text:
Tag: DNA profiling
Epilobium glabellum
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Botanical Name : Epilobium glabellum
Genus: Epilobium
Order: Myrtales
*Boisduvalia
*Chamaenerion
*Pyrogennema
*Zauschneria
Common Names: Willowherbs;
Habitat : Epilobium glabellum is native to Australia, New Zealand.It grows on the loamy soils, flats and hillsides in eastern Australia.
Epilobium glabellum is an evergreen Perennial flowering plant, growing to 0.2 m (0ft 8in) by 0.2 m (0ft 8in). It is in leaf 12-Jan It is in flower from Jul to August. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees….CLICK & SEE THE PICTURES:
Prefers a well-drained but moisture retentive soil in a sunny position or in partial shade. Succeeds in most soils. Possibly hardy to about -15°c. Plants are semi-evergreen.
Seed – sow early spring in situ or as soon as the seed is ripe. Division in spring or autumn. Very easy, larger clumps can be replanted direct into their permanent positions, though it is best to pot up smaller clumps and grow them on in a cold frame until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the spring.
Edible Uses: Young leaves and shoots – cooked and eaten.
Medicinal Uses: The herb is used is as a herbal supplement in the treatment of prostate, bladder (incontinence) and hormone disorders.
Other Uses: A useful ground cover plant.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilobium
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epilobium+glabellum
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Tags Adam Eidinger, Alamy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, American Farm Bureau Federation, American Journal of Public Health, Arctium lappa, Aronia, Associated Press, Ayurveda, Birth flower, Bombus affinis, Christmas, Citronella oil, Citronellol, Coconut oil, Cymbopogon, Cymbopogon citratus, DNA profiling, Epilobium, Eric Schneiderman, Lagerstroemia, Lythraceae, Nikon, Oleaceae, Olive, Onagraceae, Pulmonology, Saintpaulia, United States, United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Gypsophila struthium
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[amazon_link asins='B072M75LQW,B00Y0GEKQK,B072KYW783,B00R33G3RQ,B0739ZH872,B0013A2HA2,B0077TBPCE,B00G9GX4E8,B01KL7R900′ template='ProductCarousel' store='finmeacur-20′ marketplace='US' link_id='99abb3ff-7bf5-11e7-ac0d-4f303faf8f15′][amazon_link asins='B06Y4QF27M' template='ProductCarousel' store='finmeacur-20′ marketplace='US' link_id='7279370e-7bf5-11e7-b601-5d3840a1f4ef']
Botanical Name: Gypsophila struthium
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Genus: Gypsophila
Common Name: Egyptian Soapwort, Baby's-breath
Habitat : Gypsophila struthium is native to Eurasia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.
Description:,
Gypsophila struthium is a perennial herbaceous plant with a stem 1 to 2 feet in height.The leaves are variable in shape. The inflorescence is usually a cyme or a thyrse, branching intricately. Each small flower has a cup-like calyx of white-edged green sepals containing five petals in shades of white or pink. The fruit is a rounded or oval capsule opening at valves. It contains several brown or black seeds which are often shaped like a kidney or a snail shell.
CLICK & SEE THE PICTURES :
The root is generally in lengths of 4 to 6 inches, 1/2 to 1 1/2 inches in diameter; colour a yellowish white, furrowed down its length externally with lighter places where the cortex has been rubbed. The section is of a radiate and concentric structure. Taste bitter, then acrid; odour slight; powder irritating to the nostrils. This variety is rarely used medicinally, the Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) being used as a substitute. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs)
Cultivation :
Requires a sunny position and a deep soil. Lime tolerant. Grows well in a dryish soil.
Seed – we have no information for this species but suggest sowing the seed in a greenhouse in spring. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and, if growth is sufficient, plant them out into their permanent positions in the summer. If the plants are too small to plant out, grow them on in the greenhouse for their first winter and then plant them out in late spring or early summer. Division in spring or autumn. Larger clumps can be replanted direct into their permanent positions, though it is best to pot up smaller clumps and grow them on in a cold frame until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the spring. Basal cuttings before the plant flowers. Harvest the shoots when they are about 10cm long with plenty of underground stem. Pot them up into individual pots and keep them in light shade in a cold frame or greenhouse until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the summer. Root cuttings.
Alterative; Diaphoretic; Purgative; Skin; Tonic.
Tonic, diaphoretic, alterative. A valuable remedy in the treatment of syphilitic, scrofulous and cutaneous diseases, also in jaundice, liver affections, rheumatism and gonorrhoea, the decoction is generally used. Saponin is produced from this plant. Although rarely used, this species can be employed in many of the same ways as soapwort, Saponaria officinalis. It is a valuable remedy, used as an external wash, for the treatment of many skin diseases.
Other Uses : The plant contains saponins. This may be used as soap substitute.
Known Hazards: Although no mention has been seen for this species, at least one member of this genus has a root that is rich in saponins. Although toxic, these substances are very poorly absorbed by the body and so tend to pass through without causing harm. They are also broken down by heat so a long slow baking can destroy them. Saponins are found in many plants, including several that are often used for food, such as certain beans. It is advisable not to eat large quantities of food that contain saponins. Saponins are much more toxic to some creatures, such as fish, and hunting tribes have traditionally put large quantities of them in streams, lakes etc in order to stupefy or kill the fish.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsophila
http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/s/soroeg62.html
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gypsophila+struthium
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Tags Africa, Canidae, Cell Press, Current Biology, DNA profiling, East Africa, Eurasia, Golden jackal, Herbaceous plant, Jackal
Ailmemts & Remedies
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Paget's disease of bone causes affected bones to become enlarged and misshapen. Our bones are living tissue, and our bodies are constantly breaking down old bone and replacing it with new bone. In Paget's disease, however, old bone is broken down and replaced at a faster rate than normal. The new bone is larger and weaker than normal bone.
Click to see the picture
Paget's disease can occur in any bone in the body, but it is most common in the pelvis, spine, skull, and leg bones. It may occur in just one bone or in several bones, but it does not affect the entire skeleton or spread from affected bones to normal bones. Common symptoms include pain, misshapen bones, and a greater chance of broken bones.
Decisions about treating Paget's disease can be complicated because: 1) no two people are affected in exactly the same way by the disease, and 2) it is sometimes difficult to predict whether a person with Paget's disease who shows no signs of the disorder will develop symptoms or complications, such as a bone fracture, at a later date. Although there is no cure for Paget's disease, medications (bisphosphonates and calcitonin) can help control the disorder and lessen pain and other symptoms. Paget's disease experts recommend that these medications be taken by people with Paget's disease who: have bone pain, headache, back pain, or a nerve-related symptom (such as "shooting" pains in the leg) that is directly associated with the disease; have elevated levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) in their blood; display evidence that a bone fracture will occur; require pretreatment therapy for affected bones that require surgery; have active symptoms in the skull, long bones, or vertebrae (spine); have the disease in bones located next to major joints, placing them at risk of developing osteoarthritis; develop a rare condition called hypercalcemia that occurs when a person with several bones affected by Paget's disease and a high SAP level is immobilized.
Today's medications, especially when started before complications begin, are often successful in controlling the disorder. Paget's disease is rarely diagnosed in people less than 40 years of age. Women are more commonly affected than men. Prevalence of Paget's disease ranges from 1.5 to 8.0 percent, depending on age and country of residence. Prevalence of familial Paget's disease (where more than one family member has the disease) ranges from 10 to 40 percent in different parts of the world.[citation needed] Because early diagnosis and treatment is important, after age 40, siblings and children of someone with Paget's disease may wish to have an alkaline phosphatase blood test every two or three years. If the alkaline phosphatase level is above normal, other tests such as a bone-specific alkaline phosphatase test, bone scan, or X-ray can be performed.
Named for Sir James Paget (1814–1899)
Most people who have Paget's disease of bone experience no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, the most common complaint is bone pain. The disease may affect only one or two areas of your body, or may be widespread. Your signs and symptoms, if any, will depend on the part of your body that's affected, including:
*Pelvis. Paget's disease of bone in the pelvis can cause hip pain.
*Skull. An overgrowth of bone in the skull can cause hearing loss or headaches.
*Spine. If your spine is affected, nerve roots can become compressed. This can cause pain, tingling and numbness in an arm or leg.
*Leg. As the bones weaken, they may bend — causing you to become bow-legged. Enlarged and misshapen bones in your legs can put extra stress on nearby joints, which may cause wear-and-tear arthritis in your knee or hip.
Click to see the pictures
Other common Symptoms are:
•Bone and joint pain.
•Deformity of a bone such as bowing of the leg, skull enlargement or curvature of the spine.
•Muscle weakness due to bones pressing on nerves.
•Bone fractures resulting from minor injury (bone affected by Paget's disease has a disorganised structure and is mechanically weak).
•Arthritis (when Paget's affects bone around a joint).
•Deafness, vision disturbance, dizziness and tinnitus when enlargement of skull bones puts pressure on vital nerves.
•A "hot spot" over an area of affected bone due to high blood supply.
Even after you've reached your full height, your bones don't stop growing. Bone is living tissue engaged in a continual process of renewal. During this constant process called remodeling, old bone is removed and replaced by new bone. Paget's disease of bone disrupts this process.
Early in the course of the disease, old bone starts breaking down faster than new bone can be built. Over time, your body responds by generating new bone at a faster than normal rate. This rapid remodeling produces bone that's softer and weaker than normal bone, which can lead to bone pain, deformities and fractures.
Scientists haven't identified a cause of Paget's disease of bone, though they have discovered several genes that appear to be linked to the disorder.
Some scientists believe Paget's is related to a viral infection in your bone cells that may be present for many years before problems appear. Hereditary factors seem to influence whether you're susceptible to the disease.
Risk Factors:
*Age. People older than 40 are the most likely to develop Paget's disease of bone.
*Sex. Men are more commonly affected than are women.
*National origin. Paget's disease of bone is more common in people of Anglo-Saxon descent.
*Family history. If you have a close relative who has Paget's disease of bone, you are much more likely to develop the condition yourself.
In most cases, Paget's disease of bone progresses slowly. The disease can be managed effectively in nearly all people. Possible complications include:
*Fractures. Bones affected by Paget's disease are large and dense, but also weak and brittle. This makes them more prone to fractures. More blood vessels are created in these deformed bones, so they bleed more during repair surgeries.
*Osteoarthritis. Misshapen bones can increase the amount of stress on nearby joints, which can cause osteoarthritis.
*Heart failure. Unusually extensive Paget's disease may force your heart to work harder to pump blood to the affected areas of your body. In people with pre-existing heart disease, this increased workload can lead to heart failure.Bone cancer. Bone cancer occurs in less than 1 percent of people with Paget's disease.
DiagnosisPaget's disease may be diagnosed using one or more of the following tests:
*Pagetic bone has a characteristic appearance on X-rays. A skeletal survey is therefore indicated.
*An elevated level of alkaline phosphatase in the blood in combination with normal calcium, phosphate, and aminotransferase levels in an elderly patient are suggestive of Paget's disease.
*Bone scans are useful in determining the extent and activity of the condition. If a bone scan suggests Paget's disease, the affected bone(s) should be X-rayed to confirm the diagnosis.
Associated medical conditions:
Paget's disease may lead to other medical conditions, including:
*Arthritis may be caused by bowing of long bones in the leg, distorting alignment and increasing pressure on nearby joints. In addition, pagetic bone may enlarge, causing joint surfaces to undergo excessive wear. In these cases, pain may be due to a combination of Paget's disease and osteoarthritis.
*Loss of hearing in one or both ears may occur when Paget's disease affects the skull and the bone that surrounds the inner ear. Treating the Paget's disease may slow or stop hearing loss. Hearing aids may also help.
*Cardiovascular disease can result from severe Paget's disease (i.e. with more than 15% skeletal involvement). Arteriovenous connections can often form in the bone, and so the heart has to work harder (pump more blood) to ensure adequate oxygen supply to the tissues. This increase in cardiac output can lead to calcification of the aortic valve, and the resulting aortic stenosis causes left ventricular hypertrophy and eventually high-output congestive failure.
*Kidney stones are somewhat more common in patients with Paget's disease.
*Pagetic bone can cause nervous system problems, such as pressure on the brain, spinal cord, or nerves, and reduced blood flow to the brain and spinal cord.
*Rarely, Paget's disease is associated with the development of osteosarcoma (malignant tumor of bone).
*When there is a sudden onset or worsening of pain, sarcoma should be considered.
*When Paget's disease affects the facial bones, the teeth may become loose. Disturbance in chewing may occur.
*Rarely, when the skull is involved, the nerves to the eye may be affected, causing some loss of vision.
*Angioid streaks may develop, possibly as a result of calcification of collagen or other pathological deposition.
Paget's disease is not associated with osteoporosis. Although Paget's disease and osteoporosis can occur in the same patient, they are different disorders. Despite their marked differences, several treatments for Paget's disease are also used to treat osteoporosis.
Endocrinologists (internists who specialize in hormonal and metabolic disorders), rheumatologists (internists who specialize in joint and muscle disorders), orthopedic surgeons, neurologists, and otolaryngologists are generally knowledgeable about treating Paget's disease, and may be called upon to evaluate specialized symptoms.
The goal of treatment is to relieve bone pain and prevent the progression of the disease. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved the following treatments for Paget's disease:
Five bisphosphonates are currently available. In general, the most commonly prescribed are: risedronic acid (Actonel), alendronic acid (Fosamax) and pamidronic acid (Aredia). Etidronic acid (Didronel) and other bisphosphonates may be appropriate therapies for selected patients, but are less commonly used. As a rule, bisphosphonate tablets should be taken with 200-250 mL (6–8 oz) of tap water (not from a source with high mineral content) on an empty stomach. None of these drugs should be used by people with severe kidney disease.
*Etidronate disodium (Didronel) in tablet form is available in 200–400 mg doses. The approved regimen is once daily for six months; the higher dose (400 mg) is more commonly used. No food, beverage, or medications should be consumed for two hours before and after taking. The course should not exceed six months, but repeat courses can be given after rest periods, preferably of three to six months duration.
*Pamidronate disodium (Aredia) in intravenous form: the approved regimen uses a 30 mg infusion over four hours on each of three consecutive days, but a more commonly used regimen is 60 mg over two to four hours for two or more consecutive or nonconsecutive days.
*Alendronate sodium (Fosamax) is given as tablets of 40 mg once daily for six months; patients should wait at least 30 minutes after taking before eating any food, drinking anything other than tap water, taking any medication, or lying down (patient may sit).
*Tiludronate disodium (Skelid) in two tablets of 200 mg are taken once daily for three months; they may be taken any time of day, as long as there is a period of two hours before and after resuming food, beverages, and medications.
*Risedronate sodium (Actonel) as a 30 mg tablet taken once daily for 2 months is the prescribed regimen; patients should wait at least 30 minutes after taking before eating any food, drinking anything other than tap water, taking any medication, or lying down (patient may sit).
*Zoledronic acid (Reclast, Aclasta) is given as an intravenous infusion; a single dose (5 mg over 15 minutes) is effective for two years.
*Miacalcin is administered by injection; 50 to 100 units daily or three times per week for 6–18 months. Repeat courses can be given after brief rest periods. Miacalcin may be appropriate for certain patients, but is seldom used. The nasal spray form of this drug is not approved for the treatment of Paget's disease.
Diet and regular exercise:
In general, patients with Paget's disease should receive 1000–1500 mg of calcium, adequate sunshine, and at least 400 units of vitamin D daily. This is especially important in patients being treated with bisphosphonates; however, taking oral bisphosphonates should be separated from taking calcium by at least two hours, because the calcium can inhibit the absorption of the bisphosphonate. Patients with a history of kidney stones should discuss calcium and vitamin D intake with their physicians.
Exercise is most important in maintaining skeletal health, avoiding weight gain, and maintaining joint mobility. Since undue stress on affected bones should be avoided, patients should discuss any exercise program with their physicians before beginning.
Prognosis:
The outlook is generally good, particularly if treatment is given before major changes in the affected bones have occurred. Any bone or bones can be affected, but Paget's disease occurs most frequently in the spine, skull, pelvis, femur, and lower legs. In general, symptoms progress slowly, and the disease does not spread to normal bones. Treatment can control Paget's disease and lessen symptoms, but is not a cure. Osteogenic sarcoma, a form of bone cancer, is an extremely rare complication that occurs in less than one percent of all patients.
Disclaimer: This information is not meant to be a substitute for professional medical advise or help. It is always best to consult with a Physician about serious health concerns. This information is in no way intended to diagnose or prescribe remedies.This is purely for educational purpose
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paget's_disease_of_bone
http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/pagets1.shtml
http://www.endotext.org/parathyroid/parathyroid15/parathyroid15.html
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pagets-disease-of-bone/DS00485
http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/chapter_3.html
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/260576/enlarge
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Tags Bone pain, Cancer, Canine distemper, Conditions and Diseases, Cyrillic script, DNA profiling, European folklore, Health, Musculoskeletal Disorders, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Nutrition and Metabolism Disorders, Paget's Disease, Paget's disease of bone, Route of administration, The Endocrine Society, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Werewolf
Allemanda cathartica
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Botanical Name :Allemanda cathartica Linn
Family: Apocynaceae
Genus: Allamanda
Species: A. cathartica
Syn.: Allamanda cathartica Linn, Allamanda hendersonii Bull, Allamanda augustifolia Pohl
Common Names: :Golden trumpet, Harkakra, Campenilla, The cup of gold, Willow leaved Allamanda, Haladilu, Kolaambi, Jaharisontakka,.Kampanero (Tag.),Campanilla (Span., Tag.) Kampanero (Tag.) ,Kampanilya (Tag.) ,Kompanaria (Tag.), Yellow allamanda (Engl.) ,Yellow bell (Engl.) ,Golden trumpet (Engl.) Cherries jubilee allamanda (Engl.) Huang ying (Chin.)
Local names: Campanilla (Sp., Tag.); kampanero (Tag.); kompanaria (Tag.); golden trumpet (Engl.).
Habitat :Native from Brazil. Allemanda cathartica was introduced from tropical America and is now cultivated for ornamental purposes. It is occasionally semi-established in thickets near dwellings or settlements.
This plant is a smooth or somewhat hairy shrub 2 to 4 meters in height. The leaves grow in whorls of three or four, though the uppermost ones may be scattered, and are lanceolate or oblanceolate, 8 to 12 centimeters long, 2.5 to 4 centimeters wide, and pointed at both ends. The yellow flowers are shortly stalked. The calyx-teeth are green, somewhat spreading, lanceolate, and 1 to 1.5 centimeters long. The corolla is about 7 centimeters long; the slender part os the tube being 3 centimeters long; the tube is then inflated up to 2 centimeters in diameter; the lobes are ovate or oblong-ovate, spreading, rounded, and about 2 centimeters long.
Its large flowers are very fragrant. This South American plant is thought to blossom best in full sunshine, and well drained soil.
Constituents: Phytochemical studies revealed the main constituents to be alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and carbohydrates.
The whole plant is reported to be poisonous.Contains allamandin, a toxic iridoid lactone.As the name implies, the leaves, roots and flowers may be used in preparing a powerful cathartic. Milky sap is considered antibacterial, possibly anticancer.
Parts utilized: Leaves and bark.
Purgative, cathartic with hydrogogue effect, healing, diuretic.
In the Philippines, whole plant is considered poisonous.
*The plant draws its name from Allamand, who made the plant known a century and a half ago, who used a cathartic infusion of the leaves for colic.
*Infusion of leaves in moderate doses is an excellent cathartic; in considerable doses, it is purgative and a violent emetic.
*The bark and latex in small doses are considered cathartic; in large doses, poisonous.
*Decoction of the bark is a hydragogue; infusion of leaves is cathartic.
*Decoction of leaves in small doses used as antidote for poisoning.
*Extract of leaves used for colic and as laxative; in large doses causes diarrhea and vomiting.
*In Trinidad, used for treating malaria and jaundice.
*In Guiana, the latex is used as a purgative and employed for colics.
*In Surinam, the plant is used as a cathartic.
This plant is cited in Flora Brasiliensis by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius.It is mainly used to treat malaria.
Studies:
• Purgative Effect: Findings suggest AC leaf extracts can elicit a purgative effect by increasing intestinal motility, in part, via muscarinic receptor activaton.
• Wound Healing: The study of aqueous extract showed significant wound healing activity in wound models studies with decrease epithelialisation time, high skin breaking strength, and increase in granulation tissue weight and hydroxyproliing content. The Allamanda leaf extract possesses better wound healing activity than the Laurus nobilis.
• Reversible Antifertility Effect: The study on the oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of AC showed reversible suppression of fertility in male mice – organ weight,, testosterone levels, sperm parameters among others – without detectable toxic effects.
• Antidermatophytic: Plumeride, an active principle isolated from the leaves of AC showed strong fungitoxicity against some dermatophytes causing dermatomycosis to both humans and animals.
• Purgative Effect : Study showed the aqueous extract of leaves of Ac could produce a purgative effect by increasing intestinal motility, partly through muscarinic receptor activation.
• Anti-Proliferative / Cytotoxic: Study evaluated the anti-proliferative effect of A. blanchetti and A. schottii on K562 leukemic cells. Results showed both plants exhibited cytostatic and cytotoxic activity, the most active were located in the roots.
• Antimicrobial: Study of leaf extract of A. cathartic showed antimicrobial activity – the chloroform extract showed significant activity against Shigella dysenteriae, moderate activity against B subtilis, P aeruginosa and a niger.
• Bioactive Iridoids / Cytotoxic: Study of ethanol extract of A cathartica and H fallax isolated a weakly cytotoxic isoplumericin and plumericin.
Click to access campanilla.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamanda_cathartica
http://www.stuartxchange.org/Kampanilya.html
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Tags Allamanda, Antineoplastic, Associated Press, Beijing, Benigno Aquino III, Biology, Cabotage, China, Commander, Cytotoxicity, DNA profiling, Flora and Fauna, Flora Brasiliensis, Health, Manila, Philippines, Plant, Reuters
Diagnonistic Test
Chorionic Villus Sampling
No Comments on Chorionic Villus Sampling
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Chorionic villi are small structures in the placenta that act like blood vessels. These structures contain cells from the developing fetus. A test that removes a sample of these cells through a needle is called chorionic villus sampling (CVS).Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is the removal of a small piece of placenta tissue (chorionic villi) from the uterus during early pregnancy to screen the baby for genetic defects
CVS answers many of the same questions as amniocentesis about diseases that the baby might have. Diseases that can be diagnosed with CVS include Tay-Sachs, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, thalassemia, and Down syndrome. (Rh incompatibility and neural tube defects, however, can be diagnosed only through amniocentesis.) CVS can be done earlier in pregnancy than amniocentesis and can be done when there is not enough amniotic fluid to allow amniocentesis. However, it has some extra risks when compared with amniocentesis.
Why the Test is Performed
The test is a way of detecting genetic disorders. The sample is used to study the DNA, chromosomes, and enzymes of the fetus. It can be done sooner than amniocentesis, about 10 to 12 weeks after your last menstrual period. Test results take about 1 to 2 weeks, whereas amniocentesis results may take longer.
Chorionic villus sampling does not detect neural tube defects. If neural tube defects or Rh incompatibility are a concern, an amniocentesis will be performed.
This test can usually not diagnose problems in the way the body forms.
How the Test is Performed
CVS can be done through the cervix (transcervical) or through the abdomen (transabdominal). The techniques are equally safe when done by a provider with experience, although miscarriage rates are slightly higher when done through the cervix. The health care provider will use ultrasound to pick the safest approach and as a guide during sampling.
An abdominal ultrasound is performed to determine the position of the uterus, the size of the gestational sac, and the position of the placenta within the uterus. Your vulva, vagina, cervix, and abdomen are cleaned with an antiseptic such as Betadine.
The transcervical procedure is performed by inserting a thin plastic tube through the vagina and cervix to reach the placenta. The provider uses ultrasound images to help guide the tube into the appropriate area and then removes a small sample of chorionic villus tissue.
The transabdominal procedure is performed by inserting a needle through the abdomen and uterus and into the placenta. Ultrasound is used to help guide the needle, and a small amount of tissue is drawn into the syringe.
The sample is placed in a dish and evaluated in a laboratory.
What happens when the test is performed.
There are two ways that your doctor can perform CVS. Some patients have the sampling done through the vagina and cervix. Most patients have the sampling done through the abdominal wall. For both types of sampling, you lie on your back on an examination table and the doctor uses ultrasound to locate the fetus and the placenta.
If the sampling is to be done through the vagina and cervix, you place your feet in footrests and bend your knees up, as you would for a pelvic examination. A speculum (a device that looks like a duck-bill that can be opened and closed) is used to open the vagina so that your doctor can see inside. A long tube, much narrower than a straw, is inserted through the cervix and moved forward while your doctor watches on the ultrasound until it is next to the fetal side of the placenta. A small sample of the lining around the fetus is then pulled into the tube for testing.
If the sampling is to be done through the abdominal wall, your lower abdomen is cleaned with an antibacterial soap. In some cases, the doctor uses a small needle to inject a numbing medicine just under the skin, so that you do not feel the sampling needle. (Because the sampling needle does not cause much more stinging than the numbing medicine itself, not every doctor includes this step.) A hollow needle several inches long is inserted through the skin and muscle of the abdomen and through the wall of the uterus, to the edge of the placenta. This needle is held in place as a guide needle. A narrower needle is then inserted through the first needle and is rotated and moved inward and outward a number of times while a sample is collected into an attached syringe.
The fetal heart tones and the mother's blood pressure and heart rate are checked at the beginning and end of the procedure. The whole procedure takes close to 30 minutes.
How to Prepare for the Test.
CVS can be done between the 10th and 13th weeks of pregnancy. Tell your doctor ahead of time if you have ever had an allergic reaction to lidocaine or the numbing medicine used at the dentist's office.
Your health care provider will explain the procedure, its risks, and alternative procedures such as amniocentesis. Genetic counseling is recommended prior to the procedure. This will allow you to make an unhurried, informed decision regarding options for prenatal diagnosis.
You will be asked to sign a consent form before this procedure, and you may be asked to wear a hospital gown.
The morning of the procedure you may be asked to drink fluids and refrain from urinating to fill your bladder, which allows adequate visualization so the sample may be taken.
How the Test Will Feel
The ultrasound doesn't hurt. A clear, water-based conducting gel is applied to the skin to help with the transmission of the sound waves. A handheld probe called a transducer is then moved over the area. In addition, your health care provider may apply pressure on your abdomen to find the position of your uterus.
The antiseptic cleansing solution will feel cold at first nd may irritate your skin if not washed off after the procedure. Some people are allergic to Betadine. Notify your health care provider if you are allergic to Betadine or if you have any other allergies.
Some women say the vaginal approach feels like a Pap smear with some discomfort and a feeling of pressure. There may be a small amount of vaginal bleeding following the procedure.
An obstetrician can perform this procedure in about 5 minutes, after the preparation
The risks of CVS are only slightly higher than those of an amniocentesis.
Possible complications include:
* Bleeding
* Miscarriage
* Rh incompatibility in the mother
* Rupture of membranes
Signs of complications include:
* Excessive bleeding
* Excessive vaginal discharge
* Fever
The risk of miscarriage and other complications from CVS is slightly higher than the risk from amniocentesis, although some parents feel that it is worth the extra risk to be able to makedecisions earlier in the pregnancy if the results show the baby has a health problem. There have also been some reports that suggest there is a very small risk of birth defects (abnormal limbs) in the fetus.
One particular difficulty with this test is that due to variability in the cells of the placenta (called mosaicism), occasionally you can have an abnormal test result even if the baby is normal and healthy. This might lead you to make decisions about pregnancy termination that you would not have made if you had better information.
Some women have vaginal bleeding after the procedure. Infection is uncommon.
Report any signs of complications to your health care provider.
CVS may also cause limb problems in the fetus. This risk appears to be very low (1 in 3,000) when CVS is performed after 10 weeks gestational ag
Time to know the result of the test
Chromosome analysis of the sample takes two weeks or more. The results of some tests may be available sooner.
RESULTS:-
Normal Results
A normal result means there are no signs of any genetic defects. However the test could miss some genetic defects.
Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.
What Abnormal Results Mean
An abnormal result may be a sign of more than 200 disorders, including:
* Down syndrome
* Hemoglobinopathies
* Tay-Sachs disease
If your blood is Rh negative, you may receive RhoGAM to prevent Rh incompatibility.
You will receive a follow-up ultrasound 2 to 4 days after the procedure to make sure the pregnancy is proceeding normally.
https://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/diagnostics/chorionic-villus-sampling.shtml
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003406.htm
DNA Blood Test Gives Women A New Option For Prenatal Screening
Non-invasive Prenatal Testing Gaining Popularity With Patients and Doctors
Prenatal Screening and the AMA Mom
Gender news not always accurate in pregnancy
What you can't fully expect when you're expecting: Accurate gender
Study: Boy or girl? Ultrasound can be wrong
What you can't expect when you're expecting: An accurate gender prediction
Tags Amniotic fluid, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chorionic villus sampling, CVS, DNA, DNA profiling, Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, Gender identity, Genetic disorder, Health, Pregnancy, Pregnancy test, Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, Tay-Sachs disease


text:
Turkish soaps invade Latin America, land of 'telenovela'
SANTIAGO, CHILE, Paulina Abramovich- The tortured romance between Sehrazat and Onur, the central drama of Turkish soap opera "Thousand and One Nights," is taking Chilean television by storm and reshaping prime time in Latin America, the land of the "telenovela."
In exchange for the money she desperately needs to treat her son's leukemia, Sehrazat, a widowed architect, reluctantly agrees to spend the night with Onur, her powerful boss, who falls hopelessly in love with her, setting off a torrid chain reaction that has captivated Chileans for months.
Dubbed in Spanish by Chilean actors, "Thousand and One Nights" has achieved an audience share not seen in years in the South American country, reversing the sinking fortunes of the channel airing it.
The phenomenon has caused TV executives across Latin America to start importing Turkish series to a region more used to exporting its own telenovelas -- prime-time soap operas such as "Ugly Betty" -- around the world.
Chilean channel Mega was a struggling network when it bought "Thousand and One Nights" after the program was turned down by Canal 13, one of the country's leading broadcasters.
The series began airing in March and soon became the most-viewed show of the year, pulling the rest of Mega's programming by its coattails.
The channel now has the top news show and morning program, as well, and is the only Chilean network on track to turn a profit in 2014.
That success has sent other Chilean broadcasters scrambling to buy their own Turkish series, including Canal 13.
Mega has meanwhile signed up two more Turkish shows, "What is Fatmagul's Fault?" and "Ezel."
- Breaking into the Americas -
Other Latin American networks have taken note.
Sehrazat and Onur are now playing out their burning romance in Colombia and set to premier in Uruguay, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru.
The series has also been sold in Argentina and Bolivia.
That represents a coup for Turkish television, whose soaps have faithful audiences in dozens of countries across Europe and the Middle East but had never cracked the Americas.
"We took a long time to break into the Latin American market," said Izzet Pinto, head of Turkish distributor Global Agency.
"But we managed to enter the region this year. We were lucky to have a lot of success in Chile, and that opened up other markets," he told television industry website TodoTV News.
Francisco Villanueva, vice president at Miami-based distributor Somos Distribution, said his firm had sold "about 10" Turkish series -- either adaptation rights or complete productions -- in five Latin American countries.
"Interest is growing and we're getting a lot of business proposals," he told AFP.
"Turkish soap operas are excellent from the point of view of the stories, narrative and artistic and technical elements," he said.
"The casting is very much in sync with our region and very attractive, with exotic exteriors that place a high value on production and extraordinary directing and camera work."
- More romance, less sex -
The Turkish soaps are classic melodramas with lots of romance and minimal sex.
"People like the old, traditional format, the classic script, the love triangle, where the baddies are really bad and the hero suffers throughout," said Francisco Cortes, head of telenovelas at Chilean broadcaster TVN.
Sociologist Manuela Gumucio, head of the Chilean media observatory, said the Turkish soaps "have a very traditional romantic element, which are ultimately these universal formats that never get old."
The Turkish invasion comes at a time when Latin America's own soaps have turned toward erotically charged dramas and "narco-telenovelas" that revolve around drug trafficking.
TV critic Rene Naranjo said Turkey's soaps appealed to an audience weary of that trend.
"Latin American series have drifted toward more violent plots with a more visible sexual element, abandoning their main audience: women over 45," he said.
In Chile, Mega's success has forced other networks to overhaul their own programming.
Last week Canal 13 premiered "The Magnificent Century," a period drama starring Halit Ergenc, the actor who plays Onur in "Thousand and One Nights" -- now a celebrity in Chile.
Based on the life of 16th-century Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the series was a smash hit in Turkey, where fast food chain Burger King even launched an "Ottoman" hamburger topped with hummus.
"There's a seasonal effect in television. Whatever is successful sells," said Naranjo.
"And that creates a multiplier effect."
Wednesday, December 24th 2014
Paulina Abramovich

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


SS. Peter & Paul Winter Classic Basketball Tournament starts today!
Our Director of Music Ministry, John Meyers, answers frequently asked questions about the Saints Peter & Paul Choristers.
Wow! Our 8th Grade Varsity Basketball team has won every tournament they have played in since the season has started! Most recently they played the Global Concepts and Desales tournaments, which were just this last weekend! Congratulations!


text:
Q: NullReferenceException (System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes) I've been getting all turned around regarding this section of code.  The NullReferenceException only occurs at runtime.
Public Sub SendData(ByVal b As String)
    Dim data(2048) As Byte
    data = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(b)
    stream.Write(data, 0, data.Length)
End Sub

The intent is take a string, and stream the bytes of the string over to another computer.  The stream.Write portion of the code is what's throwing the NullReferenceException part.  However, I checked through debugging that the data portion does get the bytes from the Encoding portion of the code.  So I'm not sure why it's throwing the NullReferenceException.

A: You need to declare a New NetworkStream. Plus, dim your byte array like this:
 Dim myBuffer() As Byte = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(b)
 myNetworkStream.Write(myBuffer, 0, myBuffer.Length)

A: My guess is that you haven't initialized your stream object with new keyword. Look at here
Also a couple of things:
1) Do not initialize your byte array yourself. Let this task done by the `GetBytes` to return an initialized array and just store it in a variable.

2) Before writing to stream always check if you get something in your stream or not.

Something like: (untested)
Public Sub SendData(ByVal b As String)
    If (b IsNot Nothing AndAlso Not String.IsNullOrEmpty(b)) Then
       Dim data() As Byte = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(b) ' or use List<Byte> instead.
       If( data IsNot Nothing AndAlso data.Length > 0) Then stream.Write(data, 0, data.Length)
    Else
       ' Incoming data is empty
    End If

    ' Don't forget to close stream
End Sub

Hope it helps!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We're delighted to announce that Kyocera will be sponsoring the programme at our Birthday Bash for the second year running.
The event programme sponsored by Kyocera will be given to all guests at the event, which is great brand awareness for the company.
If, like Kyocera you'd like to take advantage of the exposure available by sponsoring something at our Birthday Bash there are only a few options left. CLICK HERE to see them.


Abstract: The phase behavior of an ad hoc synthesized surfactant, sodium 8-hexadecylsulfate (8-SHS), and its mixtures with didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DiDAB) in water is reported. We dealt with dilute concentration regimes, at a total surfactant content of <30 mmol kg-1 where vesicular aggregates may be formed. The high synergistic behavior of such catanionic mixtures is concomitant with strongly negative interaction parameters, β (≈-18 kBT), significant gain in the free energy of association, ΔGagg, and much lower association concentration compared to the pure surfactants. Vesicle size and ζ-potential depend on the mixture composition. Hydrodynamic diameters increase by progressive addition of oppositely charged surfactants to the one in excess. Counter-intuitively, the ζ-potential becomes more negative at DiDAB molar fractions close to 0.2. The same holds in the reverse case, the ζ-potential becomes more positive after small additions of 8-SHS; anyhow, the effect is more significant in anionic-rich mixtures. This phenomenon was explained by assuming a significant release of counterions and an asymmetric distribution of the two surfactants in the inner and outer vesicle leaflets. The equimolar mixtures form a cubic phase rather than the expected lamellar one. The effect of NaBr concentration on the stability of catanionic vesicles was also investigated. At high NaBr concentrations, all systems are destabilized. For DiDAB-rich vesicles, flocculation is observed, while for 8-SHS-rich ones, lamellar domains are formed at the bottom of the samples. The role played by NaBr depends on whether it is added before or after mixing the surfactants. In particular, preformed catanionic vesicles show a great kinetic stability towards addition of NaBr compared to those obtained by other procedures.


Epic Games Launcher is an application marketed by the software company Epic Games, Inc.. Some computer users choose to erase this application. This can be difficult because deleting this by hand takes some skill related to removing Windows applications by hand.
Warning – This method can't circumvent the server-side protection present on Epic Games' servers. You will still need to possess an invite from Epic Games to play the game. You will still need to possess an invite from Epic Games to play the game.
19/08/2018 · There is also a Epic Games folder in Programs Files (x86) but that is only 358MB so not a big issue, I'll move this if I can move the bigger folder first. If this is not possible then the only other way is to delete the folder & re-install it on the D drive but i'm scared they will lose all there saved data.
Download Odin 3.13.1, the update.zip, and the Odin files and store them at an easy to access location Copy update.zip to the SD card, if you have one. Otherwise, skip this step.


text:
faqd
EXCLUSIVE Amazon considers more proactive approach to determining what belongs on its cloud service
September 18, 2021 September 13, 2021 faqdnet
Amazon.com Inc (AMZN.O) plans to take a more proactive approach to determine what types of content violate its cloud service policies, such as rules against promoting violence, and enforce its removal, according to two sources, a move likely to renew debate about how much power tech companies should have to restrict free speech.
Over the coming months, Amazon will expand the Trust & Safety team at the Amazon Web Services (AWS) division and hire a small group of people to develop expertise and work with outside researchers to monitor for future threats, one of the sources familiar with the matter said.
It could turn Amazon, the leading cloud service provider worldwide with 40% market share according to research firm Gartner, into one of the world's most powerful arbiters of content allowed on the internet, experts say.
AWS does not plan to sift through the vast amounts of content that companies host on the cloud, but will aim to get ahead of future threats, such as emerging extremist groups whose content could make it onto the AWS cloud, the source added.
A day after publication of this story, an AWS spokesperson said that the news agency's reporting "is wrong," and added "AWS Trust & Safety has no plans to change its policies or processes, and the team has always existed."
Amazon made headlines in the Washington Post on Aug. 27 for shutting down a website hosted on AWS that featured propaganda from Islamic State that celebrated the suicide bombing that killed an estimated 170 Afghans and 13 U.S. troops in Kabul last Thursday. They did so after the news organization contacted Amazon, according to the Post.
The discussions of a more proactive approach to content come after Amazon kicked social media app Parler off its cloud service shortly after the Jan. 6 Capitol riot for permitting content promoting violence.
Amazon did not immediately comment ahead of the publication of the story on Thursday. After publication, an AWS spokesperson said later that day, "AWS Trust & Safety works to protect AWS customers, partners, and internet users from bad actors attempting to use our services for abusive or illegal purposes. When AWS Trust & Safety is made aware of abusive or illegal behavior on AWS services, they act quickly to investigate and engage with customers to take appropriate actions."
The spokesperson added that "AWS Trust & Safety does not pre-review content hosted by our customers. As AWS continues to expand, we expect this team to continue to grow."
Activists and human rights groups are increasingly holding not just websites and apps accountable for harmful content, but also the underlying tech infrastructure that enables those sites to operate, while political conservatives decry what they consider the curtailing of free speech.
AWS already prohibits its services from being used in a variety of ways, such as illegal or fraudulent activity, to incite or threaten violence or promote child sexual exploitation and abuse, according to its acceptable use policy.
Amazon investigates requests sent to the Trust & Safety team to verify their accuracy before contacting customers to remove content violating its policies or have a system to moderate content. If Amazon cannot reach an acceptable agreement with the customer, it may take down the website.
Amazon aims to develop an approach toward content issues that it and other cloud providers are more frequently confronting, such as determining when misinformation on a company's website reaches a scale that requires AWS action, the source said.
A job posting on Amazon's jobs website advertising for a position to be the "Global Head of Policy at AWS Trust & Safety," which was last seen by Reuters ahead of publication of this story on Thursday, was no longer available on the Amazon site on Friday.
The ad, which is still available on LinkedIn, describes the new role as one who will "identify policy gaps and propose scalable solutions," "develop frameworks to assess risk and guide decision-making," and "develop efficient issue escalation mechanisms."
The LinkedIn ad also says the position will "make clear recommendations to AWS leadership."
The Amazon spokesperson said the job posting on Amazon's website was temporarily removed from the Amazon website for editing and should not have been posted in its draft form.
AWS's offerings include cloud storage and virtual servers and counts major companies like Netflix (NFLX.O), Coca-Cola (KO.N) and Capital One (COF.N) as clients, according to its website.
PROACTIVE MOVES
Better preparation against certain types of content could help Amazon avoid legal and public relations risk.
"If (Amazon) can get some of this stuff off proactively before it's discovered and becomes a big news story, there's value in avoiding that reputational damage," said Melissa Ryan, founder of CARD Strategies, a consulting firm that helps organizations understand extremism and online toxicity threats.
Cloud services such as AWS and other entities like domain registrars are considered the "backbone of the internet," but have traditionally been politically neutral services, according to a 2019 report from Joan Donovan, a Harvard researcher who studies online extremism and disinformation campaigns.
But cloud services providers have removed content before, such as in the aftermath of the 2017 alt-right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, helping to slow the organizing ability of alt-right groups, Donovan wrote.
"Most of these companies have understandably not wanted to get into content and not wanting to be the arbiter of thought," Ryan said. "But when you're talking about hate and extremism, you have to take a stance."
Sony to offer free Horizon Forbidden West PS4 to PS5 upgrade after criticism
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September 13, 2021 faqdnet
Daimler CEO says carmakers could face chip shortage into 2023
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Starbucks barista says 'pay it forward' chain is actually 'extremely annoying'


Thx to vnet576 for helping out with a few things.
it seems that most ip's block outgoing packets with spoofed ip.
//preparing the buffer to hold our packet.
//Here we are filling in the ip header with the data.
//Here we are filling the icmp header.
//Calculating the checksum for the icmp header.
//instead of the normal one.
//and finallay sending the entire packet to the destination host.
//The inal struct that will be sended.
Pradeep, I'm sorry I don't have enough knowledge of c# to know if it supports raw sockets. If it doesn't I think you can use assemblied to still use them. You have to figure out the rest on yourself.
Thanks, the template is one of the several you can choose at wordpress.


text:
Chișinău vagy Kisinyov () Moldova fővárosa és legnagyobb városa. Messze a legfejlettebb város Moldovában, és a régió egyik legfontosabb ipari központja és közlekedési gócpontja. Európa legzöldebb városai között tartják számon.

Fekvése

Az ország középső részén, a Bîc folyó partján található.

Éghajlata

Története
A város első említése 1436-ból való. Ștefan Ciobanu román történész és akadémikus szerint a név magyar eredetű, eredeti formája Kisjenő lehetett, és ugyanúgy alakult ki, mint az Arad megyei Kisjenő esetében. Állítását azzal is igazolja, hogy a város környékén számos magyar helynév található, mint pl. Borkút, Ghidigis (Hideges), Orhei (Várhely). Ez a magyarázat azonban erősen vitatott, más vélemények szerint ugyanis a név az óromán "chișla nouă" (új forrás) vagy a kun "kešene" (temető) szóból eredhet.

A városnak a középkorban magyar lakossága is volt; a 17. században még említik római katolikus népességét. Az 1668-as adatok szerint nyolc magyar lakost számoltak itt össze.

1812-ben, az orosz–török háború (1806–1812) után a város az Orosz Birodalom része lett.

Puskint 1820 és 1823 között a városba száműzte I. Sándor cár. Puskin így írt a városról Puscsin tábornoknak c. versében: "Ó, Kisinyov, sötét város!", illetve Vigelnek írott verses levelében: "Átkozott város Kisinyov." (1823) Puskin a városban működő "Ovidius" szabadkőműves páholy tagja volt, amelyet szabadelvű gondolkodó tagjai miatt a cár feloszlatott. Valóban innen, a peremvidékről került ki az 1825-ös dekabrista felkelés nem is egy résztvevője. Puskinnak a városban orosz, görög, zsidó és cigány szeretői is voltak, ami a város nemzetiségi sokszínűségét is mutatja.

1834-től a városban – nyugat-európai mintára – hosszú és széles utcákat kezdtek kialakítani. 1830. május 26. és 1836. október 13. között Avraam Melnyikov tervei alapján megépítették a Krisztus Születése székesegyházat, 1858-ban Luka Zauskevics közreműködésével építették fel a Szent Tiron Tódor Vértanú templomot melynek képeit Pável Piszkarjov festette .

Az 1917-es októberi forradalom idején a közgyűlés, a Sfatul Țării (az ország tanácsa) Kisinyovban székelt. 1917. december 15-én kikiáltotta a Moldovai Demokratikus Köztársaságot, amely független Oroszországtól. A bolsevikok 1918. január 5-én érkeztek a városba, és a katonák itt állomásoztak január 16-ig, amikor is a román hadsereg megérkezett. Besszarábia néven 1918. április 9-én csatolták Romániához.

1925-ben nagy tűzvész pusztított a városban.

1927-ben III. (Nagy) István (Ștefan cel Mare) fejedelemnek állítottak emlékművet.

1940-ben a Molotov–Ribbentrop-paktum értelmében a Szovjetunió annektálhatta Besszarábiát és Chișinău-t. 1940 és 1941 között a város lakosságát a szovjet titkosrendőrség, az NKVD terrorizálta. 1940 júliusában egyszerre 400 embert végeztek ki és temettek tömegsírba, s további tízezreket deportáltak az országból vagy gyilkoltak meg. Az év végén még egy rendkívül erős, 7,7 magnitúdójú földrengés is megrázta a várost, melynek következtében 78-an meghalt, 172 épület összeomlott, 2623 pedig súlyosan megrongálódott.

1941-ben, a Barbarossa hadművelet kezdetén, még mielőtt a román hadsereg ismét bevonult volna a városba, a Luftwaffe június-július folyamán bombázta Chișinău-t, amely ismét súlyosan érintette a várost. A szovjet rémuralmat ekkor a náci és román fasiszta rémuralom váltotta, amely a helyi zsidóság számára szörnyű sorsot jelentett: a zsidókat tömegével deportálták illetve gyilkolták meg a városban. Chișinău ezekben az években a Román Királyság Besszarábiai Kormányzóság nevű tartományának székhelye volt.

A szovjet Vörös Hadsereg még azelőtt elfoglalta Chișinău-t és Besszarábiát, mielőtt Románia kilépett a tengelyhatalmak szövetségéből, a második jászvásári–chișinău-i offenzíva eredményeként.

A háború után néhány évig a szovjet hatalom ismételten terrorizálta a város és az ország lakosságát, elsősorban nagyarányú deportálásokkal: az első hulláma ezeknek 1945 után az 1940-es évek végéig, a második az 1950-es évek közepén zajlott. Az elhurcoltak száma megközelítőleg 300 ezer főre tehető.

A háborúban nagy pusztítást elszenvedett Chișinău-t 1947 és 1949 között építették újjá. Az 1950-es években demográfiai növekedés jellemezte a várost, a lakosság elhelyezése érdekében ezért nagyszámú panellakást építettek. Ezek a háztömbök, amelyek különálló települések benyomását keltik, a mai napig meghatározzák a városképet. A legtöbb ilyen épületet Nyikita Hruscsov idején emelték, ezért nevezik a tömbházakból álló városrészeket Hruscsovkák-nak. A mostani háztartások több mint 74%-a a szovjet időkből származik.

1971-től 1991-ig újabb nagy építkezési beruházások voltak a városban, amelynek összköltsége meghaladt az egymilliárd szovjet rubelt.

1977-ben újabb földrengés rázta meg a várost, amelynek újfent több halottja volt. 1991 óta a független Moldova fővárosa.

Nevezetességei
 Krisztus Születése székesegyház
 Szent Tiron Tódor Vértanú templom

Közigazgatási felosztás

A város polgármestere: Ion Ceban. A városi tanács a város irányító-testülete.

Közlekedés
A villamos közlekedést a hatvanas években megszüntették. A városnak nemrégiben felújított, impozáns vasúti pályaudvara van. A város távolsági buszjáratai három helyről közlekednek. A nyugati és déli irányokba – főleg – a 6 km-re délnyugatra lévő Gara Chisinau sud-vest terminálról indulnak a buszok. Innen naponta van buszjárat Kolozsvárra (közel 8 órás út) illetve onnan átszállással Budapestre.

A chișinăui nemzetközi repülőtér, az ország nemzetközi reptere a várostól 11 km-re délre található.

Nyári időszakban naponta közlekedik a Chișinău-Odessza vonat, továbbá heti három alkalommal a Chișinău-Jászvásár vonat.

Trolibuszhálózat

1949. október 12-e óta van trolibusz-közlekedés, ez a legfőbb közlekedési eszköz a mikrobuszok (marsrutka) mellett.

Kultúra

Múzeum
 Muzeul Național de Istorie a Moldovei (Nemzeti történelmi múzeum)
 Muzeul Național de Arte Plastice (Nemzeti művészeti múzeum)
 Chișinău-i Történeti múzeum
 Muzeul Național de Etnografie și Istorie Naturală (Etnográfiai és Történelmi múzeum)
 Muzeul de Arheologie și Etnografie al Academiei de Științe din Moldova (Régészeti és néprajzi múzeum)
 Muzeul Literaturii Române "M. Kogălniceanu" (Irodalmi múzeum-ház)
 Casa-Muzeu "A.S. Pușkin" (Puskin Múzeum)

Színház

 Teatrul Național de "Mihai Eminescu"
 Teatrul Dramatic Rus "A. P. Cehov"
 Teatrul Republican "Luceafărul" (Bábszínház)
 Sala cu Orgă (Orgonaterem)
 Filarmonica Națională (Nemzeti Filharmónia)

Média

Televízió

Az állami televízió neve Moldova 1, amelynek székhelye Chișinăuban van.

Pro TV Chișinău egy helyi televízió, amely 1999 óta sugároz. A híreket románul és oroszul sugározza.

Ezen kívül számos romániai és oroszországi tévécsatornát lehet fogni.

Rádió
A városban több helyi rádió van: Kiss FM, Pro FM, Radio 21/Hit Radio és Național FM/Fresh FM, Radio Chanson, Русское Радио (Russkoje Radio). Az állami rádió neve Teleradio Moldova.

Testvértelepülések
  Mannheim, Németország 1989
  Grenoble, Franciaország 1977
  Reggio Emilia, Olaszország
  Bukarest, Románia
  Kijev, Ukrajna
  Odessza, Ukrajna
  Sacramento, USA

Megjegyzések

Jegyzetek

További információk

Európai fővárosok
Moldova megyei jogú városai
Moldova települései

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
(PM) The Most Hon. Andrew Holness, Urges Jamaicans to Harness Potential of Digital Economy
Business, Professional
Prime Minister, the Most Hon. Andrew Holness, emphasizing a point while delivering the keynote address at the launch of the Companies Office of Jamaica's (COJ) Electronic Business Registration Form (eBRF) at The Jamaica Pegasus hotel in New Kingston on Wednesday (August 8)
Prime Minister, the Most Hon. Andrew Holness is urging J'cans to embrace the possibilities that can result from the country's jump to a digital economy.
He mentioned that "many times booms have come in the digital global economy and we have not been able to ride them. We are now on the upswing of the digital era. Let us take advantage of it… let us not fear it."
Mr. Holness was speaking at the launch of the Companies Office of Jamaica's (COJ) Electronic Business Registration Form (eBRF) at The Jamaica Pegasus Hotel in New Kingston on Wednesday (August 7).
He said that the Government continues to proceed in a "very deliberate way" with plans to integrate technology into its daily operations, in keeping with a commitment to ensuring that Jamaica leapfrogs the digital divide.
"In the coming years, it will be the societies that have embraced technology and used it for innovation that will be the [global] leaders," the Prime Minister contended.
"It is clear… that the [transformation to] a digital society is imminent, it is irresistible… and the faster you embrace it and get ahead of it [the better the chances that] you will lessen the digital divide," he added.
The Prime Minister highlighted work being done by members of the Housing, Opportunity, Production, and Employment (HOPE) Program Digitization Corps to digitize thousands of paper-based documents.
"Having done that, you now have content… data… that you can use to populate databases. When you have that level of data, whether it is (information for) health records or motor vehicles or companies, you, as the Government, are in a much better position to make decisions," he noted.
Meanwhile, the Prime Minister emphasized the importance of having a reliable National Identification System (NIDS), through which persons can be assured that "when you present yourselves, you are known, you are acknowledged, and you can get service."
He said that the Administration is "moving ahead to put in place the backbone that is going to be necessary to have the system work."
"We have a form which the NIDS will take. We just need to approve it and get it back on the Parliamentary agenda and hopefully, it will be satisfactory to our courts," he noted.
The Electronic Business Registration Form will facilitate online 24-hour registration of business names and companies from any location globally. It replaces the one-stop-shop introduced in 2014.
The form is the result of a collaboration between the Cabinet Office and Companies Office of Jamaica, through support from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).
One thought on "(PM) The Most Hon. Andrew Holness, Urges Jamaicans to Harness Potential of Digital Economy"
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For 20 years, creating spaces that create a superior home life has been our way of life. At Woodbridge, we know that a home is much more than walls and a roof – a home is the very foundation for everything you do. It's where you spend quality time with your family and where you get away from the world. That's why Woodbridge is committed to designing homes where you can live your best life. We're dedicated to the details that matter to you, to plans with a purpose, and to consistency of vision from concept to execution. You could say that building quality homes that fit your needs isn't just what we do, it's who we are… and who we intend to be for at least another 20 years.


Tribune V Series - Centurion Cricket Co.
A shape used by one of NZ's greatest limited overs players! The V Series is lower grade English Willow and perfect for players looking for a well-priced bat that still knocks the ball over the fence, and who are not fussed on imperfections in appearance.
The Tribune features the lowest sweet spot and spine in our range. Mild concave back between middle and edges. Perfect for lower/slower wickets but still with a beautiful pick up and balance without sacrificing sweet spot and edge size. Round handle with a classic Chevron patterned grip in black, silver and green.


text:
Sometimes You will release GraviFire on all consoles in early March 2021
by SquallSnake on February 17, 2021
SNK VS. CAPCOM: THE MATCH OF THE MILLENNIUM (NGPC) available on Nintendo Switch
Steamroll: Rustless Edition (PS4) Review
GraviFire will be released on PlayStation 5, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and Xbox One on March 3, 2021! It will cost $4.99.
GraviFire is a logic game that mixes the mechanics of movement and gravity. You need to put all the objects in the right places by controlling the character and the force of gravity.
The Green Fire has been abducted by evil aliens, who force him to solve puzzles for tests. You need to pass all the tests to return the Green Fire back to his home. Looks like you are in for some serious brainstorming! Gravity, movement, deadly lasers… What else the aliens have prepared?
Gravity control
50 mind-bending levels
Many different mechanics
Bright pixel graphics
News, Playstation 4, Playstation 5, Switch, XBOX One
NewsPS4PS5Sometimes YouSwitchXBOX One
News, PS4, PS5, Sometimes You, Switch, XBOX One
NewsPlaystation 4Playstation 5SwitchXBOX One
Try to survive on the mysterious island in a lovecraftian 2D rogue-lite with branching narrative and elements of resource management. When a dark cult abducts his sibling, there's nothing else Killian can do but to comply with their demands. In order to [...]


Felt bags are made from various fabrics; they are available in polypropylene, polyester and nomex media. There different area weight is used for different micron rating. These bags are ultrasonically fused with top polypropylene or polyester caller. Felt bags are available with embossed micron rating for ease of identification. They have large dirt holding capacity against any conventional bags. This can have handled higher differential pressure across the filter.
Made up of non-woven micron felt bag filters. Single side singed/glazed to prevent loose fiber migration.


If you are working on any kind of project, it is important that you are surrounded with the best people for the job. It is important that you are confident with their capabilities and you are sure that you will get the best results. The film production can sometimes be risky, so it is important that everyone knows about the basic principles of safety on the filming locations. Good film crews should be highly experienced with many technical aspects related to film making. They should also be quickly adapt to you vision and give you the results that you want. Story and vision are two main strengths of any indie film maker. If you want to work with highly experienced film crews, you need to actively find them.
Your ability to get great crews depends on where you live. If the film industry is located nearby, it is possible that you are able to get crews by simply contacting them. You may find not only freelance film crews, but also film college students who are looking for experience in your project. When looking for great crews for your project, you should talk with people and ask around. You should have a proper plan on how to complete the film project including the number of and capabilities of crews. When looking for crews, you should provide brief description about your project, so these people will know what they are working with.
There should be details of job descriptions, such as sound engineers and cinematographers. For very critical positions, there should be separate ads, so you will get the best individual for the position. It is important that people will know that they can contribute to your film. You should make sure that they are really interested. There should be proper contact information, so people are able to call you and send their resumes. You should check their resumes carefully to have a better sense on the quality of crews that you are assessing. As an example, cinematographers should have good technical skills in composition, camera movement and lighting. These people should have more than basic skill levels and they should be able to pay attention to details that are assigned to them.
Sound designers should be able to prove that they are able to properly record the dialogue. Their abilities are also crucial in determining how music is used and how the scene can be enhanced by sound effects. The work of all professionals involved in the project should be technically good and consistent. You shouldn't be afraid to ask proper questions during the interview sessions. You should watch out for any possible danger signs and red flags. You should ensure that you are not working with an individual who seems to be difficult to get along with. Some people may also have problems with their temper and it is something that needs to be addressed. This will ensure that you will get better overall results.


text:
HBO's Silicon Valley nails VC deal details
Paddy Hirsch Apr 17, 2015
https://www.marketplace.org/2015/04/17/hbos-silicon-valley-nails-vc-deal-details/
Actors Kumail Nanjiani, Zach Woods, Thomas Middleditch, Amanda Crew, Josh Brener, T.J. Miller and Martin Starr attend the Premiere of HBO's 'Silicon Valley' Alberto E. Rodriguez/Getty Images
Share Now:
If you're not watching HBO's "Silicon Valley," it may be because you think it's a weekly half hour of puerile, sexist drivel about a bunch of nerds blundering their way up the most elitist food chain on earth. And you may be right about that. But if you're not watching, you're missing one of the most vivid, granular and entertaining explainers out there of the way venture capital works.
Take episode one of season two, which just aired last week. The boys of hot startup Pied Piper are doing a tour of venture capitalists, to get funding for their first round. Early stage companies raise the money they need in several chunks. After entrepreneurs have maxed out their credit cards, raided their 401(k)s and drained their parents' bank accounts, the first place they go is the "angel round," which Pied Piper secured last season. Angel investment are kids' stuff in the startup world: it's literally like wee Janie on your block getting fifty bucks from her parents' work colleagues to buy lemons and a Sodastream and open a lemonade stand. The "first round" is more serious. In this phase of the money-raising process, the wannabe CEO has to go to begging, or pitching, to a real institution – a venture capital fund.
And "Silicon Valley" nails this process. For one thing, the dress codes are dead on. The startup guys are dressed in grubby jeans, nerdy T-shirts and, of course, hoodies. The VCs are all wearing half-zip lightweight sweaters, or golf shirts adorned with crocodiles or ponies. And we all know what that means.
Next, the money: Pied Piper's tour of the Valley VCs shows how hot and sweaty the startup scene is right now. VCs are literally throwing money at startups, valuing them at crazy prices. The valuations Pied Piper gets are ludicrous, but no more ludicrous than those bestowed upon real early stage companies. In the past, startups valued at $1 billion by the VC market before they go public were called unicorns, because they were so rare. Today there are herds of them.
Finally, the deal details: I don't know who the technical advisor is on "Silicon Valley," but he or she sure is doing the business. Episode 1 showcased one of the biggest issues facing startups right now: the down round.
A quick explainer: when you get venture money, the fund gives you a big chunk of cash, but in return takes a huge share of your company. It also takes a number of seats on your board.
But that's cool! For just 10 percent of your company you've snagged $100 million in cash! That makes your company worth a billion dollars! Dude! You're a unicorn!
Unfortunately, you're not making money yet, and over the next six months, you a) burn through half your money and b) read in TechCrunch that a class of Singaporean schoolgirls have just built a similar prototype to yours that looks as though it may do the same job in half the time.
Your partners panic. Why? Because they're worried about a down round. They think that when you go to VCs for your second round of financing, they might say that they want to buy a ten percent stake in your company, but because of this new competition, maybe they'll only give you $50 million. That would mean that your existing VC investor's stake would be cut in half. It would also make those investors look kinda stupid. And while VCs don't like losing money, they really, really hate looking dumb.
In the show "Silicon Valley," we hear what happens to a young entrepreneur called Javeed. His VC investors react to the possibility of his company getting a down round by forcing him into a $200 million acquisition. Remember, VCs get a seat on the board – at least one seat – which gives them a great deal of say in the way the company is run. Javeed would rather not sell his company, but the VCs have panicked, and want to cash out now. They are, in the vernacular, looking for an exit strategy. And because they are on the board, they are in a great position to arm-twist. So they force Javeed to agree to sell his company for $200 million. The VCs get a check, and avoid being embarrassed. Javeed, on the other hand, loses control of his company, and has to accept a reverse-vest, with no triggers. And what the hell does that mean? Well, let's just say he got screwed.
ICOs raised billions last year. Should Silicon Valley be worried?
The powerful hold of Silicon Valley's venture capital priesthood
Following the venture capital money trail
These words will help you understand venture capital
Venture capitalism: Investing today in the companies of tomorrow
What a $400 juicer says about Silicon Valley


text:
/**
 * @author: Cristian Sava
 *
 */

package zeIRC.CommunicationObjects.Response;

public class Stats {

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


If you've built a website for your business within the last five years, you've likely heard the phrase responsive web design. Responsive design can be explained in many different ways. Simply put, this design approach allows one design to fit various screen sizes.
When responsive design was introduced in 2010, it was widely misunderstood. People were already aware of mobile websites and began looking at responsive design as a one-fit fix for every website's challenges. In reality, you don't have to choose between responsive or mobile; the two are completely independent.
Responsive websites are built with fluid, flexible layouts. The design starts with a layout and stretches or squishes to fit any screen size the viewer is using. Instead of fixed sizes and positions, responsive designs use percentages and ratios. For example, a webpage viewed on a 17" desktop may look cluttered if viewed on a mobile device. Some blocks of text or a few pictures may need to be hidden. The sidebar that appears on the desktop version might need to be a dropdown at the top. This is where media queries come into play. Media queries are CSS rules a developer uses to adapt content to different screen and browser widths. The web developer will use CSS rules to add special styling instructions where the layout breaks (breakpoints). All images and media should be flexible with responsive design, using percentages and ratios to ensure they fit the layout when the website snaps to fit a different screen size.
While responsive design may not be a part of your short-term website strategy, it should definitely be included in the long-term plan. Responsive design will be an integral part of future-friendly web publishing. It solves many problems as technology companies continually release new products with different screen sizes and viewing requirements. For this reason, websites built with responsive designs respond to capabilities, not devices. When Apple releases the iPhone 20 your website will be just as beautiful and functional as it is for viewers using the 6.
Investing in a responsive website has numerous advantages. Not only will your website fit multiple screen sizes, but it will also be supported by the vast majority of browsers. This strategic, long-term solution will undoubtedly benefit you in years to come. Did you know responsive design is also recommended by Google? Google refers to responsive web design as the marketing industry's best practice. This is because responsive websites have a single URL and the same HTML, making it easier for the search engine to crawl, index, and organize content. As an added benefit, you will only have to manage one SEO campaign instead of trying to tackle a campaign for a separate mobile site as well.
While there are many advantages to building a responsive website, there are a few drawbacks. Talking short-term, responsive websites do cost more than desktop-only sites. Creating a design that fits many screen sizes takes more time than it does to create a design that fits one screen. In the long-term, this drawback becomes an advantage. Having a single site that conforms to the needs of all devices is more cost effective than building two separate sites. Load time can prove to be another challenge for mobile users. Most browsers are required to download all HTML/CSS and "stretch" the website, both of which take time.
Overall, responsive design is an effective solution for those looking to provide an optimal user experience. The flexible features enhance user experience, providing visitors with the same viewing capability on different browsers and devices. Responsive design allows you to keep the same SEO strategy in place while reducing the amount of pages to manage and, subsequently, maintenance costs. Responsive design may cost more in the short-term, but you will reap the benefits for months, and even years, to come.


Collection of oral history recordings documenting the history of civil rights and social justice advocacy in Western Michigan. The collection was created by faculty and students as a project of the LIB 201 (formerly US 201): "Diversity in the U.S." course from 2011-2012.
Speaking Out: Western Michigan Civil Rights Oral Histories. Grand Valley State University Special Collections and University Archives. https://gvsu.lyrasistechnology.org/repositories/2/digital_objects/70 Accessed April 23, 2019.


Browse profiles of Member singles here at Torrance Singles that are tagged with Dancing. Talking to others who have similar interests is a pefect way to find things to do on a first date. Register for a Totally Free Profile to Meet Someone Tonight!


Most of what we know about life.
The cycles which effect life are mostly out of our control. Therefore, just as you can imagine people going through harsh winters, we must adapt (or move the heck outta there!).
By eating certain foods, we add stimulus into the systems — the cycles become enhanced by antioxidants and energizing nutrients.
Variety of beneficial nutrients is key. Focus on one goal at a time. Such as: Consume kale three times per week.
The following week you will be able to experiment with other fruits and vegetables. Listen to how your body feels when you eat these foods. If you are eating "enough" fruits and vegetables, then you should look very lean in the midsection.


The penultimate day of racing was hanging in the balance due to lack of wind resulting in a postponement. However, a breeze was forecast to come in at around 1pm which proved correct.
The Maxi Racing class was the third start which allowed us to watch the tight, exciting starts of the mini maxis and secondly the Wallys. All three classes were sent around a shorter coastal course due to the delayed start.
It turned out to be one of the best days of racing. It was a spectacular sight to be sailing in such close proximity to the other classes, including the four J class yachts - Velsheda, Ranger, Lionheart and Rainbow. We also passed the Mini Maxis fleet as they beat back up from the leeward mark, Allegre leading the fleet with the crew hiking so hard they could almost touch the water!
Overall it was a much closer racing in our fleet than in previous days due to the conditions and course favouring our rivals. However, Highland Fling managed to clinch the victory by 35 seconds on corrected time. With four bullets this meant that Highland Fling ensured a class win a day early.
In the evening we were able to celebrate at the Rolex Crew Party at the Colonna Pevero Hotel.


text:
September 25, 2014 / 6:57 PM / 5 years ago
F-35 jet combat ready next year, new Israeli order close
Balazs Koranyi
OSLO (Reuters) - The first version of the F-35 fighter jet will be combat ready by mid-2015, despite an engine failure which still needs a fix, and Israel could sign a deal within months to buy more of the aircraft, program officials said on Thursday.
The cost of the jet, which has struggled with delays and budget overruns, could be reduced to the target level by 2019. South Korea's decision on Wednesday to buy 40 F-35s for about $7 billion was a step in lowering the per unit cost, officials said in Oslo after a two-day meeting between F-35 partner countries.
"We are in discussion with another one of our partners, Israel, to increase their buy and those discussions are going very very well," U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General Chris Bogdan, the Pentagon's F-35 program manager said.
"We are very very close, (we'll sign) probably within the next few months," Bogdan said.
Israel has so far ordered 19 jets but Bogdan declined to predict the size of its future order.
ENGINE TROUBLE
The $400 billion F-35 program was set back earlier this year when the Pentagon grounded its fleet after a June 23 fire on an Air Force F-35A, an all-new aircraft with advanced stealth capabilities, improved maneuverability and high-tech sensors.
Engine maker Pratt & Whitney is investigating the issue and expects to determine the root cause this month, or early October. It expects aircraft already in service to be fixed in early 2015, Chris Flynn, the firm's vice-president for the F-35 engine program said.
"We understand what fundamentally happened ... and we have tremendous confidences in the timeline," Flynn said. "We think it's a fairly straightforward fix."
Lockheed Martin (LMT.N), the jet's developer, said the investigation and the fix will delay testing but there is leeway in the schedule and it expects the U.S. Marine Corps to declare the first version of the jet combat ready by mid-2015.
Though no longer grounded, the fleet of more than 100 F-35s already delivered flies under restrictions, pending the engine fix. Other issues include the integration of the communication systems and subtle changes to flight controls.
Lockheed, engine maker Pratt & Whitney, a unit of United Technologies Corp (UTX.N), and other suppliers are investing heavily to drive down the program's projected $400 billion cost to make it more affordable for cash-strapped governments looking to buy more than 3,100 aircraft over the next decades.
Lockheed expects the per unit cost to drop to $80-$85 million by 2019 from about $115 million now, Jeff Babione, the firm's deputy manager for the F-35 program said.
"The cost reduction will come with the increase in orders," he said. "We anticipate that there's a market out there for 4,000 airplanes ... the biggest risk to cost is if we don't get the orders we showed. That will significantly erode our ability to take advantage of economic order quantities and reduce cost."
Officials downplayed a report released this week by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), which said it would cost the U.S. government $19.9 billion a year to operate and maintain its F-35 fleet in 2035, compared with about $11 billion in the 2010 fiscal year for the four types of warplane it will replace.
"I am less concerned about the cost estimates that occur 50 years from now, because those are fundamentally based on a whole lot of assumptions," Bogdan said. "We change even a little bit of those assumptions, those cost estimates change greatly."
"What's more important for me is what are we doing today ... to reduce the overall lifecycle costs of the airplane," he said.
Additional reporting by Andrea Shalal in Washington; Editing by Mark Potter and David Clarke


text:
var Server = require('./server');
var util = require('./util');

function StreamServer(options) {
  Server.apply(this, arguments);
  this._streams = [];
}

StreamServer.prototype = new Server();
StreamServer.prototype.constructor = StreamServer;

StreamServer.prototype._write = function (stream, what) {
  var success;

  if (stream.full) {
    stream.buffer.push(what);
  } else {
    stream.full = !stream.stream.write(what);
  }
};

StreamServer.prototype.listen = function () {
  var args = util.toArray(arguments);

  args.forEach(function (stream) {
    var streamRecord = {
      stream: stream,
      buffer: []
    };

    streamRecord.onData = this._onData.bind(this, streamRecord);
    stream.on('data', streamRecord.onData);

    streamRecord.onDrain = this._onDrain.bind(this, streamRecord);
    stream.on('drain', streamRecord.onDrain);

    this._streams.push(streamRecord);
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};

StreamServer.prototype._onData = function (stream, request) {
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  this.respond(request, function (error, response) {
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};

StreamServer.prototype._onDrain = function (stream, request) {
  var buffer = stream.buffer.slice().reverse();

  stream.full = false;
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};

module.exports = StreamServer;


Join us aboard as we cruise the Inland Sea and her Majestic Mountains. View & visit remote islands, enjoy fabulous fishing & bird watching. Daily tours throughout the summer including Sunset and Moonlight Cruises. See www.northherohouse.com for details about dinner tours. Available for birthday parties, weddings and anniversaries.


How far can you drive an electric car? The official estimate is approved by government regulators, but electric car drivers know the number on the dashboard is a guess, and that we often do not get to drive the distance we're told is possible.
In an electric car the quantity of stored energy is measured in kiloWatt-hours. One car might have a 24 kiloWatt-hour pack, and another have an 85 kiloWatt-hour pack, or well over 3 times the amount of energy. Assuming the two cars consume energy at the same rate, the second car will have 3.5 times the driving range.
Here's two concrete ways to correlate energy storage, energy consumption, and range.
In practical reality it is far more complex than that. For example the car with the bigger battery pack probably weighs more, requiring more energy to drive down the road, and therefore achieving less efficiency in terms of kiloWatt-hours to drive a given distance. Or the same car driven up a mountain will consume more energy than when driven on flat land. Or a car driving into a steady wind will consume more energy.
For example, that 85 kWh car weighs a lot more than the 24 kWh car, and achieved a 265 mile range to the 84 miles range estimated for the 24 kWh car. The higher weight means a higher energy consumption per mile simply because of the weight. Therefore it doesn't get 3.5x the range of the 24 kWh car, but more like 3.1x.
Many people are asking when there will be an electric car with 400 miles range. The answer is a matter of balancing the kiloWatt-hours of battery, against the kiloWatt-hours consumed per mile, against the battery pack weight, and other factors like cost. An electric car can be built with enough energy storage to drive 500 miles, for example, but would it be too heavy to be efficient, or would it cost too much?
The official range estimate was measured in a laboratory based on standardized testing protocols, and not in the real world. Remember that it is an estimate, and nothing is better than your experience with your car on the roads you typically drive.
Even so, battery pack size is a great first order estimate of range. For example, for several months before GM released details of the Chevy Bolt we knew it would have a 200 mile (or so) range. Making the assumption GM meant the EPA range would be 200 miles, that meant the car would likely have a 60 kiloWatt-hour battery pack. How did we derive this guess? Simple, the 60 kiloWatt-hour Tesla Model S had a 208 mile EPA range. It's a rough extrapolation that 60 kWh gives about 200 miles range. But what really counts is the officially sanctioned EPA estimate, not the number tossed around by the automakers marketing department.
Another complication is driving habits - the hotrodder tends to consume more energy than the sedate driver.
It's not all about how big your battery pack is, but what you do with it.
It doesn't matter what kind of car you have, it carries in its gas tank or battery pack a given quantity of energy. Your driving habits directly impact the rate of energy consumption. You can drive fast and hard, using up that energy more quickly, giving you less driving range, than if you hypermiled your way around town.
The story of the Tortoise and Hare is apropos. One day the Tortoise challenged the Hare to a race. The Hare, thinking he can outrun anybody, especially a pokey old creature like the Tortoise, gleefully accepted the challenge. You no doubt heard this story as a child, and know that the Tortoise ended up winning while the Hare could barely huff and puff his way across the finish line.
How does this apply to electric car drivers? Or, for that matter, to gasoline car drivers?
The Hare is like the hotrodder, squealing their tires at every chance, slamming the brakes hard at every stop, driving over the speed limit, etc. It's well known driving this way consumes energy like there's no tomorrow.
Optimizing your driving range means adopting some hypermiler techniques, rather than hotrodding your way around town. More aggressive driving habits means consuming more energy per mile, and therefore getting fewer miles of range. Such people, while they might enjoy the speed, especially the thrill of 100% torque at 0 RPM, will have to stop to recharge more often. Just like the Hare had to stop and recharge, and get beaten by the Tortoise.
Take a 24 kiloWatt-hour car, drive it aggressively (400 Wh/mile versus 300) and your total range is slashed.
There's no magic to this, just simple physics. Consume more energy to drive, and your fixed quantity of energy will disappear more quickly. A hotrodding gasoline car driver faces the same fate.
The BMW i3 has a smaller than usual battery pack, and most of the car's structure is made from carbon fiber. Because carbon fiber has an extremely high strength to weight ratio, the BMW i3 weighs very little but has an ultra-rigid structure to keep passengers safe. As a result it has the lowest energy consumption per mile of any electric car. How? A light weight vehicle takes less energy than a heavy vehicle.
Both the BMW i3 and Chevy Spark EV have a smaller-than-typical battery pack, but achieve the same range. The trick is that both are light-weight, the i3 because of carbon fiber and the Spark EV because it's simply a small car.
By contrast, while the Tesla Model S uses lots of light-weight aluminum, the ultra big battery pack is simply heavy. The weight negatively impacts energy efficiency, and it has the highest energy consumption of any electric car.
Note the direct correlation between high energy consumption and the lower the MPGe value.


Created as a response to teachers' requests for more in-depth landmarks information, this program offers a detailed study of landmarks, the six Upper East Side historic districts, and the history of preservation in New York City. Why are landmarks important? What does it mean to be a building in an historic district? To bring the concepts to life, the program includes a mock proposal to alter a neighborhood building, a mock Landmarks Preservation Commission Hearing, and a walking tour to view landmarks and historic districts.
This lively classroom session begins with the story of the destruction of the original Penn Station in 1963, which sparked outrage among New Yorkers and encouraged the adoption of a Landmarks Law in 1965. The lesson culminates with a hypothetical application to alter a landmarked neighborhood building, resulting in a mock Landmarks Preservation Commission hearing and debate. Along the way we discuss how buildings make our city unique, and how students might feel if their favorite New York City buildings were torn down. If your school building is a landmark, we will explore what makes it unique, as well as study photographs and maps to learn how Landmarks are protected today through historic districts, local laws, and neighborhood preservation groups like FRIENDS!
We embark on a walking tour in your school neighborhood to discover local landmarks and historic districts, paying close attention to what makes particular buildings or areas feel different and special. Are there any differences between the buildings that are in an historic district vs. those that are not? What color are the street signs in an historic district? Do we spot any plaques or clues that can help tell the story of the landmark? Can we see any construction projects or renovations taking place? We will discover answers to these questions and more as we act as landmark detectives.
*This program is wonderful in conjunction with our Building Fun or Yorkville Immigration programs and can provide students with an in depth look at landmarks, preservation, and historic districts, which are briefly touched on in Building Fun. Lesson One of this unit can also be added as a bonus session to any of our other programs.