An easy way to deploy, pack-up and store your tarp.
Simply slide them on and off the tarp as needed. Also allows you to set up your tarp in the skins out of the way and then deploy the tarp at night time or when the weather turns.
Scroll down below for a video!
If ordered with a tarp I will install them.


text:
Q: Как найти значение id с помощью регулярки? Текст
0588235294},{"cianUserId":33070713,"name":"Анна Козинцева","age":"3 года и 1 мес. на Циан","avatarUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cian.ru\u002Favatar.axd?i=13558095&t=2&p=2"

Нужно с помощью re в python найти значение ключа cianUserId.
А если это json, то тогда как можно его от туда взять. Потому что сам форматер говорит, что это не подходит как json.

A: Если у тебя всё это строкой, то вначале обрежь её, найдя начало как уникальный кусок строки, к примеру .concat([ и аналогично найти конец, вычислить длинну и обрезать тем самым строку. Через срезы или как тебе удобно. И получив чистый JSON парсить его как тебе нужно.
А регулярки тут не нужны

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Go for a striking look in this two-piece set gown, Dave and Johnny A5875. The crop top features a scoop neckline of sheer fabric with embellishments adorn the fitted bodice over solid lining. Hi-lo skirt shows off your fantastic legs with the appliqued inner lining reveals a stylish appeal.


February 23 - What happened today?
1999 Two avalanches in as many days are blamed for the death of 38 people in Austria.
1997 Scottish scientists announce the successful cloning of an adult mammal ("Dolly" the lamb). Dolly was actually born the previous July 5.
1995 On Wall Street, the Dow Jones industrial average closes above 4,000 for the first time, ending the day at 4003.33.
1990 Jose Napoleon Duarte, former Salvadoran president, dies at age 64.
The Beatles lay down the instrumental tracks for Lovely Rita, a song that will ultimately appear on their Sergeant Pepper album, at EMI Studios in London.
1965 Comedian Stan Laurel of Laurel and Hardy fame, dies in Santa Monica, California.
1954 Pittsburgh begins the first mass inoculation of children against polio in the US, using the vaccine developed by Dr. Jonas Salk.
1945 US Marines raise the American flag after taking Mount Suribachi on the island Iwo Jima, during WWII.
1927 The Federal Radio Commission, now known as the Federal Communications Commission, is established in Washington, DC.
1870 Mississippi is readmitted to the Union, following its succession during the Civil War.
John Quincy Adams, 6th president of the US, dies of a stroke at age 80.
1847 General Zachary Taylor leads US troops to defeat Mexican General Santa Anna and his army at the Battle of Buena Vista in Mexico .
1822 Boston is incorporated as a city.


text:
package fr.acinq.eclair.router

import fr.acinq.bitcoin.scalacompat.Crypto.PublicKey
import fr.acinq.bitcoin.scalacompat.{Satoshi, SatoshiLong}
import fr.acinq.eclair.router.Graph.GraphStructure.{DirectedGraph, GraphEdge}
import fr.acinq.eclair.router.Router.{ChannelDesc, ChannelHop, Route}
import fr.acinq.eclair.{MilliSatoshi, MilliSatoshiLong, ShortChannelId, TimestampSecond, TimestampSecondLong, ToMilliSatoshiConversion}

import scala.concurrent.duration.{DurationInt, FiniteDuration}

/**
 * Estimates the balance between a pair of nodes
 *
 * @param low           lower bound on the balance
 * @param lowTimestamp  time at which the lower bound was known to be correct
 * @param high          upper bound on the balance
 * @param highTimestamp time at which the upper bound was known to be correct
 * @param capacities    capacities of the channels between these two nodes
 * @param halfLife      time after which the certainty of the lower/upper bounds is halved
 */
case class BalanceEstimate private(low: MilliSatoshi,
                                   lowTimestamp: TimestampSecond,
                                   high: MilliSatoshi, highTimestamp: TimestampSecond,
                                   capacities: Map[ShortChannelId, Satoshi],
                                   halfLife: FiniteDuration) {
  val maxCapacity: Satoshi = capacities.values.maxOption.getOrElse(0 sat)

  /* The goal of this class is to estimate the probability that a given edge can relay the amount that we plan to send
   * through it. We model this probability with 3 pieces of linear functions.
   *
   * Without any information we use the following baseline (x is the amount we're sending and y the probability it can be relayed):
   *
   *   1 |****
   *     |    ****
   *     |        ****
   *     |            ****
   *     |                ****
   *     |                    ****
   *     |                        ****
   *     |                            ****
   *     |                                ****
   *     |                                    ****
   *     |                                        ****
   *     |                                            ****
   *   0 +------------------------------------------------****
   *     0                                                capacity
   *
   * If we get the information that the edge can (or can't) relay a given amount (because we tried), then we get a lower
   * bound (or upper bound) that we can use and our model becomes:
   *
   *   1 |***************
   *     |              |*
   *     |              | *
   *     |              |  *
   *     |              |   *
   *     |              |    *
   *     |              |     *
   *     |              |      *
   *     |              |       *
   *     |              |        *
   *     |              |         *
   *     |              |          *
   *   0 +--------------|-----------|*************************
   *     0             low         high                   capacity
   *
   * However this lower bound (or upper bound) is only valid at the moment we got that information. If we wait, the
   * information decays and we slowly go back towards our baseline:
   *
   *   1 |*****
   *     |     *****
   *     |          *****
   *     |              |**
   *     |              |  *
   *     |              |   **
   *     |              |     **
   *     |              |       *
   *     |              |        **
   *     |              |          *
   *     |              |           ********
   *     |              |           |       *********
   *   0 +--------------|-----------|----------------*********
   *     0             low         high                   capacity
   */

  /**
   * We model the decay with a half-life H: every H units of time, our confidence decreases by half and our estimated
   * probability distribution gets closer to the baseline uniform distribution of balances between 0 and totalCapacity.
   *
   * @param amount                the amount that we knew we could send or not send at time t
   * @param successProbabilityAtT probability that we could relay amount at time t (usually 0 or 1)
   * @param t                     time at which we knew if we could or couldn't send amount
   * @return the probability that we can send amount now
   */
  private def decay(amount: MilliSatoshi, successProbabilityAtT: Double, t: TimestampSecond): Double = {
    val decayRatio = 1 / math.pow(2, (TimestampSecond.now() - t) / halfLife)
    val baseline = 1 - amount.toLong.toDouble / maxCapacity.toMilliSatoshi.toLong
    baseline * (1 - decayRatio) + successProbabilityAtT * decayRatio
  }

  private def otherSide: BalanceEstimate =
    BalanceEstimate(maxCapacity - high, highTimestamp, maxCapacity - low, lowTimestamp, capacities, halfLife)

  /**
   * We tried to send the given amount and received a temporary channel failure. We assume that this failure was caused
   * by a lack of liquidity: it could also be caused by a violation of max_accepted_htlcs, max_htlc_value_in_flight_msat
   * or a spamming protection heuristic by the relaying node, but since we have no way of detecting that, our best
   * strategy is to ignore these cases.
   */
  def couldNotSend(amount: MilliSatoshi, timestamp: TimestampSecond): BalanceEstimate = {
    if (amount <= low) {
      // the balance is actually below `low`, we discard our previous lower bound
      copy(low = 0 msat, lowTimestamp = timestamp, high = amount, highTimestamp = timestamp)
    } else if (amount < high) {
      // the balance is between `low` and `high` as we expected, we discard our previous upper bound
      copy(high = amount, highTimestamp = timestamp)
    } else {
      // We already expected not to be able to relay that amount as it is above our upper bound. However if the upper bound
      // was old enough that replacing it with the current amount decreases the success probability for `high`, then we
      // replace it.
      val updated = copy(high = amount, highTimestamp = timestamp)
      if (updated.canSend(high) < this.canSend(high)) {
        updated
      } else {
        this
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * We tried to send the given amount, it was correctly relayed but failed afterwards, so we know we should be able to
   * send at least this amount again.
   */
  def couldSend(amount: MilliSatoshi, timestamp: TimestampSecond): BalanceEstimate =
    otherSide.couldNotSend(maxCapacity - amount, timestamp).otherSide

  /**
   * We successfully sent the given amount, so we know that some of the liquidity has shifted.
   */
  def didSend(amount: MilliSatoshi, timestamp: TimestampSecond): BalanceEstimate = {
    val newLow = (low - amount).max(0 msat)
    if (capacities.size == 1) {
      // Special case for single channel as we expect this case to be quite common and we can easily get more precise bounds.
      val newHigh = (high - amount).max(0 msat)
      // We could shift everything left by amount without changing the timestamps but we may get more information by
      // ignoring the old high if it has decayed too much. We try both and choose the one that gives the lowest
      // probability for the new high.
      val a = copy(low = newLow, high = newHigh)
      val b = copy(low = newLow, high = (maxCapacity - amount).max(0 msat), highTimestamp = timestamp)
      if (a.canSend(newHigh) < b.canSend(newHigh)) {
        a
      } else {
        b
      }
    } else {
      copy(low = newLow)
    }
  }

  /**
   * We successfully received the given amount, so we know that some of the liquidity has shifted.
   */
  def didReceive(amount: MilliSatoshi, timestamp: TimestampSecond): BalanceEstimate =
    otherSide.didSend(amount, timestamp).otherSide

  def addEdge(edge: GraphEdge): BalanceEstimate = copy(
    high = high.max(edge.capacity.toMilliSatoshi),
    capacities = capacities.updated(edge.desc.shortChannelId, edge.capacity)
  )

  def removeEdge(desc: ChannelDesc): BalanceEstimate = {
    val edgeCapacity = capacities.getOrElse(desc.shortChannelId, 0 sat)
    val newCapacities = capacities.removed(desc.shortChannelId)
    copy(
      low = (low - edgeCapacity.toMilliSatoshi).max(0 msat),
      high = high.min(newCapacities.values.maxOption.getOrElse(0 sat).toMilliSatoshi),
      capacities = newCapacities
    )
  }

  /**
   * Estimate the probability that we can successfully send `amount` through the channel
   *
   * We estimate this probability with a piecewise linear function:
   * - probability that it can relay a payment of 0 is 1
   * - probability that it can relay a payment of low is decay(low, 1, lowTimestamp) which is close to 1 if lowTimestamp is recent
   * - probability that it can relay a payment of high is decay(high, 0, highTimestamp) which is close to 0 if highTimestamp is recent
   * - probability that it can relay a payment of maxCapacity is 0
   */
  def canSend(amount: MilliSatoshi): Double = {
    val a = amount.toLong.toDouble
    val l = low.toLong.toDouble
    val h = high.toLong.toDouble
    val c = maxCapacity.toMilliSatoshi.toLong.toDouble

    // Success probability at the low and high points
    val pLow = decay(low, 1, lowTimestamp)
    val pHigh = decay(high, 0, highTimestamp)

    if (amount < low) {
      (l - a * (1.0 - pLow)) / l
    } else if (amount < high) {
      ((h - a) * pLow + (a - l) * pHigh) / (h - l)
    } else if (h < c) {
      ((c - a) * pHigh) / (c - h)
    } else {
      0
    }
  }
}

object BalanceEstimate {
  def empty(halfLife: FiniteDuration): BalanceEstimate = BalanceEstimate(0 msat, 0 unixsec, 0 msat, 0 unixsec, Map.empty, halfLife)
}

/**
 * Balance estimates for the whole routing graph.
 */
case class BalancesEstimates(balances: Map[(PublicKey, PublicKey), BalanceEstimate], defaultHalfLife: FiniteDuration) {
  private def get(a: PublicKey, b: PublicKey): Option[BalanceEstimate] = balances.get((a, b))

  def addEdge(edge: GraphEdge): BalancesEstimates = BalancesEstimates(
    balances.updatedWith((edge.desc.a, edge.desc.b))(balance =>
      Some(balance.getOrElse(BalanceEstimate.empty(defaultHalfLife)).addEdge(edge))
    ),
    defaultHalfLife
  )

  def removeEdge(desc: ChannelDesc): BalancesEstimates = BalancesEstimates(
    balances.updatedWith((desc.a, desc.b)) {
      case None => None
      case Some(balance) =>
        val newBalance = balance.removeEdge(desc)
        if (newBalance.capacities.nonEmpty) {
          Some(newBalance)
        } else {
          None
        }
    },
    defaultHalfLife
  )

  def channelCouldSend(hop: ChannelHop, amount: MilliSatoshi): BalancesEstimates = {
    get(hop.nodeId, hop.nextNodeId).foreach { balance =>
      val estimatedProbability = balance.canSend(amount)
      Monitoring.Metrics.remoteEdgeRelaySuccess(estimatedProbability)
    }
    BalancesEstimates(balances.updatedWith((hop.nodeId, hop.nextNodeId))(_.map(_.couldSend(amount, TimestampSecond.now()))), defaultHalfLife)
  }

  def channelCouldNotSend(hop: ChannelHop, amount: MilliSatoshi): BalancesEstimates = {
    get(hop.nodeId, hop.nextNodeId).foreach { balance =>
      val estimatedProbability = balance.canSend(amount)
      Monitoring.Metrics.remoteEdgeRelayFailure(estimatedProbability)
    }
    BalancesEstimates(balances.updatedWith((hop.nodeId, hop.nextNodeId))(_.map(_.couldNotSend(amount, TimestampSecond.now()))), defaultHalfLife)
  }

  def channelDidSend(hop: ChannelHop, amount: MilliSatoshi): BalancesEstimates = {
    get(hop.nodeId, hop.nextNodeId).foreach { balance =>
      val estimatedProbability = balance.canSend(amount)
      Monitoring.Metrics.remoteEdgeRelaySuccess(estimatedProbability)
    }
    val balances1 = balances.updatedWith((hop.nodeId, hop.nextNodeId))(_.map(_.didSend(amount, TimestampSecond.now())))
    val balances2 = balances1.updatedWith((hop.nextNodeId, hop.nodeId))(_.map(_.didReceive(amount, TimestampSecond.now())))
    BalancesEstimates(balances2, defaultHalfLife)
  }

}

case class GraphWithBalanceEstimates(graph: DirectedGraph, private val balances: BalancesEstimates) {
  def addEdge(edge: GraphEdge): GraphWithBalanceEstimates = GraphWithBalanceEstimates(graph.addEdge(edge), balances.addEdge(edge))

  def removeEdge(desc: ChannelDesc): GraphWithBalanceEstimates = GraphWithBalanceEstimates(graph.removeEdge(desc), balances.removeEdge(desc))

  def removeEdges(descList: Iterable[ChannelDesc]): GraphWithBalanceEstimates = GraphWithBalanceEstimates(
    graph.removeEdges(descList),
    descList.foldLeft(balances)((acc, edge) => acc.removeEdge(edge)),
  )

  def routeCouldRelay(route: Route): GraphWithBalanceEstimates = {
    val (balances1, _) = route.hops.foldRight((balances, route.amount)) {
      case (hop, (balances, amount)) =>
        (balances.channelCouldSend(hop, amount), amount + hop.fee(amount))
    }
    GraphWithBalanceEstimates(graph, balances1)
  }

  def routeDidRelay(route: Route): GraphWithBalanceEstimates = {
    val (balances1, _) = route.hops.foldRight((balances, route.amount)) {
      case (hop, (balances, amount)) =>
        (balances.channelDidSend(hop, amount), amount + hop.fee(amount))
    }
    GraphWithBalanceEstimates(graph, balances1)
  }

  def channelCouldNotSend(hop: ChannelHop, amount: MilliSatoshi): GraphWithBalanceEstimates = {
    GraphWithBalanceEstimates(graph, balances.channelCouldNotSend(hop, amount))
  }

  def canSend(amount: MilliSatoshi, edge: GraphEdge): Double = {
    balances.balances.get((edge.desc.a, edge.desc.b)) match {
      case Some(estimate) => estimate.canSend(amount)
      case None => BalanceEstimate.empty(1 hour).addEdge(edge).canSend(amount)
    }
  }
}

object GraphWithBalanceEstimates {
  def apply(graph: DirectedGraph, defaultHalfLife: FiniteDuration): GraphWithBalanceEstimates = {
    val balances = graph.edgeSet().foldLeft(Map.empty[(PublicKey, PublicKey), BalanceEstimate]) {
      case (m, edge) => m.updatedWith((edge.desc.a, edge.desc.b))(balance => Some(balance.getOrElse(BalanceEstimate.empty(defaultHalfLife)).addEdge(edge)))
    }
    GraphWithBalanceEstimates(graph, BalancesEstimates(balances, defaultHalfLife))
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Department of Mathematics started as a servicing unit at the inception of the University in the year 2002. In 2004, it became a full unit under the Department of Natural Sciences and today it is now a full Department, accredited by the National Universities Commission (NUC) in the College of Science and Technology. Dr. S. A. Bishop presently acts as Head of Department. From the population of five pioneering students in 2004, the Department has grown to over one hundred and fifty (150) students today.
In response to the needs of industry and Academia, the Department now offers options in Computer Science and Statistics.
Then and now, the Department provides academic services for her students as well as students of other departments in the University. The Department presently has total in-house Faculty strength of twenty (20) and three (3) Staff. The adjunct lecturers handle courses outside the domain of mathematics.
To be a leading Department of Mathematics within the context of a world-class University with an array of undergraduate programmes designed to produce graduates with a sound, broad and balanced foundation in mathematics knowledge and skills by offering courses which are oriented towards practical development in a non-gender discriminatory environment and eradication of poverty. Furthermore, to midwife world class teaching and research carefully tailored towards becoming one of the first ten Departments of Mathematics in the world by the year 2022 while fostering the attainment of sustainable development goals.
To create a well-balanced, high-quality, and locally adaptable Mathematics knowledge: employing innovative, leading-edge teaching and learning methods and research leading to the award of Bachelor of Science, Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Mathematics, thereby restoring confidence and fostering a curriculum that promotes an integrated, life-applicable education relevant in a globalised world. The programme is thus designed to raise a new generation of Mathematicians who are mentally resourceful, intellectually equipped, futuristically visionary and responsible change-agents with leadership skills to show, thereby leading to the transition from Mathematics to lifematics.
The philosophy of the Department of Mathematics is derived from the overall philosophy of Covenant University, which can be summarized as "Bringing up a new generation of leaders that will move the African continent forward in all areas of human endeavour". The Department therefore, aims to marry theory with practice and hence undertake to train all students in the methods and techniques of independent research as a means of developing skills needed for critical reasoning about issues in science and national development, that will be beneficial to the community, industry, government and the country at large. Furthermore, there is a strong desire to achieve an enviable level of professionalism and entrepreneurship while maintaining good academic background germinating into valuable industry-university relationship. The drive is to produce graduates who can make informed contributions to scientific, technological, economic and social issues in a globalized environment such as the attainment of the Vision 10-2022 of the University and the Sustainable Development goals (SDGs). Thus, the various research clusters in the Department are involved in researches geared toward the attainment of both Vision 10-2022 of the University and the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs). The Pure Mathematics programme in Covenant University is to create the enabling platform for the training of a new generation of problem solvers in all fields of human endeavours.
The programme is aimed at developing cognitive abilities and skills relating to intellectual tasks including problem solving in mathematics.


We don't hear enough from wind quintets in day-to-day chamber concert repertory, more's the pity. The combination has found special favor among Eastern European and French composers; cool timbres and lithe textures make for bracing programs and challenges of voicing and structure that yield exciting results. If a single wind quintet brings listening pleasure on a hot, breezy spring afternoon, might a double wind quintet provide twice the refreshment?
The program's three works evolved in relative atmospheric weight from light to moderate to substantial: Dmitri Shostakovich's Suite From Moscow Cheryomushki (1960), Joachim Raff's Sinfonietta (1873), and Johannes Brahms' Serenade No. 2 (A Major, Op. 16, 1860).
Well-integrated balance was achieved by pairing instruments in two rows: flutes, oboes, and clarinets up front (seconds doubling as needed), horns and bassoons behind. Respective instrumentalists were Carol Epple and Wendy Vignaux; Sandra Ayres and Carol Louik; Linda Poland and Jenny Connors; Justin Stanley and Sabrina Hepburn; Frank Casados and Lauren Landry.
The Suite was written for a light operetta, whose Moscow premiere coincided with a regime change in Soviet government (from Khrushchev to Brezhnev) that brought glimmers of light – and sarcastic levity — to Muscovites ground down for decades beneath Stalinist jackboots. Fairground hurdy-gurdy themes blare blithely (think Petrouchka), buffo characters dance gay polkas and mock quasi-military stereotypes in stiff parade mufti (think Lieutenant Kije), and a spirit of relief pervades Shostakovich's contemporaneous works (eg, String Quartet #6. The ditsy, eclectic atmosphere even recalls Moss Hart's You Can't Take It With You, its jumbled cast poking jibes at government corruption and capitalist excess. Though paired cameos were spotted throughout for haunting clarinets, jolly flutes, and mournful muted horns, the expansive ensemble itself (may the people rule!) carried the day under Pearlmutter's energetic baton.
Raff's piece, freely adaptive in content as was the norm for this prolific Swiss, encompassed the traditional four symphonic movements. The opening 'sonata allegro' achieved drama and tension through hymn-like chorales from the back row, and a late fughetto featuring the horns. Then followed a jovial tarantella reminiscent of Rimsky's Capriccio Italien, a pretty larghetto with languid melodies for Ayres and Epple, and a bristling vivace that exalts treble glissandi. The performance was characterized by delicacy of articulation and passionate expression. Quieter passages were accompanied from without by the rush of insistent zephyrs and starlings squalling in the eaves.
In the second of his two youthful serenades Brahms omitted violins, so Tony Turrill's clean-cut adaptation often leaves the flutes tacet, and Vignaux seldom plays piccolo, except for dazzling highlights in the scherzo and rondo. The uncluttered allegro—measured, arch, elegant, yet engaging—never went logy, even in the heat, as Brahms exercised and stretched rhythmic and harmonic boundaries. The elusive, speedy scherzo doubled staccato octaves over orotund bass from the back row. An easy legato adagio in waltz-time featured handsome solos for Poland and Casados. Despite intonation issues in the brilliant rondo, the serenade and concert came to a rousing conclusion.
Pearlmutter remarks, "The double wind quintet, rather rare in America, is apparently more prevalent in England. The significant repertoire includes original compositions for this particular combination, as well as arrangements of standard literature. The sound of ten winds resonates with a full panorama of orchestral color, depth, and brilliance. What's especially valuable about this is that seasoned wind players, including recent local conservatory graduates who've played with us, are totally unfamiliar with this literature." Kammerwerke, now specializing in this under-exposed format, is providing pleasing and instructive experiences for both sides of the podium.
Fred Bouchard writes about music for Downbeat Magazine (Chicago) and The New York City Jazz Record, and about wine for Beverage Business (Boston); he teaches journalism and literature at Berklee College of Music and occasionally lectures on jazz history at Boston University.
It was a beautiful ostinato Mr. Bouchard heard " from without" during the quiet parts. Thank you for writing about it.


With funding from the U.S. Department of Defense and the Massachusetts Office of Business Development—through the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Isenberg School of Management—the Procurement Technical Assistance Center (PTAC) was established in November 1999.
Many forms of service are provided to PTAC clients. The most valuable of these services is one-on-one business assistance, both during the proposal process and the subsequent contract period. When a client talks to a PTAC specialist, he/she is talking with a member of one of the strongest PTACs in the nation. The Massachusetts PTAC specialists have over 150 years of combined experience, both as government buyers and industry sellers.
Clients receive an understanding of contracting requirements and the know-how to obtain and successfully perform federal, state and local government contracts. Small businesses headquartered in Massachusetts and in business for at least one year can subscribe to a free bid-matching service informing them of bidding opportunities (when electronically available) matching their specific product and/or service profiles. PTAC provides a wide range of assistance, such as: guidance on initial registrations and small business certifications, researching procurement histories, small business matchmaking conferences, proposal guidance and review, contract performance issues and much more.
Business advisory sessions can involve discussing a client's issues or problems, researching potential solutions, and conveying those solutions back to the client. Through a combination of research and team brainstorming, PTAC specialists work to provide the most accurate and comprehensive information to all their clients. PTAC also can supply technical information, such as specifications and standards (MIL-SPEC or MIL-STD) and pricing history. Pricing histories are available on any federally procured item with a National Stock Number or NSN (a number assigned to stock listed items of the Federal Government). Using past pricing helps clients gauge their competitiveness. Another valuable service is the bid match—a compilation taken from various bid notice sources, including the Fed Biz Opps, a vast number of government agency electronic bid boards, electronic-response-only bid notices, and state and municipal listings.


text:
<BODY>
Customizer implementation.<br>
Ðåàëèçàöèÿ íàñòðîéùèêà.
@author Androsov Vadim (androsovvi@gmail.com)
</BODY>


text:
#ifndef DIPIXEL_H
#define DIPIXEL_H

#include "dcmtk/config/osconfig.h"

#include "dcmtk/dcmimgle/diutils.h"

/*---------------------*
 *  class declaration  *
 *---------------------*/

/** Abstract base class to handle pixel data
 */
class DiPixel
{

 public:

    /** constructor
     *
     ** @param  count       number of pixels stored in the buffer
     *  @param  inputCount  number of pixels read from 'PixelData' attribute
     */
    DiPixel(const unsigned long count,
            const unsigned long inputCount = 0)
      : Count(count),
        InputCount(inputCount)
    {
    }

    /** destructor
     */
    virtual ~DiPixel()
    {
    }

    /** get integer representation (abstract)
     *
     ** @return integer representation of the internally stored pixel data
     */
    virtual EP_Representation getRepresentation() const = 0;

    /** get number of planes (abstract).
     *
     ** @return number of planes (e.g. 1 for monochrome and 3 for color images)
     */
    virtual int getPlanes() const = 0;

    /** get pointer to pixel data (abstract).
     *  NB: See implemented method in derived class for details.
     *
     ** @return pointer to pixel data
     */
    virtual const void *getData() const = 0;

    /** get pointer to pixel data (abstract).
     *  NB: See implemented method in derived class for details.
     *
     ** @return pointer to pixel data
     */
    virtual void *getDataPtr() = 0;

    /** get pointer to array of pixel data (abstract).
     *  The number of planes in the returned array can be determined using 'getPlanes()'.
     *
     ** @return pointer to array of pixel data
     */
    virtual void *getDataArrayPtr() = 0;

    /** get number of pixels
     *
     ** @return number of pixels
     */
    inline unsigned long getCount() const
    {
        return Count;
    }

    /** get number of pixels stored in the 'PixelData' element
     *
     ** @return number pixels read from the input buffer
     */
    inline unsigned long getInputCount() const
    {
        return InputCount;
    }

 protected:

    /// number of pixels
    /*const*/ unsigned long Count;

    /// number of pixels in the input buffer
    unsigned long InputCount;
};

#endif

/*
 *
 * CVS/RCS Log:
 * $Log: dipixel.h,v $
 * Revision 1.13  2010-10-14 13:16:27  joergr
 * Updated copyright header. Added reference to COPYRIGHT file.
 *
 * Revision 1.12  2010-03-01 09:08:47  uli
 * Removed some unnecessary include directives in the headers.
 *
 * Revision 1.11  2005-12-08 16:48:04  meichel
 * Changed include path schema for all DCMTK header files
 *
 * Revision 1.10  2004/10/19 12:58:24  joergr
 * Enhanced API documentation.
 *
 * Revision 1.9  2004/02/06 11:07:50  joergr
 * Distinguish more clearly between const and non-const access to pixel data.
 *
 * Revision 1.8  2003/12/09 10:07:16  joergr
 * Removed leading underscore characters from preprocessor symbols (reserved
 * symbols). Updated copyright header.
 *
 * Revision 1.7  2002/06/26 16:06:08  joergr
 * Enhanced handling of corrupted pixel data and/or length.
 *
 * Revision 1.6  2001/06/01 15:49:50  meichel
 * Updated copyright header
 *
 * Revision 1.5  2000/03/08 16:24:23  meichel
 * Updated copyright header.
 *
 * Revision 1.4  1999/09/17 12:47:51  joergr
 * Added/changed/completed DOC++ style comments in the header files.
 *
 * Revision 1.3  1999/03/24 17:20:22  joergr
 * Added/Modified comments and formatting.
 *
 * Revision 1.2  1999/01/20 15:12:10  joergr
 * Replaced invocation of getCount() by member variable Count where possible.
 *
 * Revision 1.1  1998/11/27 15:32:37  joergr
 * Added copyright message.
 * Introduced new pixel base class.
 *
 *
 */


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The Month's Top Events
Barbara Kingsolver to Keynote Annual Literacy Council Dinner
Barbara Kingsolver. Photo by Annie Griffiths
The Literacy Council of Buncombe County will host the 11th annual Authors for Literacy Dinner and Silent Auction on Thursday, November 29, from 6–9 p.m. at the Crowne Plaza Resort Expo Center. This year's keynote speaker will be New York Times bestselling author Barbara Kingsolver. "We have hoped to have the opportunity to host Barbara Kingsolver for a number of years," says Ashley Lasher, executive director for The Literacy Council. "She has a very strong readership in Buncombe County, including many of our staff members, and we knew that our community would be excited to hear her speak."
Barbara Kingsolver is the author of nine bestselling works of fiction, as well as books of poetry, essays and the influential nonfiction bestseller, Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life. She has won or been a finalist for major awards including the PEN/Faulkner, Pulitzer, Dayton Literary Peace Prize and the UK's Orange Prize. In 2000, she was awarded the National Humanities Medal, our country's highest honor for service through the arts.
The Literacy Council serves more than 300 students and more than 1,600 book recipients annually through four programs: Adult Education, English for Speakers of Other Languages, the Augustine Project, which serves lowincome children, and Dolly Parton's Imagination Library. "We give opportunities to people who don't believe they have a second chance to learn," says Lasher. "Besides being a principal fundraiser, Authors for Literacy is also a vehicle to promote the Literacy Council's mission: to increase comprehensive literacy and English language skills through specialized instruction by trained tutors and access to literacy resources."
The Crowne Plaza Resort Expo Center is located at 1 Resort Drive in Asheville. General admission tickets are $95. For more information or to purchase tickets, visit LitCouncil.com or call LuAnn Arena at 828.254.3442, extension 206.
July Brings Comedy to The Magnetic Theatre
Flat Rock Playhouse: Separate Beds and All Shook Up
SART Presents Something's Afoot! in July
Brevard Music Center Summer Festival Highlights
Stories on Asheville's Front Porch This July
Last Chance Riders, Jackie Venson at Isis in July
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text:
Champagnac-de-Belair  est une commune française située dans le département de la Dordogne, en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine. De 1790 à 2015, la commune était le chef-lieu du canton de Champagnac-de-Belair.

Géographie

Généralités
La commune de Champagnac-de-Belair est située au nord du département de la Dordogne.

Cinq kilomètres au nord-nord-est de Brantôme et quinze kilomètres au sud de Nontron en distances orthodromiques, le bourg de Champagnac-de-Belair surplombe la vallée de la Dronne, sur sa rive gauche. Il est situé au croisement de la route départementale (RD) 83, axe nord-sud qui longe la vallée, et de la RD 82, qui traverse la commune d'est en ouest.

La commune est également desservie à l'est par la RD 3 et bordée au nord-ouest par la RD 675.

Entre Villars et Condat-sur-Trincou, le sentier de grande randonnée GR 654 passe par le bourg de Champagnac-de-Belair.

Communes limitrophes

Champagnac-de-Belair est limitrophe de six autres communes.

Géologie et relief

Géologie
Situé sur la plaque nord du Bassin aquitain et bordé à son extrémité nord-est par une frange du Massif central, le département de la Dordogne présente une grande diversité géologique. Les terrains sont disposés en profondeur en strates régulières, témoins d'une sédimentation sur cette ancienne plate-forme marine. Le département peut ainsi être découpé sur le plan géologique en quatre gradins différenciés selon leur âge géologique. Champagnac-de-Belair est située dans le troisième gradin à partir du nord-est, un plateau formé de calcaires hétérogènes du Crétacé.

Les couches affleurantes sur le territoire communal sont constituées de formations superficielles du Quaternaire et de roches sédimentaires datant pour certaines du Cénozoïque, et pour d'autres du Mésozoïque. La formation la plus ancienne, notée c2b, date du Turonien inférieur à moyen, composée de calcaire graveleux, puis calcaires crayeux bioclastiques à rudistes passant latéralement à des calcarénites. La formation la plus récente, notée CFp, fait partie des formations superficielles de type colluvions indifférenciées de versant, de vallon et plateaux issues d'alluvions, molasses, altérites. Le descriptif de ces couches est détaillé dans  les feuilles «  - Nontron » et «  - Thiviers » de la carte géologique au 1/ de la France métropolitaine et leurs notices associées.

Relief et paysages
Le département de la Dordogne se présente comme un vaste plateau incliné du nord-est (, à la forêt de Vieillecour dans le Nontronnais, à Saint-Pierre-de-Frugie) au sud-ouest ( à Lamothe-Montravel). L'altitude du territoire communal varie quant à elle entre , se trouve à l'extrême sud, près du lieu-dit Verneuil, là où la Dronne quitte la commune pour servir de limite entre celles de Brantôme en Périgord et Condat-sur-Trincou, et  au nord-ouest, en bordure de la commune de Saint-Pancrace, près du lieu-dit la Tuilière.

Dans le cadre de la Convention européenne du paysage entrée en vigueur en France le , renforcée par la loi du 8 août 2016 pour la reconquête de la biodiversité, de la nature et des paysages, un atlas des paysages de la Dordogne a été élaboré sous maîtrise d'ouvrage de l'État et publié en . Les paysages du département s'organisent en huit unités paysagères et 14 sous-unités. La commune fait partie du Périgord central, un paysage vallonné, aux horizons limités par de nombreux bois, plus ou moins denses, parsemés de prairies et de petits champs.

La superficie cadastrale de la commune publiée par l'Insee, qui sert de référence dans toutes les statistiques, est de . La superficie géographique, issue de la BD Topo, composante du Référentiel à grande échelle produit par l'IGN, est quant à elle de .

Hydrographie

Réseau hydrographique
La commune est située dans le bassin de la Dordogne au sein du Bassin Adour-Garonne. Elle est drainée par la Dronne, le Trincou, le Libourny et un petit cours d'eau qui constituent un réseau hydrographique plus de  de longueur totale.

La Dronne, d'une longueur totale de , prend sa source dans la Haute-Vienne dans la commune de Bussière-Galant et se jette en rive droite de l'Isle  à Coutras en Gironde, au lieu-dit la Fourchée, face à la commune de Sablons. Elle traverse la commune du nord au sud sur six kilomètres dont  en limite de Condat-sur-Trincou.

Le Trincou, d'une longueur totale de , prend sa source dans la commune de Milhac-de-Nontron et se jette  dans la Côle en rive droite à Condat-sur-Trincou. Il arrose la commune à l'est sur plus d'un kilomètre et demi.

Autre affluent de rive droite de la Dronne, le Libourny prend sa source dans l'ouest du territoire communal qu'il baigne sur près de quatre kilomètres.

Gestion et qualité des eaux
Le territoire communal est couvert par le schéma d'aménagement et de gestion des eaux (SAGE) « Isle - Dronne ». Ce document de planification, dont le territoire regroupe les bassins versants de l'Isle et de la Dronne, d'une superficie de , a été approuvé le . La structure porteuse de l'élaboration et de la mise en œuvre est l'établissement public territorial de bassin de la Dordogne (EPIDOR). Il définit sur son territoire les objectifs généraux d'utilisation, de mise en valeur et de protection quantitative et qualitative des ressources en eau superficielle et souterraine, en respect des objectifs de qualité définis dans le troisième SDAGE  du Bassin Adour-Garonne qui couvre la période 2022-2027, approuvé le .

La qualité des eaux de baignade et des cours d'eau peut être consultée sur un site dédié géré par les agences de l'eau et l'Agence française pour la biodiversité.

Climat
Le climat qui caractérise la commune est qualifié, en 2010, de « climat océanique altéré », selon la typologie des climats de la France qui compte alors huit grands types de climats en métropole. En 2020, la commune ressort du même type de climat dans la classification établie par Météo-France, qui ne compte désormais, en première approche, que cinq grands types de climats en métropole. Il s'agit d'une zone de transition entre le climat océanique, le climat de montagne et le climat semi-continental. Les écarts de température entre hiver et été augmentent avec l'éloignement de la mer. La pluviométrie est plus faible qu'en bord de mer, sauf aux abords des reliefs.

Les paramètres climatiques qui ont permis d'établir la typologie de 2010 comportent six variables pour les températures et huit pour les précipitations, dont les valeurs correspondent à la normale 1971-2000. Les sept principales variables caractérisant la commune sont présentées dans l'encadré ci-après.

Avec le changement climatique, ces variables ont évolué. Une étude réalisée en 2014 par la Direction générale de l'Énergie et du Climat complétée par des études régionales prévoit en effet que la  température moyenne devrait croître et la pluviométrie moyenne baisser, avec toutefois de fortes variations régionales. Ces changements peuvent être constatés sur la station météorologique de Météo-France la plus proche, « La Tour Blanche », sur la commune de La Tour-Blanche-Cercles, mise en service en 1967 et qui se trouve à  à vol d'oiseau, où la température moyenne annuelle est de  et la hauteur de précipitations de  pour la période 1981-2010.
Sur la station météorologique historique la plus proche, « Bergerac », sur la commune de Bergerac, mise en service en 1988 et à , la température moyenne annuelle évolue de  pour la période 1971-2000, à  pour 1981-2010, puis à  pour 1991-2020.

Urbanisme

Typologie
Champagnac-de-Belair est une commune rurale, car elle fait partie des communes peu ou très peu denses, au sens de la grille communale de densité de l'Insee.
La commune est en outre hors attraction des villes.

Occupation des sols

L'occupation des sols de la commune, telle qu'elle ressort de la base de données européenne d'occupation biophysique des sols Corine Land Cover (CLC), est marquée par l'importance des territoires agricoles (51,2 % en 2018), une proportion sensiblement équivalente à celle de 1990 (50,3 %). La répartition détaillée en 2018 est la suivante :
forêts (46,2 %), zones agricoles hétérogènes (35,7 %), terres arables (13,1 %), zones urbanisées (2,7 %), prairies (2,4 %).

L'évolution de l'occupation des sols de la commune et de ses infrastructures peut être observée sur les différentes représentations cartographiques du territoire : la carte de Cassini (), la carte d'état-major (1820-1866) et les cartes ou photos aériennes de l'IGN pour la période actuelle (1950 à aujourd'hui).

Prévention des risques
Le territoire de la commune de Champagnac-de-Belair est vulnérable à différents aléas naturels : météorologiques (tempête, orage, neige, grand froid, canicule ou sécheresse), inondations, feux de forêts, mouvements de terrains et séisme (sismicité faible). Un site publié par le BRGM permet d'évaluer simplement et rapidement les risques d'un bien localisé soit par son adresse soit par le numéro de sa parcelle.

Certaines parties du territoire communal sont susceptibles d'être affectées par le risque d'inondation par débordement de cours d'eau, notamment la Dronne et le Trincou. La commune a été reconnue en état de catastrophe naturelle au titre des dommages causés par les inondations et coulées de boue survenues en 1982, 1983, 1993 et 1999. Le risque inondation est pris en compte dans l'aménagement du territoire de la commune par le biais du plan de prévention des risques inondation (PPRI) de la « vallée de la Dronne », couvrant  et approuvé le , pour les crues de la Dronne.

Champagnac-de-Belair est exposée au risque de feu de forêt. L'arrêté préfectoral du  fixe les conditions de pratique des incinérations et de brûlage dans un objectif de réduire le risque de départs d'incendie. À ce titre, des périodes sont déterminées : interdiction totale du 15 février au 15 mai et du 15 juin au 15 octobre, utilisation réglementée du 16 mai au 14 juin et du 16 octobre au 14 février. En septembre 2020, un plan inter-départemental de protection des forêts contre les incendies (PidPFCI) a été adopté pour la période 2019-2029.

Les mouvements de terrains susceptibles de se produire sur la commune sont des affaissements et effondrements liés aux cavités souterraines (hors mines) et des tassements différentiels. Afin de mieux appréhender le risque d'affaissement de terrain, un inventaire national permet de localiser les éventuelles cavités souterraines sur la commune. Le retrait-gonflement des sols argileux est susceptible d'engendrer des dommages importants aux bâtiments en cas d'alternance de périodes de sécheresse et de pluie. 56,1 % de la superficie communale est en aléa moyen ou fort (58,6 % au niveau départemental et 48,5 % au niveau national métropolitain). Depuis le , en application de la loi ÉLAN, différentes contraintes s'imposent aux vendeurs, maîtres d'ouvrages ou constructeurs de biens situés dans une zone classée en aléa moyen ou fort.

La commune a été reconnue en état de catastrophe naturelle au titre des dommages causés par la sécheresse en 2003 et par des mouvements de terrain en 1999.

Toponymie
En occitan, la commune porte le nom de .

Histoire
Au , Champagnac était le siège de l'archiprêtré de Condat regroupant vingt-sept paroisses.

De 1747 à 1749, la peste emporte 278 habitants de la paroisse, soit entre 25 et 30 % de la population.

La commune s'appelle d'abord Champagnac avant de devenir Champagnac-de-Bel-Air puis prendre son nom actuel Champagnac-de-Belair.

De 1891 à 1949, une ligne de tramways reliant Périgueux à Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière desservait Champagnac-de-Belair. Il en reste le minuscule bâtiment de la gare en bord de Dronne.

Politique et administration

Rattachements administratifs et électoraux
Dès 1790, la commune de Champagnac-de-Belair est le chef-lieu du canton de Champagnac-de-Belair qui dépend du district de Nontron jusqu'en 1795, date de suppression des districts. En 1801, le canton dépend de l'arrondissement de Nontron.

Dans le cadre de la réforme de 2014 définie par le décret du 21 février 2014, ce canton disparaît aux élections départementales de mars 2015. La commune est alors rattachée au canton de Brantôme, renommé canton de Brantôme en Périgord en 2020.

Intercommunalité
Fin 1996, Champagnac-de-Belair intègre dès sa création la communauté de communes du Pays de Champagnac-en-Périgord. Celle-ci est dissoute au 31 décembre 2013 et remplacée au  janvier 2014 par la communauté de communes Dronne et Belle.

Administration municipale
La population de la commune étant comprise entre 500 et  au recensement de 2017, quinze conseillers municipaux ont été élus en 2020.

Liste des maires

Juridictions
Dans le domaine judiciaire, Champagnac-de-Belair relève :
 du tribunal judiciaire, du tribunal pour enfants, du conseil de prud'hommes, du tribunal de commerce et du tribunal paritaire des baux ruraux de Périgueux ;
 de la cour d'appel de Bordeaux.

Population et société

Démographie

Enseignement
En 2012, la commune dispose d'une école maternelle et d'une école primaire. Organisée en regroupement pédagogique intercommunal (RPI), elle accueille les élèves de deux autres communes voisines : Cantillac et Condat-sur-Trincou.

Économie

Emploi
En 2015, parmi la population communale comprise entre 15 et 64 ans, les actifs représentent , soit 48,6 % de la population municipale. Le nombre de chômeurs (quarante-deux) a augmenté par rapport à 2010 (vingt-neuf) et le taux de chômage de cette population active s'établit à 11,9 %.

Établissements
Au , la commune compte , dont trente-neuf au niveau des commerces, transports ou services, seize relatifs au secteur administratif, à l'enseignement, à la santé ou à l'action sociale, sept dans la construction, sept dans l'agriculture, la sylviculture ou la pêche, et quatre dans l'industrie.

Entreprises
Tous secteurs confondus, parmi les entreprises dont le siège social est en Dordogne, la société « Dordogne logistique SAS » (entreposage et stockage non frigorifique) située à Champagnac-de-Belair se classe en  quant au chiffre d'affaires hors taxes en 2015-2016, avec .

Créée en 1955, la biscuiterie de Champagnac-de-Belair a fait partie du groupe LU-Danone qui l'a vendu à Champador en 2006, avant d'être reprise par la biscuiterie Saint-Michel en 2011. En mars 2022, elle emploie   et prévoit d'en embaucher soixante supplémentaires dans l'année ; elle produit annuellement  de produits alimentaires, principalement des madeleines, des palmiers et des fonds de tartes ou de bouchées à la reine.

Culture locale et patrimoine

Lieux et monuments
 Château de la Borie Saulnier (ou château de Laborie) des , reconverti en chambres d'hôtes
 Église Saint-Christophe des , inscrite aux monuments historiques depuis 1948.
 Chapelle Notre-Dame de Bon secours,

Personnalités liées à la commune
 Jean Jules Sarlande (ou Albert Sarlande) (1813 - 1888), maire d'Alger de 1858 à 1870, a acheté le château de la Borie Saulnier. Il est décédé dans son château le  décembre 1888.
 Son fils, François Albert Sarlande (1847 - 1913), député de la Dordogne de 1876 à 1881, est décédé dans sa propriété du château de la Borie Saulnier le 30 août 1913.
 Georges Bonnet (1889 - 1973), homme politique, député de la Dordogne de 1924 à 1940 et de 1956 à 1968, ministre à de nombreuses reprises entre 1925 et 1940, fut maire de Champagnac-de-Belair de 1929 à 1944.
 Charles Serre (1901-1953), résistant, homme politique, est mort à Champagnac-de-Belair.
 Christian Frémont (1942-2014), né à Champagnac-de-Belair, haut fonctionnaire.

Héraldique

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Bertrand Souquet, Les écrevisses marchent à reculons - Champagnac de Belair de 1940 à 1945, 1997

Articles connexes
 Liste des communes de la Dordogne
 Communauté de communes Dronne et Belle
 Liste des châteaux de la Dordogne
 Sentier de grande randonnée 654
 Dordogne (département)
 Périgord

Liens externes
 Champagnac-de-Belair sur le site de la communauté de communes Dronne et Belle
 Champagnac-de-Belair sur le site de l'Institut géographique national (archive)

Notes et références

Notes et cartes
 Notes

 Cartes

Références

Commune en Dordogne
Commune dans l'arrondissement de Nontron
Commune dans la communauté de communes Dronne et Belle
Ancien chef-lieu de canton en Dordogne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Armor: If equipped, sustract -1 to initiative. Average Lair: 100-1000 Treasure Type: Nx5, Qx2 (D, E, N) Abilities: Gear: Drau chain armour, spider silk cloak, and boots. Infravision: The creature sees into the infrared spectrum, maximun 36 m (120'), Light Sensitive: They suffer a 1 grade penalty to Combat Style, Evade, and Perception rolls that deal with vision when fighting in sunlight or its magical equivalent. They suffer no penalties when in torchlight or other forms of artificial lighting. Magic Resistance (55%) Resistance to Sleep and Charm: Drau elves find Willpower Rolls to resist sleep and charm spells 2 grades easier. They may drop this resistance and accept the magic's effects if they choose. Stealthy: Drau elves wearing nothing more restrictive than light armour find Stealth tests 1 grade easier. Secret and Concealed Door Detection: Due to their acute senses, a drau elf that succeeds at a Formidable Perception skill test has a chance of noticing a concealed door when merely passing within 3 metres (10 feet) of it. Actively searching allows full Perception as normal. Dark elf SIZ represents mass, not height. When creating an elf male, typically calculate weight based on the Medium frame and females on Lithe. Treat the Height as being two SIZ points lower. Because female dark elves tend to be taller than their male counterparts, when choosing actual height, males should choose from the lower range, and females from the higher. Spell-Like Abilities Faerie Lights pg136, Faerie Fire pg167, and Darkness pg144, Levitate pg140, Know Passions pg147, and Detect Magic pg135. Each of these spell-like abilities may be used once per day.


text:
You are at:Home»Sex in Singapore»Singapore Brothels
Singapore Brothels
If you've set foot in the red light district of Geylang, chances are you've passed by several brothels where sex is sold to a variety of willing customers, including locals, tourists and expats.
Even the busy throng of Orchard Road plays host to brothels; you just need to know where to find them.
In this guide, we'll take a look at the Singapore brothels scene, as well as popular hot spots for buying sex, and what a prostitute has to do to be able to sell adult services legally.
Our guide to Singapore Brothels
Are Brothels Legal in Singapore?
Technically, no.
In some places, yes.
In most cases… you will be fine to use them, so long as the establishment has not ticked off the police by using underage prostitutes, or by hiring women who have overstayed visas, or by flagrantly advertising in non-designated areas.
By letter of the law, living on the earnings of a prostitute (pimping) and/or maintaining a brothel is illegal.
However, incidents of arrests occurring at these venues due to prostitution alone are very rare.
The sex trade is tolerated, if frowned upon culturally.
Geylang Brothels
The brothels in Geylang are the most famous in Singapore, and together form one of the most notorious red light districts in all of Asia.
The area is full of Asian prostitutes and migrant sex workers; many coming straight from Thailand, Korea or Cambodia. There's a large number of Indonesian women too.
Women will line the street wearing heavy makeup and outfits that are almost impossible to confuse with ordinary non-working Singaporean ladies.
If you pick up a hooker here, you will take her back to one of the local brothels, or to a nearby 'love hotel'.
A love hotel is short-stay accommodation that turns a blind eye to the comings and goings of a prostitute and her clients. The rooms are often small, cramped and — let's just say — unlikely to appear in a five star review on Trip Advisor.
These brothels are where the working class SG men will buy sex, too.
All brothels and sex houses located in the designated zone south of Geylang Road (from Lorong 2 all the way to Lorong 30) are legal.
The even-numbered Lorongs are the legal brothels.
Any prostitute providing services in this area will be issued with a special certificate which allows her to ply her trade.
In return, she must carry a health card at all times and agree to regular medical checks. Licensed prostitutes are not allowed to solicit sex by the roadside, or in any of the hotel lobbies in the area (a popular tactic of unlicensed sex workers and freelance escorts).
The Four Floors of Whores
Orchard Towers, situated on the corner of Claymore Road and Orchard Road, holds the notorious nickname: 'Four Floors of Whores'.
(Although some will shorten it to simply, Four Floors.)
By day, this 18-story office building is a hub of shops, offices and commercial units. By night, it turns in to one of Singapore's top red light destinations.
The 'four floors' refers to the spread of entertainment venues that — by night time — becomes host to a slew of prostitutes, mostly from other parts of Asia, but with many Eastern European and Russian girls too.
In these bars, you will find the women outnumbering the men by a significant margin.
Clients will enjoy a few drinks after work whilst talking 'shop' with the ladies, most of whom will make the first move. If you didn't know any better, you'd have Singapore down as some kind of lazy man's paradise. The girls are direct. They are certainly not shy.
Of course, these women have a different motive for making that first move.
They want to get paid.
The bars of Ipanema, Harry's, Top 5 and Naughty Girl are seen as a shop-floor for the nearby brothels and love hotels. You get many freelance escorts 'working' here, too.
If you plan to visit the Four Floors of Whores, be prepared to pay slightly more than a hooker would cost in Geylang or Chinatown.
These girls are out to attract the high-flying city crowd, and business/executive clients, so the costs will rise accordingly.
Also, be aware that Orchard Towers is a popular crawling ground for Singapore's trans escorts. If she doesn't seem feminine, or there's something a little masculine, well… there might be a good reason for that.
Location of the infamous Four Floors of Whores:
Keong Siak Brothels
Keong Siak Road (known as Keong Saik Gai in Chinese) is part of Singapore Chinatown and represents a throwback to how prostitution used to be in SG.
The area was once synonymous with three-storey townhouse brothels that ran along both sides of the narrow street.
These days, most of the brothels are gone — but a couple still remain.
It is said that the last 2 remaining Keong Siak brothels are located either side of the Foong Kee Coffeeshop (House 8 and 6A/B). Inside, the brothels look much the same as they did in the 1960s, representing a nostalgic throwback for any punter who remembers Singapore prostitution prior to Geylang's takeover of the red light district.
Location of Keong Siak Road:
Massage Parlours and Tui Na Shops
Besides the brothels around Orchard, Geylang and Chinatown, it's an open secret that many of Singapore's massage parlours have their own menus of extras and special services: including full sex, handjobs, and oral.
Blowjobs and handjobs are the most common extras.
This also goes for many of the Tui Na parlours, which may advertise a perfectly innocuous looking service with talk of 'rejuvenating massage'… but is often a cover for the main event, which will reveal itself about 20 minutes in to the massage.
When your masseuse's hands start to stray and she asks you to turn over…
If you are interested in body rubs check out our complete guide to erotic massage in Singapore.
Have you visited a Singapore brothel?
Where did you go, and what did you make of the experience?
Have your say in the comments.
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'Rough' and 'emotional': Lake Charles news team discusses reporting on hometown devastation
"This is going to bring our city together."
Lake Charles news team discusses trials and tribulations of reporting remotely
By Mykal Vincent | September 3, 2020 at 9:18 AM CDT - Updated September 3 at 9:56 AM
BATON ROUGE, La. (WAFB) - It's been one week since the historic Category 4 Hurricane Laura leveled southwest Louisiana. The KPLC news team evacuated their station in Lake Charles before the storm made landfall in Cameron Parish on Aug. 27. They have been reporting on the devastation in their hometown ever since.
In the days and hours leading up to landfall, meteorologist Ben Terry and the KPLC weather team was tasked with the important job of informing the people of his community that a catastrophe was brewing in the Gulf of Mexico.
"As a meteorologist, knowing what was coming and feeling helpless because you can't do anything to stop it. For me, that was probably the most difficult part," Terry said. "The effects of what we saw were actually greater than I expected, but just feeling like you can't do anything about it, you know?"
The morning of landfall, they were broadcasting live from the WAFB-TV newsroom in Baton Rouge.
"It's been rough, not gonna lie, these last few days have been very emotional," KPLC reporter Shelby Trahan said in an interview with WAFB's Lauren Westbrook and Matt Williams one week after the storm damaged thousands of buildings and left entire parishes without power or running water.
"Seeing the damage and seeing a place that I've called home for so long... it's been rough," she said. "But I know there are more people going through it even tougher than we are."
Once the sun rose, pictures and videos of the damage began pouring in.
Terry's home was among the countless destroyed.
**UPDATE: My cat is with me now and safe**. I'll be starting over, like many of you, whenever we transition our...
Posted by Ben Terry KPLC on Thursday, August 27, 2020
"I've lived in Lake Charles now for almost 10 years," Terry said on 9News This Morning. "I've gotten attached to the city and the people there, some of the strongest people anywhere in Louisiana."
"This is going to bring our city together like it's never seen before," he continued.
KPLC has been streaming on Facebook after its television broadcast tower buckled in Hurricane Laura's 130 mph winds.
Tower falls on KPLC-TV after staff evacuated before Hurricane Laura made landfall
KPLC removes damaged tower from studio
The KPLC-TV studios were damaged when a broadcast tower was toppled during Hurricane Laura Thursday, Aug. 27, 2020. (Source: KPLC)
More: Lake Charles, La. TV station tower toppled in Hurricane Laura
Trahan says while monitoring the comments on their Facebook streams, she's noticed a common trend; everybody wants to get back home and start the recovery process.
"That is such a testament of the Louisiana people and southwest Louisiana residents," she said. "We're cleaning up faster than we were in Hurricane Rita, and I think it's because we have those people that just want to get their community back to normal as soon as possible."
The outpouring of support has stretched to the corners of the country. Terry said he's seen license plates from as far as North Dakota in line to donate necessary supplies to the people who rode out the storm or are returning to find everything gone.
17 deaths in La. attributed to Hurricane Laura
Some southwest La. families to enroll their children in Baton Rouge area schools due to damage from Hurricane Laura
Gov. Edwards advises residents affected by Hurricane Laura to preregister for DSNAP benefits
NFL receiver Trey Quinn starts GoFundMe to help hometown after Hurricane Laura
"It's going to be rough for a little while longer," Terry said. "We're getting some small victories though, like water services finally returning to the city. That's been a big, big problem for people."
"They just want to take even a cold shower at this point."
In a statement released on Wednesday, Sept. 2, Entergy said crews are on the ground doing the best they can to restore power. Authorities say over 3,000 transformers were damaged and over 300 miles of power cables are in need of repair.
Governor John Bel Edwards said during a news conference Tuesday, Sept. 1 he anticipated Calcasieu Parish, the parish in which Lake Charles is located, to be without power for up to three weeks.
"It's just going to take time and I think we all realize that," Terry said. "We're not expecting the power to come back on tomorrow."
"We can't thank you enough for your strength and the help that you're bringing to everybody in Louisiana, it's inspiring," Williams said.
Visit the WAFB Hurricane Center for ways you can help those in need.
More: WAFB partners with Rouses for Hurricane Laura food donation drive
WAFB Digital Content Producer
Mykal Vincent is a digital content producer for WAFB in Baton Rouge.
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Q: Set boolean field on access db with pyodbc I use pyodbc with Access DB.
I can add a bool (YES/NO) column in access with this command:
crsr.execute("alter table "+tableName+" add column {} {}".format(name, type))

Now I try to modify my field with these commands but they didn't work :
crsr.execute( "update " + tableName +" set tutu='1' "  )
crsr.execute( "update " + tableName +" set tutu=1 "  )
crsr.execute( "update " + tableName +" set tutu=True "  )
crsr.execute( "update " + tableName +" set tutu='True' "  )
crsr.execute( "update " + tableName +" set tutu=true "  )

Now I'm using integer field with 0 and 1 like values
Can you help me for using bool field ?
Thank you by advance

A: Access encodes booleans in the following curious way:
True is -1, False = 0
Note that I believe the main reason tutu=True doesn't work, is the missing spaces.
You can try the following:
crsr.execute( "update " + tableName +" set tutu = True "  )

Or
crsr.execute( "update " + tableName +" set tutu = -1 "  )


Synopsis: Watch Dawn of the Croods online free. In Dawn of the Croods Putlocker Full Episodes, The world's first family is back for more laughs as they discover sports, sleepovers and other wonders in a world of exotic creatures and adventures. This 2D animated cartoon is based on the 3D animated feature film, "The Croods".


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Read Next We Are Simply Dreading the Return of Twee on TikTok
Home Politics Politics Features
May 8, 2017 7:24PM ET
Meet Jeff Sessions' Right-Hand Drug Warrior
Steve Cook's appointment represents a rolling back of the bipartisan momentum on criminal justice reform
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Steve Cook, pictured here in February 2016, is now associate deputy attorney general under Jeff Sessions.
Tom Williams/Getty
In January 1990, Ira Johnson stood in a federal courtroom and pleaded with the judge to show her son mercy. Darrell Frazier, 29, had just been sentenced to life in prison without parole. He wouldn't have the right to appear before a parole board – not at age 60, 70 or 80 – no matter what he did to make up for his crimes.
Frazier had not been charged with murder or another violent crime – the sort of thing that one might associate with a life-without-parole sentence – but rather with conspiracy to distribute cocaine. He initially accepted a plea deal that likely would have gotten him 20 years, but he refused it, not realizing that if his case went to trial, he could spend his entire life in prison, according to an appeal of his sentence.
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At the time, the federal prosecutor in the case, Steven H. Cook, argued that Frazier deserved to spend the rest of his life in prison because he had prior drug convictions. Frazier got life. Now almost 60 years old, he's locked up in a maximum-security prison in Kentucky, one of countless aging lifers who committed their crimes when they were young and who happen to live in America, the nation with the highest incarceration rate in the world.
A number of lawmakers, prosecutors, cops and judges regret their role in fueling mass incarceration, or at least admit that the U.S. could stand to imprison fewer people. Even former NYPD police chief William Bratton and former Cook County, Illinois, State's Attorney Anita Alvarez – neither of whom could be accused of being soft on crime – joined a group of law enforcement officials who say they want to reduce the country's prison population.
Steve Cook is not one of them. And in a move that signals he's truly committed to rolling back the bipartisan momentum on criminal justice reform, Attorney General Jeff Sessions has tapped Cook to address violent crime in cities – widely seen as a directive to reverse the slim criminal justice reforms that took place during the Obama administration.
"Cook thinks that prison is a reliable answer for almost everything," Kevin Ring, president of Families Against Mandatory Minimums, tells Rolling Stone. "When it doesn't work, the answer is more prison."
While Cook headed the National Association of Assistant U.S. Attorneys, the group released an ad about a former inmate who had killed his former girlfriend and her daughters. "It was Willie Horton," says Ring, referencing the infamous 1988 attack ad against Michael Dukakis, in which Dukakis was blamed for the temporary release of Horton after he raped a woman. It was "classic fear-mongering," Ring says.
Ring says it's not realistic to expect that no released prisoner will ever commit another crime. At the same time, life-without-parole sentences might not be the best or most efficient way to keep the public safe, given that older people rarely commit violent crimes and cost far more to care for behind bars.
"There are dangerous people who may need to go to prison. But we want it to be proportional. Do the time that fits their crime," he says.
Still, like his new boss, Cook has been a vocal critic of even minimal criminal justice reforms. In 2016, Cook took to right-wing media to berate the Obama Justice Department for pushing for shorter sentences for non-violent drug crimes. "Everybody knows that's just absurd. Drug trafficking is inherently violent," Cook said on The O'Reilly Factor.
He doubled down to other outlets. "The federal criminal justice system simply is not broken," Cook told the Washington Post in 2016. "In fact, it's working exactly as designed."
It's not surprising that Cook's star would rise in the Trump era, as he displays many of the qualities rewarded by the administration, such as a willingness to entertain conspiracy theorists and sow panic about crime. In 2016, Cook appeared on Frank Gaffney's radio show, where he agreed with Gaffney's evidence-free claim that people released under Obama's clemency initiative posed a terrorist threat if they'd converted to Islam in prison.
"Well, just look at the Brussels and Paris attackers. Those individuals are individuals who came from neighborhoods fraught with drug dealing and violent crime, people who had been involved in that themselves. The link there is unmistakable," Cook said.
In fact, to even be eligible for Obama's clemency initiative, prisoners had to have been non-violent, not been linked to a gang and had a stellar record while in prison.
Alongside Sessions, Cook fought a bipartisan criminal justice reform package backed by the Koch brothers and Paul Ryan. In written testimony over the Sentencing Reform and Corrections Act of 2015, Cook slammed former Attorney General Eric Holder and Obama, asserting that "in a highly publicized act … Holder directed all federal prosecutors to limit the use of congressionally mandated minimum sentences against drug traffickers, even when they are caught trafficking in quantities that would trigger application of those penalties."
Going even further, Cook warned, would unleash violent criminals on the streets of America.
"The concern should be obvious: more criminals on the streets will result in more crime," he said.
For reformers, Cook's elevation to Sessions' inner circle is disheartening, to say the least. It signals a pivot back to a Drug War based on fear over evidence of what actually helps curb drug sales and lower addiction rates.
Mark Osler, who worked as a prosecutor in Detroit in the 1990s, points to the major flaw in Sessions' and Cook's reasoning: There's no evidence that putting more people in prison for longer, for doing or selling drugs, has any kind of real impact on the drug trade.
"As incarceration has gone up, we haven't seen a decline in narcotics," Osler tells Rolling Stone. "If we'd been successful in taking down dealers, price would go up and use would go down."
"They never look at narcotics as a business," Osler says of Sessions and Cook. "They look at it as a moral conflict, but it's a business." If you take one person who deals drugs off the street, someone else will take their place. As long as there's a demand for drugs, there will be supply. "In the War on Drugs, the most you can do is slightly raise the price on the street until the market adjusts, because the demand is still there," Osler says.
Lamont Glass, who was prosecuted by Cook in the mid-Nineties, knows this first-hand. The then 25-year-old was caught with approximately 14.9 grams of crack in his underwear, an amount that can fit into a small bag. Earlier, police had busted into his girlfriend's apartment, where they also found a bag of crack.
Glass claims he was offered a stark choice: go to trial and risk a life sentence or take 21 years, so he took the 21 years.
In court documents about his case, under a section called "Victim Impact," the court wrote: "There are no identifiable victims in this case."
"I spent the rest of my 20s, my 30s and half of my 40s in prison," he says. "That is someone's lifetime."
"It's taking people away from their families for decades," Glass notes. His kids grew up without him – until President Obama commuted his sentence last year.
Now Glass is doing his best, trying to work as much as he can, but most employers are not keen on hiring a felon who spent nearly two decades in prison. Still, he's hopeful. "I'll persevere. I'll make it through this. My wife and daughters are by my side," he says. Of his wife, he says, "I love everything about her. The things she's done for me – she raised the children by herself."
Mark Osler has a theory about why it's hard for some career prosecutors like Cook to admit they were wrong – and, therefore, why the Sessions Justice Department appears certain prison is the answer to drugs and crime.
"When your job is to stand five feet away from someone and say they should be locked up for the rest of their lives, the cost of being wrong is so high. What if it's the wrong guy? What if it's the wrong sentence? You're standing there at their sentence. You see their children. So it shouldn't surprise us that people are that committed," Osler says.
Cook has argued that because drug dealers can't settle their differences in court, and so must resort to more brutal means, the drug trade is inherently violent. Ironically, that's the same argument reformers make for why drugs should be legalized, or at least why astronomically high sentences are not the solution to drugs or violence: If a dealer knows there's a long prison sentence awaiting him, he might be more likely to resort to violence during a police bust.
(The Department of Justice declined Rolling Stone's request for comment from Cook.)
Allison Watson, a former state prosecutor in Tennessee, lost her appetite for the job after accompanying police on a cocaine raid. She was shocked at the level of violence – of how quickly things can go wrong for officers and bystanders.
"We go in, surround a small hotel. There are doors knocked down, people start yelling. It's really scary. Then, I hear a baby crying. I said, 'There's a baby, stop, calm down,' tried to deflate the situation. Next thing I know, I have a newborn baby in one arm, a gun in the other hand," she says.
"What really hit home was how many innocent lives were really at stake, even in this small-time bust. A child, police officers – I was there, I'm a mom," she says.
It's considerations like this that have led even some conservatives to consider criminal justice reform after decades of tough-on-crime rhetoric – that, and the amount of money the U.S. spends jailing people. But the Trump administration, despite pledging a break with policies that don't work, appears unlikely to allow reform to proceed.
"Sessions and Cook are in a position now to make it very difficult," Kevin Ring says. "Republicans in Congress won't want to support reform if a Republican Department of Justice is yelling, 'You're soft on crime!'"
In This Article: Jeff Sessions,	prison,	War on Drugs


Cristine Neff is a Safety & Quality Improvement Coordinator at Abraham Lincoln Memorial Hospital, an affiliate of Memorial Health System. She is also the administrator for RL6.
Frontline staff receive their initial education during their new employee onboarding session. We take them into the system, provide a high-level tutorial, discuss what types of events can and should be submitted. Then, we show them what it looks like to submit an event. We also listen to manager feedback. So if a manager is seeing trends and key issues that frontline staff are struggling with, we can push out an FAQ in our company's memo. The system is very self-intuitive for frontline staff so we try and keep it as simple as possible.
File Managers get a more-in depth training, in a classroom setting with hands-on experience. We keep the training small (less than 10 people to a class) so that everyone has time to chime in as we go along and ask questions. First, a demo of the system is provided. We start out by showing what it looks like for frontline staff to submit an event. That way, if their employees have questions, or if they need to submit an event themselves, they are supplied with the tools they need to answer any questions. Then, once the file is submitted, we take them in through what it looks like once they receive a submitted event for their area of responsibility and go over the file manager responsibilities in great detail.
So, okay, you've received your first event for your area, now what?
We discuss how file managers will be alerted to a new file, how to locate and open the event, and then take them in through managing the file from beginning to completion. In this portion, I point out all file manager features, such as how you find out who all was alerted to a specific event (alerts), how to assign someone access into the event (tasks), if something has been updated in the file, how to find out what was changed and who changed it (audit feature). We also discuss redacting personal information from the file in order to protect PHI, especially with most events being reported to our Patient Safety Organization.
After the in class training session is over, file managers receive a welcome packet via email that includes who to contact if they need any assistance, a copy of the hands-on training and education that they just received, file manager tips & tricks, FAQ's, severity level definitions, and file manager expectations. Basically a nice, handy, packet of information that they can quickly reference when they start receiving events.
I also designed a Super User Role (Basic Admin) program that was created for each affiliate hospital in order to optimize and standardize training across our health system. Each Super User is responsible for managing all user-specific tasks for their facility, such as identifying and setting up new users, maintenance of users, providing file manager training to those individuals, and troubleshooting all issues. In order to get the Super Users capable of handling the tasks, they first go through the file manager training themselves. We also come together as a health system on a quarterly basis to optimize the program, identify any training needs, and discuss trends, as well address any issues that we are seeing.
We want everyone to be able to take these events and use them as a learning opportunity so I really focus on showing file managers how to redact information, such as who submitted the file, patient, staff, and physician names, etc., so they can print out or save the document to take to a staff meeting to discuss the learning opportunity. I think that is a very important piece in not only creating a culture of safety, but in showing staff that we are paying attention, listening to their concerns, and ensuring the hospital is a safe haven for our patients.
Looking for more ways to engage staff and promote the use of your RL system? Learn how Mass. Eye & Ear started office hours to create an open forum for questions and learning.


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2020 Toyota Corolla will get the Hybrid treatment
Olivier Delorme - November 16, 2018
At the same time Toyota announced the brand-new Corolla yesterday they took the opportunity to mention that the 12th generation of the popular model would now be available with a hybrid powertrain, a first in North America for the popular sedan. The official unveiling of...
2020 Toyota Corolla First Look: Not Boring Anymore
Charles Jolicoeur - November 15, 2018
Toyota has been redesigning its entire lineup in recent years with an emphasis on shedding its boring cars image in favor of sportier looking and driving models. Now, Toyota has injected its most important model with this renewed personality, the 2020 Toyota Corolla. After the...
The 2019 Honda Passport is Headed to Los Angeles
The Honda Passport is back, folks. The official debut will take place at the end of the month at the Los Angeles Auto Show when Honda unveils the 2019 Honda Passport, a brand-new SUV that will slot between the CR-V and Pilot. From the single...
Kia teases new Soul ahead of LA Autoshow
Kia revealed a tiny part of its new 2020 Soul ahead of its reveal in Los Angeles at the end of the month. The small glimpse shows the C-Pillar with SOUL embroidered on it and part of the rear taillight on the green-coloured crossover. The 2020...
Jeep Gladiator Pickup Photos and Info Apparently Leaked Online
A few days after reports surfaced that the Jeep Wrangler pickup would be called Gladiator as opposed to Scrambler, some images have apparently leaked online showing what the upcoming and highly anticipated new model will look like. The images appeared suddenly on the Jeep media...
Top Spec BMW M340i xDrive Sedan Headed for L.A. Auto Show
There's been loads of talk about the new 2019 G20 generation of the BMW 3 Series. We'd say that it's a clean split between positive and negative comments but to be fair, other than some design doubts and abolishing the manual transmission, it's been...
2020 Hyundai Palisade Image Leaked Before L.A. Debut
Well that didn't take long. Just a few days after we learned what it would be called, the 2020 Hyundai Palisade can be seen undisguised and quite clearly through an image leaked today. Russian website autoreview.ru was the first to publish the image showing a massive...
2019 Toyota Prius May Just Have All-Wheel Drive
Could the 2019 Toyota Prius set to debut at the Los Angeles Auto Show get all-wheel drive? We hope so because if not, Toyota's last press release on the matter would be quite the dud. Released last week, the presser reads fall is here, winter's...
2020 Hyundai Flagship SUV Will Be Called Palisade
Charles Jolicoeur - November 8, 2018
Hyundai is planning a fourth SUV for 2020 and we now know they will be calling it the Palisade. Think of the 2020 Hyundai Palisade as a replacement to the Veracruz, an SUV that sat atop the Hyundai SUV lineup from 2007 to 2012. According...
2019 Mazda3 With Diesel-Like SKYACTIV-X Engine set for L.A. Debut
Mazda confirmed today what we already kind of knew, the next-generation 2019 Mazda3 will be unveiled at the Los Angeles International Auto Show at the end of the month. There were no further details provided, just a teaser video showing what looks to be both...
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Holy Name Catholic Primary School - Baby Chicks!
There has been a buzz of egg-citement in Reception this week, with the arrival of some chicken eggs. We watched the chicks hatch into the incubator on Wednesday. We have now moved them into the brooder box where they are roaming around. This afternoon (Thursday) we had a quick hold as we cannot leave them away from the heat as they are so small! We have had the most wonderful week with the chicks so far!


Brands must be clear about the presence of its target consumer at the on-ground locations. The location must be such that the consumer has time to connect with the brand, absorb the message and hopefully that generates interest leading to action... A creative blend of activity design and messaging, while maintaining the authenticity of the brand, is vital for any campaign of the brand. Finally, the execution of the on-ground activity has to be par excellence.


All pieces are hand-forged iron.
(Handhammered brass) Antique bronze finished handhammered brass.
(Handhammered brass) Black waxeds or copper/aluminium leaf handhammered steel.
It was fifth generation Henri Pouenat, who designed timeless pieces for the collection such as his Etrier console, who in the 1960′s, steered the company toward including more decorative and contemporary collections.


Once shoved, threatened and chased away, immunisation workers are now welcomed in villages in this Uttar Pradesh district.
At 5 am one day in October, 45-year-old Roshanara rose from her bed for her morning prayers. A few hours later, she began her daily rounds of Islampur, a village in the Khatauli tehsil of Muzaffarnagar in Uttar Pradesh. Roshanara is a Community Mobilisation Coordinator in Islampur and her job is to convince and remind families to vaccinate their children regularly.
Roshnara is spectacled and sunburnt and her wrinkles add a few years to her age, which is an asset in her cause. Armed with a detailed register of the vaccination histories of all children under five she makes her rounds taking special care to counsel those with newborns about the importance of giving their children "do boond" – the two drops of the polio vaccine.
"People believed they would become sterile if they took the drops," said Roshanara, recalling the violent opposition she faced when she first began working in the community in 2003. She recalled an incident in a neighbourhood called Nayabadi where her team of seven had been given a target of clearing 10 XR cases, XR being code for those who resisted the oral polio vaccine.
Roshnara and other Community Mobilisation Coordinators in Muzaffarnagar say that their work is easier now, at least when it comes to convincing people to get vaccinated against polio.
In 1990, as part of an international campaign against polio, the Indian government committed itself to eradicating the disease by the year 2000 and instituted national and sub-national immunisation days supplemented by awareness campaigns. Uttar Pradesh was one state that reported pockets of resistance to the vaccination programme. In 2001, the region reported 80% of all cases in India and more polio cases than any country in the world. The statistics were accompanied by reports of communities, mostly Muslim and Dalit, resisting the oral polio vaccine.
A few kilometres away from Islampur at Chandbagh, a group of men met at Dr Mohammad Athar's tiny clinic to discuss the immunisation programme. Mohammad Naem, an important opinion maker in his neighbourhood, was present amongst doctors, lawyers and maulanas. Naeem used to staunchly oppose vaccination.
Naem's reservations reflect the perceptions amongst underserved communities that have had little faith in public health mechanisms. These communities associate free health services with family planning campaigns that they are suspicious of since they believe these target minority populations. Health workers and auxiliary nurse midwives administering oral polio vaccines also promote family planning and deliver contraceptives. Minority community suspicions were also stoked by remarks like those allegedly made by Varun Gandhi in 2009 about the "need to pick them [Muslims] up, one by one, and sterilise them".
The Community Mobilisation Coordinators also had to contend with matters of faith and the belief that paralysis was the result of a curse rather than a disease.
"The CMCs had a tough task because they had a target to meet, and they had to convince people to consume a substance which they were highly suspicious of," said Jahangir.
Realising that illiteracy and lack of access to information were major hurdles, a consortium of organisations called the CORE group assisting the polio eradication programme initiated a communication strategy. This strategy aimed at creating awareness and altering parental attitudes in areas like Muzaffarnagar where children were susceptible to polio.
Funded by USAID, NGOs working in the space of community health spearheaded the polio project with Project Concern International taking the lead in Muzaffarnagar. Teams of Community Mobilisation Coordinators were formed with individuals from these communities. A group of about 17 coordinators, each of which kept records of 500 village households, would report to block mobilisation coordinators who in turn were answerable to a district mobilisation coordinator.
"They were trained to carry out basic Information Education and Communication activities like individual counseling, focused mothers' meetings, how to maintain records and how to store and administer the vaccine," said Tauquir Alam, district mobilisation coordinator at Khatauli.
The very night that the boy got his polio drops, his parent observed a tremor in his leg. Roshnara rushed him to the hospital where the doctor told the boy's parents that the child would be safe because he had been immunised.
"The boy is now 12 years old and I get so much of love and respect from that family," said Roshnara.
Convincing settled communities to immunise their children is one tough battle, but there were also people harder to reach. At the dumping ground behind his shop in Sheikhpura, Iqbal the barber sees nomads make camp as they travel north from Barabanki. Iqbal saw some of the nomads affected by polio. He attended meetings with maulvis and doctors to learn about the polio vaccine and help convince members of the nomadic groups to get their children immunised.
Hari Om is thankful that while earlier people would chase immunisation workers away with sticks and brooms they now inquire about when the teams will visit their areas next.
The goodwill towards health officials and vaccination teams was also confirmed in other ways as during the the 2013 riots, Hari Om recounted. He was among the team conducting a health camp on one of those turbulent days when suddenly the shops began to close and there was a curfew. It had also started to rain and the team, consisting entirely of Hindus, was getting anxious in the Muslim area.


text:
Kalmar järnväg (KJ) var ett järnvägsbolag som byggde och drev järnvägen mellan Kalmar och Emmaboda. I Emmaboda anslöt järnvägen till Karlskrona–Växjö Järnväg (CWJ). Den öppnades 1874.  Banan ingår idag i Kust till kust-banan mellan Göteborg och Kalmar/Karlskrona.

Historia
Kalmar järnväg var ett järnvägsbolag med Kalmar stad som huvudägare. Den ursprungliga linjen var en 57 km lång normalspårig järnväg mellan Kalmar och Emmaboda som invigdes den 8 augusti 1874. Bolaget förvärvade 1899 aktiemajoriteten i Nybro-Sävsjöströms järnväg (NSJ) (43 kilometer) som hade öppnades upp för trafik den 14 oktober 1876. 1909 övertog man NSJ helt.

Banan Sävsjöström–Nässjö Järnväg på 95 km öppnades mellan Sävsjöström och Åseda 16 januari 1914 och Åseda-Nässjö 12 december 1914. Denna bana trafikerades också av Kalmar järnväg under det nya samlingsnamnet Kalmar järnvägar.

1940 köptes KJ av staten baserat på 1939 års riksdagsbeslut om förstatligandet av järnvägarna och bolaget blev då en del av Statens Järnvägar.

Referenser

Externa länkar

 Svenska lok - Kalmar Järnvägar - KJ
 Resepraktikan.se - Kalmar Järnvägar - KJ

Ej längre existerande svenska järnvägsbolag
Företag bildade 1874
Företag upplösta 1940


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