text:
Home Interviews Interview: Tanel Toom on Estonian Masculinity, Religion and 'Truth and Justice'
Interview: Tanel Toom on Estonian Masculinity, Religion and 'Truth and Justice'
Shane Slater
Adapted from a seminal work of Estonian literature, Tanel Toom's "Truth and Justice" is one of the year's most ambitious directorial feats. An epic about pride and honor, it follows a farmer who struggles to make a living from the land amid harsh conditions and an ongoing feud with his neighbor. Following its selection to the shortlist for Best International Feature, I spoke with Toom to discuss the film's timeless themes and how they resonate with modern audiences. Below is an edited version of our conversation.
Shane Slater: "Truth and Justice" is such an important literary work in Estonia. How did you get involved with adapting it as your debut feature?
Tanel Toom: Yes, it is considered to be a major Estonian literary work and the most important novel for Estonians. It's on all the school curricula. I actually didn't read it when I was supposed to, in high school. And I'm very happy that I didn't because I wouldn't have understood it. But I always knew that one day I want to ready it because I felt bad. I eventually got the time to do it. It's a very thick book. The Estonian version is like 550 pages and the English translation is even longer.
When I finally did read it, I was surprised because I really loved it and it talked to me. I was affected by how contemporary the struggles of the novel were. And how strongly it resonated with my own pursuit for self-fulfillment. The more I tried to understand the character the more he reminded me of my myself actually. There were so many themes I connected to. It's so easy to lose yourself while stubbornly pursuing your dream and forgetting the things that are actually more important to you. Your loved ones.
It wasn't meant to be my first feature. I had the idea when I read the book. But I was working on another project at the time. Then the Estonian government put out a call to develop film projects to mark Estonia's 100 years of independence in 2018. So it felt perfect for it and it would have been stupid to not try to enter that competition. It was a really heavy competition for a small country. They received like 160 entries for projects and in the end there were about five projects and we were one of them in the last round.
I started adapting the book and at the same time I was supposed to do another film but it got postponed for financial reasons. So "Truth and Justice" became my first feature. It wasn't my plan to do something so huge for my first feature but it just kind of happened that way.
SS: How did you approach adapting such a massive text and deciding what to focus on and what to cut for the screenplay?
TT: There have been many attempts to make it into a film before. But no one got it made. The book is very thick and has so many characters and subplots and it is very episodic. The book isn't fully chronological and also, it takes place over 20 years. But when you make a film, you have to have "cause and effect" links and sequences. But the book isn't like that.
The first year I was only working on structure and choosing my main events, inciting incidents, first act turning point, midpoint, second act turning point, climax and so on. Creating the three-act film film structure in order to deal with that massive material. That really helped me to control the material somehow.
Also, what made it very exciting for me as a writer to adapt it is that the author doesn't really give accents or emphasis for main events. So I could really choose what felt logical for me. For example, the first time Andres goes to court and loses because he's telling the truth, I understood that this was a very important in this character's life. But in the book, it's only a half page. So I really put an emphasis on that.
And later, when Andres beats his wife for the first time. In the book, it's just one sentence. For me, it was a very important moment in this character's arc. This is the moment where the monster is being born basically. But in the book, you might even miss it! So when the film came out, there were many people who said they don't believe this happened in the book. They were really surprised that it did happen.
SS: The Estonian cut of the film is 16 minutes longer than the international version. What was the reason for this and how significant is the difference?
TT: The shorter version has been shown in Estonia as well, at festivals like Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival. We felt that if it's an unknown film from Estonia with unknown actors, the length is scary. So we just tried to make it less scary. We cut seconds from here, seconds from there. It wasn't major things. Everything is so interwoven. It's basically the same, there's just not as much "air."
SS: The film has been so successful in Estonia. What do you think has made it connect so strongly to Estonian people, considering it's not what you'd usually consider a "blockbuster" movie?
TT: I can just speculate, but there is a very Estonian DNA in the story. The main thing is that the story has to be strong and emotional, with characters that you can connect to. But for Estonians, I think we recognize ourselves as these characters in the story. So many Estonian men recognize themselves in that we do not express our feelings, we do not talk about what's going on inside of us. We just silently try to make things work. But sometimes by not talking and communicating, we might ruin or forget the more important things.
A couple years ago, I read a book called "The Top Five Regrets of the Dying." She was speaking to old people who were very close to death and asking about their regrets. And one of the main regrets was that every single male told her that they wished they had worked less. No one will ever say on their death bed that they wished they would have worked more. Then obviously there were regrets that they wish they had spent more time with loved ones and told them they loved them. These things are the most important in the end, before we go. And we know that in the year 2019, but it's still very hard to act on those things and actually do it.
So I think many Estonians recognize themselves. It's a very sad and emotional movie for Estonians because it's not the nicest image. Lots of people wrote me and told me, this character is like my father or my husband or myself.
It is based on the most important novel, but that doesn't guarantee success. It might even be the opposite. The success was a total surprise for me because I was completely ready to get beaten and kicked out of country. Everyone has a version of their own in their heads. How the story should be and how the characters should look and talk. Even the ones who never even read the book! There are many adaptations that have failed. Even now, look at what happened with "Cats."
SS: You were previously Oscar-nominated for your short film "The Confession." How does the awards season experience compare this time around?
TT: [Laughs]. It's very different actually. With a short, the stakes are smaller and there's not so much campaigning. I had won the Student Academy Award the year before, which qualified the film for the "big Oscars." Then we got into the shortlist and then the nomination. I think a lot of Academy members already knew the film because they had seen it a year before. So we didn't start from zero.
But this year there were 93 films and you're really starting from zero. With our film, we didn't have any awards from Cannes or Venice or Berlin. It's a film that no one knows anything about! [Laughs]. So it's a miracle that we got into the shortlist and I'm obviously very happy and honored. Especially because this year there are so many big filmmakers in the category, so it's very tricky for smaller countries and unknown films to get noticed. So that's a huge part of the job of campaigning. To get people to actually see your film. It's very different and exciting.
SS: Both "The Confession" and "Truth and Justice" have underlying themes about religion. Where does that fascination come from?
TT: These are actually not the only films. I've done 10 short films and funnily, two of my most successful short films have religious themes. I like to treat religion or church as one of the characters in my movies. I like to question everything and ask all these big questions of "Is there a God?" The interesting thing is, Estonia is considered to be the least religious country in the world. Here it's more about stones and trees and wind. Yes, believing in something, but we're very close to nature. The official church is the Lutheran church, but not that many people go to church. The religion is not so institutionalized here.
I've always been interested in the Bible for some reason. It's put together by 60 different authors over 200 years. It's many thousand pages and so many contradictions. It's a book where you can really find a justification for whatever you want, even very nasty things. It can have this darker side if you are abusing it.
And this is what really interested me with the main character Andres. Everyone knows that there are so many people who really do find comfort from the Bible and find answers and it's a big help. But what Andres does, he's not looking for answers. He's looking for justification. So he's actually really abusing the book. That's why it doesn't end well. It's a very unhealthy relationship with that book. It is very fascinating that you can interpret the book how you want and justify very nasty, dark things. There are so many wars because of religion and faith.
"Truth and Justice" is the Estonian submission for the 2019 Oscar for Best International Feature Film.
Best International Feature
Tanel Toom
Truth and Justice
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Shane is a passionate cinephile and Tomatometer-approved film critic residing in Kingston, Jamaica. When he's not watching or writing about film, he spends much of his time wishing he lived in a big city. Shane is an avid world traveler and loves attending film festivals. He is a member of the African-American Film Critics Association.
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text:
package com.thoughtworks.go.websocket;

import com.thoughtworks.go.config.ArtifactPlans;
import com.thoughtworks.go.config.ArtifactPropertiesGenerators;
import com.thoughtworks.go.config.CruiseConfig;
import com.thoughtworks.go.config.Resources;
import com.thoughtworks.go.config.materials.Materials;
import com.thoughtworks.go.domain.*;
import com.thoughtworks.go.domain.buildcause.BuildCause;
import com.thoughtworks.go.domain.builder.*;
import com.thoughtworks.go.domain.materials.Material;
import com.thoughtworks.go.domain.materials.Modification;
import com.thoughtworks.go.helper.MaterialsMother;
import com.thoughtworks.go.helper.ModificationsMother;
import com.thoughtworks.go.remote.AgentIdentifier;
import com.thoughtworks.go.remote.work.BuildAssignment;
import com.thoughtworks.go.remote.work.BuildWork;
import com.thoughtworks.go.server.service.AgentRuntimeInfo;
import org.junit.Test;

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;

import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;

public class MessageTest {

    @Test
    public void encodeAndDecodeMessageWithoutData() {
        byte[] msg = Message.encode(new Message(Action.ping));
        Message decoded = Message.decode(new ByteArrayInputStream(msg));
        assertThat(decoded.getAction(), is(Action.ping));
        assertNull(decoded.getData());

        assertEquals(decoded, Message.decode(new ByteArrayInputStream(msg)));
    }

    @Test
    public void encodeAndDecodePingMessage() {
        AgentRuntimeInfo info = new AgentRuntimeInfo(new AgentIdentifier("hostName", "ipAddress", "uuid"), null, null, null, null);
        byte[] msg = Message.encode(new Message(Action.ping, info));
        Message decoded = Message.decode(new ByteArrayInputStream(msg));
        assertThat(((AgentRuntimeInfo) decoded.getData()).getIdentifier(), is(info.getIdentifier()));
    }

    @Test
    public void encodeAndDecodeSetCookie() {
        byte[] msg = Message.encode(new Message(Action.setCookie, "cookie"));
        Message decoded = Message.decode(new ByteArrayInputStream(msg));
        assertThat((String) decoded.getData(), is("cookie"));
    }

    @Test
    public void encodeAndDecodeAssignWorkWithDifferentBuilders() throws Exception {
        File workingDir = new File(CruiseConfig.WORKING_BASE_DIR + "pipelineName");
        Materials materials = MaterialsMother.defaultMaterials();
        MaterialRevisions revisions = ModificationsMother.modifyOneFile(materials, ModificationsMother.nextRevision());
        BuildCause buildCause = BuildCause.createWithModifications(revisions, "");

        List<Builder> builder = new ArrayList<Builder>();
        builder.add(new CommandBuilder("command", "args", workingDir, new RunIfConfigs(), new NullBuilder(), "desc"));
        builder.add(new BuilderForKillAllChildTask());
        builder.add(new CommandBuilderWithArgList("command", new String[]{"arg1", "arg2"}, workingDir, new RunIfConfigs(), new NullBuilder(), "desc"));
        builder.add(new FetchArtifactBuilder(new RunIfConfigs(), new NullBuilder(), "desc", jobPlan().getIdentifier(), "srcdir", "dest",
                new FileHandler(workingDir, "src"),
                new ChecksumFileHandler(workingDir)));
        BuildAssignment assignment = BuildAssignment.create(jobPlan(), buildCause, builder, workingDir);

        BuildWork work = new BuildWork(assignment);
        byte[] msg = Message.encode(new Message(Action.assignWork, work));
        Message decodedMsg = Message.decode(new ByteArrayInputStream(msg));
        assertThat(((BuildWork) decodedMsg.getData()).getAssignment().getPlan().getPipelineName(), is("pipelineName"));
    }

    @Test
    public void materialRevisions() {
        assertEncodeDecode(ModificationsMother.createHgMaterialRevisions());
        assertEncodeDecode(ModificationsMother.createSvnMaterialRevisions(ModificationsMother.withModifiedFileWhoseNameLengthIsOneK()));
        assertEncodeDecode(ModificationsMother.createP4MaterialRevisions(ModificationsMother.withModifiedFileWhoseNameLengthIsOneK()));

        assertEncodeDecode(ModificationsMother.createPackageMaterialRevision("revision"));
        assertEncodeDecode(ModificationsMother.createPipelineMaterialRevision("stageIdentifier"));
    }

    @Test
    public void materialInstance() {
        assertEncodeDecodeMaterialInstance(MaterialsMother.pluggableSCMMaterial());
        assertEncodeDecodeMaterialInstance(MaterialsMother.gitMaterial("url"));
        assertEncodeDecodeMaterialInstance(MaterialsMother.hgMaterial());
        assertEncodeDecodeMaterialInstance(MaterialsMother.tfsMaterial("url"));
        assertEncodeDecodeMaterialInstance(MaterialsMother.p4Material());
        assertEncodeDecodeMaterialInstance(MaterialsMother.packageMaterial());
    }

    private void assertEncodeDecodeMaterialInstance(Material material) {
        MaterialRevisions materialRevisions = new MaterialRevisions();

        final ArrayList<Modification> modifications = new ArrayList<>();

        Modification m = new Modification("user2", "comment2", "email2", new Date(), "9fdcf27f16eadc362733328dd481d8a2c29915e1");
        m.setMaterialInstance(material.createMaterialInstance());
        modifications.add(m);
        materialRevisions.addRevision(MaterialsMother.hgMaterial(), modifications);

        assertEncodeDecode(materialRevisions);
    }

    private void assertEncodeDecode(Object obj) {
        byte[] msg = Message.encode(new Message(Action.assignWork, obj));
        Message decodedMsg = Message.decode(new ByteArrayInputStream(msg));
        assertEquals(decodedMsg.getData().getClass(), obj.getClass());
    }

    private DefaultJobPlan jobPlan() {
        JobIdentifier jobIdentifier = new JobIdentifier("pipelineName", 1, "1", "defaultStage", "1", "job1", 100L);
        return new DefaultJobPlan(new Resources(), new ArtifactPlans(), new ArtifactPropertiesGenerators(), 1L, jobIdentifier);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Django templates escape filters issue I am trying to avoid XSS on my website. for testing purpose, I gave a username like this:
ali <script>alert('xss not escaped')</script>
and in my template I tried escape and force_escape filters but none of them is working.
Here is Django template code:
<label for="user_name" id="user_name_label" class="user-name font-weight-samibold mb-0">
     {{ username | force_escape }}
</label>

I am not able to understand, why these filters are not working, each time when the page is loaded, alert box appears.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
5-Year-Old Attacked by
Python, Pulled Into Pool
Nov 25, 2022 8:10 AM CST
5-Year-Old Attacked by Python, Pulled Into Pool
Family says Australia's Beau Blake is just fine
(Newser) - An Australian boy has survived the unthinkable: being bitten then constricted by a 10-foot-long python and then tumbling into a swimming pool with the snake attached. Beau Blake's family says the 5-year-old had been walking around a home pool when father Ben "saw a big black shadow come...
First They Found Her Sandals,
Then a Bloated Snake
Oct 30, 2022 11:35 AM CDT
First They Found Her Sandals, Then a Bloated Snake
Woman in Indonesia set out for work at a rubber plantation, didn't return home
(Newser) - It's an occurrence so chilling and rare that it's being reported around the globe: An Indonesian woman apparently lost her life to a python, with local reports confirming her body was found in the snake's stomach. The Guardian reports a woman identified as Jahrah, 54, left for...
Florida Teen Captures
28 Pythons, Gets Top Prize
Oct 27, 2022 6:42 AM CDT
Florida Teen Captures 28 Pythons, Gets Top Prize
1K people took part in 10-day contest
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Feds: Smuggler Stashed
Pythons in His Pants
Oct 6, 2022 5:30 PM CDT
Feds: Smuggler Stashed Pythons in His Pants
He was caught after crossing Canadian border
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Florida's Python Hunt Is On
Aug 6, 2022 5:25 PM CDT
Competitors from 32 states, Canada search for invasive species
(Newser) - More than 800 competitors will be trudging through the Florida Everglades for the next eight days, in search of invasive Burmese pythons that will bring in thousands of dollars in prize money. The python hunt officially began Friday morning and runs through 5pm Aug. 15, according to officials who gathered...
He Sat on the
Toilet at Dawn.
Suddenly, a 'Nip'
He Sat on the Toilet at Dawn. Suddenly, a 'Nip'
Python escapes from Austria apartment, ends up in neighbor's bathroom
(Newser) - An elderly Austrian man had an unpleasant surprise waiting for him while answering nature's call early Monday: a python, in his toilet. The man, identified by the BBC as 65-year-old Walter Erhart, tells the broadcaster that he "went to the toilet as usual" in his Graz apartment around...
One State Wants to Put
Pythons on the Menu
Dec 20, 2020 2:22 PM CST
One State Wants to Put Pythons on the Menu
It has 'the texture of fish, but ... tastes more like chicken'
(Newser) - Python and a brew, anyone? That might just become a happy-hour special in Florida if it turns out the snakes are safe enough to eat. But state officials first have to figure out whether Florida pythons contain too much mercury, CNN reports. "We would like to use consumption as...
2 Reasons Why This Python's
7 Eggs Are Totally Weird
Sep 11, 2020 10:35 AM CDT
2 Reasons Why This Python's 7 Eggs Are Totally Weird
First, she's 62 years old. Second, she hasn't been near a male python for 2 decades
(Newser) - A 62-year-old ball python surprised experts at the St. Louis Zoo by laying seven eggs, despite not being near a male python for at least two decades. Mark Wanner, manager of herpetology at the zoo, says it's unusual but not unheard of for ball pythons to reproduce asexually. The...
After Ga. Homeowner
Kills Python in Yard, a Warning
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'Please do NOT release exotic animals'
(Newser) - Pythons are native to Southeast Asia, Australia, and Africa—so when they turn up in someone's yard in the US, it attracts notice. That's what recently happened at a home in Walton County, Ga., where what looks like a ball python showed up, only to meet its demise...
Thousands of Pythons
Removed From Everglades
Aug 3, 2020 1:46 AM CDT
Thousands of Pythons Removed From Everglades
Namely, 5K since 2017
(Newser) - Burmese pythons have invaded the Florida Everglades and are wreaking havoc, and last week, the state Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission announced it has removed 5,000 of them from the ecosystem since a python elimination program was established in 2017. The snakes, which likely got established after pets were...
The Python Hunters Barely
Make a Dent. That's OK
The Python Hunters Barely Make a Dent. That's OK
Inside the annual hunt for the invasive species
(Newser) - If you assume the alligator is the king of the heap when it comes to Everglades predators, you could be wrong at this point. "I found alligators in them," says Donna Kalil. The 57-year-old python elimination specialist for the South Florida Water Management District is talking about Burmese...
Before Miami's Super Bowl,
a Massive Snake Hunt
Before Miami's Super Bowl, a Massive Snake Hunt
'Python Bowl' participants to hunt down invasive Burmese pythons for cash and prizes
(Newser) - Miami's upcoming Super Bowl will mean death for dozens of invasive Burmese pythons in the Everglades—and wildlife officials say that's a good thing. The game's organizing committee is working with Florida to promote the Python Bowl, a 10-day contest that began Friday that will give out...
Woman Found Dead in House
With Python Around Her Neck
Nov 1, 2019 1:55 AM CDT
Woman Found Dead in House With Python Around Her Neck
There were 140 snakes in the home
(Newser) - An Indiana woman found with an 8-foot-long python wrapped around her neck had apparently kept snakes at the residence, which was filled with snakes and outfitted for a collection of the reptiles, police say. Laura Hurst, 36, was found unresponsive Wednesday night on the floor of a home in the...
Largest Python
Found in Everglades
Packed a Secret
Largest Python Found in Everglades Packed a Secret
17-foot female was carrying 73 eggs
(Newser) - Snake hunters trying to rid the Florida Everglades of invasive Burmese pythons used a new method to make a record-breaking catch. A team at Big Cypress National Preserve caught a 17-foot 140-pound female python, the longest python ever caught in the Everglades, the Guardian reports. The snake contained 73 "...
She Was Taking
Care of Business.
Then, 'Midstream,'
a 'Sharp Tap'
Jan 27, 2019 12:28 PM CST
She Was Taking Care of Business. Then, 'Midstream,' a 'Sharp Tap'
Aussie woman bitten by carpet python while on the toilet
(Newser) - Australia has been mired in quite a heat wave , and the snakes are taking to the toilets to cool off. Newshub reports that a Brisbane woman found that out, um, "midstream" after a carpet python hiding in her porcelain throne apparently freaked out when she went to take care...
Forest Ranger Foolishly
Decides to Pose With Python
Forest Ranger Foolishly Decides to Pose With Python
India ranger Sanjoy Dutta nearly got strangled
(Newser) - India has racked up the most "deaths by selfie," researchers say, and one forest ranger almost joined that statistic. Gulf News and the Tribune report on a recent close call in the West Bengal city of Jalpaiguri, where ranger Sanjoy Dutta showed off to a crowd the 18-foot...
Giant 23-Foot Python
Swallows Woman Whole
Giant 23-Foot Python Swallows Woman Whole
It's the second such horrific attack in Indonesia in just over a year
(Newser) - "Attacks on humans are rare," read the last Newser story about a 23-foot python swallowing a human in Indonesia. That was in March 2017, and now history repeats its gruesome self, with the victim this time a 54-year-old woman who went to check on her corn. Concerned about...
Biologists Find Bloated Snake,
Shocked by What Comes Out
Mar 3, 2018 4:40 PM CST
Biologists Find Bloated Snake, Shocked by What Comes Out
'We were ... trying to process that an animal this size could get its head around ... a deer'
(Newser) - Researchers studying invasive Burmese pythons in Florida came upon something they'd never seen before: an 11-foot-long python had consumed an entire deer that weighed more than the snake itself. The AP reports the wildlife biologists tracking the slithery creatures stumbled upon the bloated snake in Collier Seminole State Park,...
Coroner: Owner Died
After 'Show of Affection'
From Pet Snake
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Victim's mom kept all 10 of his snakes
(Newser) - Dan Brandon loved his 8-foot pet python Tiny and, fatally, the feeling was apparently mutual. Brandon, 31, was found dead in his home in Basingstoke, England, last August, and a coroner's inquest has concluded that he was asphyxiated by the African rock python, one of 10 snakes and a...
Search for Missing Man
Turns Up His Boot,
Mar 29, 2017 11:30 AM CDT
Search for Missing Man Turns Up His Boot, Then a Bloated Snake
Victim was swallowed whole in remote Indonesia
(Newser) - The body of a 25-year-old man who vanished in a remote village in Indonesia has been found—in the belly of a 23-foot-long snake. Father of two Akbar Salubiro had gone to harvest palm oil on his family's plantation on the island of Sulawesi on Sunday when villagers "...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Seven Simple Proposals to Fix Our Broken Elections
Joe Biden may have declared victory, but whether he or Donald Trump officially wins the presidency may remain undetermined for weeks, even months, and even then we may see the election brought before the Supreme Court.
What we do know is that this election has delivered a mess not seen since 2000, when the Supreme Court had to rule on whether Bush or Gore had won the race. We'll see recounts and accusations of voter fraud, and as time drags on, the bitter acrimony that already divides our country will only deepen.
A contested election weighted by accusations of deceit and ballot irregularities was the last thing this country needed. When tens of millions of voters believe the election was stolen from their candidate, our American Republic is in serious danger.
Here are some proposals for the future that might help end some of these troubles.
First, declare the first Tuesday in November a national holiday. Voting is a primary right and duty of the American citizen, and we should honor that right by giving Election Day the same status as Independence Day, Martin Luther King Day Jr., or Presidents' Day. I've read of frustrated voters having to leave the polls without depositing a ballot because of work obligations. Making Election Day a legal holiday would ease that situation.
Require voter identification. We need an ID to drive a car, obtain a library card, and board an airplane. It's absurd not to demand ID for voting.
Limit the availability of early voting to one week directly ahead of the election. The number of days and weeks given to our elections is not only ridiculous, but also allows for more fraud.
We should say "Never again" to mail-in ballots. This year the excuse for this procedure was avoiding the COVID-19 virus, which is ridiculous when we consider the new normal of our everyday lives. If wearing masks and social distancing work in Walmart and Kroger, then why wouldn't they work in polling locations?
While mail-in ballots should be a thing of the past, absentee ballots for military serving overseas, for citizens living abroad, and for those who are traveling or too ill to leave their homes on Election Day should remain in place.
Shorten the election season. Cut it by two-thirds. Many of us have come to dread this relentless, lengthy ordeal. These campaigns are divisive and incredibly expensive, in part because the United States has the longest election process of any country in the world by far. In 2015, for example, NPR reported that the national election campaigns in the USA were 596 days compared to Great Britain's 139 days and Canada's 78 days. The difference? Most other countries in the world have laws limiting the length of such campaigns.
It's time to do the same here.
Prosecute those who commit fraud during an election year. The people who try to vote more than once, those who create false ballots, and those who refuse to permit legitimate monitors from another party to enter polling places should be hauled before a judge and face stiff fines and time in prison. These cheaters are undermining American democracy.
For a number of years America has endured a culture war – a battle, depending on which side you stand – between good and evil, between right and wrong. Our election procedures just widen that divide, pushing us apart rather than making us citizens of the same land.
So let me leave my readers with a question: Why is it that a yutz like me with little direct experience in politics can come up with these proposals? Why aren't those in our government considering these or similar alternatives to avoid the next train wreck coming down the tracks? Is this truly the best they can do? Or are they just that corrupt?
As the National Inquirer used to ask, "Enquiring minds want to know."
Edward M. Kennedy Institute-Eric Haynes, CC BY-NC-ND 3.0


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Missions are a type of free, optional, single-player game mode in which the player participates in matches played against computer-controlled opponents, first introduced in the Knights of the Frozen Throne expansion. They are similar to the discontinued Adventure game mode, but reward card packs rather than specific, otherwise unobtainable cards, and are primarily meant to develop an Expansion's lore and narrative. Unlike Adventures, Missions only have a single difficulty intended to be more challenging than an average Adventure's Normal difficulty.
The following Missions are currently part of Standard format, and are available for free to all players. Completing wings in these Missions will grant reward card packs from their respective expansion.
Knights of the Frozen Throne is the first Hearthstone expansion to include Missions, released August 10, 2017.
The Missions see the player ascend through the dreaded Icecrown Citadel, home to the Lich King and his Undead Scourge. The Missions feature a total of 8 bosses, spread across three wings and an introductory Prologue. Completing the Prologue rewards a random Knights of the Frozen Throne hero card, while completing every subsequent wing rewards 1 Knights of the Frozen Throne card pack each. Defeating the final boss encounter, The Lich King, with all 9 classes rewards the Arthas Menethil alternate paladin hero.
"Looking back, we learned a lot in 2016 with the introduction of the Year of the Kraken. One of the things we'd like to put additional focus on for the Year of the Mammoth is having additional deck-building options and deck variety in Hearthstone. To help give players additional tools and options to accomplish this, we are changing up the way we handle our release cycle. Previously, a Hearthstone Year alternated between Expansions and Adventures.
We'd like to continue being flexible and refine the way we roll out content so it's more enjoyable for all of our players. The second expansion of 2017 will be our first step into this new design, and we plan on building on this concept over time. Additional details about our free single player content will come at a later time."
IGN: How has the shift from missions being linked to adventures – and a smaller set of cards, to being linked to a full expansion set changed your opportunities for storytelling? For instance, when Mean Streets [of Gadgetzan] came out, I was like "man, I'd love to see some more story content around this!
Dave Kosak: Right! That's exactly how we felt about Mean Streets. We had these great great characters, and you kind of had the quest that you could do when the expansion launched to sort of introduce the characters, but you really didn't get to interact with them in a way that was narrative. And this gives us an opportunity to do that. And yeah, going forward, we're excited about that. It'll be full 135 card sets, as well as this opportunity to tell a little bit of story with the missions. And the goal of missions now, it kind of changes, because you're not gating cards behind the content. Now it's really about getting people excited about the expansion, getting people interacting with the new cards in a new way, introducing these characters to players, that's important. It's especially important here because Hearthstone players might not have played Warcraft 3 or World of Warcraft, they might not know who the Lich King is yet. We've got to really establish who the Lich King is and that can be fun, because we kind of give a Hearthstone take on it.
The player is warned about the difficulty of bosses in the Knights of the Frozen Throne Missions after completing A Fateful Encounter, the Missions' first boss.
Reminder of Knights of the Frozen Throne's difficulty level.
↑ Blizzard Entertainment (2017-02-16). A Year of Mammoth Proportions! - Hearthstone. Retrieved on 2017-07-08.
↑ Cam Shea (2017-07-08). Hearthstone's Frozen Throne: Everything Blizzard Would Tell Us - IGN. Retrieved on 2017-07-08.
This page was last edited on 28 March 2019, at 10:02.


When planning a tropical vacation or holiday, the Maldives often top the list of possible destinations. Over the years, what was first viewed as a destination suitable only for romantic couples, destination weddings or honeymoons, has now become a paradise for all types of traveling groups, including those with children under the 'adult' age required in some overwater rooms.
Even though more children are accompanying their parents on vacations, it doesn't mean that all resorts will cater to the young travelers, especially if there are 2 in tow. However, there are a few standout resorts in the Maldives that do allow for 4 people to stay in 1 overwater room, even those who are younger than 15 years of age. These resorts not only allow for more visitors in a room compared to neighboring resorts, but also provide a wide selection of amenities and things to do, making for a well rounded vacation for every member of your group or family.
Most overwater bungalow resorts, both around the world and in the Maldives, cater to 3 travelers or less. This generally causes families with 2 children to change their vacation plans or stay at one of the beach villas instead. However, there are a few overwater resorts within the Maldivian islands that do allow for 4 people to stay in 1 overwater villa. Generally these villas come with a king size bed and a couch that can be pulled out to make a second bed for the children or the option to bring another bed or cots into the room.
Part of the esteemed Conrad Resorts chain, the Conrad Maldives Rangali Island Resort is one of the finest in their resort collection. At this location, guests will find 71 overwater rooms alongside 79 beach villas spanning across a connected pair of islands. Some of the overwater rooms are on the first island while the rest jut out from the second, smaller island. Each room however, comes with 1 king size bed or 2 twins and can easily fit 4 people. The rooms also come with a minibar, espresso machine, private sun deck with stairs leading straight into the ocean, bath tubs with an ocean view, Wi-Fi and an entertainment system.
The resort caters to food lovers with an assortment of restaurants, including the Ithaa Undersea Restaurant, the only all-glass underwater restaurant in the entire world. Guests will also find wedding facilities, a dive center offering PADI courses, snorkeling, windsurfing, fishing (big game), a 2 story gym, infinity pool and a Kids Spa alongside an adult spa. There are also boating excursions available to those who wish to visit neighboring islands.
Situated on an odd shaped island with 140 island villas along with 20 overwater rooms, the Holiday Inn Resort Kandooma Maldives offers large rooms great for personal vacations and business trips. Each room comes with a king size bed and a sofa-bed and rollaway bed/cot which can be converted easily for 2 children to sleep on. Other room amenities include double glazed windows, air conditioning, a separate hanging closet, private pool, separate living room, coffee maker and minibar alongside a full refrigerator.
On-site there is a spa offering 5 single treatment rooms and 2 deluxe rooms, a gym and jogging track, fitness center, outdoor pool, barbeque grills and more. Those who want to explore more of the area can take an island hopping excursion, snorkeling excursion or a dolphin cruise.
With more water villas that beach villas, The Residence Maldives serves as a luxury resort that's part of a bigger chain of resorts that operates in a few different countries. Each over-the-water villa is large in size with half of them having their own private pool. All of the water villas however, come with one king size bed with the option of adding a smaller bed for children, welcome amenities, an entertainment system complete with a DVD player and 40-inch TV, complimentary ironing, complimentary sorbets and fresh fruits, a mini bar and a Butler service.
The resort itself has 4 restaurants and bars and the option of scuba diving, snorkeling, boating , windsurfing and kayaking adventures. Those who wish to spend some time on land will find a sandy beach, swimming pool, fitness center, library, Kids Club and a gift shop. There is also a 5-star spa on-site and wedding services.
A rather large resort with 426 rooms in total, 68 of which reside over the water, the Sun Island Resort & Spa is the largest private-island resort in the whole of the Maldives. It's also one of the cheapest, allowing guests a chance to save a little bit of money while on holiday. Guests can also choose from all-inclusive plans, which rank high at this particular resort.
The resort itself caters to families and large groups with a plethora of activities to choose from including a diving school, water skiing, knee boarding, banana riding, beach volleyball, snorkeling, windsurfing and various land activities such as table tennis. There is also a children's pool for the little ones and a fitness club for the adults. Overwater rooms are large enough to comfortably fit 2 adults and 2 kids and also include a private sun deck with stairs leading straight into the lagoon, great for easy access in and out of the water.
Known for offering great value to each and every guest, the Embudu Village Resort is a good option for those who are vacationing on a budget. Altogether there are 90 rooms, 16 of which reside over the water and offer views of the ocean and island. Unlike other stand-alone water bungalows, the ones here are actually grouped into 4. This means that each room has one or two neighbors to share a wall with.
Each room comes with a king size bed with the option of adding another small bed for children. Rooms also come with satellite TV, a mini fridge, bath tub with a jacuzzi, coffee/tea maker and a glass floor panel. Something that makes this resort unique compared to others is that there is also a glass roof panel in the bathroom, helping to allow light into the room. Stays here are all-inclusive and guests are treated to the main buffet restaurant and mini bar each day of their vacation. On-site you'll also find a diving pool, volleyball, darts, table tennis and a spa.
Another affordable overwater resort in the Maldives, the Reethi Beach Resort houses 90 island villas and 30 semi-detached water villas. Though the resort is considered a medium sized resort, it has a pretty impressive list of amenities along with things to do and see. There are 10 different restaurants on-site, with each offering a different view. You'll also find tennis courts, beach volleyball, table tennis, a souvenir shop, laundry facility, a business center and a clinic. Water lovers will enjoy the dive center, snorkeling, canoeing, kite surfing and windsurfing.
Each room comes with air conditioning, a large sitting area, separate bath tub and rain shower, both hot and cold water, direct ocean view and a balcony with direct lagoon access. Each room also comes with 1 king size bed with the option of adding another bed for children.


All remanufactured products meet or exceed OEM required test & calibration specifications. Valves are tested to ASME 16.34 shell requirements and ANSI / FCI 70-2 seat leakage. As a standard all nuts, bolts, soft goods and diaphragm will be replaced. Trim will be machine polished & hand lapped prior to testing. All instrumentation will be four point calibrated using certified test equipment. All gauges, supply regulators & softgood are replaced.


Who is the Chosen? Only way to find out is to watch Kenneth Okonkwo, Solomon Akiyesi, Zulu Adigwe, and Patrick Doyle in "Who Is the Chosen Nigerian Movie", a religious drama. Also stars Nwankwoude Joseph, Chinwe Isaac, Kyrie Ekwenze, and Emma Ayalog. Courtesy Nollywood Pictures TV!
Nollywood Movie Synopsis: This interesting and suspense filled drama is a movie, that exposes wolves in sheep clothing operating in religious circles as pastors and prophets. These false men of God betray the trust of their congregations in so many unimaginable ways that even normal criminals will be shocked with their activities and true nature. watch to get scared and amused at the same time.


It was a chance encounter. We'd stopped by Barnes & Noble to see if my book, Secrets of the Dark Closet, was in stock. (It sold out, new copies were on order.) A clerk suggested that I talk to the new manager. I planned to call him the next day, but there he was as I made my way out of the store.
He then made a comment—one sentence—that revealed so much about our community. He said, "People here love local authors." I think that is a lovely insight from a newcomer to Bismarck.
It explains why the store has long rows of books by authors from our community, state, and neighboring states. Independent authors used to be the stepchildren of the publishing world. That is changing as more people take control of their work through hybrid publishing or smaller publishing houses.
The Rainbow Shop Parable Christian store has also supported me from day one, by stocking both Secrets and By the Banks of Cottonwood Creek. They also hosted a book signing in December. Other shops in Bismarck, Jamestown and Medora are also friendly places for local authors.
Our city and state are flourishing. Driving around the city, I am struck by all of the new local businesses. They're popping up everywhere. In addition, the Women Entrepreneurs Bismarck is a thriving organization.
Isn't it wonderful that local authors can also flourish here? And we are. Bismarck has a lot of writers. When the Friends of the Library hosted a local authors event a few years ago, over 20 writers showed up with their books.
I only know a fraction of the local published writers, but I want to list a few women who have published novels and memoirs this century that I've enjoyed. They all live in the state and their books are available in local stores, on the Internet or through the authors' websites.
Paulette and I both signed books at a craft fair last fall.
Jessie Veeder, Coming Home. Stories and photos take the reader into life on a ranch in western North Dakota. A singer and songwriter, her authentic voice shines through. www.jessieveedermusic.com.
Melanie Carvell, Running with the Antelope. A popular motivational speaker and athlete, relates how growing up in a large family in the southwestern North Dakota affected her career choices. http://melaniecarvell.com.
Paulette Bullinger, Nothing Hidden. As a historical fiction, this book is the most closely aligned with Secrets of the Dark Closet, based on facts from over a century ago, set in Fort Rice, N.D.
Roxanne Henke, Coming Home to Brewster Series. Published by major publishing houses, these books are so good, I practically ate them. My favorite: Becoming Olivia.
Dr. Mary Ellen Erickson, Geezettes and an assortment of children's books. She gets the award for producing the most books and for her desire to encourage children's reading. www.drmarysbooks.com.
Shannon McNear, Pioneer Christmas Collection series. Shannon's novellas are included in this series. She lives in Jamestown and can be found at www.shannonmcnear.com.
Dr. Lorraine Dopson, Hard Road Home. This novel takes you into the Bakken Oil Field during the recent oil boom and what life was like in a noteworthy period of the state's history. www.lorrainedopson.com.
Margaret Barnhart, Home for Supper. Filled with folksy info and old-time recipes. Published by a small press and set in western North Dakota in the 1960s.
All of these women set their stories in North Dakota. They capture the landscape and the unique culture found here. These don't even include the dozens of nonfiction, devotionals or other genres, or books published by men.
I also want to mention two out-of-state authors who are on the writing and publishing journey with me. Linda Lewis, Golden Memories. Linda's memoir is set in rural Michigan in the 1920s. It offers a charming look at life in that era through the writing of her mother. Barbara Brabec, Marcella's Secret Dream. Barbara lives in Chicago and her memoir takes the reader on a journey into her mother's life in rural Illinois.
If you have always wanted to write, 2018 is a great time to step out and let your voice join those of other writers across the region. If you are already writing, take heart, local and regional work is coming of age.
Readers: Do you have a favorite author that writes of the culture where you live? I'd love to hear from you. Just post a comment in the box at the bottom of this blog post.


If you are facing a criminal investigation, expert legal advice from Vardags can transform your situation. As top criminal lawyers for high net worth and high income individuals, we can help you protect your liberty, your reputation, and your career. We often work closely with our Reputation & Privacy department, our Employment department, and our Family department to provide complete legal support in every aspect of life that might be affected by a criminal investigation.
Our specialist criminal lawyers are available to advise and represent our clients—often entrepreneurs, professionals, sports stars, and celebrities—around the clock. We understand the impact on yourself, your family and your career that a criminal investigation can have, whether it be for fraud, sexual or drug crimes, or anything else.
Good representation can prevent you from being arrested or charged, whilst having the very best criminal defence lawyer will be vital if your matter does proceed to trial.
Our team will help you to minimise the impact criminal charges have on your life and your career.
On hearing that you may be the subject of a police investigation, it is natural to want to find out as much information as you can. There may be a temptation to speak directly with the police to clear your name or clear any misunderstanding you feel has arisen. We strongly advise however that you do not attempt to speak to either the police or anyone else you think might be involved in the investigation before seeking legal advice.
Any communication with the police especially at the outset of an investigation should be approached in a delicate and sensitive way. We are able to judge how best to approach the police having had years of experience in engaging with investigating authorities. We will discuss with you the pros and cons of contacting the police in any given situation. We will pursue any enquiries in a tactful manner and where it is clear that investigations have commenced, we will do our best to ensure that where possible any action taken by the police is done with the minimum disruption to your personal and professional life.
Once an investigation commences, the police are obliged to pursue all lines of enquiry whether they point towards guilt or towards the innocence of the person under investigation. The nature of the investigation and the particular lines of enquiry pursued will of course depend on the type of matter being investigated. Investigating officers do enjoy far reaching powers to assist them in their investigation. However there are extensive checks and measures on these powers, which serve to safeguard the rights of the accused individual.
At Vardags our legal experts will critically examine the conduct of investigating officers and will be quick to make robust representations against any conduct we consider unlawful either because it is outside the officers powers or because it becomes oppressive and disproportionate to the crime under investigation.


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In Tunisia, makhzen was the term used to designate the political and administrative establishment of the Beylik of Tunis before the proclamation of the republic in 1957. The makhzen consisted of families of Turkish origin, or Turkish-speaking mamluks of European origin, intermarried with indigenous Tunisian families who were great merchants or landowners. This network of families dominated the high offices of state, the leadership of the army and the positions of rank and power in the regions outside the capital. They were also closely connected with the senior ulema. These were known as "makhzen families". Outside of the capital and the major towns, the term 'makhzen' designated not the leading families close to the regime, but those of the interior tribes which had a trusted relationship with the ruling family. Together the great families and the loyal tribes made up the country's 'establishment'.

Origin of the term
Originally the term 'makhzen' denoted specifically the escort attached to the ruler or to his deputy while they were outside the capital, particularly on "mahalla" tours gathering taxes. On these tours substantial sums of money were collected and stored ( (makhzen) means "storehouse"). Under Hussein Bey the term also came to include tribes who provided contingents of men to escort the mahalla column who received privileges in return.

The composition of this escort evolved over time depending on changes in administration and military organisation, even after the term "makhzen" had taken on a much wider meaning than this original use. In 1864 the makhzen corps accompanying the mahalla of General Zarrouk consisted of a household force responsible for lighting the lamps in the camp and guarding prisoners and horses as well as the treasure itself, while the Zouaouas and the tribal contingents were assigned to other units.

Makhzen families
Among the families of the Tunisian makhzen were:

Agha
Al-Ghammad
Bach Hamba
Bach Mamelouk
Bayram, frequently occupied the post of Hanafi mufti
Bel-Hadj
Ben Ammar
Ben Ayed, originally from Djerba
Bliloua
Caïd Essebsi, from whom came President Beji Caid Essebsi
Djellouli, a family from Sfax that provided Tunisia with 20 governors, 4 ministers and 2 prime ministers
Ghazali
Kahia
Khodja
Lasram, originally from Yemen, settled in Kairouan
Marwan
Mrabet
Nouira from whom came the prime minister Hedi Nouira.
Rassaa
Sahab Tabaa
Siala, originally merchants from Sfax
Zarrouk

These makhzen families represented a relative stabilisation of central power in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries relative to the political systems of previous eras; they replaced the old tribal elites whose support had previously been essential to maintaining power. During the Ottoman period the Tunisian state proceeded to consolidate itself without seeking any significant foundation either in ideological legitimation or in representing the interests of the community of the governed. This new state formation freed itself from the need for tribal support by maintaining a central army and governing through a makhzen establishment. The Tunisian state came to rely upon Mediterranean trade to supplement its inadequate internal resources. Although this benefited the existing makhzens and allowed them to remain in power without any need for active local support, Mediterranean trade encouraged trade monopolies, permitting European powers and their merchants to become directly involved in the politics.

These families constituted an elite exercising economic oligarchy close to the central power of the Bey, reinforced by political and familial distinctions of rank. Most of the high functionaries of the 18th century Tunisian state owed their wealth to their official positions, rather than inheriting it. One notorious example was Qacim Ben Soultana, self-made man, who took advantage of his official position to amass a colossal fortune by devoting himself to foreign trade and arming privateers as well as by exploiting his urban and agricultural properties. Indeed, dominant positions in the export trade were often held by Turkish or Mamluk officials such as Slimane Belhadj, the second largest exporter of wheat, oil and poppy or Hammouda Lasram, Agha of Zouaoua and Head of Customs was the largest exporter of poppy. However these fortunes, no matter how large they grew, remained insecure and at the mercy of the Bey.  Ben Soultana, for example, was ruined by an arbitrary decision of the Bey in July 1730.

Decline of the makhzen families under the French protectorate
The state which the makhzen families served was unable to mount any effective military resistance to the French invasion in 1881, and the establishment of the French protectorate removed power and influence from court positions - indeed some high offices of state were completely abolished. French rule deprived the makhzen families of their positions and led to a much higher rate of marriage with daughters of wealthy merchants in Tunis. This saw the emergence of families referred to as "beldi". Typically they lived in fine houses in the medina of Tunis.

The rise of the nationalist movement in Tunisia in the 20th century posed new challenges to the makhzen families. They were widely regarded as 'compromised' by their proximity to the colonial regime and their lack, in general, of any involvement in resistance against it. An important crisis point was in 1952, when Lamine Bey refused to accept as Prime Minister Slaheddine Baccouche, from a makhzen family, whom the French Resident :fr:Jean de Hauteclocque was trying to force on him. Instead, he convened forty representatives of the Tunisian people and listened to their case for reform. Eventually however the Bey gave way to the wishes of the French, and this marked the end of any support for him from the nationalist movement led by the Neo-Destour party.

When France granted Tunisia internal autonomy in 1954, a government was formed under Tahar Ben Ammar (from a makhzen family) and it included several French representatives as well as four Destourians and members of makhzen families such as Aziz Djellouli and :fr:Naceur Ben Saïd. After the return of Habib Bourguiba to Tunisia in 1955 the balance of power began to shift decisively against the Makhzen families. In September four ministers were dismissed - :fr:Mustapha Kaak, Slaheddine Baccouche, Abdelkader Belkhodja and Hédi Raïs. In November the Neo-Destour Interior Mongi Slim dismissed the caïds of Souassi, Tozeur, Neffat, Aradh and the kahias of Nabeul, Thala and Ksour Essef. These changes were early indications of the more drastic changes that were to come after Tunisia gained complete independence in 1956.

Makhzen families after independence
A law of June 21, 1956 reorganized regional administration in Tunisia and abolished in a single move many of the lower-level positions that had traditionally been filled by the makhzen families, and removed their serving postholders.  The posts abolished included those of Sheikh el-Medina (Mayor of Tunis) and 37 regional caïds, 49 kahias and 77 khalifas. In each case the positions abolished were replaced with new posts, filled by Neo-Destour loyalists.

In 1957 Tunisia became a republic; the Lamine Bey was imprisoned and his family was dispossessed of their properties. A new law of August 17, 1957 provided for the confiscation of "ill-gotten goods" and this was soon deployed against the makhzen families. The property of sixteen notables was confiscated, including former ministers such as Mohamed Salah Mzali as well as former caïds and members of the Grand Council. A law of November 19, 1957 established a new procedure for dealing with individuals guilty of "l'indignité nationale" ("national unworthiness"). It applied to all those who before the date of Tunisian independence, members of the Grand Council, ministers, security officials, members of information and press services, or those who participated in the organization of artistic and economic events, policies and other activities that favoured colonization ... or of having published articles, brochures or books or lectured in favour of colonization. This measure inaugurated a full-scale nationalist "cleansing" of all those employed by the old regime.

The particular targets of these laws and campaigns were the ministers who had served in the cabinets of Salaheddine Baccouche (1952-1954) and Mohamed Salah Mzali (1954) because the new republican government believed that they had actively thwarted the national independence movement. Arraigned before the High Court, these ministers were sentenced to prison, designated nationally unworthy and has their property confiscated. Mohamed Salah Mzali was sentenced to ten years in prison, confiscation of his property and national unworthiness for life. His ministers were sentenced to three years in prison and national unworthiness. The members of the two former cabinets, gathered in the same room at the central prison, joined the son of the deposed bey, the former director of Sadiki College and a few professors from the University of Ez-Zitouna.

Bled makhzen
The term "bled makhzen" ("lands of the makhzen") meant those parts of the country which were effectively under the direct control of the Bey. This included the capital, the coastal cities and the main towns of the interior. The remainder of the country was known as "bled es-siba" ("lands of anarchy"). The distinction between the two varied over time as the central government exercised its authority in different ways, and individual villages and tribes had differing relationships with it. Other terms used were "bled et-Trouk" (land of the Turks) and "bled el-Arab" ("lands of the Arabs").

Makhzen tribes
The "makhzen tribes" were those loyal groups that originally provided troops to accompany the mahalla and supported the government in other ways, receiving privileges in return.

The Arab tribes of Tunisia were linked to each other through pledges of mutual assistance known as 'soffs'.  By the nineteenth century there were two soffs, the Soff Hassina (Cheddad) organised around a traditional claim to have supported Hussein Bey during the rebellion of his nephew Ali Pasha, and the Soff Bachia who had supported Ali (though in fact this division may well have been much older). The Hussainid beys thereafter supported the Soff Hassina against its rivals and raised militia forces from them to maintain order in the southern regions. This provided the government in Tunis with a cheap and flexible means of controlling expanses of territory it would not otherwise have been able to garrison. Prominent among the makhzen tribes were the Drid; the Hammama who often took part in government expeditions to Central Tunisia; the Ouerghamma, the Neffat and the Jlass.

The French invasion upset the relationships between the makhzen tribes and the centre. From June to October 1881 the tribes buried their differences
and opposed the French, but after the fall of Sfax in July and Kairouan in October, French columns moved south to threaten their arable lands and pastures. From this time on, the Soff Hassina closely linked with the ruling dynasty retreated before the columns and maintained a hostile attitude towards the invaders. The Soff Bachia fairly quickly came to terms with the French and thereafter took part in raids on Soff Hassina tribes alongside French forces.

Once the French protectorate of Tunisia was established, the French authorities found it useful to try to manage the south, and in particular, the border with Ottoman Tripolitania by using tribal auxiliaries, and they entered into negotiations with various tribes in an attempt to build a new makhzen network. Initially the focus of this strategy was the Beni Zid but after this proved unsuccessful negotiations were eventually concluded with the Ouderna, Haouia, and the Touazine in October 1884. Each agreed to maintain an agreed number of armed horsemen in return for tax exemptions. Their main duties were to deter and repel cross-border raids from Tripolitania.  However following an attack by these forces on Turkish soldiers across the border, the French decided to completely restructure the makhzen auxiliary forces as a single professional body completely separated from any tribal loyalty, and this was effected by 1888. The tribes' tax privileges were maintained for a while, but their special relationship with the protectorate authorities was effectively at an end.

Under the French Protectorate, the decree of March 23, 1889 divided the southern territories of the Regency into Makhzen lands and lands where military recruitment would take place. The population of the Makhzen lands was exempted from recruiting and instead provided the protectorate government with permanent makhzen forces. Later, at the request of the French Resident's Military Authority, they could also be called on to provide a "non-permanent makhzen" or "non-permanent goum". The Ksourians of Matmata, sedentary and often still Berber-speaking, were attached to the non-Makhzen territory and were called up to serve in the Tunisian army. However, after fulfilling their military obligations, these men could also serve in the permanent Makhzen or engage in the goums. The non-permanent makhzen forces were first organised by a decree of September 23, 1914 and fell into disuse at the end of the First World War in 1919. All able-bodied men aged 20 to 40 from the Ouerghemma and Nefzaoua were included.

References

Social history of Tunisia
Economic history of Tunisia
18th century in Tunisia
19th century in Tunisia
Military history of Tunisia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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RUT-ROH: Is HBO's 'Velma' Scooby-Doo Cartoon a Right-Wing Psyop?
I'm not here to review Velma, the new Scooby-Doo spinoff for adults currently streaming on HBO Max. But I am here to tell you that it's so bad that lefties who ought to love the show's woke themes are now claiming the entire thing is an enemy psyop to make them look bad.
When I say that Velma is for adults, I mean it is aimed at adolescent wokesters inhabiting adult bodies. But apparently, even they don't like it.
Instead of traveling around in the Mystery Machine van and solving pseudo-supernatural mysteries, Velma is a high-school origin story. Everything is so woke that I'm told watching it is like downing amphetamines with Mountain Dew: You'll pray for the sweet release of sleep but it will never come.
Velma is now gay, mean-spirited, and has a crush on Daphne, who is a half-Asian drug-dealing Mean Girl with two moms. Shaggy is a black guy named Norville with a crush on Velma.
Critical Drinker noted in his video review that instead of the gang working as a team, nothing ever gets solved unless Velma does it herself.
Maybe they should have named it Everybody Loves Velma, Really.
Related: A Tasty Movie Review: 'The Menu'
Also, Velma has been re-cast as an (east) Indian girl, presumably because the show is the brainchild of actress/exec producer Mindy Kaling, who provides Velma's voice as well as her physical inspiration. For what it's worth, I've found Kaling to be funny in everything else she's been in, particularly the US version of The Office.
The one white guy is still Fred, only he's so privileged (of course), incompetent, and just plain stupid that he can't even cut his own food. Seriously, there's a whole courtroom scene about it.
Also, there's no dog. That's right: a Scooby-Doo spinoff with no Scooby and zero Doo.
I never liked Scooby-Doo, even as a kid. I'm not saying I had impeccable taste at that age — I thought Land of the Lost was the Greatest. Show. Ever — but Scooby always had me changing the channel. So I'm not exactly the target audience for Velma. When even lefties attack it, I know I can safely skip it and tell you to do the same.
But it's how they're attacking Velma that's so funny.
It's a psyop, you see:
Velma is… extremely not good.
It reads like a right-wing YouTuber's clumsy understanding of what a "diverse" show is.
Which, given that its showrunner is Mindy Kaling, who has faced criticism for transphobia and once described herself as "way conservative", kind of makes sense pic.twitter.com/LI4wO1e8pN
— Bad Writing Takes 🖊🏳🌈 (@BadWritingTakes) January 12, 2023
For the record, Kaling is no conservative. She once told Hollywood Reporter that it's "sexist" when people claim she's a Republican.
Nevertheless, the stink around Velma is so thick that the accusations continue:
The theory is that Kaling "*deliberately* made 'velma' suck so the culture war youtubers make a million videos about it to boost its SEO."
I want you to run this through your BS detector: HBO execs greenlit a terrible series and then spent millions of dollars producing it to improve the Search Engine Optimization (SEO) of some guys on YouTube.
My BS detector is pinging away like the Soviet Red Banner Fleet trying to flush out Captain Marko Ramius and the Red October.
Here's even more from Paul Tassi at Forbes:
The idea is that Kaling is a secretly conservative force in media trying to make the left look bad by making a cringey adult cartoon full of "this rich white guy has a small dong" jokes that the right can point at as everything wrong with race-recasted, social justice-influenced media.
"If that wasn't the intent of the show," Tassi wrote, "it sure feels like it in practice."
Well, we can hope.
This article was originally published by Pjmedia.com. Read the original article here.
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19-year-old Iowa woman claimed to have football-sized tumor on her spine, but police say it was all a scam
British Army veteran arrested for silently praying for his dead son near an abortion clinic
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A few years back I bought some tiny, 1 year old Hellebores.
They were 2 inches tall and had 2 teeny leaves.
It's taken patience but the wait has been worth it.
Finally we have blooms and oh boy....they're stunning.
I'm not convinced I had the right labels as some whites are pink and spotty, but who cares?
We have just created a new border, its in a semi shaded spot so should be ideal for Hellebore's Brilliant pictures of your ones, at my age I tend to go for more mature plants, wasn't always the case..
Indeed heavenly Hellebores, especially the first one is a real beauty. Have many of them in the garden and they just start flowering now, some of them I bought with a name but most of them are seedlings which sometimes surprise me.
Oooh. They are gorgeous. I have a few, but they are not as exciting as your.
They always brighten up a winter garden.
How gorgeous! I've struggled with my hellebores and finding the right spot for them to grow well. I'm just hoping that they didn't all kick the bucket on me!


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text:
The pseudoscientific merry-go-round takes another turn
Posted on 1 June 2012 by memberpost
Dr Rob Morrison writes:
The endless debates about climate change in the media could lead you to think that it is the only important issue on which science is trying to make some headway with a skeptical (if not antagonistic) public.
Not so. Try health or, more specifically, the various health "treatments" that are offered to a public that seems, at best, confused about what treatments work, which don't work, what has scientific validity and what can legitimately claim to be evidence-based.
This all promises to offer a new, rich field for controversy, as the federal budget, cutting left and right, has at last decided to make some cuts that are long overdue; requiring the Chief Medical Officer to determine what "natural" health treatments are evidence-based. There is a year in which to conduct this review, after which the Health Minister, Tanya Plibersek, says that "The Private Health Insurance Rebate will be paid for insurance products that cover natural therapy services only where the Chief Medical Officer finds there is clear evidence they are clinically effective."
The kinds of "treatments" cited include homeopathy, Reiki, aromatherapy, iridology, ear candling, crystal therapy, flower essences, kinesiology and Rolfing. I could add a few others, but these would at least be a good start. Many people don't know what is involved in most of these. Have a look at Wikipedia, or the websites of the people that offer such stuff, and you are in for a sobering read.
I have more than a passing interest in all of this. At the end of 2011, five of us, disturbed by the number of Australian Universities that were offering courses in pseudoscience and calling them science, formed Friends of Science in Medicine www.scienceinmedicine.org.au Very quickly we have gathered more than 700 supporters, mostly distinguished academics, scientists, medicos and consumer advocates; many of them international and including some influential organisations. They support FSM's aims which are, broadly
maintaining tertiary educational institutions free of health-related courses not based on science;
engaging regulatory authorities (and other responsible health care bodies) to reduce the real and potential harm from 'complementary and alternative medicines' (CAMs) not based on science;
publicly challenging non-scientific principles of many practitioners of CAMs, revealing their covert attempts to deceive the public;
engaging the broader public to help clarify the exciting potential of more science for better medical care and
educating the public to help them understand how to receive evidence-based health care and how to avoid misleading and sometimes dangerous alternative CAM practices.
Our first attempt has been to clarify which universities are offering pseudoscientific courses of this kind. It is harder to do this than you'd think, and certainly harder than it should be when taxpayers' dollars are used to fund such courses. Some universities are quick to deny that they offer these courses, some do not reply, others do so in terms so ambiguous that it is impossible to know what they offer, and their websites (in most cases) don't give much away, but it looks as though about one third of Australian universities are teaching pseudoscience as heath science. Others claim to be doing research into what alternative treatments and medicines actually work – laudable if true, but sometimes a cover for teaching the stuff as if it is true.
At a time when scientific research funds are being cut, and demands on valid medical services are greater than ever before, it is extraordinary that taxpayers should still have millions of dollars of their taxes wasted annually through the funding of spurious university health courses and rebates for pseudoscience health "treatments."
You can never know what your influence has been, but it is heartening to see, in the four months that FSM has been highlighting the absurdity of treating and funding these pseudosciences as if they were legitimate and evidence-based procedures, the NHMRC, Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) and now the federal government have all taken steps to move against them.
Not before time, but the vested interests are already making waves, and you can bet that a new science/non-science controversy will erupt around the scientific validity or otherwise of these alternative practices. FSM has already received many such criticisms from the alternative brigade. We are accused of not having open minds, ignoring the fact that some of these treatments have been used for hundreds of years, that they must work because millions of people use them, that they helped a family member, etc, etc.
None of these, of course, carry any weight as scientific arguments, and they will all be familiar to those who have ever tried to deal with the creationists who argue against the science of evolution, but they do suggest that, as with those who deny evolution, members of the anti-vaccination lobby and people who call themselves climate-change skeptics but are, in fact, climate-change deniers, we are in for another round of public misunderstanding about, and challenges to, the ways in which science does its business.
This entry was posted in Writing and tagged article, National, Research, science communication, science education by memberpost. Bookmark the permalink.


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Related Posts Culture shock when traveling On Monday afternoon a friend texted me that she was sick with nearly no voice and that she promised the tourism first year of our university to held a guest speech about things you face while being on an internship in a foreign country.
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You can attach this coin bra to a lingerie bra if you like or wear it over one of our stretch velvet cholis! Also, looks great with matching coin belt (J049).
Fits B-C++ cups. Please note: dancer is wearing a black bra under coin bra.


This pyramid is for "adult" bunnies... your baby rabbit should NOT have greens or veggies until at least 12 weeks of age and then only 1 kind at a time and in small amounts until they get used to it.
Everyone is different, but the following is a list of daily foods I feed my bunnies. I feed them pellets from Nutrena Country Feeds. I sometimes mix with Black Oil Sunflower seeds ( yes it is bird seed) this helps with their coat and most of them love it. I also put Oats in the mix. Uncooked oats. The oats also assist in digestion and they love them. They receive a cap full or two of Apple cider vinegar with "mother" in a 2 liter bottle of water on a daily basis. This has many healthy benefits, especially for digestion. I also give them ProBiotics in their water. They have salt licks hanging on their cage for their convenience. They also get treats of alfalfa cubes ( horse feed cubes) on occasion. Other treats they receive occasionally are as follows... cheerios ( no sugar) , 100% whole wheat cereal, ( only 1 or 2 pieces each) and of course fruit once they become 12 weeks of age. ( apples slices, banana slices, etc. ) Usually only 1 to 2 slices per bunny. They are full of natural sugar and can make your bunny fat and cause diarrhea.
Mint : pineapple mint, apple mint, orange mint, peppermint, lemon thyme, cinnamon basil, lime basil, lemon basil, sweet basil, licorice basil, "licorice mint", (anise hyssop) , spearmint, peppermint, chocolate mint,and basil mint.
These recipes I have found online and want to share them with my new bunny owners and anyone else who finds my website. I have made several for my bunnies and they love them as a "treat". Be sure not to feed "treats" to your bunny too very much. We don't want a too fat and unhealthy bunny, especially if your bunny does not get a lot of exercise. They love to chew on these bunny cookies, great for their teeth!
Put oatmeal, wheat flour , carrot and then the water into a bowl. Mix until smooth and somewhat creamy. On a cookie sheet, get a spoon and scoop the mixture and create individual little balls until there are no more in the bowl. Bake at 350 degrees for 15 minutes or until golden brown. Give around 1 to 2 treats to your rabbit and then refrigerate the rest.
*Grind up dry ingredients in a coffee grinder or blender.
*Turn oven off and allow treat cookie to cool in oven as the oven cools.
*any of the veggies or fruits on the "safe" list can be added and you can create your own fun recipes.


text:
#include "tensorflow/lite/kernels/internal/reference/mul.h"

#include "CMSIS/NN/Include/arm_nnfunctions.h"
#include "tensorflow/lite/kernels/internal/quantization_util.h"
#include "tensorflow/lite/kernels/internal/reference/integer_ops/mul.h"
#include "tensorflow/lite/kernels/internal/reference/process_broadcast_shapes.h"
#include "tensorflow/lite/kernels/internal/tensor_ctypes.h"
#include "tensorflow/lite/kernels/kernel_util.h"
#include "tensorflow/lite/micro/kernels/kernel_util.h"
#include "tensorflow/lite/micro/memory_helpers.h"

namespace tflite {
namespace ops {
namespace micro {
namespace mul {

constexpr int kInput1Tensor = 0;
constexpr int kInput2Tensor = 1;
constexpr int kOutputTensor = 0;

struct OpData {
  int32_t output_activation_min;
  int32_t output_activation_max;

  int32_t output_multiplier;
  int output_shift;

  // Cached tensor zero point values for quantized operations.
  int32_t input1_zero_point;
  int32_t input2_zero_point;
  int32_t output_zero_point;

  float output_activation_min_f32;
  float output_activation_max_f32;
};

TfLiteStatus CalculateOpData(TfLiteContext* context, TfLiteNode* node,
                             TfLiteMulParams* params, OpData* data) {
  const TfLiteTensor* input1 = GetInput(context, node, kInput1Tensor);
  TF_LITE_ENSURE(context, input1 != nullptr);
  const TfLiteTensor* input2 = GetInput(context, node, kInput2Tensor);
  TF_LITE_ENSURE(context, input2 != nullptr);
  TfLiteTensor* output = GetOutput(context, node, kOutputTensor);
  TF_LITE_ENSURE(context, output != nullptr);

  TF_LITE_ENSURE_EQ(context, NumInputs(node), 2);
  TF_LITE_ENSURE_EQ(context, NumOutputs(node), 1);

  TF_LITE_ENSURE_TYPES_EQ(context, input1->type, input2->type);

  if (output->type == kTfLiteUInt8 || output->type == kTfLiteInt8) {
    TF_LITE_ENSURE_STATUS(CalculateActivationRangeQuantized(
        context, params->activation, output, &data->output_activation_min,
        &data->output_activation_max));

    double real_multiplier = static_cast<double>(input1->params.scale) *
                             static_cast<double>(input2->params.scale) /
                             static_cast<double>(output->params.scale);
    QuantizeMultiplier(real_multiplier, &data->output_multiplier,
                       &data->output_shift);

    data->input1_zero_point = input1->params.zero_point;
    data->input2_zero_point = input2->params.zero_point;
    data->output_zero_point = output->params.zero_point;
  } else {
    CalculateActivationRange(params->activation,
                             &data->output_activation_min_f32,
                             &data->output_activation_max_f32);
  }

  return kTfLiteOk;
}

void* Init(TfLiteContext* context, const char* buffer, size_t length) {
  TFLITE_DCHECK(context->AllocatePersistentBuffer != nullptr);
  return context->AllocatePersistentBuffer(context, sizeof(OpData));
}

TfLiteStatus Prepare(TfLiteContext* context, TfLiteNode* node) {
  TFLITE_DCHECK(node->builtin_data != nullptr);
  auto* params = reinterpret_cast<TfLiteMulParams*>(node->builtin_data);

  TFLITE_DCHECK(node->user_data != nullptr);
  OpData* data = static_cast<OpData*>(node->user_data);

  return CalculateOpData(context, node, params, data);
}

void EvalQuantized(TfLiteContext* context, TfLiteNode* node, const OpData& data,
                   const TfLiteEvalTensor* input1,
                   const TfLiteEvalTensor* input2, TfLiteEvalTensor* output) {
  tflite::ArithmeticParams op_params;
  op_params.quantized_activation_min = data.output_activation_min;
  op_params.quantized_activation_max = data.output_activation_max;
  op_params.input1_offset = -data.input1_zero_point;
  op_params.input2_offset = -data.input2_zero_point;
  op_params.output_offset = data.output_zero_point;
  op_params.output_multiplier = data.output_multiplier;
  op_params.output_shift = data.output_shift;

  bool need_broadcast = reference_ops::ProcessBroadcastShapes(
      tflite::micro::GetTensorShape(input1),
      tflite::micro::GetTensorShape(input2), &op_params);

#define TF_LITE_MUL(type, opname, dtype)                         \
  type::opname(op_params, tflite::micro::GetTensorShape(input1), \
               tflite::micro::GetTensorData<dtype>(input1),      \
               tflite::micro::GetTensorShape(input2),            \
               tflite::micro::GetTensorData<dtype>(input2),      \
               tflite::micro::GetTensorShape(output),            \
               tflite::micro::GetTensorData<dtype>(output));

  if (output->type == kTfLiteInt8) {
    if (need_broadcast) {
      TF_LITE_MUL(reference_integer_ops, BroadcastMul4DSlow, int8_t);
    } else {
      arm_elementwise_mul_s8(
          tflite::micro::GetTensorData<int8_t>(input1),
          tflite::micro::GetTensorData<int8_t>(input2), op_params.input1_offset,
          op_params.input2_offset, tflite::micro::GetTensorData<int8_t>(output),
          op_params.output_offset, op_params.output_multiplier,
          op_params.output_shift, op_params.quantized_activation_min,
          op_params.quantized_activation_max,
          MatchingElementsSize(tflite::micro::GetTensorShape(input1),
                               tflite::micro::GetTensorShape(input2),
                               tflite::micro::GetTensorShape(output)));
    }
  } else if (output->type == kTfLiteUInt8) {
    if (need_broadcast) {
      TF_LITE_MUL(reference_integer_ops, BroadcastMul4DSlow, uint8_t);
    } else {
      TF_LITE_MUL(reference_integer_ops, Mul, uint8_t);
    }
  }
#undef TF_LITE_MUL
}

void EvalFloat(TfLiteContext* context, TfLiteNode* node,
               TfLiteMulParams* params, const OpData& data,
               const TfLiteEvalTensor* input1, const TfLiteEvalTensor* input2,
               TfLiteEvalTensor* output) {
  tflite::ArithmeticParams op_params;
  op_params.float_activation_min = data.output_activation_min_f32;
  op_params.float_activation_max = data.output_activation_max_f32;

  bool need_broadcast = reference_ops::ProcessBroadcastShapes(
      tflite::micro::GetTensorShape(input1),
      tflite::micro::GetTensorShape(input2), &op_params);
#define TF_LITE_MUL(opname)                                               \
  reference_ops::opname(op_params, tflite::micro::GetTensorShape(input1), \
                        tflite::micro::GetTensorData<float>(input1),      \
                        tflite::micro::GetTensorShape(input2),            \
                        tflite::micro::GetTensorData<float>(input2),      \
                        tflite::micro::GetTensorShape(output),            \
                        tflite::micro::GetTensorData<float>(output));

  if (need_broadcast) {
    TF_LITE_MUL(BroadcastMul4DSlow);
  } else {
    TF_LITE_MUL(Mul);
  }
#undef TF_LITE_MUL
}

TfLiteStatus Eval(TfLiteContext* context, TfLiteNode* node) {
  TFLITE_DCHECK(node->builtin_data != nullptr);
  auto* params = reinterpret_cast<TfLiteMulParams*>(node->builtin_data);

  const TfLiteEvalTensor* input1 =
      tflite::micro::GetEvalInput(context, node, kInput1Tensor);
  const TfLiteEvalTensor* input2 =
      tflite::micro::GetEvalInput(context, node, kInput2Tensor);
  TfLiteEvalTensor* output =
      tflite::micro::GetEvalOutput(context, node, kOutputTensor);

  TFLITE_DCHECK(node->user_data != nullptr);
  const OpData& data = *(static_cast<const OpData*>(node->user_data));

  switch (input1->type) {
    case kTfLiteUInt8:
    case kTfLiteInt8:
      EvalQuantized(context, node, data, input1, input2, output);
      break;
    case kTfLiteFloat32:
      EvalFloat(context, node, params, data, input1, input2, output);
      break;
    default:
      TF_LITE_KERNEL_LOG(context, "Type %s (%d) not supported.",
                         TfLiteTypeGetName(input1->type), input1->type);
      return kTfLiteError;
  }

  return kTfLiteOk;
}
}  // namespace mul

TfLiteRegistration Register_MUL() {
  return {/* Init=*/mul::Init,
          /* Free=*/nullptr,
          /* Prepare=*/mul::Prepare,
          /*invoke=*/mul::Eval,
          /*profiling_string=*/nullptr,
          /*builtin_code=*/0,
          /*custom_name=*/nullptr,
          /*version=*/0};
}

}  // namespace micro
}  // namespace ops
}  // namespace tflite


Exclusive Q&A session with one of Nashville's biggest names in interior design and architecture. Get insight on his inspiration and tips on entertaining!
Jonathan Savage, owner of SAVAGE Interior Design, is known for his prestigious projects across the United States. Savage was honored as Nashville's top designer in 2016 and recently his expertise was requested in the 45th Kips Bay Decorator Show House in New York City. Read more to learn about how his incredible travels inspire his work and even get his best tips for entertaining!


text:
WHO'S IN THE RIGHT?
Vigilante cyclist steps out in road to block car driven on wrong side of road by 'doctor on way to cancer patients'
By Aletha Adu
15 Jun 2019, 9:43
Updated: 16 Jun 2019, 0:20
A VIGILANTE cyclist blocked "doctors on their way to treat their cancer patients" because they were driving on the wrong side of the road.
The cyclist known only as Mike, had parked his bicycle on the pavement, but quickly stepped into the middle of the Outer Circle of Regent's Park, London when he saw the car.
This is the moment a cyclist blocked 'doctors on their way to see cancer patients' because they were in the wrong laneCredit: Newsflare
The black Volvo 4x4 was speeding in the wrong lane in a bid to beat the traffic.
Mike had already parked his bike on the pavement, and was quick to point at the pair in the car, in an apparent order for them to drive back.
Footage captured the male driver begin to immediately start laughing as Mike blocks him from driving.
He gestured sarcastically with his thumbs up, before honking his horn, urging Mike to cycle around them.
But Mike says: "You know that's going to the police right? And on YouTube?"
The female passenger begins to shout inaudible words leaning out of the window, before she gets out.
She tells Mike: "I've got cancer patients waiting to see us in clinic. I'm going to take a picture of you to show them why we're so late."
Mike shows no signs of backing down as he replies, "Yeah, with people like you there's always a sob story."
But she furiously replies, "Yep. It's not like we're not doctors. I just stand in front of the middle of the road causing a fuss."
'DON'T PRETEND YOU'RE RIGHT'
Other drivers behind Mike begin to honk their horns, urging for the two groups to settle their differences.
But another cyclist, joins in, telling the driver: "You think you're the only people who go to work?
"Do you know the most useful thing people ever told me about being late? Leave earlier.
'You're completely in the wrong. Don't try to pretend you're in the right."
But a taxi driver shouts: "Come on you've proved your point, now move out of the way so everyone can get on with their lives."
After the female passenger insisted she felt "intimated" and was going to call the police, she got back into the car, pleading with the driver to reverse.
After a few seconds the driver points at the passenger, appearing to insist he only backed down because she asked him to.
As the pair drive off, and force themselves back into the traffic queue, Mike adds: "Lots of drivers do this here and recently a cyclist was knocked off by a van driver at this exact spot.
"Lots of people have been complaining about drivers doing this."
The driver sarcastically puts his thumbs up at Mike, who urges them to reverse
The female passenger got out of the car, insisting they were doctors and had cancer patients to see
Another cyclist told the driver, 'don't pretend you're in the right'
The female passenger pleads with the driver to just reverse back into the correct lane
We pay for your stories! Do you have a story for The Sun Online news team? Email us at tips@the-sun.co.uk or call 0207 782 4368 . You can WhatsApp us on 07810 791 502. We pay for videos too. Click here to upload yours.


1964 calendar with Week Numbers - What week is it?
Calendar 1964 with Week numbers. The current Week Number is WN 16.
The year 1964s maximum week number is WN 53. 1964 starts on Wednesday, January 1st 1964	and ends on Thursday, December 31st 1964. One year has up to 53 week numbers. The first week of the year (WN 1) is the week containing january 4th or the first tuesday of the Year.