot{\bf\nabla})V_y=-(\partial/\partial y)[P+B_x^2/2+B_y^2/2]
+({\bf B\nabla})B_y,
\label{ACCELERATION_EXACT}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\rho$ is the constant plasma density, $P$ is the sum of
the plasma pressure and the guide field pressure $B_z^2/2$.
In addition, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\partial_x V_x+\partial_y V_y=0,\quad
\partial_x B_x+\partial_y B_y=0
\label{DIVERGENCE_EXACT}
\end{eqnarray}
because the field and the velocity are divergence-free.

Now, from MHD equations~(\ref{AMPERES_LAW_EXACT})--(\ref{DIVERGENCE_EXACT})
we obtain the following table of ``global'' and ``local'' equations for
the reconnection layer:
\begin{widetext}
\vspace{-4.0ex}
\begin{eqnarray}
\begin{tabular}{|cl|c|c|}
\hline
 & & {\bf Global Equations} & {\bf Local Equations} \\
\hline
$1^{\rm st},$ & Ampere's law &
\multicolumn{2}{c|}{$j_o\equiv(j_z)_o\approx
(\partial_x B_y)_o\approx B_m/\delta_o$} \\
\hline
$2^{\rm nd},$ & Incompressibility &
$V_RL'\approx V_{\rm out}'\delta_o$ &
$(\partial_y V_y)_o=-(\partial_x V_x)_o\approx V_R/\delta_o$ \\
\hline
$3^{\rm rd},$ & Plasma acceleration &
$V_{\rm out}'\approx V_A\equiv B_m/\sqrt{\rho}$ &
$\rho{(\partial_y V_y)_o}^2=-(\partial_y^2P)_o+
j_o(\partial_y B_x)_o\vphantom{\Big|}$ \\
\hline
$4^{\rm th},$ & Jump condition on shocks & $B_x'/\sqrt{\rho}=V_R'\approx V_R$ & \\
\hline
$5^{\rm th},$ & $E_z={\rm const}$ across the layer &
\multicolumn{2}{c|}{$\eta_oj_o=V_RB_m$} \\
\hline
$6^{\rm th},$ & $E_z={\rm const}$ along the layer &
$\eta_oj_o=\eta'j_z'+V_{\rm out}'B_x'$ &
$0=\partial_y^2\big(\eta j_z\big)_o+
2(\partial_y V_y)_o(\partial_y B_x)_o\vphantom{\Big|}$ \\
\hline
$7^{\rm th},$ & Unknown quantities & $j_o$, $\delta_o$, $V_R$, $L'$, $V_{\rm out}'$, $B_x'$ &
$j_o$, $\delta_o$, $V_R$, $(\partial_y V_y)_o$, $(\partial_y B_x)_o$\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{TABLE}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
Here quantities with subscript $_o$ are taken at the reconnection layer central
point~$O$, while quantities with the prime sign are taken at point $O'$
in the downflow region (refer to Fig.~\ref{FIGURE_LAYER}). The column
``Global Equations'' includes equations that are written at points~$O$,~$M$
and~$O'$, these equations represent the ``global'' equations approach to
the calculation of the reconnection rate. The column ``Local Equations''
includes equations that are written only at points~$O$ and $M$ and represent
the ``local'' equations approach. Note that equations on lines~1 and~5 enter
both columns in the same form. The first line of the table includes the Ampere's
law equation~(\ref{AMPERES_LAW_EXACT}), with the $\partial_y B_x$ term
neglected because it is small, and the $\partial_x B_y$ term estimated
at point~$O$. The second line of the table includes the plasma incompressibility
condition~(\ref{DIVERGENCE_EXACT}) in its ``global'' and ``local'' forms. The
``global'' form is the mass conservation equation, while in the ``local'' form the
$\partial_x V_x$ term is estimated at point~$O$. The third line contains
equations for plasma acceleration given by Eq.~(\ref{ACCELERATION_EXACT}).
The ``global'' equation $V_{\rm out}'\approx V_A$ reflects
the well known result that in the absence of viscosity the plasma outflow
velocity in the downstream region is approximately equal to the Alfven velocity
calculated in the upstream region~\cite{sweet_1958,parker_1963,petschek_1964}.
The ``local'' equation for plasma acceleration results from differentiation of
Eq.~(\ref{ACCELERATION_EXACT}) with respect to $y$ and taking the
symmetries of the reconnection layer into account. The $j_o(\partial_y B_x)_o$
term in this equation is the magnetic tension force, while the pressure term is
equal to
\begin{eqnarray}
(\partial_y^2 P)_o =\partial_y^2\big(B_y^2/2\big)_m=B_m(\partial_y^2 B_y)_m<0.
\label{PRESSURE_TERM}
\end{eqnarray}
Thus, the drop of pressure $P$ (which includes the plasma and guide field
pressure) along the layer is equal to the pressure drop of the parallel
magnetic field outside the layer. This result follows from the force balance
condition for the plasma across the reconnection layer (in analogy with the
Sweet-Parker derivations), and its rigorous proof can be found in the
appendix~A of the MLK2005 paper~\cite{malyshkin_2005}. The last equality in
Eq.~(\ref{PRESSURE_TERM}) comes from the layer reflection symmetry with
respect to the $x$ axis.

Next, the fourth line in Table~\ref{TABLE} includes the standard
jump condition on the switch-off MHD Petschek shocks attached to the ends of
the reconnection layer~\cite{kulsrud_2001,kulsrud_2005}. This condition is
a ``global'' equation, and the plasma incoming velocity $V_R'$ at point~$M'$
is estimated as being approximately equal to the plasma incoming velocity
$V_R$ at point~$M$ (refer to Fig.~\ref{FIGURE_LAYER}). There is no
corresponding ``local'' equation because we do not consider the downstream
region and Petschek shocks in the ``local'' equations approach!
Equations in the fifth and sixth lines of Table~\ref{TABLE} directly
result from Ohm's law equation~(\ref{OHMS_LAW_EXACT}). Namely, we use
the spatial homogeneity of $E_z(t)$, which is a consequence of the
quasi-stationarity of reconnection. To obtain the single equation in the
fifth line and the ``global'' equation in the sixth line, we equate the
Ohm's law expression for $E_z$ at points~$O$,~$M$ and~$O'$.
To obtain the ``local'' equation in the sixth line, we take the second order
partial derivative $\partial_y^2$ of Eq.~(\ref{OHMS_LAW_EXACT}) at point~$O$.
Finally, the seventh line in Table~\ref{TABLE} lists all unknown physical
quantities to be estimated in the ``global'' and ``local'' equations approaches.
Note that quantities $j_o$, $\delta_o$, $V_R$, $(\partial_y V_y)_o$
and $(\partial_y B_x)_o$ are ``local'' (i.e.~defined at the layer central
point~$O$ and at point~$M$ in the upstream region), while quantities $L'$,
$V_{\rm out}'$ and $B_x'$ are ``global'' (i.e.~defined at point~$O'$ in
the downstream region).

There are a few additional equations that we need. First, we use the
second-order Taylor expansion of $\eta j_z$ along the y-axis to
estimate the $\eta'\!j_z'$ term in the 6th line in Table~\ref{TABLE},
\begin{eqnarray}
\eta'j_z'&\approx&\eta_oj_o+(L'^2/2)\left\{j_o(\partial_y^2\eta)_o+{}\right.
\nonumber\\
&&\left.{}+[\eta_o+j_o(\partial\eta/\partial j_z)_o](\partial_y^2j_z)_o\right\}.
\label{TAYLOR_EXPANSION}
\end{eqnarray}
Note that the first-order Taylor expansion terms are zero because of the
symmetry. Second, we define the field global scale $L$ and the resistivity
scale $l_\eta$ as~\footnote{Here we consider
the natural case when $(\partial\eta/\partial j_z)_o\ge0$ and
$(\partial^2\eta/\partial y^2)_o\le0$ because plasma conductivity
decreases as the current increases and we are interested in anomalous
reconnection that is faster than the Sweet-Parker reconnection.
\label{ETA_DERIVATIVES}
}
\begin{eqnarray}
L^2\equiv -2B_m\left/(\partial_y^2 B_y)_m\right.,
\quad
l_\eta^2\equiv -2\eta_o\left/(\partial_y^2\eta)_o\right..
\label{L}
\end{eqnarray}
Third, the y-scale of the current $j_z$, to a factor of order unity, turns
out to be about the same as the y-scale of the outside magnetic field,
\begin{eqnarray}
j_o^{-1}(\partial_y^2j_z)_o\approx B_m^{-1}(\partial_y^2B_y)_m=-2/L^2.
\label{J_YY}
\end{eqnarray}
This result can be understood by taking the second order partial
derivative $\partial_y^2$ of the Ampere's law equation
$j_o\approx B_m/\delta_o$ given in the first line in Table~\ref{TABLE},
while keeping $\delta_o$ constant because the partial derivative in $y$ is
to be taken at a constant value of $x=\delta_o$. The detailed
proof of Eq.~(\ref{J_YY}) is given in the appendix~B of the MLK2005 paper.

Now we have all equations necessary to find the reconnection rate
and all other unknown physical parameters. In the ``Global Equations'' column
in Table~\ref{TABLE} we have six equations and six unknowns, and in the
``Local Equations'' column we have five equations and five unknowns.
Using the ``local'' equations and
equations~(\ref{PRESSURE_TERM}),~(\ref{L}) and~(\ref{J_YY}),
we obtain the following approximate algebraic equation for the z-current
$j_o$ at the reconnection layer central point~$O$:
\begin{eqnarray}
3+\frac{j_o}{\eta_o}\left(\frac{\partial\eta}{\partial j_z}\right)_{\!o}
+\frac{L^2}{l_\eta^2}\approx\frac{\eta_o^2j_o^4L^2}{V_A^2B_m^4},
\label{RATE}
\end{eqnarray}
where resistivity $\eta_o\equiv\eta(j_z=j_o,x=0,y=0)$ is a function of
$j_o$. The ``global'' equations give a similar result with $3$ replaced
by $1$ in Eq.~(\ref{RATE}), which is a less accurate result due to
additional approximations made in Eq.~(\ref{TAYLOR_EXPANSION}) and in
the formula $V_R'\approx V_R$ in the fourth line of Table~\ref{TABLE}.

Given the resistivity function $\eta=\eta(j_z,x,y)$, as well as the
magnetic field $B_m$ and its global scale
$L\equiv -2B_m/(\partial_y^2 B_y)_m$ both calculated at point~$M$
in the upstream region, we can solve the algebraic
Eq.~(\ref{RATE}) for the current $j_o$.  Once $j_o$ is
calculated, we can easily find the reconnection rate, which is the rate
of destruction of magnetic flux at point~$O$ and is equal to the
electric field z-component $E_z(t)=\eta_oj_o$. We can also
find all the other physical parameters, by using the equations in
Table~\ref{TABLE},
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta_o &\approx& B_m/j_o,
\label{DELTA}
\\
V_R &\approx& \eta_oj_o/B_m\ll V_A,
\label{V_R}
\\
(\partial_y V_y)_o &\approx& \eta_oj_o^2/B_m^2\approx V_R/\delta_o,
\label{V_y_y}
\\
(\partial_y B_x)_o &\approx& j_o\left(V_R^2/V_A^2
-2B_m^2/j_o^2L^2\right),
\label{B_x_y}
\\
B'_x &\approx& V_R\sqrt{\rho}\approx B_m(V_R/V_A),
\qquad
\label{B_x}
\\
V'_{\rm out} &\approx& V_A,
\label{V_OUT}
\\
L' &\approx& \delta_o\frac{V_A}{V_R}
\approx\frac{V_A}{(\partial_y V_y)_o}
\approx\frac{B'_x}{(\partial_y B_x)_o}.
\label{L'}
\end{eqnarray}
The last approximate equality in Eq.~(\ref{L'}) is valid because the
second term on the right-hand-side of Eq.~(\ref{B_x_y}) can be neglected.
This is because $3B_m^2/j_o^2L^2\le V_R^2/V_A^2$, which follows
from Eqs.~(\ref{V_R}) and~(\ref{RATE}) (also refer to
footnote~$[28]$).

Equations~(\ref{RATE})-(\ref{L'}) are very general results for
quasi-stationary magnetic reconnection with no assumptions about
the functional form of resistivity and the guide field value. Now
let us look at the three terms on the left-hand side of Eq.~(\ref{RATE}).
When resistivity is constant, the only term left is the first term.
The second term is clearly related to the dependence of anomalous
resistivity on the current. The third term becomes important when
resistivity is {\it ad hoc} localized in space. As a result, in the
end of this section we consider three special cases of magnetic
reconnection, in which Eqs.~(\ref{RATE})-(\ref{L'}) reduce to simpler
formulas. These three cases correspond to domination of the first,
second and third terms respectively on the left-hand-side of
Eq.~(\ref{RATE}), and they are as follows.

The first case is the quasi-uniform resistivity case,
\begin{eqnarray}
\begin{array}{l}
\mbox{if~~$1\gg\max[(j_o/\eta_o)(\partial\eta/\partial j_z)_o,L^2/l_\eta^2]$,~~then}
\\
\quad j_o\approx(B_m/L)S^{1/2}, \quad\mbox{where~~$S\equiv V_AL/\eta_o$},
\\
\quad V_R/V_A\approx S^{-1/2}, \quad \delta_o\approx LS^{-1/2}, \quad L'\approx L.
\end{array}
\label{SP_RECONNECTION}
\end{eqnarray}
Here we introduce the Lundquist number $S_o\equiv V_AL/\eta_o$ and assume
for our estimates that $3^{1/4}\approx1$. Equations~(\ref{SP_RECONNECTION})
are the familiar Sweet-Parker results~\cite{sweet_1958,parker_1963}. Thus, if
resistivity is quasi-uniform or uniform, then reconnection is Sweet-Parker.

The second case is the Petschek-Kulsrud reconnection,
\begin{eqnarray}
\begin{array}{l}
\mbox{if~~$(j_o/\eta_o)(\partial\eta/\partial j_z)_o\gg\max[1,L^2/l_\eta^2]$,~~then}
\\
\quad V_R/V_A \approx \delta_o/L'\approx
\left[(B_m/V_AL^2)(\partial\eta/\partial j_z)_o\right]^{1/3},
\\
\quad L'\approx L\left[(j_o/\eta_o)
(\partial\eta/\partial j_z)_o\right]^{-1/2}\ll L.
\end{array}
\label{PK_RECONNECTION}
\end{eqnarray}
This is the case of fast reconnection with Petschek geometry and shocks.
Equations~(\ref{PK_RECONNECTION}) were first derived by
Kulsrud~\cite{kulsrud_2001}. This is the reason
we call this case Petschek-Kulsrud reconnection.

The third case is the case of reconnection with spatially localized
resistivity,
\begin{eqnarray}
\begin{array}{l}
\mbox{if~~$L^2/l_\eta^2\gg \max[1,(j_o/\eta_o)(\partial\eta/\partial j_z)_o]$,~~then}
\\
\quad j_o\approx(B_m/l_\eta)S_\eta^{1/2},
\quad\mbox{where~~$S_\eta\equiv V_Al_\eta/\eta_o$},
\\
\quad V_R/V_A\approx S_\eta^{-1/2}, \quad \delta_o\approx l_\eta S_\eta^{-1/2},
\quad L'\approx l_\eta\ll L.
\end{array}
\label{LOCALIZED_RECONNECTION}
\end{eqnarray}
Here we introduce the effective Lundquist number
$S_\eta\equiv V_Al_\eta/\eta_o$ that is based on the resistivity
scale $l_\eta$ given by Eq.~(\ref{L}).
Equations~(\ref{LOCALIZED_RECONNECTION}) are the same as the Sweet-Parker
equations~(\ref{SP_RECONNECTION}) with the global field scale $L$ replaced
by the resistivity scale $l_\eta$. When resistivity is strongly localized,
$l_\eta\ll L$, the reconnection becomes fast yielding Petschek geometry and
shocks.

We postpone the detailed analysis and discussion of our theoretical results
until the last section of the paper.

\section{Reconnection with spatially localized resistivity}
\label{LOCALIZED_RESISTIVITY}

In this section we compare our theoretical results to the results of recent
simulations of reconnection with spatially nonuniform resistivity by Baty,
Priest and Forbes (2006)~\cite{baty_2006}. They took the resistivity as
\begin{eqnarray}
\eta(x,y)=\eta_1+(\eta_o-\eta_1)\exp\left[-(x/l_x)^2-(y/l_y)^2\right]
\label{Baty_ETA}
\end{eqnarray}
and considered different values of parameters $\eta_o$, $\eta_1$, $l_x$ and
$l_y$. They found that the reconnection rate does not depend on the value of
$l_x$. This is in agreement with our Eq.~(\ref{RATE}), which includes
only $\partial_y^2\eta(x,y)$ derivative via resistivity scale $l_\eta$
given by Eq.~(\ref{L}). As for the dependence on the
other parameters, in all their simulation runs Baty~{\it et~al$.$} found
the Petschek geometrical configuration with shocks and reconnection rate
faster than the Sweet-Parker rate. They paid special attention to the case
when $\eta_o-\eta_1$ in Eq.~(\ref{Baty_ETA}) is small and the resistivity is
weakly nonuniform. They called this case a ``quasi-uniform resistivity''
case, and observed the Petschek solution in this case as well. At the same
time, we theoretically derived the Sweet-Parker solution for the
quasi-uniform resistivity case, given by Eqs.~(\ref{SP_RECONNECTION}).
Thus, there is a disagreement between our theoretical results and the
claims by Baty~{\it et~al$.$}, which needs to be addressed.

The reason for this disagreement is that the resistivity used by Baty~{\it et~al$.$}
was not actually quasi-uniform in {\it all} their simulation runs. In fact,
when resistivity depends only on coordinates, the condition of a
quasi-uniform resistivity is $1\gg L^2/l_\eta^2$, refer to
Eqs.~(\ref{SP_RECONNECTION}). In other words, the resistivity localization
scale $l_\eta$ must be much larger than the field global scale $L$. In
their most uniform resistivity simulation run Baty~{\it et~al$.$} used
$\eta_o=10^{-4}$, $\eta_1=9.3\times10^{-5}$, $l_y=0.1$ and $L\approx1$.
According to Eq.~(\ref{L}), in this case
$l_\eta=l_y\sqrt{\eta_o/(\eta_o-\eta_1)}=0.378$, which is considerably
smaller than $L\approx 1$. Thus, while the resistivity function
$\eta(x,y)=9.3\times10^{-5}+7\times10^{-6}\exp[-(y/0.1)^2-(x/l_x)^2]$
would indeed appear close to uniform when its graph is plotted, its second
derivative $\partial_y^2\eta$ is large due to small value of $l_y=0.1$.
As a result, this resistivity should be viewed as far from uniform and as
rather well localized, $L^2/l_\eta^2\approx7$. In their other
simulation runs Baty~{\it et~al$.$} used even stronger localized resistivity
with larger values of $\eta_o-\eta_1$ in Eq.~(\ref{Baty_ETA}). In fact,
they were not able to run any simulations with strictly uniform resistivity
$\eta={\rm const}$ because of an instability of the reconnection
layer. The reason for this instability possibly lies in
the boundary conditions that Baty~{\it et~al$.$} used, which might conflict
with our Eq.~(\ref{RATE}). The latter must be satisfied for quasi-stationary
reconnection.

We would like to quantitatively compare our theoretical results to the results
obtained by Baty~{\it et~al$.$} in their most uniform resistivity simulation run.
They had $l_\eta=0.378$, $L\approx 1$, $\eta_o=10^{-4}$, $V_A\approx 1$,
$B_m\approx 0.9$ and they found $j_o\approx 120$ for the current at the
reconnection layer central point~O~\cite{baty_2006,baty_2006p}. Our
approximate Eqs.~(\ref{LOCALIZED_RECONNECTION}), derived for the localized
resistivity case, give $j_o\approx(B_m/l_\eta)(V_Al_\eta/\eta_o)^{1/2}=146$,
which is close to $j_o\approx 120$ observed in the simulation. The small
disagreement could be due to plasma compressibility, or due to the finite
Lundquist number used in the simulation and due to the approximate nature
of our theoretical model.

We conclude that our theoretical model for magnetic reconnection is
in an agreement with the simulations by Baty~{\it et~al$.$}~\cite{baty_2006}.
Our model is in reasonable agreement with several other previous
numerical simulations of reconnection with spatially nonuniform
resistivity~\cite{ugai_1977,tsuda_1977,scholer_1989,biskamp_2001}.

\section{Discussion}
\label{DISCUSSION}

Let us now discuss our major results.

First, equation~(\ref{RATE}) that determines the reconnection current
$j_o$ and the quasi-stationary reconnection rate $\eta_oj_o$ is derived
by using the ``local'' equations theoretical approach (see the
last column of Table~\ref{TABLE}). This approach involves only ``local''
quantities and equations that are defined on the interval $OM$ across
the reconnection layer, refer to Fig.~\ref{FIGURE_LAYER}. Thus, the
quasi-stationary reconnection rate in a thin two-dimensional layer is
determined locally, in the layer central point~$O$ and in the upstream
region outside the layer at point~$M$. In other words, the rate is
{\it fully} determined by a particular functional form of anomalous
resistivity $\eta(j_z,x,y)$ and by the local configuration of the
magnetic field in the upstream region. The later determines
field $B_m$ and its scale $L\!\equiv\![-2B_m/(\partial_y^2 B_y)_m]^{1/2}$
at point~$M$. As a result, the global properties of the
reconnection layer (e.g.~its length $L'$, the plasma outflow velocity
$V_{\rm out}'$ and the presence or absence of Petschek shocks) do not
directly matter for the quasi-stationary reconnection rate. This is a
very important result because the reconnection layer global geometry
can be very complicated (e.g.~in turbulent plasmas). Of course, there
exists an indirect dependence of the reconnection rate on the field
global properties because the local field configuration in the upstream
region is determined by the field global configuration.
The above statements are also true for all other ``local'' parameters --
for the layer thickness $\delta_o$ and for the reconnection velocity
$V_R$, refer to Eqs.~(\ref{DELTA}) and~(\ref{V_R}).

Second, the reconnection rate can also be estimated by using the
``global'' equations theoretical approach, in which the whole
reconnection layer is considered, including the downstream region at
point~$O'$ (refer to Fig.~\ref{FIGURE_LAYER}). The equations used in
this approach are presented in the second column of Table~\ref{TABLE}.
We would like to point out that two of these equation play the key role
in correct determination of the reconnection layer length $L'$ and geometry.
The first key equation is the jump condition on the Petschek shocks,
$B_x'/\sqrt{\rho}\approx V_R'\approx V_R$, whose importance was first
pointed out by Kulsrud~\cite{kulsrud_2001}. The second key equation is
the constancy of the electric field z-component along the reconnection
layer, $\eta_oj_o=\eta'j_z'+V_{\rm out}'B_x'$, which has been
overlooked in the previous theoretical models (e.g.~in the Petschek
model).

Third, for the case of a strong dependence of resistivity on the
current, i.e.~when
$(j_o/\eta_o)(\partial\eta/\partial j_z)_o\gg\max[1,L^2/l_\eta^2]$,
our results, given by Eqs.~(\ref{PK_RECONNECTION}), coincide
with the results obtained by Kulsrud~\cite{kulsrud_2001}. Thus,
both the ``local'' and ``global'' theoretical approaches confirm Kulsrud's
results and ideas, contrary to the doubts raised in paper by
Baty {\it et~al$.$}~\cite{baty_2006}.

Fourth, we found that in the case of uniform or quasi-uniform
resistivity the magnetic reconnection rate is the slow Sweet-Parker
rate and not the fast Petschek rate, see Eqs.~(\ref{SP_RECONNECTION}).
This theoretical result follows from rigorous analytical derivations
and agrees with numerical simulations. At the same time it contradicts
the original Petschek theoretical model. Let us consider both the
``global'' and ``local'' analytical approaches in the case of
a strictly uniform resistivity $\eta={\rm const}=\eta_o$, and let
us explain why the Petschek reconnection layer geometry is not
realized in this case. We take the ``global'' equations approach first.
In the case of constant resistivity Eqs.~(\ref{TAYLOR_EXPANSION})
and~(\ref{J_YY}) result in equation
$(\eta_oj_o-\eta'j_z')/\eta_oj_o\approx (L'/L)^2$ for the fractional
drop of the $\eta j_z$ term along the reconnection layer.
On the other hand, the constancy of the electric field z-component
along the reconnection layer implies that this fractional drop is
$(\eta_oj_o-\eta'j_z')/\eta_oj_o\approx V_{\rm out}'B_x'/\eta_oj_o\approx 1$,
where we use the ``global'' equations on lines $3$ to~$6$ in the
second column of Table~\ref{TABLE}. These two equations agree only
if $L'\approx L$, which means that the geometry of the reconnection
layer is Sweet-Parker and not Petschek. Next, we take the ``local''
equations approach. In this ``local'' approach we prefer not to consider
the reconnection layer geometry and any ``global'' parameters, such as
the layer length $L'$, for the calculation of the reconnection rate.
Instead we argue as follows. Refer to the ``local'' equations in the
last column of Table~\ref{TABLE}. Equations on lines~$1$, $2$ and~$5$
result in an estimate of the plasma outflow velocity derivative
$(\partial_y V_y)_o\approx\eta_oj_o^2/B_m^2$, see Eq.~(\ref{V_y_y}).
Plasma acceleration equation on line~$3$ results in the upper estimate
for the $B_x$ field derivative,
$(\partial_y B_x)_o\le\rho{(\partial_y V_y)_o}^2/j_o$. As a result, we
can find the upper estimate for the reconnection current $j_o$ from
the ``local'' equation on line~$6$, which is the condition of constancy
of the electric field z-component along the reconnection layer. If
resistivity is uniform, this estimate turns out to be the
Sweet-Parker value, $j_o\approx (B_m/L)(V_AL/\eta_o)^{-1/2}$, as
given by Eq.~(\ref{SP_RECONNECTION}). In addition, if one estimates
the reconnection layer length as
$L'\sim B_x'/(\partial_y B_x)_o\sim V_A/(\partial_y V_y)_o$, he/she
would again recover the Sweet-Parker result $L'\approx L$~\cite{malyshkin_2005}.
We conclude that in the case of constant resistivity both the ``global''
and ``local'' equations approaches consistently lead to the Sweet-Parker
reconnection rate and the Sweet-Parker geometry of the reconnection
layer ($L'\approx L$).

Finally, let us point out that whether reconnection is unforced (free)
or forced does not matter for our results and conclusions. Indeed, on
one hand, in the case of unforced reconnection one solves
Eqs.~(\ref{RATE}) and~(\ref{V_R}) for the current $j_o$ and for the
reconnection velocity $V_R$. The solution will depend on the magnetic
field $B_m$ in the upstream region at point~$M$. On the other
hand, in the case of forced magnetic reconnection the reconnection
velocity $V_R$ is prescribed and fixed. In this case the field
$B_m$ in the upstream region should be treated as an unknown parameter,
and Eqs.~(\ref{RATE}) and~(\ref{V_R}) are to be solved together in
order to find the correct quasi-stationary values of $j_o$ and
$B_m$. In other words, in the forced reconnection case an initially
weak outside magnetic field $B_m$ gets piled up to higher values
until the resulting current $j_o$ in the reconnection layer
becomes large enough to be able to match the prescribed velocity
$V_R$ of magnetic flux and energy supply in the upstream region.

\begin{acknowledgments}
It is our pleasure to thank Hantao Ji, Dmitri Uzdensky and
Masaaki Yamada for stimulating discussions and valuable comments.
This work was supported by the Center for Magnetic Self-Organization
(CMSO) grant. L.~M.'s research was also partly supported by
NASA Grant No.~NNG04GD90G. L.~M.~would like to acknowledge hospitality
of the Aspen Center for Physics, where the results of this work were
presented for the first time.

\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


In 1974, Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher, Tommy John sustained an injury to his pitching elbow and underwent surgery by the late Dr. Frank Jobe. The surgery involved replacing a torn ligament in the elbow with a tendon graft. He was the first major league baseball player to undergo this successful procedure and returned back to pitching nearly a year later.
The medial collateral ligament (also known as the ulnar collateral ligament – UCL) connects the humerus to the ulna and is susceptible to injury from repetitive stress or from direct trauma. This type of injury is common in throwing sports, especially amongst baseball pitchers, due to the high energy forces that cause both a twisting and bending of the elbow.
The UCL can be replaced with either an autograft or an allograft. Commonly the tendon of Palmaris Longus is used from the patient's own forearm. An incision is made over the outside of the elbow and dissection is carefully performed down to the level of the bone. The neurovascular structures are identified and carefully protected. Burr holes are made into the ulna are made to allow for a bone tunnel. Suture materials are passed through the tunnel to allow for eventual replacement of the graft. The graft is prepared, placed, and checked for symmetry and tightness in both flexion and extension.
Post-operatively a long arm splint is used to immobilize the arm for up to a few weeks. A functional brace is often used to allow for controlled range of motion. Range of motion is the focus for the first month. Certain milestones must be met before various stages of recovery can progress. Avoidance of throwing too early is paramount to re-injury. Full recovery with return to sport can take a year or more.


Just days after his Malibu home was partially burnt down in the California fires, Gerard Butler (or "Gerry" as we shall forever be calling him now) has made a trip to Haiti to share a meal with some school kids.
The Scottish superstar is on the Caribbean Island with Magnus Macfarlane-Barrow, founder of the Mary's Meals program. What is that, you may be wondering? It's a school feeding charity. And it is BEYOND awesome.
Mary's Meals currently provides meals to kids across Haiti as well as over 1 million children around the world EVERY school day. Ecuador, India, Liberia, Kenya, Romania, Madagadcar, Syria. You name it, they're probably already there, in some of the poorest communities in the world, preparing food.
We've got some exciting news to share. Hollywood star @gerardbutler is in #Haiti with our founder Magnus! They've been meeting children who receive Mary's Meals at school!
On the menu is rice and beans with a sauce made of veggies and fish prepared by Mary's Meals volunteers who then distribute it to nearly 42,000 children in Haiti every school day. It's making a tangible dent in the world hunger crisis. And it's keeping kids in school.
Gerry's visit not only raises awareness about this awesome charity, but also puts a spotlight on the beautiful children of Haiti whose lives are being totally transformed by a little kindness from strangers.
Check out some of his selfies with the kids and staff below and, if you'd like to learn more about Mary's Meals, you can go HERE.


Bite-Cap — get it, a Recap my BiteTheRoad week.
Yes, everyone is welcome to participate. From the novice to more experienced blogger, the home cook to the professional. Each guest storyteller will share personal themes of food-related memories, recipes, moments of healing, love, transitions, and reflection and post them during the next few months. We will use the hashtag #FoodMemories2017 and all guest posts will be featured on the BiteTheRoad website and on its companion Facebook page Facebook.com/Bitetheroad. I will also share it out via my twitter account @FVStrona, the BitetheRoad Tumblr and Instagram pages and of course, I encourage you to share your post to your networks. Our first guest feature went live with Travis's 81-layer Biscuits.
I did a 10 min "TED" Style talk and used storytelling as a way to share about the importance of mentorships and mentors for the LGBT person in Tech. It was a great afternoon with so many very cool people present, that it would have been as nice to attend and not speak. I had forgotten how I enjoy the process of planning using the storytelling technique and coaching through humor. It was fun to be back in the San Francisco Armory in this other role, even it I always enjoyed it from my regular one. As a venue – they do a great job with hosting programs. One of the folks snapped a picture of me in motion and I dressed it up a bit and shared about my social media hubs as well. You can check out my post on Monday afternoon of the MentorSF.com/Engage blog to read more and see some of the slides.
Omnivore Books, (Omnivore Books has a Facebook page as well) here the Bay Area, often hosts book and author events. My pal Brad suggested we check it out last week, and I am so glad we did. This months offer was the newest cookbook from Cenk Sonmezoy, the mastermind and home-schooled blogger behind the food blog Cafe Fernando. With cookbook author and blogger for www.EatTheLove.com, Irvin Lin serving as local Interviewer – Cenk did some great storytelling behind his masterful cookbook and the powerful images he took himself in addition to the recipes he wrote. If I hadn't already purchased my copy, I would have put this on my Christmas list. Its a classic trilogy of storytelling, recipe sharing and visual enticements. The Artful Baker: Extraordinary Desserts From an Obsessive Home Baker is available at Omnivore or on Amazon.
Of course , hile I have finished reading the Artful Baker (Yes, I read them cover to cover like a novel), I did get inspired to pop out an old school Chocolate Chip Cookie "practice" pie. "Practice" as in it's a recipe I hadn't tried and it's that time of the year when I start working on the menu for the Holiday Orphans party in December..
Bite-Cap 4: The weekend wasn't all about food….
I did manage to get a 5.4 mile urban hike in on Saturday. This trail was a new one for me, but it has been part of Pauls exercise path previously, so it gave me a chance to explore parts of Glen Park that I hadn't seen before. But I think poor Dino's little legs might not have been as happy with the walk! I think other than the obvious – it's what you don't expect to see that always catches my eye.
This entry was posted in Diversity & Equality, Food Memories, Fun Finds, Guest Series, On Eating Around and tagged @eatthelove, Artful Baker, Halloween, Techinclusion. Bookmark the permalink.


A bit of Karla Kush inside. A slow soul, perhaps, ride to Paris that very night.
Didn't see Bellamy Young there. Because our dying environment is despairing. It is not Marxist or teleological or naturalistic or anti-realist or post-revolutionary.


text:
18th Century Europe - Economy and Society
By vmannava9999
Advent of the Cottage Industry
The cottage industry, often referred to as the putting-out system, was a kind of production method used in the 17th century in Europe. It involved merchant-employers supplying materials to rural producers.The putting-out system was distinct from previous artisan systems in that employees were not required to purchase materials or sell goods. Additionally, it showed a major change since women and children were seen employed on a widespread basis for the first time.
Transatlantic Slave Trade
Height of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
From the 16th through the 19th centuries, many Africans were brought to the Americas through the global slave trade. The triangle of trade was in its second of three stages at the time. Most slaves were transported to the Americas in the 18th century, when historians estimate that roughly three-fifths of the whole transatlantic slave trade occurred. As a result of the slave trade, many European nations prospered, gaining much economic strength in exchange for slave labor.
Manual on the Art of Childbirth
Madame du Coudray publishes Manual on the Art of Childbirth
During the 18th century, there was an explosion in the number of illegitimate children and general childbirth. As a result of these circumstances, Madame du Coudray published a manual on childbirth. She drastically changed the knowledge and education of midwives and delivery during childbirth. Thanks to her help with educating the populace, birth became much more controlled, proper, and safe.
Enclosure Movement in England
The Enclosure Acts, issued by the British parliament in the 1700s, permitted the common lands to be turned over to private ownership. Wealthy farmers started purchasing enormous tracts of land to build bigger, more complicated farms, driving out smaller farmers. Many of these farmers abandoned their way of life and sought employment in nearby towns and cities. As a result, the rural life of many shifted to harder, more industrial life in the city.
Navigation Acts
The British Parliament passed a set of laws known as the Navigation Acts to control trade between Britain and its colonies. By imposing trade restrictions, these laws sought to boost the British economy. They were designed to encourage British independence and reduce reliance on imports. For example, one of the acts prohibited non-British ships from transporting goods.
Elementary School Attendance Made Mandatory in Austria
Over the 18th century, steady access to schooling outside of the family increased with the spread of elementary schools. In Austria, elementary schools were made mandatory since the state believed that education was capable of raising a population that could effectively serve the state. For many children, school life became increasingly significant. However, a continuity remained as children only spent the very early years of their lives in school due to the absence of higher education.
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
Thomas Paine's Common Sense
In addition to criticizing the barriers standing in the way of independence, Common Sense presented a compelling argument for it. Paine contended unwaveringly that practically every issue in colonial life was a result of British control and that it could only be overcome by colonial independence. As a result of his argument, the colonies were pressured into severing from Britain. Economically, this hurt Britain as trade relations with the colonies soured.
Publishing of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
When Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations was published in 1776, it was seen as a turning point in human thought. The book outlines the reasons and procedures used by wealthy nations to acquire their wealth. It serves as the foundation for all future economic theory since it is the first scientific defense of the fundamentals of political economics. As a result of the book's popularity and strong ideals, an interest in capitalism was fostered, changing many countries' economies.
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Mary Wollstonecraft publishes A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
In her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, she claimed that education should be available to all genders to guarantee the appropriate accomplishment of societal obligations. She said that allowing women to pursue education was more advantageous and the only reason they performed less academically than males was because they were not given the same opportunity. Through her assertions, ideas of equality grew in society. As more people understood her ideas, they began to think the same.
Combination Acts in England
The Combination Act of 1799 outlawed British employees' ability to form unions and engage in collective bargaining. This meant that workers could no longer unionize to ask for better working conditions. Though this was a big win for factory owners, many workers suffered since power was taken out of their hands. As a result, it caused adversity to many British workers, making them work longer and harder in worse conditions.
ACONTECIMIENTOS 1833-1874
LA DESCOLONIZACIÓN DESPUÉS DE LA SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL
HITOS Y PRECURSORES DE LA PSICOLOGÍA SOCIAL. Carmen Ana Recinos Chargorodsky 202112259
History of Philippine Media
The Hunger Games Plot
La evolución de las NIIF en el mundo
Línea de tiempo avances tecnológicos en el tiempo.
Hechos importantes del Barroco
La historia del automóvil en una línea de tiempo
Linea de Tiempo de La Historia de la Bioestadistica
Hechos importantes de la conquista de América
Filósofos que aportaron a la Psicología
The Evolution of Trains
La Tercera la revolución industrial
LINEA DE TIEMPO EMPRENDIMIENTO
The Evolution of Traditional to New Media: Different Devices Through The Ages
Historia de la Hoteleria (Mundial)
Evolución de los procesadores AMD
Indian Rebellion of 1857
linea del tiempo de la alquimia hasta la química moderna
línea de tiempo con la evolución de la administración de recursos humanos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
News Description Home
Hinduja National Power announced commissioning of 1.04 GW power plant in Vishakhapatnam
India: Hinduja National Power commissioned 2 units of 0.520 GW each in Andhra Praesh making it a power surplus state. The power generated from the plant will be supplied to Southern and Eastern Power Distribution companies of Andhra Pradesh in order to cater the growing electricity demand from industrial regions in Vishakhapatnam region which has seen a tremendous growth in economic activities. Hinduja National Power identifies Power sector as one of its focussed area and plans to deploy power plants with an installed capacity of 10 GW with an envisaged investment of USD 12-14 billion in the coming years.
TechSci Research depicts that the rapid expansion of generation plants would give a major boost to the power evacuation infrastructure needed to supply generated power to the demand areas. It would result in the expansion of power transmission and distribution lines. The implementation of transmission and distribution lines will eventually surge the demand for Power and distribution transformers market as it forms a critical component of power evacuation infrastructure.
According to a recently released report of TechSci Research, "India Power & Distribution Transformers Market Forecast & Opportunities, 2020", the power and distribution transformers market in India is projected to grow at a CAGR of over 10% till 2020. Power transformers contribute a major portion in overall market revenues due to their higher price points. Under the 12thfive year plan (2012-2017), Indian government allocated US$ 200 billion for strengthening the country's power generation, transmission and distribution sector.
Relevant Reports
India Dietary Supplement Market By Product Type (Vitamin, Mineral, Combination Dietary Supplement, Herbal Supplement, Fish Oil & Omega Fatty Acid, Protein & Other), By Form (Tablets, Capsules, Powder, Liquids, Soft Gels), By Distribution Channel (Pharmacies and Drug Stores, Supermarkets and Hypermarkets, Online, Others), By Application (Energy & Weight Management, General Health, Bone & Joint Health, Immunity Others), By End Use (Infants, Children, Adults, Pregnant Females, Geriatric), BY Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities,
Consumer Goods and Retail | Jan, 2021
Growing health concerns due to hectic & stressful lifestyle, rising disposable income and increasing consumer awareness to drive India dietary supplement market through FY2026
Global Clinical Nutrition Market By Route of Administration (Oral, Intravenous), By Nutrition Type (Enteral Nutrition, Parental Nutrition), By Application (Metabolic Disorders, Eating Disorders, Stages of Development and Recovery, Others), By End User (Infant & Child, Adults, Geriatrics), By Substrates (Energy, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & amino acids, Water & electrolyte, Dietary fiber, Antioxidants), By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2025Dec, 2020
Global Tubular Membrane Market By Product Type (Metal Organic Type and Inorganic Type), By Application (Membrane Bioreactors, Reverse Osmosis, Nano Filtration, Micro Filtration, Ultra Filtration), By End-Users (Chemicals & Petrochemicals, Food & Beverage, Energy & Power, Electrophoretic Coating, Leather, Pharmaceuticals, Textiles, Others), By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2025Nov, 2020
Europe Advanced Energy Management System Market to Grow at a Significant CAGR through 2025
Rising environmental concerns and inflation in oil prices to drive Europe advanced energy management system market
PepsiCo to acquire Rockstar Energy Drinks in a $ 3.85 Billion deal
PepsiCo announced this acquisition with Rockstar Energy Beverages to boost its offering in energy drinks category.
Europe Energy as a Service Market to Witness Robust Demand from Commercial Segment until 2025
Growing potential of renewable energy resources and demand for its generation and usage to drive the growth of Europe energy as a service market


SSC GD 2018 - 19 constable One Time Registration and Online Application last date for submission extended again, SSC GD Constable 2018 online registration is close on 30th September 2018. The Staff Selection Commission (SSC) will conduct an open examination for recruitment posts of Constable (General Duty) in Border Security Force (BSF), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Indo Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), National Investigation Agency (NIA) & Secretariat Security Force (SSF) and Rifleman (General Duty) in Assam Rifles. The SSC Constable GD recruitment 2018 One time registration and filling of online application form will be open from 17th August 2018 and closing on 30th September 2018.
Application Fee: ₹ 100/- made through SBI Challan or Online payment mode using SBI Net Banking or Credit Card or Debit Card. No fee for all Women and SC, ST and Ex-servicemen candidates.
Scheme of Examination: The Computer based examination will consist of one objective type paper containing 100 questions carrying 100 marks.
How to Apply: Eligible Interested persons apply online through SSC Online Portal. The process of submitting applications for SSC Constable GD recruitment examination consists of the following two parts: (i) One-Time Registration, (ii) Filling of online Application Form. The candidates are first required to register (One time Registration) your basic details in SSC official website. After registration, applicants need to Login (using your Email Id and Password) in SSC Portal. Then, Applicants go to "Apply" column, click "Constable-GD" and you you will be "Apply" link to fill your SSC Constable GD online application form. The SSC One Time Registration and SSC GD Constable 2018 online application forms would be started at 10 AM on 17th September 2018 (Friday). The closing date for submission of online application is 17th September 2018 up to 5:00 PM. Again, The last date for registration of online applications is 30th September 2018 (Sunday) up to 5:00 PM, This is final extension, there is no further extension of time will be given beyond 30/09/2018 for submission of SSC GD Constable 2018 examination online application forms.
Closing date for Online registration -> 30th September 2018 up to 5:00 PM.


text:
Football Prediction League
Championship 20/21
Jack Walton
Select Football 2019-2020Football 2020-2021
Having joined the Academy at Oakwell from Bolton Wanderers as a 15-year-old, Walton quickly impressed the staff at the club as he became the regular 'keeper in the U18s. Jack gained recognition when he trained with the England U18s squad at just 17-years-old. He signed a three-year professional deal with the Reds in the summer of 2015 and has since forced his way into the first team reckoning, making three starts at the end of the 2017/18 season and a number of appearances in the 2018/19 League One promotion campaign. His outstanding display away at Walsall in a 1-0 victory the highlight of his promising career so far. Under contract with the Reds until the summer of 2021 having agreed fresh terms in July of 2018.
Match played 31
Red Card 0
Own goal 0
I created this site after many years and admin and moderating on many phpbb forums including Football Frenzy, Fanbanta and many more. Personally I am a 55 year old Coventry City supporter of many years, more than I care to mention . Father of 5 and grandfather of 5 with 2 cats - Bazil and Boris and Staffy Cleo
1 Leicester City
2 Manchester United
3 Manchester City
5 Tottenham Hotspur
7 West Ham United
1 Norwich City
2 Swansea City
3 Watford
5 A.F.C. Bournemouth
6 Brentford
7 Stoke City
8 Bristol City
Adam Armstrong
Lucas Eduardo Santos João
A.F.C. Bournemouth
Jamal Lowe
Cauley Woodrow
Kieffer Moore
Nick Powell
© Copyright 2020, Football-predictions


Even though the Government is very keen to get people out of their cars, there is no real effort to do this in Eastbourne.
Local politicians just seem scared to support anything that might threaten car drivers.
Let's look at what could be in a campaign to make alternatives to car journeys a possibility.
Firstly the county council have repeatedly warned that congestion will be an increasing problem in the town.
Without alternatives it will take 70 per cent longer, in 10 years time at peak times.
This will be significantly improved if 10 per cent of these car journeys shifted to buses, foot or cycles.
There is no more space for main roads and new housing estates will only create more traffic.
As the saying goes "a town designed around cars fails everyone including car drivers".
Then there is the issue of health.
Research, from one of the consultants at East Sussex Healthcare, shows that there would be around a 30 per cent reduction in many conditions such as diabetes, mental health and cardio vascular disease if people would exercise more.
One easy way to do this is to use "active travel" options. Anything that gets people exercising should be encouraged.
We are currently facing an epidemic of overweight and unhealthy people.
One problem will be with today's school children who need to learn good habits while they are young.
Each year in the UK, around 40,000 deaths are attributable to exposure to outdoor air pollution which plays a role in many of the major health challenges of our day.
It has been linked to cancer, asthma, heart disease, diabetes, and dementia.
Locally, 61 people a year in Eastbourne die, due to particulate air pollution.
So you may ask where has car use been reduced and one answer is Brighton.
Over the last 15 years, car use there has reduced by three per cent, but pedestrian, bus and cycle numbers have increased significantly.
It just needs Eastbourne to have this kind of vision.
Without it we are inevitably heading for a congested and unhealthy town.


MHI works towards making mental health accessible to marginalized persons and communities.
Disability rights thus form an integral axis of our approach – including our website design. Building an accessible website calls for special care so that images, links, and navigation are easy for all to use.
In real terms, this means that disabled users – for instance, visually impaired people, or those relying on keyboard navigation, unable to use a mouse and due to conditions like cerebral palsy – are as able to access the site as other users who are not similarly disabled.


text:
Secretary-Elect Lonnie Bunch's Remarks at the News Conference Announcing the Smithsonian's 14th Secretary
Remarks as prepared for delivery:
Thank you David and Steve. I want to express my profound appreciation to you and Risa, the search committee and the Regents for entrusting me with such an extraordinary privilege. I am humbled and honored to become the 14th Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. This is an emotional moment because the Smithsonian means so much to me personally and professionally. I met my wife Maria (who is here) at the Smithsonian, my daughter attended SEEC and my family was enriched by the educational opportunities that are at the heart of this Institution. I am so pleased that my mother could be here this morning.
I could have never imagined that when I "got a job" at NASM in 1978 that it would lead to a vocation, a calling that would shape my life and my career. I learned so much about the wonders of the Smithsonian during my time at that museum and even more during my tenure at NMAH. And I was so fortunate to be part of a gifted team that helped to birth NMAAHC. An experience that will remain with me forever.
I am cognizant of the challenges that the Institution faces during the next decade but more importantly, I am excited by the potential of the Smithsonian. I revel in the opportunity to work closely with the Regents and with my gifted and dedicated colleagues throughout the Institution—from scientists, to curators, to educators, to security officers to volunteers—to help the Smithsonian become the institution that America needs and deserves. It is important for the public to view the Smithsonian, not simply as an attic of nostalgia but as a cauldron of ideas, innovation and understanding that could be transformative for America.
Building on 173 years of scholarship, preservation expertise, innovative exhibitions and education in the fields of history, the arts, culture and the sciences, the Smithsonian is poised to be of even greater value and relevance. To accomplish this, the Smithsonian must become a more nimble entity, an institution that is ripe with technology, an institution better suited to serve 21st-century audiences, and an institution of research, of amazing collection, and of wonder, that helps America better understand itself and its world. This will ensure that the Smithsonian will always be a site where scholarship, creativity, education and service come together for the greater good.
All of this will be possible, in part, thanks to the efforts and creativity of my predecessor David Skorton whose commitment to excellence and to audiences provided a foundation upon which we will build. Thank you David for your leadership and friendship.
I am confident that the next decade will be one of the Smithsonian's best. I believe this because the Smithsonian contains an amazing array of museums, research centers, libraries, archives and educational centers that, in combination, are unrivaled. And I am confident, because I am in awe of the creativity and the effort of the thousands who call the Smithsonian home and who, through their work, seek to serve America. The Smithsonian has a role to play in making a nation stronger, and has the opportunity to make an unprecedented difference locally, nationally and globally.
I want to thank the Regents for their confidence in me. I will work tirelessly to build upon the traditions of the Smithsonian Institution to help America better understand the changing world of the 21st century.
Smithsonian Regents Name Lonnie Bunch 14th Smithsonian Secretary


In the niche of facility looking after, there is a philosophy called RTF, when expanded 'running to fail'. Running the equipment till it fails is never a great idea because of obvious reasons. Almost all industries have now realized the importance of preventive maintenance.
Preventive upkeep in other words is adequate maintenance planning and control. Here rather than waiting for a problem to become critical before solving it, a facility manager strives to find a solution in advance to alleviate or minimise the chances of potential problems. With such maintenance planning, you can achieve great levels of control and constancy in the operations of your facility. Your expenses and downtime are drastically reduced.
In case if you are still in a dilemma, you will soon find yourself in huge trouble. A facility manager should equip himself with manuals having all the needed information to maintain each and every part of machineries in his workplace. Recommendations regarding how to inspect, maintain, and repair equipment are generally provided by the concerned manufacturers.
However, you can undergo a maintenance planning and scheduling training from any of the reputed institutes offering properly planned maintenance planning and scheduling course that actually suits your need. This can be really helpful.