text:
/**
 * @file webida.preference plugin main
 * @since 1.4.0
 * @author kyungmi.k@samsung.com
 * @module Preference
 */

/* jshint unused:false */

define([
    'dojo/i18n!./nls/resource',
    'dojo/topic',
    'external/lodash/lodash.min',
    'plugins/project-configurator/project-info-service',
    'webida-lib/plugins/workspace/plugin',
    'webida-lib/util/locale',
    'webida-lib/util/path',
    './preference-manager'
], function (
    i18n,
    topic,
    _,
    projectInfo,
    workspace,
    Locale,
    pathUtil,
    manager
) {
    'use strict';

    var locale = new Locale(i18n);
    var MODULE_PATH_VIEW_CTRL = 'plugins/webida.preference/view-controller';
    var module = {};

    var workbenchItems = {
        '&Preferences': ['cmnd', 'plugins/webida.preference/plugin', 'openDialogByWorkspaceScope']
    };

    var workspaceItems = {
        Preferences: ['cmnd', 'plugins/webida.preference/plugin', 'openDialogByContext']
    };

    // for i18n
    (function _convertMenuLocale() {
        locale.convertMenuItem(workbenchItems, 'menu');
        locale.convertMenuItem(workspaceItems, 'menu');
    })();

    function _getContextInfo(paths) {
        var info = {
            multi: false,
            nodeType: 'file'
        };
        var pathSplit;
        if (paths) {
            if (paths.length === 1 && pathUtil.isDirPath(paths[0])) {
                info.nodeType = 'directory';
                pathSplit = paths[0].split('/');
                if (pathSplit.length === 3) {
                    info.nodeType = 'workspace';
                } else if (pathSplit.length === 4) {
                    if (projectInfo.getByName(pathSplit[2])) {
                        info.projectName = pathSplit[2];
                        info.nodeType = 'project';
                    }
                }
            } else if (paths.length > 1) {
                info.multi = true;
            }
        }
        return info;
    }

    function _openDialog(scope, info) {
        require([MODULE_PATH_VIEW_CTRL], function (viewController) {
            manager.initialize().then(function () {
                viewController.openDialog(scope, info);
            });
        });
    }

    module.getViableItemsForWorkbench = function () {
        var preferenceTypes = manager.getAllPreferenceTypes(manager.SCOPE.WORKSPACE);
        return preferenceTypes.length > 0 ? workbenchItems : null;
    };

    module.getViableItemsForWorkspace = function () {
        var context = _getContextInfo(workspace.getSelectedPaths());
        var viable = !context.multi && (context.nodeType === 'workspace' || context.nodeType === 'project');
        var preferenceTypes = manager.getAllPreferenceTypes(manager.SCOPE[context.nodeType.toUpperCase()]);
        return (viable && preferenceTypes.length > 0) ? workspaceItems : null;
    };

    module.openDialogByWorkspaceScope = function () {
        _openDialog(manager.SCOPE.WORKSPACE);
    };

    module.openDialogByContext = function () {
        var context = _getContextInfo(workspace.getSelectedPaths());
        var scope = manager.SCOPE.WORKSPACE;
        var info = {};
        if (context.nodeType) {
            if (context.nodeType === 'project') {
                scope = manager.SCOPE.PROJECT;
                info = {projectName: context.projectName};
            }
            _openDialog(scope, info);
        }
    };

    return module;
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Professor Melissa Little wins prestigious award
Monday, August 3, 2015 - 11:12am
Congratulations to Professor Melissa Little, Group Leader of Kidney Development, Disease and Regeneration, who has recently been awarded the Australia and New Zealand Society for Cell and Developmental Biology (ANZSCDB) Presidents Medal for 2015.
Congratulations to Professor Melissa Little, Group Leader of Kidney Development, Disease and Regeneration, who has recently been awarded the ANZSCDB Presidents Medal for 2015.
This is the highest honour bestowed by ANZSCDB and recognises outstanding contributions to cell and developmental Biology in Australia and New Zealand.
The President of ANZSCDB, Carol Wicking was full of praise for Professor Little saying, "Melissa is a leading figure in developmental and stem cell biology in Australia and internationally. For many years, Melissa has made seminal contributions to studying the development of the urogenital system, efforts that culminated recently in the successful differentiation of a pluripotent stem cell into a mini kidney in vitro. These are landmark studies with implications for future kidney regeneration efforts."
As well as her extensive scientific achievements, Professor Little is well known for her leadership and advocacy roles in the scientific community, including a stint as Chief Scientific Officer of the Australian Stem Cell Centre and her current role as Vice President of the Australian Society for Stem Cell Research.
She also served on the Australian Government's McKeon strategic review into health and medical research, and is a member of the NHMRC research committee.
Professor Melissa Little will be presented with the ANZSCDB Presidents Medal at ComBio which will be held in Melbourne this September.
Professor Melissa Little
Theme Director
Kidney Regeneration
melissa.little@mcri.edu.au
Available for Student Supervision

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Hellen Antonopoulos, CPS administrator, social worker, 'champion for our students,' dead at 48
'A beautiful soul who had done great work,' said Maurice Swinney, CPS's interim chief education officer, who said she was 'one of the best social workers in the youth guidance space.'
By Maureen O'Donnell and Nader Issa Dec 17, 2021, 5:30am CST
Share All sharing options for: Hellen Antonopoulos, CPS administrator, social worker, 'champion for our students,' dead at 48
Hellen Antonopoulos, seen here in Mykonos, Greece, loved travel.
A lot of people depended on Hellen Antonopoulos.
"Eleni" was the oldest child in a Greek immigrant family, the one who looked after her little sisters Joanne and Anna, helping them with homework when their parents were working.
She was like a second mother to them. If Joanne had a nightmare, she'd cry out for help by saying, "Eleni!" Even as an adult having a bad dream, she still called for her big sister.
Working in the Chicago Public Schools, Ms. Antonopoulos was someone people went to when they needed to make sure things got done. When Jadine Chou wanted to help students returning to school after being held in the county's juvenile detention center, she turned to Ms. Antonopoulos, who was executive director of CPS's Office of Social and Emotional Learning, which looks out for the mental health of an estimated 330,000 students across the system.
"I went to Hellen to help us solve it and create a pilot for this process, and she did," said Chou, chief of safety and security for CPS. Her work "ensured that everyone supporting the students would understand their role and be accountable."
That was six years ago, "and, to this day, that is still the process we use across the district," Chou said. "I could always count on Hellen to be a champion for our students."
In the first days of the coronavirus pandemic, Ms. Antonopoulos worried about the psychological toll on CPS students.
"She said, 'I'm so concerned because kids came to school one day, and the next day they weren't,' " said Stephanie Garrity, executive director of the nonprofit Rainbows for All Children, which helps kids dealing with grief and loss. "For some kids, school is their social network and their safe place and the only place they get a hot meal."
After Garrity spoke with her about the need for training more teachers and social workers to assist bereaved children, she said Ms. Antonopoulos told her: "I'll do all the legwork. I have somebody in mind that would fund this."
Five months later, Ms. Antonopoulos called Garrity and told her, "I have amazing news: We can get a grant to train 1,400 teachers and social workers."
"I almost cried," Garrity said. "I was so excited. Hellen wasn't somebody who said, 'Let's slap a Band-Aid on it.' She wanted to make sure kids had the tools they needed to succeed."
The $140,000 grant from the Children First Fund — a CPS nonprofit that partners with benefactors — "will help close to a million kids over the course of a decade because of these folks who are trained over the course of a year," Garrity said.
Ms. Antonopoulos died Nov. 24 at 48 at her Northwest Side home. Family members suspect a heart attack caused her death, according to her brother-in-law Fotios Zemenides.
She died a day after burying her mother, Vasiliki, who died of acute myeloid leukemia at 68.
"It was a broken heart," Zemenides said.
The Children First Fund is establishing a Hellen Antonopoulos Memorial Fund to support mental wellness and scholarships for students interested in service careers.
"She is a beautiful soul who had done great work," said Maurice Swinney, CPS's interim chief education officer, who announced the fund at a Chicago Board of Education meeting on Wednesday. "She is known as one of the best social workers in the youth guidance space. I credit her with really thinking about how do we project out what the future should look like for mental health and that we were working on this pre-pandemic."
Ms. Antonopoulos realized students "need more than a laptop, they need more than Internet access," Garrity said. "They need somebody to listen to them, to make them feel heard and to understand they're not the only one feeling like this."
Hellen Antonopoulos speaking at the National Museum of Mexican Art.
Ben McKay
Young Hellen grew up near Harlem Avenue and Irving Park Road. Her father Nikolaos, an immigrant from the village of Doxa in the Peloponnese peninsula, worked as a short-order cook and janitor. Her mother, from the town of Vyziki in the same region of Greece, worked for Motorola, making circuit boards.
She graduated from Dever grade school. Then, at Lane Tech High School, "She got into student government," Zemenides said. "She decided early on she would find a way into public service. When she was at Loyola University, that's when she discovered social work."
She got a bachelor's degree in social work and two master's degrees, one in social work and another in children's law and policy.
"The three girls, they put themselves through school," Zemenides said. "It was difficult financially. She wanted to make sure she could help people who were less fortunate."
At CPS, "Sometimes, she was working to 2, 3 in the morning," her brother-in-law said. "She was fulfilled by her work because she saw the direct results."
"She had an instinct on when someone was in need of help, a listening ear or a hug," said Father Tilemahos Alikakos, who helped preside at her funeral.
Ms. Antonopoulos loved to travel. In addition to Greece, she went to China, the Czech Republic, England, France and Spain, where she was bewitched by Barcelona. She bought architectural Lego sets for her eldest nephew, Demetrios, so he could build replicas of the Eiffel Tower and other landmarks she visited.
She and her sisters had a friendly cooking competition over which of them could best duplicate the Greek recipes they'd learned from their mother. One of her specialties was fasolakia, a green bean dish she made with potatoes, carrots, zucchini and tomato sauce, topped with feta cheese.
She loved feta so much, the family joke was: "Do you want a little fasolakia with that feta?"
"She had a way of bringing everybody together through laughter," said Ron Migalski, a friend and fellow social worker. "And her fasolakia was fantastic. You could never have enough feta — never."
At her funeral, the prayer card was printed with a verse by Persian poet Omar Khayyam:
"With them the seed of Wisdom did I sow,
And with mine own hand wrought to make it grow;
And this was all the Harvest that I reap'd —
'I came like Water, and like Wind I go.' "
Hellen Antonopoulos (from left) with her mother Vasiliki and sisters Anna Poulakidas and Joanne Zemenides.
Ms. Antonopoulos is survived by her father and sisters Anna Poulakidas and Joanne Zemenides.
She loved to decorate for the holidays, so her family decorated the tree near her grave and her mother's with Christmas ornaments and lights.
She would always put confetti in the cards she sent to her nieces and nephews. So, when their aunt's casket was lowered into the ground, they sprinkled it with confetti.
Next Up In Obituaries
Les Grobstein, 670 The Score overnight host, dead at 69
'Dancin' Man' Perry Kanlan, who'd jump onstage at Chicago clubs to perform with stars, dead at 78
Henry Meinke, third generation to run Meinke Garden Center, Niles' oldest business, dead at 94
Ronnie Spector, singer of 'Be My Baby,' dies at 78
Richard 'Dick' Stone dies at 80; Chicago newsman was respected foreign correspondent and media strategist


Levi Lelah has owned this vintage 1967 Camaro since 1981, when his father presented it as an eighteenth birthday present. To him it was just an old heap that had already been passed down through his older brother. "I didn't want an old Camaro," Levi said. "I wanted a new car." At the time, all Lelah cared about was having a good time and hanging with his friends.
Two months later, his father died unexpectedly at the age of 50. Only then did he begin to appreciate the car and his father's significance. As an immigrant who came to U.S. from Singapore, the elder Lelah supported his family in the hospitality industry and bought the car brand new. It was his pride and joy, a fact that's underscored in pictures of the family posed on the hood of the shiny red Camaro in 1967.
Lelah keeps the car in immaculate condition. He has painted it twice and displays it in vintage car shows regularly, where he frequently enters free drawings using his father's name. "Sometimes, I'll win a drawing and they'll call my Dad's name over the loud speaker," he said. "It makes me happy because it's like he lives again." I met Lelah last weekend at a Las Vegas Halloween event that raises money for autism research. Hearing his story was one of the most memorable parts of our trip.
Across the lot from Lelah's Camaro, I met Rick Henderson a Las Vegas artist who's been drawing since he was in kindergarten. He draws fabulous reproductions of vintage cars for owners as far away as Australia.
As you can see, a few car owners really got into the spirit of Halloween.
My Dad had a convertible like this one when I was in kindergarten—not exactly the most practical thing for a husband with four children. It tickles me to imagine how young and fooiish he was when he made this choice.
Evidently, the idea of boom boxes isn't as new as I thought it was!
This was one my favorite cars in the show!
What's the favorite car of your youth?
Leave a reply on "Traveling in style: vintage wheels in Las Vegas"


New Delhi: Delhi Daredevils kept their chances of qualifying for the Indian Premier League (IPL) play-offs alive after beating Sunrisers Hyderabad by six wickets at the Ferozeshah Kotla here on Tuesday.
All-rounders Corey Anderson's quick-fire 24-ball unbeaten 41 and Chris Morris' 7-ball 15 helped Delhi raise an unbeaten 41-run fifth wicket stand to register the much-needed win.
Samson, who had faced 19 balls by now and struck two boundaries and a six off Siraj's first delivery of the match, was undone by a slower one in the bowler's second over which Shikhar Dhawan latched on comfortably at cover point.
With both the openers back in the dug out, the onus was on Pant and new man Shreyas Iyer (33 off 25) but Siraj, after getting clobbered for a six in the previous ball got a toe crusher to cannon into the southpaw's stumps. The right-handed duo batted well to put 37 runs for the third wicket before being separated by Siraj.
Pant's dismissal brought together all-rounder Corey Anderson and Iyer, who was at his destructive best, clobbering two consecutive sixes off Yuvraj Singh, before Purple Cap holder Bhuvneshwar Kumar packed Iyer back with a slower bouncer.
The left-hander made the most of South African Kagiso Rabada's poor line and length, clobbering him for a four and six off consecutive balls in the 18th over.
New Zealander Kane Williamson (24 from 24) along with Dhawan added 22 runs before the first strategic time-out did the trick for Delhi, in the form of the southpaw's wicket.


text:
\section{Introduction}

	Among a multitude of fascinating features, Titan, the main satellite of Saturn, is -- with the Earth -- the only body of the solar
system bearing stable liquid phases at its surface.
    These hydrocarbon seas and lakes remain largely mysterious: they appear amazingly flat \citep{zebker_etal_2014},
with unexplained reflectivity events \citep{hofgartner_etal_2014}, while their precise chemical composition is not well
known. Only the presence of ethane has been detected \citep[][]{brown_etal_2008} and estimations performed with numerical models
\citep[][]{tan_etal_2013,glein_shock_2013,cordier_etal_2009,cordier_etal_2013a} somewhat disagree.
    Given their important role as reservoir in the hydrocarbons cycle, and because of their high exobiological potential
\citep[][]{mckay_smith_2005,schulzemakuch_grinspoon_2005,lunine_2010}, these lakes/seas would be very interesting targets for an
{\it in situ} exploration. Already mission concepts are studied: for instance the project
TiME \citep[{\it Titan Mare Explorer}, see][]{stofan_etal_2011} proposes a sea surface exploration with a boat while \cite{lorenz_etal_2015} suggest
a submarine. Both proposals incorporate an instrument that exploites the properties of sound propagation in liquids.

  The idea of instruments based on acoustic measurements has been investigated and implemented.
of Mars. Originally aimed for thunder detection, sound sensors have been deployed at the surface of Venus
\cite[][]{ksanfomality_etal_1986a,ksanfomality_etal_1986b}.
Finally, \cite{lorenz_1999} has discussed what could be learned about outer planet
atmospheres using acoustic properties.
  In the context of Titan, the {\it Huygens} probe was equipped with the instrument called {\it Acoustic Properties Investigation} (API), belonging
to the {\it Surface Science Package}, which
consisted of two units:  API-V (Velocity of sound) and API-S (Sounding) \citep[][]{svedhem_etal_2004}.
Even if this instrument had also capabilities for performing analysis in the atmosphere, it was mainly aimed at liquid phase
investigations. Since {\it Huygens} landed on a dry region, no measurements were done in Titan's surface liquid. However acoustic
data collected during the descent allowed \cite{hagermann_etal_2007} to derive constraints on the atmosphere composition.\\

   \cite{hagermann_etal_2005} did a conceptual work of how the measurements, acquired by
\textit{Huygens}' instruments in a cryogenic liquid, could given information regarding its composition. Among other physical quantities,
they considered the speed of sound. Facing the lack of published speed of sound measurements, particularly for the hydrocarbons mixtures,
they used an equation of fit.
They validated the latter by comparison with the results given by the equation of state (hereafter EoS) published by \cite{peng_robinson_1976}.
They also employed data coming from the National Institut of Standards and Technology (NIST14). However, they did not give the full
derivation of the computed speed of sound.
In the context of depths sounding, \cite{arvelo_lorenz_2013} made computations based on the speed of sound in cryogenic liquids. Their
work also involves the NIST14 database. Unfortunately, the obtained velocities exhibit discontinuities which are certainly not physical \citep[see figure 3 of][]{arvelo_lorenz_2013}.
In addition, these authors assumed that their adopted linear fit can be extrapolated to temperatures higher than $92.5$ K.
For all these reasons, I decided to explore the question of speed of sound in cryogenic liquids and to revisit its sensitivity to
chemical composition.
Successfully used in countless works of chemical engineering, and introduced in Titan research field by \cite{tan_etal_2013},
I have chosen to use the up-to-date, Helmholtz energy based theory,
PC-SAFT\footnote{Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory}.
On average, PC-SAFT is more accurate than all other EoS, and particularly Peng-Robinson cubic EoS
\citep[see for instance][]{diamantonis_etal_2013,annesini_etal_2014}. Focusing on the speed of sound dependency with
chemical composition, I describe a concept of a very simple instrument, similar to the API-V, but including an active
temperature control of the probed liquid. In this paper, I emphasize the required accuracy and on the needed number of velocity of sound measurements; this,
in a way as quantitative as possible. In addition, the exact derivation of the speed of sound from PC-SAFT quantities is presented in detail.
The system is not thought to compete with an instrument as accurate as a mass spectrometer,
but it would be very useful in the case of a failure of such an high precision sensors.
  In Sect.~\ref{measur} I discuss the principle of the speed of sound measurements. Sect.~\ref{calspeed}
is devoted to the thermodynamical computations and model description. In Sect.~\ref{datainv}, the inversion algorithm is described and the sensibility of
results to experimental conditions is discussed. Final remarks and conclusion will be made in Sect.~\ref{concl}.

\section{The principle of the measurements}
\label{measur}

  If the bulk composition of Titan's lakes contains only three compounds, characterizing the composition can be achieved
if we know the mole fraction of nitrogen $x_{\rm N_{2}}$  and the ratio $r_{46}= x_{\rm CH_4}/x_{\rm C_2H_6}$, where
$x_{\rm CH_4}$ and $x_{\rm C_2H_6}$ are respectively the mole fractions of methane and ethane. As shown, in principle, by \cite{hagermann_etal_2005},
an appropriate set of physical property measurements can be used as an indicator of the chemical composition of the considered
liquids. Following this idea, the measurements of two independent values of the speed of sound $u$ in a liquid could
be used -- at least formally -- to determine the values of $x_{\rm N_{2}}$ and $r_{46}$. These
measurements could be performed for two different temperatures, and more extended set of measurements will bring stronger
constraints on the composition. If $u_{1}$ and $u_{2}$ are respectively the determined sound velocity at
temperature $T_{1}$ and $T_{2}$, one has to solve the set of equations (\ref{system1}).
\begin{equation}\label{system1}
\begin{array}{lcl}
  u(x_{\rm N_{2}}, x_{\rm CH_{4}}, x_{\rm C_{2}H_{6}}, T_{1}) &=& u_{1} \\
  u(x_{\rm N_{2}}, x_{\rm CH_{4}}, x_{\rm C_{2}H_{6}}, T_{2}) &=& u_{2} \\
\end{array}
\end{equation}
  This assumes that the liquid mixture does not evaporate at a temperature in the range $[T_{1},T_{2}]$. Moreover the liquid has to be
isolated from any vapor phase such as the local atmosphere.
  With more than two measurements, systems similar to (\ref{system1}), each corresponding to a couple $(T_{i},T_{j})_{i\ne j}$, can
be resolved. The composition is then obtained by averaging the inferred mole fractions.
  In the frame of this approach, a law $u(x_{i},T)$ has to be determined during the preparation
of the space mission, by theoretical works and/or laboratory calibrations.
  One might conceive of a run of measurements in a passive mode, {\it i.e.} taking advantage of the natural variations of the surface
temperature of the sea. Unfortunately, the expected amplitude of climatic temperature variations is of the order of a few kelvins
by Titan's year ($29.5$ Earth years); these circumstances make these variations unusable for our purpose. Thus, an active system of
temperature control is needed.
  A device inspired by the Kundt's tube \citep{kundt_1866} could be employed. Althought it would be equipped by valves, such a system has the great
advantage of a small number of mobile mechanical pieces. The Kundt's device is sketched in Fig.~\ref{kundt_tube},
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8 cm]{Kundt_tube.eps}
\caption[]{\label{kundt_tube}Sketch of the device that could be used to measure the speed of sound in the liquid of a Titan's
         lake. The temperature control of the liquid is ensured by means of temperature sensors and an electric heating system.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
enclosing the tube (that could also be called ``chamber of measurement'') an insulating wall prevents too high a heat flux
towards ambient liquid, and stabilizes the temperature when the acoustic experiments are conducted. The probed liquid is heated
by an electrical resistor whereas a device and/or a dedicated procedure ensure the homogeneity of the temperature in
the chamber. The measurement can be done by determining the time taken by an ultrasonic pulse to travel the length of the tube
between the emitter and the receiver. This is the operating principle achieved by API-V {\it Huygens} or ``SOSO'' ({\it TiME}).
I emphasize that the tube could also be used in a way similar to what Kundt has done. Indeed, the tube is a cylindrical resonant cavity
(of length $L$)
 The natural frequencies $f_{n}$ of such a cavity obey the simple law given by Eq. (\ref{fn})
\begin{equation}\label{fn}
  f_{n}= n \, \frac{\displaystyle u}{\displaystyle 2 L}
\end{equation}
\citep[see][]{feynman_etal_1963}. For a fixed cavity length $L$, the determination of only two consecutive resonant
frequencies gives the speed of sound: $u= 2L (f_{n+1}-f_{n})$.
The measurement of a travel time is then replaced by a detection of resonance frequencies.
The larger the sample of acquired data is, the more precise the value of the speed $u$ is. An electronic unit dedicated
to frequency generation and a signal receiver processing are required to complete the system. In addition, the liquid heating
could be easily done with the help of an electrical resistor, while temperature measurements would be monitored by means of thermocouples. The
global performances ({\it e.g.} number of measurements per unit of time) determine the actual accuracy achieved for the law
$u(T)$.\\
 In the next section, we discuss the precision needed for speed of sound determinations (or equivalently for frequencies) to get results
useful for liquid composition.
   Concerning the range of temperature that would be used, I propose the interval from 90 K to 100 K. Indeed, the ground
temperature of Titan's polar regions has been estimated to be $\sim 90$ K based on near-surface brightness temperature
measurements \citep[][]{jennings_etal_2009}. In addition, methane has its boiling point at $111.2$ K. It is surely technically
easier to heat the liquid of lake up to 100 K than to cool it down to $80$ K, temperature at which the fluid might solidify.

\section{Estimation of the speed of sound in a ternary mixture of nitrogen, methane and ethane }
\label{calspeed}

The speed of sound in a given substance is computed from its thermodynamic properties using the general equation
\citep[see for instance][]{diamantonis_economou_2011}

\begin{equation}\label{speed1}
   u = \sqrt{\frac{C_{\rm P}}{C_{\rm V}} \left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial \rho}\right)_{T}}
\end{equation}

  with $C_{\rm P}$ and $C_{\rm V}$ respectively the isobaric and isochoric specific heat, $P$ is the pressure, $\rho$
the density and $T$ the temperature.
  This equation can be easily derived from first principles and classical thermodynamics equations
\citep[{\it e.g}.][]{lobo_ferreira_2006}.
      The Helmholtz free energy is generally used in statistical thermodynamics to express EoS, since most properties of
interest can be obtained by proper differentiation of it. With PC-SAFT, the total Helmholtz energy -- denoted $A$ -- can be written as a sum
\begin{equation}\label{A}
   A= A^{(\rm id)} + A^{(\rm res)}
\end{equation}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=6 cm, angle= -90]{compa_mod-exp_speedofsound_1.ps}
\caption[]{\label{compamodexpe}Comparison between experimental determination of the speed of sound (symbols) for
           CH$_4$ and C$_2$H$_6$ and the outputs of our model. Squares: experimental data from \cite{setzmann_wagner_1991},
           circles: data taken in \cite{younglove_ely_1987}.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
  in which $A^{(\rm id)}$ represents the Helmholtz energy of the corresponding ideal-gas,
$A^{(\rm res)}$ being the residual contribution that accounts for intermolecular interactions.
In the PC-SAFT framework molecules are conceived to be chains comprised of freely jointed spherical segments. Inter-segment
and intermolecular potentials are introduced and the theory provides the resulting Helmholtz energy of the macroscopic system.
 The reader who is
interested in the nature of the terms included in $A^{(\rm res)}$ is invited to consult the vast literature devoted to the basis
of PC-SAFT. The foundations of this theory have been originally published by \cite{gross_sadowski_2001}. A good introduction
to PC-SAFT can be found, in \cite{soo_2011}.
This theory has been extensively tested in the context of cryogenic liquids by \cite{tan_etal_2013} and
it has also been proved that it reproduced laboratory data, particularly isotherms and binary diagrams, with a very satisfying degree of accuracy.
However, despite its great performances, PC-SAFT, similarly to the theories applied by \cite{cordier_etal_2009} or
\cite{glein_shock_2013}, include free parameters that have to be adjusted; but theories belonging to the ``SAFT family'' have the
advantage to rely on a strong statistical physics basis.
Moreover, I have checked that PC-SAFT
reproduces the reference ternary mixture (N$_2$, CH$_4$, C$_2$H$_6$) of \cite{gabis_1991} provided as supplementary data by \cite{glein_shock_2013}.\\
 In the
frame of this EoS, each considered species is characterized by the PC-SAFT three parameters, namely the segment diameter $\sigma$,
the depth of the potential $\epsilon/k_{B}$, and the number of segments per chain $m$; the values of those parameters have all been
given in \cite{tan_etal_2013,cordier_etal_2016b}. Beside this, the binary interaction parameters $k_{ij}$ 's are also taken in this article.
  Eq. (\ref{speed}) can be rewritten as
\begin{equation}\label{speed}
   u = \sqrt{\frac{C_{\rm P}}{C_{\rm V}} \frac{1}{k_{T} \rho}}
\end{equation}
where $k_{T}^{-1} = \rho (\partial P/\partial\rho)_{T}$. The density $\rho$ and
the derivative $(\partial P/\partial\rho)_{T}$ are provided by PC-SAFT,
whereas the non-ideal isobaric heat capacity of the mixture $C_{\rm P}$ is derived using the relation
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8 cm, angle= 0]{sound_speed_evol_4.ps}
\caption[]{\label{figCsound}The calculated speed of sound as a function of temperature in the considered ternary mixture: (a) the
           ratio $r_{46}= x_{\rm CH_{4}}/x_{\rm C_{2}H_{6}}$ is fixed at $1$ while the nitrogen mole fraction $x_{\rm N_{2}}$ takes the value
           $0.05$, $0.10$, $0.15$, $0.20$ and $0.25$. (b) The mole fraction of nitrogen is set to $0.10$ while the ratio
           $r_{46}= x_{\rm CH_{4}}/x_{\rm C_{2}H_{6}}$ takes the values $0.01$, $0.10$, $0.30$, $0.50$, $0.70$, $0.90$ and $10$.
           For all calculations, the pressure has been fixed at $1.5$ bar, the observed value on Titan's surface
           \citep[][]{niemann_etal_2005}.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{equation}\label{CpmCv}
   C_{\rm P} - C_{\rm V} = \frac{\displaystyle T \, \alpha^{2}}{\displaystyle k_{T} \, \rho} \, \bar{M}
\end{equation}
where $\alpha = k_{T} (\partial P/\partial T)_{V}$ is also computed with PC-SAFT. $\bar{M}$ represents the average molar mass of the mixture.
The isochoric heat capacity $C_{\rm V}$ is given by \citep[see][Eq. 19]{diamantonis_economou_2011}
\begin{equation}\label{Cv}
   C_{\rm V} = \underbrace{-T \, \left(\frac{\displaystyle\partial^{2} A^{(\rm id)}}{\displaystyle\partial T^{2}}\right)_{\rm V}}_{= C_{V}^{(\rm id)}}
               -T \, \left(\frac{\displaystyle\partial^{2} A^{(\rm res)}}{\displaystyle\partial T^{2}}\right)_{\rm V}
\end{equation}
The term denoted $C_{V}^{(\rm id)}$ is the isochoric heat capacity of the corresponding ideal gas.
 I made a series of tests to evaluate this term. Among them, I used the group-contribution method
developed by Joback and Reid \cite[][]{joback_1984,joback_reid_1987} and summarized in \cite{poling_2007}.
This approach consists of an approximate estimation of the requested thermodynamical quantities. Unfortunately, doing so did not
yield to speeds of sound in very good agreement with the tabulated experimental data.
 As a consequence, I found that adjusting the individual heat capacities $C_{P, i}^{(\rm id)}$ by fitting the individual
velocity of sound data, gives much better results.
This isochoric $C_{V,i}^{(\rm id)}$ is derived from $C_{P,i}^{(\rm id)}$ thanks to Mayer's law; while $C_{V}$ comes from Eq. (\ref{Cv}),
Eq. (\ref{CpmCv}) provides $C_P$.
A comparison between the model
outputs and experimental data is presented in Fig.~\ref{compamodexpe}. The agreement for methane speed
of sound \citep{setzmann_wagner_1991}; and also for ethane data \citep{younglove_ely_1987} appears very good.
I have also been able to reproduce the velocity of sound in liquid nitrogen at $77$ K \cite[859 m s$^{-1}$, ][]{zuckermawar_mazel_1985}.
In Fig.~\ref{figCsound} the calculated
speed of sound for temperatures between $90$ K and $100$ K, is plotted for ranges of mole fractions that cover the plausible abundances of Titan's seas.
As it can be seen in panel (a) and (b) of this figure, $u$ always
decreases when $T$ increases. It is noticeable that the amplitude of these variations, between the boundaries of the considered
interval, is roughly $\sim 50-60$ m s$^{-1}$.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=6 cm, angle= -90]{speed_vs_ratio_90K_2.ps}
\caption[]{\label{speedVSratio90K}Tabulated speed of sound versus ratio $x_{\rm CH_{4}}/x_{\rm C_2H_6}$ at $T= 90$ K and
           $P= 1.5$ bar, for mole fraction of nitrogen $x_{\rm N_2}=$ $2 \times 10^{-2}$, $4 \times 10^{-2}$, $6 \times 10^{-2}$,
           $8 \times 10^{-2}$, $1 \times 10^{-1}$, $1.2 \times 10^{-1}$, $1.4 \times 10^{-1}$, $1.6 \times 10^{-1}$,
           $1.8 \times 10^{-1}$ and $2 \times 10^{-1}$.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
This implies an accuracy of measurements of a few percents, if we want to capture the variations of $u$ with temperature.
The curves in Fig.~(\ref{figCsound}) do not exhibit local extrema, this is
a useful (and expected) feature in the perspective of data inversion. Finally, we can remark that, not surprisingly, the computed
speed of sound gets higher when the average molar mass increases.

\section{Data inversion}
\label{datainv}

   One major goal of this discussion is to assess the possibility of deriving chemical composition information from acoustic
velocity. Thus, I have simulated a lake chemical composition extraction from artificial acoustic measurements. The samples
were constructed using a finite number of sound velocities, computed with the model, for a list of $N$ temperatures
in the range of interest, {\it i.e}. $90$--$100$ K.
In general, an inverse problem, like the one we are facing here, can be treated in different ways \citep[][]{aster_etal_2012}.
In a first attempt, I have tried to minimize a likelihood function based on a $\chi^{2}$. However, a very bad convergence was
observed. Instead, I built pre-computed tables of speeds of sound depending on three parameters: the temperature $T$, the nitrogen
mole fraction $x_{\rm N_2}$ and the ratio $r_{46}= x_{\rm CH_{4}}/x_{\rm C_2H_6}$. The data inversion is performed using the
following algorithm:

\begin{enumerate}
  \item for each ``experimental'' temperature $T_{i}$, the value of the ratio $r_{46}$ is searched by solving the
        equation $u_{\rm exp}=u_{\rm Table}$, for each value of $x_{\rm N_2}$ implemented in the multidimensional table.
        In Fig.~\ref{speedVSratio90K}, I have displayed examples of curves giving $u$ versus $\mathrm{log}_{10}(r_{46})$ for a temperature
        fixed at 90 K and a nitrogen mole fraction ranging from $0.02$ to $0.20$.
        This way, one builds a set of curves providing $x_{\rm N_{2}}^{(T)}$ as a function of the ratio $r_{46}$.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=6 cm, angle= -90]{error_evol_2.ps}
\caption[]{\label{errorevol}Results of simulations of ``experimental'' data inversion. Two sets of ``experimental'' data have been analyzed: one
           containing speeds of sound for $10$ values of temperature uniformly distributed between $90$ and $100$ K, a second consisting
           in 50 values. In order to mimic instrumental errors on speed of sound measurements, a random signal has been added to the data,
           originally computed using my PC-SAFT-based thermodynamic model. This signal consists of randomly chosen speed of sound contributions
           uniformly distibuted between $-\Delta u_{\rm max}$ and $+\Delta u_{\rm max}$, where $\Delta u_{\rm max}$ is the maximum measurement
           error allowed in the simulation. This plot represents the error on chemical composition determination as a function of $\Delta u_{\rm max}$.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
  \item in a second step, for each couple of temperature values $(T_{i}, T_{j})_{i\ne j}$, the coordinates of the
        intersection point of the curves $x_{\rm N_2}^{(T_{i})}(r_{46})$ and
        $x_{\rm N_2}^{(T_{j})}(r_{46})$ are determined using a root finding method. It should be noted that, in an ideal situation, all the curves have to
        intersect strictly at
        the same point $(\left.r_{46}\right|_{0}, \left.x_{\rm N_2}\right|_{0})$ characterizing the chemical
        composition of the studied liquid. In practice this is not the case, due to numerical errors, and above all
        because of experimental
        uncertainties, the derived points are scattered around an average position. The barycenter of these points represents the
        observed chemical composition, while the scattering offers information on uncertainties associated with this derivation.
\end{enumerate}
    Here, the uncertainties were estimated by computing the difference between the ``true'' composition used at the
time of the look-up-table construction, and the abundances inferred with our inversion algorithm.
    It is valuable to estimate the sensitivity of the results ({\it i.e}. derived values of the composition of the liquid) to the
uncertainties on the measured speed of sound. In order to mimic the instrumental errors, I added a random signal to velocity values, originally
computed with the thermodynamical model. Subsequently, the analysis of these surrogate samples is done by
the use of the algorithm described above.
Thus, I applied artificial speed errors $\Delta u_{i}$ uniformly distributed between $-\Delta u_{\rm max}$ and $+\Delta u_{\rm max}$,
where $\Delta u_{\rm max}$ is an arbitrary chosen value, representing the maximum error allowed in the numerical test.
    As already noticed in Sect.~\ref{calspeed}, the accuracy of the speed of sound in the considered liquid must be much lower
than $\sim 50-60$ m s$^{-1}$ for a typical value of speed around $1500$ m s$^{-1}$. Then the required instrumental precision should
be a priori better than $\sim 50$ m s$^{-1}$.
   In Fig.~\ref{errorevol} we have reported the results of two simulations: one based on a set of $N=$10 values of temperature uniformly
distributed between 90 and 100 K, the second consisting in $N=$50 values. In this figure, the errors on nitrogen mole
fraction and errors on the ratio $r_{46}= x_{\rm CH_{4}}/x_{\rm C_2H_6}$ were plotted as functions of the value of the maximum error
$\Delta u_{\rm max}$. Both simulations were done using an initial ``true'' chemical composition corresponding to $x_{\rm N_2}= 0.10$
and $x_{\rm CH_{4}}/x_{\rm C_2H_6}= 0.50$.
As one can see, for $N= 10$ the errors are relatively stable around $\sim 20$\% for $\Delta u_{\rm max}$ up to $\sim 10$ m s$^{-1}$;
beyond this value the errors increase regularly and finally the algorithm no longer converges properly for $\Delta u_{\rm max} \sim 25$
m s$^{-1}$.
  This numerical experiment corresponds to a temperature control at a $1$-K level, which appears well feasible.
As a corollary, in that case, the speed of sound measurements have to be done with an absolute accuracy better than $10$ m s$^{-1}$,
which corresponds to a relative precision better than $10^{-2}$.
In Fig.~\ref{errorevol}, the $N= 50$ numerical experiment shows clearly that, for a given $\Delta u_{\rm max}$, the increasement
of the number of measurements yields to an appreciable improvement in the chemical composition determination. In addition, the results of
the inversion remains acceptable (errors remain below $\sim$10\%) up to $\Delta u_{\rm max}\sim 60$ m s$^{-1}$. Nonetheless, a number
of measurements of $N= 50$ requires a temperature control of the liquid at the level of $\sim 0.2$ K that is more difficult
to achieve than a $\sim 1$ K level. This gives an idea of the precision needed on the temperature control.
The dependency on $N$ is anticipated since the final step of the inversion algorithm consists in an average.
During the design stage of the instrument, a compromise will have to be found between temperature control and the accuracy of
speed of sound determinations.\\
I have also checked that the errors on temperature have a negligible influence. For instance, in the
case of a sample of $10$ measurements between $90$ and $100$ K, randomly distributed errors on $T$ with a maximum of $\pm 0.2$ K lead to errors on speed of sound
below $0.8$ m.s$^{-1}$ while a maximum error of $\pm 0.5$ K produces speed uncertainties not larger than $2$ m.s$^{-1}$, value well below
the $\Delta u_{\rm max}$ values considered above.
This demonstrates that, if the temperature accuracy required by a number of independent measurements can be guaranteed
(\textit{e.g.} better than $1$ K for $10$ measurements between $90$ and $100$ K), then the effects of the inaccuracies in
the temperature measurements on the results are negligible compared to the uncertainties in the speed of sound measurements.\\

    Finally, photochemical models of Titan's atmosphere show that propane could be produced \citep[][]{lavvas_etal_2008a,lavvas_etal_2008b}.
Thus, I introduced some amount of propane in the case where $\Delta u_{\rm max}$ is fixed at $30$ m s$^{-1}$. The chemical composition of
the ``experimental sample'', {\it e.g.} $x_{\rm CH_4}= 0.30$, $x_{\rm N_2}= 0.10$ and $x_{\rm C_2H_6}= 0.60$, is replaced by
 $x_{\rm CH_4}= 0.30$, $x_{\rm N_2}= 0.10$, $x_{\rm C_2H_6}= 0.55$ and $x_{\rm C_3H_8}= 0.05$. These data are then used in the algorithm
which assumes a sample composed only by the ternary mixture ($\rm CH_4$, $\rm N_2$, $\rm C_2H_6$). I found that, even with such a small amount
of propane, the derived abundances of $\rm N_2$ and the ratio $r_{46}$ are substantially affected: the error on  $x_{\rm N_2}$ is around
$20$\% (instead of $\sim 5$\% without $\rm C_3H_8$) while $r_{46}$ presents an error of about $100$\%. This numerical test emphasizes the sensibility
of the velocity of sound to composition. Obviously, to overcome this issue, the best solution is to introduce the measurement of another independent
physical quantity.

\section{Conclusion}
\label{concl}

   In this work, I shown that the use of a realistic model, based on PC-SAFT, prevents the appearance of unphysical
situations, like a speed of sound discontinuity, already
noticed in previous published papers \citep{hagermann_etal_2005,arvelo_lorenz_2013}. However, even such sophisticated models need to be constrained
by empirical data. Consequently, new laboratory measurements of sound speeds would be greatly useful, particularly in the case of mixtures.
The simultaneous measurements of refractive index, density, thermal conductivity, electromagnetic permittivity and speed of sound required by
Hagermann {\it et al}'s method is not easy to achieve and requires a complex set of sensors.\\
  Alternatively, the dynamic method proposed here, whereby the speed of sound is measured at different temperatures; provides a better
composition estimation with accuracy comparable to that of the measured
physical quantities (\textit{i.e.} a few percents), here the speed of sound. Indeed,
with only $50$ temperature measurements, I have shown that the errors in derived composition remain below
$10$\%. I also emphasized that the method employed
by \cite{hagermann_etal_2005} implicitly assumes the existence of a device implementing a temperature control by heating since they need
thermal conductivity determinations. This fact suggest that, the two approaches could be combined in a future mission concept.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

I acknowledge Dr Ralph Lorenz for scientific discussions. I thank the anonymous Reviewer who
improved the clarity of the paper with his/her remarks and comments. I also warmly thank my colleague Panayotis Lavvas
for reading and improving my text.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Counting dead women: the Twitter account reporting every death from domestic violence this year
The feminist Twitter account Counting Dead Women, has this morning been tweeting every death in the UK caused as a result of domestic violence from the past year.
Karen Ingala Smith, CEO of nia, a London-based domestic violence and sexual violence charity that works to end violence against women and girls, launched the Counting Dead Women Twitter account, in order to raise awareness about the sheer enormity of the problem.
Although many sites and charities are dedicated to ending violence against women, Smith takes a personal approach, by naming the women, revealing their ages, and the circumstances surrounding their tragic deaths. The list hits home how real these victims are – not mere statistics but daughters, friends, mothers and sisters.
This morning's list serves only to emphasise the continuing problem our society faces with violence against women, and Twitter's 140 character limitation, means that each death is presented in a stark manner. Reading the feed is utterly harrowing.
Statistics show that on average, two women are killed every week by a current or former partner; 1 in 4 women will be affected by domestic violence in their lifetime; and domestic violence remains the single most quoted reason for becoming homeless.
Additionally, domestic violence has more repeat victims than any other crime with victims being subjected to an average of 35 assaults before they call the police.
A shocking revelation last month exposed by Women's Aid, revealed that 1 in 2 boys and 1 in 3 girls think it is sometimes acceptable to hit a woman – emphasising the crucial need to education in this area.
The decision by Counting Dead Women to tweet the list of all the women who have been killed as a result of domestic violence this year, comes in the midst of an inquiry into the death of 20-year-old Hollie Gazzard, who was violently murdered by her boyfriend, Asher Maslin in Gloucester in February 2014.
The inquiry has found that Maslin has been involved in 24 separate violent incidents with Gazzard, as well as others with previous girlfriends, and his own mother.
Gazzard's father has been speaking out about the importance of identifying the warning signs, and supporting victims so they feel safe to report such abuse.
Do you suffer from domestic violence - or does someone you know need help? Find support at refuge.org.uk


WILL OIL KILL THE STOCK MARKET RALLY?
With oil and materials names now accounting for over 25% of the S&P 500 it is imperative that you understand where the price of oil is heading as these stocks are likely to correlate closely. Bloomberg reports that oil prices have surged over 60% this year, but could be facing a wall at $80 per barrel as spare capacity spikes.
Sounds like OPEC wants oil prices in the $75-$80 range. This could hinder the recent run-up in stocks. If seasonality, a weak hurricane season or economic concerns influence the picture don't be surprised if oil trades much lower and takes the stock market with it….


text:
Arre eller Arré kan syfta på:

Geografi

Frankrike

 Arre, Gard, kommun, departementet Gard i regionen Occitanien,

Italien

 Arre, ort och kommun, Veneto, Provincia di Padova,

Robotskapade Frankrikeförgreningar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home Technology LG G5 To Release Ahead Of Galaxy S7 According To Tweet
LG G5 To Release Ahead Of Galaxy S7 According To Tweet
Christopher Morris
Feb 7, 2016, 11:30 am
Dgokuavid / Pixabay
A rapidly deleted tweet seems to have given us an insight into the future release schedule of both the LG G5 and the Galaxy S7. Special media events are scheduled for the weekend before the Mobile World Congress 2016 commences, although both companies have declined to make reference to either handset in their initial press releases for the event. Samsung has confirmed the Galaxy S7 Edge product name in leaked developer documentation, although this has now been removed from its website completely.
1. LG tweet reveals all
2. LG G5 vs Samsung Galaxy S7
3. Design comparison
4. 4K screen?
5. Processing edge for Samsung
6. More storage and battery life for LG
7. Camera comparison
LG tweet reveals all
Not to be outdone, LG recently responded to this with a more explicit revelation. Tweeting from its LGUSAMobile handle, LG on Wednesday confirmed that the LG G5 will be released on February 21, just in time for the Barcelona trade show. The Mobile World Congress gets underway this year on February 22, and it seems that LG intends to release its latest flagship smartphone at a special event set for 2pm European time. This would mean that it emerges several hours ahead of Samsung's Galaxy S7, or at least the presser event in which it is expected to be unveiled.
Unfortunately, this tweet didn't last very long, and was rapidly deleted. However, here it is recreated in all its glory.
Aside from the release date of the LG G5, other leaks have also hinted at the specifications of the device. In particular, a new dual-camera setup has been mooted for the LG G5, which will fit in with the intentions of Apple to produce a similar device. A dual-LED flash will be at the heart of this new snapper, which would seem to deliver outstanding photographic capability for this smartphone.
LG G5 vs Samsung Galaxy S7
As the two Korean rivals vie for supremacy in 2016, it looks as if LG has the opportunity of seriously challenging Samsung this time round. Samsung has been forced to endure a period in which it its profits have regularly fallen, and the consumer electronics giant is facing impositions on its business model for the first time in several years.
More affordable Android handsets are threatening Samsung in its native East Asia, and the company must demonstrate in the coming months that it is in a position to respond effectively. While the LG G line has never achieved the mass market penetration of the Samsung Galaxy range, it has been extremely well regarded critically, and LG now has good reason to believe that it can seriously close the gap on Samsung with the LG G5.
This newly emboldened LG is absolutely signified by the fact that it has taken the trouble to get its products out before the Galaxy S7, even if both will essentially arrive in the stores at a similar time. The tweeting strategy it has employed can be viewed as cheeky, but it symbolises a company ready to do battle with Samsung as an equal.
Design comparison
So how will the Galaxy S7 compare to the LG G5 in 2016? The design of the two devices looks to be fairly similar, at least based on rumors. Both are opting for a primarily metallic design, with the Galaxy S range having been praised for moving away from the plasticky feel of earlier devices. Personal preference will come into play here, but it must be said that Samsung has the market penetration and brand recognition that will give it a serious advantage.
It is notable that the Galaxy S7 is the marginally more compact of the two devices, and this will naturally appeal to consumers wanting convenience. Of course, the LG G5 is larger owing to the bigger display in the device, But this doesn't change the fact that it is the slightly more bulky handset of the two.
4K screen?
In terms of the actual displays, Samsung has been the market-leader, certainly in terms of mainstream devices, in this department. But LG has already been lauded for the quality of screen that it utilized in the G range, and there have even been murmurings that it might consider a 4K display with its next-generation LG G5. This would be the sort of innovation and bold spec that would separate the device from Samsung, with the Korean manufacturer expected to stick to the Quad HD which serves the Galaxy S series well last time out.
Processing edge for Samsung
With both devices running off Android Marshmallow, there is little to separate the two in this department, but differences are obvious in other areas. It is likely that the Galaxy S7 will have extra memory in comparison to the LG G5, as reports have generally indicated that LG will arm its flagship mobile with a 3GB quotient. Samsung will have a 4GB memory capacity, and thus may experience some benefits in terms of processing speed.
With both handsets likely to opt for the Qualcomm Snapdragon 820, at least according to media reports, the level of memory in the two devices is certainly significant. But based on rumors, it certainly seems that the LG G5 has the edge in other areas of the two handsets' portfolio of features.
More storage and battery life for LG
Samsung will not produce a 128GB version of the Galaxy S7, whereas the premium version of the LG G5 will indeed feature this storage capacity. The LG G5 will also have a significantly larger battery, and consequently possibly battery life, than the Galaxy S7 as well. The non-removable Li-Po 3,000mAh battery In the Galaxy S7, pales in comparison to the 4,000 mAh unit in the LG G5, which also offers the flexibility of being removable.
There is more room for debate with regard to the cameras included in the two smartphones. Samsung has opted to include the revolutionary BRITECELL technology in the Galaxy S7, ensuring that the device could be the best mobile yet at shooting in darker conditions. This might seem to suggest that it will have the edge over the LG G5, but the superior megapixel rating in the LG handset, 16 as opposed to 12, will certainly gain attention as well. With optical image stabilization, laser autofocus and dual-LED flash also included in the LG G5 unit, this is certainly a capable photographic device.
Android fans will certainly be eagerly anticipating the unveiling of these two devices, which now seems certain to be earmarked for Fairbury 21.
Updated on Sep 23, 2021, 3:19 am
https://www.valuewalk.com/
Christopher Morris is a passionate player of video games since the days of Space Invaders, and is extensively published on the subjects of Business, Technology and Politics. Chris also contributes to Yahoo.
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Last Week In Politics
September 23, 2019	/ no comments	/	229 views
BY ABIGAIL ADCOX, NEWS EDITOR
Key economic and security partner Prince Salman bin Hamad Al-Khalifa of Bahrain welcomed to the White House.
Former White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer debuts on "Dancing with the Stars."
Tuesday, Sept. 17
New York state prosecutors subpoenaed President Trump's tax returns for his accounting firm.
Robert O'Brien named as National Security Advisor.
2001 photo surfaces of Justin Trudeau in blackface.
Democratic donor Ed Buck to face federal charges of drugging victims and causing them to overdose.
Amazon to buy 100,000 electric vans as part of climate pledge.
Eighth death linked to vaping illness, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
At least 4 dead, dozens injured in bus crash near Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah.
New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio drops out of race for 2020 Democratic presidential nomination.
"House Hunters" host Suzanne Whang dies at 56.
2020 presidential election amazon Sean Spicer Trump's Tax Returns
About Abigail Adcox
Abigail is a junior at Mason majoring in communications with a concentration in journalism. She is the current News Editor of Fourth Estate and Vice President for Mason's chapter of Society of Professional Journalists. Abigail's area of interest falls in politics and breaking news.
View all posts by Abigail Adcox →
Supreme Court Rules In Favor of Trump Asylum Rule
Analysis of the Third Democratic Presidential Debate


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Feb 5, 2018 ... Jeremy M. Cohen *, Marc J. Lajeunesse and Jason R. Rohr. Corrected: ... Absolute v alue of slope .... Thackery et al. found that amphibian phenology was not sensitive to precipitation in the ...... Chambers 2005 136 arrival.
Megan A. Rúa, Anita Antoninka, Pedro M. Antunes, V. Bala Chaudhary, Catherine ... D. Bever, Cathy Zabinski, James F. Meadow, Marc J. Lajeunesse, Brook G. Milligan, .... Rúa et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2016) 16:122. Page 2 of 15 ..... Laboratory (greenhouse, growth chamber, lathe house or shade house), field.


text:
Bi Bi Bi
June 29, 2021 / lovescienceandnat20s	/ Leave a comment
I've wanted to write this for a really long time. Most of my life, actually, now that I think about it. I've wanted to be upfront and honest and open about who I am for so long that it's hard to remember a time when it wasn't something I wanted, but life has this funny way of preventing this level of honesty. You worry about what people will think, you worry how your truth will affect other people, you question yourself on every level.
But ultimately, here I am. Being honest and open, and I hope that after you, dear reader, finish with this post, you'll still stick around and love me (if you do love me; if you didn't to begin with, it's all good) as much as you did before. If you don't, if you've changed your mind on me, I've reached a point where I'm okay with that, okay with people who can't accept me for who I am seeing their way out of my life, because at the end of the day, I'd rather be authentically myself than keep up an act.
In that vein, rather than just beating around the bush and leaving you to read the whole post and be like "BUT WHAT ARE YOU??" like this is some vague Facebook status where I say that I'm HARD TO GET ALONG WITH and I'll ALWAYS FIGHT FOR MY FRIENDS because I'm a SCORPIO WHO LIKES ELEPHANTS or something like that, I'll get the big revelation out of the way first, as a sort of thesis statement. That way, if you don't like it, you can stop reading now, unfollow me, walk away, and not worry about the rest.
But I hope you'll stay. And I hope that you'll read past this point, where I tell you that I am bisexual, I always have been, and I always will be.
But how do you know??
Do you remember the first time you saw someone who took your breath away and reset your brain to factory settings? And all you could do when it happened was just stand there and blink and wonder what had happened and when you were going to get back to normal?
I remember. I was fourteen years old, and I was in typing class. There was a girl in my class, whose name I absolutely forget, and one day, even though I'd seen her hundreds of times before, she left me dumbstruck. I was the teacher's pet in typing class (thanks to Mavis Beacon and having a college boyfriend with whom I chatted on AIM all the time), but I don't remember doing very well that day, because it was all I could do to kick my brain back into gear and stare at the passage we were supposed to be typing instead of that girl.
Now, I grew up in a pretty conservative Christian household, and as I'd neared puberty, the main thing I'd learned about sex was that doing it outside of marriage was Bad and Wrong and would probably result in me getting pregnant with AIDS. To my parents' credit, this wasn't their messaging, by and large. They put their collective foot down when it came to my love life overall (still let me date a guy five years my senior, mind, but their rules about physicality were strict enough that they got me grounded at least twice over kissing), but the hellfire and brimstone didn't come from them so much as from the culture of conservative Christianity at the time.
My awakening, as it were, happened right as purity culture was finding its footing. For the uninitiated, purity culture was (maybe is, I don't know what churches similar to the one I grew up in do with their adolescents now) this obsession with not only not having sex until you were married but not getting into emotional entanglements either. It often involved things like purity rings and girls getting compared to things like chewed up gum, tape that's lost its stickiness, shattered glasses, etc., if we were "loose." Nobody much talked about sex itself… it was more the idea that having sex outside of what the Bible condoned (i.e., one man and one woman in marriage, however the current culture defined it) would absolutely ruin you. You'd turn into a sex addict, you'd get pregnant with AIDS, you'd be worthless, your future spouse (assuming we'd all have future spouses) would be the Bigger Person for accepting you in your gross, already-did-the-nasty-ness.
And anything outside of heterosexuality? Don't even think about it. Being gay was a sin, being attracted to anyone outside of a cisgender "opposite" sex spouse was a sin, and a bad one. Almost as bad as abortion.
So I had this moment of "KAPOW, beautiful girl!" but I had no idea what to do with that feeling because bisexuality just wasn't on my radar in the slightest. Sure, we had internet, but it was the baby internet, a wild west without real search engines, and anyway, even if Google had been available, the idea of my parents finding out about me researching this perversion terrified me. I had no label for myself, and all I could think, when I was trying to sleep and fantasies about that beautiful girl and other beautiful girls danced through my mind, was that I must be addicted to sex.
(mind, I'd gone no farther than kissing my boyfriend at that age, I only just barely knew what sex entailed, but there I was, fourteen years old and an obvious sex addict)
This was, in retrospect, the wrong conclusion, but I had no way of knowing that. Shame over my apparent sex addiction consumed me, and some nights, I'd lie awake all night, begging God to help me not give into the temptation of wanting to have sex with a girl (the temptation of wanting to have sex with a guy, mind, was perfectly fine–after all, being a good Christian girl, I'd definitely be doing that eventually) and to forgive me for letting things get this bad. I was particularly terrified after one sermon brought up that Jeffrey Dahmer had Jeffrey Dahmered because he saw porn and, therefore, sex outside of acceptable parameters could naturally lead all the way to being a serial murderer and cannibal. I wasn't there yet, but that sort of thing gets into your head when you're autistic, and I was convinced that unless I repented for being attracted to other girls, I'd be there soon enough.
This particular theme played itself out many times over the years. I'd have these bursts of being okay with myself, somewhat, followed shortly thereafter by all night repentance fests, right on through college.
Some things did change. When I was sixteen, I found out that bisexuality existed, thanks to religion message boards and an improving internet. Further searching led me to the term "bi-curious," which I adopted for myself–I wouldn't ever actually have sex with a girl or date a girl or fall in love with a girl, I told myself, but I was awfully curious about it.
Warring with yourself that long, however, is exhausting. All those sleepless nights took their toll. Acceptance finally started to come to me when I spent a semester abroad, studying theology and Christian history at Oxford University (which makes me sound super smart, but y'all, I barely passed). I was there a hundred days, living with people who seemed really comfortable with who they were, more than almost anyone I'd ever met. And living with them, I had to be mask-off with my autism because it was exhausting not to be.
Not only that, but being in Oxford introduced me to more liberal forms of Christianity than I'd known my entire life, different interpretations of the Bible that looked at words in Greek and Hebrew and said, "but is that what it meant historically?" and "can we apply this literally to our lives today or do we need to sincerely consider the historical and cultural context in which it was written?" I studied Plato and Aristotle and fell absolutely in love with Plato's Symposium and the idea of Forms. And all of that combined so that by the time I was on the plane home in April, I knew that even if it was a sin to be so, I was bisexual. It was my cross to bear, and I'd have to bear it.
And I felt guilt over it still, so much guilt, but the sleepless nights grew less and less. And then one day, when I was a few years out of college, I connected with this amazing guy from Texas, and while I still wasn't wholly guilt-free about it, I told him early on: "I'm bisexual."
And he said, "oh." And loved me just as I was and just as I am, and the guilt started to go away. Eventually, after we left the church altogether (that's another story for another time), the guilt was gone, as if a huge weight had been around my neck, and I could finally live knowing who I was–who I am–and not hating myself for it.
It did take me longer to be open about my orientation with others in my life, mostly because I didn't know how they would react, but as I've been inching out of the closet, everyone has been so loving and accepting, and it's such a good feeling.
So to answer the question: I know that I'm bisexual because I've tried to fight it for so long, because I spent the better part of nearly twenty years at war with who I was, and in the end, I decided to let myself win. If I weren't bisexual, some of that warring, that repenting, that begging would've worked. But none of it did. And I'm so glad.
But what does it mean??
A fun thing in the LGBTQIA community is dissecting labels.
I realized, after watching the Blue's Clues Pride parade with my kids (hurrah, hurrah, oh you want to hear it again, Isaac? 42 times in a row wasn't enough? Alright) that nearly every sexual orientation and level of attraction has its own label. It's very convenient on some level, but if you're not super immersed in the community, it can also get pretty confusing.
(in the writing of this blog entry, for example, I had to look up "aegoromantic," "maverique,"and "coeosexual," among others)
Bisexuality is something that's become particularly contentious to define lately, with a subset of the community saying that it's exclusionist towards nonbinary people or trans people. This is, of course, bullshit–bisexuality has always included nonbinary and trans people, and it always will. Still, those who aren't comfortable with the "bi" part of "bisexuality" have tended in recent years to identify more as "pansexual" or "polysexual," rather than bisexual.
I use my own definition of bisexuality, thanks to some message boards I've poked around and articles I've read. And this might be its own microidentity, but listen, I read the word "bisexual" first in 1999. It entered my identity almost 30 years ago. I'm not giving it up, thank you.
So anyway. For me, bisexuality means that I'm attracted to and can fall in love with people of my gender and not of my gender but that gender identity does play a role in how that attraction manifests. For example, when I'm attracted to another woman, I cannot talk, I become an absolute idiot, and flirting is 100% out of the question. Good-bye, Abby's brain, I hardly knew ye. When I'm attracted to a man, however, I'm able to turn on the charm, flirt like crazy, make wonderful jokes, and just be naturally fun.
(in theory, at least; it's been a loooooong time since I've been in a position to really flirt with anyone except Kyle, and our flirting mostly consists of teasing each other through the house while trying to be a functional pair of adults, key word: trying)
I find different things attractive in men than in women, different things attractive in enbies than in trans people, and so on. Gender absolutely plays a role in my attraction to people, not in the sense that I'm not attracted to certain genders at all ever but in the sense that how I'm attracted to someone will change depending on their gender.
It's hella confusing, of course, but that's the bisexual life for ya.
But wouldn't this mean you're just a slutty mcslutface??
Which brings me to the other part of my identity: demisexual.
I fought this one for a while, too. Basically, being demisexual means that you've got no interest or sexual attraction towards a person until you've developed a deep bond with them. For me, it mostly translates to me being perfectly content to flirt with people (when the opportunity arises or arose), but having an actual intimate relationship with a person requires at least a 5th level friendship and constant reassurance that yes, we're on the same page.
I had my slutty mcslutface days in college and right afterwards, but nowadays, eh. Kyle and I have a good relationship, and I'm honestly too tired to throw myself at anyone else, even if I did have the inclination.
But you married a man, so doesn't that mean you're just straight??
No more than getting married means that you never look at your celebrity of choice and think, "daaaaaaaamn."
Look, I'm married, not dead. I'm not exactly running around and dropping trou for every warm body I come across, but that doesn't mean I wasn't fanning myself through the entirety of Thor: Ragnarok (Cate Blanchett, Chris Hemsworth, Tom Hiddleston, Tessa Thompson, Mark Ruffalo, Karl Urban, AND Jeff Goldblum? Um, yes please?).
I get gobsmacked by people who hit my every type, male or female or neither or both or somewhere in between. I'm not swiping around on Tinder (even if I were single, just… no.), but I didn't stop being attracted to people just because I got married.
Bisexuality is weird in that I constantly feel random pressure to prove that hey, yeah, I'm still attracted to women and enbies and trans people, even though yes, I'm married to a man and, from the outside, you'd probably think we're just your friendly neighborhood heterosexual married couple. But while my marriage, being absolutely wonderful, changed a LOT of things about me, it did not change my sexual orientation in the slightest.
I feel like I could probably write a TON more on the subject, going into years of that warring with myself all the way up to getting my first Pride flag this year (because it was free! which is my favorite price for things). And I probably will write a TON more about this eventually.
But for now, I really just have one real conclusion, that being the wish that I hadn't warred with myself for so long and that I'd come out sooner. I know and I love who I am, a bisexual woman, and I hope that you do, too.
Little bit louder, little bit worse
Do you ever get serious deja vu about life?
Things just seem to go in cycles, patterns repeat themselves, and then you end up looking at your situation and asking, "…wait, didn't we JUST do this?" which is annoying because nobody wants to keep doing stuff over and over again AND YET.
Long and short, Kyle got laid off on Friday.
It sucks. There's no other way to say it. We weren't super comfortable lately (various unexpected expenses keep popping up and, as per usual, they end up costing roughly $500), but we were managing. I was thinking about getting a job in the fall after recovering from my spine surgery, just to give us a little more wiggle room for Things. And we were managing.
And then Kyle got laid off.
It wasn't his performance. It wasn't tight budgets. It wasn't a CEO throwing their weight around. It was a managerial decision that made a lot of sense, which is even more annoying because there's nowhere to throw any misplaced frustration except space, I guess. Space and capitalism. But more the latter than the former.
Friday was all about getting ducks in a row: Kyle signed up for unemployment and signed the two of us up for state healthcare (which, in our state, is really good). I called the hospital and rescheduled my spine surgery to make sure that our health insurance will be updated before I go in (because while any insurance we'd have would be retroactive to the first of the month–when insurance should kick in–I don't want to wrestle with billing departments over a $40k surgery). We both sat down and cried. We both went on all the sites to see how the job market is looking in Kyle's sector.
And on the upside, it's a decent enough market. Lots of jobs for his title, a lot of them with remote options. Lots paying decent money. And in the meantime, we have families willing to help us out as much as we need. This will hopefully be a short season, and it'll be a season where Kyle gets to spend a lot of time with the kids and with his family, whom we haven't seen in two years (thanks, pandemic), and then take care of me/them after my surgery in August.
But I wish it weren't going to be a season at all. It's that Lord of the Rings feeling, where you wish the ring hadn't come to you and that you weren't living through these times. Sure, you can decide what to do with the time you're given, but that doesn't make it feel any better to see Gandalf fall down to the middle of Middle Earth or to have the damn ring around your neck try to turn you evil every second of every day of your life. I think both of us are happy to make the best of the 24 hours we're given in this shitty ass season, but I'd really prefer to be in a better season.
Like maybe one where we're financially comfortable, where the world is an objectively good place that isn't constantly heating up, where I can feel optimistic about the future for more than 15 minutes at a time.
But instead, we just sing this verse again, and really, I'd just rather move onto the next.


text:
January 1992 , Volume 112, Issue 1, pp 1–16 | Cite as
Seasonal and spatial changes in the larval fish fauna within a large temperate Australian estuary
F. J. Neira
I. C. Potter
J. S. Bradley
A total of 66814 fish larvae, representing 37 families and 74 species, were collected in samples taken monthly between January 1986 and April 1987 from 13 sites located at frequent intervals throughout the large Swan Estuary in south-western Australia. The Gobiidae was the most abundant family, comprising 88.2% of the total number of larvae, followed by the Clupeidae (3.4%), Engraulididae (2.9%) and Blenniidae (1.0%). The most abundant species were Pseudogobius olorum (53.3%), Arenigobius bifrenatus (31.2%) and Engraulis australis (2.9%). Abundance of fish larvae in the lower, middle and upper regions of the estuary each reached a maximum between mid-spring and early summer, 2 to 4 mo before the attainment of maximum temperatures. Larvae of species such as Nematalosa vlaminghi and Apogon rueppellii were collected only between November and February, whereas those of others such as P. olorum, E. australis and Leptatherina wallacei were present over many months. The times and locations of capture of larvae have been related to the distribution and breeding periods of the adults of these species. The mean monthly number of species was far greater in the lower than upper estuary (14.7 vs 2.7), whereas the reverse was true for mean monthly concentration (42 vs 197 larvae per 100 m3). Classification, using the abundance of each of the 74 species recorded at the different sites, showed that the composition of the larval fish fauna in the lower, middle and upper estuary differed markedly from each other. Most larvae caught in the lower estuary belonged to marine species, whereas those in the upper estuary almost exclusively represented species that spawn within the estuary. The fact that the larvae of the 59 species of marine teleosts recorded during this study were restricted mainly to the lower estuary, and yet contributed only 6.2% to the total numbers for the whole estuary, helps to account for the relatively high species diversity in this region. The lack of penetration of many of these larvae beyond the first 12.5 km of the estuary presumably reflects the weak tidal effect in the wide basins of the middle estuary and saline regions of the tributary rivers. The larvae of the 13 teleosts that typically spawn within the estuary contributed 93.8% to the total numbers of larvae. Most of these estuarine-spawned larvae belong to teleosts that deposit demersal eggs and/or exhibit parental care (egg-guarding and oral and pouch-brooding), characteristics which would maximize their chances of retention within the estuary.
Early Summer Parental Care Marine Species Frequent Interval Spatial Change
Communicated by G. F. Humphrey, Sydney
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1.School of Environmental and Life SciencesMurdoch UniversityMurdochAustralia
Neira, F.J., Potter, I.C. & Bradley, J.S. Marine Biology (1992) 112: 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00349721
Accepted 02 August 1991


text:
Volume 4 - Issue 3
By Robert Norris
Theological study is both diverse and yet integrated in its component parts. By this we mean that there are many wide and various aspects to the study of theology, but that all inter-relate, and must interact.
In this edition of Themelios something of the diversity of theology is reflected for we have five very different contributions, and yet there remains a basic uniting element.
At the same time there are various levels of studying theology, as is obvious from the fact that there is much written that few if any can understand. The difficulty in a journal such as ours is knowing just where to pitch the articles to meet the needs of those embarking on theology, and yet to be a resource to those seeking answers to difficult problems. To maintain a value we must seek to meet both areas of need, and at the same time keep the fact of the practical issues before us. In this edition of the journal I think we have been as comprehensive as it is possible to be.
In republishing the substance of a lecture given by Dr Packer at the 'Islington Conference' we draw attention to the continuing debate about Christological questions. Dr Packer's contribution offers a succinct analysis of many of the modern positions and offers both a critical re-appraisal of traditional positions, and the possibility of a way forward.
Dr Kendall's article brings to the attention of those who are likely to forget that theology is a tool for those engaged in a practical life of ministry. It is not difficult to see the relation of preaching to the whole theological enterprise, yet often it is an emphasis that is sadly neglected. Here Dr Kendall raises the immensely practical task of preaching and assesses its place in worship.
David Wenham, in his contribution, with proper exegesis sheds new light on the understanding of the problematic passage in Matthew 5:17–20 where the whole question of the 'Law' is raised. It is appropriate that a journal such as ours should deal with scripture as well as carrying articles about it. It is a necessary bias that we should tend towards the needs of those who are handling the Bible and act as a resource to those who are seeking answers to difficult questions. In this area Dr Amerding's article on 'Structural Analysis' provides a useful tool and gives penetrating insight into this whole area of concern.
Our final article is an introduction to a statement that has been produced in Chicago on the question of 'Inerrancy'. The debates in recent years have been confused and the complicated issues raised have led to a great deal of acrimony. In this statement we have a firm position outlined and yet it is presented with an irenic spirit, conscious that not all will agree with what is said, but laying down in a clear and precise way articles that can be debated and defended. It emerged from a joint consultation of many prominent British and American scholars. The document is in three parts, only two of which we are carrying, the third is an exposition of the whole thing which is too long for us to publish.
I am confident that our readers will find as much of interest and variety in this issue as I have, and that it will help stimulate to further thought.
Robert Norris
Robert Norris holds a BA degree from Kings College in London and dual doctorates in history and dogmatics from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. He serves as pastor of Fourth Presbyterian Church in Bethesda, Maryland and has taught at Washington DC's Reformed Theological Seminary, and in seminaries in Ukraine, Malta, Japan, and Sudan. He and his wife, Caren, have five children.
Other Articles in this Issue
The vital question
by James Packer
Preaching in worship
by R. T. Kendall
Jesus and the law: an exegesis on Matthew 5:17–20
by David Wenham
by Carl Armerding
The Chicago statement on biblical inerrancy
Other Reviews in this Issue
Apocalyptic: ancient and modern
Reviewed by Dick France
Paul: An Outline of His Theology
Reviewed by James LaGrand, Jr
Scripture, Tradition and Interpretation
Reviewed by Andrew T. Lincoln
The search for salvation
Reviewed by Michael Burgess
The Christology of Hegel
Reviewed by Eckhard J. Schnabel
Themelios is a peer-reviewed international evangelical theological journal that expounds on the historic Christian faith. Its primary audience is theological students, pastors and scholars. It was formerly a print journal operated by RTSF/UCCF in the UK, and it became a digital journal operated by The Gospel Coalition in 2008.


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Larry McCarthy will present a class on wiring from 7pm - 9pm on Wed April 9th.
He will be covering wiring basics with an emphasis on soldering techniques. Topics discussed will be materials and tools as well as the proper routing, securing & marking of wires.
Soldering wire to wire and also wire to rail will be demonstrated.