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OSA Publishing > Optical Materials Express > Volume 10 > Issue 9 > Page 2159
Alexandra Boltasseva, Editor-in-Chief
Rabi splitting obtained in a monolayer BP-plasmonic heterostructure at room temperature
Yan Huang, Yan Liu, Yao Shao, Genquan Han, Jincheng Zhang, and Yue Hao
Yan Huang,1 Yan Liu,1,* Yao Shao,2 Genquan Han,1 Jincheng Zhang,1 and Yue Hao1
1Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Technology Disciplines State Key Laboratory, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
2Shanghai Energy Internet Research Institute of State, Grid251 Libing Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201210, China
*Corresponding author: xdliuyan@xidian.edu.cn
Y Shao
G Han
J Zhang
Y Hao
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.402194
Yan Huang, Yan Liu, Yao Shao, Genquan Han, Jincheng Zhang, and Yue Hao, "Rabi splitting obtained in a monolayer BP-plasmonic heterostructure at room temperature," Opt. Mater. Express 10, 2159-2170 (2020)
Strong plasmon-exciton coupling in MIM waveguide-resonator systems with WS2 monolayer (OE)
Angle-independent strong coupling between plasmonic magnetic resonances and excitons in monolayer WS2 (OE)
Strong coupling between excitons and guided modes in WS2-based nanostructures (JOSAB)
Bragg reflectors
Distributed Bragg reflectors
Light matter interactions
Original Manuscript: July 7, 2020
Revised Manuscript: August 5, 2020
Manuscript Accepted: August 6, 2020
Hybrid exciton states can be formed under the strong coupling of plasmons excited by metal nanostructures and excitons. Because of the large exciton binding energy, black phosphorus (BP) is an ideal platform to investigate the strong coupling. In this paper, we first demonstrate the strong coupling between local surface plasmon modes of different metal nanostructures and excitons in monolayer BP by adjusting the dimensions of nanostructures and polarization angle at room temperature. Moreover, the exciton dispersion curves obtained from the coupled oscillator model show the anti-crossing behavior at the exciton energy. And the Rabi splitting energies of the two different BP-metal nanostructures heterostructure are 250 meV and 202 meV, respectively, which paves a way towards the development of BP photodetectors, sensors, and emitters.
© 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement
Realizing the control of the interaction of light-matter on the nanoscale has been the main goal of nanophotonics research. In addition, the study of the strong interaction between light and matter has also greatly promoted the development of photonics [1–4]. The reason for the formation of Rabi splitting is that the coherent energy exchange rate between light and matter is much larger than its energy dissipation rate. At this time, the system is in a strongly coupled state, and it is no longer the initial separation state, but a hybrid state of plasmon-exciton [5]. Strong coupling is of great significance in fundamental research and many practical applications, such as photon anti-bunching [6], single emitters [7], superconducting resonator [8], and optical detection [9]. Initially, the research and realization of the Rabi splitting were carried out in traditional inorganic semiconductor systems. However, the traditional inorganic semiconductor represented by GaAs has a defect that cannot be ignored, that is, the exciton binding energy is small, which leads to the fact that the Rabi splitting must be observed at low temperature. There will be great restrictions in practical applications [10]. One of the solutions is to use wide-bandgap semiconductors, such as ZnO, GaN and organics [11,12]. Their large exciton energies can ensure that the Rabi splitting can be observed at room temperature. However, the wide bandgap semiconductors are limited to short-wavelength applications and require complex processes, while organic systems are limited by their strong localized effects due to the disordered potential distribution. Therefore, these defects make it difficult for a system based on these two materials to achieve large Rabi splitting at room temperature.
Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), graphene and black phosphorus (BP), have attracted widespread attention in recent years due to their atomic thickness and novel physical and chemical properties [13–16]. Because of the high exciton binding energy, 2D materials provide an ideal platform for large Rabi splitting at room temperature [17]. Graphene is a typical 2D material and has been used in research on Rabi splitting. For instance, the Rabi splitting was demonstrated in a coupled semiconductor microcavity, which is composed of distributed Bragg reflectors and graphene nanoribbons. The observed Rabi splitting energy is about 10 to 12 meV, which indicates the possibility of realizing the Rabi splitting for the graphene [18]. However, graphene has a zero-bandgap, so that the turn-off of the field-effect transistor based on graphene cannot be effectively controlled [19]. Therefore, TMDC has attracted widespread attention due to its large bandgap of 1.8 eV for monolayer, which can be used for the research of large Rabi splitting at room temperature. At room temperature, the hybrid structure composed of silver nanodisk array, WS2 and an optical cavity can achieve large Rabi splitting, almost 300 meV [20]. BP, as a widely studied 2D material, has been used in many applications because of its superior physical properties, such as plasmonics, modulators, hetero-junctions, and transistors [21–25]. However, BP has rarely been explored for the research of Rabi splitting. Therefore, it makes sense to show whether BP is a suitable material for achieving large Rabi splitting. Compared to TMDCs, BP has a stronger interlayer interaction and adjustable band gap for all number of layers [26–29]. Particularly, for monolayer BP, its exciton binding energy (bandgap) can almost reach 2 eV, which makes BP one of the alternative materials in the research of Rabi splitting at room temperature.
It is well known that changes in the light-matter interaction can be achieved by adjusting the optical environment. Two structures are generally used to realize the strong light-matter interaction. The first structure is to embed molecular excitons in the optical microcavity. For example, hybrid polarized exciton states are confirmed in the hybrid structure composed of optical microcavity and MoS2 [17]. Although Rabi splitting was observed at room temperature in this structure, its Rabi splitting energy was only 46 meV. And the structure of the optical cavity is complicated, and a large number of layers bring a problem of large volume. For instance, a coupled semiconductor microcavity, composed of 32 layers distributed Bragg reflectors and graphene nanoribbons was demonstrated and the total thickness of the structure even reaches a few microns [18]. Another structure is to combine molecular excitons with metallic plasmonic structures that can excite localized surface plasmon polariton (LSPP) modes. In the interaction of light and matter, the coupling of the system and the volume of the system are inversely proportional [30]. The metal nanostructures can support the LSPP mode and can limit the incident light to the nanoscale, which makes it possible to achieve a strong local field in an ultra-small mode volume [31]. In recent years, several studies have reported hybrid systems based on the interaction between metal nanostructures and molecular materials [32–41]. For example, the interaction between the local plasmons in the gold nanorods and the excitons in the J-aggregate was studied, and the strong coupling and large Rabi splitting energy up to 200 meV was demonstrated [42].
In this paper, we report the observation of Rabi splitting by composing BP film and two different metallic plasmonic structures at room temperature. By tuning the dimensions of a plasmonic grating and disk, we can create a spectral overlap between LSPP and BP exciton. In addition, we also demonstrate the strong coupling in the nanograting and nanodisk structure through polarization angular tuning. By establishing a coupled oscillator model, the dispersion curves of the hybrid exciton states are calculated, and the Rabi splitting energy of the system is calculated accordingly. The large Rabi splitting can be realized by composing metallic nanostructures and BP film, even at room temperature, paves the way toward the strong coupling of plasmonic nanostructures with BP based on ultrathin materials in the future for various device applications, including light detection, light-harvesting, single-photon device and optically active device.
To demonstrate the Rabi splitting in different plasmonic nanostructures, we compare the reflection spectra of the heterostructure based on two different metal nanostructures. Figure 1(a) shows the three-dimensional schematic of BP-metal nano-grating heterostructure. Firstly, BP is grown on the prepared substrate, which is the SiO2 layer with a thickness of 200 nm. There is also the MgF2 layer with a thickness of 20 nm on the substrate, which is used as a buffer layer. The formation of nanostructures on the BP film can be prepared by electron beam lithography. We can adjust its plasmon resonance by tuning the width (w) of the nanograting arrays. However, previous studies have shown that BP will be rapidly oxidatively degraded under environmental conditions [43]. Later studies have shown that the BP can be preserved well by cracking the sample in dry nitrogen and then transferring it to vacuum [44]. What's more, the distance (l) between two adjacent gratings is fixed to be 150 nm. This separation distance is to make the interaction between the local plasmons of adjacent gratings negligible, so as to avoid it from affecting the coupling between LSPP and BP excitons. Furthermore, when the grating width is less than the separation distance, the coupling between the adjacent gratings is negligible for the plasmon-exciton coupling. Therefore, a series of nanogratings with a width of 80 ∼ 105 nm was formed on the BP film. The inset in Fig. 1(a) shows a schematic of the BP crystal. BP is anisotropic, with atoms arranged in two directions in the lattice, armchair direction (x-direction) and zigzag direction (y-direction). In this manuscript, the lattice direction of BP is fixed in the direction of the armchair. This is because the effective mass in the armchair direction is less than that in the zigzag direction, and a small effective mass will lead to a higher resonance frequency [30]. Figure 1(b) shows the three-dimensional schematic of BP-metal nanodisk heterostructure. The distance (d) between two adjacent nanodisks is also fixed to be 150 nm, and the radius (r) of the nanodisk ranges from 30 to 45 nm. The refractive index of silver is selected from the results from Johnson [42,45]. Compared to Ag-based plasmon systems, although Au-based plasmon systems exhibit better photochemical stability, the Rabi splitting energy is smaller [46]. In the simulation, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method was used to analyze the reflection spectra of the BP-nanostructure heterostructure [47].
Fig. 1. (a) The three-dimensional schematic of BP-nanograting heterostructure. The width of each grating is w, and the distance between two adjacent gratings is l. The inset is a schematic of BP crystal structure. (b)The three-dimensional schematic of BP-nanodisk heterostructure. The radius of each disk is r, and the distance between two adjacent disks is d.
It is known that BP has an adjustable bandgap, ranging from 0.3 eV for bulk to 2 eV for monolayer, which is dependent on the thickness and near 0.3 eV in thick BP. In this article, the thickness of BP is chosen as 1 nm. In this article, the thickness of BP is chosen as 1 nm. As demonstrated in the gray curve in Fig. 2(a), it can be seen that the binding energy of BP is about 1.72 eV, which is almost the same as the J-aggregate (1.79 eV) [48,49]. As illustrated in Fig. 2(a) and Fig. 2(b), reflection spectra of different grating widths and disk radii are calculated as a function of plasmon energy. The resonance energy shifts from 1.4 to 1.9 eV while its width and radius vary. The reflection spectra of the bare grating and the disk structure completely overlap with the reflection spectrum of the BP exciton, which lays the foundation for the realization of Rabi splitting. Therefore, we plotted the reflection spectra of the complete BP-metal nano-grating heterostructure in Fig. 2(c). It can be seen that from the green line, the resonance energy has two peaks on either side of the exciton energy, these two peaks can be defined as two different resonance modes. The resonance on the right side of the exciton peak is at high energy and can be called the upper branch (UPB), while the resonance on the left side of the exciton peak is at low energy, which is called the lower branch (LPB) [50]. However, we cannot conclude that the system is strongly coupled. Because many reasons can cause double reflection peaks, for example, the corrugations in the metal nanostructures can also lead to the double peaks [51]. In addition, even without these reasons, the double reflection peaks in the reflection spectra still cannot be judged as a sign of Rabi splitting. For the intermediate coupling, there are also two peaks in the reflection spectra, even if they are not in the strongly coupled region, which makes it unreliable to distinguish strong coupling only by the presence of two reflection peaks [51]. Deep research needs to be carried out about these two resonance peaks.
Fig. 2. (a) Reflection spectra of the bare grating structure as a function of the grating width. The width of grating sizes range from 80 to 105 nm, and the distance (l) between two adjacent gratings is fixed to be 150 nm. (b) Reflection spectra of the bare disk structure as a function of the disk radius. The radius of risk sizes range from 30 to 45 nm, and the distance (d) between two adjacent disks is fixed to be 150 nm. (c) Reflection spectra of bare BP (gray line), bare Ag nanogratings (red line), and BP-nanograting heterostructure (green line). Two small red dots represent the two split reflection peaks: LPB and UPB. The thickness of BP is 1 nm, the width (w) of the grating is set as 90 nm, and the distance (l) between two adjacent gratings is fixed to be 150 nm.
The reflection spectra of the BP-grating hybrid structure by varying the widths of the grating are demonstrated in Fig. 3(a). The single reflection peak splits into two separate peaks, separated by a peak near the exciton energy (1.72 eV) revealing a strong coherent coupling between the LSPP of the grating and the exciton in BP. The two peaks redshift as the width of grating increases, in which the LPB resonance has much stronger shifts. In order to judge whether the system is strongly coupled, it is necessary to introduce strong coupling conditions in advance. Assuming that Epl and EX are the energies of the uncoupled nanostructures resonance and BP excitons, and hΩR is the splitting energy between the UPB and LPB peaks. γpl and γX correspond to the full linewidth at half maximum of the plasmons and BP exciton reflection spectra, respectively. A Rabi splitting requires this system to match the condition hΩR > (γpl+γX)/2 [20]. That is to say, for strong coupling, the Rabi splitting must exceed half the sum of the half line-width of the plasmon mode and the exciton mode. From the reflection resonant spectra of bare nanogratings and BP exciton, we can obtain γpl≈200 meV and γX≈180 meV. By fitting the reflection spectra in Fig. 3(a), we can extract the splitting energy hΩR = 250 meV. By comparing the linewidths of exciton and plasmon and splitting energies, it is found that their mathematical relationship satisfies the strong coupling condition. The same as the reflection spectra in Fig. 3(a), the reflection spectra in Fig. 3(b) correspond to the BP-disk hybrid structure and also show a single reflection peak splits into two separate peaks with the splitting energy of 202 meV (hΩR≈202 meV). The half linewidth of the disk plasmon γpl is 100 meV. Therefore, the BP-nanodisk heterostructure is also in a strong coupling state. In addition, we can also find that plasmons with two different metal structures are strongly coupled with BP excitons, resulting in large Rabi splitting energy. This shows that BP has the potential to be used in a variety of metal structures to achieve large Rabi splitting. What's more, in order to further investigate the relationship between coupling behavior and polarization angle, we analyzed the spectra of these two nanostructures when the polarization angle changed by 15 degrees. As demonstrated in Fig. 3(c), the spectra of BP-grating heterostructure are collected from 0° to 90°, corresponding to the longitudinal and transverse polarizations, respectively. The result for the 105 nm grating width shows a progressive vanish of the two exciton peaks as the polarization is changed from longitudinal (0°) to transverse (90°). As the polarization angle approaches 0 degrees, the UPB peak blueshifts and the LPB peak intensity increases, resulting in the largest difference between UPB and LPB, corresponding to the strongest coupling. The BP-nanodisk heterostructure shows a similar variation trend by varying the polarization angle from 0° to 90° in Fig. 3(d). It can be seen that as the polarization angle increases, the LPB gradually disappears, and the UPB drifts to higher energy. When the polarization angle is 0 degrees, LPB peak intensity increases to the maximum, corresponding to the strongest coupling. These similarities provide strong evidence that the exciton coupling is dependent on the polarization angle.
Fig. 3. (a) Reflection spectra of the BP-nanograting heterostructure as a function of the grating width. The width of grating sizes range from 80 to 105 nm, and the distance (l) between two adjacent gratings is fixed to be 150 nm. EX0 is exciton energy. (b) Reflection spectra of the BP-nanodisk heterostructure as a function of the disk radius. The radius of risk sizes range from 30 to 45 nm, and the distance (d) between two adjacent disks is fixed to be 150 nm. (c) Polarized reflection spectra of exciton grating with detected polarization angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°. Polarization dependence of exciton properties on BP-nanograting heterostructure with an individual grating of 105 nm and a 150 nm gap. (d) Polarized reflection spectra of exciton disk with detected polarization angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°. Polarization dependence of exciton properties on BP-nanodisk heterostructure with an individual disk of 40 nm and a 150 nm gap.
To further illustrate the dependence of the coupling behavior on the polarization angle, Fig. 4 plots the electric field distribution of the BP-nanodisk heterostructure and the bare nanodisk structure at the wavelength of 720 nm in the X-Y plane. From Fig. 4(b) and Fig. 4(d), it can be seen that the electric field intensity of the BP-nanodisk heterostructure is almost 1.5 times larger than that of the bare nanodisk structure. This shows that the coupling process of the LSPP generated by the nanodisk and BP excitons forms a new hybrid polarized exciton, which can also indicate that the heterostructure is strongly coupled. In addition, by comparing the electric field distributions in Fig. 4(c) and Fig. 4(d), we can see that the calculated electric field distributions are found to be well correlated with the polarization dependence in Fig. 3(d). In the longitudinal mode, the electric field intensity reaches the maximum at the polarization angle of 90° and almost disappears at about 0°, while the transverse mode is opposite. In addition, we found that the near field enhancement of the disk gap may also have some influences on the Rabi splitting intensity. It is noticed that the electric field enhancement in the disk gap in Fig. 4(c) is obviously larger than that in Fig. 4(a). This indicates that strong coupling can be realized in the BP-nanodisk heterostructure. These results indicate that the strong coupling is indeed dependent on the strength of the near-field enhancement in the disk gap. Under strong coupling conditions, the intensity of the Rabi splitting depends not only on the binding energy and oscillation intensity of the excitons but also on the local electric field intensity excited by the metal nanostructures.
Fig. 4. The electric field distribution of the bare disk structure in the X-Y plane at a wavelength of 720 nm when the polarization angle is (a) 0° and (b) 90°. The electric field distribution of the BP-nanodisk heterostructure in the X-Y plane at a wavelength of 720 nm when the polarization angle is (c) 0° and (d) 90°. The radius (r) of the disk is set as 40 nm, and the distance (d) between two adjacent disks is fixed to be 150 nm.
We use the Jaynes-Cummings model to describe plasmon-exciton coupling [52]. A simple coupled oscillator model (COM) was used to perform in-depth analysis and description of the observed strong coupling of the BP-metal nanostructure heterostructure [53]. To study the optical properties of heterostructures, it is necessary to analyze their optical transitions, as shown in Fig. 5(a). The exciton excitation of BP is the transition of electron ground state $\mathrm{\beta}$ to exciton excited state $\mathrm{\alpha}$ by photon energy. In heterostructures, BP excitons are coupled with LSPP excited by metal nanostructures, and energy exchange is performed between excitons and plasmons. If the rate of this energy exchange is much greater than the rate of their losses, the system is in a strongly coupled region, also known as Rabi splitting. The interaction of the LSPP excited by the metal structure and BP excitons generates a new hybrid exciton state, which is reflected as a double reflection peak in the reflection spectra and shows anti-crossing behavior. The energies of the exciton states of UPB and LPB are calculated using COM, and the double coupled system was described by the Hamiltonian matrix [54]:
(1)$$\hat{H}\textrm{ = }\hbar \left[ {\begin{array}{cc} {{E_{pl}} - i\frac{{{\gamma_{pl}}}}{2}}&{{g_x}}\\ {{g_x}}&{{E_x} - i\frac{{{\gamma_x}}}{2}} \end{array}} \right]\textrm{ = }E \cdot \left( \begin{array}{l} \alpha \\ \beta \end{array} \right)$$
Where Epl and EX are the resonance energies of plasmon and exciton modes, γpl and γX correspond to the full linewidth at half maximum of the plasmons and BP exciton, And gX represents coupling strength. α and β are Hopfield coefficients of the matrix, which represents the contribution of the plasmon mode and the exciton mode to each polarization branch, where |α|2 + |β|2 = 1. And E is the eigenvalues of the hybrid plasmon-exciton state. The eigenvalues E are obtained from the equation:
(2)$$\left( {{E_{pl}} - i\frac{{{\gamma_{pl}}}}{2}\textrm{ - }E} \right)\left( {{E_x} - i\frac{{{\gamma_x}}}{2} - E} \right) = g_x^2$$
When the linewidths of the plasmon and exciton are less than their energies, the eigenvalues E can be described as:
(3)$$E({\hbar {\omega_p}} )= \frac{{\hbar {\omega _p} + \hbar {\omega _0}}}{2} \pm \frac{1}{2}\sqrt {{{({\hbar {\Omega _R}} )}^2} + {{({\hbar {\omega_p} - \hbar {\omega_0}} )}^2}}$$
Where $\hbar {\mathrm{\omega }_0}$ and $\hbar {\mathrm{\omega }_\textrm{p}}$ are the uncoupled exciton and LSPR energies, respectively. $\hbar {\mathrm{\Omega }_\textrm{R}} = 2{g_x}\; $ is the coupling energy, which can be estimated from the spectral distance between these two peaks. As illustrated in Fig. 5(b) and Fig. 5(c), the dispersion curves of the two different hybrid BP-nanostructures plasmon-exciton states are plotted, respectively. The energy of the UPB and LPB exhibits a clear anti-crossing behavior. The Rabi splitting is found to be approximately 250 meV and 202 meV, respectively, which is lower than the highest values previously reported [20]. Although the exciton energies of monolayer BP and monolayer MoS2 are almost the same, the radiation energy of BP is higher, that is the rate of energy dissipation is larger, which will lead to a greater loss of energy in the process of light-matter interaction [28]. Therefore, the rate of coherent energy exchange between light and matter in BP will be relatively lower than that in MoS2 and the Rabi splitting energy based on BP system is lower than that based on MoS2 system. Figure 5(d) shows the change of the reflection cross-section of BP-nanodisk nanostructures with the wavelength and the radius of the nanodisk. The white dotted line represents the energy of uncoupled BP excitons. The blue dashed line in the reflection spectra represents the two polarization branches of UPB and LPB, it can be clearly seen that they exhibit anti-crossing behavior. These results confirm that the resonant coupling of excitons and LSPP is indeed a strong coupling so that the Rabi splitting can be observed in the heterostructure. In addition, in order to understand the contributions of plasmon and exciton to the two polarization branches UPB and LPB, the proportion of plasmon and exciton components in the BP nanodisk heterostructure in UPB and LPB as a function of the energy of the plasmon can be obtained through COM in Fig. 5(e) and Fig. 5(f). When the plasmon energy is larger than the exciton energy (1.72 eV), the exciton mode accounts for a larger proportion of the LPB, and the LPB behaves more like an exciton. Conversely, when the plasmon energy is less than the exciton energy, the plasmon mode accounts for a larger proportion of LPB, and LPB behaves more like plasmon. It is worth mentioning that when the plasmon energy and the exciton energy are equal, both the exciton mode and the plasmon mode participate in the coupling of the exciton and the plasmon. Therefore, when the energy of the plasmon is equal to the energy of the exciton, the coupling between the exciton and the plasmon is the strongest, and it also corresponds to the maximum Rabi splitting energy.
Fig. 5. (a) Schematic of the optical transitions in metal/BP hybrid nanostructure. (b) Dispersion curves of the hybrid BP-nanograting exciton states. Energies of reflection peaks as a function of the nanograting width extracted from the reflection spectra. The pink and blue dashed lines represent the uncoupled exciton and plasmon energies, respectively. The double-headed orange arrow stands for the Rabi splitting energy. (c) Dispersion curves of the hybrid BP-nanodisk exciton states. Energies of reflectivity peaks as a function of the nanodisk radius extracted from the reflection spectra. The blue and pink dashed lines represent the uncoupled exciton and plasmon energies, respectively. (d) The reflection peaks (blue dotted curve) as a function of the radius (r) of the disk. (e), and (f) Hopfield coefficients for the polariton branches (UPB in (e) and LPB in (f)) of BP-nanodisk heterostructure, calculated using the COM, from Eq. (1). These provide the weighting of each constituent. Blue stars correspond to the coefficients of the exciton mode and the red spheres to those of the plasmons mode.
In summary, we report the strong coupling between BP excitons and plasmons excited by two different metal nanostructures at room temperature. Rabi splitting was observed in these two hybrid systems with splitting energies of 250 meV and 202 meV, respectively. The strength of the exciton-plasmon coupling is closely dependent on the dimensions of the nanostructure and the polarization angle of the incident light. By tuning the dimensions and polarization, the system will be in a strongly coupled region. In addition, COM is used to analyze the physical mechanism of exciton-plasmon coupling in detail. In general, the heterostructure of BP-metal nanostructures makes it possible to observe large Rabi splitting at room temperature, and the large Rabi splitting indicates a new way to the research of nanophotonics based on the BP-nanostructures heterostructure and its application includes light detection, light-harvesting, single-photon device and optically active device.
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFB2200500, 2018YFB2202800); National Natural Science Foundation of China (61534004, 61851406, 61874081, 91964202).
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(1) H ^ = ℏ [ E p l − i γ p l 2 g x g x E x − i γ x 2 ] = E ⋅ ( α β )
(2) ( E p l − i γ p l 2 - E ) ( E x − i γ x 2 − E ) = g x 2
(3) E ( ℏ ω p ) = ℏ ω p + ℏ ω 0 2 ± 1 2 ( ℏ Ω R ) 2 + ( ℏ ω p − ℏ ω 0 ) 2


SAN FRANCISCO, CA (September 17, 2015) – San Francisco-based fashion designer, JAKE, presents BESPOKE IN RED: A Benefit for the American Red Cross of the Bay Area, a night of fashion, fun and entertainment on Thursday, October 1, 2015. The event is a launch party and fashion experience to celebrate the 2016 Red Cross Gala scheduled for April 2016.
The fashion-filled evening will include the world premiere of JAKE's original fashion film and an exclusive showing of the JAKE Fall/Winter BLVD Collection. Guests will enjoy creative libations from Jason Gold's new restaurant, Oro and a bevy of small bites from DOSA. DJ Carol C. will have guests grooving to her musical creations.
The American Red Cross shelters, feeds and provides emotional support to victims of disasters; supplies about 40 percent of the nation's blood; teaches skills that save lives; provides international humanitarian aid; and supports military members and their families. The Red Cross is a not-for-profit organization that depends on volunteers and the generosity of the American public to perform its mission. For more information, please call 1-888-4-HELP-BAY (1-888-443-5722) or visit redcross.org/bayarea to learn more. You may also find us on Facebook and Twitter.


stage. The longer the company can extend this stage the better it will be for them.
(maturity); after a long period as an adult, the plant begins to shrink and die out (decline).
available in few channels of distribution.
upon building brand. Market share tends to stabilise.
market due to poor margins. Promotion becomes more widespread and uses a greater variety of media.
the market. Profits can be improved by reducing marketing spend and cost cutting.
In reality, very few products follow such a prescriptive cycle. The length of each stage varies enormously.
new reality wherein everyone knows the model, emulates it, and then with alarming regularity...fails.
whales on the shores of EDLP (every day low price) Beach.
strategy is to coupon, discount or die. That belief came from strategies implied by the product life cycle.
That strategy says reap the rewards of your brand equity in the mature phase of your products life cycle.
question the validity of these standard strategies for mature products.
Ironically, the strategies implied by the early phases of the life cycle seem to still hold their validity.
brands rather than strip-mining what is left of their value.
leverage, and exponential growth in competition from the end of government-enforced scarcity.
fundamentally different from our competitors.
Death for mature brands is not a fait accompli. Line extension is still valid. There are two critical factors.
simply be better or improved, but be fundamentally and discreetly different from the originating line.
emerging niches (Bayer aspirin). Witness market share erosion of Cinch spray cleaner and the roll out of Mr.
cash cows stay out to pasture and not get slaughtered.


The umpire at the centre of the Serena Williams controversy has broken his silence on the incident and defended his actions during a heated US Open final.
Carlos Ramos handed Williams a coaching violation during the match against Naomi Osaka after she a hand gesture from her coach Patrick Mouratoglou. Williams responded by telling Ramos she would rather lose than cheat.
Ramos gave her a third violation, which resulted in a game penalty, putting Osaka 5-3 ahead. A tearful Williams argued her case with tournament officials but, although she held serve in the next game, Osaka served out the victory 6-2 6-4.
Williams, who was fined £13,000 over her actions, later defended herself claiming she was fighting for "women's rights and for women's equality".
But speaking for first time since Ramos has indicated he is satisfied with how he handled the situation.
"I am good, under the circumstances," Ramos told Portugues outlet Tribuna Expresso. "It's an unhappy situation but a-la-carte refereeing doesn't exist. Don't you worry about me!"
Meanwhile, one of Australia's largest newspapers has backed its cartoonist amid a global controversy over an illustration of Williams by publishing his work on its front page.
JK Rowling and Nicki Minaj were among a "tidal wave" of critics to denounce the image by Herald Sun cartoonist Mark Knight as "racist and sexist" after it appeared in its paper on Monday.


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Home » News » Informative RSS
College Forensics: A Celebrity Intro to Public Address
Posted on April 16, 2014 by Stephanie Alderdice
Let's be honest, if you're a speaker in high school forensics, it can be tough. Interpers have plenty of events to choose from, limited preppers can bounce between domestic and international Extemp, Impromptu, and for many - Broadcasting. But if you prefer to give an audience ten straight minutes of fully prepared content, unless your circuit regularly offers events like Expository, chances are that Oratory is your bread and butter. Bread and butter are great. Sometimes, though, you want a cold cut combo or veggies and hummus. Womp womp - welcome to Oratory.
All of that changes once you hit the collegiate circuit. The four public address events run 8-10 minutes, are typically memorized (though manuscripts are allowed), and visual aids are welcomed. Visual aids: a treasure to behold (and a burden to be carrying) can range from foam boards and models, to handouts, brochures, or anything that is necessary to help illustrate and emphasize your message.
While some of the names of the events are fairly self explanatory - Informative and Persuasive - others, like After Dinner Speaking and Rhetorical Criticism (a.k.a. Communication Analysis) are a bit more unique. To capture not only the specifics but also the "spirit" of the event, we've chosen a few celebrity speakers who we believe capture the essence of the public address events in one way or the other. Unlike Josh Gad's championship in Oratory, we're not suggesting that any of these celebrities actually competed in these events. If we were running our own Fantasy Forensic League though, we'd definitely be interested in recruiting them.
When it comes to presenting information in a clear, coherent, and charming fashion - we thought nobody captured the spirit of Info quite like Neil deGrasse Tyson. The internet darling slash astrophysicist blends enthusiasm and education in his talk show appearances and on Cosmos: A Space Time Odyssey. If you haven't caught his appearances on The Daily Show, The Colbert Report, or The Big Bang Theory then you're missing out. Check out how he uses humor and intelligence to spark human curiosity and make science so fascinating. Watch as he discusses human communication and space below.
Aristotle believed that persuasion occurs through logos (logic), pathos (emotions), and ethos (credibility). Speakers who come across as credible and knowledgeable, incorporate logic and reasoning into their argumentation, and touch upon the emotions of the audience tend to have greater efficacy in successful persuasion. Whether you agree with Maddow's political perspective, her ability as a speaker to use pauses, inflection, reasoning, and emotional appeals demonstrate her commitment to communicating her message.
If you've ever sat through a round of After Dinner Speaking (or Speech To Entertain), the inclusion of Jon Stewart is obvious. The goal of a successful After Dinner Speaker is to utilize humor as a means of conveying a message. While the description sounds easy, the execution is much more challenging. This isn't a stand-up comedy routine - judges will be looking for a message, argument, and research to support your claims. Veer too far into your rhetoric and you lose the rhythm and mood of the audience. Many speakers have found Stewart's ability to effortlessly transition from clown to critic to be the gold standard in style, (while finding their own voice, jokes, and message, of course.) It would help to have a team of writers and the ability to use television clips in rounds, but you make adjustments as needed. Regardless of whether you agree with his political perspective, the live audience response shows that he's able to sell his jokes.
Admittedly, this entry may strike a few as a bit...odd. Fashion guru and mentor of Project Runway, Tim Gunn, isn't the first name that comes to mind when discussing public speakers. Bear with us - we have a reason for this inclusion.
Of all of the collegiate public address events, Rhetorical Criticism (similarly known as Communication Analysis at the AFA-NIET) is perhaps the most challenging event for high school speakers to pick up. The event entails a speaker selecting a piece of rhetoric or a communication event (say, a public service campaign or monument) and examining its efficacy and resulting implications through the use of a particular methodology. Sound confusing?
There's an analogy we like to use when explaining the event to lay judges. Pretend that your communication event (a.k.a. "the artifact") is an outfit that a person is wearing. You want to discern whether this person's outfit would be considered a great trendsetting outfit. The guide that you will use to determine if an outfit is trendy might be a particular fashion magazine's "Ten Trendsetting Items for Spring 2014." If the outfit meets the magazine's standards, then you can say, "This outfit is an effective trendsetter because it follows the tips laid out in this particular fashion magazine." The outfit may meet none, or a few of the items laid out in the magazine. Your implications may be that a good looking outfit may make the wearer more or less popular - or you may find that there are underlying issues with the tips the magazine laid out. For example, "Yes, Modern Mom does have interesting spring fashion tips, but those may not be applicable to a seventeen-year old person."
As a speaker in Rhetorical Criticism, you're juggling a variety of hats. At one moment you're educating your audience about the different standards you will use to analyze the artifact, then you'll turn around and begin to pick apart the different aspects in the next. Ultimately, your goal is to be an insightful and unbiased critic, communicating your assessment while being willing to see the potential for both success and failure in the process. It may not be the perfect parallel, but it ideally captures part of the spirit of the event.
2014 AFA-NIET
2014 NFA National Tournament
Communication Analysis
National Forensics Association
National Individual Events Tournament
Rhetorical Criticism

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/**
 * Given an array of integers,
 * find two numbers such that they add up to a specific target number.
 * The function twoSum should return indices of the two numbers such that they add up to the target,
 * where index1 must be less than index2.
 * Please note that your returned answers (both index1 and index2) are NOT zero-based.
 * Example
 * numbers=[2, 7, 11, 15], target=9
 * return [1, 2]
 */

class Solution {
public:
    /*
     * @param numbers : An array of Integer
     * @param target : target = numbers[index1] + numbers[index2]
     * @return : [index1+1, index2+1] (index1 < index2)
     */
    vector<int> twoSum(vector<int> &nums, int target) {
        // write your code here
        unordered_map<int, int> m;
        for (int i = 0; i < nums.size(); ++i) {
            if (m.count(target - nums[i])) {
                return {m[target - nums[i]]+1 , i+1};
            }
            m[nums[i]] = i;
        }
        return {};
    }
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Bayside Digital has very special price, take advantage of it. Get all your precious family photos digitized. Be ready for any upcoming holiday gatherings, sharing your memories, publish online your family history, use for celebrations, commemorations. Also, save them from deterioration over time. Those photos were taken to be enjoyed. No more left in boxes, envelopes, drawers, in basements as many tell us they have them. They are precious, they need to get to the 21st century.
Bayside Digital has special bundles for you to get your wishes come true, to get all your photos digitized. Or at least get started with this long standing project.
Chck which bundle fits your needs. These bundles are valid till 24 November 2015. You will be so happy you did it. Don't wait for New Year's resolution. NOW is the best time to take care of this.
If you have any question, don't hesitate to contact Bayside Digital.


As of a few years ago, Sweden implemented laws for the designated working day to be six hours, down from eight. Wonder why? It's more productive! According to several studies conducted by Harvard University, it was concluded that those who work fewer hours would actually find greater benefits to business and health, and with those working more hours, it was considered one of the main causes for mental illness.
Working fewer hours has proven to enhance employees' work-focus, time management and overall satisfaction, which leads to a fruitful and more profitable business. With the holy month of Ramadan fast approaching, many have concerns about a drop in performance levels due to the day-long fast. Medy Navani, Founder and Creative Director of Design Haus Medy, explains how your business will benefit from a shorter work day this Ramadan season.
A good work-life balance is absolutely essential when it comes to leading a happy and fulfilled life. With the reduction in hours, employees will have more time to spend with their families and friends, leading to a happier workforce, employee satisfaction, and therefore higher work productivity.
You might actually think that working fewer hours would cause chaos in terms of project deadlines. However, fewer working hours actually trigger employees to set their agenda upon specific timelines which allows them to utilise their working hours effectively and meet all their deadlines on time.
Research has shown that working when we're overtired leads to errors. From a management and leadership perspective, working when exhausted leads to misreading physical cues, such as facial expressions and body movements and a mismanagement of our own emotional reactions, perhaps leading to unprofessional outbursts. That's why, especially during Ramadan when a high majority of employees are fasting the whole day, working fewer hours can prevent unnecessary mistakes, continued levels of professionalism, and quality work.
It has been researched that being overly tired has the same side effects as someone who is intoxicated. With a shorter workday, it provides employees with more time to relax and unwind. By having more downtime, it ultimately means that your workforce has higher energy levels and therefore are more efficient at work.
With a shorter workday, it does not mean that there is less of a workload. What can be seen with an eight hour work day is employees tend to decline in productivity and procrastination sets in the closer it gets to the end of the day. With fewer hours, however, employees learn to prioritize tasks and work more efficiently, meaning the hours worked are utilized.


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Opinion July 3, 2020 | 8:41 am
The immorality of denying anyone medical support
D. Jessop.
David Jessop, Dominican Today senior Op-Ed contributor
Last month a bill was introduced into the US Senate by three Republican Senators. In part, it proposes that nations contracting with Cuba to receive medical support be designated as engaged in 'human trafficking'.
Responding, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) issued a strongly worded statement 'repudiating' the measure and praising 'the long and exemplary history of Cuban support for the health sector in the Caribbean'. In doing so the OECS observed that all its member states 'including those close to the US' had sought and received Cuban medical support in relation to COVID-19. They also noted pointedly, a desire to continue working with all friendly governments 'that offer tangible support to the small island states of the Caribbean'
A few days later, Antigua's Prime Minister, Gaston Browne, accused the bill's sponsors – Senators Rick Scott, Ted Cruz, and Marco Rubio – of seeking to punish the countries where Cuban nurses, doctors and specialists support their health services. Their actions, he said, "undermine the good relations we enjoy with the US".
Mr Browne rejected US claims that employing the services of Cuban professionals was a type of forced labour. He noted that Cuban medical support formed "a significant part of the health infrastructure of many Caribbean countries". If the region is forced to end the support provided by Cuba it "will dismantle our health system", he told listeners to his regular radio programme.
The proof of his assertion can be seen in the fact that during the COVID pandemic almost all Caribbean nations including Britain and France's Overseas Territories, with the full support of London and Paris, asked for and received Cuban medical support.
Despite this, CARICOM's members have yet to agree a joint response to US pressure on countries in the region that receive Cuban medical cooperation, although they have made making clear individually their gratitude to Cuba. This reluctance would appear to be because some countries in receipt of Cuban assistance do not wish to be seen to be publicly critical of the US in the light of its bilateral transactional approach to security, Venezuela, China and a host of other issues.
Since the middle of 2019, the Trump Administration has been seeking to demonise globally Cuba's international medical programmes on the basis that they amount to 'human trafficking'. This is despite their proven clinical and epidemiological worth. Washington argues that its view is justified by the fact that Cuba retains a proportion of what is paid to the medical personnel involved, although Havana says it is part of whatever is earned is used to support the country's free health care, education, training, medical research and its wider social provision.
The overall objective of the US Administration's still developing medical war against Cuba appears to be threefold. Firstly, to try to halt Cuba earning an estimated US$6.3bn globally in order to sow dissent by further damaging the Cuban economy; secondly, to shore up support in the run up to November's Presidential election among the Republican Party's older generation of Cuban-American voters, particularly in the swing state of Florida; and thirdly, to increase the overall economic pressure on Cuba in the unlikely hope that it will break with Venezuela and then, despite sixty-one years of resistance to US pressure, capitulate.
Just over a week ago, the US State Department issued its annual global 'Trafficking in Persons Report'. In a wholly new escalation of language this alleged that Cuba's international medical programmes constituted "forced labour". Although the consequential Tier 3 ranking it assigned to Cuba as yet has no direct impact on third countries, the indications are that it could alter US policy towards multilateral institutions such the Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO) which together with the region's public health agencies has been outstanding in its coordination of the hemispheric response to COVID-19.
This is of significance as in Cuba's case such institutions sometimes act as intermediaries for funding the health services that Cuba provides, as is the suggestion that the next US step may be to use the report to place pressure on third countries to screen Cuban medical professionals to ensure they have not been 'trafficked'.
Despite this, the ability of Washington to end Cuban medical cooperation in the Caribbean or elsewhere is questionable. In recent months Cuba has sent globally some 3,000 health professionals to at least 28 countries to support their fight against COVID-19. More generally, it has some 28,000 other medical workers serving in 59 countries suggesting that at least 25% of the world will in future be designated as being implicated by the US in Cuba's alleged 'human trafficking'.
In reality, the basis on which they Cuba sends its medical missions varies by country. In some cases payment is made through international or regional bodies. In others, Cuba donates its services for nothing, and in yet others the personnel are contracted to the recipient country by the Cuban state.
Irrespective of the often vital humanitarian role Cuba's health professionals now play in locations around the world where few other agencies work, or its world class scientific, vaccine and biopharma research, the US now seems intent on trying to co-opt the rest of the world in its endeavor. It is doing so through the creation of provisions that have either an actual extraterritorial effect, or which by diplomatic or other means create uncertainty, causing third countries, businesses, and others to consider turning away from their relationship with Cuba.
Coming from a country that is failing to protect huge numbers of its own people from the virus, it is hard see any attempt to weaken the availability of 'hands-on' medical provision for those least able to cope as being anything other than perverse.
The provision of health care and the treatment of the weakest in society should be beyond politics. They are matters of morality and humanity especially at a time of global crisis and a stubborn pandemic.
The extraordinary spectacle of a powerful country trying to control medical support to developing countries as a matter of foreign policy, and its use of extraterritorial measures and potentially sanctions to do so, suggests that the US power to lead or convince is waning.
David Jessop is a consultant to the Caribbean Council and can be contacted at
Previous columns can be found at https://www.caribbean-council.org/research-analysis/


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Our Oceans: A Plastic Soup
Photo credit: cesarharada.com
"Humanity's plastic footprint is probably more dangerous than its carbon footprint," said Captain Charles Moore, who, in 1997, discovered the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Its name is misleading because the huge expanse of floating marine debris is actually more like a soup of confetti-sized plastic bits, produced by the runoff of our throwaway lifestyle that has made its way into our oceans.
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, the most notorious stretch of plastic debris, is located northeast of Hawaii, about 1000 miles from Hawaii and California. It's an enormous and immeasurable area of marine debris, trapped by one of the five major subtropical gyres (systems of ocean currents) that corrals and carries marine garbage into its vortex. 5 Gyres, an organization that partners with Moore's Algalita Marine Research Foundation to study plastic pollution in the ocean, has sent expeditions across the North Pacific Gyre, the North and South Atlantic Gyres, and the Indian Ocean Gyre, and found plastic in every one of them, though concentrations vary. Some reports have estimated the Great Pacific Garbage Patch to be twice the size of the continental United States, but no one can accurately measure the boundaries of the trash gyres because they are vast, remote and always shifting with ocean conditions. In any case, plastic marine debris is now found on the surface of every ocean on Earth.
Ocean gyres. Photo credit: NOAA
Some plastic and marine debris comes from fishing gear, offshore oil and gas platforms, and ships. But 80 percent of it comes from the land—litter that gets stuck in storm drains and is washed into rivers and out to sea, the legal and illegal dumping of garbage and appliances, and plastic resin pellets inadvertently spilled and unloaded by plastic manufacturers. Trash Travels, Ocean Conservancy's 2010 report, states that 60 percent of all marine debris in 2009 consisted of "disposable" items, with the most common being cigarettes, plastic bags, food containers, bottle caps and plastic bottles. And no matter where the litter originates, once it reaches the ocean, it becomes a planetary problem as garbage travels thousands of miles carried by the gyres.
The lightness and durability that make plastic such a useful and versatile material for manufacturers also make it a long-term problem for the environment. Trash Travels estimates that plastic bags can take 20 years to decompose, plastic bottles up to 450 years, and fishing line, 600 years; but in fact, no one really knows how long plastics will remain in the ocean. With exposure to UV rays and the ocean environment, plastic breaks down into smaller and smaller fragments. The majority of the plastic found in the ocean are tiny pieces less than 1 cm. in size, with the mass of 1/10 of a paper clip.
Photo credit: Chris Jordan
The Sea Education Association's (SEA) expedition to the western North Atlantic Ocean found bits of HDPE (high density polyethylene), LDPE (low density polyethylene), and PP (polypropylene) from items such as milk containers, plastic bags, and straws, which float on the surface because they are less dense than seawater. It did not find PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), and PS (polystyrene solid), which sink because they are denser than seawater. Algalita, which sampled down to depths of 100 hundred meters throughout the eastern side of the North Pacific Gyre, found LDPE, styrene, PP and PET.
Last year, SEA released the results of its 22-year study of plastic pollution in the western North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea. The greatest amount of plastic was found in the North Atlantic Gyre, which contains the Sargasso Sea. The most plastic collected during a 30-minute tow was 1069 pieces, which, if scaled up, would be equal to about 580,000 pieces per square kilometer. The average concentration of samples would roughly equal 20,300 pieces per square kilometer. While discarded plastic in the U.S. quadrupled between 1980 and 2008, however, the concentration of debris in the Atlantic did not appear to increase. Where has it all gone? Lead scientist Kara Lavender Law speculated that some is being eaten by marine animals, some has broken down into bits too small to be captured by tow nets, some gets washed up onto beaches, and some is sinking to the ocean floor. According to Project Kaisei, a non-profit also studying marine debris, 70 percent of the man-made waste that enters the ocean sinks to the bottom. That means that the plastic soup is only the 30 percent of the debris that floats. No one knows what lies deep down because so far, there have been no studies of the plastic on the ocean floor.
But we know the plastic debris on the surface of the ocean is taking its toll on marine life. Animals get strangled in fishing lines, nets, and plastic litter. Fish and seabirds ingest bits of plastic they mistake for food that can block their intestinal tracts and kill them, or make them feel full so that they do not eat real food.One of Moore's expeditions collected hundreds of samples of fish, and conducted necropsies on them: over 1/3 had ingested polluted plastic fragments, including one 2.5 inch fish that had 84 pieces of plastic in its tiny gut. In 1999, Moore's research in the Central Pacific found six times more plastic than zooplankton in the water. In 2002, off the coast of Southern California, he discovered the ratio of plastic to plankton was 2.5. Preliminary results on samples Algalita took in 2008 already show that there is a significant increase in the ratio of plastic to plankton in the water.
Plastic bits also create habitats for microorganisms and other species, allowing would-be invasive species to hitch rides to new areas of the ocean.
A recent study found that plastics take up and accumulate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organochlorine pesticides such as DDD, a derivative of DDT. Over 50 percent of the plastic samples studied contained PCBs, and over 75 percent contained PAHs. According to Moore, plastic debris can attract and concentrate POPs up to a million times their levels in the surrounding seawater, and when consumed by marine animals, the POPs endanger both the creatures that ingest them and humans higher up on the food chain, especially infants. Moore has said, "No fish monger on Earth can sell you a certified organic wild-caught fish."
Despite all these environmental and potential human health impacts, most scientists agree that it is not feasible to clean up the plastic soup in our oceans. The areas are huge, and the debris is unevenly distributed and always shifting. A cleanup would entail filtering enormous amounts of water, and the by-catch of plankton and other marine organisms would be harmful to ocean ecosystems. Moreover, the fact that the trash gyres are in the open ocean, in international waters, makes it difficult to get governments to invest in research or cleanup efforts.
Undaunted, Project Kaisei, on its two expeditions to the North Pacific Gyre, has been working to develop and test new methods for removal of some of the plastic waste. Its goal is to learn more about how to efficiently remove the floating plastic, and to use new techniques to recycle the material into fuel or other products. Project Kaisei plans to test new, and scaled-up catch methods on future expeditions, as well as passive netting and catch methods that require little fuel and have low impacts on marine life.
Moore and Algalita believe that the best way to deal with the plastic debris is to stop the waste from entering the ocean in the first place: to replace, reduce, reuse and recycle our plastics. Marcus Eriksen, one of the founders of 5 Gyres, also promotes beach cleanup because "What we now know is that if we stop adding more plastic to the ocean, in time the gyres will kick out the plastic pollution they currently hold. If you want to clean the gyre, clean your beach." In 2010, approximately 500,000 volunteers did just that, taking part in the 25th Annual International Coastal Cleanup and removing millions of pounds of marine debris from 6,000 sites around the world, including all 50 U.S. states.
Photo credit: Ocean Conservancy
The Algalita Marine Research Foundation has launched a three-year scientific study expedition to the Antarctic Ocean, and is planning a voyage to the North Pacific gyre in July. This spring, 5 Gyres is preparing to sail across the South Pacific Gyre from Chile to Easter Island. Findings from these expeditions and others will be shared at the 5th International Marine Debris Conference in March, 2011.
Columbia Water Center demonstrates research-based solutions to global freshwater scarcity. Follow Columbia Water Center on Facebook and Twitter
marine debrisoceansplasticplastic pollutionPollutionwater matterswater pollution
How Do We Clean Up All That Ocean Plastic? How Is Climate Change Affecting Ocean Waters and Ecosystems?
What Happens to All That Plastic? – State of the Planet
[…] leak pollutants into the soil and water. It's estimated that there are also 100 millions tons of plastic debris floating around in the oceans threatening the health and safety of marine […]
Jub Yah
I don't think it takes a higher than average intelligence to see where this is headed. When you think about this, and combine it with over fishing and crazy low-pressure gas eruptions, it's not too hard to see this leading to a sudden and terrifying decline in land animals. Large land mammals, especially carnivores, are starting to dwindle in Africa already. I may be just very pessimistic, but when you start to link it all together, it is terrifying.
What a terrible thought that we only "see" an already giant 30% and that 70% is lying on the bottom of the ocean. I did not know this..
I believe the fish are going to take revenge.
I Belive Bob is correct.
Ewwwww this is disgusting, and I have to study it for school. Some people are just not smart enough to RECYCLE their stupid plasticiness.
Golia
I think that we should do a lot more than this. This does not define humanity. Humanity is defined by helping ourselves and others.
I agree with Jub Yah, this is serious pronlem, and if we don't take action, this is gonna cause some really serious and irreversable damage. Its not just up to one person to recycle and its not just plastic bags causing the problem, especially seeing as their are lots of other materials pollutiong our oceans, like cigarette butts. If we want to keep being able to swim in the ocean and use this vital and crucial human resource, we need to do something nad we need to do something NOW, not tommorow, or next week, but NOW.
Cleanup the world, do it yourself!
Wherever, I go on a holiday, I clean up. My husband and I have bags in our rucksacks for that purpuse. Our hobby is bird watching and nature photography. As soon as we enter any nature reserve anywhere, we pick up the trash. After a while, people follow our example, and we have fun together.
We did so in Trinidad and Tobago, and in Spitsbergen, for example.
Attention: have your Hepatitis B vaccination!!
the worst thing about any technology is the responsibility part. and here's the truth if you use it you are responsible period. not only for the impact it has on you but the world as well. the worst thing about the plastic problem is uneducated people speaking making misconceptions among the public. we all need to be aware of what our impact is on the world and act on that. I think many don't care for this subject because its easy to ignore and the solution involves doing something that involves more than sitting in front of a screen. but the solution is the simplest. stop using it. the action is the hard part but not really. people survived without plastic for hundreds of thousands of years we can do it again. we need to eliminate petroleum plastic and invest in corn synthetic plastics that are 100% bio degradable in a compost factories designed to break it down into dirt through temp and humidity. the real reason this isn't happening is because of money. which makes no sense. but its the way it is. so stop buying and using plastic and they will stop producing it.
Christophe Poizat
Very happy to share with the community I have now launched with my partner phase 1 of the Ocean Phoenix Project.
SAS OCEAN PHOENIX is proud to present the concept of a giant factory-ship capable of eradicating the layers of plastic waste in the North Pacific Ocean and other Oceans around the world.
The design of this giant factory-ship, named "Ocean Phoenix", enables the retrieval, compression and packing of ocean pollution in accordance with road transportation regulations. Each of these steps will take place on the Ocean Phoenix itself, prior to the transferal of the aforementioned waste to an accompanying support vessel, which will transport it onshore for recycling.
The Ocean Phoenix does not discriminate between shipping containers, multi-ton logs (occasionally found where currents converge), plastic waste (and other forms of debris) as well as plastic microbeads, practically the size of plankton.
The Ocean Phoenix's technical specifications are impressive: 360m in length and 115m in width (the size of two supertankers side by side).
Designed by Serge Menard, the Ocean Phoenix concept is patented (patent delivered in France in 2013 and extended internationally in 2015).
Please visit our website for further details:
http://www.oceanphoenixproject.com
too much trash not enough help. what is wrong with people?
I also believe the fish will take revenge
bob you must KNOW THAT HOW CAN FISH TAKE REVENGE THEY CANT GROW LEGS!
When you think about it, amphibians are basically fish with legs. And also mexican walking fish!
I feel bad for our planet
I feel bad for our planet too and the fish and animals that we are killing by our selfishness. I hope more people take notice of the problem and clean up after themselves and stop using plastic items that are just discarded after one use.
I grew up in the USSR, we had no plastic bags when buying groceries. We had permanent totes, bags, etc. The bags we did have we washed, and washed, and washed again, so many times until they were completely unusable. Only then they would end up in trash. No plastic bottles, and all bottles you buy were recyclable you would get quite a bit money back for taking it to the collection place. The nice part is that you'd rarely see any sort of mess around beaches, woods, that you see now that those countries have access to all the plastic.
To be fair, USSR messed up the environment badly in other ways, but at least we had clean streets, woods and beaches.
The seas around country's have been an open sewer since time immoral – As a retired sub aqua diver i have seen shipwrecks belching out carcinogenic material waste, since the last two world wars, there are wrecks in their thousands around every coastline. We have taken for granted our earths resources and abused the right to live on here, and now we have one more life destroying disaster in plastic. Not to mention Global warming, hurricanes and tsunamis on a frighteningly regular basis, is this the reason why trillions are being spent to find other habitable planets, because we are definitely killing this one.
Anonymous R
It's really sad to see that this article was posted in 2011, and the situation has since, only gotten worse. If only more people saw this and got to know the real facts … maybe things can actually start to change. Hopefully more people become aware of the issue and furthermore, take action.
A little intellectual discipline might be helpful. Plastic does decompose (as evidenced by the fact that the majority of the pieces we see floating in the ocean are quite small). The real question is what does steady-state look like and how far from it are we at present. The oceans are a very effective way to sequester and reclaim waste plastics so long as they are introduced at a sustainable rate.
Gary Bridger
I need to know how much dissolved plastic in every cubic CM is now , 2008 it was 400 parts per million So what is it now?
The situation is sad and very serious, more needs to be done to correct what we have done!


A circle consists of all points with a given distance from one point.
A circle consists of all points with a given distance from one point. This point is called center, the distance is called radius. A circle can be constructed by providing a center and a point on the circle or a center and a radius (given as a number, function, line, or circle).
This element has no direct constructor. To create an instance of this element you have to call JXG.Board#create with type "circle".
The center must be given as a JXG.Point, see JXG.providePoints, but the radius can be given as a number (which will create a circle with a fixed radius), another JXG.Point, a JXG.Line (the distance of start and end point of the line will determine the radius), or another JXG.Circle.