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Human sperm remains viable in microgravity, paving the way for space colonisation
Published Monday, June 24, 2019
Human sperm retains it reproductive viability even when exposed to microgravity conditions in space, a boon for possible space colonies in the future.
The study saw researchers from Dexeus Women's Health in Barcelona work with microgravity engineers from the Polytechnic University of Barcelona.
They said that the lack of difference in a range of sperm characteristics observed in frozen sperm samples exposed to microgravity and those maintained in ground conditions "open the possibility of safely transporting male gametes to space and considering the possibility of creating a human sperm bank outside Earth".
The study builds on previous research from 2017 which saw healthy mice being produced from mouse sperm that were held aboard the International Space Station (ISS) for nine months.
Dr Montserrat Boada, a researcher on the project, explained that, while the effects of microgravity on the cardiovascular, musculo-skeletal and central nervous systems are well known and tested in space flight, relatively little is known about the effects of different gravitational environments on human sperm and eggs.
"Some studies suggest a significant decrease in the motility of human fresh sperm samples," she said, "but nothing has been reported on the possible effects of gravitational differences on frozen human gametes, in which state they would be transported from Earth to space."
The study was performed using a small aerobatic training aircraft, which can provide short-duration hypogravity exposure. The plane executed a series of 20 parabolic manoeuvres, providing eight seconds of microgravity for each parabola.
Overall, ten sperm samples obtained from ten healthy donors were analysed after exposure to the different microgravities found in space and ground gravity.
The sperm analysis comprised a full range of measurements currently performed for fertility testing - concentration, motility, vitality, morphology and DNA fragmentation - and results found no difference whatsoever in any of the parameters between the microgravity space samples and the control group samples from Earth.
There was 100 per cent concordance in DNA fragmentation rate and vitality and 90 per cent concordance in sperm concentration and motility.
These minor differences, Boada added, "were probably more related to heterogeneity of the sperm sample than to the effect of exposure to different gravity conditions".
She described this as a preliminary study and her group will now move on to validate the results and then to larger sperm samples, longer periods of microgravity and even fresh sperm.
"We do need to know," she added. "If the number of space missions increases in the coming years, and are of longer duration, it is important to study the effects of long-term human exposure to space in order to face them. It's not unreasonable to start thinking about the possibility of reproduction beyond the Earth."
One reason for using frozen sperm in this study was the known effect of radiation on fresh sperm.
"Radiation impairs the quality and viability of human sperm," Boada explained. "These effects are expected to be greater on fresh sperm than on frozen samples, which are cryopreserved in special cryostraws and transported in cryotanks. So our first step was to investigate gravity conditions and frozen sperm samples. Our best option will be to perform the experiment using real spaceflight, but access is very limited."
engineering and technology in society
Book review: 'Robert Paul and the Origins of British Cinema' by Ian Christie


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NFL latest: Jets have presumptive positive case, Titans report no new positive COVID-19 cases
Mike Marshall/AP
A Tennessee Titans' helmet sits on the sidelines during the first half of an NFL football game against the Houston Texans Monday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Houston. (AP Photo/Mike Marshall)
Players and coaches on the New York Jets have been sent home from practice Friday after a reported presumptive positive coronavirus test, according to the Associated Press. The final test results should be known later Friday.
The Jets are scheduled to host the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday.
Meanwhile, the Tennessee Titans and Buffalo Bills are "on track" to play on Tuesday night in Nashville after the Titans reported no new positive COVID-19 tests on Friday morning, according to ESPN and NFL Network.
More than 20 Titans players and team staffers have tested positive for COVID-19 since last week. The outbreak already forced the postponement of last Sunday's home game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, which will now take place Oct. 25.
The NFL requires all players and team staffers test negative for COVID-19 before a team can reopen its facility. All Titans tested on Monday and Tuesday were virus-free, but as the team prepared to open its facility on Wednesday, more Titans tested positive, putting the Bills game in doubt.
The Titans are now hoping to open their facility on Saturday to begin preparations for Tuesday's game. The Bills have said that they will not conduct practice on Friday, given the schedule change.
While dealing with their team outbreak, the Titans reportedly held workouts at a nearby school in violation of the NFL's COVID-19 protocols. The league has threatened to issue fines, revoke draft picks and declare forfeits to teams who are proven to have violated protocols.
Elsewhere in the league, ESPN and NFL Network report that the New England Patriots reported no positive COVID-19 tests on Friday, meaning their game against the Denver Broncos is on track to take place on Monday evening. That game, originally slated to take place Sunday, was rescheduled earlier this week after star cornerback Stephon Gilmore tested positive for the virus earlier this week.
Gilmore played in a game Monday night against the Kansas City Chiefs, who have not reported any COVID-19 cases this week.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hello and welcone to this weeks SOS.
The winter solstice has come and gone and the days are getting longer….slowly. Hopefully Spring will be just around the corner and in the next few months the garden will spring into life.
Christmas prepartions are going well so I will spend some time in the garden this morning.
1. Aqualegia Salmon Rose seedlings.
The perennials I planted in September seem to be going well. I was not a big seed grower but the Propagrator got me hooked. I planted 4 different packets of seeds and all are doing well.
A small low growing hybrid Aeonium this has taking on some wonderful reddy brown colour on it's tips. This is in my mini gravel garden. Hopefully it will produce some chicks next year.
I butchered my Geum Lady Strathden in the summer whem I tried to split it in half. I stuck some stalks in the fround and all of them are coming on really well. Will put them on pots soon and give some to my sister.
A perrenial favourite also known as the Jelly Bean plant. As the weather is milder I have put most of my succulents outside to get some direct sunlight. Whilst succulents do well in the house it is always good for them to be outside reaping the benefits of the sun.
A £2 special from Morrisons in early autumn this shrub is thriving in the wet dam weather. What's not to like….bargain!
Grown from a couple of cuttings this is a vibrant plant with really nice foliage. In the foreground is Cremosedum Crocodile which as you can see has dark green leaves that turn brown and leathery. This is one of my favourites.
That is my SOS and will likely be my last one this year.
I would like to wish everybody Merry Christmas and Happy New Year and I hope Garden Santa is kind to you.
Thanks for reading and commenting on my blog thoughout the year.
Geum are resistant plants. AS you probably saw in my Six, mine is still in bloom this morning !
Thanks Fred. Yest the Cremosedum Crocodile is certainly different.
What an interesting and varied Six-on-Saturday. I cringe when John K keeps reminding me that "Green is a colour" when I complain that there's no colour in the garden, but you have reinforced his point, none of your Six-on-Saturday look the same! Happy Christmas.
That Silverstar has a really pretty leaf. I remember the geum butchering! Nice to see the cuttings did well.
I like the Sedum Silverstar too. Nothing like a variegated leaf to lift colour in the garden. I'm new to Geums this year so it's good to know they can be divided.
Hiya, good work with your seeds, the seedlings look very bonny. Have a super Christmas, see you anon.
tee hee – jelly beans. I have not seen them in a while. I got some bit a few years ago, but the rabbits ate them. I got burro's tail too, but it is not looking so good right now. I am not at all familiar with Sedum lineare.


Coach Bob Alejo discusses some of the basics of strength and conditioning that has helped North Carolina State University become a perennial basketball championship contender. Among the topics covered are: the importance of being technically sound, coaching what you know, developing a unique program, emphasizing the basics over the hype, the philosophy of training high school players, the importance of measuring and managing, press, pull and squat, conditioning (timed sprinting and agility drills), interval training and quality intensity levels. Proper conditioning and training will help you accomplish your goals!
Bob Alejo has over 35 years of strength and conditioning and administrative experience at the collegiate, professional and Olympic level. Bob Alejo joined the Power Lift Team as the Director of Sports Science in the summer of 2017. Prior to coming to Power Lift Alejo served as the Assistant Athletics Director / Director of Strength & Conditioning for North Carolina State University (2011 – 2017). He has also served in a coordinating or strength and conditioning role for the following teams: United States Men's Olympic Volleyball team, Oakland Athletics, Major League Soccer's San Jose Earthquakes, University of California – Santa Barbara, Fordham University, the 1993 United States National Team / 1994 World Cup Soccer Team, UCLA and California State University – Chico.
You just booked "Basketball Coaches Clinic Vol. 7 - Strength and Conditioning featuring Coach Bob Alejo"


text:
from django.db import migrations, models

class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
        ('mapdata', '0082_dynamiclocation_position'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='position',
            name='last_location_update',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='position',
            name='location_id',
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='position',
            name='coordinates_id',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=48, null=True, verbose_name='coordinates'),
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='position',
            name='last_coordinates_update',
            field=models.DateTimeField(null=True, verbose_name='last coordinates update'),
        ),
    ]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Note: this feature availability depends on your plan.
Hide from Address Book is an option which allows the Administrator to hide an object from the Address Book.
Note: If an object is hidden from the address book, the mailbox will not be visible in the Global Address List. Names which are not visible in the address book cannot be found by services or features that rely on the Global Address List, such as the Auto-complete feature and Outlook Profile Helper. The Profile Helper relies on the Global Address List to create a profile and cannot be used for any mailbox that has been hidden from the address book.


text:
[Volume 3, Page 29]
Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution 3:§§ 1119--42, 1144--45
§ 1119. The next power of congress is, "to establish post-offices and post-roads." The nature and extent of this power, both theoretically and practically, are of great importance, and have given rise to much ardent controversy. It deserves, therefore, a deliberate examination. It was [Volume 3, Page 30] passed over by the Federalist with a single remark, as a power not likely to be disputed in its exercise, or to be deemed dangerous by its scope. The "power," says the Federalist, "of establishing post-roads must, in every view, be a harmless power; and may, perhaps, by judicious management, become productive of great public conveniency. Nothing, which tends to facilitate the intercourse between the states, can be deemed unworthy of the public care." One cannot but feel, at the present time, an inclination to smile at the guarded caution of these expressions, and the hesitating avowal of the importance of the power. It affords, perhaps, one of the most striking proofs, how much the growth and prosperity of the country have outstripped the most sanguine anticipations of our most enlightened patriots.
§ 1120. The post-office establishment has already become one of the most beneficent, and useful establishments under the national government. It circulates intelligence of a commercial, political, intellectual, and private nature, with incredible speed and regularity. It thus administers, in a very high degree, to the comfort, the interests, and the necessities of persons, in every rank and station of life. It brings the most distant places and persons, as it were, in contact with each other; and thus softens the anxieties, increases the enjoyments, and cheers the solitude of millions of hearts. It imparts a new influence and impulse to private intercourse; and, by a wider diffusion of knowledge, enables political rights and duties to be performed with more uniformity and sound judgment. It is not less effective, as an instrument of the government in its own operations. In peace, it enables it without ostentation or expense to send its orders, and direct its measures for the public good, and transfer its funds, and apply its powers, with a facility and promptitude, which, compared with the tardy operations, and imbecile expedients of former times, seem like the wonders of magic. In war it is, if possible, still more important and useful, communicating intelligence vital to the movements of armies and navies, and the operations and duties of warfare, with a rapidity, which, if it does not always ensure victory, at least, in many instances, guards against defeat and ruin. Thus, its influences have become, in a public, as well as private view, of incalculable value to the permanent interests of the Union. It is obvious at a moment's glance at the subject, that the establishment in the hands of the states would have been wholly inadequate to these objects; and the impracticability of a uniformity of system would have introduced infinite delays and inconveniences; and burthened the mails with an endless variety of vexatious taxations, and regulations. No one, accustomed to the retardations of the post in passing through independent states on the continent of Europe, can fail to appreciate the benefits of a power, which pervades the Union. The national government is that alone, which can safely or effectually execute it, with equal promptitude and cheapness, certainty and uniformity. Already the post-office establishment realizes a revenue exceeding two millions of dollars, from which it defrays all its own expenses, and transmits mails in various directions over more than one hundred and twenty thousand miles. It transmits intelligence in one day to distant places, which, when the constitution was first put into operation, was scarcely transmitted through the same distance in the course of a week. The rapidity of its movements has been in a general view doubled within the last twenty years. There are now more than eight thousand five hundred post-offices in the United States; and at every session of the legislature new routes are constantly provided for, and new post-offices established. It may, therefore, well be deemed a most beneficent power, whose operations can scarcely be applied, except for good, and accomplish in an eminent degree some of the high purposes set forth in the preamble of the constitution, forming a more perfect union, providing for the common defence, and promoting the general welfare.
§ 1121. Under the confederation, (art. 9,) congress was invested with the sole and exclusive power of "establishing and regulating post-offices from one state to another throughout the United States, and exacting such postage on the papers passing through the same, as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said office." How little was accomplished under it will be at once apparent from the fact, that there were but seventy-five post-offices established in all the United States in the year 1789; that the whole amount of postage in 1790 was only $37,935; and the number of miles travelled by the mails only 1875. This may be in part attributable to the state of the country, and the depression of all the commercial and other interests of the country. But the power itself was so crippled by the confederation, that it could accomplish little. The national government did not possess any power, except to establish post-offices from state to state, (leaving perhaps, though not intended, the whole interior post-offices in every state to its own regulation,) and the postage, that could be taken, was not allowed to be beyond the actual expenses; thus shutting up the avenue to all improvements. In short, like every other power under the confederation, it perished from a jealousy, which required it to live, and yet refused it appropriate nourishment and sustenance.
§ 1122. In the first draft of the constitution, the clause stood thus, "Congress shall have power to establish post-offices." It was subsequently amended by adding the words "and post-roads," by the vote of six states against five; and then, as amended, it passed without opposition. It is observable, that the confederation gave only the power to establish and regulate post-offices; and therefore the amendment introduced a new and substantive power, unknown before in the national government.
§ 1123. Upon the construction of this clause of the constitution, two opposite opinions have been expressed. One maintains, that the power to establish post-offices and post-roads can intend no more, than the power to direct, where post-offices shall be kept, and on what roads the mails shall be carried. Or, as it has been on other occasions expressed, the power to establish post-roads is a power to designate, or point out, what roads shall be mail-roads, and the right of passage or way along them, when so designated. The other maintains, that although these modes of exercising the power are perfectly constitutional; yet they are not the whole of the power, and do not exhaust it. On the contrary, the power comprehends the right to [Volume 3, Page 31] make, or construct any roads, which congress may deem proper for the conveyance of the mail, and to keep them in due repair for such purpose.
§ 1124. The grounds of the former opinion seem to be as follows. The power given under the confederation never practically received any other construction. Congress never undertook to make any roads, but merely designated those existing roads, on which the mail should pass. At the adoption of the constitution there is not the slightest evidence, that a different arrangement, as to the limits of the power, was contemplated. On the contrary, it was treated by the Federalist, as a harmless power, and not requiring any comment. The practice of the government, since the adoption of the constitution, has conformed to this view. The first act passed by congress, in 1792, is entitled "an act to establish post-offices and post-roads." The first section of this act established many post-offices as well as post-roads. It was continued, amended, and finally repealed, by a series of acts from 1792 to 1810; all of which acts have the same title, and the same provisions declaring certain roads to be post-roads. From all of which it is manifest, that the legislature supposed, that they had established post-roads in the sense of the constitution, when they declared certain roads, then in existence, to be post-roads, and designated the routes, along which the mails were to pass. As a farther proof upon this subject, the statute book contains many acts passed at various times, during a period of more than twenty years, discontinuing certain post-roads. A strong argument is also derivable from the practice of continental Europe, which must be presumed to have been known to the framers of the constitution. Different nations in Europe have established posts, and for mutual convenience have stipulated a free passage for the posts arriving on their frontiers through their territories. It is probable, that the constitution intended nothing more by this provision, than to enable congress to do by law, without consulting the states, what in Europe can be done only by treaty or compact. It was thought necessary to insert an express provision in the constitution, enabling the government to exercise jurisdiction over ten miles square for a seat of government, and of such places, as should be ceded by the states for forts, arsenals, and other similar purposes. It is incredible, that such solicitude should have been expressed for such inconsiderable spots, and yet, that at the same time, the constitution intended to convey by implication the power to construct roads throughout the whole country, with the consequent right to use the timber and soil, and to exercise jurisdiction over them. It may be said, that, unless congress have the power, the mail-roads might be obstructed, or discontinued at the will of the state authorities. But that consequence does not follow; for when a road is declared by law to be a mail-road, the United States have a right of way over it; and, until the law is repealed, such an interest in the use of it, as that the state authorities could not obstruct it. The terms of the constitution are perfectly satisfied by this limited construction, and the power of congress to make whatever roads they may please, in any state, would be a most serious inroad upon the rights and jurisdiction of the states. It never could have been contemplated.
§ 1125. The grounds, upon which the other opinion is maintained, are as follows: This is not a question of implied power; but of express power. We are not now looking to what are properly incidents, or means to carry into effect given powers; but are to construe the terms of an express power. The words of the constitution are, "Congress shall have power to establish post-offices and post-roads." What is the true meaning of these words? There is no such known sense of the word "establish," as to "direct," "designate," or "point out." And if there were, it does not follow, that a special or peculiar sense is to be given to the words, not conformable to their general meaning, unless that sense be required by the context, or, at least, better harmonizes with the subject matter, and objects of the power, than any other sense. That cannot be pretended in the present case. The received general meanings, if not the only meanings of the word "establish," are, to settle firmly, to confirm, to fix, to form or modify, to found, to build firmly, to erect permanently. And it is no small objection to any construction, that it requires the word to be deflected from its received and usual meaning; and gives it a meaning unknown to, and unacknowledged by lexicographers. Especially is it objectionable and inadmissible, where the received and common meaning harmonizes with the subject matter; and if the very end were required, no more exact expression could ordinarily be used. In legislative acts, in state papers, and in the constitution itself, the word is found with the same general sense now insisted on; that is, in the sense of, to create, to form, to make, to construct, to settle, to build up with a view to permanence. Thus, our treaties speak of establishing regulations of trade. Our laws speak of establishing navy-hospitals, where land is to be purchased, work done, and buildings erected; of establishing trading-houses with the Indians, where houses are to be erected and other things done. The word is constantly used in a like sense in the articles of confederation. The authority is therein given to congress of establishing rules in cases of captures; of establishing courts of appeal in cases of capture; and, what is directly in point, of establishing and regulating post-offices. Now, if the meaning of the word here was simply to point out, or designate post-offices, there would have been an end of all further authority, except of regulating the post-offices, so designated and pointed out. Under such circumstances, how could it have been possible under that instrument (which declares, that every power not expressly delegated shall be retained by the states) to find any authority to carry the mail, or to make contracts for this purpose? much more to prohibit any other persons under penalties from conveying letters, despatches, or other packets from one place to another of the United States? The very first act of the continental congress on this subject was, "for establishing a post," (not a post office;) and it directed, "that a line of posts be appointed under the direction of the post-master general, from Falmouth, in New-England, to Savannah, in Georgia, with as many cross-posts, as he shall think fit;" and it directs the necessary expenses of the "establishment" beyond the revenue to be paid out by the United Colonies. Under this, and other supplementary acts, the establishment continued until October, [Volume 3, Page 32] 1782, when, under the articles of confederation, the establishment was re-organized, and, instead of a mere appointment and designation of post-offices, provision was made, "that a continued communication of posts throughout the United States shall be established and maintained," &c.; and many other regulations were made wholly incompatible with the narrow construction of the words now contended for.
§ 1126. The constitution itself also uniformly uses the word "establish" in the general sense, and never in this peculiar and narrow sense. It speaks in the preamble of one motive being, "to establish justice," and that the people do ordain and establish this constitution. It gives power to establish an uniform rule of naturalization and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies. Does not this authorize congress to make, create, form, and construct laws on these subjects? It declares, that the judicial power shall be vested in one supreme court and in such inferior courts, as congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. Is not a power to establish courts a power to create, and make, and regulate them? It declares, that the ratification of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying the same. And in one of the amendments, it provides, that congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. It is plain, that to construe the word in any of these cases, as equivalent to designate, or point out, would be absolutely absurd. The clear import of the word is, to create, and form, and fix in a settled manner. Referring it to the subject matter, the sense, in no instance, can be mistaken. To establish courts is to create, and form, and regulate them. To establish rules of naturalization is to frame and confirm such rules. To establish laws on the subject of bankruptcies is to frame, fix, and pass them. To establish the constitution is to make, and fix, and erect it, as a permanent form of government. In the same manner, to establish post-offices and post-roads is to frame and pass laws, to erect, make, form, regulate, and preserve them. Whatever is necessary, whatever is appropriate to this purpose, is within the power.
§ 1127. Besides; upon this narrow construction, what becomes of the power itself? If the power be to point out, or designate post-offices, then it supposes, that there already exist some offices, out of which a designation can be made. It supposes a power to select among things of the same nature. Now, if an office does not already exist at the place, how can it be designated, as a post-office? If you cannot create a post-office you can do no more, than mark out one already existing. In short, these rules of strict construction might be pressed still farther; and, as the power is only given to designate, not offices, but post-offices, the latter must be already in existence; for otherwise the power must be read, to designate what offices shall be used, as post-offices, or at what places post-offices shall be recognised; either of which is a departure from the supposed literal interpretation.
§ 1128. In the next place, let us see, what upon this narrow interpretation becomes of the power in another aspect. It is to establish post-offices. Now, the argument supposes, that this does not authorize the purchase or erection of a building for an office; but it does necessarily suppose the authority to erect or create an office; to regulate the duties of the officer; and to fix a place, (officina) where his business is to be performed. It then unavoidably includes, not merely a power to designate, but a power to create the thing intended, and to do all other acts to make the thing effectual; that is, to create the whole system appropriate to a post-office establishment. Now, this involves a plain departure from the very ground of the argument. It is no longer a power to designate a thing, or mark out a route; but it is a power to create, and fix every other thing necessary and appropriate to post-offices. The argument, therefore, resorts to implications in order to escape from its own narrow interpretation; and the very power to designate becomes a power to create offices and frame sys-tems, and institute penalties, and raise revenue, and make contracts. It becomes, in fact, the very thing, which the other argument supposes to be the natural sense, viz. the power to erect, and maintain a post-office establishment.
§ 1129. Under any other interpretation, the power itself would become a mere nullity. If resort be had to a very strict and critical examination of the words, the power "to establish post-offices" imports no more, than the power to create the offices intended; that done, the power is exhausted; and the words are satisfied. The power to create the office does not necessarily include the power to carry the mail, or regulate the conveyance of letters, or employ carriers. The one may exist independently of the other. A state might without absurdity possess the right to carry the mail, while the United States might possess the right to designate the post-offices, at which it should be opened, and provide the proper officers; or the converse powers might belong to each. It would not be impracticable, though it would be extremely inconvenient and embarrassing. Yet, no man ever imagined such a construction to be justifiable. And why not? Plainly, because constitutions of government are not instruments to be scrutinized, and weighed, upon metaphysical or grammatical niceties. They do not turn upon ingenious subtleties; but are adapted to the business and exigencies of human society; and the powers given are understood in a large sense, in order to secure the public interests. Common sense becomes the guide, and prevents men from dealing with mere logical abstractions. Under the confederation, this very power to establish post-offices was construed to include the other powers already named, and others far more remote. It never entered into the heads of the wise men of those days, that they possessed a power to create post-offices, without the power to create all the other things necessary to make post-offices of some human use. They did not dream of post-offices without posts, or mails, or routes, or carriers. It would have been worse than a mockery. Under the confederation, with the strict limitation of powers, which that instrument conferred, they put into operation a large system for the appropriate purposes of a post-office establishment. No man ever doubted, or denied the constitutionality of this exercise of the power. It was largely construed to meet the obvious intent, for which it was delegated. The words of the constitution are more extensive, [Volume 3, Page 33] than those of the confederation. In the latter, the words to establish "post-roads" are not to be found. These words were certainly added for some purpose. And if any, for what other purpose, than to enable congress to lay out and make roads?
§ 1130. Under the constitution congress has, without any questioning, given a liberal construction to the power to establish post-offices and post-roads. It has been truly said, that in a strict sense, "this power is executed by the single act of making the establishment. But from this has been inferred the power and duty of carrying the mail along the post-road from one post-office to another. And from this implied power has been again inferred the right to punish those, who steal letters from the post-office, or rob the mail. It may be said with some plausibility, that the right to carry the mail, and to punish those, who rob it, is not indispensably necessary to the establishment of a post-office and a post-road. This right is indeed essential to the beneficial exercise of the power; but not indispensably necessary to its existence."
§ 1131. The whole practical course of the government upon this subject, from its first organization down to the present time, under every administration, has repudiated the strict and narrow construction of the words above mentioned. The power to establish post-offices and post-roads has never been understood to include no more, than the power to point out and designate post-offices and post-roads. Resort has been constantly had to the more expanded sense of the word "establish;" and no other sense can include the objects, which the post-office laws have constantly included. Nay, it is not only not true, that these laws have stopped short of an exposition of the words sufficiently broad to justify the making of roads; but they have included exercises of power far more remote from the immediate objects. If the practice of the government is, therefore, of any weight in giving a constitutional interpretation, it is in favour of the liberal interpretation of the clause.
§ 1132. The fact, if true, that congress have not hitherto made any roads for the carrying of the mail, would not affect the right, or touch the question. It is not doubted, that the power has been properly carried into effect, by making certain state roads post-roads. When congress found those roads suited to the purpose, there could be no constitutional reason for refusing to establish them, as mail-routes. The exercise of authority was clearly within the scope of the power. But the argument would have it, that, because this exercise of the power, clearly within its scope, has been hitherto restrained to making existing roads post-roads, therefore congress cannot proceed constitutionally to make a post-road, where no road now exists. This is clearly what lawyers call a non sequitur. It might with just as much propriety be urged, that, because congress had not hitherto used a particular means to execute any other given power, therefore it could not now do it. If, for instance, congress had never provided a ship for the navy, except by purchase, they could not now authorize ships to be built for a navy, or à converso. If they had not laid a tax on certain goods, it could not now be done. If they had never erected a custom-house, or court-house, they could not now do it. Such a mode of reasoning would be deemed by all persons wholly indefensible.
§ 1133. But it is not admitted, that congress have not exercised this very power with reference to this very object. By the act of 21st of April, 1806, (ch. 41,) the president was authorized to cause to be opened a road from the frontier of Georgia, on the route from Athens to New-Orleans; and to cause to be opened a road or roads through the territory, then lately ceded by the Indians to the United States, from the river Mississippi to the Ohio, and to the former Indian boundary line, which was established by the treaty of Greenville; and to cause to be opened a road from Nashville, in the state of Tennessee, to Natchez, in the Mississippi territory. The same remark applies to the act of 29th of March, 1806, (ch. 19,) "to regulate the laying out and making a road from Cumberland, in the state of Maryland, to the state of Ohio." Both of these acts were passed in the administration of President Jefferson, who, it is well known, on other occasions maintained a strict construction of the constitution.
§ 1134. But passing by considerations of this nature, why does not the power to establish post-offices and post-roads include the power to make and construct them, when wanted, as well as the power to establish a navy-hospital, or a custom-house, a power to make and construct them? The latter is not doubted by any persons; why then is the former? In each case, the sense of the ruling term "establish" would seem to be the same; in each, the power may be carried into effect by means short of constructing, or purchasing the things authorized. A temporary use of a suitable site or buildings may possibly be obtained with, or without hire. Besides; why may not congress purchase, or erect a post-office building, and buy the necessary land, if it be in their judgment advisable? Can there be a just doubt, that a power to establish post-offices includes this power, just as much, as a power to establish custom-houses would to build the latter? Would it not be a strange construction to say, that the abstract office might be created, but not the officina, or place, where it could be exercised? There are many places peculiarly fit for local post-offices, where no suitable building might be found. And, if a power to construct post-office buildings exists, where is the restraint upon constructing roads?
§ 1135. It is said, that there is no reason, why congress should be invested with such a power, seeing that the state roads may, and will furnish convenient routes for the mail. When the state-roads do furnish such routes, there can certainly be no sound policy in congress making other routes. But there is a great difference between the policy of exercising a power, and the right of exercising it. But, suppose the state-roads do not furnish (as in point of fact they did not at the time of the adoption of the constitution, and as hereafter, for many exigencies of the government in times of war and otherwise, they may not) suitable routes for the mails, what is then to be done? Is the power of the general government to be paralyzed? Suppose a mail-road is out of repair and founderous, cannot congress authorize the repair of it? If they can, why then not make it originally? Is the one more a means to an end, than the other? If not, then the power to carry the mails [Volume 3, Page 34] may be obstructed; nay, may be annihilated by the neglect of a state. Could it have been the intention of the constitution, in the exercise of this most vital power, to make it dependent upon the will, or the pleasure of the states?
§ 1136. It has been said, that when once a state-road is made a post-road by an act of congress, the national government have acquired such an interest in the use of it, that it is not competent for the state authorities to obstruct it. But how can this be made out? If the power of congress is merely to select or designate the mail-roads, what interest in the use is acquired by the national government any more, than by any travellers upon the road? Where is the power given to acquire it? Can it be pretended, that a state may not discontinue a road, after it has been once established, as a mail-road? The power has been constantly exercised by the states ever since the adoption of the constitution. The states have altered, and discontinued, and changed such roads at their pleasure. It would be a most truly alarming inroad upon state sovereignty to declare, that a state-road could never be altered or discontinued after it had once become a mail-road. That would be to supersede all state authority over their own roads. If the states can discontinue their roads, why not obstruct them? Who shall compel them to repair them, when discontinued, or to keep them at any time in good repair? No one ever yet contended, that the national government possessed any such compulsive authority. If, then, the states may alter or discontinue their roads, or suffer them to go out of repair, is it not obvious, that the power to carry the mails may be retarded or defeated in a great measure by this constitutional exercise of state power? And, if it be the right and duty of congress to provide adequate means for the transportation of the mails, wherever the public good requires it, what limit is there to these means, other than that they are appropriate to the end?
§ 1137. In point of fact, congress cannot be said, in any exact sense, to have yet executed the power to establish post-roads, if by that power we are to understand the designation of particular state-roads, on which the mails shall be carried. The general course has been to designate merely the towns, between which the mails shall be carried, without ascertaining the particular roads at all. Thus, the Act of 20th of February, 1792, ch. 7, (which is but a sample of the other acts,) declares, that "the following roads be established, as post-roads, namely, from Wiscasset in the District of Maine to Savannah in Georgia, by the following route, to wit: Portland, Portsmouth, Newburyport, Ipswich, Salem, Boston, Worcester," &c. &c.; without pointing out any road between those places, on which it should be carried. There are different roads from several of these places to the others. Suppose one of these roads should be discontinued, could the mail-carriers insist upon travelling it?
§ 1138. The truth is, that congress have hitherto acted under the power to a very limited extent only; and will forever continue to do so from principles of public policy and economy, except in cases of an extraordinary nature. There can be no motive to use the power, except for the public good; and circumstances may render it indispensable to carry it out in particular cases to its full limits. It has already occurred, and may hereafter occur, that post-roads may be important and necessary for the purpose of the Union, in peace as well as in war, between places, where there is not any good state-road, and where the amount of travel would not justify any state in an expenditure equal to the construction of such a state-road. In such cases, as the benefit is for the Union, the burthen ought to be borne by the Union. Without any invidious distinction, it may be stated, that the winter mail-route between Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and Washington, by the way of the Susquehannah and Havre de Grace, has been before congress under this very aspect. There is no one, who will doubt the importance of the best post-road in that direction; (the nearest between the two cities;) and yet it is obvious, that the nation alone can be justly called upon to provide the road.
§ 1139. Let a case be taken, when state policy or state hostility shall lead the legislature to close up, or discontinue a road, the nearest and the best between two great states, rivals perhaps for the trade and intercourse of a third state, shall it be said, that congress has no right to make, or repair a road for keeping open for the mail the best means of communication between those states? May the national government be compelled to take the most inconvenient and indirect routes for the mail? In other words, have the states a power to say, how, and upon what roads the mails shall, and shall not travel? If so, then in relation to post-roads, the states, and not the Union, are supreme.
§ 1140. But it is said, that it would be dangerous to allow any power in the Union to lay out and construct post-roads; for then the exercise of the power would supersede the state jurisdiction. This is an utter mistake. If congress should lay out and construct a post-road in a state, it would still be a road within the ordinary territorial jurisdiction of the state. The state could not, indeed, supercede, or obstruct, or discontinue it, or prevent the Union from repairing it, or the mails from travelling on it. But subject to these incidental rights, the right of territory and jurisdiction, civilly and criminally, would be complete and perfect in the state. The power of congress over the road would be limited to the mere right of passage and preservation. That of the state would be general, and embrace all other objects. Congress undoubtedly has power to purchase lands in a state for any public purposes, such as forts, arsenals, and dock-yards. So, they have a right to erect hospitals, custom-houses, and court-houses in a state. But no person ever imagined, that these places were thereby removed from the general jurisdiction of the state. On the contrary, they are universally understood for all other purposes, not inconsistent with the constitutional rights and uses of the Union, to be subject to state authority and rights.
§ 1141. The clause respecting cessions of territory for the seat of government, and for forts, arsenals, dockyards, &c. has nothing to do with the point. But if it had, it is favourable to the power. That clause was necessary for the purpose of ousting the state jurisdiction in the specified cases, and for vesting an exclusive jurisdiction in the general government. No general or exclusive jurisdiction is [Volume 3, Page 35] either required, or would be useful in regard to post-roads. It would be inconvenient for congress to assemble in a place, where it had not exclusive jurisdiction. And an exclusive jurisdiction would seem indispensable over forts, arsenals, dock-yards, and other places of a like nature. But surely it will not be pretended, that congress could not erect a fort, or magazine, in a place within a state, unless the state should cede the territory. The only effect would be, that the jurisdiction in such a case would not be exclusive. Suppose a state should prohibit a sale of any of the lands within its boundaries by its own citizens, for any public purposes indispensable for the Union, either military or civil, would not congress possess a constitutional right to demand, and appropriate land within the state for such purposes, making a just compensation? Exclusive jurisdiction over a road is one thing; the right to make it is quite another. A turnpike company may be authorized to make a road; and yet may have no jurisdiction, or at least no exclusive jurisdiction over it.
§ 1142. The supposed silence of the Federalist proves nothing. That work was principally designed to meet objections, and remove prejudices. The post-office establishment in its nature, and character, and purposes, was so generally deemed useful and convenient, and unexceptionable, that it was wholly unnecessary to expound its value, or enlarge upon its benefits.
§ 1144. This question, as to the right to lay out and construct post-roads, is wholly distinct from that of the more general power to lay out and make canals, and military and other roads. The latter power may not exist at all; even if the former should be unquestionable. The latter turns upon a question of implied power, as incident to given powers. The former turns upon the true interpretation of words of express grant. Nobody doubts, that the words "establish post-roads," may, without violating their received meaning in other cases, be construed so, as to include the power to lay out and construct roads. The question is, whether that is the true sense of the words, as used in the constitution. And here, if ever, the rule of interpretation, which requires us to look at the nature of the instrument, and the objects of the power, as a national power, in order to expound its meaning, must come into operation.
§ 1145. But whatever be the extent of the power, narrow or large, there will still remain another inquiry, whether it is an exclusive power, or concurrent in the states. This is not, perhaps, a very important inquiry, because it is admitted on all sides, that it can be exercised only in subordination to the power of congress, if it be concurrent in the states. A learned commentator deems it concurrent, inasmuch as there seems nothing in the constitution, or in the nature of the thing itself, which may not be exercised by both governments at the same time, without prejudice or interference; but subordinate, because, whenever any power is expressly granted to congress, it is to be taken for granted, that it is not to be contravened by the authority of any particular state. A state might, therefore, establish a post-road, or postoffice, on any route, where congress had not established any. On the other hand, another learned commentator is of opinion, that the power is exclusive in congress, so far as relates to the conveyance of letters, &c. It is highly improbable, that any state will attempt any exercise of the power, considering the difficulty of carrying it into effect, without the co-operation of congress.
Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. 3 vols. Boston, 1833.


text:
Global Deejays, Global Playboyz  vagy Ravers on Dope egy ausztriai elektro house zenét játszó dj projekt.
Stílusát tekintve hasonló Royal Gigolos-hoz.

Korábbi tagok

•DJ Mikkel (Mikkel Christensen) (2004-2008)

•DJ Black Magic (Rafael Jesus Avila Magaña) (2004-2008)

Tagok
•DJ Taylor (Konrad Schreyvogl) (2004-jelenleg is)

•FLOw (Florian Schreyvogl)     (2004-jelenleg is)

Történet
Az első dal a "The Sound of San Fransisco" volt amit Scott McKenzie-tól dolgoztak fel.
Előkelő helyezéseket elérve a slágerlistákon.
2005-ben Flashdance betét dalát feldolgozva kiadják a "What a Feeling"-et.
Kisebb sikerek után a fiúk 2007-ben robban vissza a köztudatba a "Get Up! (Before the Night Is Over)" amit Technotronic közösen jegyeznek.
2008-ban DJ Mikkel és DJ Black Magic elhagyja a dj projektet.

Albumok

Kislemezek/Maxik

Jegyzetek

Ausztrál könnyűzenei együttesek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


On Friday, the Washington Post reported that George Bush has signed into law a policy that will allow the government to payback the remainder of student loans for people working in the public sector.
The law forgives outstanding education debt for public service employees who have made 10 years of monthly payments on their loans while serving full-time in government, public education or other positions related to public service.
I think it's a great idea although I think, in true government fashion, it doesn't do nearly enough. I too would like to see public sector people be rewarded but why make them pay for 10 years first· That's the bulk of any loan payment. I would love to have someone pay my $400/m off for me but I work in the private sector and my work really doesn't provide for the common good. If you're a fireman you're helping EVERYONE and I don't think it's that unreasonable to make that trade--you'd get more qualified people in public sector jobs.
I'd also like to see teachers added to that list so people who would be good teachers don't take jobs simply because they pay better. I'll go one further for educators--every year they teach the government pays their loans. If they move away from the field they can pick up their own payments again.


text:
Q: Magento - Products which dont belong to a particular category displayed under it I have 2 subcategories under MEN category in store i.e

*

*MEN

*

*JEANS & TROUSERS

*JUMPERS

When i list the products of the store which belong to JEANS & TROUSERS
i see some products are picked from category JUMPERS
I check their configuration in admin but products are assigned to their respective
categories..
Please help me.Thanks in advance

A: Go to the menu System > Configuration > Index Management and rebuild the product index.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The parent company of Atlantic Broadband—which is North America's eighth largest cable operator with services in 11 states along the U.S. East Coast—said it plans to engage in a "low-risk approach" to entering the wireless business.
However, the company appears to be setting its sights on an entry into the Canadian wireless market, not the U.S. wireless market. Cogeco Communications owns the Atlantic Broadband brand in the United States but also operates a landline network in parts of Ontario and Quebec—and the company's CEO said this week that Cogeco would likely join its larger Canadian rivals by deploying some kind of mobile service.
He added that the company would likely bid on 600 MHz spectrum in Canada's upcoming auction of those licenses, and would likely rely on a hybrid MVNO approach to the wireless market. Under such a model, the company would operate some of its own network equipment while relying on a mobile network from another company for wider coverage in Canada.
Cogeco's newfound interest in wireless doesn't come as much of a surprise. After all, as The Canadian Press noted, most of the country's other landline and cable operators have already entered the wireless market in some form.
Moreover, U.S. cable companies have also been making moves into the U.S. mobile market via similar strategies. Last year Comcast lead the charge with the launch of its Xfinity Mobile service, leveraging an MVNO relationship with Verizon, and Charter recently joined Comcast with its own Spectrum Mobile offering. Altice, further, plans to launch an MVNO through Sprint next year.
As additional cable companies like Cogeco tease plans to enter the wireless market, it's possible that smaller U.S. cable operators may join the trend.


☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
As of February 27, 2018, the number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock, $0.0001 par value, was 23,905,986.
AeroVironment, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), is engaged in the design, development, production, support and operation of unmanned aircraft systems ("UAS") and efficient energy systems ("EES") for various industries and governmental agencies.
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and with the instructions of Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation with respect to the interim financial statements have been included. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended January 27, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year ending April 30, 2018. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto for the year ended April 30, 2017, included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In July 2016, the Company dissolved Charger Bicycles, LLC, the results of which were not material to the consolidated financial statements. During the three months ended January 28, 2017, the Company dissolved Skytower, LLC and Regenerative Fuel Cell Systems, LLC, the results of which were not material to the consolidated financial statements.
In December of 2017, the Company and Softbank Corp. ("Softbank") formed a joint venture, HAPSMobile, Inc. ("HAPSMobile"). As the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of HAPSMobile, the Company's investment will be accounted as an equity method investment. The Company has presented its proportion of HAPSMobile's net loss in "Equity method investment activity, net of tax" in the consolidated statement of operations. The carrying value of the investment in HAPSMobile was recorded in "Other assets, long-term." Refer to Note 5 – Equity Method Investments for further details.
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. Equity method losses associated with the Company's investment in Altoy for the three and nine months ended Janaury 28, 2017 have been reclassified from other expense, net to equity method investment activity, net of tax on the consolidated statement of operations.
In July 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory. This ASU does not apply to inventory that is measured using last-in, first-out (LIFO) or the retail inventory method. The amendments apply to all other inventory, which includes inventory that is measured using first-in, first-out (FIFO) or average cost. This ASU eliminates from U.S. GAAP the requirement to measure inventory at the lower of cost or market. Market under the previous requirement could be replacement cost, net realizable value, or net realizable value less a normal profit margin. Entities within the scope of this update will now be required to measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. Subsequent measurement is unchanged for inventory using LIFO or the retail inventory method. The Company's adoption of ASU 2015-11 effective May 1, 2017 did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which simplifies the test for goodwill impairment by removing Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. If goodwill impairment is realized, the amount recognized will be the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value; however, the loss recognized cannot exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. ASU 2017-04 must be applied on a prospective basis and will become effective for public entities in the first quarter of the year ending July 31, 2020, with early adoption available. The Company elected to early adopt the standard during the three months ended October 28, 2017. The Company's adoption of ASU 2017-04 did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
The Company's products are sold and divided among two reportable segments to reflect the Company's strategic goals. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise from which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company's CODM is the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews the revenue and gross margin results for each of these segments in order to make resource allocation decisions, including the focus of research and development ("R&D") activities and performance assessment. The Company's reportable segments are business units that offer different products and services and are managed separately.
Payments to the Company on government cost reimbursable contracts are based on provisional, or estimated indirect rates, which are subject to an annual audit by the Defense Contract Audit Agency ("DCAA"). The cost audits result in the negotiation and determination of the final indirect cost rates that the Company may use for the period(s) audited. The final rates, if different from the provisional rates, may create an additional receivable or liability for the Company.
audits. However, the Company can provide no assurance that the DCAA or other government audits will not result in material disallowances for incurred costs in the future.
The Company's revenue recognition policy calls for revenue recognized on all cost reimbursable government contracts to be recorded at actual rates unless collectability is not reasonably assured. During the fiscal year ended April 30, 2017, the Company settled rates for its incurred cost claims with the DCAA for fiscal years 2011 through 2014 without payment of any consideration. At January 27, 2018, the Company had $77,000 reserved for incurred cost claim audits. At April 30, 2017, the Company had no reserves for incurred cost claim audits.
Basic (loss) earnings per share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, excluding shares of unvested restricted stock.
Due to the net loss for the three months ended January 27, 2018, no shares reserved for issuance upon exercise of stock options or shares of unvested restricted stock were included in the computation of diluted loss per share as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive shares not included in the computation of diluted weighted-average common shares because their effect would have been anti-dilutive were 379,749 for the three months ended January 27, 2018. Potentially dilutive shares not included in the computation of diluted weighted-average common shares because their effect would have been anti-dilutive were 27,139 for the nine months ended January 27, 2018. Due to the net loss for the three and nine months ended January 28, 2017, no shares reserved for issuance upon exercise of stock options or shares of unvested restricted stock were included in the computation of diluted loss per share as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive shares not included in the computation of diluted weighted-average common shares because their effect would have been anti-dilutive were 222,071 and 246,093 for the three and nine months ended January 28, 2017, respectively.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations – Clarifying the definition of a business (Topic 805). This ASU clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of providing a more robust framework to evaluate whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The guidance will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that fiscal year, with early adoption permitted. The amendments are to be applied prospectively to business combinations that occur after the effective date.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (Topic 230). This ASU adds and clarifies guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods therein, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this adoption on its consolidated financial statements.
assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by leases with terms of 12 months or more. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods therein, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this adoption on its consolidated financial statements. The Company currently does not hold a large number of leases that are classified as operating leases under the existing lease standard, with the only significant leases being the Company's various property leases. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this adoption on its consolidated financial statements.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The new standard was originally effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and early adoption was not permitted. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)-Deferral of the Effective Date. This update approved a one-year delay of the effective date to reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, while permitting companies to voluntarily adopt the new standard as of the original effective date. Since the issuance of ASU 2014-09, the FASB has issued several amendments to provide additional supplemental guidance on certain aspects of the original pronouncement. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is to recognize revenue upon the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received. In adopting the guidance, companies are permitted to select between two transition methods: (1) a full retrospective transition method with the application of the new guidance to each prior reporting period presented, or (2) a retrospective transition method that recognizes the cumulative effect on prior periods at the date of adoption together with additional footnote disclosures.
The Company currently expects to adopt ASU 2014-09 on May 1, 2018 using the full retrospective transition method. The Company is continuing to assess the potential impact of this guidance, including the impact on those areas currently subject to industry-specific guidance such as government contract accounting. As part of its assessment, the Company is reviewing representative samples of customer contracts to determine the impact on revenue recognition under the new guidance. The Company's contracts with the U.S. government contain provisions that, among other things, allow the government to unilaterally terminate the contract for convenience (in whole or in part), pay the Company for costs incurred plus a reasonable profit and take control of any work in process. The Company is continuing to evaluate its contracts with the U.S. government to determine whether: (i) the Company's performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced, or (ii) the Company's performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the Company and the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Revenues for contracts meeting either of these criteria will be recognized over the performance period using an acceptable measure of progress under the new standard, which the Company anticipates to be as costs are incurred.
The Company's contracts with international governments for the purchase of small UAS and related services generally contain provisions that, among other things, allow the international government to unilaterally terminate the contract for convenience (in whole or in part), pay the Company for costs incurred plus a reasonable profit and take control of any work in process. The Company is continuing to evaluate its contracts with its international UAS customers to determine whether the Company's performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the Company and the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Revenues for contracts meeting this criteria will be recognized over the performance period using an acceptable measure of progress under the new standard, which the Company anticipates to be as costs are incurred.
The Company's contracts with its EES customers are generally product purchase order, bill and ship arrangments. The Company is continuing to evaluate its contracts with these customers to determine the impact on revenue recognition under the new guidance.
As of January 27, 2018 and April 30, 2017, the balance of held-to-maturity securities consisted of state and local government municipal securities, U.S. treasury securities, U.S. government-guaranteed agency securities, U.S. government-sponsored agency debt securities, highly rated corporate bonds, and certificates of deposit. Interest earned from these investments is recorded in interest income.
As of January 27, 2018 and April 30, 2017, the entire balance of available-for-sale auction rate securities, consisted of two investment grade auction rate municipal bonds, with maturities of approximately 1 and 16 years, respectively. These investments have characteristics similar to short-term investments, because at pre-determined intervals, generally ranging from 30 to 35 days, there is a new auction process at which the interest rates for these securities are reset to current interest rates. At the end of such period, the Company chooses to roll-over its holdings or redeem the investments for cash. A market maker facilitates the redemption of the securities, and the underlying issuers are not required to redeem the investment within 365 days. Interest earned from these investments is recorded in interest income.
During the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ended April 30, 2008, the Company began experiencing failed auctions on some of its auction rate securities. A failed auction occurs when a buyer for the securities cannot be obtained and the market maker does not buy the security for its own account. The Company continues to earn interest on the investments that failed to settle at auction at the maximum contractual rate until the next auction occurs. In the event the Company needs to access funds invested in these auction rate securities, the Company may not be able to liquidate these securities at the fair value recorded on January 27, 2018, until a future auction of these securities is successful or a buyer is found outside of the auction process.
As a result of the failed auctions, the fair values of these securities are estimated utilizing a discounted cash flow analysis as of January 27, 2018. The analysis considers, among other items, the collateralization underlying the security investments, the creditworthiness of the counterparty, the timing of expected future cash flows, and the estimated date upon which the security is expected to have a successful auction. Based on the Company's ability to access its cash and cash equivalents, expected operating cash flows, and other sources of cash, the Company does not anticipate that the current lack of liquidity of these investments will affect its ability to operate its business in the ordinary course. The Company believes the current lack of liquidity of these investments is temporary and expects that the securities will be redeemed or refinanced at some point in the future. The Company will continue to monitor the value of its auction rate securities at each reporting period for a possible impairment if a further decline in fair value occurs. The auction rate securities have been in an unrealized loss position for more than 12 months. The Company has the ability and the intent to hold these investments until a recovery of fair value, which may be at maturity. As of January 27, 2018, the Company did not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired.
Level 1 — Inputs to the valuation based upon quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that are accessible as of the measurement date.
Level 2 — Inputs to the valuation include quoted prices in either markets that are not active, or in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3 — Inputs to the valuation that are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
The auction rate securities are valued using a discounted cash flow model. The analysis considers, among other items, the collateralization underlying the security investments, the creditworthiness of the counterparty, the timing of expected future cash flows and the estimated date upon which the security is expected to have a successful auction. As of January 27, 2018, the inputs used in the Company's discounted cash flow analysis included current coupon rates of 2.33% and 1.88%, estimated redemption periods of 1 and 16 years and discount rates of 2.97% and 9.59%. The discount rates were based on market rates for municipal bond securities, as adjusted for a risk premium to reflect the lack of liquidity of these investments.
In December of 2017, the Company and Softbank formed a joint venture, HAPSMobile. HAPSMobile is a Japanese corporation that is 5% owned by the Company and 95% owned by SoftBank and is governed by a Joint Venture Agreement (the "JVA"). The Company purchased its 5% stake in HAPSMobile for 210,000,000 yen ($1,860,000) effective as of December 27, 2017. Under the JVA, the Company committed to make additional capital contributions of 150,000,000 yen (approximately $1,400,000) and 209,500,000 yen (approximately $1,900,000) in or around April 2018 and January 2019, respectively, to maintain its 5% ownership stake. Additionally under the JVA, the Company may purchase additional shares of HAPSMobile, at the same per share price for the purchase of its original 5% stake, to increase its ownership percentage of HAPSMobile up to 19% prior to the first flight test of the prototype aircraft produced under a design and development agreement between HAPSMobile and the Company.


Inside: New species are being discovered on a regular basis as our ability to explore the depths of the ocean improve. The deep-sea chimaera is another new animal discovery.
This chimera species, a Deep-Sea Chimaera, was found about 4200 feet below the ocean at abyssal depths.
A cousin of sharks and rays, it is one of the world's oldest species of fish. It goes by a number of aliases including ratfish, rabbitfish and ghostshark. It branched off from the shark family, its closest relative, about 400 million years ago. It has remained relatively unchanged since it shared the Earth with the dinosaurs. Like sharks, they have a skeleton made of cartilage. Because they live in the deep, dark ocean abyss, they are poorly studied and understood.
It is amazing that as our technology grows to explore ever deeper ocean depths, the range and complexity of our biosphere is revealed. More will be learned about these elusive, deep-sea creatures as our ability to observe them in their natural habitat improves. I am excited to see what more is left to be discovered.
The deep sea is fascinating and mysterious. A lot more treasures are waiting to be discovered I'm sure.


text:
The 10 O'Clock Report
Attorney-General raises concerns over drug bill
9:05 am on 27 April 2010
The Attorney-General has raised concerns about aspects of a bill seeking to change the law on drugs.
The Government's Misuse of Drugs Amendment Bill would reclassify pseudoephedrine and ephedrine as Class B2 drugs, but Chris Finlayson says part of the legislation breaches the Bill of Rights Act.
The reclassification aims to make it more difficult for potential manufacturers of methamphetamine, also known as "P", to get hold of the key ingredients.
But Mr Finlayson says the bill changes the onus of proof by requiring a defendant found with drugs to prove they do not intend to use them for supply, which is inconsistent with the Bill of Rights.
The bill also expands the law around utensils used for administering drugs to include incomplete utensils.
That would mean, for example, that importing or supplying a metal cone for burning cannabis would become an offence.


text:
Q: Lion and Rabbit in a Cage — references I am looking for references to a problem with the following approximate statement:

There is a lion and a rabbit in cage $C$. At the initial time they are at locations $I_l$ and $I_r$, they have maximum speed of $S_l$ and $S_r$, respectively. The lion wants to reach the rabbit at the shortest time. The rabbit wants to escape from the lion for the longest time. Find an optimal strategy and optimal time for each.

As far as I remember there were no statements about restrictions on acceleration or path. But any variant is of interest.


text:
EPRI President Lauds Ameren, Entergy as latest utilities to make Net-Zero by 2050 Commitments, Lays Out Research Roadmap
Electric Power Research Institute
PALO ALTO, Calif., Oct. 1, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- This week Ameren joined a growing number of utilities pledging to reduce carbon emissions to net-zero by 2050.
Ameren's announcement to reduce emissions across its operations in Missouri and Illinois comes just a week after Entergy said it would accelerate its climate action goal to cut carbon emissions across its fleet of power plants to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.
Ameren's net-zero announcement was paired with its plan to expand solar and wind generation in its fleet and retire its entire coal-fired fleet by 2042. Retirements will begin in two years.
Ameren's Chairman and CEO said the company's plan was a "transformative" one that accelerates its transition to "clean energy."
Ameren Missouri said it would continue to invest in carbon-free energy sources--nuclear, hydro and solar, which comprise about 30% of its generation mix. But the company said it would consider "additional clean energy innovations."
The two utility giants—Ameren and Entergy--are among the most recent powerhouses to set the net-zero target.
Over the past three years, other major utilities, such as Richmond-based Dominion Energy, Charlotte-based Duke Energy, Atlanta-based Southern Company, Minneapolis-based Xcel Energy, Newark-based Public Service Enterprise Group (PSEG), Detroit-based DTE Energy, and Milwaukee-based WEC Energy Group, have all pledged to reduce emissions from utility operations to net-zero by 2050.
In a statement, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) President Arshad Mansoor said:
"I applaud Ameren and Entergy for showing leadership within the electric power industry toward a decarbonized future. Utilities already provide reliable and affordable electricity while reducing emissions and protecting environmental quality.
"All of these utilities that have pledged to reduce emissions to net-zero by 2050 have sent a message to our industry that we need to continue our efforts to advance technologies and alternative fuels that will underpin our environmental and sustainability efforts.
"What seems like an ambitious target is attainable. Innovation drives this goal. Our team at EPRI and our colleagues at the Gas Technology Institute are leading an industry-wide research and development consortium—the Low Carbon Resources Initiative --to unearth, develop, demonstrate and deploy low-carbon technologies that will help utilities like Entergy achieve those emission reduction goals. We continue to build the consortium.
"The blueprint to net zero is EPRI's Project 2X to 2050, which ramps up energy efficiency, cleaner electricity generation, efficient electrification and the use of alternatives fuels. Fundamental advances in a variety of low-carbon electric generation technologies and low-carbon chemical energy carriers -- such as clean hydrogen, bioenergy, and renewable natural gas -- are needed to enable affordable pathways to economy-wide decarbonization."
About EPRI
The Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (EPRI, www.epri.com) conducts research and development relating to the generation, delivery and use of electricity for the benefit of the public. An independent, nonprofit organization, EPRI brings together its scientists and engineers as well as experts from academia and industry to help address challenges in electricity, including reliability, efficiency, affordability, health, safety and the environment. EPRI members represent 90% of the electricity generated and delivered in the United States with international participation extending to 40 countries. EPRI's principal offices and laboratories are located in Palo Alto, Calif.; Charlotte, N.C.; Knoxville, Tenn.; Dallas, Texas; Lenox, Mass.; and Washington, D.C.
Dipka Bhambhani
Director, External Relations and Communications
SOURCE Electric Power Research Institute
Collaborative R&D Essential to Reaching Net Zero, Says EPRI...
EPRI Receives DOE Award to Develop Efficient, Hybrid Heat Pump...
More news releases in similar topics


Some of you will already be regulars at the monthly coffee meet at Root One – we welcome all and have a good natter.
Last month I happened to spy a lady sitting near us who was on her own so after asking if she was meeting anyone I asked if she would like to join us, this she duly did and we all got on with chatting.
So if you are sitting on your own on one of these Mondays and think we look like an OK bunch please come and join us.
We next meet on Monday 18th February any time after 10am. The table nearest the patio.


The MDA has the possibility to mount two different MDA directories directly to a PC, Mac or tablet.
The first directory is the MDA-upload directory. Any SVG image that you copy into this directory will appear on the upload page in the MDA interface. The second directory is the MDA-autosketch directory. Any SVG image or GPX formatted file derived from an SVG image will be sketched automatically on the MDA.
In order to mount a directory, both the MDA and the device you want to mount the drive on need to be connected to the same network. You can also connect your device to the MDA's hotspot. Mounting a drive requires a one-time setup, afterwards the MDA directories are directly and always available on PC, Mac or tablet.
On a PC: open "File Explorer", select "Home", go to "Easy Access" in the "New" section and select "Map as Drive". Select a drive letter (like U: for upload, or S: for autosketch). Don't use the browse option for "Folder" but enter the following in the "Folder" input field: \\mda\MDA-upload (if you changed the name of the MDA from mda to a different name, use the new name instead of mda in this command). Make sure that the box "Reconnect at sign-in" is selected and press "Finish" (if prompted for a login and/or password, type guest for both). Now the MDA-Upload directory is permanently mounted on your PC, accessible under the drive letter that you selected during the setup. When you copy or save a file to this drive, it appears on the upload page of the MDA. Mounting the autosketch directory requires the same procedure as mentioned above, with the exception that you need to enter \\mda\MDA-autosketch in the "Folder" input field. Again, if you changed the default name of the MDA you have to change mda to the new name.
On a Mac, the name of the MDA appears automatically in the "Shared" section of the "Finder". Click on the name of the MDA (default mda) and click on "Connect as", continue with "Connect" and enter guest in the name field and password field. Make sure to tick (ü) the box "Remember this password in my keychain" and press "Select". The MDA-upload directory will from now on be accessible from the Finder. In case you want to connect to the autosketch directory, first you will have to select "disconnect" and then repeat the above procedure, but this time with the loginname autosketch and password autosketch. You will be connected as autosketch instead of guest, although the directory will still called MDA-upload. If you regularly need to switch between upload (guest) and autosketch, do not save your login credentials to "keychain", but instead enter them every time to access the proper directory.
On an iPad, you can make a connection to the MDA through the "FileBrowser" app, a free app available in the app-store. In FileBrowser, select "Location" in the bottom bar and then "+" in the top bar. Select "Computer/Network Drive" and then "Mac". The app will start scanning, but you do not need wait for the scan to finish. Instead select "Manual setup". On the next screen, select "Mac" and enter mda in the "Address" field (or the new name in case you have changed the default name mda). Click "Edit…" in the "User name" field and enter guest, click "Edit…" in the "Password" field and enter guest again. Enter mda in the "Display name" field. By selecting mda from the "locations" tab, you will now have a connection from the iPad to both the MDA-upload directory and the MDA-autosketch directory.
On Android, an connection can be established trough the free "AndSMB" app, which can be downloaded from the Play Store. In AndSMB select the + button in the top bar. On the next screen, enter mda in the "Hostname" field (or the new name in case you have changed the default name mda). In the "Username" and "Password" field enter guest. In the "Remote dir" field enter /MDA-upload. Leave the rest of the fields empty. Click save, and in the pop up window enter mda, or whatever other name you want the drive to have in AndSMB. By selecting AndSMB when selecting "Share" and then selecting the name you gave to the drive in AndSMB files will automatically be uploaded to the upload map.


text:
Q: Cannot fetch api data in javascript using fetch method I am building a simple web app to get me the meaning of a word, I am using oxford dictionary api to get the word meanings but unable to do so.
In oxford dictionary documentation sample python code is given which I am able to run properly with flask here is the code
But when I try to implement the same code in vanila JS I am getting the following errors:
with (mode:"cors") : 403 error
with (mode:"no-cors") :
"Access to fetch at 'https://od-api.oxforddictionaries.com/api/v2/entries/en-gb/phobia' from origin 'http://127.0.0.1:5500' has been blocked by CORS policy: Response to preflight request doesn't pass access control check: No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is present on the requested resource. If an opaque response serves your needs, set the request's mode to 'no-cors' to fetch the resource with CORS disabled."
word = "phobia";
language = "en-gb";

const options = {
  method: "GET",
  mode:'cors',
  headers: {
    app_id: "<app id>",
    app_key: "<app key>",
  },
};
fetch(`https://od-api.oxforddictionaries.com/api/v2/entries/${language}/${word}`, options)
.then(response => response.json())
.then(response => {
    console.log(response);
  })
.catch(err => console.error(err));

How to solve the issue ?


Reps to probe NNPC's finances from January till date – Royal Times of Nigeria.
The House of Representatives has resolved to probe the financial records of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC from January, 2018 to date to ascertain the volume of sales of crude oil.
The House also resolved to investigate the yearly production output to determine the impropriety or otherwise of the claim of two million barrels of crude oil per day by the Corporation.
Moving the motion during the plenary today, Hon. Ossai Nicholas form Delta state called the attention of the House to the sufferings of Nigerian workers following the under remittance to the tune of one hundred billion naira to the federation account by the Corporation. He said that the situation has brought untold hardships to workers and other Nigerians across the country.