text:
AcceleratorsBuilding fault-tolerant, low-latency exchanges
Building fault-tolerant, low-latency exchanges
Adaptive - 1st October 2020
This article is the first in a series where we'll be sharing our experience of building fault-tolerant, highly-performant marketplaces.
Before we discuss how we build bespoke marketplaces at Adaptive, let's consider an alternative: buying an off-the-shelf solution.
Building a bespoke solution has the obvious benefit that we can tailor it to match requirements. For example, in a marketplace, we might introduce a novel matching algorithm or order type that domain experts think will improve liquidity. These are the kinds of customisation that are impossible, or at least prohibitively expensive, to achieve with an off-the-shelf solution whilst retaining the underlying intellectual property.
On the other hand, building a bespoke solution is riskier. Building marketplaces typically requires a large team with in-depth knowledge both at the domain level and at the infrastructure level. An organisation may need to hire a team if it doesn't have enough capacity in-house. Hiring great people takes time and effort. Factors like this can lengthen the time to market beyond what it takes to develop a solution from scratch. What if a competing marketplace innovates first? How many people are needed to maintain the solution after its initial delivery? Can those people be retained?
At Adaptive, we offer what we think is a compelling third option: a hybrid approach.
Between 2012 and 2020, together with various clients, we've built many trading systems, including exchanges and RFQ workflows, across different asset classes using similar architectures (read more about them in this blog post). In the most recent of these deliveries, we had a budget of 100 microseconds to respond to a NewOrderSingle FIX message, i.e., a "place order" instruction, with execution reports at the 99th percentile. Below is a birds-eye view of the key logical components in this system. We'll revisit it later in more detail.
Over those five years, it became increasingly clear which parts of the architecture remained constant between projects. To offer better value to our clients and to accelerate their deliveries, we wanted to stop building these parts from scratch on each new project; therefore, back in 2017, Adaptive began to invest in a solution: Hydra Platform. Hydra Platform provides an opinionated architecture and building-blocks for the typical logical components that one would find in a trading system. It allows teams to focus on business logic and deliver value to the client straight away without having to worry about low-level details or cross-cutting concerns like how fault-tolerance or disaster recovery will work.
Hydra Platform has and continues to be a compelling option for our clients.
It supports bespoke functionality and customisation.
It de-risks project delivery.
Projects require smaller development teams.
Projects use a proven architecture where we've already established patterns for cross-cutting concerns like fault-tolerance.
Projects cost less up-front than designing and developing the underlying patterns and infrastructure from scratch.
It reduces the time to market.
From the very first day, project teams focus on the business problems they are solving, i.e., the essential complexity, rather than building the underlying infrastructure, i.e., the accidental complexity.
Smaller development teams require less effort to hire.
Projects can leverage building-blocks for the most common logical components in marketplaces (which makes Hydra Platform an excellent fit for building RFQ engines, exchanges, internalisation engines, etc.).
In the following sections, we'll describe how we glue Hydra Platform components together while preserving fault-tolerance across the whole system. By the end, we'll end up with a map of the architecture of projects built with Hydra Platform. In future articles, we will zoom into particular areas of this map, discuss how we've distilled our experience to build specific Hydra Platform components, and demonstrate how easy they are to use.
To find out more about the evolution of this architecture and why we've used it over more traditional architectures, please read our whitepaper on application-level consensus.
The clustered heart of the architecture
A clustered engine sits at the heart of marketplaces built on Hydra Platform.
Each node of the clustered engine contains several stateful, application-level modules. These might be reference data, risk management, and a matching engine, for example. A module processes a consensus-agreed sequence of commands using deterministic business logic to generate a sequence of events that is identical across all nodes.
Modules behave a bit like the idealised, pure function signature below, which is similar to the signature for a fold. On a single thread, modules process each command in the context of the current state to produce a sequence of events and the next state.
Over the last decade or so, similar, log-based patterns have emerged across the whole stack. For example, event-sourcing has become popular on the back-end, and Redux and Elm-based applications have become popular on the front-end. Based on our experience, we attribute this to two main factors.
Deterministic, single-threaded code is easy to understand; especially when paired with clearly defined inputs, outputs and state.
Time-travel debugging makes it easy to track down and fix bugs, and it is trivial to implement in systems where one can replay commands/events/actions.
We place our modules at the core of a hexagonal architecture to eliminate infrastructure-level concerns from our business logic. It makes testing straightforward and reduces lock-in to messaging infrastructure. We implement adapters for a few simple interfaces that our business logic exposes. These adapters plug the business logic into Hydra Platform so that it runs with fault-tolerance.
Divergence protection
Earlier, we described modules as processing "each command in the context of the current state to produce a sequence of events and the next state". When clustered business logic is accidentally not deterministic, it may cause divergence of these outputs, i.e., the next state and the emitted events might differ across cluster nodes. Non-determinism occurs when a developer uses something that isn't the same across all nodes or isn't the same if we replay the log, for example, system time.
To prevent divergence, we use two strategies in Hydra Platform. First, we use static-analysis tooling to nudge developers into writing deterministic code. Second, we deploy monitoring software to detect divergence at runtime.
High-performance replication, consensus and distribution
Hydra Platform uses a highly-efficient RAFT implementation, built on top of Aeron, to replicate, persist and sequence the commands that the FIX and web gateways send to the engine. It also uses Aeron to distribute and replay events to downstream components efficiently.
Performance and protocol-design gurus Martin Thompson and Todd Montgomery, of Disruptor and 29West fame respectively, built Aeron for low-latency messaging. To get the best out of it, we use zero-allocation, zero-copy messaging codecs similar to SBE, Flatbuffers and Cap'n Proto on top.
Let's look at some numbers!
We recently ran a series of benchmarks to measure round-trip latency between different kinds of Hydra Platform components. We ran our benchmarks on:
"m5d.metal" EC2 instances,
bare metal with kernel-based networking, and
bare metal with kernel bypass.
In any system, latency measurements will change as the load upon it changes. Therefore, it is essential to consider the load a system was under when its latency was measured and not look at latency figures in isolation. We ran each benchmark under a load of 100,000 round-trips per second from a single client, where each message was 100 bytes in length.
Between non-clustered Hydra components, on two machines, our measurements showed that 99.99% of all round-trips, that is, two hops, were less than:
200 microseconds on EC2,
50 microseconds on bare metal, and
23 microseconds on bare metal with kernel bypass.
Between a Hydra Platform engine clustered across three machines and its client on another, our measurements showed that 99.99% of all round-trips, including hops for consensus, were less than:
175 microseconds on bare metal, and
Limitations on the size of the clustered engine state
The programming model embraced by Hydra Platform limits the business logic inside our cluster to processing commands using only its ("snapshottable") in-memory state. The finite nature of main memory imposes an upper limit on the size of this state. Therefore, we avoid storing unbounded collections, e.g., trade executions, inside it. Instead, we record events to disk using our event log.
As our business logic is on a single thread, expensive queries slow down the processing of latency-sensitive commands like cancelling an order. Wherever it is sensible, we avoid executing queries inside the clustered engine.
If a downstream component needs data, but we're not willing to store it in the clustered engine or query it, where do we obtain such data? Let's look at an example.
The admin gateway and web trading gateway both present live pages of tabular data based on user-defined queries using Hydra Platform's LiveQuery. They source real-time data from the streaming tail of the event log. However, this streaming tail doesn't give enough information to answer questions like, "what ten trades have the highest prices in the last 48 hours on BTC/USD?". Answering questions like this requires historical data too.
While it is possible to replay two days of data in an exchange environment, we don't recommend it! Consider the following questions.
From what position in our (unindexed) event log should we replay?
How expensive is it to ingest two days worth of data to compute the result set?
At what rate will we receive these queries?
Accumulating data in read-models
If replaying is not an option, where do we obtain historical data? The answer is that we continuously update a data-structure to answer our queries efficiently. In CQRS-speak, we call this data-structure a "read-model".
In the case of historical trade execution data, the history service acts as our read-model. It maintains an indexed table inside a relational database. It converts each "trade executed" event that the engine appends to the event log into a row insert. We store the table in a denormalised form to avoid the computation of expensive joins when the database executes queries.
The history service exposes an API for other components to issue queries. Upon receiving a request, it converts the query into SQL and executes the query against its database. It then transforms the result set into messages that it sends directly back to the component that issued the request.
Read-model resilience and recovery
We run redundant instances of the history service in an active/active configuration to avoid introducing a single point of failure. Whenever a service writes a row out to its database, it writes a high-water mark alongside it that indicates how far into the event log the service has consumed. When the service restarts, it queries its database for this high-water mark and replays only the unprocessed events from the event log.
At the fringes of our initial component diagram, coloured in blue and red, are gateways that provide connectivity with external systems.
In line with the cluster, we tend to use the hexagonal pattern in our gateways too. Again, we implement adapters over the interfaces that the business logic exposes to plug it into Hydra Platform.
Gateways and clients vary between projects. Hydra Platform allows developers to build custom gateways and clients quickly using its building-blocks.
There are several gateways shown in the original diagram.
We built some gateways using the Hydra Platform FIX Gateway building-block.
The FIX Order Management (OM) Gateway allows customers to modify orders.
The FIX Market Data (MD) Gateway gives customers access to live updates for selected order-books.
The FIX Drop Copy Gateway integrates with customers' back-office infrastructure to support reconciling trades.
We built other gateways using the Hydra Platform Web Gateway building-block.
The Web Trading Gateway provides similar functionality to the FIX OM and MD gateways but exposes a JSON API over WebSocket.
The Admin Gateway exposes an API and Web GUI for market operators to configure and observe the marketplace, e.g., they might use this functionality to list instruments or to see live orders.
Protocol transformation
Gateways typically transform one protocol into another, e.g., from FIX into an efficient internal protocol and vice-versa. We often split gateways into two parts: an inbound flow and an outbound flow. This split is similar to the division in CQRS.
The inbound flow receives messages from external sessions that might mutate the state of the system, e.g., a command to place an order. First, it validates these commands, e.g., checking that a place order command references a tradable instrument. Next, it transforms these commands. Externally, we may expose heavyweight types, e.g., strings to represent instrument identifiers. In contrast, internally, we might use more efficient representations, e.g., 64-bit integers, that we might need to look up in a map. Finally, it forwards the transformed commands to the clustered engine.
The outbound flow receives events from the clustered engine. It transforms these events into messages of the external protocol, e.g., FIX messages, and disseminates them to external sessions. It might also maintain a cache of data to service queries.
Keeping the clustered engine lean by farming out work to gateways
Gateways can be useful for offloading work from the clustered engine. For example, we built an exchange-like system where we had to apply a markup to prices before disseminating them. Each customer observed slightly different prices (with tailored markups). We put this calculation logic in gateway instances rather than inside the clustered engine, as it allowed us to scale (more) horizontally to match the number of concurrent customer connections.
In-memory read-models for joining data
Sometimes transformations in gateways, like price markup, require more information than is available in the individual events that we transform. For example, we might need price and customer tier to calculate a price with markup. Price information but not all customers' tier information may be available on something akin to an "order placed" event. Therefore, we need to obtain and maintain, via the processing of events, this customer tier data separately to join together with our "order placed" events later. For this purpose, in addition to servicing queries, gateways sometimes maintain in-memory read-models.
Gateway resilience and recovery
Unlike the history service that is backed by a durable database, there is no high-water mark for an in-memory read-model on restart. All the state is gone. To seed our in-memory read-model at startup time, we "prime" it by either querying the clustered engine, if it is reasonably quick and a small amount of data, or by requesting the data from another durable read-model like the history service.
We usually run redundant instances of gateways in an active/active configuration. If we have a business requirement that only one gateway should accept connections at any time, e.g., to avoid differences in latency for modifying orders, we can run groups of gateway instances in an active/passive configuration. Hydra Platform will detect failures of active gateways and "promote" passive instances. It frees the application layer, and application development team, from dealing with the complexity around failover orchestration.
We're at the end! We've covered all of the components in our initial diagram.
In the diagram below, we unfurl the inbound and outbound parts of our gateways, that we mentioned earlier, to represent our components slightly differently. It shows that, if we squint, we have a unidirectional data flow when we structure our gateways in this manner. This flow, when coupled with deterministic business logic, extends some of the benefits of the clustered engine that we mentioned earlier, such as time-travel debugging, to everything downstream of it.
Thank you for reading this article. We hope that you:
have picked up a high-level understanding of some of the components we use to build highly-performant, fault-tolerant trading systems; and
understand where Hydra Platform sits on the buy vs build spectrum.
In future articles, we'll cover various aspects of Hydra Platform in more detail and show how simple its APIs are to use. In the meantime, you can also find out more in this blog series about Hydra Platform by our CTO.
If you would like more information about Aeron or Hydra Platform, please don't hesitate to reach out to me on LinkedIn or click the button below.
Zachary Bray
Senior Software Engineer, Adaptive Financial Consulting Ltd


Honor, Huawei's e-brand for digital natives, today announced limited four-day Blockbuster sale with attractive discounts, on bestseller devices such as Honor 9 Lite, Honor 7X, Huawei QuickCharger, and accessories. The blockbuster sale starting on April 24th – 27th will offer Honor devices at unprecedented prices exclusively on its e-Store http://store.hihonor.com/in.
The Honor Store Blockbuster Days Sale has been conceived specially to provide consumers an opportunity to own select popular Honor devices at privileged prices. Honor 9 Lite, Honor 7X – Two of the most acclaimed smartphones from Honor's portfolio have established themselves as bankable and performance driven smartphones owing to best in class hardware offerings and software features.
1. Customer sign-in on store.hihonor.com/in and click on GET COUPON in the coupon section.
3. Copy Coupon & go to product buy page.
The Honor 9 Lite is a 5.65-inch smartphone with an 18:9 IPS display, designed with dual cameras on both the front and rear and runs on Android 8.0 Oreo with EMUI 8.0. The quad-camera smartphone that delivers unparalleled images for the selfie-lovers, will be available at an extremely competitive price point of INR 10,999 for the 32 GB variant and INR 14,999 for the 64 GB variant. Honor is an industry leader in its creation of reasonable value products, combining top-end quality and performance at a highly competitive price point.
Compared to other smartphones in the same price bracket, the Honor 9 Lite leads the way in combining value with the all-important wider screen, bezel-less display and a series of high-end features; from the premium double-sided 2.5D glass unibody, 13MP quad-lens camera, a 3000 mAh long-lasting battery with unmatched durability and quality. Honor recently announced Face Unlock feature for the Honor 9 Lite. To enable face recognition, you need to enroll your face by accusing Face recognition feature in phone settings menu. You can enroll your face by simply looking at the camera.
Accompanied by special filters and 'Effects' function, amateur photographers too can stand out on social media with superior quality images. Honor 7X boasts an 18:9 edge-to-edge, bezel-less screen which enhances viewing and gaming experience significantly. Honor recently announced Face Unlock feature for the Honor 7X. To enable face recognition, you need to enroll your face by accusing Face recognition feature in phone settings menu. You can enroll your face by simply looking at the camera.


text:
Steve Gibbons (born 8 October 1956) is a graphic designer and co-founder of the London based design agency Dew Gibbons.

Life
Stephen John Gibbons was born on 8 October 1956. He was educated at Bedford Modern School and trained at the Royal College of Art where he graduated MA in 1982.

In 1982 Gibbons was invited by his tutor at the RCA, Brian Tattersfield, to begin a career at Minale Tattersfield, the agency that Tattersfield had co-founded in 1964 with his partner Marcello Minale. In 1985, Gibbons became a partner in another agency, The Partners, until co-founding Dew Gibbons in 1997 with Shaun Dew. Dew Gibbons was voted UK Design & Branding Consultancy of the Year in 2014 by The Drum with a focus on health and beauty brands.

Gibbons has been the recipient of two silver D&AD Awards for environmental graphics and signing schemes, and various other awards including the Chartered Society of Designers Awards, XYZ Magazine Awards, Communication Awards in the Building Industry, Donside Graphic Design and Print Awards and DBA Design Effectiveness Awards. His work has also been selected for various international awards including the Art Directors Club of New York, PDC Gold Awards USA, Creativity USA, Communication Arts USA, Graphis Switzerland, International Poster Biennale, Poland.

Gibbons has been an occasional design juror for the D&AD Awards and was a member of its executive committee until 1998. He lectures at various UK universities, is a regular contributor at conferences on graphic design and is an external moderator for the BA in Graphic Design at Kingston University.

References

1956 births
Living people
British graphic designers
English graphic designers
People educated at Bedford Modern School
Alumni of the Royal College of Art

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Try Scuba for the first time with us! Discover Scuba Diving program cost 4,000 baht (Christmas special is 3,600 baht from now till January 1st, 2019!) all-inclusive with hotel pickup and drop off, services of PADI Dive Instructor, training exercises, 2 discovery dives, full set of equipment and lunch.
Rental underwater camera is 500 baht. We will save all your photos and videos on a DVD for you when you get back to shop.


Athens Clarke County residents can now file incident reports digitally.
It's important we have officers out there actually doing the policing," said County Manager Blaine Williams.
Officers no longer have to come to the police department lobby to take a report, a process that takes them off the road for 30 to 40 minutes. And for citizens, they can file from anywhere.
"A person can file form their living room of course; they don't have to get dressed to come out to the police department," said Sgt. Jimmy Carter.
You can report an incident online at the police website or call to access a link.
It usually takes three to five days for a report to process. Now, it happens in an hour.
"We both want to be efficient with out officers time. We want to be responsive to our citizens," said Williams.
The new system went live last Monday and 32 people have already used it.


We invite you to salute OTTO's 6 years of serving pizza goodness to New Englanders! Post your own versions of OTTO-themed album covers on our Facebook timeline and WIN!
Entries may be posted on our Facebook timeline or emailed to contactus@ottoportland.com.
We will add the very best entries to our 'OTTO Rocks II!' Facebook gallery, and elsewhere.
Check out entries from the original OTTO Rocks! for some inspiration.
Get to it! We salute you!


Early this week, I opted to withdraw to the mountains to spend some time reflecting, praying and fasting. We normally do 3 days corporate fast in our church at the beginning of the year, this one though is personal. Need this break to pray for important people in my life, clear my mind and seek direction on pressing issues, and of course, humble myself and repent.
Context: Saul was given specific instructions on what to do, but he opted to play politics and chose to make himself look good on people than follow God.
Context: Israel is not yet ready to go to war, unprovoked, Jonathan attacked an enemy's outpost. As a result, the untimely war caused a lot of miscues in leadership decisions.
Personal grudges of your officers towards their counterpart can derail collaboration or merger between two organizations.
Context: King Saul is dead, and David was proclaimed King of Judah. They are now in the process of unifying the 12 tribes, when the officers personal grudges got in the way and delayed the unification.
Context: Before David died, he gave instructions to his successor, so his leadership reigns will be secure, and will continue to the next generations.
This is so insightful, Sir Sonnie. It is great that we are reminded about this once in a while esp when our grounds are being tested. I feel like people should know more about your blogs. I always introduce this site to the students who come to me for coaching and also whenever I am invited to talk. I still have a lot to learn and to change, but thank you for the advocacy you have shared with us. It gives us the mettle and the proper guidance on what to do. God bless you always!
How are you Kriz, hope you can come over to Manila soon! Help us organize as well mentoring in your province, and/or University for our campus tour!


Make this your mantra. In my experience, "sliding by" works, sometimes. But, showing up fully prepared, engaged, with all your homework completed, i's dotted and t's crossed, is a more guaranteed path to success. I learned this very young in my career as a corporate tax lawyer. I was thrown into the Mergers & Acquisitions tax structuring practice of Arthur Andersen in Houston, TX (yes, that Arthur Andersen that worked on Enron). Up until then, I had taken 1 tax class in law school – personal income tax. My work, was in the corporate area. So, I had NO IDEA what was going on, literally, I didn't understand 1/2 of what people would say to me. They were using terminology, examples and illustrations, that were completely foreign to me. In the evenings, I would take treatises home, and study. I would review my assignments over and over, just to be sure I knew what was going on. Not only did I learn corporate tax, but I learned the true value of preparation and doing your homework, in a non-educational environment. This practice, of continual excellence, is something I strive to practice. Each and every day. What do you do to exude excellence? I'd love to hear. Please write me in the #AskSamira box, or in the comments below.


text:
package alien4cloud.it.users;

import static org.junit.Assert.*;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;

import alien4cloud.dao.model.FacetedSearchResult;
import alien4cloud.dao.model.GetMultipleDataResult;
import alien4cloud.it.Context;
import alien4cloud.it.security.AuthenticationStepDefinitions;
import alien4cloud.rest.model.RestResponse;
import alien4cloud.rest.utils.JsonUtil;
import alien4cloud.security.model.User;
import alien4cloud.security.users.rest.UserSearchRequest;
import cucumber.api.java.en.Given;
import cucumber.api.java.en.Then;
import cucumber.api.java.en.When;

public class UsersDefinitionsSteps {

    private AuthenticationStepDefinitions authSteps = new AuthenticationStepDefinitions();

    @Given("^there is (\\d+) users in the system$")
    public void there_is_users_in_the_system(int count) throws Throwable {
        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            authSteps.I_create_a_new_user_with_name_and_password_in_the_system("user_" + i, "user");
        }
    }

    @When("^I search in users for \"([^\"]*)\" from (\\d+) with result size of (\\d+)$")
    public void I_search_in_users_for_from_with_result_size_of(String searchedText, int from, int size) throws Throwable {
        UserSearchRequest req = new UserSearchRequest(searchedText, null, from, size);
        String jSon = Context.getInstance().getJsonMapper().writeValueAsString(req);
        Context.getInstance().registerRestResponse(Context.getRestClientInstance().postJSon("/rest/users/search", jSon));
    }

    @Then("^there should be (\\d+) users in the response$")
    public void there_should_be_users_in_the_response(int expectedSize) throws Throwable {
        RestResponse<FacetedSearchResult> restResponse = JsonUtil.read(Context.getInstance().takeRestResponse(), FacetedSearchResult.class);
        GetMultipleDataResult searchResp = restResponse.getData();
        assertNotNull(searchResp);
        assertNotNull(searchResp.getTypes());
        assertNotNull(searchResp.getData());
        assertEquals(expectedSize, searchResp.getTypes().length);
        assertEquals(expectedSize, searchResp.getData().length);
    }

    @When("^I add a role \"([^\"]*)\" to user \"([^\"]*)\"$")
    public void I_add_a_role_to_user(String role, String username) throws Throwable {
        Context.getInstance().registerRestResponse(Context.getRestClientInstance().put("/rest/users/" + username + "/roles/" + role));
    }

    @Then("^The response should contain a user \"([^\"]*)\" having \"([^\"]*)\" role$")
    public void The_response_should_contain_a_user_having_role(String username, String expectedRole) throws Throwable {
        RestResponse<User> restResponse = JsonUtil.read(Context.getInstance().getRestResponse(), User.class);
        User user = restResponse.getData();
        assertNotNull(user);
        assertNotNull(user.getRoles());
        assertTrue(ArrayUtils.contains(user.getRoles(), expectedRole));
    }

    @Given("^there is a user \"([^\"]*)\" with the \"([^\"]*)\" role$")
    public void there_is_a_user_with_the_role(String username, String expectedRole) throws Throwable {
        authSteps.There_is_a_user_in_the_system(username);
        String response = Context.getRestClientInstance().get("/rest/users/" + username);
        User user = JsonUtil.read(response, User.class).getData();
        if (!ArrayUtils.contains(user.getRoles(), expectedRole)) {
            I_add_a_role_to_user(expectedRole, username);
        }
    }

    @When("^I remove a role \"([^\"]*)\" to user \"([^\"]*)\"$")
    public void I_remove_a_role_to_user(String role, String username) throws Throwable {
        Context.getInstance().registerRestResponse(Context.getRestClientInstance().delete("/rest/users/" + username + "/roles/" + role));
    }

    @Then("^The response should contain a user \"([^\"]*)\" not having \"([^\"]*)\" role$")
    public void The_response_should_contain_a_user_not_having_role(String username, String expectedRole) throws Throwable {
        RestResponse<User> restResponse = JsonUtil.read(Context.getInstance().getRestResponse(), User.class);
        User user = restResponse.getData();
        assertNotNull(user);
        assertTrue(!ArrayUtils.contains(user.getRoles(), expectedRole));
    }

    @When("^I delete the user \"([^\"]*)\"$")
    public void I_delete_the_user(String username) throws Throwable {
        Context.getInstance().registerRestResponse(Context.getRestClientInstance().delete("/rest/users/" + username));
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Jennings Randolph Memorial Bridge
The Jennings Randolph Memorial Bridge carries US Route 30 over the Ohio River between East Liverpool, Ohio and Chester, West Virginia.
Chester Bridge
The Chester Bridge was opened by the Penn Bridge Company 8 as a tolled facility on December 31, 1896. 6 Costing over $200,000 to erect, the combination suspension and Warren through truss bridge carried two automobile lanes and the Chester & Rock Springs Railway interurban. 8 After a little more than a year, the bridge company went into receivership and it was operated by the receivers for three years. C.A. Smith eventually gained controlling interest in the crossing which was later sold to the East Liverpool Traction & Light Company 6 and acquired by the state of Ohio in 1938. 8
Following the collapse of the Silver Bridge between Point Pleasant, West Virginia, and Gallipolis, Ohio on December 15, 1967, the Ohio Highway Department ordered a detailed inspection of three other suspension spans along the Ohio River. 2 7 The engineering firm of Modjeski & Masters of Harrisburg was retained and a quick inspection found that the Chester Bridge was safe for automobile traffic despite a bent girder, broken weld spots, and holes in the roadway. 2 A 15-ton weight limit was imposed on the crossing as a more detailed inspection proceeded.
By January 21, the company had found enough evidence of severe cable corrosion, especially in the anchorage on the West Virginia approach. 2 As a result, an automobile weight limit of 2½-tons was imposed, effectively banning trucks and buses from using the deteriorated crossing. Some vehicles were able to be detoured to the nearby Newell Toll Bridge, which had a weight limit of 10 tons, and the Midland-Shippingport Bridge in Pennsylvania.
Work to repair the bent girder and weld spots began not long after while a more extensive inspection was conducted. 2 It revealed that the cables had corroded extensively throughout the superstructure and could not be repaired or augmented with auxiliary cables. It was recommended that the Chester Bridge be replaced.
Another inspection conducted by Modjeski & Masters in October discovered serious deterioration of the cables on the Ohio approach. 2 It was recommended that intervals between automobiles be extended to a minimum of 45 feet. More ominous was that the firm's warning that within a year, one-way traffic would have to be instituted, and by 1971, the span would have to be closed to all traffic. Another examination in March 1969 unveiled further deterioration of the cables that were underneath the roadway deck, and that many single wires that had made up the cables had parted and could not be repaired or replaced. Effective May 14 at 11 AM, the Chester Bridge was closed to all automobiles.
Preliminary steps to demolish the old Chester Bridge began in July but work was delayed as the Chester city council wanted the old crossing to be repaired. 2 Finally, in April 1970, the Ohio Department of Transportation announced that it would open up bids in June for the removal of the old bridge. 2 8 Demolition began in August and by November, only the towers and main cables remained. 2 After the cables were severed, the tower on the West Virginia side fell into the river toward the shore while the tower on the Ohio side had to be removed by a land crane.
In June 1968, the West Virginia State Road Commissioned hired the consulting engineering firm of Wilbur Smith & Associates to conduct a feasibility study for a new bridge in the East Liverpool and Chester vicinity. 2 Three proposed locations for a replacement crossing were unveiled in January 1969: 1
Across the downstream tip of Babb's Island in the area of River Road in East Liverpool and Pennsylvania Avenue in Chester;
Near the existing bridge between East 3rd Street in East Liverpool and Pennsylvania Avenue in Chester; and
Between the proposed East Liverpool Freeway extension in East Liverpool and Chester.
Following the closure of the Chester Bridge, efforts to build a new crossing accelerated, leading to a meeting of Ohio Governor Rhodes and West Virginia Governor Moore on May 16 where it was announced that a new bridge would be built over the downstream end of Babb's Island. 2 It was estimated that the new Chester Bridge would take 17 months to complete, cost $12 million, and be opened by December 1970 or early 1971.
A preliminary design for the new crossing had to be modified after the Coast Guard indicated in May 1970 that the Babb's Island channel should be kept open for navigational purposes. 4 The revised plans, approved in October, including a redesign of the Ohio approach, an increase in vertical clearance over the Babb's Island channel from 44.3 feet to 51 feet, and an increase in horizontal clearance between piers to 200 feet. The Ohio approach would tie into the proposed East Liverpool Freeway while the West Virginia approach would cut through the abandoned Rock Springs Park and include an interchange at WV Route 2.
To finance the new Chester Bridge, the states of West Virginia and Ohio applied for 100% federal funding through the 1970 Federal Highways Amendments Act. 5 If it were to be denied, the states were prepared to toll the bridge. On June 14, 1971, the Federal Highway Administration notified the state authorities that the remaining work on the new Chester Bridge would be financed completely with federal funds through the Federal Highways Amendments Act. 5
December 1970: Bids between $1.7 million and $2.7 million were received for the construction of the substructure and the 125-foot-high piers in December. 4
June 1971: The first concrete for the Ohio piers was poured after the cofferdams had been built. It was estimated that the piers would be completed within a year. 4 But just before the piers were finished, the height of the river piers needed to be raised to meet revisions for the Ohio approach to accommodate the East Liverpool Freeway along the river. 5 Despite the delays, the main piers were completed on February 10, 1972, just ten days over the original completion date, at the cost of $1.8 million, which was paid for entirely by the state of West Virginia.
July 17: A $4 million contract was awarded to Novco Corp. of Vincennes, Indiana for the steel to be used in the superstructure. 5 Meanwhile, the completion of the freeway through East Liverpool was delayed because of problems in relocating residents. Further impediments were encountered because of contention over the WV Route 2 interchange in Chester and because of a requirement for an additional environmental impact statement as federal funds were being used to complete the bridge.
August 1972: A $5.6 million contract was awarded to Melbourne Brothers Construction of North Canton in August for the construction of the Ohio approach, and a 100-ton crane was brought in by the end of the month to start the work. 5
September 27, 1973: The first steel for the future roadway deck was placed. 5
March 20, 1974: Bristol Steel & Iron Works of Bristol, Virginia submitted the low bid of $11.2 million for the superstructure construction. 5 For the West Virginia approach, a bid of $908,000 was submitted by the L.R. Skelton & Company of Columbus for the construction of the piers, followed by a bid of $4 million by the National Engineering Company of Strongsville for the superstructure, $4.9 million by the Carl M. Geupel Construction Company for the roadway, and $6.9 million for the freeway to the bridge.
Two labor strikes and extremely cold weather delayed the completion of the bridge decks and superstructure erection. 5 Finally, after years of delay, the new Chester-East Liverpool Bridge was dedicated and opened on November 7, 1977. 2 3 5 It was completed well over the original estimates at the cost of $47 million. 3
The crossing was later dedicated for Jennings Randolph, a notable politician from West Virginia who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1933 to 1947 and in the United States Senate from 1958 to 1985.
State: Ohio, West Virginia
Route: US Route 30
Type: Pratt Through Truss
Status: Active - Automobile
Total Length: 2,023 feet
Main Span Length: 745 feet
Deck Width: 60 feet
Above Vertical Clearance: 18.5 feet
"Three Locations Proposed for Chester Bridge." Evening Review [East Liverpool], 18 Jan. 1969, pp. G1-G3.
Waight, Glenn H. "'Silver Bridge' Collapse Led to Inspection Here." Evening Review [East Liverpool], 7 Nov. 1977, p. G2.
"A Bridge to Somewhere." Evening Review [East Liverpool], 7 Nov. 1977, p. G1.
"Delays Brought Gloomy Years." Evening Review [East Liverpool], 7 Nov. 1977, pp. G4-G6.
Huston, Lucille. "Federal Funding Sparked Better Outlook For Span." Evening Review [East Liverpool], 7 Nov. 1977, pp. G10-G12.
"The Original Chester Bridge." East Liverpool Historical Society, 2021.
"Chester Bridge Inspection Asked by Commissioners." Salem News, 19 Dec. 1967, p. 8.
"Chester Bridge. Chester, West Virginia." Laurel Hollow Park.
1 thought on "Jennings Randolph Memorial Bridge"
Unknown or Deleted Userkris says:
where can u park car to fish off bridge

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Wine : harvest 2017 will be very in advance, and a limited but quality
The harvest will, on average, two weeks ahead of time in France due to unpredictable weather, and if the quality will be at the appointment, the amount is expected to be much lower in particular due to the gel, which worries professionals.
"The harvest will be excessively early in all production areas, we will have roughly around 15 days ahead, even in the Champagne", said to AFP Jerome Despey, chairman of the board, specialized Wines, FranceAgriMer and the general secretary of the FNSEA, the main farmers union French.
While in the Pyrénées-Orientales, the harvest began the end of July, with fifteen days in advance, the harvest will start Wednesday in Ramatuelle in the Var, and end-of-week in the Gard and the Vaucluse, an advance "unusual", according to the professionals of the region.
To the smaller crop of the century
The disturbing remains, however, for Jerome Despey that it was "between 20 and 30% less to harvest compared to last year," on his own farm "and everything seems to confirm that we will be the smallest crop recorded since the beginning of the century".
This phenomenon is due to a combination of factors : the heat early in the spring, to which is added the gel, which has been significant in the south-west going up on the Loire river and the east side of the country, and a dry period during the summer in the south, which has accelerated the maturity.
"Qualitatively there is no concern because there is not a disease. One should have an exceptional year", he says.
However, it remains "concerned about the difficult situation that will live on the producers with 30% and 80% of losses for those whose production has been frozen. There will be loss of revenue to the hectare, consistent, and even if the price of the wine should increase, this will not offset the loss of production"
Call to the aid of the ministry of Agriculture
The union rep is calling the minister of Agriculture, Stéphane Travert, "to ensure that measures of cash with rebates of taxes on the land not built on, supported social security contributions can be put in place" to "that can accompany some of which might be 'impacted' by this lower production potential, I think especially the younger people".
The FNSEA has also asked the minister to receive the whole of the wine sector at the end of the month.
(with AFP)


This #1 mother heart and rose pendant is crafted with solid 14k yellow and rose gold with white rhodium and it features a polished and diamond cut finish. The approximate size is 17 mm x 20 mm and its average item weight is 1.07 grams. This item does not include a chain.


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Beaver facts for kids
(Redirected from Castor fiber)
Temporal range: Late Miocene - Recent
Suborder: Castorimorpha
Family: Castoridae
Genus: Castor
American Beaver, C. canadensis
European Beaver, C. fiber
A beaver is a kind of rodent. It is semi-aquatic, meaning some of the time it lives in water, some of the time it lives on land. Beavers can only be found in North America and Europe. In Europe, they almost became extinct (died off), but they are returning. There are beavers living in the Elbe and Rhone rivers, as well as in Bavaria, Poland and Scandinavia. Beavers are known for building and keeping dams in rivers.
North American beaver
Water quality and beavers
Urban beavers in United States
As an introduced non-native species
Territories and spacing
Commercial uses
As a national emblem
In dietary law
In computer science
Beavers, along with pocket gophers and kangaroo rats, are castorimorph rodents, a suborder of rodents mostly restricted to North America. Although just two closely related species exist today, beavers have a long fossil history in the Northern Hemisphere beginning in the Eocene, and many species of giant beaver existed until quite recently, such as Trogontherium in Europe, and Castoroides in North America.
Beavers are known for their natural trait of building dams on rivers and streams, and building their homes (known as "lodges") in the resulting pond. Beavers also build canals to float building materials that are difficult to haul over land. They use powerful front teeth to cut trees and other plants that they use both for building and for food. In the absence of existing ponds, beavers must construct dams before building their lodges. First they place vertical poles, then fill between the poles with a crisscross of horizontally placed branches. They fill in the gaps between the branches with a combination of weeds and mud until the dam impounds sufficient water to surround the lodge.
A beaver skeleton
They are known for their alarm signal: when startled or frightened, a swimming beaver will rapidly dive while forcefully slapping the water with its broad tail, audible over great distances above and below water. This serves as a warning to beavers in the area. Once a beaver has sounded the alarm, nearby beavers will dive and may not reemerge for some time. Beavers are slow on land, but are good swimmers, and can stay under water for as long as 15 minutes.
Beavers are herbivores, and prefer the wood of quaking aspen, cottonwood, willow, alder, birch, maple and cherry trees. They also eat sedges, pondweed, and water lilies.
Beavers do not hibernate, but store sticks and logs in a pile in their ponds, eating the underbark. Some of the pile is generally above water and accumulates snow in the winter. This insulation of snow often keeps the water from freezing in and around the food pile, providing a location where beavers can breathe when outside their lodge.
Beavers have webbed hind-feet, and a broad, scaly tail. They have poor eyesight, but keen senses of hearing, smell, and touch. A beaver's teeth grow continuously so that they will not be worn down by chewing on wood. Their four incisors are composed of hard orange enamel on the front and a softer dentin on the back. The chisel-like ends of incisors are maintained by their self-sharpening wear pattern. The enamel in a beaver's incisors contains iron and is more resistant to acid than enamel in the teeth of other mammals.
Beavers continue to grow throughout their lives. Adult specimens weighing over 25 kg (55 lb) are not uncommon. Females are as large as or larger than males of the same age, which is uncommon among mammals. Beavers live up to 24 years of age in the wild.
North American beaver tracks
A Eurasian beaver
The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) was nearly hunted to extinction in Europe, both for fur and for castoreum, a secretion from its scent gland believed to have medicinal properties. However, the beaver is now being re-introduced throughout Europe. Several thousand live on the Elbe and the Rhône and in parts of Scandinavia. A thriving community lives in northeast Poland, and the Eurasian beaver also returned to the Morava River banks in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. They have been reintroduced in Scotland (Knapdale), Bavaria, Austria, Netherlands, Serbia (Zasavica bog), Denmark (West Jutland) and Bulgaria and are spreading to new locations. The beaver became extinct in Great Britain in the sixteenth century: Giraldus Cambrensis reported in 1188 (Itinerarium ii.iii) that it was to be found only in the Teifi in Wales and in one river in Scotland, though his observations are clearly second hand. In 2001, Kent Wildlife Trust successfully introduced a family of beavers at Ham Fen, the last remaining ancient fenland in the county close to the town of Sandwich; these are now established and are breeding. In October 2005, six Eurasian beavers were reintroduced to Britain in Lower Mill Estate in Gloucestershire; in July 2007 a colony of four Eurasian beavers was established at Martin Mere in Lancashire, and a small population of probably Eurasian beavers is being monitored in Devon. A trial re-introduction occurred in Scotland in May 2009. Feasibility studies for a reintroduction to Wales are at an advanced stage and a preliminary study for a reintroduction of beavers to the wild in England has recently been published.
A North American beaver
The North American beaver (Castor canadensis), also called the Canadian beaver (which is also the name of a subspecies), American beaver, or simply beaver in North America, is native to Canada, much of the United States and parts of northern Mexico. This species was introduced to the Argentine and Chilean Tierra del Fuego, as well as Finland, France, Poland and Russia.
The North American beavers prefer the (inner) bark of aspen and poplar but will also take birch, maple, willow, alder, black cherry, red oak, beech, ash, hornbeam and occasionally pine and spruce. They will also eat cattails, water lilies and other aquatic vegetation, especially in the early spring (and contrary to widespread belief, they do not eat fish).
These animals are often trapped for their fur. During the early 19th century, trapping eliminated this animal from large portions of its original range. Beaver furs were used to make clothing and top-hats. Much of the early exploration of North America was driven by the quest for this animal's fur.
Native peoples and early settlers also ate this animal's meat. Through trap and transfer and habitat conservation, beavers made a nearly complete recovery by the 1940s. The current beaver population has been estimated to be 10 to 15 million; one estimate claims that there may at one time have been as many as 90 million.
The habitat of the beaver is the riparian zone, inclusive of stream bed. The actions of beavers for hundreds of thousands of years in the Northern Hemisphere have kept these watery systems healthy and in good repair.
The beaver works as a keystone species in an ecosystem by creating wetlands that are used by many other species. Next to humans, no other extant animal appears to do more to shape its landscape. Beavers potentially even affect climate change.
Beavers fell trees for several reasons. They fell large mature trees, usually in strategic locations, to form the basis of a dam, but European beavers tend to use small diameter (<10 cm) trees for this purpose. Beavers fell small trees, especially young second-growth trees, for food.
Broadleaved trees re-grow as a coppice, providing easy-to-reach stems and leaves for food in subsequent years. Ponds created by beavers can also kill some tree species by drowning, but this creates standing dead wood, which is very important for a wide range of animals and plants.
Beaver dams are created as a protection against predators, such as coyotes, wolves and bears, and to provide easy access to food during winter. Beavers always work at night and are prolific builders, carrying mud and stones with their fore-paws and timber between their teeth. Because of this, destroying a beaver dam without removing the beavers is difficult, especially if the dam is downstream of an active lodge. Beavers can rebuild such primary dams overnight, though they may not defend secondary dams as vigorously. Beavers may create a series of dams along a river.
"Beaver lodge" redirects here. For the town in Alberta, Canada, see Beaverlodge.
The ponds created by well-maintained dams help isolate the beavers' homes, which are called lodges. These are created from severed branches and mud. The beavers cover their lodges late each autumn with fresh mud, which freezes when frosts arrive. The mud becomes almost as hard as stone, thereby preventing wolves and wolverines from penetrating the lodge.
Illustration of beaver lodge
The lodge has underwater entrances, which makes entry nearly impossible for any other animal, although muskrats have been seen living inside beaver lodges with the beavers who made them. Only a small amount of the lodge is actually used as a living area. Beavers dig out their dens with underwater entrances after they finish building the dams and lodge structures. There are typically two dens within the lodge, one for drying off after exiting the water and another, drier one, in which the family lives.
Beaver lodges are constructed with the same materials as the dams, with little order or regularity of structure. They seldom house more than four adults and six or eight juveniles. Some larger lodges have one or more partitions, but these are only posts of the main building left by the builders to support the roof. Usually, the dens have no connection with each other except by water.
When the ice breaks up in spring, beavers usually leave their lodges and roam until just before autumn, when they return to their old lodges and gather their winter stock of wood. They seldom begin to repair the lodges until the frost sets in, and rarely finish the outer coating until the cold becomes severe. When they erect a new lodge, they fell the wood early in summer but seldom begin building until nearly the end of August.
Beaver ponds, and the wetlands that succeed them, remove sediments and pollutants from waterways, including total suspended solids, total nitrogen, phosphates, carbon and silicates.
The term "beaver fever" is a misnomer coined by the American press in the 1970s, following findings that the parasite Giardia lamblia, which causes Giardiasis, is carried by beavers. However, further research has shown that many animals and birds carry this parasite, and the major source of water contamination is by other humans. Norway has many beavers but has not historically had giardia, and New Zealand has giardia but no beaver. Recent concerns point to domestic animals as a significant vector of giardia, with young calves in dairy herds testing as high as 100% positive for giardia. In addition, fecal coliform and streptococci bacteria excreted into streams by grazing cattle have been shown to be reduced by beaver ponds, where the bacteria are trapped in bottom sediments.
Beavers were trapped to near extirpation and had not been seen in New York City since the early 1800s. After 200 years, a beaver has returned to New York City, making its home along the Bronx River.
In Chicago, several beavers have returned and made a home near the Lincoln Park's North Pond. The "Lincoln Park beaver" has not been as well received by the Chicago Park District and the Lincoln Park Conservancy, which was concerned over damage to trees in the area. In March 2009, they hired an exterminator to remove a beaver family using live traps, and accidentally killed the mother when she got caught in a snare and drowned.
Outside San Francisco, in downtown Martinez, California, a male and female beaver arrived in Alhambra Creek in 2006. The Martinez beavers built a dam 30 feet wide and at one time 6 feet high, and chewed through half the willows and other creekside landscaping the city planted as part of its $9.7 million 1999 flood-improvement project. When the city council wanted to remove the beavers because of fears of flooding, local residents organized to protect them, forming an organization called "Worth a Dam".
Beaver damage on the north shore of Robalo Lake, Navarino Island, Chile
In the 1940s, beavers were brought from northern Manitoba in Canada to the island of Tierra Del Fuego in southern Chile and Argentina, for commercial fur production. However, the project failed and the beavers, ten pairs, were released into the wild. Having no natural predators in their new environment, they quickly spread throughout the island, and to other islands in the region, reaching a number of 100,000 individuals within just 50 years. They are now considered a serious invasive species in the region, due to their massive destruction of forest trees, and efforts are being made for their eradication. The drastically different ecosystem has led to substantial environmental damage, as the ponds created by the beavers have no ecological purpose (wetlands do not form there as they do in the beavers' native territory) and there are no native, large predators. They have also been found to cross salt water to islands northward; a possible encroachment on the mainland has naturalists highly concerned.
In contrast, areas with introduced beaver were associated with increased populations of native puye fish (Galaxias maculatus), whereas the exotic brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) had negative effects on native stream fishes in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile.
Beavers are classed as a "prohibited new organism" under New Zealand's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, preventing them from legally being imported into the country.
A beaver pair
The basic units of beaver social organization are families consisting of an adult male and adult female in a monogamous pair and their kits and yearlings. Beaver families can have as many as ten members in addition to the monogamous pair. Groups this size or close to this size build more lodges to live in while smaller families usually need only one. However, large families in the Northern Hemisphere have been recorded living in one lodge. Beaver pairs mate for life; however, if a beaver's mate dies, it will partner with another one. Extra-pair copulations also occur. In addition to being monogamous, both the male and female take part in raising offspring. They also both mark and defend the territory and build and repair the dam and lodge. When young are born, they spend their first month in the lodge and their mother is the primary caretaker while their father maintains the territory. In the time after they leave the lodge for the first time, yearlings will help their parents build food caches in the fall and repair dams and lodges. Still, adults do the majority of the work and young beavers help their parents for reasons based on natural selection rather than kin selection. They are dependent on them for food and for learning life skills. Young beavers spend most of their time playing but also copy their parents' behavior. However, while copying behavior helps imprint life skills in young beavers, it is not necessarily immediately beneficial for parents as the young beaver do not perform the tasks as well as the parents.
Older offspring, which are around two years old, may also live in families and help their parents. In addition to helping build food caches and repairing the dam, two-year-olds will also help in feeding, grooming and guarding younger offspring. Beavers also practice alloparental care, in which an older sibling may take over the parenting duties if the original parents die or are otherwise separated from them. This behavior is common and is seen in many other animal species, such as the elephant and fathead minnow. While these helping two-year-olds help increase the chance of survival for younger offspring, they are not essential for the family, and two-year-olds only stay and help their families if there is a shortage of resources in times of food shortage, high population density, or drought. When beavers leave their natal territories, they usually do not settle far. Beavers can recognize their kin by detecting differences in anal gland secretion composition using their keen sense of smell. Related beavers share more features in their anal gland secretion profile than unrelated beavers. Being able to recognize kin is important for beaver social behavior, and it causes more tolerant behavior among neighboring beavers.
Beaver and its dam, Alaska
Beavers maintain and defend territories, which are areas for feeding, nesting and mating. They invest much energy in their territories, building their dams and becoming familiar with the area. Beavers mark their territories by constructing scent mounts made of mud, debris and castoreum, a urine based substance excreted through the beavers castor sacs between the pelvis and base of the tail. These scent mounts are established on the border of the territory. Once a beaver detects another scent in its territory, finding the intruder takes priority, even over food. Because they invest so much energy in their territories, beavers are intolerant of intruders and the holder of the territory is more likely to escalate an aggressive encounter. These encounters are often violent. To avoid such situations, a beaver marks its territory with as many scent mounds as possible, signaling to intruders that the territory holder has enough energy to maintain its territory and is thus able to put up a good defense. As such, territories with more scent mounts are avoided more often than ones with fewer mounts. Scent marking increases in August during the dispersal of yearlings, in an attempt to prevent them from intruding on territories. Beavers also exhibit a behavior known as the "dear enemy effect". A territory-holding beaver will investigate and become familiar with the scents of its neighbors. As such they respond less aggressively to intrusions by their territorial neighbours than those made by non-territorial floaters or "strangers".
Occurrences of beaver aggression, however, have been reported. In April 2013, an angler, near Minkovichi in the Brest region of Belarus, died after being bitten twice on the leg by a wild Eurasian beaver.
Beaver hunt from a medieval bestiary. The beaver at the bottom is about to bite his own testicles off. The beaver at the top, having already lost his, scarpers off with an anguished expression.
MS. Bodley 764, Folio 14r (c. 1250), Bodleian Library.
Both beaver testicles and castoreum, a bitter-tasting secretion with a slightly fetid odor contained in the castor sacs of male or female beaver, have been articles of trade for use in traditional medicine. Yupik medicine used dried beaver testicles like willow bark to relieve pain.
European beavers (Castor fiber) were eventually hunted nearly to extinction in part for the production of castoreum, which was used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic. Castoreum continues to be used in perfume production.
Castoreum can be used as an enhancer of vanilla, strawberry and raspberry flavorings. It is sometimes added to frozen dairy, gelatins, candy, and fruit beverages. Due to the difficulty and expense in obtaining castoreum, it is only very rarely used in common food products.
In the American state of Arkansas, beaver tail stew is consumed in Cotton town.
Much of the early European exploration and trade of Canada was based on the quest for beaver. The most valuable part of the beaver is its inner fur whose many minute barbs make it excellent for felting, especially for hats. In Canada a 'made beaver' or castor gras that a native had worn or slept on was more valuable than a fresh skin since this tended to wear off the outer guard hairs.
For more details, see Fur trade
Fur trade museum beaver pelt
Beavers have been trapped for millennia, and this continues to this day. Beaver pelts were used for barter by Native Americans in the 17th century to gain European goods. They were then shipped back to Great Britain and France where they were made into clothing items. Widespread hunting and trapping of beavers led to their endangerment. Eventually, the fur trade declined due to decreasing demand in Europe and the takeover of trapping grounds to support the growing agriculture sector. A small resurgence in beaver trapping has occurred in some areas where there is an over-population of beaver; trapping is done when the fur is of value, and the remainder of the animal may be used as feed. In the 1976/1977 season, 500,000 beaver pelts were harvested in North America.
Beavers on a map of the Hudson River valley c. 1635
In wider culture, the beaver is famed for its industriousness and its building skills. The English verb "to beaver" means to work hard and constantly.
Beverly or Beverley, a placename found at various locations in the English-speaking world and also commonly used as a first name, derives from Old English, combining the words befer ("beaver") and leah ("clearing").
The show Happy Tree Friends features Toothy and Handy who are beavers.
The animated Nickelodeon show The Angry Beavers features Daggett and Norbert.
The anthropomorphic Mr. and Mrs. Beaver have an important role in the plot of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, first part of C.S.Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia.
The importance of the beaver in the development of Canada through the fur trade led to its official designation as the national animal in 1975. The animal has long been associated with Canada, appearing on the coat of arms of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1678. It is depicted on the Canadian five-cent piece and was on the first pictorial postage stamp issued in the Canadian colonies in 1849 (the so-called "Three-Penny Beaver"). As a national symbol, the beaver was chosen to be the mascot of the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal with the name "Amik" ("beaver" in Ojibwe). The beaver is also the symbol of many units and organizations within the Canadian Forces, such as on the cap badges of the Royal 22e Régiment, the Calgary Highlanders, the Royal Westminster Regiment and the Canadian Military Engineers. Toronto Police Services, London Police Service, Canadian Pacific Railway Police Service and Canadian Pacific Railway bear the beaver on their crest or coat of arms.
Others who have used the beaver in their company or organizational symbol or as their mascot include:
Beaver Buzz
Roots Canada
Beaver Lumber
The Beaver (magazine)
Buc-ee's, a chain of convenience stores in Texas
Harper Creek High School (Battle Creek, Michigan)
McMaster University Society of Off-Campus Students
The State of New York
The State of Oregon
St Anne's College, Oxford
The University of Toronto
The University of Alberta Engineering
Buena Vista University
Washington State Parks & Recreation Commission
Huron University College
F.C. Paços de Ferreira
Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire, UK
In the 17th century, based on a question raised by the Bishop of Quebec, the Roman Catholic Church ruled that the beaver was a fish (beaver flesh was a part of the indigenous peoples' diet, prior to the Europeans' arrival) for purposes of dietary law. Therefore, the general prohibition on the consumption of meat on Fridays did not apply to beaver meat. The legal basis for the decision probably rests with the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas, which bases animal classification as much on habit as anatomy. This is similar to the Church's classification of other semi-aquatic rodents, such as the capybara and muskrat.
In computability theory, a busy beaver (from the colloquial expression for "industrious person") is a Turing machine that attains the maximum "operational busyness" (such as measured by the number of steps performed, or the number of nonblank symbols finally on the tape) among all the Turing machines in a certain class.
Beaver Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


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Insider Ways to Save Big on Your Home Depot Run
3 Little-Known Ways to Save Big on Your Next Trip to Home Depot
Easy shortcuts to finding hidden bargains at the big-box retailer.
By Bob Niedt, Online Editor
Your go-to hardware store may once have been that mom-and-pop shop on a downtown corner in Everytown, USA. That joint's likely out of business now thanks to that orange-tinged big box giant, Home Depot. But if all you've been doing is making spontaneous shopping runs to Home Depot to pick up a can of paint or a bag of mulch, you're not doing it right. Follow these three insider tips to save money on your next visit to Home Depot.
SEE ALSO: 12 Secrets to Shopping at Home Depot
Know the Secrets Hidden in the Price Tags. As with Kohl's, there are secrets in the price tags at Home Depot, too. It pays to know the code.
Any item with a price ending with .06 means it is on clearance, says Saeed Darabi of the money-saving website MoneyPantry. A price ending in .03 means that's the lowest final price for that item. If it doesn't sell within three weeks, it will be removed from the shelves.
Yes, You Can Haggle for a Lower Price. Not every employee has the power to lower prices, but it's worth a try. Consumer-finance expert Andrea Woroch said she scored an additional $50 off a washer and dryer that were already on sale at Home Depot. All she had to do was ask.
"The sales associates usually don't have the power to give you a better deal, but if you ask to speak to a manager, he or she may be more willing to negotiate with you to seal the deal," says Woroch. "Use tactics like reviewing [with the manager] recent sales that you missed or upcoming ones that you may qualify for." Same with Lowe's, by the way.
A friend of mine who once donned the orange apron and worked at a Home Depot in Michigan said the sales associates do have some wiggle room; managers do not want customers walking out empty-handed. He offered some valuable advice:
"Associates can knock the price down on a superficially damaged product," he says. "I once deeply discounted a bunch of leaf blowers that were fine, but in boxes that were water-damaged. Scratched or dented items are also fair game. And, if the item you want isn't in stock, they likely will sell you the next best item at the same price. And if you only need a couple of pieces of product, floor tile for example, to finish a job, they'll probably open a brand new package and give you the pieces you need. The open item goes on the discount table. Each associate has like $75 of wiggle room to work with every day, with or without a manager's approval."
Peruse the Paint Desk for Bargains. Just like the Island of Misfit Toys, Home Depot's (and Lowe's) paint department relegates mixing mishaps to an "oops" section. There, you'll find paints that didn't match expectations or were abandoned by customers who ordered but never picked them up.
So why would you want such rejected paint? Because you can get it for 25% to 75% off, says Darabi of MoneyPantry. The paints are perfectly fine.
It may not be exactly the color you want, but if it's for, say, a spare bedroom, closets or other space that's rarely used, the option just might work at a lower cost.
SEE ALSO: What Home Improvement Stores Do Not Tell You
For more tips for saving big while shopping at Home Depot, head to our slide show, 12 Secrets to Shopping at Home Depot


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Clare (CJ) Smith
CJ is a member of Delta Delta Delta from the Alpha Tau chapter. CJ attended Carnegie Mellon University where she earned a bachelor's in theatre studies and Colorado State University where she earned her master's in higher education. CJ now works at the University of Arizona as a recruiter.
Taking Care of Your Mental Health
05•18•2021 May 18, 2021 // Written by: Clare (CJ) Smith
I write this letter in a moment of sadness, seeking the friendships and purpose...
Do's and Don'ts for Your Resume
03•26•2021 March 26, 2021 // Written by: Clare (CJ) Smith
Every resume is different and unique, just like every job. I have had many...
Post-Graduation Life Hacks
12•08•2020 December 8, 2020 // Written by: Clare (CJ) Smith
With December graduation around the corner, I look back on all the advice I...
Sorority House Director – the Unsung Hero
10•07•2020 April 2, 2021 // Written by: Clare (CJ) Smith
When you think about sorority houses and house directors, the images that come to...


text:
Mirni - Мирный  -és un poble (un possiólok) del territori de Primórie, a l'Extrem Orient de Rússia, que en el cens del 2010 tenia 103 habitants.

Referències

Possiolki del territori de Primórie


text:
Q: How to import erlang files from other erlang files How to import erlang files from another erlang files.
I would like to import whole script not only specific modules.
Example:
How can we import below file in another erlang script??
% hello world program
-module(helloworld).
-export([start/0]).

start() ->
   io:fwrite("Hello, world!\n").

A: Simply import it using the -import directive. Here's an example importing your helloworld module:
-module(top).
-import(helloworld, [start/0]).
-export([myfun/0]).

myfun() ->
    start().

If you save the above in top.erl, you can then use it in the shell like this:
$ erl
Erlang/OTP 22 [erts-10.7.1] [source] [64-bit] [smp:6:6] [ds:6:6:10] [async-threads:1] [hipe] [dtrace]

Eshell V10.7.1  (abort with ^G)
1> c(top).
{ok,top}
2> top:myfun().
Hello, world!
ok

A:
I'm able to run it from shell as you have mentioned above but not able
to run by using this command:
erl -noshell -s top start -s init stop

even after creating ".beam" files.

*

*

~/erlang_programs$ ls a.*
a.erl

~/erlang_programs$ cat a.erl
-module(a).
-compile(export_all).

go() ->
   io:fwrite("hello\n").

*

~/erlang_programs$ erlc a.erl
a.erl:2: Warning: export_all flag enabled - all functions will be exported

~/erlang_programs$ ls a.*
a.beam  a.erl

~/erlang_programs$ erl -noshell -s a go -s init stop
hello

Now, if your module is actually in a different directory than the directory where you are issuing the erl command, then you can use a flag to specify the path to the .beam file:
~/erlang_programs$ cd ..
~$

~$ erl -noshell -s a go -s init stop -pa ./erlang_programs
hello

Note that the module you posted is named helloworld and the function in that module is named start, yet your erl command is:
 erl -noshell -s top start -s init stop

That erl command requires a module named top to be present in the current directory.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package mc.clownfish.api.access;

import mc.clownfish.api.player.Player;

public class Banlist extends AccessList
{

	@Override
	public boolean canBeAdded (Player p)
	{
		return true;
	}

	@Override
	public boolean canBeRemoved (Player p)
	{
		return true;
	}

}


text:
Q: How to add module aliases to Jest testing in Next.js? Currently I am using automatic imports in my Next.js project, configured by jsconfig.json in the root directory:
{
  "typeAcquisition": {
    "include": ["jest"]
  },
  "compilerOptions": {
    "baseUrl": ".",
    "paths": {
      "@/components/*": ["components/*"],
      "@/functions/*": ["functions/*"],
      "@/styles/*": ["styles/*"],
      "@/pages/*": ["pages/*"]
    }
  },
  "exclude": ["node_modules"]
}

When I add jest testing in a test directory at the root, the tests are not pointing towards the root directory. I have tried:

*

*adding a jest.config.js file that points to the root directory

*appending typeAcquisition to the jsconfig.js

*adding a jsconfig.js to the tests directory.

I am not sure which is the right path, or how to properly set this up, but none of these seem to work for me.  I can get the tests to run by removing the imports altogether and instead just ../../-ing my way through the directory, but this requires me to change all the nested files as well
- i.e.: In pages/api/budget, I call a handler to go to functions/api/fetchBudget. In order for the Jest testing to reach it, I have to change the import statements on both of these to use the standard ../../ syntax, instead of @pages/.. or @functions that I have set up.
TL;DR: How do I set up Jest testing to go through my project's root directory jsconfig.json; or, in lieu of that, how can I set up Jest testing with it's own jsconfig.json?

A: You have to configure Jest to resolve the imports to match the paths you have in the jsconfig.json file. This is done through the moduleNameMapper property in your jest.config.js file.
// jest.config.js

module.exports = {
    moduleNameMapper: {
        '^@/components/(.*)$': '<rootDir>/components/$1',
        '^@/functions/(.*)$': '<rootDir>/functions/$1',
        '^@/styles/(.*)$': '<rootDir>/styles/$1',
        '^@/pages/(.*)$': '<rootDir>/pages/$1'
    },
    // Other configs
}

For more details check out the Next.js Testing docs.

A: I would recommend adding ts-jest in your project (npm i -D ts-jest) . After that, the pathsToModuleNameMapper function should be implemented to inject your paths from tsconfig into your jest.config settings:
// jest.config.js
const nextJest = require("next/jest");
const { pathsToModuleNameMapper } = require("ts-jest");
const { compilerOptions } = require("./tsconfig");

const createJestConfig = nextJest({
  dir: "./",
});

const customJestConfig = {
  setupFilesAfterEnv: ["<rootDir>/jest.setup.js"],
  modulePaths: ["<rootDir>/src"],
  moduleNameMapper: pathsToModuleNameMapper(compilerOptions.paths),
  testEnvironment: "jest-environment-jsdom",
};

module.exports = createJestConfig(customJestConfig);

A: The problem was that I wanted to automatically add the same nickname as defined in tsconfig.json, not to add again in jest config.
I added "@components/(.*)": "<rootDir>/src/components/$1", to jest.config.js and its worked, but it's not right solution,


text:
A selection of recent publications from the group.
Further publications can be found on staff members' individual pages and in the Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (GALA).
Dr Claire Eustance
Eustance, Claire (2017) 'Many more worlds to conquer': the feminist press beyond suffrage. In: Clay, Catherine, DiCenzo, Maria, Green, Barbara and Hackney, Fiona, (eds.) Women's Periodicals and Print Culture in Britain, 1918-1939: The Interwar Period. The Edinburgh History of Women's Periodical Culture in Britain . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, UK. ISBN 978-1474412537
Dr Mary Clare Martin
Martin, Mary Clare (2018) Catechizing at home, 1740-1870: Instruction, communication, denomination. Studies in Church History, 55. ISSN 0424-2084 (Print), 2059-0644 (Online) (In Press)
Martin, Mary Clare (2016) The state of play: Historical perspectives. International Journal of Play, 5 (3):8. pp. 329-339. ISSN 2159-4937 (Print), 2159-4953 (Online) (doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2016.1244025)
Martin, Mary Clare (2014) In market, mansion or mountain: Representations of disability in reading for the young in rural and urban contexts, 1850-1950. Childhood in the Past: An International Journal, 7 (1). pp. 38-45. ISSN 1758-5716 (Print), 2040-8528 (Online) (doi:https://doi.org/10.1179/1758571614Z.00000000016)
Martin, Mary Clare (2014) Play, toys and memory in international perspective: Grimsby, Poland, Lebanon and Australia, 1947 to the present. Childhood in the Past: An International Journal, 7 (2). pp. 77-81. ISSN 1758-5716 (Print), 2040-8528 (Online) (doi:https://doi.org/10.1179/1758571614Z.00000000018)
Dr Sara Pennell
Pennell, Sara (2017) Happiness in things? Plebeian experiences of chattel 'property' in the long eighteenth century. Suffering and Happiness in England 1550-1850: Narratives and Representations. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 208-226. ISBN 978-0198748267
Pennell, Sara (2016) The birth of the English kitchen, 1600-1850. Cultures of Early Modern Europe . Bloomsbury Academic, London, UK. ISBN 9781441188083
Pennell, Sara (2014) Invisible mending? Ceramic repair in eighteenth-century England. In: Fennetaux, Ariane, Junqua, Amélie and Vasset, Sophie, (eds.) The Afterlife of Used Things: Recycling in the Long Eighteenth Century. Routledge Studies in Cultural History (Book 26). Routledge, New York, US, pp. 107-121. ISBN 9780415726306
Pennell, Sara (2014) Making the Bed in Later Stuart and Georgian England. In: Stobart, Jon and Blondé, Bruno, (eds.) Selling Textiles in the Long Eighteenth Century: Comparative Perspectives from Western Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, UK, pp. 30-45. ISBN 9781137295200 (https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137295217_3)
Dr Gavin Rand
Rand, Gavin and Condos, Mark (2017) Coercion and conciliation at the edge of empire: state-building and its limits in Waziristan, 1849-1914. Historical Journal, 61 (3). pp. 1-19. ISSN 0018-246X (Print), 1469-5103 (Online) (doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X17000280)
Roy, Kaushik and Rand, Gavin (2017) Introduction: Warfare, culture and society in colonial South Asia. In: Roy, Kaushik and Rand, Gavin, (eds.) Culture, Conflict and the Military in Colonial South Asia (War and Society in South Asia). Routledge India, pp. 1-31. ISBN 978-1138206724
Roy, Kaushik and Rand, Gavin (eds.) (2017) Culture, Conflict and the Military in Colonial South Asia. In: Roy, Kaushik and Rand, Gavin, (eds.) Culture, Conflict and the Military in Colonial South Asia. War and Society in South Asia . Routledge India, Abingdon, Oxon, pp. 1-31. ISBN 978-1138206724
Rand, Gavin (2016) 'From the Black Mountain to Waziristan': culture and combat on the North-West frontier. In: Roy, Kaushik and Rand, Gavin, (eds.) Culture, Conflict and the Military in Colonial South Asia. Routledge, pp. 189-227. (Submitted)
Rand, Gavin (2013) Reconstructing the imperial military after the rebellion. In: Bates, Crispin and Rand, Gavin, (eds.) Military Aspects of the Indian Uprising. Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857 (IV). SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India. ISBN 9788132110538
Dr Michael Talbot
Talbot, Michael (2018) Sparks of happenstance: Photographs, public celebrations, and the Ottoman military band of Jerusalem. Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, 5 (1). pp. 33-66. ISSN 2376-0699 (Print), 2376-0702 (Online) (https://doi.org/10.2979/jottturstuass.5.1.04)
Talbot, Michael (2018) Separating the waters from the sea: The place of islands in Ottoman maritime territoriality during the eighteenth century. Princeton Papers: Interdisciplinary Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 18. pp. 61-86. ISSN 1084-5666
Talbot, Michael (2017) Protecting the Mediterranean: Ottoman responses to maritime violence, 1718-1770. Journal of Early Modern History, 21 (4). pp. 283-317. ISSN 1385-3783 (Print), 1570-0658 (Online) (https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342524)
Talbot, Michael (2017) When proof is not enough: An Ottoman merchant in the Gibraltar Vice-Admiralty Court in the 1760s. Quaderni Storici, 51 (3). pp. 753-776. ISSN 0301-6307 (https://doi.org/10.1408/86403)
Talbot, Michael (2017) İngiliz Whig Tarihçiliği ve Thomas Carlyle. Dünyada Tarihçilik: Dönemler, Okullar, Yaklaşımlar ve Tarihçiler. Pegem Akademi, Ankara, pp. 125-136. ISBN 978-6052410578 (https://doi.org/10.14527/9786052410578.07)
Talbot, Michael (2017) British-Ottoman Relations, 1661-1807: Commerce and Diplomatic Practice in Eighteenth-Century Istanbul. Boydell & Brewer, Woodbridge. ISBN 978-1783272020
Talbot, Michael (2016) Gifts of time: Watches and clocks in Ottoman-British diplomacy, 1693-1803. Jahrbuch für Europäische Geschichte, 17. pp. 55-79. ISSN 1616-6485 (Print), 2190-1236 (Online) (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110463217-003)
Talbot, Michael (2016) "Jews, Be Ottomans!" Zionism, Ottomanism, and Ottomanisation in the Hebrew-Language Press, 1890-1914. Die Welt des Islams, 56 (3/4). pp. 359-387. ISSN 0043-2539 (Print), 1570-0607 (Online) (https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-05634p05)
Talbot, Michael and McCluskey, Phil (2016) Introduction: contacts, encounters, practices: Ottoman-European diplomacy, 1500-1800. The Journal of Ottoman Studies (Osmanli Arastirmalari), 48. pp. 269-276. ISSN 0255-0636
Talbot, Michael (2016) A treaty of narratives: Friendship, gifts, and diplomatic history in the British Capitulations of 1641. The Journal of Ottoman Studies (Osmanli Arastirmalari), 48. pp. 357-398. ISSN 0255-0636
Talbot, Michael (2016) Accessing the shadow of God: Spatial and performative ceremonial at the Ottoman Court. In: The Key to Power? The Culture of Access in Princely Courts, 1400-1750. Rulers & Elites, 8 . Brill, Leiden, pp. 101-123. ISSN 9789004304246 (Online) (https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004304246_006)
Talbot, Michael (2015) The Exalted Column, the Hejaz Railway and imperial legitimation in late Ottoman Haifa. Urban History, 42 (02). pp. 246-272. ISSN 0963-9268 (Print), 1469-8706 (Online) (https://doi.org/10.1017/S096392681400056X)
Talbot, Michael (2015) Petitions of the supplicant ambassador: British commercial representations to the Ottoman State in the Eighteenth Century. Osmanli Arastirmalari, 46. pp. 163-191. ISSN 0255-0636
Dr Vanessa Taylor
Taylor, Vanessa (2018) Water and its meanings in London, 1800–1914. In: Luckin, W. and Thorsheim, P., (eds.) "A Monstrous Imaginary": An Urban-Environmental History of London, 1800-2000. University of Pittsburgh Press. (In Press)
Taylor, Vanessa (2017) Watershed democracy or ecological hinterland? London and the Thames River Basin, 1857-1989. In: Knoll, Martin, Lübken, Uwe and Schott, Dieter, (eds.) Rivers Lost – Rivers Regained: Rethinking City-River Relations. History of the Urban Environment . University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, pp. 63-81. ISBN 978-0822944591
Taylor, Vanessa (2015) London's River? The Thames as contested environmental space. The London Journal, 40. pp. 183-195. ISSN 0305-8034 (Print), 1749-6322 (Online) (https://doi.org/10.1179/1749632215Y.0000000010)
Taylor, Vanessa (2015) Whose River? London and the Thames Estuary, 1960-2014. The London Journal, 40 (3). pp. 183-195. ISSN 0305-8034 (Print), 1749-6322 (Online) (https://doi.org/10.1179/1749632215Y.0000000010)
Taylor, Vanessa (2014) Local History and the Environmental History of the River Thames, 1960-2010. In: Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. LAMAS, London.
Dr Chris Ware
Ware, Christopher (2017) English cultural reflections of Chatham 1667. MarineBlad (4). pp. 26-30.
Ware, Christopher (2013) The growth of Plymouth naval base and European tensions, 1717–32. The Mariner's Mirror, 99 (3). pp. 275-286. ISSN 0025-3359 (Print), 2049-680X (Online) (https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2013.815991)
History Research Group links
The History Research Group belongs to our Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences.


Have you ever experienced a major disappointment. Everything seemed wonderful. All seemed to be going wonderful, and then the surprise and shock of your life happens? You didn't see it coming? How could it have gone so wrong? And why did it happen? Been there? Welcome to life. People can be fickle and evil is always, ever present. It would seem anyone who has ever attempted what he or she believed was a holy mission, whether it was raising a godly family or shepherding a church, has been sideswiped by evil and disappointment. But even in those moments and, perhaps even more so in those moments, God is just as real and alive. Perhaps in those seemingly ridiculously incongruent moments, like a blacksmith forging out a piece of metal, the Divine forges out his holy leadership—holy leadership that is desperately needed within broken, fallen humanity.
This entry was posted in Eat at Joe's, Learning Center Lessons and tagged bride, disappointment, Exodus, Groom, leadership, life, Moses on October 4, 2015 by admin.
Introduction…Had a bad break happen to you lately? Ever break something that belonged to someone else? Did someone break something of yours that you had loaned to them? How did it make you feel? Guilty? Angry? Did you and your friend talk about it? Did you resolve it? Did it tear apart your friendship? Why? Why are rules, laws and principles so important if people are to live in community with one another?
How do people, teachers, parents, coaches, referees, officials, officers of the law determine what is fair or right? Have you ever just absorbed the loss when the other person was at fault, but didn't think they were?
Below are some more rules or laws to think about in how humans deal with one another? What do they teach you about God? About life? About people?
This entry was posted in Eat at Joe's, Learning Center Lessons and tagged Exodus, fair, Law, life on August 15, 2015 by admin.


For the publication that publishes a series of essays by this name, see The New Yorker.
Annals of Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the history of science and technology. It is published by Taylor & Francis and was established in 1936. The founding editor-in-chief was the Canadian historian of science Harcourt Brown.
The journal was established after Brown visited Britain for a year and discussed where he could publish work on the history of science with Henry Robinson of the library of the Royal Society of London. They decided that aside from the Belgian Isis, there were few outlets for such work, and so founded the Annals of Science with Douglas McKie (University College London), who was the main editor. The aim was to publish faster than Isis and with a focus on the modern period. The editors chose to have a bright orange cover to make it stand out against the usual blue or grey of periodicals at the time.
Around the time of World War II, only three volumes were published over a period of 12 years. From 1956-1958, the Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science was published as part of the Annals of Science. In 1974, then editor Ivor Grattan-Guinness moved the journal from 4 to 6 issues per year; 100 issues were published from 1936–1969 and a further hundred by 1986. Grattan-Guinness also redesigned the cover and changed the tagline from "The History of Science and Technology since the Renaissance" to "The History of Science and Technology from the Thirteenth Century".
David M. Knight has said that "The major event of the first phase of the development of British journals [of the history of science] is the founding of Annals of Science in 1936." Gordon L. Miller called it a "respected scholarly journal". A review in Astrophysical Journal from the year of the launch noted approvingly that the policy of studying the history of science from the renaissance was "liberally interpreted" to accept papers studying earlier periods.
Robert Iliffe (2011–present) and David Miller (2014–present).
Grattan-Guinness described his experience in taking on the editorship in an article in the journal in 2010. He had published a biographical article on Georg Cantor in the journal in 1971 and met the-then editor, Heathcote, during the process of publication. Heathcote was overloaded with work — "the journal seemed never to reject anything" — and he invited Grattan-Guinness to join the editorial board. He joined the board and met with the publishers in June 1974, when he told John Cheney, the house editor, that "the journal had acquired a poor reputation in recent years", which surprised Cheney. That same afternoon Cheney rang Heathcote only to find that he was in the process of writing his resignation letter recommending Grattan-Guinness as his successor — the younger man was immediately offered the post of editor. Taylor & Francis would otherwise have closed the journal.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2010 impact factor of 0.222.
^ a b c d e R.E.W. Maddison. Index to Volumes 1 to 25 (1936-1969) Archived August 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Annals of Science.
^ a b Iliffe, Rob. "History of Science" (PDF). history.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
^ Pogo, A. (1936). "Review: Annals of Science". Astrophysical Journal. 83: 256. Bibcode:1936ApJ....83..256P. doi:10.1086/143725.
^ Trevor Levere. Editor's Introduction to the Cumulative Index Volumes 44–64. Annals of Science 2009, 66, Supplement 1.
^ Levere, Trevor H. (2014-01-02). "A new editorial team". Annals of Science. 71 (1): 1. doi:10.1080/00033790.2013.860275. ISSN 0003-3790.
^ Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (6 April 2010). "How to take over a journal without trying: Annals of Science, 1974". Annals of Science. 67 (2): 239–42. doi:10.1080/00033790903376116.
^ "Annals of Science". 2010 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Social Sciences ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2011.


text:
4-VA Grant Supports State STEM Summit
October 24, 2019 Elizabeth Gillooly
More than 140 leaders from Virginia's K-12 and higher education institutions, out-of-school providers, the private and business sectors, and state officials and institutions joined together recently to begin the work of developing a blueprint for a statewide STEM network. This structure will be the basis for creating cross sector pedagogies providing Virginia's youth access to a learning environment which will allow them to grow important skills to engage in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics from PreK – 16. "Virginia's STEM Summit" was hosted by Virginia Commonwealth University and sponsored through a grant from 4-VA. The project was developed by a group 4-VA schools – VCU, Virginia Tech, George Mason, James Madison, and University of Virginia in coordination with the Virginia Department of Education and the Office of the Governor.
Governor Ralph Northam has charged Virginia's STEM leaders with the job of creating an infrastructure, with input from all stakeholders, for the newly-appointed Virginia STEM Education Commission. The strategic plan is due next year.
As 4-VA grant team member and Associate Director of the Center for Educational Networks and Impacts at Virginia Tech Susan Magliaro, explained, "Our goal today is to provide a well woven tapestry of information from our STEM leaders."
Left to Right, Padhu Seshaiyer (Mason), Leland Melvin and Kelly Knight (Mason)
The day-long conference began with a keynote address from retired NASA astronaut, materials science engineer, educator, and former NFL wide receiver Leland Melvin. Melvin shared with the audience how STEM education necessitates an open mind, perseverance, and personal support in order to be successful. George Mason University's PI on the project, Dr. Padmanabhan Seshaiyer noted, "Leland was the perfect kick-off for our conference. He clearly illustrated that STEM doesn't have to be stuffy or difficult to understand, it's a hands-on experiential learning opportunity which can open doors for all of our students, and especially our minority or underserved students. It can bring projects and process to life."
Other Mason participants in this 4-VA summit included members with diverse backgrounds and expertise in STEM including Dr. Rebecca Jones, Ms. Kelly Knight, Dr. Karen Lee, Dr. Kammy Sanghera and Ms. Kerin Hilker-Balkissoon.
The conference also included a panel discussion addressing some of the more difficult obstacles to overcome while implementing STEM programs, presented by a range of leaders from the business, education and policy arenas. Each highlighted best practices developed by state or local school boards from around the country. The consensus was that successful existing ecosystems in STEM were developed by building a culture which welcomed all stakeholders, and where the resulting guidelines represented a convergence of values and practices.
Following the panel discussions, attendees joined together to hammer out the framework for such ecosystems based on their professional backgrounds.
Longtime STEM proponent Amy Sabarre, Director of STEM Education for the Harrisonburg City Schools, observed, "I've been involved with the development of a core curriculum for STEM in the Commonwealth for years, and this Summit has been a long time coming. But, we're here now, and we're making great strides."
Concurrently, newer stakeholders see the same bright future. Says Makerspace coordinator at William and Mary, Jonathan Frey, "Makerspaces have been growing and evolving at a dramatic pace throughout the world. What was once a location for tinkerers to play with technology has now become an impactful community engineering center both in academia and the private sector. Here in the Commonwealth there are dozens of makerspaces and it's time to coordinate collaboration throughout Virginia. The 4-VA STEM Summit offers an opportunity for introduction and collaboration between such efforts from the peaks of Appalachia to the sands of the eastern shore."
The day concluded with a group effort to integrate the work created at each roundtable into a viable framework for the Commonwealth. The conclusions will provide the basis for the STEM ecosystem build out and will be forwarded to the Virginia's STEM Education Commission.


REVOLUTIONS EXPLORES SOME OF THE RECORDS THAT HAVE ALTERED AND INFLUENCED THE MUSIC WORLD.
The Rock Hall and Klipsch Audio take fans deep inside these albums to showcase their significance and impact. In this episode, R.E.M.'s quietest record to date, 1992's Automatic for the People, challenges the many shades of grey the release offered listeners 25 years ago and today.
In 1992 R.E.M. deviated from their guitar-driven path and released their quietest record to date with Automatic For the People.
Unlike others, R.E.M.'s 8th studio album turned inward for inspiration. Between the lyrics on mortality, politics and memory, the track list produced ruminated on equal parts personal experience and insecurities shared nationwide.
These weighty lyrics came cloaked in contemplative rock 'n' roll songs with folk, country and soul accents to boot.
Emotionally and sonically, Automatic For The People added to the band's already complex vision with its many shades of grey. As they had done since 1987's Document, the band teamed up with producer Scott Litt.
And, like 1991's hit Out of Time, Automatic For The People boasted an expanded instrumental palette. Most notably, Led Zeppelin's John Paul Jones contributed string arrangements on four songs.
The somber, soaring orchestral waltz "Everybody Hurts," offered comforting encouragement to those working through depression and loneliness. The plainspoken anthem is accessible to all listeners, even those outside of the alternative scene.
Thundering orchestral waves tussle with scorching electric guitar on the ominous "Drive."
The raucous political protest song "Ignoreland" seethes with anger, thanks to Michael Stipe's biting vocals and Peter Buck's electric guitar roars.
In stark contrast, the soulful "Star Me Kitten" is ethereal and seductive. In a nod to 10cc's "I'm Not In Love," bassist Mike Mills' voice is sampled and layered, creating a dreamy harmonic backdrop.
For the piano-based "Nightswimming," which also prominently features oboe, these strings add delicate, gorgeous shading.
But despite this darkness, Automatic For The People could also be whimsical. "Man on the Moon" is an homage to the late comic Andy Kaufman—Inside of the song's catchiness is still the album's pervasive balance between wit and sadness, dark and light.
Automatic For The People wasn't the most obvious next step R.E.M. could've made at the time.
However, the challenging album resonated: Automatic For The People spawned three U.S. top 40 chart hits and sold 18 million copies worldwide.
As was their way, R.E.M. veered off into different—and louder—places on subsequent albums.
But Automatic For The People once again cemented R.E.M.'s status as a bold rock 'n' roll band that relished finding success on their own creative terms.


SculpSure is a non-invasive body contouring system for the reduction of stubborn fat in areas such as the abdomen and love handles. Recently, it has also been approved for legs, arms, and the back. The 25 minute procedure destroys up to 24% of treated fat cells without surgery.
Most patients see results with as little as one treatment. However, you may wish to have additional treatments based on your desired results. Generally we recommend two treatments per area, but schedule a complimentary consultation to find out the best treatment plan for you.
There is no downtime with SculpSure, so you can have the treatment during your lunch hour and return to work immediately. We recommend, however, to walk around and drink water throughout the rest of the day.
The number of fat cells stored in our bodies typically remain constant throughout our adult life. After the SculpSure treatment, the destroyed fat cells will never return. However, as we lose weight, the size of the fat cells become smaller, but typically do not decrease in number. Even with diet and exercise, many people have difficulty losing weight in these trouble areas.
Unfortunately, this procedure is considered cosmetic and therefore is not covered by insurance. The patient is responsible for payment. Your can learn more about Care Credit here.
If you have further questions, please call our office at (757) 430-7690 or use our Contact Us form!