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Die Pestwurzen (Petasites) bilden eine Pflanzengattung innerhalb der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae). Die 15 bis 18 Arten sind auf der Nordhalbkugel verbreitet. Einige Arten wie die Gewöhnliche Pestwurz werden als Heilpflanzen verwendet. Der wissenschaftliche Name leitet sich vom griechischen Wort πέτασος (pétasos) ab, das schirmförmiges Laubblatt bedeutet.

Beschreibung

Vegetative Merkmale
Bei den Pestwurz-Arten handelt es sich um meist sommergrüne, ausdauernde, krautige Pflanzen, die je nach Art Wuchshöhen von meist 10 bis 25, selten bis zu 120 Zentimetern erreichen. Sie bilden Rhizome als Überdauerungsorgane. Die aufrechten Stängel sind nicht verzweigt. Die Stängel der männlichen Pflanzen verwelken bald. Die Stängel der weiblichen Pflanzen verlängern sich nach der Blütezeit bis zur Samenreife.

Die grundständigen, relativ großen Laubblätter erscheinen meist nach den Blütenständen und sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Die Blattspreiten sind bei einigen Arten bei einer Breite von bis 30 bis zu 60, selten bis zu 100 Zentimeter breit und die breitesten der mitteleuropäischen Flora. Der Blattrand ist glatt, gelappt oder gezähnt. Die Oberseite der Blattspreite kann kahl bis etwas wollig behaart und die Unterseite ist wollig behaart. Die wechselständig verteilten Stängelblätter sind hochblattartig (es sind im Grunde vergrößerte Blattstiel, die manchmal am Ende Spreiten besitzen).

Generative Merkmale
Pestwurz-Arten sind zweihäusig oder einhäusig (Subdiözie). In schirmtraubigen, traubigen oder rispigen Gesamtblütenständen sind oft viele körbchenförmige Teilblütenstände zusammengefasst; selten stehen die Blütenkörbchen einzeln. Die kreis- bis diskusförmigen Blütenkörbchen enthalten nur Röhrenblüten. Die Körbchenhülle ist mit einem Durchmesser von 6 bis über 15 Millimetern verkehrt-konisch bis kreiselförmig und vergrößert sich bis zur Fruchtreife. Die meist 12 bis 15 haltbaren Hüllblätter stehen in selten einer, meist zwei Reihen und sind oft purpurfarben, aufrecht, frei oder verwachsen, schmal-länglich bis lineal (ein- bis fünfnervig), fast gleich mit mehr oder weniger trockenhäutigen Rändern. Die Korbböden sind flach bis konvex und feingrubig. Es sind keine Spreublätter vorhanden.

Die Blüten sind eingeschlechtig oder zwittrig. Die männlichen Blütenkörbchen sind meist kreisförmig und besitzen außen 1 bis 20, selten bis zu 70 ursprünglich weibliche, aber sterile oder neutrale Blüten und innen 11 bis 78 Blüten die meist funktional männlich, selten zwittrig und fertil. Die weiblichen Blütenkörbchen sind auch meist kreisförmig und besitzen außen selten 1 bis, meist 30 bis über 130 Blüten, die rein weiblich und fertil sind, und innen 1 bis 12 funktional männlichen Blüten.

Die fünf weißlichen oder rosafarbenen, selten gelben Kronblätter sind zu einer dünnen Röhre verwachsen, die in linealen bis länglichen Kronzipfeln endet. Die linealischen bis gekeuten Griffel sind nicht oder in zwei Griffeläste geteilt, die kurz-konisch und papillös, manchmal lanzettlich bis länglich und mehr oder weniger kurz-steifhaarig sind.

Es werden schmal-zylindrische, schwach spindelförmige bis mehr oder weniger prismatische Achänen gebildet, die fünf- oder zehnrippig und meist kahl, selten zottig behaart sind. Der leicht abfallende oder fragile Pappus besteht aus 60 bis über 100 weißen, glatten oder bärtigen Borsten, die sich bis zur Fruchtreife vergrößern.

Die Chromosomengrundzahl beträgt x = 30.

Systematik und Verbreitung
Die Gattung Petasites wurde durch Philip Miller aufgestellt. Ein Synonym für Petasites  ist Nardosmia  Die Gattung Petasites gehört zur Tribus Senecioneae in der Unterfamilie Asteroideae innerhalb der Familie der Asteraceae.

Die Gesamtverbreitung auf der Nordhalbkugel umfasst das boreale Nordamerika, südwärts bis in die westlichen Kordilleren und Eurasien.

Die bisher mehreren nordamerikanischen Arten werden manchmal zu einer Art Petasites frigidus zusammengefasst mit einigen Varietäten.

Es gibt etwa 15 bis 18 Pestwurz-Arten (Petasites):
 Weiße Pestwurz (Petasites albus )
 Petasites anapetrovianus : Sie kommt nur in Griechenland vor.
 Petasites doerfleri : Sie kommt nur in Albanien, in Bosnien-Herzegowina und in Montenegro vor.
 Petasites fominii : Sie kommt in Transkaukasien, Georgien und Russland vor.
 Petasites formosanus : Sie gedeiht in Höhenlagen zwischen 1500 und 2500 Metern nur in Taiwan.
 Petasites frigidus  (Syn.: Petasites alaskanus , Petasites arcticus , Petasites corymbosus , Petasites dentatus , Petasites gracilis , Petasites hyperboreus, Petasites nivalis , Petasites palmatus , Petasites sagittatus , Petasites speciosus , Petasites trigonophyllus , Petasites warrenii , Petasites vitifolius ): Sie kommt in Norwegen, Schweden, Finnland, Russland, Sibirien, in Kanada und in den Vereinigten Staaten vor.
 Petasites glacialis  (Syn.: Endocellion glaciale ): Sie kommt von Sibirien bis zu Russlands Fernem Osten vor.
 Petasites gmelinii : Sie wurde aus Sibirien und aus Russlands Fernem Osten erstbeschrieben.
 Gewöhnliche Pestwurz (Petasites hybridus , Syn.: Petasites officinalis )
 Asiatische Pestwurz (Petasites japonicus ): Sie ist in China, Japan, Korea und in Russlands Fernen Osten weitverbreitet. Sie wird als Heilpflanze verwendet. Es gibt zwei Unterarten:
 Petasites japonicus subsp. giganteus  (Syn.: Petasites amplus ): Sie kommt von Sachalin bis Japan und in Korea vor.
 Petasites japonicus subsp. japonicus: Sie kommt in China, Japan, Korea und in Russlands Fernem Osten vor und ist in Europa ein Neophyt.
 Karpaten-Pestwurz (Petasites kablikianus ): Sie kommt in Südost- und Osteuropa sowie in der Türkei vor.
 Alpen-Pestwurz (Petasites paradoxus )
 Duftende Pestwurz (Petasites pyrenaicus , Syn.: P. fragrans ): Sie ist von Natur aus im nördlichen Algerien, Tunesien und Italien (inklusive Sardinien sowie Sizilien) verbreitet. Sie ist in einigen Gebieten der Welt ein Neophyt.
 Petasites radiatus : Sie ist in Russland verbreitet.
 Petasites rubellus : Sie ist in Korea, in der Mongolei, in Russland von Sibirien bis zum Fernen Osten und in den chinesischen Provinzen Jilin sowie Liaoning verbreitet (in China gedeiht sie in Höhenlagen von 1800 bis 2800 Metern).
 Petasites sibiricus : Sie kommt im nördlichen Russland vor.
 Filzige Pestwurz (Petasites spurius ): Sie ist in Mittel-, Nord- und Osteuropa verbreitet.
 Petasites tatewakianus : Sie kommt in der chinesischen Provinz Heilongjiang und in Russlands Fernem Osten und auf Sachalin vor.
 Petasites tricholobus : Sie ist in Indien, Bhutan, Nepal, Vietnam und China verbreitet (in China gedeiht sie in Höhenlagen zwischen 700 und 4300 Metern). Sie wird als Heilpflanze verwendet.
 Petasites versipilus : Sie gedeiht in Höhenlagen von 2700 bis 3800 Metern in den chinesischen Provinzen nordwestliches Yunnan und südwestliches Sichuan vor.

Verwendung
Archäologische Funde im ältesten Salzbergwerk der Welt, dem sogenannten Salzberg bei Hallstatt, haben belegt, dass die Blätter vermutlich einer Pestwurz-Art in der Bronzezeit auch als Toilettenpapier verwendet wurden. Heute noch gibt es in Bayern die volkstümliche Bezeichnung Arschwurz für die Pflanze.

Die in manchen Petasites-Arten enthaltenen Petasine (Sesquiterpenester vom Eremophilan-Typ) sollen spasmolytisch wirken. Die Gewöhnliche Pestwurz (Petasites hybridus) wird wegen ihrer spasmolytisch und antiallergisch wirksamen Inhaltsstoffe arzneilich verwendet.

Zwei relativ großblättrige Petasites-Arten werden in Gebieten mit gemäßigtem Klima als Zierpflanzen verwendet: Die europäische Gewöhnliche Pestwurz (Petasites hybridus) und die asiatische Asiatische Pestwurz (Petasites japonicus). Sie sind gelegentlich Gartenflüchtlinge, verwildern also; beispielsweise sind etablierte Bestände in Michigan vorhanden.

Die Asiatische Pestwurz wird in Japan und Korea als Gemüse zubereitet.
In Japan werden zu Beginn der Frühlingszeit im April Jungpflanzen der Asiatischen Pestwurz gesammelt, die gerade aus dem Erdreich stoßen. Sie werden als Tempura frittiert und verzehrt. Sie sind leicht bitter im Geschmack und heißen auf Japanisch "fuki no tō" ().

Quellen
 Randall J. Bayer, A. Linn Bogle, Donna M. Cherniawsky: Petasites. In: , online. (Abschnitte Beschreibung, Verbreitung, Verwendung und Systematik)

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Senecioneae (Tribus)
Pest


There's an old saying "Look after the pennies and the pounds will look after themselves" [ref - I find it funny that this is attributed to J.Paul Getty when I'm sure it was a common saying in English way earlier than that.] which is still one of the more useful money truisms. There are many ways to save small amounts day-to-day the overall add up to "fine tune" our investment performance, maximise income and minimise expenses.
We've moved our superannuation from the default provider (BT/Westpac) used by our employed into a self-managed superannuation fund. This should save around 1%pa in administration and management fees over the long term, which is quite a lot now that our combined retirement funds are heading towards $400,000. We were a bit unlucky in the timing of the move from the BT account into our SMSF - it was done during a period of considerable market volatility which resulted in our existing investment being cashed out when the market was down in August, and the funds not being invested until a couple of weeks later, by which time the market had recovered most of it's recent decline. I attempted to minimise the risk of reinvesting during a temporary "bounce" by using dollar cost averaging (DCA) over a couple of months, but the market continued to rise during this period and is now declining again - the worst possible trend when using DCA. We should still end up ahead by using a SMSF in the longer term, but this "timing risk" has reduced the benefit. Not all good ideas work out as planned.
On a smaller scale I recently opened a "Dragon Direct" online savings account which I can use to invest surplus funds from our home loan payment account. The idea is that the monthly rent payments from our tenant are often not needed for the mortgage payments for a couple of weeks, so we can earn some extra interest by transferring the "surplus" funds into the online savings account where it will earn around 6% (the normal savings account used to cover mortgage payments only pays around 1% interest). So far it hasn't worked out as well as I'd hoped - I forgot about an interest payment for my portfolio loan that was due to come on the 8th of the month, so the bank charged us a $38 overdraft fee to cover the interest payment out of the normal savings account. Since I had more than this amount sitting in the Direct Savings account at the time it was most annoying (and won't happen again!). This one fee has cost as much as we'll earn in extra interest using the online savings account for two months.
I will be opening up new BankWest kids savings accounts for the boys (DS1 and DS2) in a couple of weeks (as soon as a new BankWest branch opens nearby). These accounts will pay a whopping 10% interest on the kids savings, provided they deposit between $25-$250 each month and make no withdrawal during the month. Both kids already have money sitting in St George "Happy Dragon" savings account which pays a low interest rate, and DS1 has a "Dragon Direct" account earning 6.5% which holds the proceeds from his paper round earnings. So, moving $250 each month into the new BankWest accounts will earn them at least 3% pa more on the money in the BankWest account. After one year this would be $3,000 for each boy, meaning they're earning an extra $90 pa in interest. Of course there will be a few minutes spent filling in paper work to open the accounts, and setting up automatic transfers of funds between accounts each month, but every little bit extra helps.
And, of course, the usual things like brown-bagging lunch to work, buying petrol on the day of the week when it's usually cheapest, doing the shopping on the way home when I stop to collect mail from the post box, rather than making extra trips in the car, and so on.
ps. Looking up the origin of the idiom I found an interesting list of money expressions.
About the bnakwest accounts - read the fine print. Yes, you can accumulate $250/month during the year at 10%, but at 12 months, the entire balance gets transferred to a standard account, earning a pittance of interest. In other words, you can never have a balance of more than $3k in this account.
Sealing even the smallest leakages can certainly make great accumulation. I've never heard the old saying before, but sure am glad I found it in this article.
Reverse Mortgages can be a Wealth Hazard.
How much would I need to retire tomorrow?


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'Anybody can do it'
Participants run, walk and stroll through Morris for anyBODY 5K
By Allison SelkEmail
Allison Selk for Shaw Media
Darin Condon and his daughter-in-law, Victoria Condon, crossed the finish line together at the anyBODY 5k run, walk stroll event hosted by the Grundy County Health Dept. Aug. 5. The run, walk, stroll was hosted by the Grundy County Health Dept. as a way to get the community active as well as raise funds to help the underserved in the Grundy County.
MORRIS – Newlyweds Tanner and Amber Berg crossed the finish line of the anyBODY 5K with smiles from ear to ear. As a new couple, they have decided to take measures to organize and better their lives, and running was one of those steps to a healthier lifestyle.
The Bergs live in the neighborhood near the Aug. 5 event and love to run, but that was not the only reason they attended.
The anyBODY 5K run, walk, stroll was a brain child of the Grundy County Health Department outreach and education coordinator Kelly Hitt and intake coordinator John Moss.
The name say it all – anybody can participate because it was designed for people at all levels.
Hitt said she wants those people who may be restricted in some way from being able to run to come and walk to get outside and exercise as well and be with the community.
The main purpose of the anyBODY 5K is twofold: To create an event where people of all ages and abilities could finish a 5K and raise funds to help the underserved.
"People hear the word 'run' and they are scared. Anybody can do it and some people never get out there and see that some people don't run these races, they plan to walk," Moss said. "We want people to get off of the couch and get out here to show themselves they can do a 5K. If they do this one, maybe they will do another and continue,"
Hitt said the reason they wanted to use the funds in the manner they designed was because many of the state and federal grants have stipulations on who can receive the help, and many times clients do not qualify for the grants, but need assistance.
"We want to use this money to help offset anyone falling through the eligibility requirements of our grants,"
Hitt said.
"I think this is wonderful. We used to be on food stamps ourselves, and now we own our own home and we have good jobs," Amber Berg said.
The event had 18 sponsors and the group had a vision of about 100 people for the inaugural 5K, but a month before, Hitt said only 23 people had registered and she began to panic.
After a strong social media campaign, numbers jumped and steadily increased.
The day of the event, people came in droves to sign up and with 15 minutes before the start, Hitt had to go into the office to make more copies of the registration forms.
"I am so pleasantly overwhelmed and thankful. We want to help clients directly. We have smiles on our faces because apparently the community heard about our goal and with the turnout we had, supported our goal," Hitt said.
Only moments before the 9 a.m. start, Moss informed Hitt that the number was at 170 with a few more to register. The end number was just shy of 180 runners ages 4 years old and older.
Nathan Joerndt opened the ceremony with the national anthem. Temperatures neared 90, with the humidity climbing as well, but that did not deter the runners, walkers and strollers.
Each took off with purpose and meandered the neighborhoods near the Grundy County Administration Building with the Morris Fire Protection District ambulance as the caboose.
Water stations along the way kept participants hydrated in the heat and humidity.
The first runner to cross the finish line was "ultrarunner" Josh Rogowski of Wilmington. Mere steps before he crossed, his daughter, Avery Rogowski, ran to her father and crossed together with a stuffed animal in her arms.
"This was a good run; it was a little warm, but good," Rogowski said.
"I think this run was a great idea, there are a lot of people struggling to find work," he said in response to the funds used to help the underserved.
The first female to cross the finish line was 17-year-old Bridget Landers of Morris. Landers also commented on the intense heat, but she stayed focused in spite of it because she trains and was familiar with the anyBODY 5K route.
Toward the end of the finish line row, volunteers of all ages from Crossbridge Community Church of the Nazarene handed out ice cold bottles of water to the hot and tired runners and also offered fruit.
At 10 a.m. a few of the youngest athletes ran one-half mile under direction of a volunteer.
At 10:30 a.m., awards were given to the top overall male and female finisher as well as the top three males and females in each 10-year age group.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Rabbi Sherwin T. Wine (1928-2007) was the intellectual framer of Humanistic Judaism, founding rabbi of the Society for Humanistic Judaism, and founder of the International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism, as well as a prolific writer, speaker, and public figure. He founded The Birmingham Temple in Farmington Hills, Michigan, and served as its rabbi for more than forty years. To view Rabbi Sherwin Wine's legacy website, click here.
Wine was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1928. He was a graduate of the University of Michigan and the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute for Religion, the rabbinic seminary of the Reform movement.
In 1963, Rabbi Wine left the Reform temple he was serving in Windsor, Ontario, to found the Birmingham Temple in suburban Detroit, the first congregation of Humanistic Judaism. In 1965, Time Magazine quoted Wine as declaring, "I am an atheist." With Rabbi Wine as its leader, the congregation eliminated the name of God from services, creating humanistic rituals focused on humanistic values and people's responsibility for their actions and their world. The article attracted significant attention, leading to the birth of a new denomination within Judaism. The Humanistic Jewish movement has grown from these early beginnings, celebrating its 50th anniversary in 2013.
In 1969, Wine helped establish the Society for Humanistic Judaism to serve as the North American outreach vehicle for the Humanistic Jewish movement. In 1986, he helped to create the International Federation of Secular Humanistic Jews, a worldwide association of national organizations in North America, Israel, Belgium, England, France, Italy, Australia, Mexico, Uruguay, Argentina, and the countries of the former Soviet Union. Rabbi Wine was Dean and Provost of the International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism, the movement's seminary.
Wine was instrumental in organizing the Leadership Conference of Secular and Humanistic Jews, the Center for New Thinking, the North American Committee for Humanism, the Humanist Institute, and the Conference of Liberal Religion.
The American Humanist Association selected him Humanist of the Year for 2003. The Humanist of the Year award was established in 1953 to recognize a person of national or international reputation who, through the application of humanist values, has made a significant contribution to the improvement of the human condition. As Humanist of the Year, Rabbi Wine joined such notables as Stephen Jay Gould, Betty Friedan, Carl Sagan, Richard Dawkins, Barbara Ehrenreich, and Margaret Sanger, among others.
Rabbi Wine is the author of Humanistic Judaism, Judaism Beyond God, Celebration, Staying Sane in a Crazy World and A Provocative People, which was published after his death. In addition, he was a principal contributor to Judaism in a Secular Age: An Anthology of Secular Humanistic Jewish Thought.
Rabbi Wine was killed in an automobile accident in Morocco on July 21, 2007.


text:
AG announces expanded review protocols for use of force by police
The Attorney General will be releasing a new set of protocols this week which will allow the office to review any allegation of excessive use of force by police.
The new protocols "mandates Attorney General review of police use of deadly force, use of force resulting in serious bodily injury, and excessive use of force," according to a release from the AG's office.
The new set of guidelines requires all police departments to report these allegations to the Attorney General, who will lead the review of the incident, and announced criminal charges if appropriate.
"There are instances of misconduct by police that don't rise to the use of deadly force or where there's a death in custody," said Attorney General Peter Nerohna in a press conference Monday. "Typically, those cases would not make it to this office because the alleged conduct there is a misdemeanor."
Nerohna said it's a part of police accountability, and it's the first time since 2007 these protocols have been changed.
"This office has the capacity and the capability to make independent judgments about when police misconducts rise to the level of criminal activity. It's what we do all the time," he said. "An assault today may lead to a more serious act of violence later."
Sid Wordell, Executive Director of the Rhode Island Police Chiefs' Association, called the amended protocols "appropriate," and said talks began even before the death of George Floyd at the hands of Minneapolis Police.
"Our policies regarding reviewing them were not necessarily uniform across every department," Wordell said. "Puts everybody in the same line with each other on how we take care of issues."
Wordell said any procedure involving law enforcement is always under constant review.
"Any time anything happens across the country dealing with law enforcement we take a look at our policies, procedures, and protocols," Wordell said. "And this protocol with the Attorney General certainly brought it back to the light back, to the forefront, I should say."
Nerohna told reporters he would like to see every law enforcement officer in the state wear body cameras, but Wordell said it all comes down to the money.
Wordell said departments would need the funding to purchase and maintain the body cameras.
Nerohna said he would support that funding.
Categories: News, Politics, Regional News, Rhode Island, US & World News
Tags: Attorney General, Peter Neronha, police, police officers, Rhode Island, use of force
Sports betting goes live at Plainridge Park, Massachusetts casinos
Preparing for the Arctic Blast
New Bedford 16-year-old arrested for carrying loaded handgun
Providence police arrest 2 in 'sophisticated' drug operation


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All members audition annually to determine the appropriate placement in one of the TYWO ensembles, with the exception of musicians interested in the Concert Winds program. Auditions are conducted in September each year. New members may be admitted during the season where openings exist, subject to a successful audition.
Placement is by audition, not by age nor number of years of experience.
The audition requirements that have been specified for each ensemble reflect the minimum level of achievement expected of those auditioning. In other words, the ability to play these pieces is not a guarantee of admission to the ensemble.
All musicians who audition will be offered a place in an ensemble, even if not the one for which the musician is auditioning.
Audition time is limited – not all material will necessarily be played.
Placements within the ensemble are decided by the adjudicators following the auditions, though they may be changed by the conductor once the season begins.
Conductors may hold additional auditions throughout the year to fill vacant positions.
Auditions may be a stressful experience for some players (and for their parents!). They are, however, a fact of life in musical performance. The audition experience is an integral part of the training and a process that helps our conductors and coaches to select the most appropriate repertoire for their ensembles. Each audition is no longer than five minutes in length, and we go out of our way to help make the experience as positive and stress-free as possible!
Auditions for the 2017-2018 are now closed, however informal auditions are held throughout the year to fill vacant positions. For more information, please contact us at backstage@tywo.ca.


Hello Everyone. I have decided to enter the Transformation Contest. So, I'll also keep a progress log here as well. I will be using the basic Turbulence Training program and try to stay active on other days as well.
1. Permanent Change. Develop a LIFESTYLE where I can keep my weight and fitness in my goal range for the rest of my life.
2. Lose 24 pounds of fat in 12 weeks. Bring my Body Fat as close to 12% as possible.
3. Clearly see my abs on December 9th.
That's about it I guess. Looking forward to getting to know some of you and seeing alot of great success stories for all of us!
I really love these workouts because they go so quick from one thing to another and before you know it, you're done! I've never worked my legs and glutes like this before. I'm really looking forward to seeing how this improves things for me.
Guess I should post my before pic... should help motivate me to have it "out there."
Last edited by chippkrumm : 09-16-2013 at 03:21 PM.
Welcome! Great goals!! Looking forward to following your transformation.
Really great to hear, welcome to the Transformation Contest!
Great to hear you've joined the transformation contest. Looking forward to see your transformation..
Welcome on board! I look forward to reading about your journey.
Welcome! There are really great people here to encourage you and keep you motivated along the way of your journey. You have taken the hardest step, congratulations!
Thanks for the WELCOME and well wishes! Great to know you all are "out there."
So... Tuesday I went to the gym and did a short spurt on the Eliptical Machine. Just 30 minutes rockin' to some tunes... no long slow boring cardio for me anymore - haha!
Wednesday I did TT Workout B (intermediate) and loved it. Great stuff... still loving how much fun the workouts are.
Today I took a spinning class. I'd never done that before and made the mistake of telling the instructor that I always thought "spinning" sounded kinda "girly" to me. Well... she kicked my a**!! Lesson learned.
One observation I have so far with TT. I can do all the exercises without fear of injury... and there are plenty of options to do something different if I feel pain in one of my trouble areas. I really appreciate the instruction on form and the attention to keep things from being too high impact. The workouts are hard and thorough... but I don't fear injury. Love that!
I have battled fitness related injuries most of my adult life. Had a few arthroscopes on my knees when I was in College. And most times I get involved in a workout program or start running for fitness, something eventually goes wrong. Over the last five or six years I've had stress fractures, tendonitis in the elbows, shoulder issues, back issues, and plenty of minor injuries to discourage me just enough to start the downward spiral. But now I really feel like I'm on track for success.
Great progress so far, just checking in on you. I know how things start pilling up and you try to catch your breath before you get back to the post. Just know we are here for you and will keep checking in to make sure you are moving forward.


text:
Petition calls on Hackney to tackle dangerous towpath
by Radu Istrate/ October 8, 2014/ Environment, Hackney, News, Transport/ No Comments/
The Regent's Canal tow-path has become dangerous due to heavy cycling traffic. Pic: David Judge
Campaigners are asking the council to tackle the danger of aggressive cycling on the Regent's Canal towpath.
Susan Laker, 26, accountant, said: "I haven't used that path in a very long time because I'd rather make a detour than get squashed by cyclists."
An anonymous petition, currently circulating online, calls on Hackney and Islington councils to improve the junction, on the boundary of the boroughs, where Eagle Wharf Road and Poole Street intersect with New North Road.
The road junction is considered dangerous and commuting cyclists flock onto the canal tow-path at peak hours with knock-on effects for pedestrians on the path.
Christian Wolmar, prospective Labour mayoral candidate and a transport expert in London, said: "The canal is becoming too crowded to have very many cyclists and it is a problem. A safe alternative route would be ideal. Prioritising the cyclists rather than the cars would make complete sense in that particular junction. Unfortunately, if this does not happen, there are very few alternatives. Cycling on the Commercial Road is not ideal for anybody."
Modifications to the narrow tow-paths on the canal have been issued in the past in order to slow down speeding cyclists. In 2011, British Waterways installed speed bumps after pedestrians complained that they were being driven away from the tow-path by commuter cyclists bearing down on them at speed, particularly during peak hours.
However, the measures have been branded as "virtually useless" by campaigners and had the unintended consequence of becoming major obstacles for disabled people on wheelchairs or on mobility scooters. Therefore, the campaigners want to make the junction safer to lure cyclists off the canal tow-path.
Frank Myers, 42, a construction worker who uses the tow-path on his commute to work, said: "I always get off my bike when I'm around here, because I feel that cyclists should give way to pedestrians at all times. It's not a common practice among fellow commuters, so I definitely support this petition."
To view the petition, go here
Hackney Food Festival promises global treats
Government threatens legal action against Hackney Council's publication
by Ellie Fry/
Man stabbed to death on Homerton Highstreet
by Tomas Jivanda/
Hackney Planning Watch meeting boycotted over long-standing tensions on planning rights in community
by Alexandra Rogers/


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text:
\section{Introduction}

The concept of an acoustic analogy was introduced by Lighthill \cite{1}.
This idea offered him the possibility to derive important results on the
generation of aerodynamic noise without relying on expansions or perturbation
schemes. This is especially important, as the acoustic energy generated by an
unsteady flow field represents usually only a minute part of the energy flux
occurring in the flow and errors which are small compared to the flow
quantities may be very large if one compares them with the sound quantities.
The conditions under which perturbation schemes based on small sound
level or on small flow Mach number may be used, have been clarified in later
researches \cite{1a,2a,3a}, although there still remain open questions.

Lighthill derived without any approximations an exactly valid equation, which
admits an acoustic interpretation. He showed that every compressible flow
fulfills an inhomogeneous wave equation with a quadrupole type source
distribution. As the inhomogeneous wave equation describes the generation and
propagation of sound in an ideal acoustic medium at rest, he had related
aerodynamic noise to sound waves in the ideal acoustic medium. This relation
is exactly true, but it relates the effects of convection and refraction by a
steady basic flow to a source distribution in an acoustic medium without flow
and this is difficult to visualize. One is therefore inclined to look for a
relation to an ideal acoustic medium in motion.

Here we will identify the operator which describes the propagation of sound in
irrotational, isentropic flow and we will base the analogy on that operator.
This of course does not mean, that vortices or entropy inhomogeneities are
excluded. It is very similar to the situation found in Lighthill's analogy.
There, flows were exluded from the medium and they occurred as sources. Here,
vortices and entropy inhomogeneities are excluded and they occur as sources.
The equation is therefore very well suited to study the sound radiation from
vortices which are convected in an irrotational flow. The acoustic variable
which we use is the stagnation enthalpy. This variable has been used with
aeroacoustic applications in mind before \cite{5a,5b}. The equations
considered before differ however from that derived here, but compare
\cite{6a}. The operator which replaces the wave operator here is a
self-adjoint one, even if the flow field is completely arbitrary. It is not
necessary that it is irrotational or that it fulfills the basic eqations of
fluid dynamics. The self-adjointness leads to a reciprocity principle which is
valid for an exchange of source and observer. It also implies the existence of
a variational principle from which the basic equation of the analogy can be
derived. This principle is the simplest generalization of the variational
principle for the wave equation, partial derivatives with respect to time are
replaced by material derivatives, which seems natural if one requires
Galilei-invariance. From the variational principle one can then conclude the
validity of an energy theorem. The main drawback is of course the lack of a
simple explicit expression for the Green's function. Notice however, that for
certain important situations a Green's function to first order has been
determined in \cite{10a}. An alternative would of course be a numerical
solution. To check its feasibility, a general purpose PDE-solver for a PC has
been applied to calculate the sound generated by a two-dimensional vortex
convected along a circular cylinder.

\section{The acoustic analogy}
\subsection{Preliminaries}
Lighthill based his theory of aerodynamic sound generation on an eqaution,
which he obtained by cross-differentiation from the Euler equations and from
the continuity equation
\begin{eqnarray*}
\abl{{\bf \rho v}}t + \nabla\cdot \rho {\bf v\, v} + \nabla p & = & 0 \\
\abl{\rho}t + \nabla \cdot \rho {\bf v} & = 0,
\end{eqnarray*}
namely
\begin{equation}
\Delta p -\frac1{a^2} \frac{\partial^2 p}{\partial t^2} +
\nabla\cdot\nabla\cdot \rho  {\bf v\; v} = 0.  \label{gl1}
\end{equation}
Here $\rho$ denotes the density, $p$ the pressure, $a$ the speed of sound, and
${\bf v}$ the particle velocity. This equation is valid for isentropic flow if
losses and temporal variations of the speed of sound can be ignored. Temporal
averages can be subtracted, therefore one may assume that only fluctuating
quantities are contained in eq.(\ref{gl1}). No linearization has been
performed in the derivation. Therefore eq.(\ref{gl1}) is valid under very
general conditions. Often, especially for low Mach number flows, one neglects
the acoustic contributions in the double divergence in eq.(\ref{gl1}) and
considers this term as a known source term for the sound generation. Then one
describes the sound field as a wave obeying the wave equation, i.e. as a sound
field propagating in a non-moving medium. Convection and refraction effects
are then neglected. Eq.(\ref{gl1}) is however generally true and these effects
are in principle contained in eq.(\ref{gl1}). Attempts to extract them have
been made by separating the velocity into a mean and fluctuating part and
thereby  to obtain these effects. Although it should be possible to describe
mean flow effects in this way, it has been felt that a more apropriate
description should be obtained through a modification of eq.(\ref{gl1}).
Instead of the wave operator, a "convected wave operator" which describes the
propagation of sound in a moving medium seems more apropriate. One then
rewrites all fluid quantities as a superposition
\[ {\bf v} \rightarrow {\bf v}_0 + {\bf v}, p \rightarrow p_0 + p, \dots \]
of "nonacoustic" and "acoustic" variables and rewrites the basic equations
in terms of these variables. If one neglects contributions which are nonlinear
in the non-subscribed variables, one obtains the acoustic equations. It is
well known, that one can derive from this system one "convected wave equation"
for unidirectional (in $x$-direction) shear flow or for potential flows,
namely
\[
{\cal L}_{\rm shear}\, p = \frac{1}{a_0^2} \subabl{} \nabla \cdot a_0^2\nabla p
- \frac{1}{a_0^2}\frac{D^3 p}{D\,t^3} -
2 (\nabla u_0) \cdot\nabla \,\abl{p}{x}  =0 \quad {\rm with} \quad
\frac{D}{D\, t}=\frac{\partial}{\partial t} + {\bf v} \cdot \nabla
\]
for unidirectional and with an acoustic potential $\phi$
\[
{\cal L}_{\rm pot}\, \phi =
\nabla\cdot (\rho_0 \nabla \phi - \frac{\rho_0}{a_0^2}\subabl{\phi}{\bf v}_0)
- \abl{\,}{t}\frac{\rho_0}{a_0^2} \subabl{\phi} = 0\]
for irrotational flows. For aerodynamic noise one should not neglect the
nonlinear terms. It is however possible, very similar to Lighthill's approach,
to collect the linear and nonlinear terms and to derive an inhomogeneous wave
equation. It is even possible -- and it has been done e.~g. by Tam and Auriault
\cite{LiTa} -- to follow this approach in the full continuity and Euler
equations and derive an inhomogeneous linear system of equations. Then one
could use for ${\bf v}_0$, $p_0$, etc. the temporal mean values. The equations
which are obtained by this method are much more complicated than the wave
equation and are usually solvable only numerically. Furthermore they are
rather different from the equations usually studied in mathematical physics
and little is known about existence and uniqueness of solutions. It is however
known, that the linear parts of the equations agree with the stability
equations and as many flows are unstable, one has to expect, that the
equations will be unstable. Of course, exponentially growing solutions are
physically excluded -- at least for longer times -- and therefore they do not
occur in the correct solutions. Small errors will however produce these
instabilities and provisions have to be made to limit their growth. How these
provisions influence the sound obtained from these calculations is difficult
to assess.

Here we follow a different strategy which is related to the propagation of
sound waves in potential flows, but differs from the above described method
significantly. We do not separate the velocity into an irrotational part and a
remainder but follow a path used by Howe \cite{5a}. He observed that
Bernoulli's equation states that the stagnation enthalpy differs from the
potential only by a sign and by a time derivative. For irrotational sound
waves one could therefore use the stagnation enthalpy instead of the
potential. The stagnation enthalpy is however defined also for rotational
flows and could be used as a variable of an acoustic analogy for arbitrary
flows. This is what we will do. We will derive a convected wave equation for
the stagnation enthalpy. We will discuss its main properties and show that it
possesses many of the formal properties of the ordinary wave operator. An
important example is an energy conservation theorem with an energy density
which is positive for subsonic flows. This excludes instabilities, the
influence of small errors remains small. The provisions which are necessary in
many other analogies to limit the troublesome growth of instabilities are not
necessary here.

\subsection{Basic Relations}
To obtain the equations
for the acoustic analogy including convection effects, one starts from the
Euler equation for compressible flow. Crocco's form of these equations reads
\begin{equation} \frac{\partial {\bf v}}{\partial t} + \nabla B = -{\bf L},
\qquad {\bf L} = {\mmitb \omega} \times {\bf v} - T \nabla s, \quad
{\mmitb \omega} = \curl {\bf v}.\label{a1}
\end{equation}
$B$ denotes the total
enthalpy $B=h+\frac 12 {\bf v}^2$ with the enthalpy $h$ and the velocity
${\bf v}$. $T$ is the temperature und $s$ the entropy. From the energy theorem
one finds for the total enthalpy
\begin{equation} \frac{D\, B}{D\, t} = \frac1{\rho}
\frac{\partial p}{\partial t}\label{a2}
\end{equation}
If one writes $ d \rho = a^{-2} d\,p + \rho_sd\,s $ where  $\rho_s$ denotes
the derivative of the density with respect to the entropy, one gets from the
continuity equation
\begin{equation} \frac{\rho}{a^2}\Bigl(\frac{D\, B}{D\, t}\Bigr) +
\dvg {\bf w} = - \rho_s \frac{\partial s}{\partial t}=q_s,  \label{a3}
\end{equation}
where ${\bf w}$ denotes the mass flux. If one multiplies
Crocco's vortex theorem (\ref{a1}) with the density $\rho$ one obtains for the
mass flux ${\bf w}$ the equation
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial {\bf w}}{\partial t} -
\frac{\rho {\bf v}}{a^2} \frac{D\, B}{D\, t} + \rho \nabla B =
-\rho {\bf L} + q_s {\bf v} = {\bf K}.        \label{a4}
\end{equation}
It is easy to eliminate the mass flux ${\bf w}$ from these equations. One then
obtains an equation, which is linear in $B$
\begin{equation} {\cal L}\,B =
\nabla \cdot (\rho \nabla B - \frac{\rho {\bf v}}{a^2} \frac{D\, B}{D\, t}) -
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \frac{\rho}{a^2}\frac{D\, B}{D\, t} = -\dvg \rho
{\bf L}+\frac {\partial q_s}{\partial t} + \dvg q_s{\bf v} = q_{tot}.
\label{a5}
\end{equation}
The operator ${\cal L}$ obtained here agrees completetely with the operator
${\cal L}_{\rm pot}$ given in the previous section for the propagation of
irrotational sound waves. If one inserts the sources from the equations
(\ref{a3}) und (\ref{a4}), one finds
\begin{equation} q_{tot} =
\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\rho_s \frac{\partial}{\partial t}+ \dvg
\rho_s {\bf v} \frac{\partial}{\partial t} + \dvg \rho T \nabla \right)s +
\dvg \rho {\bf v}\times \omega.         \label{aq}
\end{equation}
The sources are linear expressions in the vorticity vector and the entropy. In
this analogy one may think of the sound as being generated from vorticity and
entropy inhomogeneities.

With acoustical applications in mind, the total enthalpy was first used by Howe
\cite{5a} and recently proposed also by Doak \cite{5b}. A comparison with
their equations shows, that the equation for $B$ is not uniquely determined.
Howe's convected wave operator is
\[ {\cal L}_{\rm Howe}\, B = \Delta B -\frac1{a^2}\subabl{{\bf v}}\cdot\nabla B
-\subabl{\;}\frac1{a^2}\subabl{B} \]
and Doak's
\[{\cal L}_{\rm Doak}\, B = \Delta B -\frac1{a^2}
\Bigg[\frac{\partial^2 B}{\partial t^2} + \Bigg(2{\bf v}\abl{\;}{t} +
{\mmitb \omega} \times {\bf v} +T\nabla s - 2 \nabla h\Bigg)\nabla B +
{\bf v}{\bf v}\cdot\nabla\cdot\nabla B\Bigg].  \]
The right hand sides of these equations differ from the right hand side
of eq.(\ref{a5}). We will restrict ourselves to eq. (\ref{a5}). Notice however
that the principle parts -- i.e. those terms which contain second derivatives
of $B$ -- of the three convected wave operators agree. This means that they
agree in the high frequency limit of geometric acoustics and agree with the
well known geometric acoustic theory.

A certain simplification of eq. (\ref{a5})  is possible if one requires
that $\rho$ and ${\bf v}$ fulfill the continuity equation. One then gets
\begin{equation}
{\cal L}\,B =\nabla \cdot (\rho \nabla B )
- \rho \frac{D}{D t} \frac{1}{a^2}\frac{D\, B}{D\, t}.
\label{a5a}\end{equation}

The equation (\ref{a5}) or (\ref{a5a}) is a generalization of the wave
equation. It reduces to the wave equation if one assumes in (\ref{a5}) ${\bf
v} =0$  and if one assumes further, that $\rho$ and $a^2$ are constant. The
equation agrees then with Lighthill's equation in the form of Powell
\cite{4a}. It seems to be a rather complicated equation. Considering a
variational principle we will however see, that equation (\ref{a5},\ref{a5a})
is actually the simplest equation which contains a flow velocity.
A simplification of the source is possible for an ideal gas. For an
ideal gas  $\rho$ is the product of two functions which depend only on $p$
and on $s$. Then one has $\rho_s = \rho f(s)$ with some function $f(s)$ and
one obtains for the sources of eq. (\ref{a5})
\[q_{tot}=-\dvg \rho {\bf L}+\rho \frac{D}{Dt}f(s)\frac{\partial s}{\partial t}
= - \dvg \rho {\bf L}-
\rho \frac{\partial {\bf v}}{\partial t}\cdot f(s) \nabla s
\]
if one makes use of the entropy conservation law.

The equation (\ref{a3}) and (\ref{a4}) rsp. (\ref{a5}) are now considered as
the basic equations of the acoustic analogy. They agree formally with the
linearized equations which describe small perturbations of a steady potential
flow. The zeroth order equations are then given by $B_0=0$ (because of the
Bernoulli equation) and $\dvg {\bf w}_0 =0$, i.e. the zeroth order versions of
the eqs. (\ref{a3}) and (\ref{a4}). The first order eqs. of (\ref{a3}) and
(\ref{a4}) are then obtained, if the fields $\rho$, $a$, and ${\bf v}$ are
replaced by their zero order values. Notice that $\rho {\bf v}$ in eq.
(\ref{a4}) then becomes $\rho_0 {\bf v}_0$ and it differs from ${\bf w}$ which
becomes ${\bf w}_1$. In that sense the left hand side of the eqs. (\ref{a3})
and (\ref{a4}) rsp. (\ref{a5}) are considered as equations which describe
sound propagation in potential flows. This is very similar to Lighthill's
interpretation of the wave equation as an equation which describes sound
propagation in a medium at rest. This interpretation is valid only if $\rho$,
$a$, and ${\bf v}$ are steady fields which fulfill the equations for
compressible irrotational flow. We will however not require this, as ${\cal
L}$ is also well defined without this assumption and there are
no advantages in assuming it. The eqs. (\ref{a3}) and (\ref{a4}) rsp.
(\ref{a5}) are exactly valid identities. They are considered in the following
as a system of linear partial differential equations for the variables $B$ and
${\bf w}$. This implies also that the right hand sides of the equations
(\ref{a3}) and (\ref{a4}) rsp. (\ref{a5}) are considered as the sources of the
sound. They are related to vortices and entropy inhomogeneities. This seems
reasonable if one wants to study the generation and propagation of sound in a
potential flow. Then the flow consists of a superposition of an irrotational
steady part and an unsteady part. Often one will superpose these two
contributions linearly. We will not require that. For the steady flow one has
a constant value of the total enthalpy  $B$. One may then assume $B$ to be
zero. $B$ is then solely related to the unsteady part and is small if this
part is small. In irrotational flow there is a potential $\Phi$. This obeys
the Bernoulli equation
\begin{equation}
\Phi_t + B = 0 \label{a6}
\end{equation}
$B$  then differs in regions where the flow is irrotational from the temporal
derivative of the potential only by its sign, it is however -- contrary to the
acoustic potential defined everywhere.

This equation (\ref{a5}) was originally derived in \cite{6a}.  Let us now
derive its main properties. The first important point is
that ${\cal L}$ is formally self-adjoint. This follows from the
fact that one has for arbitrary functions $B$ and $\tilde B$ the identity
\begin{equation}
\tilde B {\cal L} B - B {\cal L} \tilde B =
\frac{\partial l_0}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial l_i}{\partial x^i}
\label{b0} \end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
l_0=-\frac{\rho}{a^2}\Bigl(\tilde B \frac{D\, B}{D\, t} -
B \frac{D\, \tilde B}{D\, t} \Bigr),\quad
l_i=\rho \Bigl(\tilde B \frac{\partial B}{\partial x^i} -
B \frac{\partial \tilde B}{\partial x^i} \Bigr)+l_0 v_i . \label{b01}
\end{equation}
This equation is easy to check. It implies also that one has for a scalar
product $(f,g)$ defined by $(f,g)=\int f\, g \, d^3xdt$ the relation
\begin{equation}
(\tilde B,{\cal L}B) = (B,{\cal L}\tilde B) \label{a7}
\end{equation}
if $B$ and $\tilde B$ vanish on the boundary of the integration region or
decay sufficiently rapidly at infinity.
\subsection{Reciprocity}
One may derive from the symmetry in eq. (\ref{a7}) a reciprocity relation. To
be specific let $G({\bf x},t,{\bf y},t')$ be the Green's function associated
with ${\cal L}$, i.e.
\begin{equation}
{\cal L} G({\bf x},t,{\bf y},t') =-\delta({\bf x}-{\bf y})\, \delta(t-t'),
\quad {\rm with} \quad G({\bf x},t,{\bf y},t') =0 {\quad} {\rm for} \quad
t<t', \label{b1}
\end{equation}
where we have assumed that $G$ is causal, i.e. it vanishes for all times
before the source is switched on, which occurs at $t=t'$. There exists also an
advanced Green's function $G_{\rm adv}$ with
\begin{equation}
{\cal L} G_{\rm adv}({\bf x},t,{\bf y},t') =-\delta({\bf x}-{\bf y})\,
\delta(t-t'), \quad {\rm with} \quad G_{\rm adv}({\bf x},t,{\bf y},t') =0
{\quad} {\rm for} \quad
t>t'. \label{b2}
\end{equation}
It is easy to see that eq. (\ref{a5}) is invariant with respect to time
reversal $t \rightarrow -t$ if at the same time the sign of the velocity is
reversed. Therefore time reversal transforms a Green's function into a Green's
function. As the time reversal interchanges the inequalities $t>t'$and $t>t'$
one has
\begin{equation}
G({\bf x},-t,{\bf y},-t';-{\bf v}({\bf x},-t)) =
G_{\rm adv}({\bf x},t,{\bf y},t';{\bf v}({\bf x},t)) \label{b3}
\end{equation}
where we have added for clarity the function ${\bf v}({\bf x},t)$ to the list
of arguments of the Green's function. In addition the functions $\rho({\bf
x},t)$ and $a({\bf x},t)$ have to be replaced by $\rho({\bf x},-t)$
and $a({\bf x},-t)$.

One may now apply eq.(\ref{a7}) with
\[ B =G({\bf x},t,{\bf y},t') \quad {\rm and} \quad
 \tilde B =G_{\rm adv}({\bf x},t,{\bf z},t'') \]
and one obtains
\begin{equation}
( G_{\rm adv}({\bf x},t,{\bf z},t''), {\cal L}  G({\bf x},t,{\bf y},t'))
=( {\cal L} G_{\rm adv}({\bf x},t,{\bf z},t''),G({\bf x},t,{\bf y},t'))
\label{b4}\end{equation}
Let us indicate briefly that there are no contributions from the right hand
side of eq. (\ref{b0}). If the integration in eq. (\ref{b4}) is performed over
a large cylinder in the ${\bf x}$,$t$-space which extends over a large sphere
in ${\bf x}$-space and over all $t$ with $T_0<t<T_1$, one has surface
contributions which are to be evaluated over the large sphere at $t=T_0$ and
at $t=T_1$ and over the surface of the large sphere in ${\bf x}$-space for all
$t$ with $T_0<t<T_1$. If $T_0$ is before $t'$ and $t''$ and $T_1$ after $t'$
and $t''$ there are no contributions from the space integrals at $t=T_0$ and
at $t=T_1$, as at least one factor vanishes in $l_0$ and in the $l_i$, namely
the factors containing $G_{\rm adv}$ at $t=T_1$ and those containing $G$ at
$t=T_0$. There is also no contribution from the large surface in ${\bf
x}$-space if it is selected so large that no signal which was generated at
$t=t'$ and at ${\bf x}={\bf y}$ has reached this surface. Therefore eq.
(\ref{b4}) is true, and one can evaluate the scalar products with the
$\delta$-functions in the eqs. (\ref{b1}) and (\ref{b2}) easily, and one
obtains the equation
\begin{equation}
 -G_{\rm adv}({\bf y},t',{\bf z},t'') =-G({\bf z},t'',{\bf y},t')
\label{b5}\end{equation}
which can with eq. (\ref{b3}) be rewritten as
\[
G({\bf y},-t',{\bf z},-t'';-{\bf v}({\bf y},-t)) =
G({\bf z},t'',{\bf y},t';{\bf v}({\bf z},t)).\]
This is the reciprocity principle with reversed flow.
\subsection{Variational Principle and Energy Conservation}
From the self-adjointness
on can conclude the existence of a variational principle from which  eq.
(\ref{a5}) can be derived. One has

\begin{equation}
\delta L = 0 \quad {\rm mit} \quad L=\frac 12 (B,{\cal L} B) -(B,q_{tot})
\label{a8} \end{equation}
as
\begin{equation}
\delta L =\frac 12 (\delta B,{\cal L} B) + \frac 12 (B,{\cal L} \delta B )
-(\delta B,q_{tot})= (\delta B,{\cal L} B -q_{tot}).
\label{a9} \end{equation}

The Lagrangian from (\ref{a8}) can be simplified somewhat, if the second
derivatives in ${\cal L}$ are eliminated with integration by parts. One finds
then
\begin{equation}
L=\int\int \Bigl[\frac{\rho}{2a ^2} \bigl(\frac{D\, B}{D\, t}\bigr)^2
-\frac {\rho}2(\nabla B)^2- q_{tot} B \Bigr]
d^3x\,dt.
\label{a10a}\end{equation}

It seems very remarkable that this variational principle seems to be the
simplest possible extension of the well known principle for the wave equation
which is invariant with respect to Galilei-transformations. The Lagrangian in
eq. (\ref{a8}) differs from the Lagrangian of the wave equation only by the
fact, that partial derivatives with respect to time are replaced by material
derivatives formed with the velocity field ${\bf v}$.

Now it is possible to obtain from a variational principle an energy theorem,
rsp. an energy conservation law, if the Lagrangian density does not depend
explicitly from the time. If $l$ denotes the  Lagrangian density from eq.
 (\ref{a10a}), i.e.
\begin{equation}
l=\frac{\rho}{2a ^2} \bigl(\frac{D\, B}{D\, t}\bigr)^2
-\frac {\rho}2(\nabla B)^2 - q_{tot} B,
\label{a10}\end{equation}
one has for the energy theorem
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\Bigl(\dot B\frac{\partial l}{\partial \dot B} -l
\Bigr)
+\frac{\partial}{\partial x^i} \dot B\frac{\partial l}{\partial B_{x^i}}
= \frac{\partial l}{\partial t}
\label{a11} \end{equation}
where the time derivative on the right hand side acts only on the explicit
time dependance in $l$, i.e. here in $\rho$, $a$, ${\bf v}$ and $q_{tot}$.
The variable $B$ and its derivatives are to be kept constant. The time
derivative on the left hand side of eq.(\ref{a11}) acts also on the implicit
dependance in $B$ and its derivatives $\dot B$ und $B_{x^i}$. Only the spatial
coordinates $x^i$ are to be kept constant. An energy conservation law is
obtained from (\ref{a11}) if the Lagrangian density does not contain the time
explicitly. In general one obtains for the energy flux
${\displaystyle U_i= \dot B\frac{\partial l}{\partial B_{x^i}}}$
and the energy density
${\displaystyle e= \dot B\frac{\partial l}{\partial \dot B} -l}$
the explicit expressions
\begin{equation}
{\bf U} = \rho \dot B \Bigl(\frac1{a ^2} \frac{D\, B}{D\, t} {\bf v}
- \nabla B \Bigr)
\label{a12} \end{equation}
and
\[
e = \frac{\rho}{a^2}\dot B \frac{D\, B}{D\, t}
-\frac{\rho}{2a ^2} \bigl(\frac{D\, B}{D\, t}\bigr)^2
+\frac {\rho}2(\nabla B)^2 =  \frac{\rho}{a^2} {\dot B}^2
+\frac {\rho}2(\nabla B)^2 -
\frac{\rho}{2a^2}\Bigl({\bf v} \cdot \nabla B \Bigr)^2
\]
which shows that the energy density $e$ is positive for subsonic ${\bf v}$.
The energy theorem is then of the form
\begin{displaymath}
{\partial e \over \partial t} + \dvg {\bf U} =q_{\rm En}
\end{displaymath}
with an energy density $e$ and an energy source densitye $q_{\rm En}$.
A useful relation is obtained if one integrates this equation over the time
for finite time events or if one averages this equation for the case of steady
phenomena. If one denotes the resulting quantities by an overbar, one obtains
\begin{equation}
\dvg {\bar{\bf U}} ={\bar q_{\rm En}}.
\end{equation}

Another important conclusion can be drawn from the energy theorem if one
applies it to the solution of an initial value problem with vanishing right
hand side $q_{tot}$. If one assumes that the solution vanishes for large
$|{\bf x}|$, one obtains
\[ \abl{\;}{t}\int e\, d^3\, x \; = 0,\]
i.e. the toatal energy in the sound field remains constant. As it is a sum of
positive contributions, none of these -- e.g. $\dot{B}$ -- can grow
exponentially in time, i.e. instabilities cannot occur.

The physical meaning of this energy flux becomes clearer if one considers an
irrotational isentropic region. There on may write (\ref{a12}) with the eqs.
(\ref{a2}) and (\ref{a6}) as
\begin{equation}
{\bf U} =  \dot B \Bigl(\frac 1{a ^2} \dot p {\bf v}+ \rho \nabla \Phi_t \Bigr).
\label{a13}\end{equation}
One may compare this energy flux with the flux from the  Blokhintzev energy
theorem which is valid for the propagation of irrotational sound waves in an
irrotational mean flow in linear approximation. One has neglected quantities
which are quadratically in the acoustical quantities. Notice that no
linearization has been assumed in the derivation of the energy theorem
(\ref{a10},\ref{a11}). It is insofar an exact identity, only dissipative
effects have been ignored. If one denotes in the Blokhintzev energy flux with
${\bf U}_{\rm Bl}$, the density, the speed of sound and the velocity of the
irrotational mean flow with $\rho_0$, $a_0$ and ${\bf v_0}$ and with $p'$ and
${\bf \phi'}$ the acoustic pressure and the acoustic potential, one can write
\begin{equation}
{\bf U}_{\rm Bl} = (\frac 1{\rho_0} p' + {\bf v_0} \cdot \nabla \phi')
(\frac 1{a_0^2} p'{\bf v_0} + \rho_0\nabla \phi').
\label{a13a}\end{equation}
A comparison of eq. (\ref{a13a}) with eq. (\ref{a13}) shows, that both energy
fluxes are products of two factors, where the factors of eq. (\ref{a13}) are
just the time derivatives of the factors of the Blokhintzev energy flux
(\ref{a13a}). If one thinks of the sound field as a superposition of temporal
Fourier modes, one finds that the average energy flux consists of a
superposition from fluxes of the modes. In the energy flux of eq. (\ref{a12})
all contributions contain an additional factor $\omega^2$ if $\omega$ denotes
the angular frequency of the Fourier modes.
\subsection{Solutions}
As a first application one may consider the case of constant values of the
velocity ${\bf v}$, density $\rho$ and speed of sound $a$. Then vorticity and
entropy inhomogeneities are convected with the velocity ${\bf v}$. These
inhomogeneities and also the total enthalpy $B$ are then functions of
${\bf x} - {\bf v} t$ only, i.e. $B= B(${\bf x} - {\bf v} t$)$,
$s= F_s(${\bf x} - {\bf v} t$)$
and $\omega = {\bf F}_{\omega}(${\bf x} - {\bf v} t$)$.
Then eq. (\ref{a5}) leads to
\begin{displaymath}
\rho \Delta B = q_{tot}, \qquad
q_{tot} =
\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho_s \frac{\partial}{\partial t}+
 \dvg \rho_s {\bf v} \frac{\partial}{\partial t})
 + \dvg \rho T \nabla \right)F_s + \dvg \rho {\bf v}\times F_{\omega}.
\end{displaymath}
One may then introduce $B_{\omega}$ and $B_s$ by
\begin{displaymath}
\rho \Delta B_{\omega} = F_{\omega} \quad {\rm und} \quad
\rho \Delta B_s = F_s
\end{displaymath}
and one obtains
\begin{equation}
B=
\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho_s \frac{\partial}{\partial t}+
 \dvg \rho_s {\bf v} \frac{\partial}{\partial t})
 + \dvg \rho T \nabla \right)B_s + \dvg \rho {\bf v}\times B_{\omega}.
\label{a13b}\end{equation}
This shows -- as one might have expected -- that passively convected entropy
and vorticity inhomogeneities do not radiate sound. In the general case these
quantities will not be passively convected and one needs for its determination
extra equations. For the entropy one may use the equation of entropy
conservation
\begin{displaymath}
\frac{D\,s}{D\, t} =0
\end{displaymath}
and for the vorticity the Beltrami vortex theorem
\begin{displaymath}
\frac{D}{D\, t} {\omega \over \rho} = {\omega \over \rho} \cdot \nabla
{\bf v}.
\end{displaymath}
Here we consider especially the two-dimensional case. Then the right hand side
of the Beltrami vortex theorem, which is related to the stretching of vortex
lines, vanishes.

In addition to the differential equations one needs boundary conditions. If
one is interested in cases where the vorticity vanishes at solid walls in the
flow region, one may use the relation (\ref{a6}) between total enthalpy $B$
and potential $\Phi$ and one finds that the normal component of the velocity
vanishes at a fixed surface if the normal derivative of $B$ vanishes there.
With eq. (\ref{a12}) one notices that the normal component of the energy flux
(\ref{a12}) vanishes at rigid walls if the normal component of the velocity
${\bf v}$ vanishes there. One would expect this of course.

In addition one needs conditions of no-reflexion at the boundary of the
computation region. We will here assume the simplest quasi-onedimensional
condition and require there
\begin{displaymath}
\frac{\partial B}{\partial t} = -({\bf v} + {\bf n} a)\cdot \nabla B,
\end{displaymath}
where ${\bf n}$ denotes the outer normal of the computation region.

As a numerical example, we consider a localized vortex of radius 1 and of
vanishing total vorticity which is convected in a flow around a circular
cylinder of radius $1/2$ and situated at $x=0$ and $y=0$. The initial azimuthal
velocity $w$ around the center of the vortex, which is situated initially at
$x_0=-3$, $y_0=0.5$, is assumed to be
\[ w=(1-4r^2)(1-r^2)^2, \]
$r$ denotes the distance from the vortex center. For the velocity, we assume
an incompressible potential flow of velocity 1 in $x$-direction at $x=-\infty$.
The density is chosen as 1, the speed of sound as 2. Initial values for $B$
are obtained from eq.(\ref{a13b}) and are given by
\[B=0.5 (y-y_0)(1-r^2)^3 \quad {\rm for} \quad r<1. \]
This problem is treated with the general purpose PDE-solver PDEase/2 which
runs on a PC. A grayplot of the $B$-field at two different times is shown in
figure 1.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{bild1.eps}
\qquad
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{bild2.eps}
\end{center}
\hskip1cm
Figure 1. The $B$-field generated by a vortex convected along a rigid
cylinder. Grayscales correspond to $|B|$, white to $B=0$.
\end{figure}
The left half shows a very early stage with the vortex to the left
of the cylinder. As the vortex is inserted in an inhomogeneous velocity field,
sound radiation begins immediately. The right half shows a later stage, where
the vortex has approached the cylinder. As the flow Mach number is not small,
one notices significant deviations from a dipole character. Hydrodynamic
instabilities are not observed, but numerical small-scale errors are
noticeable. A reliable numerical solution of eq.(\ref{a5}) requires obviously
more efforts.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The financial services affiliate of Alibaba (BABA.N) launched on Wednesday a system that will use the e-commerce giant's data trove to assess the creditworthiness of Chinese consumers and businesses with little or no history at traditional lenders.
The credit-scoring system, Sesame Credit, will mine user data as well as payment histories from Alibaba Group Holding's various platforms, Ant Financial Services Group in a statement.
Chief Data Scientist Yu Wujie said the system would take into consideration, among several factors, whether consumers are active Internet users, have a stable residential address and have been using the same mobile phone number for a long time.
Set up in 2014, Ant Financial has been growing rapidly, largely through targeting smaller businesses and hundreds of millions of consumers who are often underserved by China's larger banks. Its services include payment processing, personal banking, wealth management, small business loans, personal credit and insurance.
Parent Alibaba has been using its dominant market position in e-commerce to push into the financial services market. The firm's efforts include a money market fund for consumers, a mobile payment app and a private bank.


text:
The Sandpiper PDFs
Whitney Grummon Memorial
CHS Alumnus pursuing animation after releasing senior thesis 'Strange Reflections'
BY RILEY PALSHAW
"Strange Reflections" is a five-minute stop-motion short describing the journey of Cressworth, a young knight fascinated with all sorts of artifacts and trinkets, and his attempts to rescue his friend Pyracrab, a three-legged mystic creature, from an ominous magic mirror Cressworth brings home one day.
The mastermind behind this project is Hans Voegeli, a 21-year-old CHS alumnusand senior at Woodbury University in Southern California, who developed these characters throughout his years in school, doodling Cressworth and Pyracrab on his homework and worksheets. Eventually, he realized that these two characters could work well together and be brought to life.
"I've been searching for the chance to bring them into the world and share these characters outside of comics," says Voegeli, who has finally found the right time to introduce Cressworth and Pyracrab.
Although the final product will be rewarding, the filmmaker says that it is actually a tedious process, for every second consists of 12 frames in which armatures and wires have to be moved, so this five-minute video could consist of 3,600 frames, and since he's only able to complete five seconds worth of footage in an hour, this senior thesis will be a time-consuming project.
Because of this, "Strange Reflections" is planned to be released May 20 to YouTube, with physical copies of the film to be released subsequently. Stop motion is a long and expensive endeavor, so Voegeli is raising money for his film, and he's already passed his $750 goal. To support him, viewers can visit IndieGogo.com and search "Strange Reflections" in order to make a contribution.
Hans Voegeli works on a set for American Girl Dolls' Then and Now while interning at Mattel toy company. Photo by MATTHEW MANNING
Of course, this won't be Hans Voegeli's first film on YouTube, as he's posted over 125 videos on his account "Little Brick Productions" since his junior year of high school. Having won the High School Category Award (grades 9-12) in the Engineering for You 2 Video Contest and the $5,000 prize given by the National Academy of Engineering, the animator's winning film "Making Solar Panels More Affordable" is on YouTube too.
Voegeli's obsession with stop motion traces all the way back to when he made his first video his sophomore year at CHS for Olga Chandler's AP Spanish class. The project described 10 chores he did, but what separated his presentation from everyone else's was his use of Lego figures performing the actions. Inspired by this event, Voegeli took Video Production the following year and Video Production II his senior year, fixated on pursuing his passion.
"For me, stop motion is about as close to magic as you can get because you're taking a small, inanimate object—Legos, a puppet, something that is obviously not alive—and through the magic of stop motion you make it come alive," the filmmaker explains. "You can give it a personality, you can do more than that, you can make people care about this little thing that isn't actually alive, but you're giving it that personality, and I just think it's so amazing to be able to do that."
"He knew right from high school when he started making his first Lego videos that that was something he wanted to do," adds Brian Granbery, who taught Voegeli in both Video Production classes and AP Environmental Science.
The college student now interns for Mattel toy company, the owner of the brands Barbie, American Girl, Hot Wheels and more. Voegeli has worked on three projects with Mattel: Hot Wheels City, Monster Truck Island and American Girl Dolls' "Then and Now."
After college, Voegeli hopes to become a motion animator, but he would be content with helping out the industry in any way he can, such as working in the art department to make props or prepping the scenes for the animation.
For this college senior, it's really about doing what he loves.
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Anonymous on Jonathan Lyons selected as new Carmel High principal
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Limited edition print from the ''Tears' series. Two sizes are available, both printed as high quality C-types, on Fuji Crystal Archive paper.
Each image is signed, numbered and titled by hand.
Prints are shipped unframed and stored in individual plastic sleeves with a board for additional security.
A4 prints are from a limited edition set of 100, measure 29.7cm x 21cm, and priced at £35.
A3 prints are from a limited edition set of 50, measure 42cm x 29.7cm, and priced at £70.


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text:
Q: Failing to retrieve data from populated tables in ACCDB I created a C# application and integrated an Access DB (with 3 populated tables).
Now I try to get data from the Access DB-tables to display it in a TextBox, but nothing is visible.
Thank you in advance.
UPDATE: namespace --> using System.Data.OleDb;
Here is the code:
    OleDbDataReader myReader;
    OleDbConnection myCon;
    OleDbCommand myQuery;

    public Form1()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
        myCon = new OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0;Data Source=C:\\Users\\UserName\\Desktop\\MyClubAdministration\\MyClubAdministrationDB.accdb;Persist Security Info=False;");
        myCon.Open();
        myQuery = new OleDbCommand("select * from Lid, Lidgeld, Lidmaatschap", myCon);
        myReader = myQuery.ExecuteReader();
    }

    private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        textBox1.Text = myReader.GetInt32(0).ToString();
    }

A: You need to Read before GetInt32 on an OleDBDataReader
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    myReader.Read();
    textBox1.Text = myReader.GetInt32(0).ToString();
}

However this code is very error prone.
Try to isolate the database operarations in a private methods and call just from one point without splitting between constructor and form_load.
private void ReadFromDB()
{
    using(OleDbConnection myCon = new OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0;Data Source=C:\\Users\\UserName\\Desktop\\MyClubAdministration\\MyClubAdministrationDB.accdb;Persist Security Info=False;"))
    {
         myCon.Open();
         OleDbCommand myQuery = new OleDbCommand("select * from Lid, Lidgeld, Lidmaatschap", myCon);
         OleDbDataReader myReader = myQuery.ExecuteReader();
         if(myReader.HasRows)
         {
              myReader.Read();
              textBox1.Text = myReader.GetInt32(0).ToString();
         }
    }
}

call that method after InitializeComponent();
As a side note, I will avoid the globals for the database operations. With connection pooling the performance cost to open and reopen a connection is really minimal, while the complexity of housecleaning grows exponentially.

A: The ExecuteReader() method of the OleDbCommand class returns an object of class OleDbDataReader. When the OleDbDataReader object is first returned to you, it is in an "unpositioned" state -- that is, it is not positioned to any records in the data set. You must call Read() ob the object to position it to the next record in the set. Your Load() method should be as follows:
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    if(myReader.HasRows == true)
    {
        myReader.Read();
        textBox1.Text = myReader.GetInt32(0).ToString();
    }
}

The call to the HasRows property of the OleDbDataReader is to ensure that there are, in fact, records in the data set before the positioning is performed.
To be even more careful, you could check the field in which you are interested for a database null value before trying to use it:
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    if(myReader.HasRows == true)
    {
        myReader.Read();
        if(myReader.IsDBNull(0) == false)
            textBox1.Text = myReader.GetInt32(0).ToString();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The movie starts with the braveness of the women when she slaps the man because he has done some bad things with the woman the man has been gone to the doctor the man was a smuggler from the face. There is a fight between the people and the other hand the romantic seen Between the couples. Watch Kadana movie online.


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text:
WWE holds latest NXT try-out – top indies wrestlers included
WWE is looking to build their next "recruiting class" of recognizable independent wrestlers and international talent.
Over the weekend, WWE held their latest try-out at the Performance Center in Florida.
PWTorch has learned that independent wrestlers Cedric Alexander and Anthony Nese were included in the try-out. Alexander is most known for Ring of Honor, while Nese is most known for WWNLive.
Deonna Purrazzo, who has sporadically appeared on NXT television as an enhancement wrestler in the women's division, also received an official try-out, as first reported by SquaredCircleSirens and confirmed by PWTorch.
WWE is looking to stockpile as much talent as possible, especially as they pursue a full-time schedule in 2016 requiring wrestlers at "home" in Florida and "on the road" across the country and world.
It has led to ROH trying to sign wrestlers to exclusive contracts and WWNLive to partner with WWE's NXT brand.
wwe performance center


text:
500 Festival: Community Day 'no longer unique'
Most of the activities are available at IMS multiple times in May, committee leader tells The Star
500 Festival: Community Day 'no longer unique' Most of the activities are available at IMS multiple times in May, committee leader tells The Star Check out this story on IndyStar.com: https://indy.st/1D2KXJR
Curt Cavin, Published 3:28 p.m. ET Feb. 5, 2015
A chance to drive personal cars around the track remains part of Community Day.(Photo: Matt Detrich/The Star)Buy Photo
The decision to radically change the once-popular Community Day at Indianapolis Motor Speedway came down to duplication of activities, the president and CEO of the non-profit 500 Festival said Thursday.
Community Day, which for most of two decades has included children's activities, track rides, garage access and an autograph session on the Wednesday before the 500, has been reduced to track rides as drivers are sent out for meet-and-greets. Details of the latter have not been released, but the race's 33 drivers are expected to visit area schools, hospitals and Boys & Girls clubs.
Most of the other activities offered on Community Day are available at the track at numerous times through May. Last year, fewer than 3,000 people attended Community Day, which was staffed by the 500 Festival.
"It wasn't like what we were providing was unique anymore," 500 Festival leader Bob Bryant told The Indianapolis Star. "Some activities, like the kid zone, are at the track seven or eight days during the month, and we learned that when the (equipment) vendor said the stuff was already there. We felt honored.
"There's also more access these days to the drivers than there might have been in the past."
Indy 500's Community Day will be different
There also are multiple opportunities to drive personal cars around the track, including Community Day's traditional date this year (May 20). The race is May 24.
The 500 Festival is comprised of 20 employees and countless volunteers, and the team will continue to offer the IPL 500 Festival Parade, the One America Mini-Marathon, Breakfast at the Brickyard, the princess program, the Key Bank Snakepit Ball, Kids Day on Monument Circle and assorted other race-related programs, including the education initiative that supports 400 schools and 24,000 students. Almost all of those events provide experiences that bring people closer to the race.
The 500 Festival was created in 1957 to organize civic events celebrating the race, and it once hosted golf and gin rummy tournaments. The group is not directly tied to IMS, although it has IMS staffers on its board.
Follow Curt Cavin on Twitter at @curtcavin


Welcome to the Yarralumla Primary School website. It is designed to share with you many of the programs, activities and features of the school that makes Yarralumla a special child-centred place.
The strength of our school lies in the close partnership between students, staff and parents and the wider community. We believe that students have a fundamental right to learn in a safe, supportive environment and to be treated with respect. We also value diversity and operate an inclusive learning environment for all students including those with a disability. Our school follows the Positive Behaviours for Learning philosophy that promotes; Be a S.T.A.R. be Safe, be a Team player, be an Active learner and be Respectful. Our School values are: integrity, inclusion and innovation.
The school celebrated its 60th Birthday in 2017 after being opened in 1957 by the then Governor-General, Sir William Slim. In 2013, it had major capital improvements worth $2 million that have further facilitated the delivery of learning programs and experiences that meet the academic, physical, social and emotional needs of students and that cultivate success and life long learning for the future.
Yarralumla Primary has a dedicated and professional team of teaching and non-teaching staff who offer a balance of youth and experience in a diversity of programs. The school buildings and grounds are a unique design in a beautiful leafy lake side setting with plentiful playground areas and excellent internal facilities for all students and staff to enjoy. Please go to Programs and Facilities for more information.


How Do I Manage Our Finance?
Aunty Amara oo may God increase your wisdom, I have another issue that needs your advise please publish it comments might also help.
previously it was N150, 000 but the recession caused a slash in his pay.
My job currently pays very little and once we marry, I have to move over to his state to start a life with him. It never really bothered me until when he started complaining that it is just too small, he really wants something better for me. I don't know ma if we can work a home with a N100, 000 I love him and I am not lazy I must also work.
Ma, how do we make it work with his pay? How do I build a home with it? I calm him down that there are better things ahead but he seems to be very adamant that he always wanted the best for me.
How do I manage our finance? God bless ma. Please help oo, I love this guy?
No amount of money is too small or too much for any organised person to plan his home with, all you need is to be as prudent as possible and work with what is available to you.
If you were planning to have a great social media wedding, then you may need to readjust to a mini wedding. If you were planning to have a colourful wedding, maybe you should reconsider looking at what lies ahead of you.
Instead of buying things when you need them, you can buy things in bulk and save some money. There are markets where things are relatively cheaper compared to other places, you can plan buying things there instead of going to supermarkets.
It may not be so convenient for both of you but things will get better with time. Both of you may consider other streams of income to support his salary, and also make some structural changes to avoid living above your means.
Read my testimony!!! Getting ex back after a breakup. Am Clara Bartlett 30 from UK, my boyfriend of a 2year just broke up with me and am 28 weeks pregnant. I have cried my self to sleep most of the nights and don't seem to concentrate during lectures sometimes I stay awake almost all night thinking about him and start to cry all over again. Because of this I end up not having energy for my next day's classes, my attendance has dropped and am always in uni and on time. Generally he is a very nice guy, he ended it because he said we were arguing a lot and not getting along. He is right we've been arguing during the pregnancy a lot. After the break up I kept ringing him and telling him I will change. I am in love with this guy and he is the best guy I have ever been with. I'm still hurt and in disbelief when he said he didn't have any romantic feelings towards me anymore that hurt me faster than a lethal syringe. He texts me now and then mainly to check up on how am doing with the pregnancy, he is supportive with it but it's not fair on me, him texting me as I just want to grieve the pain and not have any stress due to the pregnancy. i was really upset and i needed help, so i searched for help online and I came across a website that suggested that Dr Ahmed can help solve marital problems, restore broken relationships and so on. So I felt I should give him a try. I contacted him and he told me what to do and i did it then he did a spell for me. 22 hours later, my boyfriend came to me and apologized for the wrongs he did and promise never to do it again. Ever since then, everything has returned back to normal. I and my boyfriend are living together happily again.. All thanks to Dr Ahmed. as it is a place to resolve marriage/relationship issues, do you want to be sure if your spouse is being faithful to you or Do you want your Ex to come back to you?
save your crumbling home and change of grades its 100% safe.


Perfect! I hope it reaches someone's conscience, but thaose kinds of things rarely happen. I also grew up gardening using Organic Gardening magazine as my guide. I guess like Mother Earth News, it intends to follow the money. Understandable, maybe. Classy? Nah. Your letter was cathartic for me at the very least. Send it!
I don't know why, but something about this proposed letter makes me want to say 'Yeah, baby!' I'm glad that people are more interested in healthy things these days, but Organic Gardening filled a very specific need for a specific set of people (organic gardeners) who won't be as well served by Organic Life magazine.
Thanks, Dan! I have just discovered that the company will maintain an online version of Organic Gardening, which is some help, but I spend too much time in front of the computer as it is. I will miss sitting down and thumbing through it – kind of like getting a letter from a friend in the mail. Thanks for your support!
I can't even express how saddened I am by their decision. It was Rodale and Organic Gardening Magazine that initially got me interested in the entire concept of Organic Waste Reduction when I was in university 20 years ago. I was proud to stand beside them and take up the fight against the lumber industry who were selling arsenic tainted lumber for use in playground equipment will children were dropping dead all over the United States and Canada. Why is it I'm almost certain that no organization called Organic Life will ever be found on the front lines of any fight as significant as those two just mentioned. Maybe the only way your letter could be improved, would be to turn it into a petition so that myself and any other like-minded people could add their signatures to it also.
I completely agree with your suspicion that "Organic Life" will never be on the front lines of anything. I hope that we're wrong, but I doubt it. Great idea about the petition. I imagine that their decision is economically motivated, so, unfortunately, it probably wouldn't get anywhere. On the other hand, some enterprising soul could start a new magazine and pick up the dropped ball… Hm. Thanks for your comments!