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VMWare vs VirtualBox
Onet IDC > VMWare > VMWare vs VirtualBox
VMware and VirtualBox are both the top two popular desktop virtualization options. They are both supported on Windows, macOS and Linux and both offer 32 and 64 bit guest operating system support. Along with a whole array of other architectures like ARM. So which one should you choose and what are the factors that you should consider while making the choice?
Price and Licensing
VirtualBox's core system is free and open source under the GNU v2 license. VMware comes as both free and paid versions both under proprietary license. VMware's paid version is called VMware Workstation Pro for Windows and Linux host systems, whereas, for macOS it is marketed as VMware fusion. The free version is known as VMware Workstation Player and it is pretty limited in functionality, with many of the features locked out of it.
The clear winner, in terms of pricing, is VirtualBox. Although VirtualBox does have extension packs under a different license for shared folder, disk encryption, PXE booting and a few other functionalities. They can all be used for non-commercial use under Personal Use and Evaluation License (PUEL).
The performance comparison between the two virtualization environments has been a controversial subject on the Internet. To go with the most commonly observed results VMware out performs VirtualBox in terms of CPU and memory utilization. Where as, they are both neck and neck when it comes to I/O throughput, which is a severe bottleneck when it comes to desktop virtualization.
However, take these benchmarks with a grain of salt since there are a lot of variables that cannot be accommodated in here. For example, the nature of your guest system, your host system, paravirtualization being enabled or disabled, and the hardware architecture. These variables vary from person to person and this is what makes virtualization one of the most challenging engineering tasks.
But for the typical use case of x64 guests on x64 hosts, VMware wins out.
From a features perspective, both the products have inspired each other. For example, VirtualBox has snapshots and VMware has rollback points to which you can revert back to in case you break your virtual machine. They both have integration for running virtualized applications on your desktop natively. VMware calls it Unity mode and VirtualBox calls it the seamless mode and they both enable you to open application windows on the host machine, while the VM supporting that app is running in the background quietly.
Most of the functionalities in case of VMware comes with the paid versions like Workstation Pro or Fusion and similarly on VirtualBox a few functionalities like shared folder depend on proprietary license PUEL and not GPL like the rest of the VirtualBox core (although they are still free in the latter case).
Although UI is a subjectivity matter, it is a rather important one. A clear and intuitive UI helps you get started with your projects in a matter of minutes instead of making you Google a hundred different things.
In case of VirtualBox, the UI is simple and clean. Your settings are split into Machine Tools and Global Tools and the former is for creating, modifying, starting, stop and deleting virtual machines.
The latter is for managing multiple disk images, virtual disks and host network adapters and other settings that could potentially be shared by virtual machines running together.
VMware on the other hand has a much more complicated UI, menu items are named with technical terms which may seem like jargon to average users. This is primarily because the VMware folks cater to cloud providers and server-side virtualizations more. Hence, they expect system engineers to be their end users, not developers or testers.
With VMware you get more bells-and-whistles. You also get remote access to manage your cloud infrastructure vSphere or ESXi which are VMware products for the enterprise.
While the complicated UI of VMware is justified, that doesn't make it the winner on the desktop. VirtualBox takes the lead on that one.
There are always edge cases that only a small fraction of users might run into and others might ignore them. For example, running PCIe passthrough to give direct access of your GPU to your virtual machine. Or maybe you manage servers for your organization, in which case you need a client app to access and monitor your servers remotely.
Both the cases are not related to a typical desktop virtualization, but they are closely related to virtualization anyways. For example, in case of VirtualBox PCIe passthrough can be accomplished, although you might have to jump through some hoops. VMware on the other offers excellent customer support and would help you out if you are in a fix. Consider what your use case is going to be before picking one or the other.
Technologies built around virtualization platform
Final variable to consider when comparing Vbox and VMware are the technologies built around them. VirtualBox, being free and open source, has a tonne of support for technologies like Vagrant. Bitnami releases full-stack applications that can just run on default VirtualBox without any tweaking or modification. Everything LAMP stack, MEAN stack or any other workload that can be virtualized is tested on VirtualBox making the paid support from VMware almost unnecessary.
Also, while you can achieve the same result on VMware, it is not going to be a plug-and-play experience.
Communities and organizations have a much wider adoption of VirtualBox and VMware has simply missed the mark with them.
To give the final verdict, VirtualBox is the clear winner. It is free, as well as hassle-free and feature-packed. It is the first thing you should consider for desktop virtualization needs. Although, VMware dominates the enterprise market, for strictly desktop use cases it is easily out-done by VirtualBox.
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Get your copy at Amazon, iTunes, or Barnes and Noble!
The third installment of Paul Samuel Dolman's rollicking trilogy finds him on the tropical island of Maui riding a little literary success while finding some much needed peace and purpose.
Yet things take an interesting turn when his old flame / muse / kryptonite The Miracle shows up seeking sunshine & salvation.
Written his trademark style of humor, wit, and wisdom, Seven Crazy Days on Maui is another page-turner that captures both the beauty of Hawaii, and the layered complications of our romantic relationships. The book is filled with enchanting characters and moments viscerally reminding us of the vast magic in which we exist.
Seven Crazy Days on Maui is one week in paradise you won't want to miss!


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Ladbroke Square Garden (Ladbroke Estate) * Kensington & Chelsea
Ladbroke Square Garden is part of the Ladbroke Estate, laid out as a planned garden suburb with a coherent layout of concentric crescents and large communal gardens whose features were first suggested in a plan by architect and estate surveyor Thomas Allason in 1823. His scheme was later modified by others, including James Thomson. Building started in the 1840s; the outer crescents date from the 1860s. During the lull in building development, the land was leased from 1837-4 for a racecourse, the Hippodrome. Ladbroke Square commenced in 1842 and is one of the largest private garden squares in London, the communal garden laid out in 1849. It has three lawns, shrubbery and mature trees.
Ladbroke Square
W11 3BJ
LBII: 10-22 Kensington Park Gardens, cast-iron gates with Felix Ladbroke coat of arms
Head gardener: Colin Derome (2008)
Has opened for OGSW. Otherwise private, for keyholders only
Tube: Notting Hill Gate (Central, Circle); Holland Park (Central) Bus: 12, 27, 28, 52, 94, 328, 452
Yes - Borough Importance
Ladbroke Square - Photo: Josh Ward
Ladbroke Square Garden is part of the Ladbroke Estate, laid out as a planned garden suburb with a coherent layout of concentric crescents and large communal gardens whose features were first suggested in a plan by architect and estate surveyor Thomas Allason in 1823. His scheme was later modified by others, including James Thomson, although he remained involved until his death in 1852. During the lull in building development, the land was leased for a time for a racecourse, the Hippodrome, built by John Whyte in 1837. The venture floundered, the course proving too heavy going, and it only operated from 1837-41. Building started in the 1840s; the outer concentric crescents date from the 1860s. After Allason's death, artist and designer Thomas Allom was responsible for the next phase of development.
Ladbroke Square is the largest garden on the estate, and is enclosed on the north by tall stucco mansions along Kensington Park Gardens, the eastern part designed by W J Drew in 1849-50 and the western part designed by Thomas Allom and built by David Ramsay in 1853-58. There is a break between the two terraces with an entrance and a pair of mid C19th cast iron gates with the coat of arms of Felix Ladbroke on shields in the centre of inscribed circles, opposite the gated entrance to South Stanley Garden (q.v.). The square is open on the other three sides, which are bounded by railings. The garden slopes from north to south and retains its original path layout including a broad walk running from west to east along the south side. In the garden are the remains of a circular fountain that was part of the original design for the garden, probably by Thomas Allason, which has been out of action since WWII. This is now a flowerbed surrounded by trees with ornamental cast iron urns on piers. Other features include a wooden summerhouse (one of a pair, the other demolished in the 1980s) and a gardener's cottage in the north east corner. The paths cross the garden to form three large lawns, backed by shrubberies, with a tennis court near the south-east corner. The mid C19th planting includes planes, limes, beech, evergreen and semi-evergreen oaks, hawthorns, and horse chestnuts, and has been supplemented by more recent planting of trees and flowering shrubs.
EH Register entry for Ladbroke Estate, 2002/3 EH Register: LCC Survey of London XXXVII, 1937; E Cecil 'London Parks and Gardens', 1907, p219; E B Chancellor 'The History of the Squares of London', 1907, p321; N Pevsner, 'London except . . . Westminster', 1952, p310-11.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home States Kerala
'Class X student humiliated for wearing headscarf'
A Class X student has accused an invigilator of humiliating her for wearing headscarf during the mathematics examination on March 30.
Published: 05th April 2017 12:47 AM | Last Updated: 05th April 2017 03:43 AM | A+A A-
By Express News Service
KASARGOD: A Class X student has accused an invigilator of humiliating her for wearing headscarf during the mathematics examination on March 30.
In a complaint sent to the Minister for Education, her father said the teacher "specifically asked her if she was hiding paper chits for copying in her scarf", an allegation denied by the teacher in toto.
The student of Varakkad High School near Vellarikkundu alleged the invigilator, Mini from St Thomas School, Thomapuram, in Chittarikkal, asked her twice if she was hiding chits under the scarf, and was closely monitoring her throughout the examination, which made her uncomfortable.
The father, who requested not to identify the student, said his child was an epileptic patient and the public humiliation might have taken a toll on her confidence.
"The teacher even shouted at her while submitting the answersheets saying the papers were not tied properly," he said and added that he had to call in a counsellor to "get the child back".
However, the teacher rejected the allegations.
"There were 20 students in the classroom and I gave a common direction to the children to throw out chits if they had any. As an invigilator I was doing my duty," she said. "I don't even know the girl to target her."
She said the girl's father had telephoned her after the exam and accused her of wrongdoing without verifying the facts.
Stay up to date on all the latest Kerala news with The New Indian Express App. Download now


The rocket is the most recognized icon of the South Carolina State Fair. Meeting family and friends there has been a tradition for nearly 50 years.
"Jurassic Park" was created from 75 tons of sand. Visiting the sand sculpture has become a State Fair tradition for many people.
October brings many things to South Carolina - more football, turning leaves, cooler temps (we hope!). And one of the fall's most anticipated events is the South Carolina State Fair. Long-time fairgoers have established many traditions they associate with the fair, but "meeting at the rocket" must be at the top of nearly everyone's list. The rocket, according to fair General Manager Nancy Smith, is actually a long-range intermediate range ballistic missle built in the 1960s and designed by legendary rocket engineer Wehrner von Braun. It was named Columbia, and was eventually donated to the city of Columbia and erected at the state fairgrounds in 1969. For nearly a half-century, the imposing structure has been a meeting spot for parents and children, friends and other fairgoers.
Near the beginning, a dinosaur begins to emerge from a frame packed with sand.
Smith says people have fond memories associated with the rocket - some got their first kiss there, some met their future spouses there, or even married near the rocket. The rocket has seen many things over the years and Smith says she can't imagine the fair without it. But she's not in danger of finding out. Glenn added that she can't imagine doing her unique job without doing it annually at the State Fair. Between these traditions and more, it seems the State Fair has become the home to icons of the Palmetto State.


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El Señor de los Anillos: los Anillos de Poder (The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power) es una serie de televisión inspirada en el universo de las obras de J. R. R. Tolkien, desarrollada por J.D. Payne y Patrick McKay para el servicio de streaming Prime Video, y ambientada en la Segunda Edad de la Tierra Media, antes de los acontecimientos de la novela y las películas de la trilogía de El Señor de los Anillos. Producida por Amazon Studios, en colaboración con Tolkien Estate and Trust, HarperCollins y New Line Cinema, contó con la dirección de Juan Antonio Bayona (dos episodios), Wayne Yip (cuatro episodios) y Charlotte Brändström (dos episodios) en su primera temporada.

Amazon compró los derechos televisivos de la obra por 250 millones de dólares en noviembre de 2017, lo que supone un compromiso de producción de cinco temporadas por un valor de al menos mil millones de dólares. Esto la convertiría en la serie de televisión más cara jamás realizada. Payne y McKay fueron contratados para su desarrollo en julio de 2018, y el resto del equipo creativo se confirmó un año después.

El casting para escoger el reparto se llevó a cabo en todo el mundo. El rodaje comenzó en febrero de 2020 en Auckland, Nueva Zelanda, después de que las negociaciones entre Amazon y el gobierno neozelandés garantizaran que la serie pudiera producirse en el país donde se realizó la trilogía cinematográfica. La producción se suspendió en marzo debido a la pandemia de COVID-19, pero se reanudó en septiembre antes de finalizar en agosto de 2021.

La primera temporada de ocho episodios se estrenó en Prime Video el 2 de septiembre de 2022 y una segunda temporada fue encargada formalmente en noviembre de 2019 y comenzó su rodaje en octubre de 2022.

Sinopsis
Ambientada miles de años antes de los eventos de El Hobbit y El Señor de los Anillos, la serie se basa en la historia de la Tierra Media del autor J. R. R. Tolkien. Comienza durante una época de relativa paz y cubre todos los eventos principales de la Segunda Edad de la Tierra Media: la forja de los Anillos de Poder, el surgimiento del Señor Oscuro Sauron, la historia del reino insular de Númenor y la última alianza entre Elfos y Hombres. Estos eventos tienen lugar durante miles de años en las historias originales de Tolkien, pero se condensan para la serie.

Reparto
Principal

Secundarios

Episodios

Producción

Desarrollo

Antecedentes y anuncio
En julio de 2017 se resolvió un litigio entre Warner Bros., la empresa responsable de las películas de El Señor de los Anillos y El Hobbit, y Tolkien Estate and Trust, la herencia del autor J. R. R. Tolkien, en cuyos libros se basaron esas películas. Con las dos partes "en mejores términos" tras el acuerdo, empezaron a negociar una posible serie de televisión basada en los libros de El Señor de los Anillos de Tolkien, con interés de plataformas como Amazon Prime, Netflix y HBO. En septiembre de ese año, Amazon se convirtió en el principal candidato y empezó a negociar la serie. En un movimiento poco común para los desarrollos de programación en el estudio, el CEO de la compañía, Jeff Bezos, se involucró personalmente en las negociaciones; Bezos había dado previamente a Amazon Studios un mandato para desarrollar una serie de fantasía de escala comparable a Game of Thrones de HBO, lo que había convertido a Amazon en el principal contendiente para el proyecto.

El 13 de noviembre de 2017, Amazon cerró un acuerdo para adquirir los derechos televisivos globales de los libros, que costaron cerca de 250 millones de dólares, antes de cualquier coste de desarrollo o producción. La compañía aceptó pagar por los derechos sin que ningún talento creativo estuviera vinculado al proyecto. Como parte del acuerdo, Amazon Prime Video se comprometió con la serie por cinco temporadas, con la posibilidad de crear también una derivada. Warner Bros. Television decidió no participar en el proyecto, permitiendo a Amazon trabajar con Tolkien Estate and Trust, HarperCollins y New Line Cinema. Esta última división de Warner Bros., que produjo las mencionadas películas, fue incluida en el acuerdo debido a la posibilidad de que la serie utilice material de los tres largometrajes.

Respecto a los derechos, Amazon Prime puede inspirar videojuegos merchandising, obras de teatro, series, películas... pero no crear contenido exacto de las obras de El Silmarillion y Cuentos inconclusos de Númeror y la Tierra Media. Por ello, la serie recoge historias de esos libros sin hacerlas exactamente igual que en la obra. Lo que no pueden hacer es contradecir la obra de Tolkien.

Equipo creativo
En abril de 2018, el director de las películas de El Señor de los Anillos y El Hobbit, Peter Jackson, comenzó a discutir su posible participación en la serie con Amazon, pero en junio se confirmó que no estaría involucrado. Ese mismo mes, la directora de Amazon Studios, Jennifer Salke, dijo que las discusiones con Jackson estaban en curso en cuanto a la participación que tendría en la serie. Añadió además que el estudio se había reunido con muchos escritores diferentes sobre el proyecto. En julio, Amazon contrató a los escritores J.D. Payne y Patrick McKay para desarrollar la serie. En diciembre, Jackson declaró que él y sus socios productores iban a leer potencialmente los guiones y a ofrecer notas a los escritores, pero que por lo demás no estarían involucrados en el proyecto. También expresó su emoción por poder ver una adaptación de Tolkien como miembro del público después de no haber podido tener esa experiencia con las películas que dirigió.

Bryan Cogman se unió como consultor en mayo de 2019 tras firmar un acuerdo global con Amazon. Cogman trabajó anteriormente como guionista en Game of Thrones, y estaba previsto que trabajara junto a Payne y McKay en el desarrollo de la nueva serie. En julio, J. A. Bayona fue contratado para dirigir los dos primeros episodios de la serie y ejercer de productor ejecutivo junto a su socia productora Belén Atienza. Ese mismo mes, los creadores de Game of Thrones, David Benioff y D. B. Weiss, mantuvieron conversaciones con varias empresas para firmar un acuerdo global, entre ellas Amazon, que estaba interesada en que ambos asesoraran sobre El Señor de los Anillos, pero finalmente firmaron un acuerdo con Netflix.

A finales de julio, Amazon anunció que Payne y McKay serían los directores y productores ejecutivos de la serie, y reveló el equipo creativo completo que estaba trabajando en el proyecto: los productores ejecutivos Bayona, Atienza, Bruce Richmond, Gene Kelly, Lindsey Weber y Sharon Tal Yguado; el coproductor Ron Ames; la diseñadora de vestuario Kate Hawley; el diseñador de producción Rick Heinrichs; el supervisor de efectos visuales Jason Smith y el artista conceptual John Howe, quien fue uno de los principales diseñadores conceptuales de los largometrajes. También se espera que la empresa de efectos especiales Weta Workshop y el proveedor de efectos visuales Weta Digital participen en la serie, al igual que en las películas.

Tras el desarrollo de la primera temporada, Cogman dejó la serie para centrarse en el desarrollo de nuevos proyectos. Kelly también dejó la serie, incorporándose Callum Greene como nuevo productor ejecutivo. Greene fue anteriormente productor de El Hobbit: La desolación de Smaug (2013). En marzo de 2021 se anunció que Wayne Che Yip sería el director de cuatro episodios de la serie, y se fijó como coproductor ejecutivo. Charlotte Brändström fue revelada como directora para otros dos episodios en mayo.

Además Howard Shore, compositor de las películas de la trilogía de El Hobbit y El Señor de los Anillos, volverá una vez más para encargarse de la música de la serie.

Localizaciones

Tras analizar la opción de Escocia, a finales de junio de 2018 se confirmó de manera informal que el rodaje se llevaría a cabo en Nueva Zelanda y se eligió a Auckland como lugar principal de rodaje en lugar de Wellington, donde se produjeron las películas de El Señor de los Anillos, ya que los estudios en esta última ciudad estaban siendo utilizados para el rodaje de la nueva película de Avatar en el momento en que se iba a iniciar la producción de la serie. Al parecer, la decisión de Amazon de filmar en dicho país estuvo influenciada por las garantías de seguridad para filmar del gobierno neozelandés tras el tiroteo en la mezquita de Christchurch en marzo de 2019.

Amazon anunció oficialmente que la serie se rodaría en Nueva Zelanda en septiembre de 2019 tras llegar a un acuerdo con el gobierno del país, con la Comisión de Cine de Nueva Zelanda y con la Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development (ATEED). Payne y McKay afirmaron que, a la hora de elegir la ubicación principal, requirieron «algún lugar majestuoso, con costas, bosques y montañas prístinas» que también pudiera cumplir los requisitos de producción de la serie.

Temporadas
Tras la finalización del rodaje de los dos primeros episodios, Amazon anunció una segunda temporada y estableció un periodo de descanso de aproximadamente cinco meses antes de continuar con el rodaje. El objetivo era permitir que se revisara todo el material de los primeros episodios y que la sala de guionistas de la serie pudiera volver a reunirse para empezar a trabajar en la segunda temporada antes de que continuara el rodaje de la primera. Esto dio a la serie la opción de filmar las dos primeras temporadas de forma consecutiva, como se hizo con las películas de El Señor de los Anillos.

En enero de 2020 Amazon anunció que la primera temporada constaría de ocho episodios. En abril de 2021, el ministro de Desarrollo Económico y Turismo de Nueva Zelanda, Stuart Nash, reveló que Amazon estaba gastando 650 millones de dólares neozelandeses (465 millones de dólares estadounidenses) en la primera temporada de la serie, lo que la hacía merecedora de 160 millones de dólares neozelandeses (114 millones de dólares estadounidenses) en descuentos fiscales en virtud de los acuerdos del país con el estudio. James Hibberd, de The Hollywood Reporter, señaló que la cantidad de 465 millones de dólares incluía «casi con toda seguridad» costes adicionales al presupuesto de producción de la temporada, incluidos los derechos de realización de la serie y los costes iniciales de construcción de decorados, vestuario y utilería que se utilizarían también en futuras temporadas.

En octubre de 2022 comenzó el rodaje de la segunda temporada, esta vez con localización en el Reino Unido.

En marzo del 2023 la producción traslada la localización de rodaje de la segunda temporada a la Isla de Tenerife, específicamente en el parque nacional del Teide.

Promoción
El 2 de agosto de 2021, se mostraba una primera imagen de la serie. En ella se muestra a uno de los personajes en medio de un impresionante paisaje, y además se confirmaba la fecha de estreno para el 2 de septiembre de 2022.

El 19 de enero de 2022, se lanzaba el primer tease tráiler promocional, en el que se desvelaba por primera vez el título de la serie: The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power. En él se muestra una forja, mientras una voz femenina narra la inscripción de los anillos de Poder. El 3 de febrero, se mostraban una serie de 23 pósteres promocionales, que reflejaban los distintos pueblos de la Tierra Media. El 10 de febrero, se muestran por primera vez imágenes de varios protagonistas.

El domingo 13 de febrero, durante el descanso de la retrasmisión de la Super Bowl LVI, se emitió el primer tráiler oficial de la serie. En él, no se desvela nada del argumento, pero se puede apreciar la amplísima variedad de personajes que tendrá la serie. De fondo, una voz dice las inolvidables palabras de Tolkien:

El sitio web TheOneRing.net albergó la fiesta de lanzamiento del tráiler a través de YouTube.

El 14 de julio de 2022 se emitió el segundo tráiler oficial y el día 22 en la Comic-Con de San Diego se exhibió el tercero.

Véase también
 El Señor de los Anillos

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Series de televisión de Estados Unidos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


iBooty v2.1 is automatically generated by sn0wbreeze jailbreak tool while it is doing its job building a custom IPSW firmware file. It should be located on desktop inside iBooty-for-4.3 folder. However, if iBooty-for-4.3 folder not found on your Desktop, you may download iBooty v2.1 here.


text:
Ten Thousand+ 5G Satellites Pose Massive Environmental Threat and Future Space Wars
by Vins April 19, 2021
Space battles are at the core of countless science fiction stories—yet recent technological and political developments make the prospect a more likely reality with the rollout of fifth generation (5G) wireless technology, powered by tens of thousands of satellites approved by the FCC and planned to be launched into space without health or environmental oversight.
Despite demands for a 5G moratorium from hundreds of scientists and thousands of medical doctors, the 5G rollout continues undeterred. The media push for 5G has been enormous—with constant advertising by the Telecom industry, and censorship (disguised as "conspiracy theory" management) of those questioning 5G tech on social media platforms.
5G wireless technology is a major factor in the weaponization of space. The Department of Defense (DOD) announced $600 million in awards to advance the DOD's 5G capabilities, claiming that 5G technology has the "potential to transform military capabilities," where access to high-speed connectivity and data from video, voice, sensors, targeting, reconnaissance, and even sights on infantry weapons are easy and instantaneous. Experimentation will take place at five US military sites, representing the largest 5G tests for dual-use applications in the world.
"Launches of tens of thousands of 5G satellites will ensure that every person on Earth will have a satellite over their head 24/7," Bruce Gagnon, coordinator of the Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space, stated. "Imagine the surveillance and targeting capabilities that would become available. Meanwhile, the US taxpayer is fronting much of the money. The DOD and NASA are awarding hundreds of billions of dollars to Elon Musk of SpaceX and other private launch corporations to hoist the 5G satellites into the heavens," Gagnon told CounterPunch. Other corporations—including OneWeb, Telesat, Omnispace, Lynk, Facebook, and Amazon—also plan to launch and operate large constellations of satellites in low orbit around the Earth.
"With each launch the resulting toxic rocket fuel is punching a larger hole in our planetary ozone layer which exacerbates the climate crisis. In addition, the orbital parking lots, which are already quite crowded, are quickly filling up which will become a point of conflict in the near future as other nations become agitated that the U.S. is grabbing most of the parking spaces in the increasingly contested orbits," Gagnon stated.
Other issues include satellite collisions generating space debris, surveillance and data mining, and the use of child labor in the mining of the rare minerals needed to make satellite and 5G infrastructure. Of urgent concern are the health impacts from wireless radiation. Epidemiologist Dr. Devra Davis, founder and president of the Environmental Health Trust, stated that "the transmissions to and from proposed 5G wireless installations are radiofrequency emissions that are environmental pollutants found to cause cancer in both experimental animals and humans, DNA damage, neurological damage and other adverse health and environmental effects, e.g., on birds, bees, and trees, according to [thousands of] internationally recognized authoritative research. The prestigious institutions that have conducted these studies include the U.S. National Toxicology Program, the nation's premier testing institute."
Heedless of the dangers, government and the telecommunications industry continue to propagate wireless technologies and infrastructure, helped along by captive regulatory agencies and legislative efforts to silence public debate about health and environmental effects. At the same time, media campaigns and apps designed to addict the public—and especially children—have been effective in generating consumer enthusiasm.
Gagnon also points out, "there is presently no national or international regulation over the use of space. It is up to all of us to speak out and demand that NASA, the Federal Communications Commission, the United Nations and the Pentagon quickly undertake a process of fair regulation of space operations. If not done immediately we will face a cascade of competition, military confrontation, deadly collisions and even war in space."
5G technology and the militarization of space has not been covered in any depth by corporate media. This limited media coverage fails to mention the major health, safety and environmental concerns.
John Keller, "What 5G Means to the Military," Military and Aerospace Electronics, December 2, 2020, www.militaryaerospace.com/rf-analog/article/14188341/military-5g-communications.
Karl Grossman, "The Perils of Military 5G," CounterPunch, March 15, 2021, https://www.counterpunch.org/2021/03/15/the-perils-of-military-5g.
Kit Klarenberg, "Battle for the Galaxy: New Paper Reveals How UK Is Making Extensive Plans for War in Space," RT, March 25, 2021, https://www.rt.com/op-ed/519151-uk-plan-war-space.
Student Researcher: Amber Yang (Sonoma State University)
Faculty Evaluator: Kenn Burrows (San Francisco State University)


"Bo's Rotate Script (Botator) Special RSS Strategy"
Botator - This is a script by Bo Scrivener that rotates web pages based on the date and is very potent.
2. URL list - Enter the URLs you want to use for each day/date.
Installing the Botator script is pretty easy. The toughest part is customizing the URLs for each date.
You can access the content by using the URL of the cgi script...Or, you can create a html or php page, then "include" the script to have it display the results from the rotator. You can use htaccess if you want to hide you are using a script, or to add content to other pages.
Likely, you'll also need to add an htaccess file to the folder where your html/php pages are.
One use is to set the script up to display seasonal images and text. For example, create some simple html pages for the major holidays. Add some Christmas graphics and text and add the URL to this page to the URL list with dates around Christmas. Repeat for Halloween, New Year, St. Patty's Day, etc. Now, your site will automatically look "evergreen" and up to date.
You can also use the script to act like a "count down" script, changing sales prices according to the date. Or offer a special price for certain days of the month.
However, we can also build something a little more black hat using the Botator, another version of an RSS blackhole, which we can use to create tons of links and can also be used for those that have an interest in Dave Kelly's "MSN Loophole" as a way to generate links.
Unlike the other blackholes which are usually dynamic, this one only changes once per day.
I've tried to make this as easy for you as possible. Instead of using html or php pages, we'll rotate through RSS pages, which I've already created and added to the list of URLs Botator needs.
You just need to add your own info.
1. Open the URL text file and change pheeds.com to your domain.
mainlink : One main URL for the pheed itself. Can be a home page, or anything.
itemdescription - Have at least 100 paragraphs, each on a single line.
Now, just use the URL of the cgi script just as you would the URL of any RSS pheed. Or if you prefer, use htaccess to call it from a "page".
You now have an RSS pheed that updates once a day that you can submit and ping just like any other pheed. Yes, it's a little spammy/black hat, and is like making doorway pages except they're RSS pages...But it's also very effective.
1. "RE: Bo's Rotate Script (Botator) Special RSS Strategy"
is this pretty much the same script we used to use with pheeds to make a new page for every day of the year?
2. "RE: Bo's Rotate Script (Botator) Special RSS Strategy"
>pheeds to make a new page for every day of the year?
That's correct. Some of the long time members are probably already familar with this script.


text:
Q: Handling 404 in resolve with angular-ui-router I have a service with a method:
service.getVenueBySlug = function(slug) {
    return $http.get(API + '/venue/' + slug);
};

In my app.routes.js`:
.state('app.venue', {
  url: '/venues/:venueSlug',
  templateUrl: '/app/views/venue.html',
  controller: 'VenueController',
  resolve: {
    venue: ['VenueService', '$stateParams', '$state', function (VenueService, $stateParams, $state) {
      return VenueService.getVenueBySlug($stateParams.venueSlug).then(function(res) {
        return res.data;
      }).catch(function(err) {
        $state.go('app.404');
      });
    }]
  }
})

The controller VenueController simply has:
$scope.venue = venue
Everything is working and it's correctly redirecting to 404 if I manually go to an URL with a wrong venue slug.
The issue is that I'm receiving an error in the console that it's bothering me:

Does anyone know how to fix? I'm using angular 1.6.4 and angular-ui-router 1.0.6.

A: As mentioned in a comment to your post - in your resolve's catch, you probably should do something in the lines of: return $q.reject({redirectTo: app.404});
Then in your router config you listen to stateChangeErrors:
$rootScope.$on('$stateChangeError',
   function(event, toState, toParams, fromState, fromParams, error) {
      if(error.redirectTo) {
         $state.go(error.redirectTo);
      }
   }
})

the $q.reject is required to handle (interrupt) the current stateChange, and the stateChangeError is there to handle that reject.
(haven't tested the code but I remember having a similar solution in one of my projects)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: PHPMailer Oddly Stops at addAddress() I'm trying to use PHPmailer to email out a simple form submission (a simple 'contact us' form that would email me the information filled in the form).
I had PHPmailer working perfectly in a previous project I had so I did a copy and paste of the same code.  The problem that arises now is the php script seems to just completely halt at the addAddress code.  Everything before it runs perfectly without a hitch, but everything after that seems to just not even run.  I have this script running at the beginning of the page, so as a result, all I get is a blank page.  I've tested the above issue by putting in random echos here and there, then resubmitting my form with dummy info, and the echos were running perfectly up until the addAddress functions.
I also tried doing a try/catch function to see if there are any errors, and I get a blank page as well...not sure what's going on, any help would be greatly appreciated.
Here is the general code I am using:
require 'PHPMailer/PHPMailerAutoload.php';

$mail = new PHPMailer();

$mail->isSMTP();
$mail->Host = '[my email host here]';
$mail->From = 'source@email.com';
$mail->FromName = 'Contact Form';
$mail->addReplyTo('actualsource@email.com', 'Contact form');
$mail->WordWrap = 250;       // Set word wrap to 250
$mail->isHTML(true);         // Set email format to HTML

$mail->Subject = 'Contact Us Website Inquiry';

$fullname = $_POST['FullName'];
$phone = $_POST['phone'];
$mail = $_POST['mail'];
$message = $_POST['mess'];

$mail->Body = 'Info Request

Name: '.$fullname.'
Phone Number:'.$phone.'
Email Address:'.$mail.'
Message: '.$message;

//Everything after this point seems to never happen
$mail->addAddress('email1@email.com', 'John Doe1');
$mail->addAddress('email2@email.com', 'John Doe2');
$mail->addAddress('email3@email.com', 'John Doe3');

if(!$mail->send()) {
    echo 'Message could not be sent.';
    echo 'Mailer Error: ' . $mail->ErrorInfo;
}

//Rest of the page's HTML code here.

A: (this is not the answer)
as you are not getting anythin then use the exceptions
$mail = new PHPMailer(true);//set here true for exception handling

try {

//your entire Code STARTS
$mail->isSMTP();
$mail->Host = '[my email host here]';
$mail->From = 'source@email.com';
$mail->FromName = 'Contact Form';
$mail->addReplyTo('actualsource@email.com', 'Contact form');
$mail->WordWrap = 250;       // Set word wrap to 250
$mail->isHTML(true);         // Set email format to HTML

$mail->Subject = 'Contact Us Website Inquiry';

$fullname = $_POST['FullName'];
$phone = $_POST['phone'];
$mail = $_POST['mail'];
$message = $_POST['mess'];

$mail->Body = 'Info Request

Name: '.$fullname.'
Phone Number:'.$phone.'
Email Address:'.$mail.'
Message: '.$message;

//Everything after this point seems to never happen
$mail->addAddress('email1@email.com', 'John Doe1');
$mail->addAddress('email2@email.com', 'John Doe2');
$mail->addAddress('email3@email.com', 'John Doe3');

if(!$mail->send()) {
    echo 'Message could not be sent.';
    echo 'Mailer Error: ' . $mail->ErrorInfo;
}

//your CODE ENDS

} catch (phpmailerException $e) {
  echo $e->errorMessage();
} catch (Exception $e) {
  echo $e->getMessage();
}

A: You're reassigning mail for the post data.  You already assigned $mail for PHPMailer, which is now an object.  Got this error while testing:
Catchable fatal error: Object of class PHPMailer could not be converted to string in on line 11
Change $mail = $_POST['mail'] to something else.


Can you translate these words from English to German? Put your vocabulary to work with this fun quiz, which includes themes such as The Hospital, The Human Body, Health, and Mental/Physical States.
This entry was posted in Health and tagged body part, German, German language, German vocabulary, German vocabulary quiz, hospital, human body, limb, mental state, organ, physical state, quiz, The World, vocabulary quiz by Professor Cram. Bookmark the permalink.
Copyright © 2019 College-Cram German. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Scott Rolen's short yet pivotal stay in Toronto marks chapter in Hall of Fame career
TORONTO – By the end of a highly successful 5½-year run with the St. Louis Cardinals, after he and manager Tony LaRussa had "decided to headbutt each other a little bit," Scott Rolen felt like he needed a reset.
A Jan. 14, 2008 trade to the Toronto Blue Jays gave him one and over 203 games during the 2008-09 seasons, Rolen started to re-establish himself after three injury-plagued years and eventually added a couple more all-star campaigns to a newly minted Hall of Fame career.
"We were banging around a little bit and I ended up getting traded to Toronto and I think it was needed for us and my family and for the organization at that time," said Rolen, named on 297 of 389 ballots to surpass the 75 per cent threshold needed for election at 76.3 per cent in voting by eligible members of the Baseball Writers' Association of America.
"Certainly no hard feelings, St. Louis is a fantastic place, the organization has been absolutely phenomenal. But I went to a whole different situation and different group of people kind of scratching my head and not knowing where my career was at the time. I'd been injured. I had lost a little traction ability-wise or where I was swinging the bat. J.P. (Ricciardi) traded for me, he wanted me in the clubhouse as a veteran who had some time in the game to try to pull some things together … and it worked out great. I met so many incredible people that I'm still in contact with and it really refocused me, like, 'This is baseball. Just go play baseball, get away from it, try to hit the ball up the middle and see what happens.'"
What happened was Rolen produced 3.4 bWAR in 115 games during that initial year in Toronto and then 3.9 bWAR in just 88 games in 2009 before he was traded to the Cincinnati Reds, where he enjoyed all-star campaigns in 2010 and 2011 and made two post-season trips.
During his time in Toronto, the eight-time Gold Glove winner played third base with a grace unrivalled on the Blue Jays until Matt Chapman's arrival last season, while impacting several of his teammates with his professionalism and determination.
Still, his lasting mark on the franchise is in the moves his presence begat, indirectly leading to the acquisition of Jose Bautista on Aug. 21, 2008 and directly to the addition of Edwin Encarnacion at the trade deadline in 2009. In that way, the spiral of moves that eventually led to the post-season runs of 2015 and '16 trace back to him.
Additionally, Rolen also provided Ricciardi with a pathway to solve a problem with Troy Glaus, who in the winter of 2007 was coming off surgery to ease the plantar fasciitis in his left foot exacerbated by the dome's artificial playing surface.
A one-for-one with the Cardinals brought Rolen to the Blue Jays, who in August were looking to backfill for the third baseman while he was on the injured list. That's when the Pittsburgh Pirates happened to put Bautista on revocable waivers, Ricciardi gave then assistant GM Alex Anthopoulos permission to put in a claim and eventually catcher Robinzon Diaz was shipped out to complete the deal.
direct_url: "https://www.sportsnet.ca/mlb/video/what-makes-scott-rolen-a-hall-of-famer-instant-analysis/"
The next summer, the Blue Jays' competitive window began to collapse and though Rolen was in the midst of a resurgence at the plate, hitting .320/.370/.476, the turf was wearing him down and he had hoped to get closer to home.
Walt Jocketty, who had traded for Rolen from the Philadelphia Phillies as Cardinals GM in 2002, had moved on to Cincinnati and was the perfect fit. The Blue Jays zeroed in on a pitching prospect, Zach Stewart, along with an intriguing bullpen arm in Josh Roenicke, but to make the money work, had to take on Encarnacion, struggling at the time under a bad contract.
The deal went down on July 31, 2009.
"My contract was ending. I wasn't sure where I was and it was kind of a short-term idea, I think, for J.P. at the time," said Rolen. "Walt Jocketty was looking for a similar thing that J.P. was and it was an opportunity for me to get back home. My kids were young at the time and it was the closest major-league team to where I live and where my kids were going to school, so it was pretty interesting to me. That worked out well."
Very much so.
The two players Rolen in essence left behind, Bautista and Encarnacion, eventually carried the Blue Jays back to the post-season.
And Rolen proceeded to put the finishing touches on a 17-year career that led him to a July 23 induction alongside another former Blue Jays star, Fred McGriff, selected by the contemporary era committee back in the fall.
Not bad for a short but eventful stay in Toronto.
Mets sign outfielder Tommy Pham to one-year, $6 million deal
White Sox P Mike Clevinger investigated by MLB for domestic violence
Related Topics:CareerchapterFameHallMarkspivotalRolensScottshortStayToronto
Bettman: NHL teams don't tank to try to win draft lottery
What Shohei Ohtani's future looks like after Arte Moreno won't sell the Angels | Flippin' Bats
Fred VanVleet's Career Move Has Fans Talking
Scott Rolen Pays Respects To A Former Teammate
AFC Championship Preview: Can Burrow's Bengals stay perfect against Chiefs?
Malik Hall gets fancy with a beautiful turnaround jumper for Michigan State
Malik Hall crushes the rim to give Michigan State the lead over Iowa
Simple Stat Proves Scott Rolen Belongs In The Hall Of Fame


If you are not satisfied with our product, we agree to you send back within 7 days(since the day you receive it).
The return is UNCONDITIONAL. No matter what reasons you have, include fabric, style, size, und so on, you can send back the package. After we receive the package, we will refund totally your payment. Specailtailor is only a few of websites that offer you this service.
RETURN UNCONDITIONAL applies to the customer who ordered a Suit Sample for the final suit or the second time purchases suit on our website.
We offer the customer the opportunity to make another suit, when he doesn't order a suit sample for his suit and is dissatisfied with the suit. The freight charges are afforded by customer. This also applies to the shirt and the coat.
1. It is necessary that the package must be returned within 7 days after arrived, we do not accept return exceed the period of 7 days.
2. Refundment will be started after we receive the return package, to avoid package lose, we suggest you sending package with your registered ID.
3. It is important to notice us before you send package out, please make sure that you have got our delivery address.
5. Normally, the clothing is made of promotional fabric has no chance to return, because of having No Suit Sample Experience.
6. The freight chargesare afforded by customer.


Ahead of their first official series at 17:00 CEST this evening, Team Kaipi has announced major roster changes. Comewithme and canceL^^ will be replacing Kikoni and Asuna.
Emblematic of the current, chaotic nature of team compositions in DotA2, Team Kaipi have announced significant roster changes. Barely a month has gone by since Armand 'bone7' Pittner announced that he would be reviving Team Kaipi. Despite the team having yet to play an official series, Kaipi are set to bring in the experienced support play of Alexandru 'Comewithme' Crăciunescu and the relatively unknownAntonio 'canceL^^' Mihai to fill their mid role. They will be replacing Kiril 'Kikoni' Minkov and Salvador 'Asuna' Khamis respectively.
Comewithme has spoken out to DotaBlast about the changes on team Kaipi, stating that it took place to maximize on team synergy. He mentioned that Kikoni was "prone to frustration", which is problematic when attempting to form in-game understanding. Kikoni has officially registered as a member of another team, KomandaMinus. As for Asuna, Comewithme cited his inexperience and a 'lack of synergy' with the other part of Kaipi's support duo, Alexandru 'Bufni' Palievici.
As a result of these issues, Comewithme and canceL^^ were brought into the Kaipi to try to rectify these identified issues. Comewithme is a support player who has been in the DotA2 professional scene for a number of years, most recently representing Burden United. cancel^^ is currently ranked fourth on the European Solo Ranked MMR leaderboards, ahead of Team Secret's Alwi 'w33haaa' Omar. The experience and skill of Comewithme and cancel^^ will hopefully settle any nerves in the Kaipi camp, and lead to more consistent, level-headed play.
With such emphasis placed on synergy between teammates, it will be interesting to see whether Team Kaipi will be able to establish themselves as a team to watch out for in the coming months. With the experience and skill of the players within their roster, they could be a team to watch. Kaipi play their first official series in the D2CL this evening, at 17:00 CEST, against CIS Rejects.


text:
Nextwave #12
Warren Ellis (writer), Stuart Immonen (penciler), Wade von Grawbadger (inker), Dave McCaig (colors), VC's Joe Caramanga (letterer), Sean Ryan (assistant editor), Nick Lowe (editor), Joe Quesada (editor in chief), Dan Buckley (publisher)
Number None has skewered Aaron Stack on the end of a spear, and he drops the injured robot to the floor. It tries to explain that it is the hero there, and they are the villains. As he rambles on about how he could make them his zombie kings and queens of America, Aaron recovers and destroys its head. With the head removed, Monica asks Aaron to open its chest. Before he can do so, the chest area explodes and inside can be seen a baby M.O.D.O.K. He tries to claim that he was the mastermind behind the Beyond Corporation and S.I.L.E.N.T., and Monica is angry that she has been messed with all this time by a baby M.O.D.O.K. She swats it to the floor and it teleports away. However, Aaron can follow its matter stream, so Nextwave pursue the villain across State 51 to a large spherical building. There, the baby is shot by the real mastermind behind Beyond Corporation and S.I.L.E.N.T. - Devil Dinosaur. It explains to Nextwave that it plans to turn the planet back to the pastoral existence it once knew before the monkeys/humans first emerged. It needed its weapons tested and used the Beyond Corporation to do this. He tries to blame Moon-Boy for his new life of crime, but Monica isn't too sympathetic. With Aaron's help, she concocts a plan to get rid of Devil Dinosaur. The team assaults him, and then flees the spherical building. The Captain then kicks it hard; so hard that it rolls across State 51 and over the edge. It drops two miles to a mountaintop and explodes in a massive ball of flame. With Devil Dinosaur seemingly killed and, with him, the threat offered by his WMD's, the team is left wondering what to do now. Monica realizes that with State 51, and all the resources it provides them, they can do whatever they want.
(State 51)
Nextwave look on, shocked, as Number None picks up Aaron Stack using a spear that he's shoved through the robot's chest. He drops him to the ground and tells the team that they understand nothing. They are the villains: he is the hero. Monica replies that he's a super-terrorist who subverted a massive anti-terror operation to attack ordinary Americans. "I do what must be done," replies that white-suited Number None, nonchalantly. Monica says he's insane, and Number None takes umbrage at this.
"I do what must be done!" he repeats. He orders them to stop talking. "You must all be silent. S.I.L.E.N.T.!" Realizing that he's ranting insanely, Number None turns and admits that he's insane, but is it really that bad? Why do they fight him when he could make them kings and queens of America? Unfortunately, he lets slip that he means zombie kings and queens.
Not as injured as previously thought, Aaron Stack raises a finger, out of which emerges a large cutting tool with myriad razor-sharp rotating blades. He asks Number None if he's ever met a robot he could kill by stabbing it through the chest. He doesn't think so. He proceeds to ram the cutting tools into Number None's face, which then explodes. This surprises Aaron, so Monica asks him to open up the chest. Before he can touch it, the chest explodes, creating a hole through which its insides can be seen. Tabitha looks inside and thinks it's disgusting. The Captain wonders what it is.
Inside the chest is a small, pink baby-faced M.O.D.O.K. Monica explains that it's a Mental Organism Designed Only for Killing. She guesses there have been four or five versions over the years, including female versions called M.O.D.A.M.'s. They are Mental Organisms Designed for Aggressive Maneuvers. She didn't know that they came this small.
The tiny M.O.D.O.K. informs Monica that it's a baby; the creation of a coming together by a M.O.D.O.K. and a M.O.D.A.M. by the light of Worlds of Warcraft servers. Monica cannot believe this. She's been put to all this trouble all year by a baby M.O.D.O.K.? She asks where its mommy and daddy are. She wants to make them eat it.
The baby asks her not to talk about them. This isn't about them. Its father disowned it and its mother wouldn't stand up to him. It is alone in this world, it bawls. Its father did nothing for it. It took over S.I.L.E.N.T. on its own and developed the Beyond Corporation program… on its own! "He'll notice me now. They'll all notice me now!" it screams.
Monica swats the small pink flying robot away with her hand and the baby M.O.D.O.K bounces until teleporting away, warning them that it will show them all. Aaron can see the matter stream it leaves behind and asks the rest of the team to follow him. Tabitha taunts him a little, getting a rise out of Aaron. Monica has to step in to cool the situation down, and explains that they can follow this baby M.O.D.O.K. and pull the plug on S.I.L.E.N.T. once and for all. When the Captain asks what happens then, Monica guesses that it'll probably mean the end for the Nextwave squad. There's no real reason for them to stay together. They can go their separate ways; back to their lives. The Captain scratches his head, and the others realize that she might just be right.
The team follows Aaron as he tracks the baby M.O.D.O.K.'s matter stream, across State 51 to a large spherical building. Tabitha blasts the building as they approach to create an entrance. Inside it, the baby M.O.D.O.K. makes its way up a large staircase, only to be faced at the top of the stairs by a large revolver. Its owner is surrounded by smoke. The baby informs them that it tried to tell them, but now they have to show them. The gun's owner calls the baby an idiot. They reckon that the baby probably told them this was all its idea. Without waiting for a response, the gun is fired, and the baby M.O.D.O.K. is ripped apart by a huge bullet. The spent bullet lands at the feet of Nextwave who have now entered the facility.
Through the smoke, the looming red figure of Devil Dinosaur emerges, carrying the revolver in one set of claws and a glass of wine in the other. He's wearing a green smoking jacket and cravat. He calls them 'impressive little monkeys' for getting this far. He hates monkeys. Devil Dinosaur is full of himself and informs the team that he is the intellect behind the Beyond Corporation and S.I.L.E.N.T. He expects Nextwave to ask why, in some blatant and piteous attempt to distract him while they try and think of something to do. However, there is nothing to do, he informs them. It's the end of the line.
Monica turns to Aaron and asks him to provide her with a read of the place. She wants to know the structure, load points, foundations and fixings - anything. Aaron begins to compute. Devil Dinosaur, who loves the sound of his own voice, explains that he is older than humanity. Older even than the monkeys. He is an authentic prehistoric citizen of the planet Earth. He was there before them, and knew the world before jabbering monkeys like them appeared. As he continues his spiel, Aaron gives Monica the low-down on State 51's layout. She in turn gives the Captain, Elsa and Tabitha their orders.
Devil Dinosaur points out that he seeks nothing more but to restore the Earth to the peace it, and he, once knew. In that sense, he thinks of himself as an environmentalist or a compassionate conservative. "A return to Jurassic values, ha!" Monica asks Ellie and Tabby if they're ready. Devil Dinosaur hears her talking and hurls his glass against the wall, smashing it, dramatically. Monica asks him if he did all this simply to victimize humans: to play with them. Devil Dinosaur admits that he did need his weapons tested. He may be two- hundred million years old, but that doesn't mean he wants to spend time killing them all individually.
Monica replies that it's not really her point. Devil Dinosaur asks what is her point. Monica tells him that she doesn't buy his story. He lives on a floating state and would never have to see another human if he didn't want to. She used to lead the Avengers, and knows how people think; even candy-apple red dinosaur people. "What did that human do to you?" she asks. Devil Dinosaur closes his eyes and turns his head away as the memories flood back. "I don't know what you mean," he lies. Monica says sure he does. What made him turn to a life of monkey-killing crime? The conversation becomes childish, with Devil Dinosaur refusing to answer the questions Monica puts to him. He becomes agitated, aiming the revolver at Monica and ranting about how he killed 'him,' and how they aren't going to make him cry anymore.
Finally, he ceases his rant and offers Monica a crumpled photograph. It's a picture of him and Moon-Boy. Monica doesn't get it. Devil Dinosaur replies that she should look at it. He's so ashamed that it took him so long to see it. He points at Moon-Boy with his claw. "Look at him there," he mutters. "I am the monkey! Carry me around like an animal while I spread my monkey joy!" He informs Monica that Moon-Boy hated him and therefore had to die. He tasted bad and gave him some considerable rectal distress. He hopes she and her friends aren't quite so hard on his guts.
Monica places her hands on her hips, and asks if he knows that they're not just going to lay down and die. Devil Dinosaur replies that it doesn't matter. He could not die by fire in the moments following his birth and they cannot harm him now. He's been shot, burned… beaten. Monica asks if he's ever been dropped from a height of two miles or so. Devil Dinosaur begins to rack his brains, before eventually realizing that her words are a threat. "…oh," he exclaims, just as Monica unleashes a microwave storm in his direction. Devil Dinosaur fights on, and lifts his revolver to begin shooting. Before he fires a round, Elsa shoots a bullet from her rifle straight up the barrel. The gun explodes in his hand and he screams in agony.
It's now Tabitha's turn, and she creates tendrils of flame that seek out the hulking creature. They hurt him, but he still argues that they won't kill him like this. He's going to kill the 'filthy monkeys.' Nextwave exit the spherical building and the Captain gives it a good kick. The interior begins to collapse in on itself, with Devil Dinosaur still inside. It then begins to roll across State 51, crushing everything in its path. Devil Dinosaur complains to the bitter end, and is still shouting when the building rolls over the edge of State 51 and onto a mountain top two miles below. It then tumbles down the mountainside and lands in a crevice at the bottom. "'splode," says Tabitha, and the entire sphere goes up in flames as a huge fireball destroys it.
Back on State 51, the Captain wonders what now. Monica admits that she hadn't really thought about how she would feel. She ponders for a second, before asking the team, "What do you do with a vast invisible floating base full of God knows what kind of technology and supplies?" The Captain gives in. Monica turns and smiles. "Anything we want."
Elsa Bloodstone, the Captain, Monica Rambeau, Tabitha Smith, Aaron Stack (all Nextwave)
Number None
(in photograph)
Moon-Boy
This is the final issue in the series.
M.OD.O.K. first appeared in Tales of Suspense (1st series) #94 and there have been at least three different M.O.D.O.K.'s since. There has also been at least one M.O.D.A.M. named Olinka Barankova.
World of Warcraft is an online gaming site.
Devil Dinosaur first appeared in devil Dinosaur #1 back in 1978, an inhabitant of Dinosaur World. Moon-Boy was his companion. They appeared in the Fallen Angels series along with Tabitha - then called Boom Boom.
Nextwave Agents of H.A.T.E. Vol. 2: I Kick Your Face
Fantomex.
« Nextwave #11
| 12 of 12 |
Chaos War #5
A disused plot for Kyle and Yost's New X-Men run had Anole commit suicide due to bullying.


The 1962 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Milan, Italy from 24 to 28 August 1962. Nine events were contested, 7 for men (3 for professionals, 4 for amateurs) and 2 for women.


text:
Don Bragg, właśc. Donald George Bragg (ur. 15 maja 1935 w Penns Grove, w stanie New Jersey, zm. 16 lutego 2019 w Oakley) – amerykański lekkoatleta, skoczek o tyczce, mistrz olimpijski z Rzymu z 1960.

Był ostatnim rekordzistą świata w skoku o tyczce, kiedy używano tyczek z aluminium (później wykonywano je z włókna szklanego).

Podczas studiów na Villanova University zdobył akademickie mistrzostwo Stanów Zjednoczonych (NCAA) w 1955, a także mistrzostwo IC4A w hali i na stadionie w latach 1955–1957. Po ukończeniu studiów był mistrzem Stanów Zjednoczonych (AAU) w hali w 1956 (wspólnie z Bobem Richardsenm), 1958 (wspólnie z Bobem Gutowskim) oraz 1959–1961, a także na otwartym stadionie w 1959. W 1959 ustanowił w Filadelfii rekord świata w hali rezultatem 4,81 m, a podczas amerykańskich kwalifikacji przedolimpijskich 2 lipca 1960 w Palo Alto rekord świata na otwartym stadionie świata – 4,80 m. Był mistrzem igrzysk panamerykańskich w Chicago w 1959.

Na igrzyskach olimpijskich w 1960 w Rzymie zdobył złoty medal wynikiem 4,70 m, który był rekordem olimpijskim. Późniejsza kariera Bragga ucierpiała wskutek kontuzji.

Marzeniem Bragga było wystąpić w filmie w roli Tarzana, ale jedyny film z nim w tej roli nigdy nie został ukończony. Bragg był później trenerem w Stockton State College w New Jersey. Napisał autobiografię A Chance to Dare: The Don Bragg Story.

Przypisy

Amerykańscy medaliści olimpijscy
Amerykańscy skoczkowie o tyczce
Medaliści Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1960
Medaliści Igrzysk Panamerykańskich 1959
Urodzeni w 1935
Zmarli w 2019


Human body is a complex system. No one, not even qualified professionals knows what is happening inside the system at any point of time. There are many bones in our body. While all of them are important in their own ways, a set f bones that really play a crucial role are our teeth. In a comical sense, where there exist teeth, there prevail cavities.
Dental cavities can be one of those reasons that cause the tooth to decay. Dental cavities are caused due to lack of nutrition and minerals in the diet one consumes. Lack of vitamin intake through foods contributes to the formation of dental cavities. Consuming foods high in Phytic acid and processed sugars also help the formation of cavities. Remember, all these are a pointer to the fact that one need to focus on their diet if they want to reverse the cavities in their mouth. It becomes important then to understand the types of food that need to be consumed to reverse the cavities. We present here some such foods, so you can make good use of the same.
Avoid sugar totally. Processed sugar is highly acidic in nature and blocks smooth flowing of fluids present in the dental canal. This results in demineralization of the teeth and its surrounding. Avoid sugar to have a healthy tooth free from the cavity.
Keep a tablespoonful of coconut oil in your mouth and swish for around 20 minutes time. Spit out the oil after 20 minutes. This is called oil pulling and it is an age old method used for curing Gingivitis and headaches caused due to dental cavities and tooth decay. Make it a habit to practice this oil pulling at least once in a week so you can protect yourself from getting affected with tooth decay and cavities permenantly.
A Remineralizing tooth paste will help avoid tooth cavities and prevent your tooth from decaying. Such a tooth paste can be made at home itself. Here goes the recipe for the same. Take 3 tablespoons of food grade diatomaceous earth clay. Mix 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda and 1/4 teaspoon mint-flavored chlorophyll to the same. Add 1/4 teaspoon peppermint extract and 1/2 teaspoon of coconut oil to the mixture. Mix all these with 1 tablespoon filtered water. Mix them thoroughly to get a Remineralizing tooth paste that will help you get rid of cavities while avoid your teeth from decaying.


Nearly 50% of all women suffer with unexplained headaches, migraines, earaches, neck pain?
*Note : We hate Spammers too. We do not share your data to any 3rd Party.
Dr. Falender is a board-certified oral and maxillofacial surgeon. He has practiced oral and maxillofacial surgery, implant surgery, and laser surgery in Indianapolis, Indiana, since 1987. Dr. Falender is a graduate of Indiana University and received his Doctor of Dental Surgery degree from the Indiana University School of Dentistry. Dr. Falender is Indianapolis Premier Oral Surgeon & Dental Implants Specialist.
He is an associate professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Indiana University School of Dentistry. Dr. Falender enjoys traveling, sports, music, and spending time with his family.
Dental implants are designed to provide a foundation for replacement teeth that look, feel, and function like natural teeth. This revolutionary prosthesis is a small, medical-grade titanium post that is inserted into the jaw and supports the replacement crown. Dental implants are an excellent restorative option because they allow patients to maintain the health of their adjacent teeth, increase dental stability, decrease bone loss, and enhance their smile. This long-term solution can last a lifetime if you take care of the dental implant and assist in keeping your mouth healthy. After the procedure is complete, and your surgical sites have healed, you will be able to easily care for your dental implants just like your natural teeth.
Wisdom teeth, or third molars, develop and grow into the very back of the jaw during late adolescence or early adulthood. Although this is completely normal, the average adult mouth is not large enough to accommodate these extra teeth and requires their removal. If left untreated, wisdom teeth can cause complications like chronic pain, impaction, and potential disease. To combat these problems, studies have shown that early evaluation and treatment result in a superior outcome for the patient. Through an oral examination and an x-ray of the mouth and jaw, Dr. Falender can evaluate the position of the wisdom teeth and make a professional recommendation for treatment.
The All-on-4® Treatment Concept is a revolutionary solution for patients who have lost or are in the process of losing all of their upper or lower teeth. This treatment method restores the look, strength, and function of the patient's mouth with four permanent implants that are fixed to a replacement denture. Prior to the All-on-4® Treatment Concept, patients can expect to undergo consultations to allow Dr. Falender to gather information for a comprehensive treatment plan. After a brief healing period, your final permanent denture is placed! At Indianapolis Oral Surgery & Dental Implant Center, our patients experience numerous benefits from choosing the All-on-4® Ttreatment Concept for dental restoration.
Sheryl and her family were all at ease when Dr. Falender removed their wisdom teeth.


Safer Line Expands to Accommodate Varying Merchandise Sizes.
InVue expands its line of Safers with the addition of four new sizes, now offering a total of eight Safers to protect today's high value merchandise.
Safer provides a secure enclosure for general merchandise that can be easily concealed. Designed for shelved or hanging merchandise, a Safer offers full product visibility while protecting merchandise in a fully enclosed housing. Merchandise remains both fully visible and fully secure.
The Safer cannot be defeated by magnets and hang tabs add additional security layers when used with InVue secure fixtures.
The Safer product line is designed to fit today's popular consumer electronics accessories, shave products, over-the-counter merchandise, sporting goods accessories, and many other high value, hanging or shelved merchandise.
Safer is part of the exclusive InVue OneKEY ecosystem™, a security and merchandising ecosystem designed to improve customer service, decrease theft, and increase profits.
To learn more about Safer, click here.


• the interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.
Enter Synergy Amps. After many years of contemplating that very phenomenon, and having a 'no compromise' attitude about tone, a unique concept was born.


text:
package service

import (
	"yabs/common/task"
	"os"
	"bufio"
	"regexp"
	"path/filepath"
	"fmt"
	"strings"
	"yabs/common/data/base"
	"io/ioutil"
	"encoding/json"
	"time"
	"crypto/md5"
	"crypto/sha1"
	"io"
	"github.com/satori/go.uuid"
	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
)

type SymbolsProcessor struct {
	symbols    string
	modulRx    *regexp.Regexp
	nameRx     *regexp.Regexp
	repository *base.Repository
}

type SymbolDescritpion struct {
	Version  string `json:"version"`
	Platform string `json:"platform"`
}

const WebFileSymbol = "file.symbol"

func (s *SymbolsProcessor) initSymbolProcessor(path string, rep *base.Repository) {
	s.symbols = path
	s.repository = rep
	var err error = nil
	osCapGroup := "(Linux|mac|Macintosh OSX|windows|Microsoft Windows)"
	archNoCapGroup := "(?:x86|Intel IA-32|x86_64|AMD64/Intel 64|ppc|32-bit PowerPC|ppc64|64-bit PowerPC|unknown)"
	// MODULE operatingsystem architecture id name
	s.modulRx, err = regexp.Compile(fmt.Sprintf("^MODULE %s %s (\\S+) (.*)",
		osCapGroup,
		archNoCapGroup))
	if err != nil {
		log.Panic("Can't compile symbol module regex: %s", err.Error())
	}

	s.nameRx, err = regexp.Compile("([\\w\\s\\d]+)(\\.\\w+)*")
	if err != nil {
		log.Panic("Can't compile name regex: %s", err.Error())
	}
}

func (s *SymbolsProcessor) handleSymbol(t *task.Symbol) {
	log.WithFields(log.Fields{
		"info file":   t.Info,
		"symbol file": t.Path,
	}).Debug("Handle symbols")

	desc := s.readDescription(t)
	if desc == nil {
		s.removeFiles(t)
		return
	}
	log.WithFields(log.Fields{
		"platform": desc.Platform,
		"version":  desc.Version,
	}).Debug("Append")

	switch desc.Platform {
	case "web":
		s.handleWebSymbol(desc, t)
	default:
		s.handleBreakpadSymbol(desc, t)
	}
}

func (s *SymbolsProcessor) handleWebSymbol(d *SymbolDescritpion, t *task.Symbol) {
	id := uuid.NewV4().String()

	if id == "" {
		log.WithField("path", t.Path).
			Error("Can't calculate id for web symbols")
		s.removeFiles(t)
		return
	}

	dirPath := filepath.Join(s.symbols,
		"WebSymbols",
		id)

	err := os.MkdirAll(dirPath, 0777)
	if err != nil {
		log.WithFields(log.Fields{
			"path":  dirPath,
			"error": err,
		}).Error("Can't create target symbols dir")
		s.removeFiles(t)
		return
	}

	if len(t.Path) != 0 {
		targetFileName := filepath.Join(dirPath, WebFileSymbol)
		err = os.Rename(t.Path, targetFileName)
		if err != nil {
			log.WithError(err).
				Error("Can't move symbol file into target dir")
			return
		}
	}

	for i, path := range t.Paths {
		targetFileName := filepath.Join(dirPath, WebFileSymbol)
		if i > 0 {
			targetFileName = filepath.Join(dirPath, fmt.Sprintf("%d.%s", i, WebFileSymbol))
		}

		err = os.Rename(path, targetFileName)
		if err != nil {
			log.WithError(err).
				Error("Can't move symbol file into target dir")
			return
		}
	}

	targetInfoName := filepath.Join(dirPath, "info.json")
	err = os.Rename(t.Info, targetInfoName)
	if err != nil {
		log.WithError(err).
			Error("Can't move info file into target dir")
		return
	}

	s.PutSymbolInStorage(dirPath, d.Version, id, "web")
}

func (s *SymbolsProcessor) handleBreakpadSymbol(d *SymbolDescritpion, t *task.Symbol) {

	id, fullName, platform, err := s.extractInfoFromSymbols(t)
	if err != nil {
		s.removeFiles(t)
		log.WithField("task", t).
			Warning("Can't extract info from symbol file")
		return
	}

	exist, err := s.repository.IsExist(&base.Symbol{
		DebugId: id,
	})

	if err != nil {
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Can't check symbol id in repository %s", err.Error()))
		s.removeFiles(t)
		return
	}

	if exist {
		log.WithField("debug id", id).
			Warning("Symbol file with is exist")
		s.removeFiles(t)
		return
	}

	if err != nil {
		s.removeFiles(t)
		log.WithField("task", t).
			Warning("Can't extract version")
		return
	}

	dirPath := filepath.Join(s.symbols,
		fullName,
		id)

	err = os.MkdirAll(dirPath, 0777)
	if err != nil {
		s.removeFiles(t)
		log.WithError(err).
			Error("Can't create target symbols dir")
		return
	}

	names := s.nameRx.FindStringSubmatch(fullName)
	targetFileName := filepath.Join(dirPath, fmt.Sprintf("%s.sym", names[1]))
	err = os.Rename(t.Path, targetFileName)
	if err != nil {
		s.removeFiles(t)
		log.WithError(err).
			Error("Can't move symbol file into target dir")
		return
	}

	targetInfoName := filepath.Join(dirPath, "info.json")
	err = os.Rename(t.Info, targetInfoName)
	if err != nil {
		s.removeFiles(t)
		log.WithError(err).
			Error("Can't move info file into target dir")
		return
	}

	s.PutSymbolInStorage(dirPath, d.Version, id, platform)
}

func (s *SymbolsProcessor) PutSymbolInStorage(dirPath, version, id, platform string) {
	log.WithFields(log.Fields{
		"platform": platform,
		"version":  version,
		"id":       id,
	}).Debug("Put symbols in elastic")

	now := time.Now()
	err := s.repository.AddSymbol(&base.Symbol{
		dirPath,
		version,
		id,
		platform,
		now.Format(time.RFC3339),
	})

	if err != nil {
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Can't append new symbol in database: %s",
			err.Error()))
	}
}

func (s *SymbolsProcessor) extractInfoFromSymbols(t *task.Symbol) (id, fullName, platform string, err error) {
	file, err := os.Open(t.Path)
	if err != nil {
		log.WithError(err).
			Error("Can't open symbol file on read")
		s.removeFiles(t)
		return "", "", "", err
	}
	defer file.Close()
	reader := bufio.NewReader(file)
	line, err := reader.ReadString('\n')

	if err != nil {
		file.Close()
		s.removeFiles(t)
		return "", "", "", fmt.Errorf("Can't read info from symbol file: %s", err.Error())

	}

	if !s.modulRx.MatchString(line) {
		file.Close()
		s.removeFiles(t)
		return "", "", "", fmt.Errorf("It isn't file symbols %s", t.Path)
	}

	match := s.modulRx.FindStringSubmatch(line)

	return strings.TrimSpace(match[2]), strings.TrimSpace(match[3]), strings.TrimSpace(match[1]), nil
}

func (s *SymbolsProcessor) removeFiles(t *task.Symbol) {
	err := os.Remove(t.Path)
	if err != nil {
		log.WithField("path", t.Path).
			Warning("Can't remove file")
	}

	err = os.Remove(t.Info)
	if err != nil {
		log.WithField("path", t.Info).
			Warning("Can't remove file")
	}
}

func (s *SymbolsProcessor) readDescription(t *task.Symbol) (*SymbolDescritpion) {
	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(t.Info)
	if err != nil {
		log.WithError(err).Warning("Can't read symbol description file")
		return nil
	}
	var d SymbolDescritpion
	err = json.Unmarshal(data, &d)
	if err != nil {
		log.WithError(err).
			Error("Can't parse symbol description file")
		return nil
	}

	return &d
}

func (s *SymbolsProcessor) getFileMd5Hash(filepath string) string {
	f, err := os.Open(filepath)
	if err != nil {
		log.WithError(err).
			Error("Can't open file for calculate md5")
		return ""
	}
	defer f.Close()
	h := md5.New()
	if _, err := io.Copy(h, f); err != nil {
		log.WithField("path", filepath).
			Error("Can't calculate md5 for file")
		return ""
	}

	return strings.ToUpper(fmt.Sprintf("%x", h.Sum(nil)))
}

func (s *SymbolsProcessor) getFileSha1Hash(filepath string) string {
	f, err := os.Open(filepath)
	if err != nil {
		log.WithError(err).
			Error("Can't open file for calculate md5")
		return ""
	}
	defer f.Close()
	h := sha1.New()
	if _, err := io.Copy(h, f); err != nil {
		log.WithField("path", filepath).
			Error("Can't calculate sha1 for file")
		return ""
	}

	return strings.ToUpper(fmt.Sprintf("%x", h.Sum(nil)))
}

func (m *SymbolsProcessor) webPrefix() string {
	dt := time.Now()
	return fmt.Sprintf("%04d%02d%02d%02d%02d%02d", dt.Year(),
		dt.Month(),
		dt.Day(),
		dt.Hour(),
		dt.Minute(),
		dt.Second())
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Flight of the Swans
One woman. 7,000 km. 11 countries. By paramotor.
WWT's daring bid to fly with one of nature's great migrations on a quest to save Bewick's swans.
Our voyage of discovery continues....
Sacha's epic migration saw her cross the wilderness of the arctic tundra, endure injury, brave freezing temperatures, and battle through snow and thunder storms to make it back to Slimbridge.
But the end for Flight of the Swans is just the beginning for WWT.
Our pioneering conservation work continues, saving endangered wildlife and the wetlands they need to survive.
Discover the routes our tagged swans take on their epic migrations between northern Russia and the UK.
Expedition images
View videos, news coverage and images from the expedition
WWT's pioneering conservation work continues, saving endangered wildlife and the wetlands they need to survive.
Dodging the Turbines
Windfarms are popping up all along the migratory flight path of the Bewick's swan, as this aerial taken by our human swan during her epic Flight of the Swans expedition shows. From offshore farms in the North Sea, to onshore sites in Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany and the Baltic countries, they're becoming a familiar sight […]
Flight of the Swans won Campaign of the Year at the 2017 ENDS Environmental Impact Awards yesterday. Sacha was there at the Chelsea Physic Garden in London to accept the award. The judging panel apparently chose Flight of the Swans for the scale of its ambition, huge profile and international reach. Also commended in the […]
Winter is over and our Bewick's swans have left to return to Russia. Unlike last autumn, when they and WWT's Sacha Dench had to flee the harsh Arctic winter as it descended across Europe, this journey is a race to reach the wetland wilderness of their tundra breeding grounds. Sadly for Sacha, she's had to […]
Tweets by @WWTSwanFlight
Sir David Attenborough - WWT Vice President
"This expedition is marvellously imaginative and adventurous, and a fitting project in WWT's 70th anniversary. Peter Scott did similar in his day and inspired the world. That swans should fly from Russia, to come here, is surely a kind of parable - we can live in harmony with nature, and it's up to us to do so."


Admission to the area of study in visual communication under the B.F.A. in studio art is limited. See "Limited Admissions and Limited Retention Requirements" in the Admission section of this catalog.
To qualify for graduation, transfer students must take at least 15 semester hours of courses designated in their chosen emphasis in the School of Art at NIU.
It is recommended that students confer regularly with their advisers in order to balance studio and general education requirements. In general, students will find it difficult to carry more than three studio art classes in one semester.
The School of Art reserves the right to retain for its collection any work produced in scheduled classes. Studio-lecture courses meet two hours per semester hour each week. Students in studio courses are required to schedule one hour per week in the studio (in addition to class time) for each semester hour.
Enrollment in one course for more than 8 hours per semester requires consent of the School of Art.


Townhome | 1 Bedrooms | 1 Bathrooms | Sleeps 4 2-room apartment "Bilocale per 4 persone", for 4 people, 30 m2 on 1st floor, comfortable furnishings. Living/dining room with satellite TV and dining-table. Smoking not allowed. Internet (Wireless LAN [WLAN]). 1 double sofa bed. Sleeping room with 2 single beds. Kitchenette with 2 hot plates, dining table and fridge. Shower/WC and bidet. Balcony 10 m2, terrace furniture. Other equipment: safe. Child friendly, beautiful, comfortable residence "Residenza Eucalipti". House Equipment: air conditioning. Access & Parking: parking by the house on the road. All-season motor access to the house. Situation: on the outskirts of Alghero, quiet, sunny position by the sea, on the beach. Surroundings of the house: swimming pool (shared use, length 20 m x width 12 m), paddling pool (shared use), outside shower (shared use). Facilities and distances: supermarket 300 m, restaurant 10 m, sandy beach 50 m, bus stop 20 m, subway/train 500 m. Please note, nearby is a main road in 50 m, railway line in 500 m and ein airport/airfield in 7 km.Included In Price Pet To be paid at arrival Local tax 0.25 EUR () Adult Minimum Age: *** Note*** For many properties, you will meet the Key holder at a defined location and then go to the property. You must have the Arrival documents supplied by the Property Manager to the Booking agency. Failure to do HomesCheckin.com will result in arrival problems. *** IMPORTANT *** Property ID: 22432 To complete your booking, you MUST register at https://www.homescheckin.com, using the Property ID above, your Check-in Date, and your Last Name. After completing your reservation, your Check-in instructions will be available on the web site 7 to 14 days prior to your Check-in Date.
With a stay at Hotel Riviera in Alghero (Lido), you'll be within a 5-minute drive of Maria Pia Beach and San Giovanni Beach. This hotel is 0.8 mi (1.2 km) from Port of Alghero and 1 mi (1.6 km) from Porto Conte Regional Natural Park.


text:
Maturation Markers
Stem Cell Poster
Explore the Stem Cells and Development Poster
Recent advancements in stem cell research have led to important discoveries for neurodegenerative diseases, wound and tissue repair, oncology and more. We've recently updated our Stem Cells and Development Poster to include the latest in stem cell biology including development from embryonic stem cells into the mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm germ layers, induced pluripotent stem cells, and how the niche affects stem cell development. In this blog, we'll provide a sneak peek of the poster and further explore the concepts highlighted in the poster.
Once you've finished reading, head over to the Stem Cell Poster Webpage to view products to study stem cells, download the poster, or request a physical copy to hang in the lab.
We'll start with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) which are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and defined by both their ability to differentiate into all three germ layers, also known as pluripotency, and their ability to self-renew. One control that helps decide between these fates is regulation of the cell cycle. Stem cells that are undergoing self-renewal undergo a cell cycle characterized by short G1 and G2 phases. Alternatively, initiation of differentiation occurs during an elongated G1 phase. Many studies suggest that an interplay between cell cycle networks (including Cyclins, CDKs and Rb) and pluripotency factors drive the fate decision of whether an ESC will exit the cell cycle and differentiate or continue to self-renew (reviewed in 1).
Differentiating ESCs undergo reorganization and migration as part of a process known as gastrulation. During gastrulation, cells form an epiblast layer which later forms the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm germ layers. From the epiblast layer, cells migrate ventrally to form the primitive streak, which establishes bilateral symmetry and eventually gives rise to both the endoderm and mesoderm germ cell layers.
Mesoderm Differentiation
The mesoderm is derived from the middle layer of cells in the blastocyst. Organization and location of cells in the mesoderm determines the type of mesoderm that they form and ultimately what tissues they become. There are three types of mesoderm: lateral plate, intermediate, and paraxial. Intermediate mesoderm goes on to form the kidneys and the gonads. Paraxial mesoderm continues to develop into skeletal muscle, adipocytes, bone, and cartilage. The lateral plate begins to form within a cavity of the mesoderm and develops into cardiovascular tissues like cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle. Importantly, the lateral plate mesoderm also gives rise to the hemangioblast and subsequently the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC).
The HSC is one of the most well-studied stem cells and is able to give rise to all blood cell lineages including erythrocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, megakaryocytes, and lymphocytes. First, HSCs give rise to lineage-restricted multipotent progenitor cells including the common myeloid progenitor (CMP), the megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor (MEP), and the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) which later develop into blood lineages. Like all stem cells, HSCs are able to self-renew to maintain the blood lineages throughout the body's lifespan. In embryos, this process takes place in the yolk sac, aorta-gonad mesonephros (AGM), and the fetal liver. In adults, differentiation of HSCs occurs primarily in the bone marrow.
The bone marrow niche contains blood cells, vasculature, bone cells, and endothelial cells that all work in tandem to provide signals for HSC maintenance and expansion. For example, endothelial cells in the sinusoid produce Notch ligands, including Jag1 and SCF, which signal to HSCs to either enter the cell cycle for either maintenance or expansion respectively. Interestingly, even cells that are originally derived from HSCs, like megakaryocytes, exist in the bone marrow niche and produce factors like CXCL4, TGF-β1, and TPO which signal to maintain the HSC pool (reviewed in 2).
Endoderm Differentiation
The endoderm is defined as the innermost germ layer and definitive endoderm cells can be identified by the expression of CXCR4, FOXA2, GATA4, GATA6, and SOX17. From the primitive streak, definitive endoderm cells egress to form a gut tube. During development, gene expression patterns change along the gut tube eventually giving rise to specific domains of cells, known as the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Eventually, organ buds form along these domains, which develop into respiratory tissues and digestive tissues, including the lungs, thymus, pancreas, gut, and thyroid. Nodal, Wnt, and Activin signaling pathways all help to regulate these processes. While Nodal signaling is considered to be necessary and sufficient for endoderm differentiation, Activin proteins have also been used to efficiently generate definitive endoderm cells from ESCs in vitro. Wnt3a is not sufficient to generate endoderm on its own; however, it can potentiate Activin signaling to drive endoderm differentiation (reviewed in 3).
Ectoderm Differentiation
The ectoderm is defined as the outermost germ layer from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. After gastrulation, the ectoderm splits into the outer ectoderm and the neural tube, in a process called neurulation. The outer ectoderm, also called the surface ectoderm, forms tissues like the olfactory and mouth epithelium and eyes. The neuroectoderm cells fold to form the neural tube from which the brain and spinal cord are formed. Additionally, there are a group of migratory cells known as neural crest cells which migrate from the neural tube to form dentin, melanocytes, and the peripheral nervous system.
Neural stem cells (NSCs) appear early during development and persist throughout the adult life. Like most stem cells, NSCs are heavily influenced by the niche or microenvironment from which they develop. The earliest NSCs begin in the ventricular zone where they expand, undergo asymmetrical division, and migrate basally into the subventricular zone. Here, they begin to differentiate into neurons and glial progenitor cells. This process continues as the cells migrate and differentiate through the NSC niche. Within the niche, the NSC is exposed to diffusable signals which regulate differentiation, quiescence, and self-renewal. Growth factors like EGF, FGF, and VEGF regulate self-renewal and are required for survival of the NSC population. Other signaling molecules help to regulate differentiation between neuron and glial populations, including Wnt signaling proteins, retinoic acid, FOXD3, and SOX10.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells, are adult somatic cells that have been "de-differentiated" and resemble embryonic stem cells. First described in 2006, Yamanaka and Takahashi reported that expression of only four factors, Oct-4, SOX2, Klf4, and MYC, reprogrammed somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells that are able to differentiate into all three germ layers.
Since the initial discovery, there have been improvements in reprogramming techniques including modifying both the factors used and how they are delivered to the cells. For example, some studies have found that other combinations of transcription factors may be able to induce reprogramming (including Nanog and Lin-28). Because viral transduction methods require incorporating these genes into the genome, other methods of reprogramming have also been studied including using small molecule compounds, introducing transcription factors through modified mRNAs, and CRISPR/Cas9 editing (reviewed in 5).
Initially, iPS cells seemed especially promising for regenerative medicine and personalized therapies. While there are still ongoing studies in these areas, relatively few iPS cell-based therapies have moved into clinical trials so far. This is in part due to the intricacies of differentiating these cells into the tissue type of interest, verifying these cells' function and long-term survival, and ensuring that these treatments are safe. However, in the short term, iPS cells have provided a solution for disease modeling, gene therapy, and drug discovery. Modeling certain diseases, such as neurological diseases, can be difficult due to the inability to obtain certain types of human tissues; however, iPS cells can serve as an abundant source of nearly any cell type. Because you can get a vast number of cells from a single patient, they can also serve as a source of cells for drug discovery platforms.
Development of diverse cell types and tissues is a complex process involving a number of signaling pathways that dictate cell fate decisions. We've tried to condense many of these developmental pathways in our updated Stem Cells and Development wall poster. Now that you've had a chance to explore the poster, don't forget to request or download your own copy to serve as a reference whenever you need a refresher.
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Gage and Temple. Neuron. 2013 Oct 30;80(3):588-601. Pubmed.
Scudellari M. Nature. 2016 Jun 16;534(7607):310-2. Pubmed.
Contributed by Kelsey Swartz, Ph.D.