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The insurrection at the Capitol challenged how US media frames unrest and shapes public opinion
Trashed equipment for media outlets at the Capitol ... but not reputations? Tayfun Coskun/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images
The chaos at the U.S. Capitol on Wednesday wasn't typical. Nor was the coverage.
Footage carried live by cable news and clips and photos shared across social media were jolting. One image showed a man who had broken into the building sitting in a chair, foot on desk, in House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's office. A video clip showed a crowd chasing a police officer as he retreated up the stairs.
As a researcher of media and social movements, I was absorbed by the violent events that unfolded. My research on protests shows that how the media portrays unrest – as riot or resistance, for example – helps shape the public's view of the protest's aims. Typically news coverage pays more attention to disruptive tactics than to the aims of protesters, especially when it comes to anti-Black racism protests or action that radically challenges the status quo.
By focusing on the disruption while underreporting the protest's substance, agendas and goals, coverage contributes to a "hierarchy of social struggle" in which the voices of some advocacy groups are lifted over others.
But this was different. News audiences aren't necessarily used to seeing violence and disruption at citizen demonstrations in support of a president – and certainly not on the scale we witnessed on Wednesday at the Capitol. It proved a novel test of how the news media would frame the unrest and the aims of those involved.
Trump supporters forcing their way into the Capitol. Lev Radin/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images
Riot or resistance?
Traditional news media have come under heavy criticism for their coverage of civil rights protests, most recently after the death of George Floyd. A study of demonstrations between 1967 and 2007 concluded that protests were often framed as public nuisances, especially when those doing the protesting were ideologically liberal. Conservative protests were less likely to be seen as nuisances. And my research has highlighted the tendency to frame anti-Black racism protests as "riots" more than other protests.
But much of the coverage of events at the Capitol stripped euphemistic labels like "protests," "rallies" and "demonstrations" from their description of what was going on.
Instead news media labeled the event as a "siege" or "insurrection" carried out by a "mob."
It is also notable that at least one major network, CNN, described the events as "terrorism" – a term still more common in descriptions of Muslims and people of color than white supremacists.
No tanks necessary?
In my work, I call for journalists to balance their attention to protester actions with the reasons and grievances that brought the demonstrator out onto the streets in the first place – and reflect this in their reporting. This balance usually skews toward the actions, especially when those actions involve violence or damage to property or when there are confrontations with police.
Despite the escalation of events from protest to insurrection, the initial coverage Wednesday seemed to include the grievances of those taking part.
Coverage also focused on police behavior, but it appeared more concerned with the lack of policing. Police didn't show up in riot gear or wielding batons as Trump supporters ascended the Capitol steps. There were no tanks, or large-caliber rifles on display as protesters arrived.
This too was different from other protests. Many have commented on social media that if these had been Black Lives Matter protesters, there might have been a very different outcome – the assumption being Trump-sponsored insurrections are treated differently by authorities.
Some news media outlets, such as USAToday, made this comparative difference clear in their reporting. This is not a typical narrative in mainstream protest news coverage.
Even the initial news coverage by Fox News seemed largely in line with the framing of other news channels, until the evening, when commentary from the "Tucker Carlson Tonight" show shifted the network's narrative.
Carlson's monologue on Wednesday evening half-addressed the siege, but asked the audience to consider why people like Ashli Babbitt, the woman shot and killed during the break-in, attended the rally in the first place. Detailing her tragic death, Tucker said, "She bore no resemblance to the angry children we have seen wrecking our cities in recent months." Carlson used this to transition to his critique of liberal leaders and the election results.
Some may dismiss Carlson's comments as irrelevant and radical. However, his framing provides insight about how the right-wing media has sought to portray certain protests in recent years, and the consequences of that action.
My colleague from Michigan State University Rachel Mourão and I have used panel survey data from 2015 and 2016 to explore attitudes about protests in general and Black Lives Matter's core grievances specifically. The results showed that increased consumption of news from right-wing organizations like Fox and Breitbart didn't really affect people's views about protests generally. But it did strongly correlate with more negative opinions about some of the core grievances and demands connected with Black Lives Matter.
More evidence lies in other popular right-wing media. Their framing doesn't accentuate the unrest's violent actions carried out by an angry mob at all.
Less than 24 hours after the siege, the homepage of right-wing outlet One America News Network's (OAN) website was devoid of any pictures of protests. Meanwhile, Breitbart had a Mark Zuckerberg image front and center. That article described how Facebook had "blacklisted" Trump after the "events" on Capitol Hill.
Right-wing media not only distort the realities of the insurrection, they undermine and erase the impact of such undemocratic actions. Out of sight, out of mind.
No images of violence. oann.com
These are starkly different realities from the websites of news outlets such as ABC, NBC, CBS and CNN, as well as newspaper front pages – both online and in print – from around the country.
Scenes of unrest. cnn.com
In recent months, some news organizations have vowed to address shortcomings in their coverage, including how reporters cover protests. If the unrest that followed the police killing of George Floyd was the event that triggered a welcomed media reckoning, then the insurrection at the Capitol could be the event that helps outlets better understand why framing is important.
Danielle K. Kilgo does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
This content was originally published by The Conversation. Original publishers retain all rights. It appears here for a limited time before automated archiving. By The Conversation
Covid-19 – Johns Hopkins University
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I love this quote. I found it when I was a teenager and have kept a copy all my life. It is so different than most Americans view of "owning" their children.
Sadly,I think its very different than most people all over the world view their children.


Search our resource library to find St Helen's Bible teaching resources. You can filter by individual talks (audio and video), series, training videos, Bible study notes, articles and more.
We make all of our resources available to everyone, to help people know God better. If you use our resources, please acknowledge the source and please do not change the content without prior consent.


GK Athens offers accommodation in Athens. Syntagma Square is 200 metres away. Free WiFi is offered .
The accommodation is air conditioned and features a flat-screen TV. A fridge and coffee machine are also featured. There is a private bathroom with slippers and free toiletries in each unit. Towels are available.
Zappion - National Garden is 200 metres from GK Athens. Elefthérios Venizélos Airport is 19 km from the property.


There are currently 1 domestic violence and abuse shelters and programs in Rochester, IL with 0 offering a hotline and 0 offering emergency shelter. Outside of this city and still nearby, you can also find help at these 4 domestic violence and abuse shelters and programs in places like Springfield, Decatur, and Jacksonville. If you have questions, consider reading these domestic violence facts and statistics, our archive of 655 domestic violence articles, recommended books on domestic violence, or these insightful stories about domestic violence survivors.


"I wanted to create designs that fit into the style of the people in my community."
当年有名的嘻哈组合Eric B. & Rakim就穿着Dapper Dan定制的街头风Gucci,得意地唱进了歌里:"Music is mine,Gucci seats reclined."
"Everything I did was original. So, the only thing that I [copied] was the logo itself, and even then, I did them in ways that had never been done before, not even by the people who owned the rights to the logos."


Here are some multiple-choice Civil Service exam reviewers on antonyms.
Instruction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the word opposite in meaning to the bold and italicized word in the sentence.
1.) Because of his love for culture and the arts, Martin is considered by his friends as elegant and refined.
2.) I don't think they have the temerity to put these accusations in print.
3.) Waging a campaign against the candidate's character, the press attempted to vilify Mr. Rosario and his family.
4.) Young people who experience unrequited love often outgrow it and become more mature in their dealings.
5.) It is not a good thing to hang out with people with morose dispositions in life.
6.) Mrs. Cabral's art works are acclaimed by both critics and lay people alike because of their beauty and insight.
7.) Ramsay's articles in the papers are noted for their avant-garde take on contemporary issues and concerns.
8.) Many philanthropists are known for their altruistic efforts to change society and fix social problems that exist.
9.) Expressions like, "Follow your dreams" are examples of trite expressions these days.
10.) People who live debauched lifestyles only care about the pursuit of pure pleasure.
11.) In the modern world, lazy and unproductive individuals are deplored by others.
12.) Some mental patients who speak in gibberish may suffer from problems of meaning comprehension.
13.) Many poets and prophets see the length of human life on earth as ephemeral.
14.) A significant group of scientists have debunked the so called idea that the earth is a flat disk.
15.) A lot communities and towns are built near a dormant volcano.


very nice staff, well to humans anyway. large rooms large balcony and away from any noise.
The owners are very nice people, we got along just fine and we exchanged gifts !
Quiet. Nice and big balcony. Palm trees in the front.
La posizione,la struttura ampia e l'accoglienza della proprietaria.
A szállás olcsó volt, a képeken elfogadhatónak tűnt. A személyzet kedves volt.
Апартаментите са встрани от пътя, избягва се шума на главната улица. Пристигнахме няколко часа по-рано, но ни настаниха моментално. Прилични, удобни апартаменти, надхвърлящи очакванията ни заради ниската цена.
Posizione perfetta, lontana dal caos ma allo stesso tempo centrale. La proprietaria carinissima e molto disponibile. Struttura molto ben curata.
One of our best sellers in Laganas! Set amid a lush garden with palm trees and grassy areas, the traditionally built No Name Apartments are in Laganas Village. They offer self-catered accommodations with garden views. Free Wi-Fi is available throughout.
All air-conditioned studios and apartments at No Name open to a furnished balcony. Each features a TV and a kitchenette with cooking hobs and mini fridge. Some have separate bedrooms.
Car and bicycle rental services are provided upon request.
Laganas Beach is 0.6 mi away and Dionysios Solomos International Airport is 3.1 mi away. A café bar and a restaurant are a 10-minute walk away. Zakynthos Town and the island's port are at a distance of 4.3 mi.
When would you like to stay at No Name Apartments?
Offering 2 separate bedrooms, this air-conditioned apartment opens to a furnished balcony with garden views. It features a TV and a kitchenette with cooking hobs and mini fridge. Free Wi-Fi is available.
Offering 2 separate bedrooms, this apartment opens to a furnished balcony with garden views. It features a TV and a kitchenette with cooking hobs and mini fridge. Free Wi-Fi is available.
House Rules No Name Apartments takes special requests – add in the next step!
No Name Apartments accepts these cards and reserves the right to temporarily hold an amount prior to arrival.
It is not a nice place. The window from the bathroom couldnt have been closed so it was not ok considering the fact that the appartment was on the ground floor and someone could get in. The toilet tank wasn't working properly and we had to use something extra to help flush the toilet. The floor was always full with water because the leakage from the shower was clogged. The kitchen didn't not even had something to make your cofee and we even had to buy the dishwasher. The rooms were looking very bad and there were to many mosquitoes. Even the garden it had palmtrees, in the night is full of RATS. So it was horrible to stay on the terrace to eat ,beying the only place with table. The RATS were all over the garden making horrifying noises. The pictures doesnt show the reality and it was not ok at all.
Nice place to stay for a holiday!
We didn't have hot water. We didn't have the remote control for the air condition. The bed are not so comfortable. The photo from the site are beautiful but doesn't present the reality.
The shower was terrible. The extra beds were very uncomfortable.


In the beginning, these three major search engine giants were distinct in terms of the results they returned for searches.
Bing excelled at finding the "little guys" while Yahoo! Did well turning up news on the first page. Meanwhile, Google was the master at returning exact match searches.
Now, they're all focusing on Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI. The results are similar, although Google has more ads.
Exact match searches are not entirely defunct, but exact match is standing on its last leg waiting for the final kick.
That's not bad news if you've got a niche business. In fact, the more specific your specialty is, the more LSI will work to your advantage. The more context you can provide for users, the better.
For instance, if you're running a dog grooming business, it would be to your advantage to publish content specific to each type of breed you groom. That way, when people search for "poodle groomers in San Francisco," you're more likely to come up in the results. Only publishing content related to being a groomer will push you to the bottom, while other websites with content relevant to grooming poodles will be at the top.
The biggest advantage of a niche business is that you can let go of scrambling to rank for competitive keywords.
Broader keywords are great for setting the framework of a relevant context, but more specific words and phrases are needed to capture visitors from organic search. A good example of this advantage can be seen in the field of law.
For instance, a personal injury attorney will take on many cases throughout their career. These injury cases can include everything from car accidents to unsafe products. Those are competitive keywords. Personalized search throws a wrench in the very idea of even ranking for competitive keywords like those. Even the richest attorney couldn't buy their way to the top of everyone's personalized search results.
To get their website found in the search engines, they'll need to do more than just call themselves a personal injury attorney. They can list all the types of cases they take, but higher authority domains publishing the same basic subject matter will keep them buried.
Effective SEO isn't so much about ranking for competitive keywords as it is about leveraging the power of Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) and ranking for keywords related to a niche. The key is to discover what those keywords are – and their related phrases – that people will actually search for.
From an injured patient's point of view, they will search for lawyers who specialize in their specific type of injury. If they search for a lawyer online, the keywords they use will be related to their injury as well as how they received the injury.
Few lawyers specialize in a niche that might pop up in organic search results, but this firm does. Traumatic brain injury is a specific term patients will hear while they're going through treatment and recovery. This makes them more likely to search for a lawyer using that phrase in conjunction with other keywords.
What words and phrases are familiar to your clients/customers?
When someone wants to find your services, what are some of the words and phrases they might hear and/or already be familiar with? You'll need to use your brain for this; there's no magic tool.
Search engines stopped providing access to their search databases years ago, so it's impossible to find out what specific phrases are being typed into the search bar. To find out what subjects and phrases you should be publishing on your website, you'll need to do some thinking.
Contrary to popular belief, the Adwords keyword planning tool has never been an accurate reflection of the keywords people search for, though that's what it's been used for since its inception.
Think about your niche and what unique words and phrases people might use to find you. Think like your customers to reach more people through LSI. Expand the context of your niche to take advantage of SEO before it's gone for good.
Thank you for shedding light on niche and keywords. I had absolutely no idea that these were factors.


I'm a writer, reader, editor, and lover of all things J.R.R. Tolkien. The Hobbit was the book that inspired me to write, and I have never stopped wishing that Tolkien was alive so I could meet him. I grew up in a small, Upstate New York town where there was always time to do nothing but read and I constantly begged my parents for a cat.
I was raised next door to a waterfall and find myself craving nature. I'm most in my element around calm, rushing water—preferably rivers—and forests where I can venture for hours on end. That being said, my day never starts unless I bury my face in a cup of joe (and on those rare days when I don't get to drink it, be forewarned).
Some of my favorite times to write are while I'm drinking coffee—though I can never concentrate in one of those romanticized coffee shops. It isn't my scene. I much prefer the comfort of my apartment, my pen set, and the ability to sprawl my thoughts out across the table. Miraculously enough, I've managed to avoid getting coffee stains on any of my notebooks.
I may or may not have a slight journal addiction. There's a stack on my desk ranging from empty to three-quarters full, but none of them are complete. I absolutely love journaling. I also enjoy poetry, creative nonfiction, fiction, and journalism. My interests are all over the place, and frankly, it keeps my career fun. I'm able to focus on anything and everything I want to do, and I take pleasure in doing it all.
Kiera Hufford grew up in a small town where she kept her writing hidden to herself. She's currently pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Professional Writing from Champlain College, where she has blossomed into a freelance writer/editor and is constantly looking for new opportunities to share her work.


MELBOURNE, Fla. (February 27, 2019) – Rollins snapped an eight-game skid Wednesday, beating Florida Tech 84-72 in the penultimate game of the season.
Connor Mckim put on a shooting display and led the Tars (10-17, 4-15 SSC) with 27 points. The junior was 9-of-16 from the field and hit 6-of-11 from beyond the arch. He also tallied six rebounds and five assists.
Trevor Recio posted 16 points and 13 rebounds, his second double-double in three games. Hutton Yenor netted 14 off the bench with Jakobi Bonner scoring 13 and Eric Castaneda 10.
The SSC's second leading scorer Derek Murphy went off for Florida Tech (8-19, 2-17 SSC), pouring in 40 points and grabbing 10 rebounds. Trey Schaneville added 15 points.
Rollins shot 49 percent in the game, going 11-of-27 from deep. Florida Tech was held to 43 percent shooting and just six, 3-pointers. The Tars also won the glass 46-31.
Mckim scored the game's first five points as Rollins would not trail the entire night. The Tars grabbed a 11-2 lead after the first five minutes, but FIT cut it to one, four minutes later. Another 5-0 Mckim surge go the Tars back on track and the lead would balloon to 35-25 with 1:45 left in the half. After a Antonis Pefanis three-pointer, Yenor converted a lay-up and later hit a tip-in at the buzzer, sending Rollins into the locker room with a 39-28 lead.
The Panthers got to within four early in the second half, but Recio sparked a Tars run that was capped with a Yenor triple, pushing Rollins' advantage to 55-43.
Rollins led 72-62 with just under five minutes left and Tech went on a 6-0 run to close the gap to 72-68 with 3:25 to play. Consecutive buckets from Castaneda, Yenor and Bonner quickly got the Rollins advantage back to double digits and the Tars cruised the rest of the way.
Rollins will close the 2018-19 season on Saturday, March 2 at Florida Southern. Tipoff is set for 7:30 p.m. in Jenkins Field House. Fans can catch the action live on the Tars Sports Network at RollinsSports.com and locally on 91.5 FM WPRK.


text:
package com.huawei.esdk.fusionmanager.demo.servlet;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import org.apache.log4j.Logger;

import com.google.gson.Gson;
import com.huawei.esdk.fusionmanager.demo.factory.ServiceManageFactory;
import com.huawei.esdk.fusionmanager.demo.utils.ParametersUtils;
import com.huawei.esdk.fusionmanager.local.model.user.AuthenticateReq;
import com.huawei.esdk.fusionmanager.local.model.user.AuthenticateResp;
import com.huawei.esdk.fusionmanager.local.model.user.LoginUserStatus;
import com.huawei.esdk.fusionmanager.local.model.vm.CreateVmReq;
import com.huawei.esdk.fusionmanager.local.model.vm.CreateVmResp;

/**
 * "批量创建虚拟机"请求处理类
 * @author
 * @see
 * @since eSDK Cloud V100R003C20
 */
public class BatchCreateVMServlet extends HttpServlet
{
    /**
     * 序列化版本标识
     */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 6749720431926648350L;

    /**
     * log日志对象
     */
    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger
            .getLogger(BatchCreateVMServlet.class);

    /**
     * gson,用于转换String和json之间的转换
     */
    private Gson gson = new Gson();

    @Override
    protected void doPost(
        HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
        throws ServletException, IOException
    {
        doGet(request, response);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doGet(
        HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
        throws ServletException, IOException
    {
        //设置request的编码
        request.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");

        // 获取需要调用的方法名
        String methodName = request.getParameter("method");
        String resp = "";

        if ("batchCreateVM".equals(methodName))
        {
            // 批量创建虚拟机
            resp = batchCreateVM(request);
        }

        //设置response的编码
        response.setContentType("application/json;charset=UTF-8");
        // 输出流
        PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
        pw.print(resp);
        pw.close();
    }

    /**
     * 批量创建虚拟机
     *
     * @param request HttpServletRequest对象
     * @return json格式的字符串
     * @see
     * @since eSDK Cloud V100R003C20
     */
    public String batchCreateVM(HttpServletRequest request)
    {
        // 定义返回结果
        String response = null;

        AuthenticateReq req = new AuthenticateReq();
        req.setUserName(ParametersUtils.userName);
        req.setPassword(ParametersUtils.password);

        // 鉴权
        AuthenticateResp authntiateResp = ServiceManageFactory.getUserService().authenticate(req);

        if (!LoginUserStatus.SUCCESS.equals(authntiateResp.getLoginUserStatus()))
        {
        	LOGGER.error("Failed to Login FM System!");
        	return gson.toJson(authntiateResp);
        }

        LOGGER.info("Login Success!");

        LOGGER.info("Begin to create VM." );

        String vdcId = request.getParameter("tenantId");

        String cloudInfraId = request.getParameter("cloudInfraId");

        String jsonStr = request.getParameter("reqJson");

        ServiceManageFactory.getUserVdcRelationResource().modify(authntiateResp.getUserId(), vdcId);

        CreateVmReq createVmReq = gson.fromJson(jsonStr, CreateVmReq.class);

        CreateVmResp resp = ServiceManageFactory.getVmResource().create(createVmReq, vdcId, cloudInfraId);

        // 根据接口返回数据生成JSON字符串,以便于页面展示
        response = gson.toJson(resp);

        LOGGER.info("Finish to create VM, response is : " + response);

        return response;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
List of Diego Garcia Bryophyta
Townsend, C. C. (1971)
Records of Mallophaga from Pacific birds
Amerson, A. Binion, Jr.; Emerson, K. C. (1971)
The distribution of shallow-water stony corals at Minicoy atoll in the Indian Ocean; with a check-list of species
Pillai, C. S. Gopinadha (1971)
Crustacea: Cirripedes from Diego Garcia
Smith, W. A. (1971)
Geography and ecology of Diego Garcia Atoll, Chagos Archipelago
The distribution of Shallow-water Stony Corals at Minicoy Atoll in the Indian Ocean with a check-list of species
Gopinadha Pillai, C. S. (1971)
List of Diego Garcia vascular plants
Fosberg, F. Raymond; Bullock, A. A. (1971)
Birds of the Chagos group, Indian Ocean
Bourne, W. R. P. (1971)
The natural history of French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Amerson, A. Binion, Jr. (1971)
Taylor, J. D. (4)
Amerson, A. Binion, Jr. (2)
Domm, S. B. (2)
Sibley, Fred C. (2)
Bourne, W. R. P. (1)
Bullock, A. A. (1)
Clark, Ailsa M. (1)
Clough, Garrett C. (1)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
UEFA winks to AS Roma for respecting 2016 financial targets
April 22, 2017 Stefano Bernardini Finance, World News 0
The UEFA chief investigator Yves Leterme provided updates on the financial situation of 14 clubs which signed settlement agreements to improve their financial situation.
The CFCB Investigatory Chamber unveiled that GNK Dinamo Zagreb (Croatia), Manchester City FC (England) and Paris Saint-Germain (France) have fully complied with all the requirements of the Financial Fair Play. These clubs have, therefore, exited the settlement regime.
James Pallotta – AS Roma's president
UEFA further confirmed that AS Monaco FC (France), AS Roma (Italy) and Fenerbahçe SK (Turkey) have complied with the targets set for season 2016/17. The settlement regime will continue to apply for season 2017/18 for both AS Monaco FC and AS Roma.
Inter (Italy) Beşiktaş JK (Turkey), and Trabzonspor AŞ (Turkey) only partially fulfilled the targets set for season 2016/17. As a consequence, they will suffer limitation on the number of players that may be included in the List A and the transfer restrictions.
Financial Fair Play
AS ROMA 360 joins forces with Classic Football Shirts
Nissan elects Barcelona as Excitement Index top team


Assessment is an integral part of teaching and learning. It is the process through which pupils' attainment and progress is recognised and used to improve learning. All teachers continually assess pupils' learning through classroom observation, feedback, marking, discussion with pupils and assessment tasks. This ongoing assessment is used to help teachers decide what pupils need to learn next and to identify any areas in which pupils need additional teaching or challenge to progress their learning. This is discussed with parents and carers at termly Parent/Teacher Consultation meetings.
In addition, pupils are also assessed at the end of each year to give a summary of how well they are doing in relation to what is expected for their age in the National Curriculum - this is often abbreviated to ARE (age-related expectations). This end of year assessment in Reading, Writing, Maths and Science is reported to parents and carers in the written pupil report in July each year.
The DfE also require schools to complete statutory assessments at certain points during a child's time at primary school. These are national assessments completed at the same time by all pupils in state schools. The results are reported to parents, the government and the local authority. Schools are required to publish a KS2 summary on their school website too as well as a link to national performance tables - see the table and link below. The formal KS2 assessments in Reading and Maths are based only on their performance in the set test on the set day, so do not always reflect a child's performance in the independent maths and reading activities they complete in class or any specific circumstances which may impact on a child's performance in a test.
KS1 SATs (Reading Comprehension, Arithmetic, Mathematical Reasoning and Grammar, Spelling & Punctuation) during May of Year 2. Teacher assessments for Writing & Science are also reported upon.
KS2 SATs (Reading Comprehension; Arithmetic; 2x Mathematical Reasoning; and Grammar, Spelling & Punctuation) during early May of year 6. Teacher assessments for Writing & Science are also reported upon.


text:
Play (theatre)
Children performing a Christmas play depicting The Nativity
Major forms
Tragicomedy
History and lists
Literary awards
Theory (critical theory)
A play is a form of literature written by a playwright, usually consisting of dialogue between characters, intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. Plays are performed at a variety of levels, from Broadway, Off-Broadway, regional theater, to Community theatre, as well as University or school productions. There are rare dramatists, notably George Bernard Shaw, who have had little preference whether their plays were performed or read. The term "play" can refer to both the written works of playwrights and to their complete theatrical performance.[1]
Symbol of theatre
Main article: Comedy
Comedies are plays which are designed to be humorous. Comedies are often filled with witty remarks, unusual characters, and strange circumstances. Certain comedies are geared toward different age groups. Comedies were one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece, along with tragedies. An example of a comedy would be William Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream, or for a more modern example the skits from Saturday Night Live.[2][3]
Main article: Farce
A generally nonsensical genre of play, farces are often overacted and often involve slapstick humor. An example of a farce includes William Shakespeare's play The Comedy of Errors, or Mark Twain's play Is He Dead?.
Satirical
Main article: Satire
A satire play takes a comic look at current events people while at the same time attempting to make a political or social statement, for example pointing out corruption. An example of a satire would be Nikolai Gogol's The Government Inspector and Aristophanes' Lysistrata. Satire plays are generally one of the most popular forms of comedy, and often considered to be their own genre entirely.
Restoration Comedy
This is a genre that explored relationships between men and women, and was considered risqué in its time.[4] Characters featured in restoration comedy included stereotypes of all kinds, and these same stereotypes were found in most plays of this genre, so much so that most plays were very similar in message and content. However, since restoration comedy dealt with unspoken aspects of relationships, it created a type of connection between audience and performance that was more informal and private.
It is commonly agreed that restoration comedy has origins in Molière's theories of comedy, but differs in intention and tone.[5] The inconsistency between restoration comedy's morals and the morals of the era is something that often arises during the study of this genre. This may give clues as to why, despite its original success, restoration comedy did not last long in the seventeenth century. However, in recent years, it has become a topic of interest for theatre theorists, who have been looking into theatre styles that have their own conventions of performance.[6]
Main article: Tragedy
These plays contain darker themes such as death and disaster. Often the protagonist of the play has a tragic flaw, a trait which leads to their downfall. Tragic plays convey all emotions and have extremely dramatic conflicts. Tragedy was one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece. Some examples of tragedies include William Shakespeare's Hamlet, and also John Webster's play The Duchess of Malfi.[2]
Main article: History (theatrical genre)
These plays focus on actual historical events. They can be tragedies or comedies, but are often neither of these. History as a separate genre was popularized by William Shakespeare. Examples of historical plays include Friedrich Schiller's Demetrius and William Shakespeare's King John.[7]
Main article: Musical theatre
Ballad opera, a popular theatre style at the time, was the first style of musical to be performed in the American colonies. The first musical of American origin was premiered in Philadelphia in 1767, and was called "The Disappointment", however, this play never made it to production. Around the 1920s, theatre styles were beginning to be defined more clearly. For musical theatre, this meant that composers gained the right to create every song in the play, and these new plays were held to more specific conventions, such as thirty-two-bar songs. When the Great Depression came, many people left Broadway for Hollywood, and the atmosphere of Broadway musicals changed significantly. A similar situation occurred during the 1960s, when composers were scarce and musicals lacked vibrancy and entertainment value.
By the 1990s, there were very few original Broadway musicals, as many were recreations of movies or novels. [8]
Musical productions have songs to help explain the story and move the ideas of the play along. They are usually accompanied by dancing. Musicals can be very elaborate in settings and actor performances. Examples of musical productions include Wicked and Fiddler on the Roof.
Theatre of Cruelty
This theatre style originated in the 1940s when Antonin Artaud hypothesized about the effects of expressing through the body as opposed to "by socially conditioned thought." In 1946, he wrote a preface to his works in which he explained how he came to write what and the way he did.
Above all, Artaud did not trust language as a means of communication. Plays within the genre of theatre of cruelty are abstract in convention and content. Artaud wanted his plays to have an effect and accomplish something. His intention was to symbolize the subconscious through bodily performances, as he did not believe language could be effective. Artaud considered his plays to be an enactment rather than a re-enactment, which meant he believed his actors were in reality, rather than re-enacting reality.
His plays dealt with heavy issues such as patients in psych wards, and Nazi Germany. Through these performances, he wanted to "make the causes of suffering audible", however, audiences originally reacted poorly, as they were so taken aback by what they saw. Much of his work was banned in France at the time.
Artaud did not believe that conventional theatre of the time would allow the audience to have a cathartic experience and help heal the wounds of World War II. For this reason, he moved towards radio-based theatre, in which the audience could use their imagination to connect the words they were hearing to their body. This made his work much more personal and individualized, which he believed would increase the effectiveness of portraying suffering.[9]
Theatre of the Absurd: This genre generally includes metaphysical representations of existential qualms and questions. Theatre of the absurd denies rationality, and embraces the inevitability of falling into the abyss of the human condition. Instead of discussing these issues, however, theatre of the absurd is a demonstration of them. This leaves the audience to discuss and question the content of the play for themselves.
One of the main aspects of theatre of the absurd is the physical contradiction to language. Oftentimes, the dialogue between characters will directly oppose their actions.
Famous playwrights within this genre include Beckett, Sartre, Ionesco, Adamov, and Genet.[10]
The term "play" can be either a general term, or more specifically refer to a non-musical play. Sometimes the term "straight play" is used in contrast to "musical", which refers to a play based on music, dance, and songs sung by the play's characters. For a short play, the term "playlet" is sometimes used.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Theatre.
Canovaccio
Closet drama
Dramatis personæ
List of basic theatre topics
List of American plays
List of Canadian plays
List of Romanian plays
List of films based on stage plays or musicals
List of plays made into feature films
Wikiversity has learning materials about Collaborative_play_writing
List of 380 Plays of the World Translated into Japanese in 1930
↑ "Play": Dictionary.com website. Retrieved on January 3, 2008.
1 2 "THE ANCIENT GREEK DRAMA & THEATRE HISTORY PAGE". anarchon.tripod.com. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
↑ "Origin of Comedy". www.theatrehistory.com. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
↑ Vernon, P.F. (1962). "Marriage of Convenience and the Moral Code of Restoration Comedy". Essays of Criticism: 370–387.
↑ The Ornament of Action. Cambridge University Press. 1979.
↑ Styan, J.L. (1986). Restoration Comedy in Performance. Cambridge University Press.
↑ The Three Richards: Richard I ... - Google Book Search. books.google.co.uk. 2006. ISBN 978-1-85285-521-5. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
↑ Bordman, Gerald (1978). American Musical Theatre (3 ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
↑ Finter, Helga; Griffin, Matthew (1997). Antonin Artaud and the Impossible Theatre: The Legacy of the Theatre of Cruelty. MIT Press. pp. 15–40.
↑ Esslin, Martin (2001). Theatre of the Absurd. ISBN 1-4000-7523-8.
Character's voice
Deuteragonist
False protagonist
Focal character
Stock character
Supporting character
Tritagonist
Cliché
Dramatic structure
Eucatastrophe
Framing device
Frame story
Plot device
Plot twist
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Kishōtenketsu
Fictional location
Leitmotif
Narrative technique
Stylistic device
Linear narrative
Interactive narration
Nonlinear narrative
Types of fiction with multiple endings
Fabliau
Action fiction
List of writing genres
First-person
Second-person
Third-person
Multiple narrators
Stream of unconsciousness
Literary science
Narratology
Monomyth


text:
package com.opengamma.master;

import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Map;

import org.joda.beans.BeanBuilder;
import org.joda.beans.BeanDefinition;
import org.joda.beans.JodaBeanUtils;
import org.joda.beans.MetaProperty;
import org.joda.beans.impl.direct.DirectMetaPropertyMap;

import com.opengamma.util.PublicSPI;

/**
 * Result providing the history of a document.
 * <p>
 * The returned documents may be a mixture of versions and corrections.
 * The document instant fields are used to identify which are which.
 * See {@link AbstractHistoryRequest} for more details.
 *
 * @param <D>  the type of the document
 */
@PublicSPI
@BeanDefinition
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  /**
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   * @param <R>  the bean's generic type
   * @param cls  the bean's generic type
   * @return the meta-bean, not null
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  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  @Override
  public AbstractHistoryResult.Meta<D> metaBean() {
    return AbstractHistoryResult.Meta.INSTANCE;
  }

  //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  @Override
  public boolean equals(Object obj) {
    if (obj == this) {
      return true;
    }
    if (obj != null && obj.getClass() == this.getClass()) {
      return super.equals(obj);
    }
    return false;
  }

  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    int hash = 7;
    return hash ^ super.hashCode();
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  @Override
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    StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(32);
    buf.append("AbstractHistoryResult{");
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    toString(buf);
    if (buf.length() > len) {
      buf.setLength(buf.length() - 2);
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    buf.append('}');
    return buf.toString();
  }

  @Override
  protected void toString(StringBuilder buf) {
    super.toString(buf);
  }

  //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  /**
   * The meta-bean for {@code AbstractHistoryResult}.
   * @param <D>  the type
   */
  public static class Meta<D extends AbstractDocument> extends AbstractDocumentsResult.Meta<D> {
    /**
     * The singleton instance of the meta-bean.
     */
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    static final Meta INSTANCE = new Meta();

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     * The meta-properties.
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    /**
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    @Override
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}


text:
The Port of Póvoa de Varzim is a seaport built in Enseada da Póvoa Bay in the city of Póvoa de Varzim in Portugal.  During the Middle Ages, it was known as Port of Varzim (Porto de Veracim in Old Portuguese).

Once used for trade and shipbuilding, it is currently used for fishing and recreation, with a marina located within its breakwaters. The port was fundamental to the establishment of Póvoa de Varzim as a municipality in 1308 and the development of the town. During the Middle Ages, its profitability attracted knights, kings and the Church. In this small bay the local fishermen developed the Poveiro boats and Povoan knowledge of the seas and shipbuilding were substantial during the Age of Discovery. After 1000 years of recorded history and continuous use, the port of Póvoa de Varzim became a notable and prosperous fishing port in the 18th century due to its fishermen's seafaring and fishing expertise, considered the best in Portugal.

The north breakwater, the main one, is known as "Paredão" (Portuguese for "Big Wall"). It was first built in 1795 and rebuilt in the following centuries. The most important works on the port were made during the Salazar regime in the early 20th century; the current configuration of the port corresponds to that New State project. The port is protected by the north breakwater, heading south-southwest, which has a lighthouse with a red flashing light and a siren. The south breakwater heads north-northwest; it has a long-flashing green light.

History

The medieval port
Archaeological data around the port of Póvoa de Varzim date to the Roman period. A Roman fish factory could have existed in the area of Junqueira, bordering the port, where a number of artifacts were found. A factory is known, with certainty, in the northern area of the city near the cove of Lagoa Beach.

The historical records of the seaport dates to the 11th century, when the sheltered bay started being regularly used by ships due to its sheltered characteristics.

In the 11th century, Guterre Pelayo became the Lord of Varzim. According to the Livro Velho de Linhagens, the Ancient Book of Ancestries, he acquired the port of Varzim and several other possessions from Henry, Count of Portugal. Guterre was a decisive Reconquista captain during those years.

One of the great-grandsons of Guterre Pelayo, Lourenço Fernandes da Cunha had great fortune in the town of Varzim and surrounding land. His family ruled the area as the Honour of Varzim (honrra de Veracim), a knights honour. Sancho, as king of Portugal, disliked the power Lourenço got, as such the king ordered the destruction of several of his properties and took over most of the land.

In the 1220 inquiries it was said that in the Royal Land of Varzim, a royal butler area, there were 20 families, who gave to the King, when he came into town, 6 dinheiros for the stay; and by Royal Charter, if they did not go to the sea on Friday, they paid 5 mealhas (small copper coin with little value); and paid from the fisheries, the navão (one fish for each boat).

One of the sons of Dom Lourenço was Gomes Lourenço, very influential knight and godfather of King Denis. Dom Gomes Lourenço, as it is deduced from his personal 1290 Inquiries, took advantage of his relationship with important people in order to get the recognition of the seaport of Varzim, located in Lower Varzim, as his honour. He tried to convince King Denis, that the King's father, Afonso III, took it from him unfairly. In this way, Dom Gomes  and his descendants, who are part of the honour of Varzim, went to the seaport and got the navão from the fishermen, justifying the attitude with the honor.

By this, King Denis granted a Royal Charter to Varzim in 1308, ordering some local inhabitants to build a maritime settlement (Póvoa), he promoted farming development and the use of the seaport for the transport of production such as bread, wine and salt, but also fisheries from which the king took the best profits "the whale, the dolphin or royal belongings", that is, the most profitable catches. One of the terms of the charter ordered the inhabitants who brought bread, wine, salt or sardines, when unloading ferries or vessels in the port of Póvoa de Varzim, granted for each ferry or vessel, 7 soldos. These were the customs rights that belonged to the king and substituted the navão (a fish in each boat).

Pinho Leal, in the book Portugal Antigo e Moderno (1876), stated that Castelo da Póvoa fort, was built in the 15th century, during the reign of John I of Portugal in order to protect the port.

Age of Discovery

In the 16th century, the fishermen started to work in maritime activities, as pilots or seafarers in the crew of the Portuguese ships, due to their high nautical knowledge. The fishermen of the region are known to fish in Newfoundland since, at least, 1506.

In 1547, a registry of ships docking or leaving the port was made by the main guard Annes Cadilhe, in which an English ship was especially noticeable. In the seaport documents, the construction of a notable ship is documented: the warship N.S. de Guadalupe built in Póvoa sheltered bay, with Povoan Diogo Dias de São Pedro as captain, who gained fame in the squadron that gettered in Lisbon to restore Pernambuco on March 15, 1631, that the Dutch captured in 1630. The carrack was constructed by Povoan merchants and Captain Diogo Dias did not want to accept the government's gratifications, and paid the crew with his own money, who followed him with dedication and courage. Years later, the carrack returned to the port, after trading in Angola. His brother, António Cardina, Póvoa de Varzim's town hall judge, was the main pilot of the Portuguese armada and gained notability in the defense and liberation of the city of Bahia, also captured by the Dutch.

In the 17th century, there was an increase in shipbuilding activities and a significant part of the population worked as Ribeira carpenters (shipbuilders) or related activities.

Golden Age of Fishing

In the 17th century, fishing activities started to be of significant economic value with the salted fish business, and in the 18th century, Póvoa became, by far, the largest fish market in Northern Portugal supplying even inland provinces. Carvalho da Costa, in Corografia Portugal, of 1706, stated that the Town of Póvoa de Varzim is an ancient settlement, with sheltered bay harbour, in which in ancient times ships docked and left, Dom Guterre, of the Cunha branch, was its lord....

The Nossa Senhora da Lapa Brotherhood, founded in 1761 by the fishermen, got a charter in which they got authorization to build their homes in "chãos da areia", giving rise to a new and planned fisher quarter around the port of Póvoa de Varzim.

In the Memorias economicas da Academia real das sciencias de Lisboa (Economic memories of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon) it states that the fishermen of Póvoa de Varzim are the most frequent in all the Minho coast, and were the most experts and with most practice from Cape St. Vincent to Caminha, with a sizable number of fishermen, ships and fishing devices, and the result is a very considerable quantity of caught fish, stating that "The fishermen of Póvoa de Varzim are always at sea, they are not happy with coastal fisheries, and they get fish from seas, that are ten or twelve leagues away from the town." In 1789, there were 1340 fishermen.

One of the caught fish inventory by Povoans noticed that, for instance, for the year of 1866, the product of transactions made in Póvoa, directly by the fishermen and fish traders, summed up 230 000$000 réis and the result of the fish sold from Caminha to Figueira da Foz valued 180 000$000 réis. The taxes paid in the fiscal station was of 5000$000 réis. Yearly Póvoa supplied the city of Porto with 1600 barrels of sardine and over 3000 loads of fish. However, the number of loads to Minho, Trás-os-Montes, and Beira Alta was inestimable. It was said that "the people who know Póvoa are sure that if, in any statistical map, could be truly accounted the importance of exported fish to those provinces, not much people would believe in it, because they would be marveled."

The historical seaport lighthouses, Farol da Lapa and Farol de Regufe, were built in the 19th century. By getting the alignment between the two points of light, the fishermen knew that the boat was in the strait corridor between dangerous underwater rocks and sandbank, where they could cross safely in an area where numerous fishermen lost their lives in the course of several generations. However, the town's light is known since the 16th century.

Seaport works pleas

In the 18th century, another document stated: "There is in this town one of the best sheltered bays in this kingdom; the nature formed it, according to the One who created it, and, with artwork that would improve it, by orders of the king and lord, it would be a marvel in Europe.

Queen Maria I authorized the construction works on the seaport in February 1791. French engineer Reinald Oudinot was responsible for the construction under orders of the shire's corregedor Francisco de Almada e Mendonça. In 1792, a dock, known as Caldeira da barra, was built at the estuary of a rivulet. The construction of the northern breakwater started in 1795.

The construction works were incomplete as a south breakwater was needed, near the sandbank, in order to reduce the ocean currents strength. The northern breakwater that was built during this period became known as Paredão de D. Maria I (The Great Wall of Queen Maria I), in later periods as Paredão de D. Luis I, after small construction works during the reign of Louis I of Portugal in the 19th century.

In the beginning of the 19th century, renovation works on the breakwater were needed as it was in ruins. Works started, but slowly due to financial constraints. On March 11, 1825, the necessity of works in the port was addressed by the town hall. And with Corregedor José Joaquim Rodrigues de Bastos orders, works resumed in August. The breakwater reconstruction ended in 1826.

In 1857, the town hall asked the king for a sheltered harbour, stating: "It would be in Portugal a port so good, better than Vigo's. Nevertheless, the liberal regime paid no attention to the Povoan pleas.

Due to the aggregation of Póvoa's harbour, in the beginning of the 20th century and the construction of an artificial port, the Port of Leixões, a significant part of the fisher population moved to the area surrounding it. Emigration to several areas, especially Brazil, Angola and other areas in Portugal, was considerable during this period.

Caetano Vasques Calafate (1890 - 1963) managed the propaganda and funding needed for the construction of the Casa dos Pescadores da Póvoa de Varzim (The Fishermen House), siding Lapa Light, in 1926. This was the first fishermen house in Portugal. On March 11, 1937, the Corporatist Estado Novo regime established the laws for the creation of fishermen houses in all fisher areas throughout the country.

After 200 years of pleas by Povoans, it was under Salazar's Estado Novo regime that the seaport works resumed. Works started in 1939 and ended in the 1950s, with stone extracted from a quarry which later became a small lake named Lagoa da Pedreira (Quarry Lake). One of the partisans of the cause was journalist Caetano Vasques Calafate who wrote about the ambition of the local fishermen in the press of Lisbon and Porto. But the later recognized the deeds of the president of Casa dos Poveiros in Rio de Janeiro, Apílio Oliveira, who wrote to Salazar under the intermediation of the Portuguese embassy in Rio.

Recent developments and the sandbank issue

At the end of the 1990s, the city hall had gaming taxes collected in Casino da Póvoa and available to be used, something that was not possible before. The city used the funds for further works on the seaport, improving it with piers, leisure venues and the construction of a marina in 1999 near the south breakwater, the location of the shipyard in the 20th century. Nevertheless, the sandbank, a traditional spot where several fishermen died, including the great shipwreck of 1892, continued to be a significant safety problem, and several fishermen moved to other ports, namely Galician ones.

The port's south breakwater also showed aging signs and was recovered in 2009. The Associação Pró-Maior Segurança dos Homens do Mar, with its headquarters in the port, was formed by the fishermen in order to pressure further developments on the seaport and safety at sea, including the complete recovery of it and a permanent solution to the sandbank, something that can be achieved by the enlargement of the north breakwater.

Fish market

The fish market is managed by Docapesca Portos e Lotas S.A. which holds 20 fish markets. The fish market is, along with the Viana do Castelo Fish Market, part of the Northern Delegation of the company which is located in the Port of Póvoa de Varzim, it also includes seven small selling posts in smaller traditional fishing communities. Póvoa de Varzim Fish Market, in Póvoa de Varzim Captaincy, has two dependent selling posts (Vila do Conde and Vila Chã, both in Vila do Conde Captaincy). The access to the fish market is available to traders registered in Docapesca and have an infrared remote control or online access license, although only presentational trading is available.

According to the 2010 statistics by DocaPesca, the five most sold species were Sardina pilchardus, Octopus vulgaris, Merluccius merluccius, Trisopterus luscus, and Trachurus trachurus, weighing 1,625,469 kg and valuing €2,714,966, with €1.67 as average price, ranging as low as €0.46 for sardines and the octopus was traded at an average of €2,62. In 2011, sales of these species increased and the most traded species were Octopus vulgaris, Sardina pilchardus, Merluccius merluccius, Trachurus trachurus, and Trisopterus luscus weighing 1,732,105 kg and valuing €3,086,235, with €1.78 as average price ranging from €0.54 for sardines and €2.56 for octopuses.

Marina

Póvoa Marina is a public marina using floating pontoons built by the City Hall of Póvoa de Varzim in June 1999 according to a project by Clube Naval Povoense, the local yacht club, and the management of the area was delivered by the city hall to the club. The marina is financially self-sustainable and is a nautical activities support marina, that should not be confused with real estate equipments called "marina" found in Southern Portugal, and the access to the docks are restricted.

It has a growing popularity, especially noticeable in Northern Portugal and has a planned expansion to the area near Casino da Póvoa. Currently, it has a maximum capacity of 600 boats, including land parking and has over 241 berths, travel-lift (35 ton) and a crane (6.3 ton), tidal grade, 24-hour surveillance, bar, restaurant and other services. It is characterized by its social lifestyle and plurality, it is visited by mariners from all over the world, that number the thousands in a single year and stay there for several months or years. Passing seaman anchoring in the marina, according to main nationality in a recent year, were from the United Kingdom (35%), France (15%), Portugal (10%), Netherlands (8%), Spain (8%), Germany (8%), and Sweden (4%).

Lota park

Lota (in Portuguese it literally means "fish market" and used as such until the 1990s) is a land area within the port of Póvoa de Varzim, near the North Breakwater. In the past, it was a beach where the fish was landed and sold, named Praia de Peixe (Fish Beach), possibly because of the excessively fine sand or its use it was not popular with beach-goers, unlike nearby Praia de Banhos (Baths Beach) with larger sand grains and used by tourists since the 18th century. It was also the location of Ribeira shipyard.

After rehabilitation in the late 1990s, it became a leisure area including a recreation square in front of Casino da Póvoa, with the Lota Auditorium, playgrounds, walkway, trendy establishments and, until recently, Lota Sk8 Parque to accommodate the significant skater community. In Lota, along the piers, there's also green areas for resting.

Administration, policing and rescue station
Currently, the port of Póvoa de Varzim is considered a harbour for leisure activities, according to "Regulamento da Náutica de Recreio" (recreational boating regulation) and approved by the decree nr. 124 of 2004. The harbour master's office (Capitania da Póvoa de Varzim, Captaincy of Póvoa de Varzim), of the Portuguese Maritime Authority, is located in the casino da Póvoa square at Largo Dr. Vasques Calafate n. 1, which is also the location of the local command of the maritime police.

The Póvoa de Varzim captaincy jurisdictional area includes the territorial waters, following the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf, between the south breakwater of the port of Póvoa de Varzim to the estuary of Rio Alto.

The Instituto de Socorros a Náufragos da Póvoa de Varzim (ISN Póvoa de Varzim) is the rescue station of Póvoa de Varzim, and is located in the port. The ISN was established as a private charity entity on April 21, 1892 by Queen Amélie under the name Real Instituto de Socorros a Náufragos (The Royal Institute of Rescue to Shipwreck victims). Earlier in the year, on February 27, a tragedy devastated the community. Seven lanchas poveiras wrecked in a storm and 105 fishermen were killed, just meters off the shore.

References

Ports and harbours of Portugal
Geography of Póvoa de Varzim
11th-century establishments in Portugal
Buildings and structures in Póvoa de Varzim
Tourist attractions in Póvoa de Varzim
Populated places established in the 11th century

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Do Survivor Benefits Expire If You Delay Claiming?
Do survivor benefits expire if you don't claim them at the earliest eligibility age?
En español | No. There is no time limit to file for a widow or widower benefit. These benefits will actually grow if you delay claiming them until you reach full retirement age.
However, there is a time limit to collect the lump-sum death benefit. This is a one-time payment of $255. To receive this payment, you must file the application (by calling Social Security at 800-772-1213 or visiting your local office) within a two-year period. Normally, this period ends with the second anniversary of the person's death.


An occlusion clamp and an applicator for applying the occlusion clamp to body tissue is provided. The occlusion clamp applicator includes a housing having a proximal end having a first opening, a distal end having a second opening, and a pair of finger gripping members. The housing defines a channel which extends between the first and second openings. A plunger is partially positioned within the channel and extends through the first opening. The distal end of the plunger is operably connected to a jaw mechanism which is also slidably positioned within the channel. The jaw mechanism includes a pair of resilient shank portions, each having a distally located jaw member which extends through the second housing opening. Each shank portion also includes a cam surface which engages the distal end of the channel when the plunger is retracted to move the jaw members from a position in spaced relation with each other to a position relatively close in relation with each other. Each jaw member includes a slot having converging sidewalls which intersect at an apex. An occlusion clamp is supported between the jaw members and includes a base portion and a pair of legs extending therefrom. Each leg includes a pair of parallel proximal portions, a pair of cross-over portions, and a pair of clamping portions. Each proximal portion includes a dimpled section configured to receive the sidewalls of the slot in the jaw members. When the jaw members are in the position in spaced relation with each other, the apex protrudes slightly into the dimpled section of the clamp to prevent inadvertent separation of the clamp and the applicator.
The present disclosure relates to an occlusion clamp and applicator for applying the occlusion clamp to body tissue. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to an occlusion clamp and applicator having few moving parts particularly suited for coronary bypass procedures.
Occlusion clamps and applicators for applying occlusion clamps to tissue are known in the art. Typically, occlusion clamps are used during a variety of surgical procedures to isolate an area which requires surgical repair. For example, during coronary artery bypass grafting occlusion clamps are used to isolate the heart and the coronary blood vessels by placing an occlusion clamp on the ascending aorta. Occlusion clamps are also used extensively during neurosurgical procedures to isolate a cerebral aneurysm from the cerebral artery. Such known occlusion clamps and applicators for applying occlusion clamps to tissue are complex and are susceptible to inadvertent separation of the occlusion clamp from the occlusion clamp applicator.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,746 to Derechinsky discloses an applicator for applying clips to blood vessels. The applicator includes a rectilinear tube having a coaxial rod extending therethrough. The distal end of the rod includes a hook adapted to support a clip. A handle and operating mechanism are connected to a proximal end of the tube and rod and are operable to reciprocate the tube relative to the rod. The tube and rod are biased relative to each other such that a clip supported on the hook is partially retained within the tube in a compressed and open position. Upon actuation of the applicator, the tube is retracted from about the clip to allow the clip to return to a normally closed position. If the clip is not adequately clamped about tissue when the actuator is released, it is likely that the clip will become disengaged from the hook and fall into the body adjacent the surgical site.
This is especially true during procedures which require the instrument to be partially rotated about its longitudinal axis during application of the clamp.
Accordingly, a need exists for an occlusion clamp and clamp applicator which reduces the likelihood of inadvertent separation of the occlusion clamp and clamp applicator and is easy to use and to manufacture.
In accordance with the present disclosure, an occlusion clamp and an applicator for applying the occlusion clamp to body tissue is provided. The occlusion clamp applicator includes a housing having a proximal end having a first opening, a distal end having a second opening, and a pair of finger gripping members extending radially outwardly from the exterior of the housing. The housing defines a channel which extends between the first and second openings. A plunger is partially positioned within the channel and extends through the first opening. The distal end of the plunger is operably connected to a jaw mechanism which is also slidably positioned within the channel. The jaw mechanism includes a pair of resilient shank portions, each having a distally located jaw member which extends through the second housing opening. Each shank portion also includes a cam surface which engages the distal end of the channel when the plunger is retracted to move the jaw members from a position in spaced relation with each other to a position relatively close in relation with each other. Each jaw member includes a slot having converging sidewalls which intersect at an apex. The slots are configured to support an occlusion clamp.
An occlusion clamp usable with the presently disclosed clamp applicator includes a base portion and a pair of legs extending therefrom. Each leg includes a pair of parallel proximal portions, a pair of cross-over portions, and a pair of clamping portions. Each proximal portion includes a dimpled section configured to receive the converging sidewalls of the slot in the jaw members of the presently disclosed clamp applicator. When the jaw members are in the position in spaced relation with each other, the apex protrudes slightly into the dimpled section of the clamp to prevent inadvertent separation of the clamp and the applicator.
FIG. 9 is a top view of the occlusion clamp shown in FIG. 7 disengaged from the clamp applicator and positioned about a vessel.
Preferred embodiments of the presently disclosed occlusion clamp and clamp applicator will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings, in which like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding elements in each of the several views.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate the presently disclosed occlusion clamp and clamp applicator shown generally as 10 and 12, respectively. Briefly, clamp applicator 12 includes housing 14, plunger 16 and jaw mechanism 18. Housing 14 is formed having a pair of rearwardly located finger gripping members 20 and a forwardly and a rearwardly located opening 22 and 24 (FIG. 3), respectively. Plunger 16 extends through rearward opening 24. Jaw mechanism 18 is positioned within housing 14 and has a distal end which extends through forward opening 22 and outside housing 14. The distal end of jaw mechanism 18 includes a pair of resilient jaw members 26 and 28. Each jaw member 26 and 28 includes a slot 30 configured and dimensioned to engage the body of a clamp 10. Slots 30 have a pair of converging sidewalls 27 that intersect at an apex 29. See FIG. 4.
Referring to FIG. 3, housing 14 is preferably constructed from molded half-sections 14a and 14b which are fastened together using pins and/or tabs 32 on one of the housing half-sections and identically configured openings 34 formed in the other of the housing half-sections. Tabs and/or pins 32 are snap-fit into openings 34 to secure the housing half-sections together. Preferably, each housing half-section includes both pins 32 and openings 34 spaced along its periphery. Alternately, other fastening methods may be used to attach the housing half-sections together, e.g., adhesives, screws, sonic welding, etc. Housing half-sections 14a and 14b define a channel within housing 14 which includes rearward channel portion 36 and forward channel portion 38. Forward channel portion 38 includes a proximal rectilinear section and a distal section that gradually increases in width toward its forward end, i.e., each sidewall defining channel portion 38 tapers outwardly towards the forward end of housing half-sections 14a and 14b. Annular shoulder 40 separates forward and rearward channel portions 36 and 38.
Plunger 16 includes a cylindrical body portion having an annular flange 42 formed along a midsection thereof. An actuator member 44, preferably configured for engagement with a user's thumb, is formed on a rearward end of plunger 16 and an attachment member 46 is formed on the forward end of plunger 16. Attachment member 46 and/or actuator member 44 may be monolithically formed with plunger 16 or formed separately and attached thereto. Attachment member 46 is configured to be fixedly received within a correspondingly shaped interlocking slot 48 formed in the rearward end of jaw mechanism 18. Although illustrated as being T-shaped, other interlocking configurations are contemplated, e.g., bulbous tip.
Jaw mechanism 18 includes body portion 50 and a pair of forwardly extending resilient shank portions 52. Interlocking slot 48 is formed in the rearward end of body portion 50 and is configured to fixedly receive attachment member 46 of plunger 16, as discussed above. Resilient shank portions 52 of jaw mechanism 18 extend forwardly from body portion 50 and are angled outwardly in an unbiased state. Jaw members 26 and 28 are formed on the distal end of shank portions 52. Each shank portion 52 also includes a cam surface 54 positioned to engage the forward end of forward channel portion 38. The distance between cam surfaces 54 in the unbiased state is greater than the width of the distal end of channel portion 38, such that when jaw mechanism 18 is retracted into channel portion 38, shank portions 52 are biased inwardly to move jaw members 26 and 28 from a spaced configuration to a configuration in which jaw members 26 and 28 are in a relatively closer relation. Referring also to FIG. 5, plunger 16 and jaw mechanism 18 are positioned within housing 14 such that annular flange 42 is slidably positioned within rearward channel portion 36 and jaw mechanism 18 is slidably positioned within forward channel 38. Annular flange 42 has a larger outside diameter than the inside diameter of housing opening 24 such that engagement between annular flange 42 and the rearward end of channel portion 36 defines the fully retracted position of plunger 16. Optionally, a C-clip 56 is positioned about plunger 16 located, within channel portion 36 to abut annular shoulder 40. Biasing member 58, which is preferably a coil spring, is positioned about plunger 16 in channel portion 36 between annular flange 42 and C-clip 56 to urge plunger 16 to the fully retracted position.
Referring to FIG. 7, occlusion clamp 10 is preferably constructed from a single length of spring wire deformed to a shape having a base portion 64, a first leg 66 extending from one end of base portion 64, and second leg 68 extending from the other end of base portion 64. Each leg 64 and 66 includes a proximal portion 67 having a dimpled section 69, a central cross-over portion 70, and a distal clamping portion 72. Proximal portions 67 are parallel to each other and perpendicular to base portion 64. Dimpled sections 69 are dimensioned to receive converging sidewalls 27 and 29 of slot 30 (FIG. 4) of jaw members 26 and 28 to facilitate proper positioning of clamp 10 between jaw 26 and 28. The distal end 73 of each clamping portion 72 is sharpened to permit penetration of clamping portions 72 through body tissue about a vessel 74 (See FIGS. 5 and 6). The tips can also be semi-sharp, shaped as a chisel.
Referring again to FIGS. 5 and 6, biasing member 58 urges plunger 16 to the retracted position to retract jaw mechanism 18 into channel 38. In the retracted position, shank portions 52 of jaw mechanism 18 are located substantially within channel portion 38 with cam surfaces 54 of shank portions 52 in engagement with outwardly tapered walls 60 of channel portion 38. In the retracted position, jaw members 26 and 28 extend through opening 22 in housing 14. Because the distance between the cam surfaces 54 of shank portions 52 in the unbiased condition is greater than the width of the forward end of channel 38, shank portions 52 are urged inwardly to move jaw members 26 and 28 inwardly toward each other. With a clamp 10 supported between jaw members 26 and 28, inward movement of jaw members 26 and 28 causes corresponding inward movement of proximal portions 67 (FIG. 7) of clamp 10 to move distal clamping portions 72 of occlusion clamp 10 away from each other to the spaced configuration.
Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, when plunger 16 is moved longitudinally in the direction indicated by arrow "A", biasing member 58 is compressed within channel 36 between annular shoulder 42 and C-clip 56 and jaw mechanism 18 is advanced longitudinally in the direction indicated by arrow "B" to advance cam surfaces 54 from forward channel portion 38 through opening 22. Guide pins 80 (only one is illustrated) formed on opposite sides of body portion 50 of jaw mechanism 18 are dimensioned to be received in guide slots 82 formed in housing half-sections 14a and 14b and restrict jaw mechanism 18 to linear movement within channel portion 38. Guide slots 82 may extend through housing half-sections 14a and 14b, or may be formed only as grooves in housing half-sections 14a and 14b. As jaw mechanism 18 is advanced longitudinally, resilient shank portions 52 are advanced along channel portion 38 through opening 22 disengaging cam surfaces 54 from tapered walls 60 and allowing resilient shank portions 52 to move to their unbiased state and jaw members 26 and 28 to move apart to the spaced configuration as indicated by arrow "C" in FIG. 8. In the spaced configuration of jaw members 26 and 28, apexes 29 in slot 30 extend slightly into dimple sections 69 to assist in retaining clamp 10 between jaws 26 and 28. In the spaced configuration, proximal portions 72 of occlusion clamp 10 move apart to allow clamping portions 72 of occlusion clamp 10 to move together to a clamped position as indicated by arrow "D" in FIG. 9. After clamp 10 is properly clamped about a vessel 74, applicator 12 can be slid over clamp 10. The force of clamp 10 about vessel 74 is sufficient to overcome the small frictional force required to disengage apexes 29 from dimpled sections 68.
To apply another clamp 10 about a vessel, plunger 16 is advanced to move the jaw members 26, 28 further distally of housing 44 to allow the jaw members to flex outwardly to a position spread further apart. In this position, slots 30 of jaw members 26 and 28 can be slid downwardly over base portion 64 of clamp 10 in a direction parallel to proximal leg portions 67, as indicated by arrow "E" in FIG. 7, to position slots 30 of jaw members 26 and 28 in alignment with dimpled sections 69 of clamp 10. It is noted that the distance between apexes 29 of slots 30 in the outwardly flexed position is equal to or slightly smaller than the distance between the outer surfaces of proximal leg portions 67, such that even when the jaw members 26 and 28 are in the advanced spread apart position, as illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9, clamp 10 is prevented from falling from between the jaw members. Plunger 16 is then released, thereby retracting jaw members 26 and 28 to the position illustrated in FIG. 5 to spread apart clamp portions 72. Clamp 10 can then be applied to tissue as described above.
Occlusion clamp 10 and clamp applicator 12 may be used to perform a variety of surgical procedures. For example, the occlusion clamp 10 and clamp applicator 12 may be used to clamp the coronary artery during bypass surgical procedures. As illustrated in FIGS. 5, 6, 8 and 9, the sharpened end of each clamping portion 72 is positioned to penetrate tissue 83 located about vessel 74 to be clamped, e.g., coronary artery. By positioning clamp portions 72 in tissue 83 located about the coronary artery 74, tissue 83 acts as a cushion between clamping portions 72 and coronary artery 74 to prevent inadvertent vessel damage.
It will be understood that various modifications may be made to the embodiments disclosed herein. For example, the plunger and the jaw mechanism can be monolithically formed. Further, the shape of the cam surfaces on the shank portions of the jaw mechanism and the shape of the forward channel portion in the housing may include any configuration which produces the desired result of moving the jaw members from position in spaced relation to positions in relatively close relation. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of preferred embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the claims appended thereto.
an engaging surface operably associated with the jaw mechanism and positioned to move the jaw members between a position in spaced relation with each other and a position in relative close relation with each other in response to movement of the plunger between the retracted and advanced positions.
2. An occlusion clamp applicator according to claim 1, wherein at least one sidewall of the channel defines the engaging surface.
3. An occlusion clamp applicator according to claim 2, wherein the at least one sidewall of the channel defining the engaging surface tapers outwardly towards the distal end of the channel.
4. An occlusion clamp applicator according to claim 3, wherein the at least one sidewall includes a pair of sidewalls, each of the sidewalls tapering outwardly towards the distal end of the channel.
5. An occlusion clamp applicator according to claim 1, further including a biasing member operably engaging the plunger, the biasing member urging the plunger toward the retracted position.
6. An occlusion applicator according to claim 5, wherein the biasing member includes a coil spring.
7. An occlusion clamp applicator according to claim 1, wherein the housing includes a pair of finger gripping members positioned at a proximal end thereof.
8. An occlusion clamp applicator according to claim 7, wherein the plunger includes an actuator member supported at a proximal end thereof.
9. An occlusion clamp applicator according to claim 1, wherein the jaw members each include a slot configured to support a clamp therebetween.
10. An occlusion clamp applicator according to claim 9, wherein each slot includes angled sidewalls which intersect at an apex.
d) a clamping portion extending from the distal end of each cross-over portion.
12. A resilient occlusion clamp according to claim 11, wherein the distal end of each clamping portion includes a tissue penetrating tip.
13. A resilient occlusion clamp according to claim 11, wherein each proximal portion includes a dimpled section configured to receive a portion of a jaw member of an occlusion clamp applicator.
iv) a clamping portion extending from the distal end of each cross-over portion.
15. A surgical instrument according to claim 14, wherein at least one sidewall of the channel defines the engaging surface.
16. A surgical instrument according to claim 15, wherein the at least one sidewall of the channel defining the engaging surface tapers outwardly towards the distal end of the channel.
17. A surgical instrument according to claim 16, wherein the at least one sidewall includes a pair of sidewalls, each of the sidewalls tapering outwardly towards the distal end of the channel.
18. A surgical instrument according to claim 14, further including a biasing member operably engaging the plunger, the biasing member urging the plunger toward the retracted position.
19. A surgical instrument according to claim 18, wherein the biasing member includes a coil spring.
20. A surgical instrument according to claim 11, wherein the housing includes a pair of finger gripping members positioned at a proximal end thereof.
21. A surgical instrument according to claim 20, wherein the plunger includes an actuator member supported at a proximal end thereof.
22. A surgical instrument according to claim 11, wherein the jaw members each include a recess configured to support a clamp therebetween.
23. A surgical instrument according to claim 22, wherein each recess includes angled sidewalls which intersect at an apex.
24. A surgical instrument according to claim 14, wherein the distal end of each clamping portion includes a sharpened tip.
25. A surgical instrument according to claim 14, wherein each proximal portion includes a dimpled section configured to receive a portion of one of the jaw members of the occlusion clamp applicator.


Even traveling in today's Russia you can take part in a fascinating excursion into the historical past of this huge wonderful country. After all, the history of Russia is everywhere - in the magnificent monuments, memorials, temples, monasteries, ancient ruins of the castle walls ... The Russians are proud of their history, their past, and not without reason: it boasts numerous glorious deeds, great victories, sometimes darkened by tragic events, and there is nothing that could disgrace the Russian people who are recognized as heroic worldwide.So, if you visited this page, it means you are interested in the remarkable milestones in the Russian history and you are willing to visit the heroic and long-suffering Russian land, to follow the path of the great battles, discoveries and legends ... There are so many interesting tours of historical places of Russia! The joyful chiming of the bells will welcome you in historical cities - the witnesses of Russian history: Moscow, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Rostov; the deafening silence - in the places of great battles - Borodino, Kulikovo, Lake Peipus, Mamaev Kurgan, the Kursk Bulge...Each region of Russia is famous for its special history. How did the conquest of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East go on, what role did they play in the destiny of the Russian state? It's pointless to seek the answers to these questions in the history books, it is much more interesting and fun to visit these wonderful places and their historic sites, museums, monuments, step by step penetrating into the secrets of Russian history.


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Home | All news | Sport | Armenian shooter wins gold at Polish Open 2022, secures Olympic berth
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Armenian shooter wins gold at Polish Open 2022, secures Olympic berth
Armenian shooters won 1 gold and 2 silver medals at the Polish Open Championship held on November 22-27. The tournament featured 86 athletes from 8 countries, the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sport informs.
Elmira Karapetyan won the gold in the 10m pistol event with 578 points and secured her participation in the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris.
In the men's competition, Benik Khlghatyan took second place with 580 points and won a silver medal.
Elmira Karapetyan and Benik Khlghatyan won another silver medal in mixed competition with a total of 290+284 points.
Hrachya Babayan, had a successful start and reached the finals in third place, but in the end, he was left out of the medal fight.


Bhushan Kumar's T-Series and Vikram Malhotra-led Abundantia Entertainment have come together to adapt the 2014 American musical comedy-drama, 'Begin Again'. The film directed by John Carney stars Oscar-nominated actor, Mark Ruffalo, Keira Knightley and popular musician, Adam Levine. The original film that received appreciation from the critics as well as the audience worldwide, revolved around a chance encounter between a struggling record-label executive (Ruffalo) and a young singer-songwriter (Knightley), new to Manhattan, which turns into a promising collaboration between the two talents.
The producers have signed the 'Khoobsurat' & 'Veere Di Wedding' director Shashanka Ghosh to direct the adapted Hindi version of the film.
The scripting for the Hindi adaptation is presently underway with Arshad Syed as the writer. Shashanka and Arshad are working on an interesting premise that would suitably adapt the story for the Indian audience, while retaining the essence of the original.
Speaking about his new directorial venture, Shashanka says, "We want to tell a story about the world of music and fresh voices in sound on the Indian scene. And through that, a take on urban relationships that don't necessarily mean love and marriage and happily ever after." He adds, "The worlds explored here are deeper than surface level - heart, hurt, passion, and above all - music."
Producer Bhushan Kumar says, "Begin Again will give us an opportunity to create music that is the most important element of the film. The original film is a masterpiece that is appreciated by critics as well as the audiences. The film is still in the writing process but I hope to get together the best of the soundtracks from our musicians to make a unique music album."
Producer Vikram Malhotra adds, "We are thrilled to adapt Begin Again for the Indian audience. It's a soul-stirring film with disarming emotional candour and intimacy. The film's music is brilliantly woven into the story. Aside from being a largely successful film when it released and receiving rave reviews from all quarters, it's the film's magical take on relationships that works best, and we plan to retain that in our Hindi adaptation."
Since the film is still in its scripting stage, the director adds, "We would like to finish the script, and ideally the music, before we cast."
The Hindi adaptation is in association with AMBI Group with Andrea Lervolino and Monika Bacardi as the Executive Producers.


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