text:
Woman rescued from Cedarville Lake in Lawrence Township
Updated: Jan. 18, 2019, 4:00 a.m. | Published: Aug. 14, 2012, 10:00 p.m.
By Don E. Woods | For NJ.com
LAWRENCE TWP. — Two witnesses called State Police on Sunday night after seeing a woman floating in Cedarville Lake, police said.
Police and emergency services responded to the lake at 8:16 p.m., near 310 Main Street, in order to rescue Rebecca Hearn, 23, of Cedarville, according to Acting Sergeant First Class Gregory Williams from the State Police Public Information Office.
Emergency responders took Hearn to South Jersey Healthcare Regional Medical Center and then she was taken to Cooper University Hospital.
She remains in serious condition, according to Williams.
Hearns was conscious, pale and disorientated when she was pulled from the water, according to police.
The investigation is active and ongoing, Williams said.
Contact Don E. Woods at 856-451-1000, ext. 518 or dwoods@southjerseymedia.com
Follow @thenewsofcc


text:
111 is a free-to-call single non-emergency number medical helpline operating in England, Scotland and parts of Wales. The 111 phone service has replaced the various non-geographic 0845 rate numbers and is part of each country's National Health Service: in England the service is known as NHS 111; in Scotland, NHS 24; and in Wales, NHS 111 Wales.

The transition from NHS Direct (0845 4647) to NHS 111 in England was completed during February 2014 with NHS 24 Scotland (08454 24 24 24) following during April 2014. NHS Direct Wales started a phased roll-out of a similar 111 service in late 2016 and completed it in March 2022.

As of June 2018, the 111 number was not in use across Northern Ireland. The NHS 111 service was extended to Northern Ireland from February 2020, although this is for advice relating to the COVID-19 virus only. After dialling, callers will be asked to follow prompts to determine what nation they are calling from.

The service is available 24 hours a day, every day of the year and is intended for 'urgent but not life-threatening' health issues and complements the long-established 999 emergency telephone number for more serious matters, although 111 operators in England are able to dispatch ambulances when appropriate using the NHS Pathways triage system.

NHS Direct Wales continues to operate via 0845 4647, but began a transition to 111 during late 2016. Initially available in Swansea, Bridgend and Carmarthenshire, the service is due for a country-wide roll-out by 2021.

Origins and development
During 2007, the Department of Health's Our NHS, Our Future report identified confusion surrounding access to certain NHS services in England and suggested the introduction of a national, three-digit number for out-of-hours healthcare services could help simplify the situation. Arrangements to identify and secure a suitable non-emergency number for England began in July 2009, with the number 111 allocated by telecommunications regulator Ofcom in December of that year.

In late August 2010, the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government proposed that 111 would replace the existing NHS Direct (084546 47) telephone helpline in England. This suggestion proved controversial as some critics feared that NHS 111 would be a "cut-price" replacement for NHS Direct, because NHS 111 would be staffed mainly by telephone advisors whereas NHS Direct had been staffed by nurses. Health Secretary Andrew Lansley said that the only major change would be the phone number, and that the service would be provided by existing staff.

In July 2015 NHS England decided that what was required was an integrated urgent care access, treatment and clinical advice service which would operate over a large area. Clinical Commissioning Groups were told to stop any procurement exercises until revised commissioning standards and supporting procurement advice for integrated services were produced. These service specifications for England were published in 2017.

In June 2020 it was announced that there were plans to integrate LIVI software into the service in three regions of the UK.

111 First
The 111 First system, which allows patients not in medical emergencies to call 111 to "book" urgent care, was launched in 2020, as a response to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in England on emergency services. In July 2021 Healthwatch England found that it had potential to be a useful service, but the public "don't really know what it's for". They said the messaging from the NHS 'has not been strong enough'. Only 3% of English A&E attendances in June 2021 were "booked" in advance via NHS 111. The figure was similar in February 2022. According to Healthwatch England people "really welcome" the opportunity to book emergency appointments via 111, provided they know about it.

Management of the service
In England, the service is accountable at a Clinical Commissioning Group level but was originally commissioned on a regional basis, with a number of service providers. NHS Direct staff provided some of the 111 service during the original launch of the number, with other providers including regional ambulance trusts, and out-of-hours GP providers.

The lack of clarity as to accountability was criticised in a Deloitte report into the service launch failure by NHS Direct. As of December 2013 all NHS Direct contracts are being serviced by "stability partner" organisations such as ambulance trusts or GP co-operative organisations.

The service operates 24 hours a day. When GP surgeries are closed normally between 6.30pm and 8am, at weekends and at Bank Holidays the service will refer many patients to an out-of-hours service. This can also happen if practices are closed for training purposes.

The service uses a clinical decision support system which structures the response to a call, which may range from telephone advice to the dispatch of an emergency ambulance. Calls are initially assessed by a call handler and may be passed to a clinician. The service has been criticised for being too cautious and directing too many patients to A&E departments. GPs have complained that the service has not been inspected by the Care Quality Commission and that it may jeopardise the safety of out-of-hours services.

Between 2010 and 2015 the service has handled 24 million calls with an average call length of 14 minutes. Although 111 is a helpline for non-emergency cases, 10% of calls trigger the dispatch of an ambulance - 93,000 in the 12 months from April 2014 to April 2015. A 2017 article in the British Medical Journal that studied the performance of the 111 service concluded that patients were "largely satisfied" with the service, while "its success against some key criteria has not been comprehensively proven." Of calls answered by NHS 111 in March 2021, 78.2% were answered within 60 seconds. In March 2020 the figure was 30.2%.

In January 2020 the Association of Ambulance Chief Executives called for a more joined up approach to the commissioning of 111, urgent care and ambulance services. The lead commissioner for 999 services is generally different, as those services operate over a wider area. The associations wants single regional specifications for integrated 999 and 111 provision, with no new tendering of 111 contracts which end this financial year. They want contracts for at least 5 year terms.

West Midlands Ambulance Service took on the service across most of the West Midlands in 2019 but withdrew from the contract in 2022. NHS England is moving to larger geographical areas, advocating single virtual contact centres, allowing for calls to be answered quicker by utilising spare capacity across the country.

Launch and initial service failures
The first NHS 111 trial, in County Durham and Darlington, started on 23 August 2010. Nottingham, Lincolnshire and Luton began trialling the service later that year.

NHS 111 was launched in a limited number of regions in March 2013 ahead of a planned national launch in April 2013. The British Medical Association wrote to the Secretary of State for Health to request that the launch be postponed. Its chair, Dr Laurence Buckman, warned that the service as "a disaster in the making", and recommended delaying the full launch for safety reasons. The public sector trade union UNISON also recommended delaying the full launch.

The initial launch was widely reported to be a failure. On its introduction, the service was unable to cope with demand; technical failures and inadequate staffing levels led to severe delays in response (up to 5 hours), resulting in high levels of use of alternative services such as ambulances and emergency departments. The problems led to the launch being delayed in South West England, London and The Midlands and the service was suspended one month after its launch in Worcestershire.

The NHS 111 service was gradually launched in England over the course of 2013, with the rollout being completed in February 2014. It was announced in October 2013 that NHS Direct would be closed down in 2014. The 111 number was launched in Scotland in April 2014.

Coverage

The 111 number for NHS services is currently available in all of England, Wales and Scotland.

As of early 2020, the NHS 111 service is available in Northern Ireland for advice relating to the COVID-19 outbreak.

NHS 111 online is a triage system also available for members of the public aged 5 or over in England, owned by the Department for Health and Social Care, commissioned by NHSX and developed and delivered by NHS Digital. It used the NHS Pathways series of algorithms.

Coronavirus
A separate number NHS 119 is used for information and services relating to COVID-19 as of 18 May 2020. This number operates in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, with lines being open from 07:00 to 23:00 hours. It allows people to book NHS drive through tests, order home testing kits, and apply for tests in a care facility.

In Scotland, 0300 303 2713 is the non-geographical telephone number instead of 119.

European number
Within EU member states and territories a similar type of service is available via the harmonised European number for medical advice 116 117 as one of a number of 'Harmonised Services of Social Value'. The number 116 117 was never implemented by the UK and the UK has now left the EU.

Cyber attack
On 4 August 2022 at 07:00, Adastra, the computer system used by 85% of NHS 111 services was removed from service after a ransomware attack. , the service has not been restored  with some question as to whether patient data had been exfiltrated. On 23 August 2022, London Ambulance Service was reported  to be the first service to return to use of Adastra after the cyber-attack, with no clarification of patient data leakage during the incident.

References

External links

2013 establishments in England
Crisis hotlines
National Health Service
Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom
Three-digit telephone numbers
Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Culture Chris Bourn April 8, 2020
How Did X Become the Edgiest Letter?
From holiest hallmark to horniest sex symbol — the X-treme, X-haustive story of how the wild child of the alphabet lost its way
It's perhaps not pornography's fault that it's cashing in on a global crisis. As, around the world, whole societies confine themselves to their quarters, traffic to major porn sites has been spiking everywhere, telling us all we need to know about how humans with a broadband connection tend to deal with exceptional levels of boredom and anxiety. From the point-of-view of page views, the season of self-isolation might well be the porn industry's historical high point — but in terms of reputational damage, it also marks a new low for one of Western culture's most enigmatic figures.
Once, the letter X was the holiest of all alphabetic symbols, standing for nothing less than the triumph of Christendom itself. The Roman emperor Constantine I imposed his adopted religion on Europe and the Middle East, with armies marching under the banner of an "X," and for centuries, Latin scribes used it as shorthand for "Christ." But at the present moment, the worldwide glut in logging on to jerk off means that more people than ever are being exposed to the vice-addled cipher it's now become — from XVideos to XHamster and from XTube to Pornhub's search-result enticements to watch "Hardcore XXX sex clips & adult porn videos," these days, the 24th letter of the English alphabet is synonymous not even with professionally lit kissy porn, but rather the explicitier, extremier world of hardcore sharing platforms.
It's a remarkably stratospheric fall from grace, especially for such a shy and retiring character — X is the second-least-common letter in written English (after Z), and the one that begins by far the fewest number of words. Oh X, what happened to you? Where did it all go so badly wrong that you're hanging out in NSFW corners of the internet, bathed in neon and hustling for credit-card details?
For definitive answers to this vexing question, I initially thought to consult the acknowledged world-leading experts on this sort of thing. But all Sesame Street had on offensive and gratuitous X-branding was this:
So instead I turned to the next best available authority: A brand-savvy public relations agency for the adult-entertainment industry, Adult PR. According to Managing Director Sarah (who was a little wary about giving her last name — let's call her Sarah X), the letter X's inexorable slide into disrepute has gotten to the point that even the world of pornography is beginning to turn its back on it. "Its popularity has continued over the last four decades and become a staple of adult branding," she says. But now, "I definitely think it's a trend that's reducing. People are trying to be a little more adventurous and move away from what everyone else in the industry is doing."
According to Sarah, modern X's close association with the adult industry is a direct result of the MPAA's introduction in 1968 of audience-advisory ratings for movies — where the classification "R" stood for "restricted" and "X" for extreme. In the 1970s, "to differentiate [their movies] from mainstream films that had been rated for viewers ages 17 and over," says Sarah, porn marketeers co-opted the X rating to signal erotic content on their posters and packaging, and "started using it to scale the 'steaminess' of their films — with 'X' being hot and 'XXX' being super naughty in adult-film terms."
The association of the letter with a certain class of obscene material was ultimately made official in 2011, when the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers approved the top-level domain of ".xxx" for release, in an effort to give pornography its own online play area away from the .coms and .orgs of safe-for-work browsing. Though it hasn't had a great deal of adoption, the .xxx domain was actually the result of 10 years of heated debate among the various registrars and authorities who police domain-name registration, which is an awful lot of cross talk.
That aside, today, the triple-X device remains a straightforward sell for a mass online audience. But as Sarah explains, the real climax for loud-and-proud X-branding in pornography came way back in the 1980s and 1990s. As far as switched-on insiders like Adult PR are concerned, Xed-up content these days has overly strong associations with the "boys' club" mentality of that era. Or, to put it another way, using X's nowadays is a throwback that places too heavy an accent on the X-ploitative side of adult entertainment.
If her agency is called upon to consult on marketing with a start-up, says Sarah, "We would advise adult brands to avoid the 'X' theme. For us, the 'XXX' branding is extremely dated and very male-focused. That's not to say it won't work for brands. If you're looking to target an older male audience, this will help transport them back to their heyday." For that reason, and as the adult business progresses toward a more inclusive, female-friendly industry, she says, "We believe it should be left in the porn section of old-school video shops."
X is for Salvation and Damnation
It was Hollywood, in that case, in the guise of the MPAA, who corrupted X and pimped it out to porn. Notice that the movie regulators didn't use "E" to designate "extreme" or "explicit" content, though. Back then it might not have built up the illicit connotations it has today, but by the 1960s, the moral status of X was already compromised and its mystique had long been established as an ambiguous, not-quite-right (and often just-plain-wrong) semiotic entity.
In 2015, Iain Collins, an English lecturer who at the time worked at Saudi Arabia's Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, gave a TEDx talk on "The History and Importance of the Letter X," choosing the topic partly because of the presence of the rogue "x" in the lecture platform's branding. (And what does that oddly appended x actually stand for? Don't ask.) Initially Collins was going to speak about the use of technology in education, but he recalls he "noticed the organizers were advertising the conference with 'The Power of X," so I thought I'd look into it. I didn't realize it would be such a trove of contradictions."
In his wide-ranging talk, he manages to squeeze in an extravagant amount of cultural associations that have glommed onto the letter throughout its history, while also giving a detailed account of how it first arrived in the Latin alphabet — by way of X's ancestors in the Etruscan, Western Greek and ultimately Phoenician ancient writing systems. Rummaging through the clutter of meanings, he identifies a recurring theme in which X is often recruited to represent directly opposing ideas: It's both positive (as in when we use it to check a box or vote) and negative (when an answer is wrong or crossed out); it's been a symbol of life (in religion) and death (on a bottle of poison); in both the sex trade and the alcohol industry multiple X's are recognized as a promise of potency and intoxication, whereas in the straight-edge punk movement of the 1980s and 1990s, X's — sometimes tattooed — signified fans' radical abstinence from all booze, drugs and cigarettes.
Why the conflicting signals? "Well, the letter is made up of opposite parts mirroring each other," offers Collins, though he concedes there's probably much more to it than simple hieroglyphic-like aesthetics. He points out that the dichotomies within X are present in its very earliest appearances in mass communication. In the Book of Ezekiel, God orders His angels to perform an audit on the citizenry of Jerusalem by inscribing the letter taw (which looked like an X in both Phoenician and early Hebrew) on the foreheads of good, Him-fearing Israelites; those without the quality-assurance mark He doth smoteth for their sins. The appearance of X's in this story, then, meant death for some and salvation for others.
Similarly, X cuts both ways as the sign for Christ. In this role, the written character was actually the Greek letter chi (which is actually not the direct phonetic ancestor of our Latin X, though it looks the same; it's complicated) combined with rho (which looks like a "P" but is pronounced like an "R" — stick with it…). These represented the first two letters of Χριστός (aka "Christos"), superimposed to form the symbol that looks like a mystical helicopter which still adorns Catholic lecterns and prayer books today.
This Christogram's prominence in church iconography is often attributed to a Roman legend from 312 A.D. in which the soon-to-be Constantine the Great received a vision of the chi-rho in the sky, accompanied by the words, "In this sign, you shall conquer." He dutifully had holy helicopters painted on his soldiers' shields and, so the fable goes, promptly won the civil war, re-founded the splintered empire and in gratitude legitimized Christianity as its dominant religion.
However the chi-rho achieved brand dominance, it's an abbreviation that litters later-Roman archaeology and coinage, and in the profane world, a further truncation of Χρ is why we get to call Christmas "Xmas." "That's evidently where xxx [meaning] kisses comes from too," points out Collins, since X came to mean faith and fidelity, which morphed in the Middle Ages into the practice of affirming important documents with crosses and/or "sealing them with a kiss."
So that's how X's positive associations with the Messiah supposedly came about. But once you know X stands for "Christ," a darker set of meanings also come into play. Visually, it's hard for many of us not to assume it also has "a connection with the cross and crucifixion" when we see it in Christian contexts, suggests Collins, emphasizing the letter in question as he goes. "And if you imagine someone carrying a cross, it might look like an X. Then [once affixed to it] they die from exhaustion and asphyxiation."
Plus, of course, for non-Christians, any symbol denoting either "Christ" or "crucifix" can feel loaded with negative vibes. Collins cites a 2007 report in the now-defunct New York Sun claiming that Saudi Arabia's shadowy Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice were considering outlawing the letter X within the kingdom. The article's hysterical anti-Saudi tone pretty much undermines its quixotic main claim, he says, but he doesn't completely dismiss the notion that some kind of X-related suspicion might have existed among the clerical authorities. The country "back then was in a number of ways different from today," he recalls. "I think the mutawa (religious police) have more or less disappeared now. I do remember going to Bahrain and smuggling an Xmas tree back — we were stopped at the border but they weren't fussed and let us bring it through."
X is for Danger and Death
The exceptionalism of X isn't just down to divine favor — down the centuries, it has accumulated an aura of mystery and obscurity from a host of secular sources, too.
One reason English speakers retain a vestigial wariness toward X is that one of its deepest meanings is wrapped up in otherness. In English, words prefixed with the homophone "ex" tend to retain a sense of the original Greek έξω (ekso), which means "out" or "outside." Often these imply some sort of irrevocable or unbridgeable exterior — exile, exterminate, execute, extinct, ex-partner — and, as Collins points out, in cultural terms, "It's probably always cooler and more dangerous to be outside the circle."
In his book Letter Perfect: The Marvelous History of Our Alphabet from A to Z, David Sacks makes the related point that in Greek, "xenophobia" means "fear of foreigners" — "and no word better displays the alien and forbidding spirit that once belonged to X." Undoubtedly, some of this menace can be traced back to the letter's adoption by pirates as part of the skull-and-crossbones motif. Long before its Disneyfication, crossed bones on Jolly Roger insignia was a real pirate fixture, having become a widespread meme among Barbary buccaneers in the early 1700s.
Just in case the piratical connexion between the letter X and overlapping femurs wasn't clear enough, the publication of Robert Louis Stevenson's worldwide bestseller in 1882 seared it indelibly into popular culture. Treasure Island doesn't actually feature the words "X marks the spot," but Stevenson's vivid description of the story's inciting treasure map immortalized the image, and concludes with "three crosses of red ink — two on the north part of the island, one in the south-west, and, beside this last, in the same red ink, and in a small, neat hand, very different from the captain's tottery characters, these words: 'Bulk of treasure here.'" The very X's he had in mind had been marked out by Stevenson himself on a real-life map drawn as a rainy-day distraction for his stepson a year earlier, which is what inspired him to write the novel in the first place.
By the end of the 19th century, stranger-danger on the high seas broadened to a generalized hazard warning, with the skull-and-crossbones on bottles (first used by apothecaries in the 1850s) becoming a popularly recognized device to signal poison within; until recently, both skull-and-crossbones and a hefty X on orange backgrounds were the standardized safety labeling throughout Europe for toxic and harmful substances. Perhaps an extension of this symbolism, X's macabre relationship with death is universally understood in the visual language of cartoons, whenever a character's eyes are replaced by crosses: EDM zombie superstar Deadmau5 and Wes Anderson's virtuoso death scene in Fantastic Mr. Fox are among the standout self-aware examples of this:
X is for Mystery, Mutants and Math
Sex, danger and death are all very alluring character traits, but what's really given X its edge in the modern imagination is its trademark evocation of secrecy and mystery. And in this respect, Sesame Street does offer some clues:
Spy code names of the "Agent X" variety have a much older pedigree than you might have thought. One of the most famous exponents was the so-called XX Committee, a special operations unit set up by the British intelligence service MI5 during World War II. Its job, at which it seemed particularly effective, was to recruit German agents and use them to disrupt the Nazi war effort with misinformation, a ploy that played a crucial role in the success of the D-Day landings. It was often called the "Twenty Committee" because its name implied Roman numerals, but what the two X's really stood for was the tactic the British were pursuing that has since become synonymous with sophisticated spy networks: The "Double-Cross System" of counter-espionage.
Going back much further, one of the most famous cases of international intrigue in American history is known to posterity as "the XYZ Affair." In 1797, President John Adams' efforts to resolve an escalating dispute with France were frustrated by agents of the French foreign minister Talleyrand, who tried to extort money from the U.S. From Paris, the American diplomats sent back indignant reports of Talleyrand's outrageous bribery demands and brazen disrespect, and in their letters they replaced the names of his intermediaries with the aliases "X," "Y," and "Z."
The two-year naval war with France that followed was no doubt an important historical consequence, but the fact that the scandal was known popularly as "the XYZ Affair" plainly exposes the real origin of the letter X's deep entanglement in covert operations and clandestine knowledge. For this X we can thank two men in particular: the French 17th-century philosopher and mathematician René Descartes, whose 1637 book La Géométrie significantly advanced the study of algebra, and his hapless printer. According to Sacks, in this work Descartes rewrote standard mathematical notation to make the letters x, y and z stand for variables in his equations — but in his draft copy he had intended that z should always be the geometrician's first choice, working backwards through the alphabet when subsequent algebraic terms were required.
The story goes, says Sacks, that "the printer, while typesetting the manuscript, found himself repeatedly running short of letter blocks for Y and Z, [but] still had plenty of X's, a letter that in French is used far less than Y or Z." So he wrote to René to ask, for equations that used only one or two variables, "might X be the preferred letter for printing purposes? The great man replied that this was acceptable."
And from that moment on X, and not Z, became the accepted academic token of the Great Unknown. In 1895, when Wilhelm Roentgen happened upon strange beams of energy that could reveal the inner structure of the human body, he called them X-rays, in explicit homage to Descartes' nomenclature for the unidentified. Four years prior to that, when another German scientist, Hermann Henking, was looking at firebug testicles under a microscope and noticed one chromosome was behaving differently to the others, he called it the "X element" — later renamed "X chromosome," and discovered to be one of the two that determine sex in most organisms' reproduction.
Following his lead, in 1963, when Marvel Comics' Stan Lee and Jack Kirby were dreaming up a name for a new superhero team whose powers came from an obscure genetic mutation, they uncannily settled on X-Men. In 1952, when Malcolm Little formally joined the Nation of Islam, he changed his name to Malcolm X, which for a member of that group, as he later wrote, "symbolized the true African family name that he never could know." And in 1970, when the British armed forces needed to describe a payment premium to add into military salaries to account for disruptions they couldn't hope to quantify, such as foreign deployment and death, they called it "the X-Factor" and unwittingly created a monster.
Sacks identifies the 1950s and 1960s as roughly the time when X's power to evoke mystery and enigma crossed over from math and science jargon into culture at large, first via its prevalence in sci-fi B-movies (he cites The X from Outer Space, Strange World of Planet X and X: The Unknown) and then in its adoption by product marketers as the sinister "Brand X" of countless TV commercials:
By the 1990s and early 2000s, X branding was everywhere — designed into the casing on Xboxes, adding grandeur to Apple's OS X operating system, palindrome-ing across packs of Xanax. Despite its by now X-rated associations, writes Sacks, it had "come roaring into the mainstream, to the extent that it [was] one of the defining letters of the new millennium." This was thanks in part to the huge success of TV's spooks-v-aliens epic The X-Files, which managed to combine both classic sci-fi unknowns with espionage subterfuge, and in part to the young demographic cohort that found itself ruling counterculture at the time, fatefully identified as Generation X.
This term was coined in 1991 by the title of Douglas Coupland's zeitgeist-capturing novel, identifying those born in the 1960s and 1970s as vaguely slacker, vaguely nihilistic social enigmas who were vaguely lost in postmodern culture, and it played on the hollowed-out emptiness the letter had by now acquired, as much as on its dangerous mystique. "X as in Brand X," explained the L.A. Times in 1999. "X as in the anonymous signature of an illiterate. X as in a random variable." And, of course, as in excellent.
As Sacks puts it, at "the end of the 1960s, X could mean either 'mystery,' 'danger' or 'sex' — a memorable combination." But by the 2010s, sharing the fate of all cultural artifacts that have a marketable edge, it had been mined to exhaustion by commerce and its scariness and mystique had all but gone. Now that it's become too cliché-laden and worn down by successive Vin Diesel sequels even to take a starring role in porn, perhaps it's time that X excused itself from the spotlight for a while. Maybe it should step away from the extreme behavior and excessive lifestyle, exorcise its demons with a spell in rehab, maybe reconnect with that straight-edge phase it went through a while back, and get itself clean enough for Generations Y and Z to put it to good use — perhaps fronting a new line in healthy xalads or wholesome vegan xoups.
It's not too late, X. Exit, detox, self-examine and come back a reformed character.
Chris Bourn
Chris Bourn is a writer and editor who has writed and edited for many a title, including British Maxim and Time Out. He does stories for MEL covering health, happiness, and how things came to be.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to limit async task until theres no job in loop? In my code i trying to learn async, i have 700 async task to do, the job will done in random time.
My question how to limit async task in loop?
Let say i want it to do 30 job at start time. and watch event each async task done it will start 1 task to fill limit task 30 at time again until 700 task, or theres no task again.
For now loop will execute all async task in same time. its not i want.
function JobdeskAsync(){
    console.log(Math.floor(Math.random() * 1000));
}

function finishedTime(max, min){
  return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min) ) + min;
}

for ( let i = 0; i < 700; i++){
    setTimeout(JobdeskAsync, finishedTime(5000, 1000));
}

A: @Wendelin has a great example there. For how it directly applies to your application, you currently are:

*

*Looping through 700 asynchronous Jobs

*Executing them all immediately (to finish as and when)

What you need to do is be able to recognise when you have reached your pool maximum (30) and not add/execute any more until that pool depletes. I'm not writing the code for you because there's a thousand ways to do it, but at it's base what you need:

*

*Functionality to store executing jobs (call it a "store")

*Functionality to add jobs to the store

*Functionality to see if that store is full

*Combine 2/3 so that when #3 is not true you can do #2

A: You need to start 30 jobs that continue processing data until there is no more.
Here there is a queue of data that each job pulls from.  If there is no data left, it returns a simple promise that resolves to 'done'.  If there is data, it processes it and returns the promise from a new call to createJob().

const queue = [];

// fill queue with data to process
for (let i = 0; i < 70; i++) {
  queue.push(i);
}

function createJob() {
  // pull data to work on from the queue
  const data = queue.shift();

  // if no data is remaining, return promsie that resolves to 'done'
  if (data === undefined) {
    return Promise.resolve('done');
  }

  // otherwise we do some work on the data
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    // simulate work by waiting 500-1500ms
    setTimeout(() => {
      console.log(`handled ${data}`);
      // this resolves our promise with another promise, createJob()
      resolve(createJob());
    }, 500 + Math.random() * 1000);
  });
}

// create 30 jobs and wait for all to complete, each job will
// create a new job when it has finished and chain the results
const jobs = [];
for (let i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
  jobs.push(createJob());
}

console.log('30 jobs running...');
Promise.all(jobs).then(() => console.log('ALL JOBS COMPLETED'));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
文献詳細
1 0 0 0 幕末経済史再考:――手形取引の発展
石井 寛治
日本学士院
日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)
vol.74, no.2, 2019
The industrial revolution in Japan in the latter half of the 19th century, the first industrial revolution in Asia, did not depend on foreign capital until 1899, when the Japanese government called off the prohibition on foreign capital investment. This change was a result of Japanese law courts beginning to consider the crimes of foreigners in Japan.
 Even after 1899, the amount of foreign capital used in private enterprises within Japan was unexpectedly small. In 1914, only 7% of all stocks and debentures of private enterprises were foreign-owned. How did Japanese entrepreneurs then raise money for industrialization?
 Big enterprises raised money domestically through joint-stock companies. The stockholders invested not only their own money but also money borrowed from banks using their stocks as security. Most stockholders were merchants and financiers, including those who started their businesses in the Edo era. Although the loan business with the merchants set up by the biggest moneychangers, such as Mitsui and Kounoike, was said to be declining toward the end of the Edo era, it is notable that the draft business, which promoted modernization of the economy, was growing.
 In Japan, payment to distant clients by bills of exchange began in the 13th century, and payment to nearby clients by such bills began in the 17th century. However, Japanese moneychangers did not develop a business around discounting bills because Japanese merchants did not use terminable promissory notes.
 In this paper, I first discuss cases of settlement of transactions involving cotton goods and fertilizers between Owari (present-day western Aichi Prefecture) and Edo (present-day Tokyo) by bills of exchange. I also discuss cases of settlement for trade of cotton goods and tea between Yokohama and Kamigata (present-day Osaka and Kyoto) by bills of exchange. The latter cases were important in keeping foreign merchants from making inroads into Japan's market. It also led to Japanese merchants accumulating capital via cash payments with foreign merchants in Yokohama.
 I then discuss cases of settlement among merchants by bills of exchange in Kamigata in the late Edo era. Such settlements became common in Osaka as well as its suburbs, thereby reducing the loan interest rate to approximately 6%, which was almost half of that in Edo.
 In Osaka, bills of exchange could be settled by many moneychangers who were further controlled by the biggest moneychangers, particularly Kounoike, Mitsui, and Kajimaya. Contrary to popular belief that Mitsui was in financial straits by the end of the Edo era, the real situation of Mitsui was promising when the draft business was taken into account.
 Although many moneychangers went bankrupt during the Meiji Reform, a considerable number of them survived the phase. Additionally, many powerful newcomers such as Chojiya, Nunoya, and Yasuda began operating during this period. Some of these moneychangers even established modern banks. The most important suppliers of capital for the industrialization in Japan were the merchants, both old and new, headed by moneychangers.
(info:doi/10.2183/tja.74.2_65)
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Max Weber conceived of the state as a monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force.
Weber defines the state as a community successfully claiming authority over legitimate use of physical force in a given territory.
Besides the police and the military, private force can be used too, as long as it has legitimacy derived from the state.
The right of self-defense is the right by which civilians acting on their own behalf may engage in violence for the sake of defending one's own life or the lives of others.
right of self-defense: The right of self-defense (according to U.S. law) is the right by which civilians acting on their own behalf may engage in violence for the sake of defending one's own life or the lives of others, including the use of deadly force.
the state: A state is a political organization with a centralized government that maintains a monopoly over the legitimate use of force within a certain territory.
Max Weber, in Politics as a Vocation, conceived of the state as a monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force. According to Weber, the state is that entity that "upholds the claim to the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in the enforcement of its order. " The state's authority is derived from this: the state can enforce its precepts through force without losing its legitimate authority. This definition of the state has figured prominently in philosophy of law and in political philosophy throughout the twentieth century.
Ownership of territory is another characteristic that Weber deemed prerequisite for a state. Territory is necessary because it defines the scope of the state's authority: use of force is acceptable, but only in the jurisdiction specified by the state's lands. Such a monopoly, according to Weber, must occur via a process of legitimation.
The police and the military are the state's main instruments of legitimate violence, but this does not mean that only public force can be used: private force can be used, too, as long as it has legitimacy derived from the state. The right of self-defense is the right by which civilians acting on their own behalf may engage in violence for the sake of defending one's own life or the lives of others, including the use of deadly force. In any instance where an individual uses force to defend a third party, it must be demonstrated that the third party was in a position that required another individual's intervention. The right of self-defense is a private form of legitimate violence that is recognized by the state.
A Helicopter Operated by Blackwater Worldwide: Blackwater Worldwide is private military company that contracts with the United States to provide military services. States may maintain a monopoly on legitimate violence but outsource its execution by contracting with private parties such as Blackwater.
A police officer: States maintain a monopoly on violence, exercised by police officers.


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Study Abroad Internships For Nigerian Students (Latest)
By Adeyemi Bukola on 06-Jul-2020
if you are open to a learning opportunity and learning experience, this is an opportunity to expand your knowledge, and upgrade performance in accomplishing institutional objectives. this is a list of current internships for Nigerian students.
1. OPEC FUND FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNSHIP PROGRAMME 2020 FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
The OPEC fund offers an internship program for students from different academic backgrounds to help develop their capacity by enriching their educational experience through practical, and day to day work at an international organization.
Eligibility: Final year students and fresh graduates (20-30 years of age)
Value: Travel expenses, accommodation, living expenses, and transportation fees.
Application deadline: October 1st 2020
2. RADCLIFFE FELLOWSHIP
Every year, the Radcliffe institute host leading scholars, artists, and practitioners from all over the world in its fellowship program. Its award 50 fellowships each academic year, applicants may apply individually or as a group working together on a project. A fellowship at Radcliffe is an opportunity to step away from the usual routine and dive deeply into a project.
Eligibility: Mid-career practitioners with a P.HD. or MFA
Value: Stipend of $78,000 plus an additional $5,000 for project expenses, housing, office or studio space, and full-time Harvard appointments as visiting fellows
Application deadline: September 10, 2020 ( Humanities, Social Sciences, and Creative Arts) October 1, 2020 (Science, Engineering, and Mathematics)
3. ACUMEN WEST AFRICA FELLOW PROGRAM 2021 FOR EMERGING LEADERS IN WEST AFRICA (FULLY FUNDED)
The Acumen Fellowship program is an intensive leadership development program refining a pipeline of tomorrow's social changemakers. Over the course of a year, Fellows remain in their jobs while involving in five, multi-day immersive seminars and engaging in online content between seminars. It is currently operating in Malaysia, Bangladesh, Colombia, East Africa, India, and West Africa. The Fellows Program provides leaders from across the country or region with the knowledge, and skills to become more effective, and collaborative as agents of change.
Eligibility: Entrepreneurs
Value: Not Specific
Application: 6th August 2020
4. TWAS FELLOWSHIPS FOR RESEARCH AND ADVANCED TRAINING
TWAS offers fellowships to young scientists in underdeveloped countries to enable them to spend 3 to 12 months at a research institution in a developing country other than their own. The purpose of these fellowships is to boost the research capacity of promising scientists, most especially those at the starting of their research career, helping them to promote links for further collaboration.
Eligibility: M.SC. holders
Value : $300
Deadline: October 1, 2020
5. AFRICAN INSTITUTE FOR INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM
AIIJ's Mission is focused on growing investigative journalism in Africa through an integrated program of Training and Capacity Building; Collaborative Reporting; Research and Grant Making. The African Institute for Investigative Journalism (AIIJ) currently has openings for fellowship opportunities for individuals interested in developing a career path in the art of investigative journalism.
Eligibility: Minimum of B.SC degree in any related communication field
Deadline: Not specific
6. AFRICA RESEARCH EXCELLENCE FUND RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT FELLOWSHIP 2020
The AREF Research Development Fellowship (RDF) Program is launched to support African researchers who are working on difficult challenges for human health in Africa.
Eligibility: Researchers from Sub-Saharan Africa who were awarded their doctorate after May 2014; and clinicians without a doctorate but who have a research-relevant Master's degree and at least two and up to seven years research experience.
Value: £38,000
Deadline: September 2020
7. COMMONWEALTH CORRESPONDENTS APPLICATION
Commonwealth Correspondents are aspiring youth leaders or talented writers who contribute their articles, photos, and videos about local, national, and international issues to the YourCommonwealth.org website on a voluntary basis.
Eligibility: Citizens of a Commonwealth country between the age of 15-29 years old
8. GLOBAL PEACE SUMMIT TURKEY 2020 [FULLY FUNDED CONFERENCE IN TURKEY]
The Global Peace Chain is now opened to accept applications for the Global Peace Summit Turkey 2020. The Global Peace Summit 2020 will last for 4 days. Applicants from all around the world can apply for this amazing GPC fully-funded conference in Turkey. The GPS summit aims to inspire youth to sharpen their skills of peace education, facilitate the exchange of ideas and project sharing, and new network to form with like-minded individuals and world leaders. They provide fully-funded, partially, and self-funded seats. The Global Peace Chain selection committee will select candidate application, base on their social experience, and leadership qualities.
Eligibility: Youth Between 16-35 of age.
Value: Fully Funded/Partial Funded/Self Funded slots, Airfare & Accommodation, Visa Assistance
Deadline: August 30th, 2020
We wish you good luck with your application and selection process. Remember, our US, Canada and Nigeria-based study abroad consultants can help guide you through the application and selection process, sign up for consultation


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Ifekleva
Art. Pop Culture. Reviews. Opinions. Lifestyle.
Tag: Olumo rock
The matching faces of Ake.
Warning: This is a rant. Let me talk about Ake '16 before we enter the New Year and people start looking at me wankain if I mention it in January. Me I dihnuh exactly enjoy it sha. I don't know really. Maybe I'm just weird. Or maybe it's because I came very late and was […]
My book "Of Children Born To Us"
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Ife Olujuyigbe is a Nigerian writer, editor, film maker, and pop culture enthusiast. She is the lead administrator at Ifekleva. A Chemical Engineering graduate, her works have appeared in literary journals, blogs and magazines from different parts of the world. Her pieces have been published in literary anthologies such as 'A Mosaic of Torn Places', "Work Naija: The Book of Vocations', In The Eyes (a book she inspired, collated and co-edited), and the African Women Writers anthology 'The Different Shades Of The Feminine Mind'. In 2016, she won Flash Fiction Competition, 'Blackout' and the SGNT Media Short Story Prize. In 2017, she made the long list of Writivism Short Story Prize, and was also first runner-up for The Critic Challenge. Her story, 'A Note For Christmas' was selected as one of the top ten African stories on Digibook Africa in 2017. Her story, 'You Should Be A Gift' was named one of 2017's top fifteen by Writivism. Ife writes screenplays, stage plays and has co-produced and directed her first short film, Parting Gift (2017) which premiered at the African International Film Festival. She has gone on to manage several Nollywood productions for platforms such as Tribe85, Africa Magic, Africa Movie Channel, Foresight Global Films and SANEF. Her debut book, Of Children Born To Us is on Amazon and Okadabooks, and getting great reviews.
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His Wife Was Found Dead At The Foot Of A Staircase. The World Has Debated His Guilt Ever Since.
HBO Max's The Staircase takes a predictable trip down the rabbit hole of the Michael Peterson trial. (Contains spoilers.)
by Alessa Dominguez
Senior Culture Writer
Posted on May 4, 2022, 5:50 pm
Colin Firth and Toni Collette in The Staircase
In December 2001, Michael Peterson called 911 to report that his wife, Kathleen, had had an accident. "She fell down the stairs," he told the operator, apparently in hysterics. "She's still breathing! Please come!"
By the time police arrived at their 19-room Durham, North Carolina, home, Kathleen, a 48-year-old Nortel Networks vice president, was dead. The copious amount of blood around the staircase made her death suspicious, with her husband the prime suspect. Days later, Peterson, a novelist and former mayoral candidate, was arrested for murder.
At the trial the following year, prosecutors argued Peterson had led a double life. They brought out a gay escort he had corresponded with, speculating that Kathleen's discovery of his bisexuality might have led to a confrontation that ended in murder. More shockingly, they claimed his wife's death fit a pattern. He had also been the last person to see close family friend Elizabeth Ratliff, the mother of his adopted daughters, alive before she, too, died at the foot of a staircase in 1985.
The trial split the family apart. Kathleen's sisters and a daughter from her first marriage, Caitlin, sat on the prosecution side. Peterson's sons from his own first marriage and his adopted daughters supported him.
The court proceedings culminated in a guilty verdict and spawned books, a Lifetime movie, and countless hours of cable news coverage. French filmmaker Jean-Xavier de Lestrade, who was looking for a follow-up subject after his 2001 Academy Award–winning documentary about a wrongly accused Black teenager in Florida, Murder on a Sunday Morning, was given an all-access pass to cover Peterson's defense.
The result was 2004's The Staircase, which used Peterson's trial as the focus of a skeptical look at the US criminal justice system. The docuseries focused on how Peterson's family and the defense withstood prosecution. Its construction of the case emphasized prejudicial aspects, like the judge allowing evidence of Ratliff's death, which a state medical examiner also deemed a homicide, and the prosecution exposing Peterson's sex life so as to use jurors' potentially anti-gay attitudes against him.
Bombshell revelations that a state examiner had fabricated evidence against Peterson came out in 2011, and Peterson was eventually released from prison. But that didn't settle the endless Reddit threads and internet theories proposing that Peterson was a sociopath who had murdered two women or, even more outlandishly, that an owl might have been responsible for Kathleen's death.
Now, the eight-part HBO miniseries, also called The Staircase, written by Antonio Campos, a filmmaker who attended the original trial, and Maggie Cohn, a writer on Ryan Murphy's American Crime Story, deconstructs the story by revisiting the making of the documentary. The scripted series includes context about the Peterson family that was left out of the 2004 docuseries, reframes some of the story with what we've learned since, and makes the filmmakers characters in the drama.
This might sound niche and meta, but it's part of a true crime trend centered on examining the ethics of the true crime industrial complex itself.
The Staircase lacks a specific and confident perspective, despite excellent performances by Colin Firth as Peterson and Toni Collette in an underwritten role as Kathleen. There are no new insights to glean here, nothing as sharp as Janet Malcolm's meditation on journalistic betrayal in The Journalist and the Murderer or the more recent revisionary perspective of Law and Order's Menendez brothers revisitation, which looked back at the infamous case with two decades' of hindsight to examine how views around sexual abuse changed. But despite the series' predictability, the rabbit-hole appeal of the original story should keep plenty of viewers watching.
Raleigh News & Observer / Tribune News Service via Getty Images
Michael Peterson listens as his defense attorney David Rudolf makes opening statements in Peterson's request for a new trial on December 6, 2011, in Durham, North Carolina
The original Staircase docuseries is largely told from Peterson's perspective, and there is an undeniable appeal to witnessing him in action. He describes his last night with Kathleen in the very home where the events took place, recounting how they had watched the movie America's Sweethearts, then drank wine while sitting by the pool outside.
Peterson claimed he last saw Kathleen right before she went into the house to get some last-minute work done and that he eventually found her in a pool of blood at the foot of the home's small, dark back staircase.
The documentary drops you into the midst of an evolving story even as it carefully constructs the tale, foregrounding Peterson, his lawyers, and his family. It draws a sympathetic portrait of him, fleshing out his relationship with his older brother, Bill, his sons Clayton and Todd, his daughters Margaret and Martha, and his lawyer, David Rudolf. In contrast, Kathleen's sisters and daughter are only seen in the background: as they help the prosecution build its case against Peterson, or talk to reporters outside the courthouse.
The HBO miniseries dives further into this gap in the family dynamics. We watch Kathleen's sisters grow dissatisfied with Peterson's evasive answers about the night of his wife's death, and Kathleen's daughter Caitlin being persuaded by the physical evidence that her mother's death wasn't accidental.
There's more detail about Kathleen herself too, including small glimpses of her work life and the testy relationship between Kathleen and her stepson Clayton, who had a history of violence (as a 19-year-old, he planted a pipe bomb at Duke University, allegedly as part of a plan to make fake IDs).
The miniseries also attempts to deepen our understanding of the Petersons' marriage, suggesting that they were supposedly deep in credit card debt. This dramatic context gives the series palpable tension; in one scene, Kathleen complains that she is tired of financially bailing out her stepsons, especially as it seemed she might be laid off.
Firth creates a plausible enough Peterson, who guilt-trips his daughters into appearing on camera and coldly pits his sons against each other as they seek his approval. The miniseries smartly uses the making of the documentary itself as a device to expose emotional truths about the family — for example, suggesting that Peterson's brother coached the children, telling them about their father's bisexuality so that they could maintain a blasé attitude about it on camera, to imply that it was a known fact in the family, and perhaps to Kathleen as well.
There are intriguing hints of family dysfunction and denial. "You and Todd and dad, why can't you guys just be normal?" Martha (Odessa Young) asks Clayton. "You rack up debt, you embarrass us." Peterson's first wife, Patricia (played by Trini Alvarado), tries to clamp down on family conflict with a "let's all get along" attitude.
Another scene explores the experiences of the college-aged sisters, who were expected to be in the documentary and participate in their father's defense at the cost of their emotional health; Martha, uncomfortable with the public attention, has a panic attack at court after a particularly emotional day.
Trying to make entertaining TV out of courtroom politics is hard, but Parker Posey does a convincing job as dramatically eyelinered prosecutor Freda Black, whose Southern inflection as she declared the gay porn on Peterson's computer "pure T filth!" did not play well with the documentary's audience. But some behind-the-scenes machinations are cast in a sympathetic light, as when North Carolina DA Jim Hardin decides not to put witnesses willing to talk about Peterson's sexual orientation on the stand because he didn't want to out people during the trial.
None of this quite amounts to a compellingly new perspective, though the series effectively builds slightly more interesting versions of characters we thought we knew.
Kathleen Peterson can no longer speak for herself; she had already been mostly erased out of this story, and with this new miniseries, that's still the case. Her daughter Caitlin Atwater has been largely silent about the story, but won a $25 million wrongful death judgment against her onetime stepfather; there is little of her perspective here.
Colin Firth as Michael Peterson in The Staircase
Netflix began streaming de Lestrade's The Staircase in 2018, after Peterson's conviction was vacated and a retrial was ordered. He took an Alford plea, not contesting the charges but not technically pleading guilty, either.
This resurfacing of the story during the internet sleuthing era inspired endless podcasts and Reddit threads. Perhaps the most infamous testament to the documentary's — and defense theories' — hold on the public imagination was the spread of the bizarre but compelling owl theory, which attempted to make sense of the fact that Kathleen had sustained lacerations to her head yet no fractures to her skull. (Almost as a kind of counter to that, the miniseries reminds us that state medical examiner Dr. Deborah Radisch said Kathleen's broken thyroid cartilage suggested strangulation.)
We may never know what happened that December night in 2001. The miniseries presents an interesting potential scenario that mixes insights from the prosecution and defense witnesses to arrive at a kind of centrist possible explanation. But given how much fantasy and speculation has surrounded the story, and the series' prestige meta approach, one would hope for a more ambitious perspective — perhaps some commentary on the murderous husband trope or on our fascination with true crime itself.
True crime productions now have to straddle two audiences: true crime Redditors who know everything about famous cases and the rest of the audience, who come to the story fresh. This series feels hampered by the need to thread that needle, presenting the broad strokes and also sampling the cult details.
But the appeal of these real-life crime stories is not so much about literal gore but emotional gore: seeing real people going through extraordinary situations. Nothing in the series, for instance, can live up to the immediacy and shock of seeing now-influencer Todd Peterson go on a video rant after the death of his mother, Patricia, accusing his father of being a narcissist who may actually have killed his stepmother.
Despite the HBO series' attempt to elevate the material with subdued lighting and prestige actors, all this new Staircase can do is analyze, enthralled by the characters of the original documentary. In trying to tease out the implications of the characters' emotions, which the documentary leaves up to the viewer, some of the mystery is lost and made banal. "Even when I know he's telling the truth," the fictional de Lestrade says about Peterson, "it can sound like a lie." True enough. And that's why we watch. ●
Alessa Dominguez
Alessa Dominguez is a senior culture writer for BuzzFeed News and is based in New York.
Contact Alessa Dominguez at alessa.dominguez@buzzfeed.com.


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The role of physical security in IoT - Internet of Things - Internet of Things - Arm Community
Internet of Things The Role of Physical Security in IoT
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Platform Security Architecture (PSA)
cryptocell-312
The Role of Physical Security in IoT
Kobus Marneweck
Securing the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to become more important as the value of assets, and number of connected devices, continues to increase. The distributed and fragmented nature of IoT means a larger attack surface and physical access (proximity) to the devices. The combination of these two factors make physical security a viable and potent threat. There are many examples of how a lack of sufficient physical security can pose a severe security risk to the IoT ecosystem and the effects of a security breach can quickly snowball. For example, a system that uses fingerprint authentication for identity access. First the hacker overcomes authentication which provides access to personal data, access to credit card information and more, and once one device has been hacked, the hack is applied remotely enabling access to thousands of devices.
Arm has identified four types of vulnerability that should be considered when designing a system-on-chip (SoC); software, communication, lifecycle and physical. If one of these vulnerabilities isn't protected, the whole system becomes compromised, so it is important to ensure all necessary mitigation measures are considered and implemented at the very beginning. A range of counter-measures are recommended to ensure that all attack opportunities are mitigated.
Physical security, also known as silicon or hardware security, involves securing the silicon element of a system. A key, notable difference from software security is the proximity to the device. Software attacks can be carried out remotely, while physical attacks require close proximity. Below we will explore physical security in more detail and explain its role in securing the IoT.
What is physical security?
To understand physical security, it's worth looking at how it can compromise the IoT ecosystem. Consider the scenario where an IoT deployment, such as connected street lights, use AES encryption to deliver firmware updates. The intention is to make sure only authorized sources (who can prove the knowledge of AES secret keys) can deliver the updates in a secure manner. Now, an adversary can steal these AES credentials using Side Channel Analysis (SCA) and can later use these stolen keys to hijack the streetlight network. This attack has been demonstrated in real life. The attacker needs to be within the proximity of the device to carry out the attack and gather the sensitive information. There will be no remnants of the SCA attack afterwards. The consequences of such hacks can be even more severe when an attacker can use SCA to compromise the security of bank cards, mobile devices, or even medical devices.
There are two types of physical vulnerability, non-invasive and invasive.
Non-invasive attacks require the attacker to be close enough to target the chip and sense electrical characteristics, this allows the attackers to change the behavior of the devices or gather sensitive information
Invasive attacks need the chip surface to be exposed, meaning that the chip can be physically manipulated
Within these two categories, there are also a number of different types of attacks, shown in the image below.
Fig. 1: Physical security - range of threats to be mitigated
Side channel analysis is a non-invasive attack which involves an attacker analyzing power signature or Electro Magnetic radiation emanating from an IC with the aim of extracting sensitive information such as secret keys.
tamper attack is an invasive attack where an adversary will physically tamper the IC with the objective of gathering sensitive information present in the metal wires using micro probes. An adversary might even try to alter the circuit behavior by overdriving the state of the IC.
Fault injection attacks or Perturbation attacks occur when an adversary induces a faulty behavior in a system with the intention of taking advantage of these faults to compromise the security. there are several methods to induce faults. some of the prominent ones are discussed below. Fault injection attacks can be both invasive and non-invasive in nature.
Optical, ElectroMagnetic Fault Injection (EMFI), Body Bias Injection (BBI) are types of perturbation attacks that aim to inject faults into a device by means of projecting lasers, Electro Magnetic fault injection and biasing the body. An adversary will try to exploit the faulty behavior to compromise the security of the system.
Power/Clock/Reset glitching attacks occur when an adversary tries to introduce glitches in the power supply, clock network or the Rest network of an IC. The objective go an attacker in this case is to induce faulty behavior that can be exploited to compromise the security.
Frequency/Voltage tampering are attacks in which an adversary will change the operating conditions of an IC. They can try to tamper the level of power supply, or change the clock frequency of an IC. The objective of the attacker in this case is to induce faulty behavior that can be exploited to compromise the security.
Temperature attacks involve an adversary changing the operating environment by changing the temperature of operation for an IC. The objective of an attacker in this case is to induce faulty behavior that can be exploited to compromise the security.
Why is physical security important?
As mentioned earlier, there are four different vulnerabilities which can be represented by different entrances to a house, see fig. 2 below.
Software vulnerabilities are represented by the door, they are easiest to attack and have specific counter-measures to protect devices from software attacks, locking the door. Lifecycle and communication attacks are represented by windows in the house, these are more difficult to attack and, again, have counter-measures to mitigate against these attacks and lock the windows.
Physical security is represented by the attic window, this is the highest entrance to the house, and therefore, the most challenging to reach. In the past, securing the attic window was hard to justify in terms of value. However, a number of factors have changed over time, increasing the importance of physical security. These include:
Other vulnerabilities (or entries) being secure and more difficult to hack
An ever-increasing network of connections with growing values of assets, providing greater opportunity to scale into a large-scale attack and therefore a higher incentive to attack
Rise in opportunities to carry out physical attacks (represented by the ladder), a growing number of tools for the attacks, cheaper technology used to carry out attacks, and more accessible ways to attack, making it easier for anyone to attack
Fig. 2: Sophisticated attacks require higher levels of security
Sounds scary, is this a new threat?
Physical security is not a new concept - we've seen it before in our everyday lives, in credit card chips and in smartphone chips - the threats have been around for years. The risk is expanding though, with an increase in more accessible IoT devices with hold valuable information, are prone to physical interaction and provide benefits to hackers.
How can you protect your devices from physical attacks with Arm?
Arm provides a number of software and hardware-based counter-measures for physical attacks.
Cortex-M35P CryptoIsland-300P CryptoCell-312P
Arm Cortex-M35P adds physical resilience and system safety functions, such as lockstep, configurable parity, and observability, without compromising performance. Anti-tampering provides state-of-the-art security and prevents costly security breaches. Download this guide to learn more about the features and benefits of the Arm Cortex-M35P processor. Arm CryptoIsland products isolate roots of trust and increase ease of reuse crucial to payment and identity applications. Arm CryptoIsland-300P combines physical isolation of the security subsystem. Arm CryptoCell-312P is a comprehensive security solution for low-power, compact designs with features that protect the authenticity, integrity, and confidentiality of code and data belonging to different stakeholders.
Most software from a previous Arm-based SoC can be reused with little modification since the underlying physical security features will be hidden in hardware TrustZone software isolation requires the project to be split into a non-secure project that contains the RTOS, stack and user applications and a secure project that contains all the security assets such as secure boot, crypto functions, key storage and secure firmware update.
Fig. 3: Cortex-M35P with TrustZone software isolation
Attacks can be catastrophic, and ensuring the right mitigation is built into the SoC from the start is paramount to lower the risk of attack.
Careful consideration needs to be made when deciding which counter-measures are implemented into a device. Depending upon various factors, including the threats and value of the assets, different vulnerabilities need to be identified and mitigated. The Arm Platform Security Architecture is a framework outlining common security standards that builds in security from the ground up through three key phases: Analyze, Architect and Implement. During the Analyse stage, Threat Modelling is carried out to consider the risks, threats and value of a device and identify which mitigation methods should be used. The identified counter-measures would then be designed in the Architect stage and built into the device at the Implement stage. PSA enables you to identify whether physical security is required in your design, and ensures that all entrances that need to be protected, are secure.
Fig. 4: Complete security solution, addressing all four vulnerabilities
Arm provides the building blocks of IP to help SoC designers ensure security, in particular physical security, is built in from the ground up and integrated with all other security IP.
Find out more in our on-demand webinar
Offline Georgia James 9 months ago in reply to sandtoes
Hi sandtoes thanks you for spotting this. We have now replaced the URL. I've also linked to it here for you: https://pages.arm.com/guide-to-physical-security-arm-cortex-m35p.html
Offline sandtoes 9 months ago
The following embedded link gets a "Page not found" message:
community.arm.com/.../Download this guide to learn more about the features and benefits of the Arm Cortex-M35P processor
Internet of Things: The IoT Architect's Practical Guide to Security
Follow a working example of IoT security using a smart door lock. Learn how the Platform Security Architecture (PSA) framework provides a practical way to design-in security to connected devices.
Internet of Things: Making automation work for you: Managing 1 trillion connections
Niall Strachan
The basic premise of IoT is easily understood: devices are deployed and connected for a huge range of use cases, like gathering business-critical data, managing access to rooms and tracking goods.
Internet of Things: What OEMs Really Think About eSIM and iSIM
Oxana Latypova
In this blog Arm asks representatives from across the IoT ecosystem about their views on eSIM and iSIM. Read on for feedback from the OEMs.


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Haley Graham is a former gymnast-turned-juvenile delinquent who, after one too many run-ins with the law, is forced to enroll at an elite gymnastics academy, the VGA in Houston, Texas which is run by the legendary Olympic gymnast Burt Vickerman. But the rebellious Haley is not welcomed into the academy by the other teenage gymnasts who despise her for walking out on her Junior Olympic team years earlier during a competition which cost them the gold medal. But Haley is not a docile person either and makes every effort to provoke conflicts with the other girls. Vickerman takes it upon himself to coach Haley in his own way to make her regain her self respect for the VGA's coming spot on the Gymnastic Nationals. Written by Anonymous
Genre : Comedy, Drama, Sport,
Actor : Jeff Bridges, Missy Peregrym, Vanessa Lengies, Nikki SooHoo, Maddy Curley, Kella,
Director : Jessica Bendinger,
Country : Germany | USA,
Keywords: Stick It,
Dream Round
A golfer develops a bond with a sprightly girl and a down-on-her-luck waitress.
Genre: Comedy, Drama, Sport,
Thirty years after their final confrontation at the 1984 All Valley Karate Tournament, Johnny Lawrence is at rock-bottom as an unemployed handyman haunted by his wasted life. However, when Johnny rescues a bullied kid, Miguel, from bullies, he is inspired to restart the notorious Cobra Kai dojo. However, this revitalization of his life and related misunderstandings find Johnny restarting his old rivalry with Daniel LaRousso, a successful businessman who may be happily married, but is missing an essential balance in life since the death of his mentor, Mr. Miyagi. Meanwhile, even as this antipathy festers, it finds itself reflected in their protegees as Miguel and his comrades are gradually poisoned by Cobra Kai's thuggish philosophy. Meanwhile, while Daniel's daughter, Samantha, finds herself in the middle of this conflict amidst false friends, Johnny's estranged miscreant son, Robby, finds himself inadvertently coming under Daniel's wing and flourishes in ways worthy of Mr. Miyagi. Written by Kenneth Chisholm ([email protected])
Genre: Action, Comedy, Drama, Sport,
The Eagle and the Albatross
When an orphaned half Korean girl finds herself in small town America with her only living relative, she seeks out a mentor to help with the only things she loves - golf. The best player in town, the widowed optometrist, takes her under his wing, sending them on a journey to face their fear of losing loved ones and their game. The only problem is, he has three months to live.
Saint Ralph
This Canadian made comedy/drama, set in Hamilton, Ontario in 1954, is a sweet and - at times - goofy story that becomes increasingly poignant as the minutes tick by. It's the fictional tale of a wayward 9th grader, Ralph (Adam Butcher), who is secretly living on his own while his widowed, hospitalized mother remains immersed in a coma. Frequently in trouble with Father Fitzpatrick (Gordon Pinsent), the principal of his all-boys, Catholic school, Ralph is considered something of a joke among peers until he decides to pull off a miracle that could save his mother, i.e., winning the Boston Marathon. Coached by a younger priest and former runner, Father Hibbert (Campbell Scott), whose cynicism has been lifted by the boy's pure hope, Ralph applies himself to his unlikely mission, fending off naysayers and getting help along a very challenging path from sundry allies and friends.
Since women are banned from soccer matches, Iranian females masquerade as males so they can slip into Tehran's stadium to see the game between Iran and Bahrain. The ones who are caught and arrested are taken to a holding area and guarded by soldiers. One sympathetic soldier agrees to watch the game through a peephole and recount the action to the impatient fans.
Casey is attacked at random on the street and enlists in a local dojo led by a charismatic and mysterious Sensei in an effort to learn how to defend himself. What he uncovers is a sinister world of fraternity, violence and hypermasculinity and a woman fighting for her place in it.
Genre: Comedy, Drama, Sport, Thriller,
A disgraced basketball coach is given the chance to coach Los Amigos, a team of players who are intellectually disabled, and soon realizes they just might have what it takes to make it to the national championships.
Country: Spain , Mexico
The Longshots
The true story of Jasmine Plummer who, at the age of eleven, became the first female to play in Pop Warner football tournament in its 56-year history.
Genre: Biography, Comedy, Drama, Family, Sport,
Let's Go, JETS! From Small Town Girls to U.S. Champions?!
Female students, including Hikari Tomonaga, from a high school cheerdance club follow strict instructions from their teacher Kaoruko Saotome. They compete at the USA Cheerdance Championship.
Country: UK , USA
Genre: Biography, Comedy, Drama, Sport,
The 60 Yard Line
Based on a true story. Set during the 2009 Football season. Ben 'Zagger' Zagowski and Nick 'Polano' Polano, best friends and co-workers, buy a house in the parking lot of Lambeau Field (home of the Packers), and are forced to pick between a football fan lifestyle and a girl. Lives change. There's a cow.
Genre: Comedy, Drama, Family, Romance, Sport,
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