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You are here: Home / Steroid Articles / Female Bodybuilders, Fitness Competitors and the Crisis of Representation
Female Bodybuilders, Fitness Competitors and the Crisis of Representation
January 19, 2000 By Krista Scott-Dixon
This article is not just about female bodybuilders or fitness competitors. It is not about who is posing where and how. It is not about who is more feminine, athletic, sexy, muscular, or appropriate. It is about the creation, maintenance, and representation of a so-called crisis.
Avid watchers of physical culture, or anyone who reads mainstream muscle mags on the Stairmaster, will know that in recent years a "crisis" has been introduced into the world of women's bodybuilding. This crisis is, of course, the appearance of fitness competitors, who are lauded by supporters as providing an athletic yet feminine alternative to ungainly and androgynous female bodybuilders, and criticized by detractors as being little more than pectorally amplified lingerie racks.
This apparent schism found its way finally to the New York Times in an article entitled, "Female Bodybuilders Discover Curves". The author writes, in part:
"When the history of women's bodybuilding is written, 1998 will emerge as the year that the weights tipped in favour of the sport's old nemesis, femininity…. Fitness competition, a slenderized version of women's bodybuilding, has eclipsed some of the bulked-up muscle shows in participant and audience popularity."1
Female bodybuilders, so the story goes, are lumpy and icky and threatening to their gender. They used to be nice and acceptable in the days of Rachel McLish, then things got out of hand. Fitness competitors, according to the New York Times article, are providing viewers and participants with a more socially acceptable kind of female athletic ideal, since they pose in heels and evening gowns. They do lingerie and swimsuit pictorials in muscle mags which, according to Leslie Heywood, verge on pornographic. Female bodybuilders, strength trainers, and powerlifters are said to ridicule this new ideal as "bodybuilding lite". Even feminists are in on the act, according to the New York Times article.
What this amounts to is media salivation over a perceived spectacle of a catfight par excellence (though feminists can generally be counted on in mainstream media depictions to rain on everyone's parades). Interestingly, though fitness competitions for men are apparently also on the rise, and are, according to the Times, "expected to attract more participants than traditional bodybuilding competitions", little is heard from muscle mags about the crisis in men's bodybuilding. Male bodybuilders are not "discovering leanness" or being haunted by their "old nemesis of masculinity" (such a possibility in fact seems patently ridiculous). I begin to suspect that this crisis is greater than a schism over the Bodybuilding Reformation. Rather than rooting for one side or the other (since after all, wouldn't those fitness competitors just hog all the good cheerleaders?), or providing learned explanations on why female bodybuilders are really just nice girls, or why fitness competitors are really in good shape, it is more interesting to consider the meaning of the crisis itself. What is actually behind the promotion of a crisis anyway? Why is it necessary to juxtapose the success of fitness competitions with the perceived failure of bodybuilding competitions? Why is the so-called crisis cast in terms of discovering/rejecting femininity?
Crisis and its Discontents
Speaking in another context which I think is applicable here, Geraldine Heng and Janadas Devan write:
"It is a… truism that they who successfully define and superintend a crisis, furnishing its lexicon and discursive parameters, successfully confirm themselves the owners of power… [T]he habit of generating narratives of crisis at intervals becomes an entrenched, dependable practice… when a distortion in the replication or scale of a composition deemed ideal is fearfully imagined."2
In other words, the generation of a crisis is a reliable institutional response to a perceived threat to the status quo. Political cynics argued that Clinton bombed Iraq to divert attention from his infidelity and perjury troubles. The post-WWII governmental propaganda machine dispensed countless instructional films on why mothers who continued to work in the factories could count on their children becoming serial killers. Late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century scientists lamented the degeneration of "the race" in the face of geographical migration by countless thousands of people. And so forth. One need not be overly paranoid to note that the best defense is a good offense.
Female participation in athletic activities has always had a dubious foundation. It's an odd coincidence that just as more girls than ever—perhaps inspired by Gabrielle Reece, Flo-Jo, the women's Olympic hockey teams, Nike, or Title IX—are taking up sports, a crisis arrives in how to represent them (or how they choose to represent themselves). In fact, this crisis seems designed to get them fighting amongst themselves. Female powerlifters sneer at bodybuilders, who sneer at fitness competitors. Average female recreational athletes sneer at all of them for being obsessed with perfection in their particular subcultures. Each group feels compelled to defend their tiny piece of turf that they have managed to swipe and subdivide from the larger sports-entertainment complex. And meanwhile the mainstream media gleefully runs stories of steroid deaths, ephedrine overdoses, muscle dysmorphia, aerobics obsessions, musings on just what is wrong with Calista Flockhart to be so skinny and Kate Winslet to be so "full-figured", why diets don't work but obesity kills, etc. etc.
In isolation, these things make sense (why wouldn't female bodybuilders be jealous of fitness competitors? everyone wants femininity!). But together, and cumulatively in their omnipresence and repetition, these elements provide a disturbing synthesis. What agenda is served by promoting a crisis? What ideologies lie behind the contradictory messages that women and girls receive about sport, fitness, exercise, and its representations? What is achieved by setting up women athletes against one another?
I'll Scratch Her Eyes Out
Generating internal conflict amongst women is nothing new. From the earliest days of the "virgin-whore" dichotomy, encouraging women's hostilities to one another has been a familiar divide-and-conquer tactic, whether it was maternal feminists against militant suffragettes, "career women" against "stay-at-home-moms", or wives against "the other woman". Advertisers have known for years that cosmetics are like sports supplements for women seeking an advantage on the perceived competition. In situations with limited actual power, it's not hard to incite dissent amongst the ranks and turn hostility inward instead of outward, to prevent any kind of critical structural analysis.
There are a variety of ideologies behind promoting a crisis in women's athletic representation. In general, manufacturing a crisis ensures that women are prevented from working with one another to secure some actual power. If they spend their energies turning up their noses at one another they will not be knocking on institutional doors en masse, demanding more money for female sports. They won't be supporting one another. They won't be working together across their differences to make things better for other women. Instead, they'll be fixated on fighting over that most intangible of qualities, "femininity". Furthermore, success is often defined in competitive posing circles as who can score the most lucrative supplement contracts. The mass media is a testing ground to see which strategy is most successful in moving products off the shelves of the local GNC. There's nothing quite like a good scrap to get people's attention, and female consumers can be reassured that the products they purchase will not make them "unfeminine".
Whose femininity is more feminine is a grizzled cliche in women's bodybuilding circles by now. I find the application of "femininity" as a criteria for success in a sport an interesting one, and perhaps on one level it speaks to the uneasy relationship that bodybuilding competitions have with beauty pageants. To explore the idea of pageantry alone is poignant enough: the Miss America pageant appeared the year that women got the vote in the early 20th century, and women's bodybuilding competitions emerged at a time of great political and social gains for women (short years after women threw corsets and bras into a trash can at a beauty pageant, an event which gave rise to the myth of "bra-burning"). On another level, what relevance does the question of femininity have to an activity that judges the degree of muscular development on a body? I think the answer lies in another question: what kinds of cultural anxieties are being expressed in discussions of female bodybuilders' femininity?
Throughout history there have been few enduring icons for the projection of cultural and social fears that have had the power of the female body. Implicit in the "discovery of curves" by female bodybuilders is a call to return to a happier time when boundaries between genders were narrowly defined and rigidly enforced, where there was little diversity or change encouraged and everyone liked it that way. The false nostalgia for femininity (for, in truth, there has never been a time when everyone of either gender happily and mutely settled into their assigned roles) reflects more about the present than it does about the past. Susan Faludi writes, "The demand that women 'return to femininity' is a demand that the cultural gears shift into reverse…"3 Does the so-called crisis in female bodybuilding represent an attempt to divide and conquer with regard to women's engagement in fitness and weight training?
Interestingly, the New York Times article on female bodybuilders and fitness competitors is next to a short piece entitled, "Babies on Sideline as Moms Work Out." The article text is about a "Strollercize" exercise class in which an instructor bellows at new moms: "'Why do we lunge, everybody?… Because we need the strength to pick up those toys!'" And even in this idyllic picture of moms and babies we hear a hint of "the other woman". One new mom says: "It's tough to stroll down Madison [Avenue] with all the size 2′s, so it's nice to be with other mothers who are going through the same thing… I wouldn't be caught dead in a gym right now."4 Mere inches away from this text I read that the current Ms. Fitness, Susie Curry, is 5'2″ and 115 pounds, perhaps the stereotypical "size-2″ that the new mom wishes to avoid. Does this new "fitness ideal" promoted by the mass media really represent a return to femininity or a new way to generate insecurity and a false sense of crisis? Do women see themselves emulating either the female bodybuilder or the fitness competitor or are both mocking icons of ideal and unattainable bodies? The female bodybuilder, we are told, is a masculine steroid freak whose practices of gaining muscle and reducing fat are "unhealthy" (I read "unhealthy" as another word heavily laden with unspoken meanings), yet the female fitness competitor sports high heels and breast implants, low bodyfat, and the ability to engage in grueling aerobics routines with a smile on her face. Is the so-called crisis in female bodybuilding really about competition for the attention of the female consumer?
Boundary Politics
As I flip through the sports section in Canada's national paper The Globe and Mail, I am entranced by a photo of Mary Pierce having just smashed a tennis ball into the next dimension. Her tanned arms and shoulders are big and muscular as they peek out from her Nike tennis dress. The copy in the accompanying article says in praise of another female tennis player, "The right-hander from Laye is a strong 5-foot-10 and 145 pounds and is able to exploit her size on her serve and ground strokes." Here is an arena where female size and power are rewarded. There is a second photo with the article, this one of six Mary Pierce fans, male and female, who are all attired in blond wigs and Pierce's trademark gold tennis dress. It's an interesting gender-bending homage.5
Faludi writes in Backlash that the prevailing wisdom about women's apparent collective "unhappiness" (or the crisis in women's bodybuilding, as the case may be) is that "[w]omen are enslaved by their own liberation."6 Implicit in the coverage of the so-called crisis is the sense that female bodybuilders have brought their own doom upon themselves. The appearance of Bev Francis' incredibly powerful physique in the early 1980s is sometimes held up as the beginning of the end. Women bodybuilders got ahead of themselves, so the hand-wringing copy goes. They were out of control. They got too big, too freaky, too drugged-out, too lean, too scary. They were the dragon from which the damsel-in-distress-femininity had to be saved by the fitness competitors. Female bodybuilders and fitness competitors were thus cast as enemies in the morality play of women's fitness representations.
To paraphrase Faludi, to blame female bodybuilders for the destruction of femininity is to miss the point of female bodybuilding, which was to open up a new set of experiences for women as strong, physically powerful beings. Weight training for women is extremely beneficial, and no scientific evidence supports the notion that women have to train differently from men lest they risk "getting too big" or otherwise damaging themselves. The fact that fitness competitors are being set up against female bodybuilders should tell us that negotiation of gender boundaries is still a hot topic which is profoundly reflective of our own cultural and social anxieties. There is no surer way to shore up borders than to prepare for a state of war. There is no surer way to reinforce traditional gender divisions than to present physical diversity as a threat. It's not about which is better; it's about what "better" means, and what agenda defines it.
1. Marlene Roach, "Female Bodybuilders Discover Curves", New York Times (Nov. 10, 1998), D9.
2. Geraldine Heng and Janadas Devan, "State Fatherhood: The Politics of Nationalism, Sexuality, and Race in Singapore". Nationalisms and Sexualities (ed. Andrew Parker et al). (London: Routledge), 343-4.
3. Susan Faludi, Backlash (New York: Doubleday, 1991),70.
4. Kimberly Stevens, "Babies on Sideline as Mothers Work Out", New York Times (Nov. 10, 1998), D9.
5. Tom Tebbut, "Women Playing Up to Form", Globe and Mail (Jan. 24, 1999), S1.
6. Faludi, x.
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The Education Gospel: The Economic Power of Schooling
reviewed by Harold J. Noah - 2006
Title: The Education Gospel: The Economic Power of Schooling
Author(s): W. Norton Grubb and Marvin Lazerson
Publisher: Harvard University Press, Cambridge
ISBN: 0674015371 , Pages: 334, Year: 2004
Search for book at Amazon.com
The first nine chapters of this book present a sustained and convincing set of arguments, describing some basic ways in which formal education in the U.S. has gone astray. Final chapters summarize the major themes of the book and propose a general course of action that might offer hope of remedy. The authors are exceptionally qualified to present their arguments, which should be taken to heart by all who have interest in the improvement of life in America. The authors define the Education Gospel as an amalgam of at least four commonly-held dicta: that more schooling for more people holds the solution for our most pressing social problems; that the so-called Information Society is changing fundamentally the nature of work; that the proper task of our educational institutions is to prepare students ever more closely to undertake that new kind of work; and that the necessary preparation should extend to the... (preview truncated at 150 words.)
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Cite This Article as: Teachers College Record Volume 108 Number 1, 2006, p. 110-112
https://www.tcrecord.org ID Number: 11951, Date Accessed: 7/19/2019 6:34:25 AM
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Watch It: The Risks and Promises of Information Technologies for Education
Will Technology Really Change Education?: From Blackboard to Web
Low-Tech Education in a High-Tech World: Corporations and Classrooms in the New Information Society
Our Ailing Economy and the Education Cure
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Harold Noah
Teachers College, Columbia University
HAROLD J. NOAH is Gardner Cowles Professor Emeritus at Teachers College, Columbia University. He served on the faculty from 1964 to 1987, and as Dean of the College from 1975 to 1980. He has published extensively in comparative education and in the economics of education.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tag: Hughie Hughes
Mystery Foto #25 Solved: The #31 Falcar Driven by Hughie Hughes at the 1910 Savannah Challenge Race
Chuck Rudy Jr. needed your help to solve this weekend's very challenging Mystery Foto.
Starting Lineup: The 1911 Vanderbilt Cup Race, Savannah, Georgia
For the first Vanderbilt Cup Race held outside of Long Island, a total of 14 entries raced on a 17.1 mile road course in Savannah and Effingham on November 27, 1911.
Starting Lineup: The 1915 Vanderbilt Cup Race in San Francisco, California Updated: 10/10/2016
The 1915 Vanderbilt Cup Race was held in conjunction with the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco, California.
Starting Lineup: The 1912 Vanderbilt Cup Race Held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Only eight race cars participated in the Vanderbilt Cup Race held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on October 2, 1912.
Drivers Who Raced in the 1911 Indy 500 and the Vanderbilt Cup Races (1904-1910)
The decision of the Indianapolis Speedway to hold one major 500-mile race in 1911 with an unheard purse of $25,100 (equal to $571,000 today) attracted the best racing teams and drivers. Not surprisingly, many of the drivers who participated in the Vanderbilt Cup Races and its associated races also drove in the Inaugural
Harry Grant Describes His Last Great Race with the Alco Black Beast
Harry Grant's last great race in the Alco-6 Black Beast Racer's was the 1911 Elgin National Trophy Race held on the Illinois course. Driver Harry Grant was shown here with his mechanician George Babcock prior to a practice run. This was the only major race in which mechanican Frank Lee did


The 4A's knows when you start a new agency you want to tap into every resource to ensure its success.
That's why we have a special 2-year membership for agencies who are just starting up, to provide support for their unique needs.
Counseling from 4A's staff in agency management, fiscal control, production management, media relations, etc.
A one-time charge of $5,000 for the two years.
Contact 4A's membership at membership@4As.org.


The DDS Web Shapes demo illustrates remote access to the Connext DDS DataBus (the world-leading implementation of the OMG Data-Distribution Service standard) from Web applications. Web applications can use standard web protocols such as plain HTTP (or SOAP over HTTP) to remotely publish and subscribe data on the Connext DDS DataBus. The web-bases applications communicate via HTTP with the RTI Web Integration Service, which acts as a gateway to the Connext DDS DataBus.
Clients can choose among various web-protocols including plain HTTP or SOAP to communicate with the RTI Web Integration Service, the service in turn will use the high performance DDS-RTPS protocol to communicate with other applications in the Connext DDS DataBus.
The Google Maps Demo is similar to the Web Shapes Demo above in that it also illustrates remote access to Connext DDS data using web technologies.
Beyond access to the Connext DDS data this demo also illustrates how it is possible to create mash-ups that mixes-in real-time information coming from Connext DDS with other sources of information to create rich web-based UIs and dashboards.
This particular demonstration displays the position of varios objects (Aircraft and Ships) overlaid on a map based on the coordinates (Latitude and Longitude) of the objects. As the position of these objects is updated live in the Connext DataBus so are the locations of the corresponding icons on the map.
You can even try using multiple browsers from different devices and following different links (Reader versus Writer) on the different devices. If you create an publish the location of the object in one of them, you should see it on from the other.
CaveCanem is an agent-based system that can be used to record and monitor the state of a set of computers running on a network. It serves as a demonstrator of several RTI products, most notably the Connext DDS middleware (the world-leading implementation of the OMG Data-Distribution Service standard), the RTI Database Integration Service, and the RTI Web Integration Service.
The CaveCanem agent is software application than runs on all the platforms that require monitoring. It is an extensible agent that configures itself via plugins. Each plugin provides information on one or more metrics for the computer where it runs. Built-in plugins are provided for CPU utilization, memory consumption, file-system utilization, network traffic, and network intrusion alerts.
CaveCanem takes the information from each plugin and publishes it on DDS. The schema user is defined by the plugin, but it typically contains the data-values as well as a key that identifies both the computer and the particular element whose metric is being published. For example the 'CPU' plugin reports load, CPU (user, system), interrupt rate, etc. for each computer in the system (the computer name/IP address being the key). Similarly the 'Processes' reports the various process statistics (CPU, memory, etc.) for each process running on a computer. The key being the name of the computer plus the process Id.
When you click on the "CaveCanem link" above your browser will redirect to a page containing a dashboard from which you can see the information on all the monitored computers. All these computers are running on the Amazon cloud.
Cave Canem's source code is available on SourceForge and Github.
Copyright © Real-Time Innovations, Inc.


Talent show alumni, Jonathan Antoine shares how he keeps his massive voice in peak condition and tells us that joy is the key to success.
Jonathan was a runner up with his singing partner Charlotte in the 6th season of Britain's Got Talent.
Since then he has enjoyed a glittering career, performing around the world in front of star-studded audiences, and his debut solo album reached the top of the classical chart.
Which singers inspire you the most?
In the classical world it's definitely Pavarotti – who else would it be? But I'm almost exclusively into heavy metal which is perhaps a bit odd for a classical singer!
How do singers from other genres affect your classical performance?
It's all about finding interesting techniques those singers are using and adapting them for classical singing. Freddie Mercury for example, is one of the greatest rock singers of all time but he is also a great classical singer.
Don't say yes to everything. It's very easy to be swayed by people with remarkable offers. They are usually too good to be true. You are in control of your life and you are allowed to say no. I know some people may think I'm not serious because of my talent show background, I'm very choosy about things I do these days to grow myself as an artist.
I'm still dealing with breaking into mainstream as an artist who creates something that isn't mainstream, as someone who doesn't look mainstream.
Do you have faith this will happen for you?
I believe the general population feels that the formulaic way media is produced is becoming stagnant, and I think in 15-20 years there will be an artistic renaissance. Maybe I'm blinded by optimism but I have a lot of hope for the future of creative arts.
I had to sing 'Time to Say Goodbye' in dedication to a teacher who had passed away. I couldn't even get the first words out and had to leave the stage. It was a mixture of emotions.
The last performance I did was a surprise performance for a 60th birthday. This lady had no idea there was even a party happening. For the whole day I was hidden away downstairs and when the time came, I snuck round and entered through the French doors!
How do you maintain vocal health?
Do you have a vocal routine on gig day?
I eat something hot on the way to the venue, ideally with dairy. I find dairy actually coats the throat nicely so there is no dryness when I get anxious. It sounds weird, but it works for me.
I distract myself as much as I can. I've taken to drawing before shows. It helps build a coordination between my body and mind.
I spend time waking up the body and connecting it to the voce, because without the full musculature support there is no voice. I do light stretches, rolling wrists and elbows, tilting head from side to side etc. It is essential to be fully connected.
I switch from teacher to teacher which I find super valuable. I like to get all the different viewpoints. It's helpful to have all their tricks up your sleeve. You can get caught up in over thinking technique, but is so helpful to know how to fix a problem you are experiencing.
One part mental preparation, another part physical preparation, and the final part enjoyment.
It would be great to have a massive jam band with people from Pantera! Also, Elliot Coleman is an impressive soul singer with a really high voice – I would love to sing with him.
Do something that you like. If you make something that you truly enjoy, regardless of what it is, there will be other people who enjoy it just like you do. No one can tell you what your niche is, but once you've found it, you will create magic!


What does that mean? Hubby and I worked outside the other day adding scalloped edging around two Century plants we have at the end of the driveway. We wanted to add stone edging but couldn't find the smaller circles so had to substitute with a fiberboard kind of material. It's sturdy, scalloped like we wanted it, has a ten-year warranty against rot and water damage, and is attractive. What more could we want?
Neighbors across the street came over and said it looked good and asked where we got it. They examined it saying they'd never seen it before. Beaming, we told them where they could buy it. Maybe we started a trend and other neighbors would get the hint to start working in their yards! After all, it's that time of year.
Five minutes later our other neighbor came home and seeing us working came over to chitchat. He glanced down at the edging and said...it's different. What does that mean?
It's different...over the years I've come to realize when you get a response like that it means they don't like it. New hairdo... ah...it's different. New car, lawn ornament, outfit or dish, it's different. What, do people think we're stupid? LOL We all use the same response when we can't bring ourselves to lie and say it's beautiful, tastes great, looks good.
What do you say? Do you agree or disagree with my interpretation?
I pretty much agree that "It's different" is a very generic statement. I dyed my hair from blonde to black last Sunday and I have received quite a few "It's different" remarks in the past few days. You have to realize that any kind of a change can take some people a while to get used to. This same person may tell you next week that they love what you've done.
I have used that term myself a time or two but usually don't mean it in a negative manner. I just want to get across that something is outside my experience or expectations and I need time to accustom myself to it.
I agree with you. It is an easy response to keep from saying what they really think.
Non-committal and also diplomatic in order to avoid anything too harsh.
I hate to lie so if it's a bad do then it's "you got your hair done/cut with a smile", oh look at the new dress/outfit etc. Yeah, it's different is definitely a not so sure, if not a total dislike lol. But I do prefer hearing the truth even when I don't like it.