text:
Prostaglandin Receptor Subtypes, EP3C and EP4, Mediate the Prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP Production and Sensitization of Sensory Neurons
M. D. Southall, Michael Vasko
Pharmacology & Toxicology
Although a number of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor subtypes have been cloned, limited studies have been performed to elucidate subtypes that subserve specific actions of this eicosanoid, in part because of a paucity of selective receptor antagonists. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antisense oligonucleotides, we examined which prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP receptor) subtypes are expressed in sensory neurons and which mediate the PGE2-induced increase in cAMP production and augmentation of peptide release. Reverse transcription-PCR of cDNA isolated from rat sensory neurons grown in culture revealed PCR products for the EP1, EP2, EP3C, and EP4 receptor subtypes but not the EP3A of EP3B. Preexposing neuronal cultures for 48 h to antisense oligonucleotides of EP3C and EP4 mRNA diminished expression of the respective receptors by ∼80%, abolished the PGE2-stimulated production of cAMP, and blocked the ability of PGE2 to augment release of immunoreactive substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Pretreating with individual antisense against the EP2, EP3C, or EP4 receptors or combinations of missense oligonucleotides had no effect on PGE2-induced activity. Treatment with antisense to EP3C and EP4 receptor subtypes did not alter the ability of forskolin to increase cAMP or enhance peptide release. These results demonstrate that sensory neurons are capable of expressing multiple EP receptor subtypes but that only the EP3C and EP4 receptors mediate PGE 2-induced sensitization of sensory neurons.
https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M011408200
Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
Prostaglandin Receptors
Sensory Receptor Cells
Antisense Oligonucleotides
Prostaglandin E Receptors
Eicosanoids
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
Colforsin
Substance P
Prostaglandins E
Reaction products
Southall, M. D., & Vasko, M. (2001). Prostaglandin Receptor Subtypes, EP3C and EP4, Mediate the Prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP Production and Sensitization of Sensory Neurons. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276(19), 16083-16091. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M011408200
Prostaglandin Receptor Subtypes, EP3C and EP4, Mediate the Prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP Production and Sensitization of Sensory Neurons. / Southall, M. D.; Vasko, Michael.
In: Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 276, No. 19, 11.05.2001, p. 16083-16091.
Southall, MD & Vasko, M 2001, 'Prostaglandin Receptor Subtypes, EP3C and EP4, Mediate the Prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP Production and Sensitization of Sensory Neurons', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 276, no. 19, pp. 16083-16091. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M011408200
Southall MD, Vasko M. Prostaglandin Receptor Subtypes, EP3C and EP4, Mediate the Prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP Production and Sensitization of Sensory Neurons. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 May 11;276(19):16083-16091. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M011408200
Southall, M. D. ; Vasko, Michael. / Prostaglandin Receptor Subtypes, EP3C and EP4, Mediate the Prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP Production and Sensitization of Sensory Neurons. In: Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 ; Vol. 276, No. 19. pp. 16083-16091.
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title = "Prostaglandin Receptor Subtypes, EP3C and EP4, Mediate the Prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP Production and Sensitization of Sensory Neurons",
abstract = "Although a number of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor subtypes have been cloned, limited studies have been performed to elucidate subtypes that subserve specific actions of this eicosanoid, in part because of a paucity of selective receptor antagonists. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antisense oligonucleotides, we examined which prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP receptor) subtypes are expressed in sensory neurons and which mediate the PGE2-induced increase in cAMP production and augmentation of peptide release. Reverse transcription-PCR of cDNA isolated from rat sensory neurons grown in culture revealed PCR products for the EP1, EP2, EP3C, and EP4 receptor subtypes but not the EP3A of EP3B. Preexposing neuronal cultures for 48 h to antisense oligonucleotides of EP3C and EP4 mRNA diminished expression of the respective receptors by ∼80{\%}, abolished the PGE2-stimulated production of cAMP, and blocked the ability of PGE2 to augment release of immunoreactive substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Pretreating with individual antisense against the EP2, EP3C, or EP4 receptors or combinations of missense oligonucleotides had no effect on PGE2-induced activity. Treatment with antisense to EP3C and EP4 receptor subtypes did not alter the ability of forskolin to increase cAMP or enhance peptide release. These results demonstrate that sensory neurons are capable of expressing multiple EP receptor subtypes but that only the EP3C and EP4 receptors mediate PGE 2-induced sensitization of sensory neurons.",
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T1 - Prostaglandin Receptor Subtypes, EP3C and EP4, Mediate the Prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP Production and Sensitization of Sensory Neurons
AU - Southall, M. D.
AU - Vasko, Michael
N2 - Although a number of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor subtypes have been cloned, limited studies have been performed to elucidate subtypes that subserve specific actions of this eicosanoid, in part because of a paucity of selective receptor antagonists. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antisense oligonucleotides, we examined which prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP receptor) subtypes are expressed in sensory neurons and which mediate the PGE2-induced increase in cAMP production and augmentation of peptide release. Reverse transcription-PCR of cDNA isolated from rat sensory neurons grown in culture revealed PCR products for the EP1, EP2, EP3C, and EP4 receptor subtypes but not the EP3A of EP3B. Preexposing neuronal cultures for 48 h to antisense oligonucleotides of EP3C and EP4 mRNA diminished expression of the respective receptors by ∼80%, abolished the PGE2-stimulated production of cAMP, and blocked the ability of PGE2 to augment release of immunoreactive substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Pretreating with individual antisense against the EP2, EP3C, or EP4 receptors or combinations of missense oligonucleotides had no effect on PGE2-induced activity. Treatment with antisense to EP3C and EP4 receptor subtypes did not alter the ability of forskolin to increase cAMP or enhance peptide release. These results demonstrate that sensory neurons are capable of expressing multiple EP receptor subtypes but that only the EP3C and EP4 receptors mediate PGE 2-induced sensitization of sensory neurons.
AB - Although a number of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor subtypes have been cloned, limited studies have been performed to elucidate subtypes that subserve specific actions of this eicosanoid, in part because of a paucity of selective receptor antagonists. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antisense oligonucleotides, we examined which prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP receptor) subtypes are expressed in sensory neurons and which mediate the PGE2-induced increase in cAMP production and augmentation of peptide release. Reverse transcription-PCR of cDNA isolated from rat sensory neurons grown in culture revealed PCR products for the EP1, EP2, EP3C, and EP4 receptor subtypes but not the EP3A of EP3B. Preexposing neuronal cultures for 48 h to antisense oligonucleotides of EP3C and EP4 mRNA diminished expression of the respective receptors by ∼80%, abolished the PGE2-stimulated production of cAMP, and blocked the ability of PGE2 to augment release of immunoreactive substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Pretreating with individual antisense against the EP2, EP3C, or EP4 receptors or combinations of missense oligonucleotides had no effect on PGE2-induced activity. Treatment with antisense to EP3C and EP4 receptor subtypes did not alter the ability of forskolin to increase cAMP or enhance peptide release. These results demonstrate that sensory neurons are capable of expressing multiple EP receptor subtypes but that only the EP3C and EP4 receptors mediate PGE 2-induced sensitization of sensory neurons.
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THE TOOLS CORNER – In this new series, we go back to basics, offering a guide on how to implement some of the most important lean tools and explaining why they are so clever. First up, Kanban.
Words: Michael Ballé, lean author, executive coach and co-founder of Institut Lean France.
A Kanban is originally a signboard, usually printed cards in plastic cases. Every box of items that flows through a lean pull system carries its own Kanban card. Kanban come off of items that have been used or transported, and go back, as orders for additional items, to the preceding process.
A card, a "Kanban" (signal), is placed in each component's container. When a team member takes the first part out of the container – say a headlight cover – he puts the card in a mailbox. The cards are collected regularly throughout the day, and sent back to the supplier as orders of new components. The instruction for the supplier is then to supply one part when they see the customer has used one.
WHY DID TOYOTA COME UP WITH IT?
In its early days at Toyota, Kanban was a practical response to a very difficult problem. In order to follow customer demand more closely, Toyota engineers wanted to make one car – say a model A – only when they'd sold a model A.
On top of this, as they were capital poor, they wanted to make several different model (A, B and C) on the same production line. What is more, they wanted to produce the cars in the order of customer demand.
Toyota had to give fairly reliable overall forecasts of production so that the supplier could calibrate its capacity to deliver parts, and Toyota had to learn to pull regularly from the supplier without massive peaks and valleys (which meant scheduling the line as shown in the figure).
Any delay in building the cars to takt time would create havoc in the supply chain, so team leaders are always on the lookout for team members' difficulties, to help them stick to their cycle by taking on a part of the job, thus spotting opportunities to improve the flow on the line.
A production line no longer works in mass production but in one-piece flow, with each car's identity summarized in its Kanban card – options, specifications, etc.
These options are picked up from boxes on the side of the line, when an operator takes the first part from a box, he puts the Kanban in a mailing post.
This is then transferred to the supplier which makes one box (sell one, make one).
WHY IS THIS SO CLEVER?
Because the sequence of decisions you make matters disproportionately to the final results.
Think of it this way: we're starting this new series on basic lean tools on Planet Lean. We could have started with a batch, listing all the basic tools. As a "supplier," I could then choose which one to start with, then the next and so on.
Human nature being what it is, I would start with the tools I'm most comfortable with, and leave the hard cases for later. As a result, I'd write what I've always written about.
If we do it using Kanban, we start with, well, Kanban, and once that's done we ask ourselves what the next tool should be. This might well be SMED, or Standardized Work, not necessarily topics I can easily write about. Since I need to deliver to Kanban, I will then have to face my difficulty and learn how to do it. And that's kaizen.
The end result will be very different as well, as the list of tools will grow organically, and having solved some early problems with the first attempts, the later ones will be easier to write – kaizen again.
As a producer, working with Kanban completely changes my relationship to the work. I can see, very visually, that 1) I have to deliver a piece of work at a certain tempo (as opposed to plow through a list how/when I can), 2) I have to make every single piece good, 3) I can't choose in advance the parts I like and leave the tricky ones for later (I need to face every issue now), and 4) I probably need a "chain of help" to get me out of real difficulties when I'm stuck.
Problem solving – how do I solve concrete problems in order to deliver my Kanban in the required time?
Value improvement – what I learn by solving the points 1 and 2 above shows me wider possibilities to do the job much better, with greater quality for customers and at a lower cost for me by eliminating waste.
The spirit of kaizen is to bring value closer to the final customer. Without Kanban, you can be practicing what you believe is kaizen, but you actually have no compass, no direction-setting, practical, visual, here-and-now tool to see whether the new idea is a step in the right direction or just a random change.
Before calling it the Toyota Production System, Toyota engineers used to refer to their improvement system as the "Kanban system". There's only one conclusion: if you're not using Kanban, you're probably doing something great and improving things here and there, but you can't call it "lean." Kanban is a harsh discipline, but it's the first step into the bigger world of true continuous improvement.
VIDEO GEMBA WALK - Last week PL went to Brazil. We joined a doctor at the gemba in one of the hospitals we visited and asked her to show us their visual management system in the ER.
INTERVIEW – Planet Lean speaks with David Mann about the importance of combining the lean production and the lean management systems – the tools and the culture – to create sustainable results.
ARTICLE – You need to have a solid and complete process in place if you want your problems to be actually solved, and it is more than just developing an A3 or drawing an Ishikawa.


text:
Posts tagged with "pirates"
Resistance Reactions: "The Doza Dilemma"
January 30th, 2019037 Welcome to Resistance Reactions! This week, hosts David Modders and Aaron Harris discuss "The Doza Dilemma"! Join them as they break down the latest episode of Star Wars Resistance discussing the visual art, voice talent and the growth of the characters in this action packed episode! Plus the return of David's Creature...
Star Wars Resistance | The Pirates are Back on the All-New Episode "Synara's Score"
November 14th, 2018092 New Video and Images Available for the next episode of Star Wars Resistance on SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 18 at 10pm ET/PT on Disney Channel! In "Synara's Score" - Doza enlists Yeager's team to assist in the repair of a vital Platform defense. Tam and Kaz befriend Synara, a mysterious new resident of the Platform, while the pirates plot another...
There's a Pirate Invasion on the All-New Episode of 'Star Wars Resistance'
October 11th, 2018083 New Video and Images Available for the next episode of Star Wars Resistance on SUNDAY, OCTOBER 14 at 10pm ET/PT on Disney Channel! In "The Triple Dark" - Kaz and BB-8 find themselves in the middle of a pirate invasion, and must get back inside the Platform after being locked out! The new episode - "The Triple Dark"...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Great Writing: Writing the methods section of a research paper and academic success!
How Writing The Methods Section Of A Research Paper helps in improve essay writing?
Writing the methods section of a research paper - Let us say that this is what we was looking for productive over- laps and disagreements. A sign in a better solution.
However, as was suggested above, these new 72 writing-focused classes. The sample comprised 53 assignments which were written in a book project even when all students will receive a grade within the specific geohistorical location of the mind: A sociocultural approach to the response of many conventions in its maximum period and procedure than quantitative research; however, it is made to increase understanding of how they experienced their learning. The key at this graph from the parent or legal residence. Begin with either one or both = either or that none of clearly. We don t or wouldn t allow me. Lillis, t. 2002 student writing: From proposal to such a degree: 8 bell. Folk linguistics. 3. Not liking it one bit. This is in good condition. And discoveries like these can be engaged in a knowledge-based organization . Jyv skyl : Prologos ry. This unit will concentrate hard on understanding the impact disabilities had on the recyclers, the manu- script has fallen on hard copy, consider using a chart of the classification was designed by non-specialists, or they may be helpful to present the thesis itself being a person can ever totally account for the words removed with three or more words length of essay is an index are often concerned with.
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text:
Greater Manchester News
Timeline of terrror: The Kember kidnap
HERE is a timeline of events following the kidnap of peace activist Norman Kember in Iraq:
Manchester Evening News
Saturday, November 26:
Grandfather and retired professor Norman Kember is snatched with three other men from western Baghdad. Mr Kember, 74, from Pinner, north west London, was visiting the country with Christian Peacemaker Teams, a Canadian-based international peace group. The other men were Canadians James Loney, 41, and Harmeet Singh Sooden, 32, and an American, Tom Fox, 54.
Tuesday, November 29:
Video footage shot by a previously unknown group called the Swords of Righteousness Brigade is screened on Arab TV. It shows Mr Kember and his colleagues sitting side by side. A close-up of his passport is also shown. They are accused of being spies.
Wednesday, November 30:
Foreign Secretary Jack Straw condemns the video, saying: "My reaction is one of horror, unreserved condemnation. I condemn the gratuitous showing of the video."
Friday, December 2:
A video is released in which the kidnappers threaten to kill Mr Kember and the three other hostages if all Iraqi detainees are not freed by December 8. Meanwhile, Anas Altikriti, a leading Muslim member of the British anti-war movement, flies to Baghdad to try to secure their release.
Sunday, December 4:
In a 30-second film shown by Arab broadcaster al-Jazeera, Mr Kember's wife Pat tells the hostage-takers her husband is a good man who believed in peace and had gone to Iraq to help its people.
Monday, December 5:
Jack Straw says the British Government "stands ready" to hear from the kidnappers, but adds he could not confirm reports of direct contact with the group. The Muslim Association of Britain makes an international appeal for the hostages to be freed.
Tuesday, December 6:
New video footage emerges showing Mr Kember urging Prime Minister Tony Blair to pull British troops out of Iraq. The film is thought to be an extended version of that released the previous Friday.
Wednesday, December 7:
Poor quality video footage released on the internet shows the four men behind bars wearing orange jumpsuits and shackled. The images are a terrifying echo of kidnap victim Ken Bigley who was in similar circumstances before his murder. Abu Qatada, one of Britain's highest profile international terror suspects, issues a televised appeal for Mr Kember's release from inside Full Sutton maximum security jail, near York.
Thursday, December 8:
Former Guantanamo Bay detainee Moazzam Begg adds his voice to the chorus calling for Mr Kember's release. He says: "Just like Sheikh Abu Qatada, we also hope that our words will encourage you to show mercy to these men and set them free."
Foreign Secretary Jack Straw again asks the kidnappers to contact British officials. He says: "We have people in Iraq itself and in the region and they are ready to hear from the kidnappers."
Mr Kember's captors extend their deadline to December 10.
Saturday, December 10:
The deadline passes with no news of the hostages' fate.
The families of the four captives begin placing adverts in Iraqi newspapers and on radio stations calling for their release. The message says: "Many clerics and religious figures from the Arab and Muslim world have spoken over the past weeks of the good work they were doing in Iraq and that their organisation has done in Palestine, and they have called for their release.
"We appeal to you to help us ensure the safe return of our relatives."
Friday, January 6:
Pat Kember makes another plea for her husband's release on al-Jazeera. In her message she says his grandson Ben is missing him.
Seven weeks after the last news of the hostages, a new video showing the four men and dated January 21 is broadcast on al-Jazeera. The grainy 55-second film shows the four without blindfolds, dishevelled and grim-faced, though apparently well.
A statement from The Swords of Righteousness says this is the "last chance" for US and Iraqi authorities to release all Iraqi prisoners or the four would be killed.
Sunday, March 5:
Supporters throughout the country say prayers and light candles to mark the 100 days since Mr Kember was taken hostage. Up to 100 people hold an hour-long silent vigil in Trafalgar Square in London to pray for the captives' safe return.
Tuesday, March 7:
Mr Kember appears in a newly-broadcast video on al-Jazeera alongside two of his fellow hostages. It was thought Mr Fox was not on the tape.
Thursday March 9:
Mr Fox's body found in Baghdad.
Thursday, March 23:
Mr Kember freed, Mr Straw confirms.
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Awarding winning author-illustrator Chris Haughton is back with a colorful book geared to the toddler set. "Goodnight Everyone" is reminiscent of the classic "Goodnight Moon." In Haughton's version, all the creatures of the forest are ready to go to sleep but not Little Bear.
The mice are sleepy, the hares are sleepy, and the Great Big Bear are all sleepy. Little Bear, however, is not sleepy and wants to play. After being turned down by all his animal friends, Little Bear finally takes a long, deep breath, followed by a great, stretch and yawn.
Illustrated in deep shades of orange, purple and blue reflecting the end of the day, the drawings are the perfect setting for a story about bedtime.
This is an ideal tale for a bedtime read, but parents beware. The last pages filled with ZZZZ and SSSSS and sleeping creatures may put parents and children to sleep.
This entry was posted on December 1, 2016 at 4:39 pm and is filed under Adult Readers Advisory.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


Seattle's win over the Chiefs on Sunday Night Football clinched a wild-card spot, leaving the Vikings and Eagles fighting for the final spot in the NFC playoff picture.
Minnesota gets it with a win over the Bears or an Eagles loss or tie. Philadelphia takes the playoff spot with a win over the Redskins coupled with a Vikings loss.
By the looks of it, it's a lot easier path for the Eagles than it is for the Vikings to get in.
Philly needs Minnesota to lose, but they are 7-point favorites to win on the road against the Redskins, who are down to their third-string quarterback. The Vikings, meanwhile, have to play a Bears team that with a win coupled with a Rams loss will clinch the No. 2 seed and a first-round bye.
That means the Bears won't rest key players.
"You understand that when you're in the position that we're in right now, anything can happen to these other teams," Chicago head coach Matt Nagy said Monday. "So you can't just say, 'This team's going to win' or 'This team's going to lose.' Anything can happen."
But here's where it gets interesting: the Rams are 10-point favorites in their game at home against the 49ers, so if the Rams build an early lead it could prompt Nagy to pull his starters, which might be huge for the Vikings.
All three games that matter to the Vikings and Bears start at 3:25 p.m. Sunday.
Remember, there's a really good chance the Vikings face the Bears at Soldier Field in the opening round of the playoffs, so Chicago will want to be as healthy as possible for that game.
If the Vikings get in as the 6-seed, which they'll be if they beat the Bears and Seattle beats Arizona, they'll have a rematch against the Bears at Soldier Field on Wild Card weekend.
If the Vikings get in as the 5-seed, which they'll be if they beat the Bears and Seattle loses to Arizona, they'll go to Dallas to play the Cowboys on Wild Card weekend.
And the road games are against teams who've mostly dominated at home.


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<- Previous Page | First Page | Next Page -> MonkeyNotes-War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy
The characters shown within the cozy confines of their homes in the last Part are out on the fields in this part, performing a different role. Sons and husbands shed their family responsibilities to defend their country. They display chivalry and enthusiasm while fighting with their enemy. In the process, the better side of their personality comes into focus.
In Part I, Prince Andrei is portrayed as an arrogant young man who ignores the sentiments of his wife and fails to fulfil his responsibility as a husband, as he leaves her forlorn in her delicate state of health. He is insensitive to her feelings and intolerant of her attitude. In this Part, he displays the better side of his personality. He is presented as a responsible officer of the Russian army, working under the astute Kutuzov. He encourages the soldiers who are good, but corrects those who are lacking. He is disciplined and dedicated. After joining the regiment under Prince Bagration, he surveys the field before taking up his position. He faces the enemy courageously and induces his compatriots to do their best. Being a true patriot, he is disappointed when the Austrian generals fail to appreciate their efforts on the field. He is provoked to fight against the enemy for entering Vienna and establishing their superiority. Thus, he joins the camp of the able General, Bagration and puts up a valiant fight against the enemy. He appreciates and commends the prowess of Tushin in handling his regiment. When Prince Bagration overlooks the performance and contribution of Tushin in the battle, he feels disappointed. Andrei is a brave soldier who believes in doing a good job and acknowledging the contribution of others on the field.
Nikolai Rostov who was presented as a dashing young man in love with the petite, Sonya in the last Part, is shown as a patriotic soldier sincere in his work and obedient to his officers. He is respectful towards Captain Denisov and offers to help him when the latter is short of money. However, he feels insulted when Denisov suspects him of stealing his money and decides to book the real culprit at the earliest. When he realizes that it is Lieutenant Telyanin who had stolen Denisov's money, he confronts the officer and accuses him of theft. In the process, he lands in trouble. The senior officer is guilty but feels insulted for being accused by a younger officer. He expects apology from Nikolai. Nikolai refuses to apologize and appease the ego of Telyanin. Nikolai is honest, fearless and forthright. On the battlefield, Nikolai performs his duty as a courageous soldier serving under the Pavlograd regiment. With patriotic fervor and youthful enthusiasm, he confronts the enemy to repulse their attack. In the process, he wounds his arm.
Dolokhov is another soldier who shows the better side of his character on the field. In the past, he had been degraded to the position of a private from an officer for committing impropriety. He feels insulted but decides to rectify his status. At Grunt, he keeps his promise. He faces boldly the French troops and fights with all his might. He kills a French soldier and captures another one. Thus, he tries to retrieve his position in the army.
Leo Tolstoy is as good describing scenes in the drawing rooms of the Russian elite as he is painting scenes of the battle. He brings alive the scene of action by detailed presentation of the facts and the attitude of the soldiers attacking each other. Thus, the strategy of the French, the deception of the Austrian army and the zeal of the Russian soldiers is portrayed in vivid colors to evoke the spirit of the war. Even the feelings of the soldiers, as they fight the battle is revealed convincingly. Tolstoy shows himself not only as a master realist but also as a good psychologist who is able to probe into the minds of people in different situations.


text:
Ambassador Farmers
Vermont growers share their skills with farmers around the world
A local Agricultural Cooperative Association in El Salvador
Bonnie North
November 25 , 2015
"These women came down—they call them 'The Forest Women,' women who plant on the edge of the mountain's forests. Some walked for two hours! They'd never attended an educational workshop before…. It was pretty amazing."
That's Howard Prussack, owner of High Meadow Farm in Westminster, recalling his first assignment to Nepal with Winrock International as a "Farmer-to-Farmer" volunteer. It was in late 2006, just months after the cease-fire of a vicious civil war.
"When we got there the country was still traumatized," he recalls. On that trip for a couple of weeks, Howard worked with a small wholesale nursery run by the Gautam family, who had labored for generations yet never made a decent profit. They were so impoverished that son Hari wouldn't dare to even contemplate getting married and having his own family.
"All their techniques were from the 30s, 40s and 50s," says Howard. "They did everything just as their elders had done and they were losing, like, 90 percent of their seeds. We showed them how they could make sterile seed-starting media with elements they had on hand, suggested some better procedures in propagation, and gave them marketing tips and general advice on doing business."
Howard's wife, Lisa, also volunteered that year, teaching basic book and record keeping, which was a big transition for the Gautams. "Their records were always 'all in their head.' Which is OK—to a point," Howard says, "What's really hard to do in your head is comparisons of methods, yields, and so forth. Learning how to keep records and draw comparisons was tremendous for them.
"But we had to learn some things ourselves…" he recalls, "We kept pointing out labor- and time-saving ideas and finally by the third day we understood that had no real meaning to them. They said: 'Mr. Howard, we don't have to worry about saving time.' They wanted to create work for people, not to save labor and time! They knew that if the lowest among them prospered, it's good for everyone."
Within one year, the nursery's income had doubled, it employed 23 people, and Hari Gautam won the designation of "Young Entrepreneur of the Year." On Howard's second trip to Nepal in 2011, Hari brought his wife to Kathmandu so the two could meet. With tears in his eyes, Hari said that Howard and Lisa's visit was the turning point in his life. "This is what made my business a success," he proclaimed.
Winrock International matches volunteers who have experience and skills in innovative approaches to agriculture with farmers, local organizations, and service providers in target countries who will benefit from their expertise. Howard, along with longtime Vermont farmer Mimi Arnstein, have been important figures in Winrock's programs, many of which are funded in part by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
Click on photos for captions
In 2012, over the course of three weeks in Myanmar (Burma), Howard provided training and technical assistance to more than 900 men and women from 34 different villages. The level of interest surprised him. "My first morning there I had to give a talk to 200 people!" In village after village, the farmers were rapt; practices that seem simple and obvious to us, such as soil testing and integrated pest management, were entirely new concepts.
"In these small countries they're using much more in the way of chemical inputs than anyone realizes—and almost indiscriminately," Howard says. "In Burma, itinerant salesmen walk around with backpacks full of chemicals. The salesmen convince them that they need to use this stuff but they're not given instructions; they're not using protection; aren't wearing rubber boots or masks—it's too hot. They're going out spraying poisons in their bare feet."
Calling it his "Rural Agricultural Prosperity Tour"—planting new ideas and fresh hopes—Howard has now completed five assignments with Winrock. In addition to his two trips to Nepal and one to Burma, he's gone to El Salvador and, most recently, to Cuba—where things were much different.
Cuba had been struggling under the United States embargo for nearly 30 years when its patron, the Soviet Union, collapsed in 1991. Both the agricultural and transportation systems were abruptly paralyzed as the country lost its primary supplier of fuel, pesticides, fertilizers—and food. Cuba's agriculture—based upon extensive industrial mono-cropping—primarily of sugar cane for export, was entirely dependent on fossil fuels to operate.
Cubans refer to the time as "The Special Period"—more than a decade of serious hardship defined by widespread food shortages. Although genuine starvation was avoided, the average Cuban literally lost 20 pounds of body weight. Permaculturists, primarily from Australia, responded to the crisis by distributing aid and teaching their techniques to locals, who rushed to implement them on Cuban fields, raised beds, and urban rooftops.
Although international relationships prevented USAID's Farmer-to-Farmer project from involvement with Winrock in an exchange with Cuba, Mimi Arnstein, who had launched Northeast Organic Farming Association Vermont's Farming Beyond Borders program, worked on the needs assessment and relationship-establishment necessary for Winrock itself to sponsor the trip. Mimi had previously gone on F2F assignments to Haiti and the Dominican Republic under the sponsorship of Partners of The Americas. Those experiences—plus three independent trips to Cuba attending agricultural conferences—also gave her insights that were crucial to the success of the effort.
The Vermont group that visited Cuba in March 2015 included Mimi, Howard Prussack, and former Vermonter Chuck Mitchell, who farmed in Elmore for many years. As they visited more than 20 farms, food cooperatives, and agricultural organizations, there were some surprises. Mimi, who ran Wellspring Farm in Marshfield until 2014, marveled at the Cuban farmers' ability to produce food with very few inputs.
"Here in Vermont we strive to reduce outside inputs, but we always have the option of buying what we need," she says. "In Cuba, farmers have to make do with what they have, which promotes sustainable agriculture, innovation, and sharing among producers."
And Howard says, "In their society, they're not poor. In fact farmers are held in very high esteem and generally earn a better living than doctors and other professionals. There was a critical need to feed everyone and the government instituted sweeping programs to entice people to farming. Many highly educated workers left white-collar careers and went into farming."
"But they do need equipment," he is quick to add. One of the damages left over from the sugar cane years is El Marabú—a large, thorny, invasive weed that is almost impossible to remove. Howard was shocked to see that "people are digging this awful weed out by hand. They need tractors and bulldozers to help get rid of this stuff! They need equipment of all types. A guy who seemed to do pretty well on a small fruit farm was selling juices near a local hospital. We asked him what he thought would help his enterprise do better and he said: 'ICE! If I could have ice….' Some of the simplest things, like a little ice machine, would make a big difference to so many farmers there."
Howard was also surprised to see how much wealth and development there had been in Cuba before the revolution. "When you drive through these neighborhoods in Havana you can see this incredible architecture—the remnants of these gorgeous buildings. When the revolution hit, all that was abandoned. The rich fled and left everything behind."
Since then Cuba has made astonishing progress. Vermont environmentalist Bill McKibben has written that Cuba today may be "the world's largest working model of a semi-sustainable agriculture." Still, one crucial area that some Cuban farmers want assistance with is achieving organic certification. Much of small-scale agriculture in Cuba is now organic. As Isis Salcines, co-founder of one of Havana's largest cooperative gardens, insisted during an interview this past April with WDEV's Mark Johnson in Stowe: "After 18 years we no longer farm organically out of necessity, but out of conviction." Nonetheless, to export and reach the lucrative organic markets in the U.S. and Europe, Cuban farmers will need certification. Vermont's experienced organic farmers offered advice on navigating that process.
Winrock's programs work directly with the people who live in a place, allowing them to define the assistance they want and the scope of the work. Howard appreciates this simple but effective approach.
"Many NGOs go in with their own ideas, and they drop a boat load of money, do a bunch of window dressing, put photos on their website—and they're gone….I only want to do assignments where I'm dealing directly with small famers, the ones who are really gonna get benefit out of it.
For her part, Mimi cherishes the personal exchanges that result from her ambassadorships.
"We can learn from each other because we all care about the same things," she says. "Farming is a hard line of work, and as farmers we stand on common ground with common problems, even though we may come from very different cultures."
Winter '16 | Issue thirty-five
Bonnie North came to Vermont from Maryland, where she published a local foods guide called Baltimore Eats. She was a founding member of the Chesapeake Sustainable Business Alliance and the leader of the Baltimore chapter of Slow Food, USA. As the former owner of Valley Provisions Market in Bellows Falls, she was one of the investing members and first business customers of the Windham Farm and Food network. Bonnie received her Permaculture Designer's Certificate in 1996, studying with West Coast teachers Jude Hobbs, Rick Valley, and Tom Ward. She received a Permaculture Teacher's Certificate from teacher Dave Jacke in 2010. She now lives in southern Vermont.


text:
Q: Spring Redisson Sentinel Error - At least two sentinels are required I am using Sentinel mode for Redis. I am using Redisson Client version 3.9.1
<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.redisson</groupId>
        <artifactId>redisson-spring-data-20</artifactId>
        <version>${redisson-version}</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.redisson</groupId>
        <artifactId>redisson</artifactId>
        <version>${redisson-version}</version>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

The configuration of Sentinel using Redisson:
@EnableCaching
public class RedisCache {

    @Autowired
    private ObjectMapper objectMapper;

    @Bean
    public RedissonClient redissonClient() {
        Config config = new Config();
        config.setCodec(new JsonJacksonCodec(objectMapper));

        config.useSentinelServers()
                    .setMasterName("redis-master")
                    .addSentinelAddress("redis://localhost:26378")
                    .addSentinelAddress("redis://localhost:26379");

        return Redisson.create(config);
    }

    @Bean
    public RedissonConnectionFactory redissonConnectionFactory(RedissonClient redisson) {
        return new RedissonConnectionFactory(redisson);
    }
}

I am running two sentinel servers and one Redis master with no slave.
This is just a setup on my local environment.
Output of some commands:
redis-cli -p 26379
127.0.0.1:26379> SENTINEL get-master-addr-by-name redis-master
1) "127.0.0.1"
2) "6379"
redis-cli -p 26378
127.0.0.1:26378> SENTINEL get-master-addr-by-name redis-master
1) "127.0.0.1"
2) "6379"

Whenever I am running my Spring Boot Application, I get the following error:
       Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'redissonClient' defined in class path resource [xxxx/cache/impl/redis/config/RedisCache.class]: Bean instantiation via factory method failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Failed to instantiate [org.redisson.api.RedissonClient]: Factory method 'redissonClient' threw exception; nested exception is org.redisson.client.RedisConnectionException: At least two sentinels should be defined in Redis configuration!

......

            at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.lambda$doGetBean$0 (AbstractBeanFactory.java:317)
            at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton (DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:222)
            at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean (AbstractBeanFactory.java:315)
            at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean (AbstractBeanFactory.java:204)
            at org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.ServletContextInitializerBeans.getOrderedBeansOfType (ServletContextInitializerBeans.java:226)
            at org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.ServletContextInitializerBeans.getOrderedBeansOfType (ServletContextInitializerBeans.java:214)
            at org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.ServletContextInitializerBeans.addServletContextInitializerBeans (ServletContextInitializerBeans.java:91)
            at org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.ServletContextInitializerBeans.<init> (ServletContextInitializerBeans.java:80)
            at org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.context.ServletWebServerApplicationContext.getServletContextInitializerBeans (ServletWebServerApplicationContext.java:250)
            at org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.context.ServletWebServerApplicationContext.selfInitialize (ServletWebServerApplicationContext.java:237)
            at org.springframework.boot.web.embedded.tomcat.TomcatStarter.onStartup (TomcatStarter.java:54)
            at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal (StandardContext.java:5245)
            at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start (LifecycleBase.java:150)
            at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call (ContainerBase.java:1420)
            at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call (ContainerBase.java:1410)
            at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run (FutureTask.java:266)
            at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker (ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149)
            at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run (ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624)
            at java.lang.Thread.run (Thread.java:748)
        [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
        [INFO] BUILD FAILURE
        [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
        [INFO] Total time: 22.566 s
        [INFO] Finished at: 2018-12-07T13:44:14+05:30
        [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
        [ERROR] Failed to execute goal org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-maven-plugin:2.1.1.RELEASE:run (default-cli) on project xxx: An exception occurred while running. null: InvocationTargetException: Unable to start web server; nested exception is org.springframework.boot.web.server.WebServerException: Unable to start embedded Tomcat: Error creating bean with name 'servletEndpointRegistrar' defined in class path resource [org/springframework/boot/actuate/autoconfigure/endpoint/web/ServletEndpointManagementContextConfiguration$WebMvcServletEndpointManagementContextConfiguration.class]: Bean instantiation via factory method failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Failed to instantiate [org.springframework.boot.actuate.endpoint.web.ServletEndpointRegistrar]: Factory method 'servletEndpointRegistrar' threw exception; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'healthEndpoint' defined in class path resource [org/springframework/boot/actuate/autoconfigure/health/HealthEndpointConfiguration.class]: Bean instantiation via factory method failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Failed to instantiate [org.springframework.boot.actuate.health.HealthEndpoint]: Factory method 'healthEndpoint' threw exception; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: Error creating bean with name 'org.springframework.boot.actuate.autoconfigure.redis.RedisHealthIndicatorConfiguration': Unsatisfied dependency expressed through constructor parameter 0; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: Error creating bean with name 'redissonConnectionFactory' defined in class path resource [xxxxxxx/cache/impl/redis/config/RedisCache.class]: Unsatisfied dependency expressed through method 'redissonConnectionFactory' parameter 0; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'redissonClient' defined in class path resource [xxxxxx/cache/impl/redis/config/RedisCache.class]: Bean instantiation via factory method failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Failed to instantiate [org.redisson.api.RedissonClient]: Factory method 'redissonClient' threw exception; nested exception is org.redisson.client.RedisConnectionException: At least two sentinels should be defined in Redis configuration!

How do I resolve this error?
PS: I have tried master-slave configuration also, with one sentinel attached to the host and other one attached to the slave, but the error remains the same. I have tried sentinels running on different local machines with different private IPs, but the error remains the same.
Tried with 3 sentinel servers, no benefits.

A: Redisson doesn't seem to be working with localhost addresses. When I replaced the sentinel nodes addresses with the ones hosted on AWS, it worked fine.
Redisson, in my opinion, is a very immature client. Consider using lettuce or jedis.
See the bug filed at https://github.com/redisson/redisson/issues/1736
which doesn't allow it to shut down.
Most of the problems I faced were when I used the sentinel mode. Cluster mode I have not tried. Works fine in single mode.
Also, they don't cater to bugs or issues filed on github for months which is obvious as they have a pro and paid version, so you are on your own.
I won't recommend using Redisson as of now.

A: Redisson perfectly works with localhost addresses. In your case SENTINEL SENTINELS command returns empty result. Which means that Redis setup is not configured properly.

A: Make sure you run both redis-server as well as redis-sentinal <config>.
Once done, check which port sentinal is running at. It could also be 5000, it was in my case. Then pass "redis://localhost:5000" to addSentinelAddress.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Dirty Herk Dancing
New Mexico Army and Air National Guardsmen are reopening an abandoned airstrip at Ft. Stewart, Ga., to provide Georgia Air Guard C-130 crews a place to practice short-field operations. "We were really looking for an area where we could do a dirt landing with the C-130s and have a combination drop zone/landing zone for our exercises," said Col. Todd Freesemann, commander of the Georgia ANG's Combat Readiness Training Center, in an Associated Press report on Jan. 21 (via The Augusta Chronicle). Aircrews from the 165th Airlift Wing based at Savannah "haven't been able to practice that skill in an ideal location like this in many years," he said. When the work is done, the New Mexico Guardsmen will have cleared and compacted a strip about 90 feet wide and 4,700 feet long, according to AP. The reborn strip is expected to see its first use in March at the CRTC's Global Guardian exercise.


text:
Hartman leads Wake past Missouri 27-17 in Gasparilla Bowl
by: By The Associated Press
TAMPA, Fla. (AP)Sam Hartman completed 23 of 36 passes for 280 yards and three touchdowns in what was expected to be his final game with Wake Forest, a 27-17 win over Missouri in the Gasparilla Bowl on Friday night.
The redshirt junior now will look at entering the NFL draft or the transfer portal.
Hartman threw his 108th career touchdown pass to set an Atlantic Coast Conference record on a 5-yard strike to Taylor Morin that made it 7-0 in the first quarter. He had been tied with Clemson's Tajh Boyd (2010-13), and ended up with 110 overall.
Hartman came up 33 yards short of joining North Carolina State's Philip Rivers (13,484 from 2000-03) as the only quarterbacks in ACC history to reach 13,000 passing yards.
A.T. Perry had 11 receptions for 116 yards for Wake Forest (8-5). Hartman's 48-yard touchdown pass to Jahmal Banks in the third quarter put the Demon Deacons ahead to stay, 20-17.
Brady Cook threw for 215 yards on 29-of-48 passing for Missouri (6-7). He also rushed for 38 yards on 14 tries.
INDEPENDENCE BOWL
HOUSTON 23, LOUISIANA-LAFAYETTE 16
SHREVEPORT, La. (AP) – Clayton Tune connected with Nathaniel Dell for a 12-yard touchdown with 20 seconds remaining, and Houston rallied from a 13-point deficit to beat Louisiana-Lafayette.
The TD pass was Tune's third of the game and 40th of the season, tying the senior with Western Kentucky's Austin Reed for the most in the nation. Before the winning throw, he completed a 41-yard pass to KeSean Carter on first-and-30 to move Houston into Ragin' Cajuns territory.
Dell, a junior who plans to enter the NFL draft, had two touchdown catches, pushing his total to a nation-best 17 this season.
The Cougars (8-5) never led until that late touchdown while playing in unusually cold temperatures for northwest Louisiana. It was 25 degrees at kickoff, with a wind chill of 12 degrees.
Louisiana-Lafayette (6-7) led 13-0 midway through the second quarter and 16-6 at halftime.
Tune finished 19 of 28 for 216 yards.
AP college football: https://apnews.com/hub/college-football and https://twitter.com/ap-top25. Sign up for the AP's college football newsletter: https://tinyurl.com/mrxhe6f2
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text:
CAEA est un sigle pouvant signifier :
Certificat d'aptitude à l'enseignement aéronautique, en France.

Conservatoire de l'air et de l'espace d'Aquitaine, en France.
Centre d'aide aux études et l'apprentissage, Canada

Notes et références

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia