When I was a little girl, my sister taught me core values of life. That included kindness. Helping someone in need is kindness. As I grew older, I learned more about kindness. My boss told me one day, "You have to be unkind to be kind." That provoked my thinking deeper into the acts of kindness. I was lending money to my colleague without knowing that he needed the money to repay his gambling debts. After listening to my boss, I told my colleague that I would not be lending him any more money. One day, he did not bank in the cash that he was supposed to. When I found out, I questioned him and out of kindness, I allowed him to bank in the money the following day. I did not report the incident to my boss. Next day, again he did not bank in the cash. I was in a dilemma. If I report, he could lose his job. If I did not report, how long more should I cover for him. After some thoughts, I reported it to my boss. He told me that I should have reported it the day when the staff did the dishonest act. I could be fired for not reporting (on the ground of conspiracy). Subsequently in life, I have encountered situations of similar nature and was tested again and again.
When two boys saw a butterfly struggling to get out of its cocoon, they helped by slitting the cocoon so that the butterfly could come out of the cocoon without any effort. That was intended to be a act of kindness but the butterfly DIED!
It is God's design that the butterfly struggles to exit from the cocoon. The process involves squeezing out the fluid and strengthening its wings. The butterfly would then hang in the sun to dry its wings thoroughly.
In life, we learn through difficulties and struggles. Some of these are God-planned and some are not. When it is God-planned, we should turn to Him and His Word for guidance. When it is not, we should still turn to Him and His Word for correction and transformation. It is only when we submit to the will of God then we will prosper. This kind of prosperity is NOT money, property, power, fame, position or popularity. Money etc are wealth of the world. I do not know what heaven really looks like because I have not been there. I have lots of imagination about heaven through pictures and movies and even from reading the Bible but deep inside me, I don't think heaven is a place where there are bungalows, semi-detached houses, and so on. Maybe, one day God will reveal it to me.
So, today while I am still on earth, I am thankful for my HDB flat, delicious and nutritious food, beautiful clothes, etc. I am very thankful for my health - physical, mental, emotional and spiritual. I am super thankful that I am still growing... We must not stagnate in life. God knows us personally and intimately. He knows the deep deep desires of our individual hearts. He is able to change our hearts. He is able to satisfy our deepest needs. He is able and willing to give us peace, pleasure and the greatest treasure - HIMSELF. He will give if we ask Him and when we ask with the right motive.
I am going to attend the IDMC 2017 from 31 Aug till 2 Sep. I am super excited because the theme is: Rekindling Your Spiritual Passion. The workshops include: Keeping fresh in the ministry, Living the Intentional Life, and Overcoming the Four Obstacles.
Passion is about living the intentional life. The problem is that many of us live unintentionally. There is an emptiness of soul, a seeking for something more. Our lives are focused on the external and we live lives apart from the DEEP RICHES OF GOD. Wow! It's going to be an adventure for me - eye-opening, thought-provoking, spiritual-awakening... I go with an expectant heart to encounter God and learn and learn... so that I may be made stronger and stronger (by Him) to DO the things that He has planned for me. I just want to pray and ask Him for discernment so that I will know - at all times - whether the struggles are intended by Him or not. The Bible says that it was God's will to crush His Son and cause Him to suffer (Isaiah 53:10).
I am NOT saying that we must suffer but I am saying that we must submit to God's hand of discipline if it is discipline, surrender all of ourselves to His hand of mercy and grace. Only then are we able to fulfil His purposes for us. The Bible says: Since, then, you have been raised with Christ, set your hearts on things above, where Christ is seated at the right hand of God. Set your minds on things above, not on earthly things. For you died and your life is now HIDDEN WITH CHRIST IN GOD. (Wow!) When Christ who is your life, appears, then you also will appear WITH HIM IN GLORY (Colossians 3:1-4).


DirecTV Inc. has launched a dedicated Hurricane Katrina information channel, and the direct-broadcast satellite firm said it is also working with the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the American Red Cross to install DirecTV systems in relief shelters throughout the Gulf Coast region.
DirecTV said the Katrina information channel, available on channel 100, contains information on road closures throughout the Gulf Coast region; counties that are able to assist evacuees; locations and phone numbers of shelters; insurance company contact information; and contact information for groups like the American Red Cross, the Salvation Army and Feed the Children.
In addition to wiring shelters with DirecTV programming, the company said it is working with local, state and federal officials to make DirecTV systems available to them to communicate with people affected by the hurricane, especially those in shelters.


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The 7th and 8th grade girls volleyball team competes in the DPL Division VGD3.
Head Coach:Brian Kendro
Practice: Tuesdays and Fridays, 3:30pm to 5:30pm (starting 8/17)
Tiger Classic, Pre-Season Tournament at Holy Trinity
09/07 2-0 OLPH (25-10, 25-06)
09/07 2-0 St. Joseph (25-11, 25-16)
09/14 2-0 St. Mary - Sherman (25-06, 25-13)
09/21 2-0 Immaculate Conception (25-22, 25-09)
10/05 2-0 Holy Trinity (25-11, 25-10)
10/05 2-0 Santa Clara (25-16, 25-08)
10/26 2-0 All Saints (25-23, 25-15)
10/26 2-0 St. Mary - Carmel (25-10, 25-11)
11/02 2-0 Santa Clara Red at 2pm at Holy Family (25-08, 25-11)
11/06 2-1 Santa Clara Blue at 7pm at Holy Family (22-25, 25-18, 15-09)
11/09 2-0 Championship Game at 1:40pm at Bishop Lynch (25-12, 26-24)
Division III Champions
2019 record is 28-1 games, 14-0 matches
2018 Schedule:
09/08 1-2 St. Cecilia (20-25, 25-18, 5-15)
09/08 2-0 St. Philip-St. Augustine Black (2-0, 2-0)
09/15 2-0 Our Lady of Perpetual Help (25-9, 25-5)
09/15 2-0 St. Mary-Carmel (25-3, 25-6)
09/22 2-0 St. Mark (25-16, 25-8)
09/29 2-0 Good Shepherd (25-10, 25-12)
09/29 2-0 Bishop Dunne (25-12, 25-16)
09/29 2-0 Holy Trinity Blue (25-20, 25-18)
10/06 2-0 All Saints (25-12, 25-6)
10/06 2-0 Holy Trinity Yellow (25-9, 25-13)
10/13 2-0 Santa Clara (25-21, 25-9)
10/20 2-1 St. Philip-St. Augustine Purple (25-15, 20-25, 15-8)
10/26 2-0 St. Mary-Carmel (25-19, 25-10)
Second Place Division III
2017 Results:
Our team 2017 team won all four matches at the Tiger Classic Pre-Season Tournament at Holy Trinity, receiving the first place trophy.
09/09 25-17, 25-18 Bishop Dunne
09/09 25-21, 25-19 Highlands
09/16 25-16, 25-14 St. Cecilia
09/16 25-15, 25-15 St. Mary-Carmel
09/23 22-25, 25-19, 15-09 Holy Trinity
09/30 25-16, 20-25, 15-06 Our Lady of Perpetual Help
09/30 15-25, 25-21, 11-15 St. Bernard
10/07 25-15, 25-19 Immaculate Conception
10/14 25-10, 25-09 St. Philip-St. Augustine
10/14 25-17, 25-09 Santa Clara
10/21 25-20, 25-23 Saint Monica
10/21 25-17, 25-19 St. Mary - Sherman
11/03 21-25, 27-25, 15-05 St. Cecilia
11/04 25-20, 25-14 St. Bernard
Division III Champs
2017 record was 37-5 games,18-1 matches
DPL Champions Division 3 Girls Volleyball 11 Photos
7-8 Volleyball 13 Photos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Ritchiea aprevaliana är en kaprisväxtart som först beskrevs av De Wild. och Th. Dur., och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Rudolf Wilczek. Ritchiea aprevaliana ingår i släktet Ritchiea och familjen kaprisväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Kaprisväxter
aprevaliana

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Inside INTOSAI, Summer 2021
KSC Releases Survey 2020 Results
The INTOSAI Knowledge Sharing and Knowledge Services Committee (KSC), which encourages Supreme Audit Institutions' (SAIs) cooperation, collaboration, and continuous improvement, has published a report on the INTOSAI Community Portal with the findings of its KSC Survey 2020.
One of the essential features of the INTOSAI Strategic Plan 2017-22 was enhanced accountability for its implementation. Accordingly, the KSC developed a survey to assess its performance toward achieving its goals and to inform course corrections. The survey also sought feedback to guide the KSC through the development of the Strategic Plan 2023-2028.
The KSC received responses to the survey from 74 SAIs, which represent about 38 percent of INTOSAI's members and 55 percent of members of the four Goal Committees. Respondents belong to all seven INTOSAI regions.
The survey found that SAIs appreciate the work and associated deliverables of the KSC and its working groups, as well as the INTOSAI Community Portal. Respondents expressed confidence in the ability of the KSC's current structures and strategies to deliver on INTOSAI's commitment to provide SAIs with professional support and address their needs.
The survey highlighted region-specific challenges that require a targeted approach to finding solutions, especially for ensuring all members are aware of and participate in research projects and other activities. To continue to develop the INTOSAI Community Portal, both as a resource for members and as a means of disseminating working group products, respondents proposed numerous ideas that the KSC will explore, such as an events dashboard and integration with social media.
The survey indicated the need to foster greater inclusivity in the activities of the KSC's working groups through addressing language constraints and adopting cost-effective methods of participation, like hybrid/online meetings. Respondents also suggested that working groups ensure the relevance of their products through external scans and internal reviews.
At its next meeting, the KSC Steering Committee will discuss the survey results and determine potential actions to address the challenges and needs identified. The KSC is also taking into consideration respondents' feedback as it prepares for INTOSAI's next Strategic Plan.
To effectively focus the KSC's efforts to achieve its goals, Comptroller and Auditor General of India Mr. Girish Chandra Murmu, the KSC Chair, plans to actively engage with the KSC's working bodies and with INTOSAI's regional organizations. Mr. Murmu encourages all members to participate in INTOSAI's knowledge-sharing activities and to use and share the KSC's products.
The survey report can be accessed here. Members may contact the KSC Secretariat at ir@cag.gov.in with any questions.
intosai goal 3, knowledge sharing, stakeholder engagement, strategic plan
Previous PostTask Force Gathers Stakeholder Feedback for INTOSAI Strategic PlanNext PostParticipants Discuss COVID-19 Experiences at 25th UN/INTOSAI Symposium
October 28, 2022November 1, 2022
Engaging with Civil Society Enables High Quality Audits in Critical Times: Perspectives from the U.S. GAO
In recent years, Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) have increasingly seen the value in engaging with civil society as a way to enhance government accountability and the quality of their audits. While we regularly engage with civil society during the normal course of our work, at no time has this been more important than during global emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic that we all have experienced for going on three years.
Civil Society Participation in Audit – the Australian National Audit Office's Approach to Citizen Engagement in Performance Audits
The Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) uses several approaches to engage with citizens and CSOs during the course of a performance audit, particularly during the fieldwork phase.
Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea (BAI) Audit Request System and its Implications for Public Participation
By operating the Audit Request System, BAI also strives to satisfy the need of citizens by rapidly resolving matters that disrupt the lives of the public.


If you are following the news it may appear prudent to consider preparing for the end of Libor by 2021. The process of preparing will undoubtedly mean facing increased model complexity and associated costs to transition legacy systems that rely on Libor, but the transition to alternative benchmark rates will also expose the presence of new kinds of risk for investors.
This topic is covered in my recent contribution to Risk.net's special report, "Beyond Libor," where I discuss some of the impacts, both broad and technical, that we concluded from our analysis of the July consultation from ISDA. The documented Q&A is now available here.
There are potential risks to be considered when Libor comes to an end, an event which is claimed to be on the horizon for 2021. When you consider how many derivatives and loans reference Libor today, any change to existing payout calculations could have huge effects on the markets. The end of Libor will basically throw the payout calculations in current trades into uncertain chaos, triggering fallback definitions that are still being debated, but which have the potential to impact the bottom line. Could these impacts depend on the market conditions at the time Libor is discontinued, such as where the spreads to other benchmarks lie on the day Libor ends? These are new kinds of market risk to consider, centered around the singular event of Libor's demise that is slated for the near future.
Fallback definitions only help counterparties agree on how to calculate payments, but not in how to value trades. The current crop of alternative benchmark rates are unlike Libor, since they are overnight rates based on a different frequency of transactions than the payments of most interest rate swaps – this means pricing a swap that directly replaces Libor with overnight rates will need convexity adjustment, which requires modeling the volatility of the new interest rate benchmarks. The resulting prices will depend on which volatility model is used. The outcome of this is a major potential for model risk even for vanillas. To avoid this and transition smoothly in 2021, the fallback definitions, pricing models, and derivatives markets as a whole will need to evolve closely together.
In another topic discussed in the Risk.net Q&A - what I believe the impact will be on pricing models - I explained that there could be a veritable tsunami of problems when trying to remove Libor and Libor-linked trades as modeling inputs. Without Libor curves, we will have far fewer curves available to a market which has been multi-curve for a decade. However, modern investors cannot forget the embedded credit risk in term lending. This means it could eventually be necessary to use complex credit models, like CVA exposure modeling on a sector basis, in order to recover the equivalent multi-curve modeling that is currently standard practice. The Libor curve models in use today are popular, partly because it is easy to get approval and much faster to calculate than some kind of exotic CVA calculation based on simulation and credit volatility inputs. The jury is out for now, as it is currently uncertain if markets will continue to provide the term-lending rates that Libor provides today.
For the interest rate volatility needed for modeling, it is unclear where the market data will come from after Libor is gone. Currently the sources for interest rate volatilities are linked to Libor, such as swaptions on Libor. There will be a need for totally new markets on the alternative benchmark volatilities, in order to carry out derivative pricing—and the market makers must start clearing trades quoted by alternative benchmark volatilities. After Libor is gone, there will still be demand for volatility trades and the corresponding market data inputs to volatility models required by participants. However, it appears today that these markets simply don't exist for the alternative benchmarks.
For more on this topic, view the special report, "Beyond Libor," on Risk.net, and check out my related blog: Phasing out Libor brings Major Challenges to Risk Management.


This bamboo board has been handpainted with acrylic paint, in shades of blue, turquoise and elderberry. The back of the board is plain.
This board is made of bamboo which I like using because it is a sustainable material, growing to maturity in just five years.
Sealed with food safe pigmented resin. The board can be used as a chopping board, or cheeseboard, taking care not to cut directly on the resin artwork. The board has been conditioned with food-grade mineral oil.
Not dishwasher, microwave, oven or cooktop safe (comes with care and cleaning instructions).


By LAMECH JOHNSON Tribune Staff Reporter ljohnson@tribunemedia.net A TEENAGER was remanded to prison yesterday after being arraigned in Magistrates Court in connection with the country's 12th homicide for the year. Thaddeus Williams, 19, of Hospital Lane, appeared before Chief Magistrate Roger Gomez in Court Six, Nassau Street. It is alleged that he is responsible for the February 10 shooting death of 23-year-old Deshante Bain. The Scott Street resident was shot and killed outside his home between West Street and Hospital Lane. Williams was not required to enter a plea to the charge due to its nature. Chief Magistrate Gomez told the accused the prosecution would present him with a Voluntary Bill of Indictment on May 16. The Bill, he said, would forward the case directly to Supreme Court for trial. The accused was also charged with causing grievous harm to Anterieo Demeritte on February 6. He pleaded not guilty, on the grounds that he had acted in self-defence. His attorney Murrio Ducille told the chief magistrate his client had been in police custody since last Thursday. "He was severely beaten and you can see his face is all scratched up," he said. Mr Ducille also claimed officers "tased" his client in the back and in the mouth. He said Williams was only brought before the court yesterday because his mother went to the Central Detective Unit to check up on him. Williams told his mother he was supposed to be charged on Monday, Mr Ducille said. Chief Magistrate Gomez noted the complaints and ordered the accused to be taken to hospital for examination and treatment. He then remanded Williams to Her Majesty's Prison until the completion of his trial. The grievous harm trial begins on July 5.


Food, Wine & Just Good Living With SaucyJoe: Christmas in Ohio!
It started with a love of food, wine & fun and blossomed into a maddening pursuit of the best recipes, techniques, grills, smokers, wines, crafted beers, rubs, marinades and sauces... We do more than play with our meat though -- we review and discuss all things cooking, drinking, reading, laughing and living at SaucyJoe's.
Dude ... your car smells like French Fries.
Dad always loved a colorful plate!
Hooray! Prohibition is Repealed ... 73 years ago.
BBQ, What is your Thanksgiving Faire?
Several of the sullivans immigrated to northern Ohio for the Christmas holidays. As Dr. Dave, his family and Mom Annie are preparing a meal of leftovers from the week's cooking, some reflection is in order.
As we were preparing to head on over to Ohio, we got a call from Mom Annie's back neighbor telling us that Mom was in the hospital with a mild stroke. Grandson Greg was just getting in the car for his trip to 'Grandmom's', so he, wife Angela and son Bryceton shot on up to hold the beachhead until reinforcements arrived. The Iowa Sullivans (Dr. Dave and family) got the family cat, Ozzy, into the vet, and headed east the next day.
By the time we arrived, Mom was home and doing well. Gladly, her stroke was mild, and she had almost all of her faculties. So we began the holiday festivities.
Dr. Dave took time out the weekend before to smoke a 5lb pork tenderloin using the Tennesee Whiskey recipe found on the Saucy Joe's website. When the tenderloin was at the end of it's smoking time, the tenderloin was removed, wrapped in foil and frozen. It didn't thaw too much in the cooler on the 9 1/2 hour journey, and was ready for cooking on Christmas Eve. We placed it, still in foil, into a baking pan, and cooked at 325 deg F for two hours. The meat was tender, and the smoke flavor was very evident. The next day saw pork tenderloin sandwiches being consumed at a high rate. Thank goodness there are a few left for tonight.
Mimosas happened. Bryceton opened everyone's presents!
Prime Rib was the fare for Christmas dinner. Mom put it in the oven at 500 deg F for 15 minutes, then turned the heat to 325 deg F for 2 more hours. The prime rib was medium rare, and delicious! Mom tells me that my great grandmother, Mum Moore, would put a prime rib in an oven pre-heated at 500 deg F then turn the oven off and leave the rib to cook for 5 hours as the oven cooled. This sounds like some indirect ccoking we do in the smoker, but the temperature staring out is too high for my stuff. Linda says she's game for trying it.
The kids left the next day to visit Angela's folks in Riverside, Iowa (remember Captain Kirk's home town?).
Dinner for the day after Christmas was Dr. Dave's BM Tonic Beef Brisket. This beef was also prepared and smoked earlier, frozen and cooked in the oven for two hours at 325 deg F. The BBQ sauce was Famous Dave's (no relation, I wish!) Texas Pit BBQ Sauce. The meat came out very tender with all of the brisket taste we have come to love!
The next night, we again proved that BEER CAN CHICKEN RULES!
Mom Annie had a beer can chicken rack, which isn't absolutely necessary, but helps out.
We got a 3 LB Will Purdue chicken (good stuff!), A Chopolte Pepper olive oil from International Collection and French Herb Roasting Rub from McCormick. We brined the chicken for an hour in cool water and salt (1 cup per gallon), then brushed the oil on the chicken inside and out. The Feench Herb roasting rub was applied ot the inside and outside of the chicken. Half of the can of beer was 'discarded', and two teaspoons of the rub were poured into the can. Also a teaspoon of chili powder and a teaspoon of Cayanne pepper were added to the can fro a little heat. The peppers don't influence the final meat flavor too much, so don't worry about adding too much to the can.
Since Mom's grill is put away for the winter, we stood the chicken on the can in a baking pan in the oven and baked for 1 1/2 hours at 325 deg F. I will tell you, we almost fainted from the fabulous flavors coming out of that oven! The McCormick rub and the chipolte olive oil fumes filled the house. This recipe actually smelled better than it tasted, and that is saying alot! After baking, the chicken just fell off the bone! It was scavenged pretty well, but there are a few tender morsels left for tonight!
Tomorrow, we head back to the hinterlands of eastern Iowa, carrying many a fond memory of Christmas in Ohio!


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History of Greek Wine
- The drink of the gods -
brief history of Wine
In the depths of prehistoric times the traces of the vine are lost. Winegrowing known since prehistoric times began in Asia. In Greece, according to mythology, Bacchus brought it from India. From Greece the cultivation of the vine was extended to the rest of Europe, initially in Sicily and on the coasts of southern Italy by Greek settlers, and then in Spain and the southern France, where the national beverage was the beer of barley, and Roman conquerors in northern France, Germany, Hungary, Britain and elsewhere.
Prehistoric Times (4500 - 1000 B.C)
There are many remains of wild vines found in various parts of the country (Thrace, Macedonia, Thessaly, Evia, Peloponnese), some dating back to the Neolithic Age. The cultivation of the domesticated vine begins in Greece, in several areas from the 4th millennium BC.
Early Historic Times (1000 BC - 700 B.C)
In Early Historic Times we have the development of Greek colonies on the coast of Asia Minor. From the descriptions of Homer, who lived in the 8th century B.C, in the northern Aegean, for many centuries, large quantities of wine were traded between Lemnos, Thrace and Troy, such as Ikaria's Pramnios and Ismaric (or Maronite) of Maroneia in Thrace. Since the birth of the institution of the city-state, around the middle of the 8th century. BC, the Greeks created new colonies in the Black Sea and the Western Mediterranean, expressing the need for exploration and finding new places to dispose of their goods. This is the first time that vineyards will come across the coasts of the western Mediterranean.
Archaic Period (700-470 B.C)
During the 7th c. BC, the cultivation of the vine is now widespread in Greece. Similarly, old and new winemaking techniques have been introduced, such as grape harvesting and the addition of various plants, herbs, honey, and resin, to preserve or flavor the wine. At the same time, the worship of the god Dionysus spreads and develops, through the Dionysian feasts, theater, tragedy and dramatic poetry. Major vine centers of the time are Attica, Thassos, Naxos and Rhodes. During the period (700-480 BC), the use of amphorae for the safe transport of wines to sea trips is spreading the trade of Greek wines from the Aegean islands and the continental coasts not only helps in the development of exports but also in the spreading of Greek culture, Greek language and religion.
Classical Period (480-323 B.C)
The Classical period is characterized by the "Golden Age" of Pericles in Athens (5th BC), a period identified with perfection and the birth of democracy and philosophy, the erection of the Parthenon, the era of great philosophers and the great classical writers.
A key feature of the Classical wine period is the foundation of the modern wine culture and legislation, as it was today expressed by the designations of origin, the protection of wine production.
At that time, wine played a leading role and contributes to Greek philosophy as we know it through the works of Socrates, Plato and many other philosophers.
Famous wines of the Classical Period were Ariosios of Chios, Lesvos, Mendaios of Chalkidiki, Peparathios, Samios and Thassios (which is the first PDO in the world).
Hellenistic Period (323-146 B.C)
Hellenistic period is the most glorious era time for Greece and Greek wines. Through the campaign of Alexander the Great, Greek culture extends to Egypt and India, transferring Greek vines to the depths of Asia. The Macedonian ships transported wine from the Greek islands of the southern Aegean, such as Rhodes, Kos, Cyprus, but also from the coasts of Asia Minor, to the ports that the army came to.
At the same time, on the island of Lesbos we have the lyrics by the philosopher Theophrastos, which is considered to be the first wine book. During the Hellenistic period and for the following centuries, these areas became the major production and commercial centers of the Mediterranean wine. Egypt's Alexandria, with remarkable wine production, had a prominent position.
Roman Period (146 BC-324 A.D)
From the middle of the 2nd century B.C, all of Greece is under the control of the Romans, who enrich their culture by adopting many Greek elements, thus shaping the Greco-Roman civilization. These elements also identify the roots of Roman wines, through Greek viticulture and winemaking techniques, some of which the Romans already knew from the Greek colonies of southern Italy and Sicily. Traditions of Greek banquets will be a welfare rule for wealthy Romans.
Detailed references to Greek wines made many great Roman poets and writers of the time, evoking them through their works. Among them, Horatios called "Homerus vinosus" Homer, Virgilus, who commemorates the Greek vine varieties, writing that it is harder to measure than "Grain of sand" and Pliny, who describes the Greek wines in details. Also, the two great Greek doctors, Dioskouridis and Galenos, following the footsteps of the great Hippocrates, inform us about the healing qualities of wine, the Greek wines of that time and their quality.
Findings of Cretan amphorae have been found in excavations in Pompeii and Ostia, Italy, Lyon, France and Switzerland.
Byzantium (330-1453)
In 330, the capital of the Roman Empire was transferred to Byzantium and renamed to Constantinople, by its founder emperor Constantine. Christianity spreads throughout the Empire, and Saint Tryphon will later become the patron saint of the viticulturists. During the millennium that the Byzantine Empire spread, a great civilization developed, that maintained the great tradition of viticulture and wine production of ancient Greek culture. Throughout this period winemaking practices have evolved and Greek wine has continued to play an important commercial and social role.
Christianity will play an important role in the historical continuation of Greek wine, through the winemaking activity of the monasteries of Mount Athos, the use of the sweet wines of the Greek islands in the communion and the use of the vine as a basic element of Byzantine art. On the other hand, hostile raids on the mainland and piracy on the islands will disturb wine-growing periodically.
Venetian domination (12th - 17th century)
During Venetian rule, the Aegean and Ionian Islands, Crete and for a while the Peloponnese, were under the Venetian rule. For centuries, Europeans had a great deal of appreciation for Greek wines, for their quality and durability for long sea voyages. That is why the Franks and the Venetians have begun to transport more and more wines from Crete, the Cyclades and Monemvasia. The exports boom of Greek wines during the Venetian domination finally ends with the absolute domination of the Turks of mainland Greece and the islands.
Turkish domination (1453-1821)
Ottoman Turks, for religious reasons, did not want to exploit the Greek vineyards. The inhabitants of the wine-growing regions were left free to produce their wine, as was the case for vine cultivation for thousands of years. The Muslim religion prohibited the consumption of wine and the cultivation of vineyards for wine production, but Turks allowed the collection of taxes from any similar activity by the Greek Christians. There were many areas in the Ottoman Empire, whose inhabitants continued cultivating, but had the obligation to allocate the quantities of wine produced to the local rulers. In a number of cases, residents of areas refusing to pay the tribute tax then abandoned vineyards or destroyed them.
The monasteries helped in many areas to preserve a large part of the native varieties and wine production of Greece, through the large vineyards and the first organized wineries that they owned. The most important ones were the monasteries of Mount Athos and Meteora.
Important wine-producing centers of that time were Naoussa, Nemea, Rapsani, Siatista, Tyrnavos, the Aegean Islands, the Ionian Sea and Crete.
The Newly Created State (1821-1945)
In the early years of the independent Greek state, the efforts of viticulture and wine production began again, where the first Greek oenologists appeared. However, efforts have not been able to produce the desired results, as the struggles for the liberation of Greece lasted for another century. However, the commercial and export activities of the Santorini wine continued normally. Greece continues to expand its borders, attaching the islands of the Ionian Sea and Thessaly, reaching about half its current size. At the same time, the first Greek oenologists return after studying in France, building the basis of the oenological scientific potential of the country.
Postwar Greece (1945-1975)
The major cooperative wineries of Crete, Rhodes, Samos, Nemea, Patras, Naoussa, Santorini, Tyrnavos and other areas, as well as the large private wineries of Boutari and Tsantali in Macedonia and Kourtaki in Attica, through their modern equipment, helped in adoption of the grape production and in the bottling of commercial quality wines.
In 1971, the Wine Institute undertook a very important research project under the guidance of Stavroula Kourakou, to highlight the timeless wealth of Greek vineyards and modern Greek wine. This work has given several historical Greek vineyards the legislative recognition and protection, as well as the right to indicate their name on the labels of their wines. After several years, while Greece became a full member of the European Union, local wines are also recognized.
Contemporary Greek Wines (1975 - )
Winemakers, oenologists studying mainly in France and other European countries, as well as graduates of Greek universities specializing in Viticulture and Oenology, offer a new dynamic in the production and utilization of the unique Greek varieties through the use of modern technology and winemaking methods.
This period is the starting point for the discovery of Greek wines by Greeks and foreigners from all over the world, while the distinctions for Greek wines are no longer only local but also global.
In modern times, Greek winemakers and oenologists, through well-equipped and state-of-the-art wineries, utilize the products of Greek vineyards, highlighting the native varieties of the country. Thus, wine-lovers from all over the world can enjoy the exceptional Greek wines and travel to historic vineyards, which for thousands of years produced some of the most famous wines of world wine history.
wine in ancient Greece
Ancient Greeks considered wine to be an integral part of their lives, so they worship Dionysus, the god of wine, the feast, and the theater. We will see him in several illustrations in a multitude of vases to hold in one hand a bunch of grapes and in the other a mug of wine, while in the state of ecstasy, Satyrs dance, Silesians and Maenads.
At the banquets the wine was plentiful, facilitating communication between the co-workers and creating an atmosphere conducive to the development of philosophical discussions. The water with which they diluted the wine delayed the drunkenness, ensuring the sobriety of mood and the vigor of the spirit throughout the symposium, which held many hours, many times and days.
The first inhabitants of Greece did not know the art of winemaking. There are indications of the consumption of wine imported from Asia Minor, Babylonia, and Egypt. For the introduction of wine from Asia and Egypt, initially, and later wine and wine production in Greece, the archaeological finds, the references to ancient texts, the household utensils, the storage and the transfer of wine, and the performances in amphorae, wine jars and vases.
The enormous economic importance of wine has resulted in its legislative protection. In ancient Greece, for the first time, the concept of the Origins of Wine was devised. Thus, we see in texts that Xios wine, Lesvian wine, Thiasian wine, Pramenios wine (from Ikaria) are mentioned. In the shipwrecks discovered in the Mediterranean Sea, but also in the Black Sea to the Indies, amphorae from Chios, Thassos, Samos, Rhodes were found, the findings from the great wine trade coming from Greece. Each city-state, even had its own amphora shape for its wine, with a special stamp that testified to the region that produced it. The shape of the amphorae was such that it allowed them to wedge and enter rows within the ships' holds so as to ensure safe transport of wine to the greatest possible quantity.
In closing the period of Greek antiquity, we could say that wine played many roles: it replaced the sacrifices of animals and people ("God is the wine, and the gods are offered a drink to secure the goods to the people", Euripides) ("a blessed one who sees joy full of the sweet and tender fruit of the grape that casts sorrow from the wretched and oblivious of the bitterness of the day", again Euripides), was the favorite breakfast, a bread or a damp nut in unlimited wine, wine that has not been diluted to keep all its nutrients (a habit that has been maintained for centuries until the end of the 20th century in rural societies) and finally, in the symposia, diluted with water one to three, helped in the entertainment and development of philosophical discussions.
City names such as Oinoi, Oinos, Oinopias (Aegina), Oinousi and Oinofyta bear witness to the widespread cultivation of the vine and the vinification in Greece. Vine seeds from the Bronze Age were found in the caves of Tiryns and Orchomenos, fossilized leaves and vine seeds in the Southern Europe, leaves and vine seeds in Egyptian tombs of the 6th millennium BC. The earliest existence of wine in Greece of the Bronze Age is evidenced by the results of the analysis of the jar (Pithos) findings that the excavations in Myrtos, an Early Minoan settlement of the 3rd millennium BC, on the south coast of Crete have brought to light. From the tests of organic residues recovered from the fragments of pith walls (remains of pressed grapes, giraffes, bark, shoots) found in Mirtos, there was confirmed the existence of a grape product with a clear indication of resin addition, after diterpenoid resin acids were detected. The scientific analyzes of a three-way potter of the 1900-1700 BC era, found in Myrtos, reveal a wine with resin stored in a smoked oak barrel or with the addition of smoked oak pieces into the barrel, as shown by the oak lactones that have been detected. The distinctive taste that such an addition adds to wine is similar to today's Scotch whiskey.
In conical cups of the same era found in the Aphodoulou settlement in the Amari Valley in Crete, the analyzes showed that they contained wine flavored with resin. In triple-pots from the same settlement, phosphoric acid, a compound found in brewing bins before 3000 BC.
The analysis of the finds in pots (tripods, culinary basins, culinary amphorae, conical cups, rhythms) from Crete, Mycenae, and Mainland Greece and Cyprus, in 1600-1100 BC. provide indications for the presence of herbs in wine and wine with resin as; but also lead to the possibility of a mixed fermented beverage consisting of wine, barley beer, and honey, but also honey, tartaric acid, oil, beeswax (considering that oil and wax were used for wine preservation and sealing of containers). But these findings may also be interpreted by the successive use of vases for wine, barley beer, and watermelon.
WINNING IN ANCIENT GREECE
The cultivation of the vineyards and the production of wine in Greece began in the 15th century BC. The Ancient ones mentioned the wines of Maroneia in Thrace, Lesvos, Thassos, Kos, Paros, Chios, Ikaria.
The ancient Greeks did not distinguish the wine only as old and new, but also as white, black and red, sweet and dry, thin and thick, fragrant and not fragrant, but also weak, medium and strong. Wines were made not only from grapes, but also from raisins (dried grapes), and other products such as figs, pomegranates, apples, apidies, quinces, palm trees. They also consumed flavored wines with the addition of resin, tar, rocks, but also mixed with salt or sea water as well as mixed with lump flour and grated cheese.
The ancient Greeks also introduced the term "bouquet" which refers to the preferred vivid odor of older wines.
Storage of Wine
For the storage, transportation, drinking of wine the ancient Greeks used:
Amphora (a vase with an oval body with a vertical grip on both sides) made of clay, bronze, bronze, silver, even gold, but also wooden, glass, marble, stone. The small amphora could also be hung on a wall.
Crater (vase) The crater was the large vase, in which water and wine were mixed, and the word came from the cerannium, which means mixing. It was served to mix the wine with water during rituals and banquets.
Kylix (Cylinder) was a kind of cup in ancient Greece, which they used mainly to drink wine. The cups were wide and shallow with two handles placed diametrically on their rim. Their bottom was almost flat and was the main surface for paintings.
Kantharos Kantharos is a kind of ancient Greek vase with a cup shaped body with a vertical grip on both sides, connected to the rim of the vase and with a high curved handle at the top.
Skyphos (Kotyli) It served as a glass from Homeric times. Α kind of wide ("wide-bodied") glass with two handlest was one of the most popular cups in ancient Greece.
Kiathos The pot was quite handy, Ancient Athenians said it was the necessary utensil both in the houses of the rich and in the huts of the poor.
Oinohon It was a vase used to transport wine from the crater to glasses.
Stamno: Clay vase for wine deposition.
Fialy (Bottle): Mostly clay pots of various shapes, bearing inscriptions and decorations.
Hydria a vase of ancient Greek ceramic with an oval body, a distinct neck and a round mouth. The decorative scene is depicted on the body and often on the shoulder, while the height dimension varies from 40-50 cm.
The trade of Greek wines spread throughout the Mediterranean to the Iberian peninsula and the Black Sea, and was one of the most important economic activities of Ancient Greeks. In many cities there were special laws to ensure the quality of wine, but also to protect it against foreign competition and imports. A typical example was the legislation of Thassos, according to which ships with foreign wine that were approaching the island were confiscated! Amphoras, which were used for wine storage and transport, were found with special seals indicating the origin and year of production of the wine they contained. Many elements of the complex European Community legislation concerning the production and presentation of wines have similarities to those in ancient Greece.
Various sources have saved the names of the wine-producing regions and the wines they produced. Originally, the most famous wines – internationally – were those of the northern Aegean: Limnos, Thassos, Lesvos, Chios, Ikaria, Samos. Later after the classic era, the wines of Rhodes, Kos and the other Dodecanese, Thira, Naxos, Crete, Cyprus were also well known.
Ancient Greeks also established colonies in the Mediterranean, introducing wine and wine production in southern Italy, Sicily and France, thus creating the foundations of wine production in Western Europe.
Greek Wine God
The Greeks developed a special relationship with wine, which accompanied all manifestations of human behavior. They even considered the wine a gift of a goddess and created the god of wine, Dionysus, appreciating the fact that he helped them depending on the occasion to honor their gods and their dead, but to forget the sufferings of life, to create a pleasant atmosphere and philosophize.
Dionysus son of Zeus, belongs to the minor but important deities of the ancient Greek pantheon, since his worship influenced significantly the religious activities of the Hellenic territory. Though he is not an Olympian god, already in the 6th century BC is represented with the Olympians, although it appears relatively distant.
He is also known as Bacchus , the name adopted by the Romans.
Dionysus as a mythological entity "is neither a child nor a man, but an eternal teenager. In this form, it represents "the spirit of energy and the transforming power of the game.
Dionysus is also linked to fertility through the fulfilled love and the epigram of Anakreon to the god begins with the words "O Lord, your companions in the game is the mighty Eros, the Black-eyed Nymphs and Aphrodite!"
Information we receive from Linear B leads us to the hypothesis that Dionysus as an ancient deity was already known in the 12th century BC. His worship is related to celebrations of vegetation, sacred madness caused by drinking wine and fertility.
In early Dionysian celebrations we discover the roots of Greek tragedy and western theater. Some of the ancient traditions of Dionysian worship were adopted by the Christian church and many references to the vine are found in the decoration of Byzantine churches, apart from the use of wine in divine society.
The symposium (banquet) in classical Athens was a social event involving only men, and it was private or public. The banquet was one of the most popular ways of entertainment for ancient Greeks.
In ancient Greece, wine was necessary in the philosophical and social discussions that were usually held at the symposiums where the participants exchanged ideas for a variety of topics.
Sweet wine (limed wine) was only given when there was a toast or in other exceptional cases. The slaves – young men or women – served the drink in metal or more commonly in clay utensils, and the symposiums enjoyed conversations, poetry recitation, riddles, puzzles, music, dances, shows and games. Early in the evening the symposiums began and could last for several hours.
The symposium was an educational space for teenagers of the aristocratic class who had the opportunity to be present, to follow the symposiums' discussions and to initiate the values of their class.
The symposiums took place in the houses or in public buildings, if they were organized by the city. The Symposians ate and drank usually lying on a two-seater bed, leaning on their elbows. The honorable positions were next to the host. The tables were small and portable, one for each symposium participant.
Women never took part in these meetings except for the singers, dancers or even the partners who were entertaining the attendees.
So it seems, how important was the avoidance of drunkenness and the preservation of a civilized atmosphere.
Roman and Byzantine Period
Wine production continued through the Roman era and in Byzantium, in the last years of which we observe the beginning of its decline. At the beginning of the 11th century, the Byzantine emperor offered Venice special commercial treatment, with the result that the wine trade of the Greeks diminished against the competitive advantages of the Venetians. During the Ottoman period the high taxes imposed resulted in the cessation of commercial activity. The wine continued to be a basic product of the Greek diet. During this period, the monasteries played an important role by preserving the art of viticulture and wine production.
Greek Wine Revival
After the two world wars and a civil war, Greece began enjoying political and economic stability. A system of designations of origin was introduced and viticulture and wine production were reorganized bringing Greece in line with the policy of the European Union. For Greece, wine has always been an important element of its diet and lifestyle. With the rise in living standards, the Greeks sought a better quality. The result was that winemakers also invest in the redevelopment of vineyards with new plantings and new cultivation methods, but also in technology and knowledge in the production of wine. This led us to the regeneration of the production of quality wines in Greece beginning in the 70s and the results we enjoy today.
Particularly after 1980 and thanks to the continuous efforts of Greek producers, Greek wines are presented at international fairs, win international distinctions, their timely appearance in foreign markets.
Greek Wine & Grape Varieties
Location: Aegean Islands (Santorini)
In Santorini, Assytiko is the predominant variety that qualifies for the production of the wines with the Appellation of Origin of Superior Quality: Santorini. It can also make excellent barrel fermented dry white wines.
Characteristics: White grape variety, cultivated on volcanic soil. Yields white wines high in sugar and full of aroma, dry or sweet.
Location: Peloponnese (Nemea).
Characteristics: Red grape variety. Yields dry and sweet red wines rich in color and very fruity
Location: Aegean Islands (Santorini, Rhodes)
Characteristics: White or black grape variety with light aroma very creamy. It is blended with Asyrtiko
Location: Epirus(Zitsa)
Characteristics: White or black grape variety, with distinct aroma and silver color. Yields sec, demi sec, lightly sparkling wine
Location: Crete(Archanes, Peza).
Characteristics: Red grape variety . Yields sec red wines rich in sugar and spicy
KRASSATO
Location: Thessaly(Rapsani)
Characteristics:Red grape variety. Yields sec wines
Location: Crete(Dafnes, Sitia)
Characteristics: Red grape variety. Yields sec and doux wines. It is blended with grapes Mandelaria and Kotsifali
MANDELARIA
Location: Aegean Islands (Paros, Rhodes) and Crete(Archanes, Peza)
Characteristics: Black grape variety. Yields sec, doux semi-aromatic wines
MAVRODAFNI
Location:Peloponnese (Patras) and Ionian Islands (Kefalonnia))
Characteristics:Red grape variety. Yields doux wines
Location: Peloponnese (Mantineia)
Characteristics: Pink to purple skin variety, semi-aromatic. Yields sec and doux white wines
Location: Aegean Islands (Samos) and Ionian Islands (Kefalonnia)
Characteristics: White grape variety with aromatic quality. Yields wines sec to doux
Location: Central Greece (Attica, Viotia, Euboea) and Thessaly(Anchialos)
Characteristics: White grape variety. Yields sec and doux wines
MUSCAT OF LEMNOS
Location:Aegean Islands (Lemnos))
Characteristics:White grape variety with aromatic flavor. Yields doux and sec non-fortified wines
Location: Macedonia (Goumenissa)
Characteristics: Red grape variety. Yields sec wines
Location: Ionian Islands (Kefalonnia)
Characteristics: White grape variety. Yields sec wines
ROBITIS
Location: Peloponnese (Patras), Thessaly (Anchialos)
Characteristics: White grape variety with green skin. Yields sec wines


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Paul Milford Muller  (1937–2013) was an American aerospace engineer, fiction author, and the co-founder of Sage Group, the United Kingdom's largest software business.

Early life and education
Muller was born on September 30, 1937 in Los Angeles, California. Muller studied mathematics and history at California State University and later was awarded a PhD in physics: astronomy & planetary science by Newcastle University in 1975. This PhD work was published as a book, An analysis of the ancient astronomical observations with the implications for geophysics and cosmology. In 1963 Muller became a high school teacher of Mathematics in California.

Scientific career
Muller worked for NASA at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory between 1966 and 1977 and was as a senior member of the Apollo navigation team. In 1971 Muller was awarded the Magellanic Premium award along with William L. Sjogren the for their discovery of mass concentrations in the moon's ringed basins. In 1970 Muller was made a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, proposed by Harold Urey.

Later career
In the early 1980s, Muller co-founded the business software company Sage Group along with David Goldman and Graham Wylie in Newcastle upon Tyne, England while he was a computer science lecturer at Newcastle University. Muller left Sage in 1985 and returned to the United States.

In later life Muller lived in Mae Sot, Thailand and became an author of fiction novels having three books published by Club Lighthouse in 2012; Suicide Inc., Flight of the Marbles and The Circle of Ouroboros. He also co-founded the Aarau Literary Agency in 2001.

Death
Muller was found dead inside a house in Tak Province, Thailand in late May 2013, aged 75.

References

External links

1937 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American novelists
NASA people
American aerospace engineers
Businesspeople in software
American male novelists
21st-century American male writers
American technology company founders
American computer businesspeople
Alumni of Newcastle University
California State University alumni
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Sage Group people
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles


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Home › Essays › Job and Career › Unemployment in the United Arabs Emirates (UAE) Research Paper Sample
Unemployment in the United Arabs Emirates (UAE) Research Paper Sample
The current research was conducted within the period from 2nd August to 3rd November 2016. It involved ten structural focus groups. They mainly consisted of unemployed individuals from ten selected regions in the United Arab Emirates. These related areas included Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ajman, Siji, Hatta, Dhaidi, khati, Bida Zayed, Muzayrah, and Habshan. The aim of the study was to define the reasons for unemployment in the United Arab Emirates as well as to determine its social, political, and economic consequences. Due to the collected data and its systematical analysis, it was possible to arrive at the corresponding results. 1500 individuals participated in the research with a sample frame of unemployed people. Systematic sampling was applied.
The research used the deductive approach while analyzing the data. Data collection involved administering of both open and closed questionnaires, structured interviews, and focus-group discussions. The research was aimed at validating the corresponding statement or hypothesis regarding globalization, escalating population growth, and Emiratization among other internal and external factors connected with the unemployment problems in the given area. The guiding principles included the related past research documented in several peer-reviewed articles as any other scientific inquiry. The obtained results will be used to design workable solutions to unemployment crisis by the responsible ministry of the UAE government.
Reasons for Unemployment in the United Arabs Emirates (UAE) and Its Social, Political, and Economic Implications
Unemployment is an emerging worldwide issue. This is a situation when people who have reached the working age are unable to find a job despite their strong desires and effort. Moreover, both the advancing and developed nations faced this common problem. It is worth noting that unemployment occurred due to the combination of social, political, and economic factors. According to the examinations provided in this paper, unemployment has a lot of economic, social and policy implications. Moreover, it is a global crisis that needs comprehensive solutions. It is, therefore, worth noting that since this disaster should be addressed with urgency, the research appeared at the right time. Though this research was conducted in one particular country, the findings can be used to formulate solutions of unemployment eradication in the entire world. Several documents show the trends of the given problem in many countries and in the United Arab Emirates in particular.
According to the estimations of the International Labor Organization, (2016), the global youth unemployment is projected to hit a 13.1 % percent mark by 2016 and remain at that level until the year 2017. This is a 0.2% increase from 12.9 % in 2015 (Emerging economic worst hit, para 1). According to Debora (2016), the International Labor Organization Deputy Director-general for policy argues that these enormous differences in the labor market need to be urgently addressed by the responsible member states of the given organization and other social partners ( ILO proposal, para 2). The report by I.L.O indicates that the unemployment challenge is specifically acute in Southern Asia, Northern Africa, and the Arab States. In these areas, female youth's participation rates are 32.9, 30.2, and 30.2 percent respectively below as compared to teens in 2016, were 39% is working poverty in Arab states. Unemployment alongside other factors is the reasons for which people migrate to other regions in order to seek better places for living (I.L.O, 2016)
According to the latest documentation from the World Bank (2016), youth's unemployment was double than that of the overall unemployment rate in 2013. Statistics further indicates that Saudi Arabia, for example, has an overall unemployment rate of 5.7% and an overall youth unemployment rate of 28.7%. The United Arabs Emirates (UAE) has 3.8 % of overall employment with 9.9% youth unemployment (World Bank, 2016). The unemployment rate in Bahrain and Oman amounts to 20%, while Kuwait recorded 19.6%. Qatar, the only country in this region with unemployment under control recorded an overall unemployment rate of 0.5% and 1.5 % of youth unemployment (World Bank, 2016)
Unemployment has evolved over time. It has a long historical background (Markin, 2010). Moreover, this problem has been always the greatest hurdle of all times that has stagnated economic development thus leading to the waste of resources, which deteriorates both the urban and the rural economies. The available records suggest that the year 1999 recorded the highest unemployment rate globally of about 2.9%. 2010 and 2013 marked 6%, and it is estimated that the number will increase to 6.2% during the following years. According to numerous observations, the problem of unemployment is more rampant in rural areas than in urban centers. Due to the development of industry, the working class has more possibilities to be employed. Population increase has been a reason for the occurred gap between people and job opportunities (Markin, 2010). High unemployment rates in the Arab countries is the issues that needs to be in a limelight because it creates many economic frictions hence creating hopeless and helpless society characterized by escalating poverty levels, erosion of health and even social isolation. Considering the above facts, it was appropriate to conduct the related study in order to address the unemployment problems. The research findings are significant because can be used to formulate policies, rules, laws and regulations that will set the control over this global crisis, promote political, social, and economic advancements not only in the UAE but also in the entire world.
Statement of Research/ Thesis of the Research Statement of Research/ Thesis of the Research
Population growth, globalization, and Emiratization are the new causes of maximized unemployment in the United Arabs Emirates.
The Significance of the Research Problem
This question is crucial because it allows the researcher to define the causes of unemployment in the UAE, the consequences, causes and effect of the problem on the social, economic, and political development. Unemployment is a global crisis, hence finding the solution to this situation is the most significant task aimed at eliminating the associated problems.
Keywords of the Research
The following are the relevant keywords contained in the research.
Unemployment, the United Arabs Emirates, International labor organizations, consequences of unemployment, and reasons for employment, economic crisis, social-political and economic factors, globalization, Emiratization, and population growth.
There exists a sizeable literature available about unemployment. This research includes information from the previous literature about the related issue as there were different studies about the same concept of unemployment. Any scientific research requires facts. Consequently, this example of any investigation must review the information presented by the previous researchers about the afore-mentioned problem. This literature review will explore different sources that include peer-reviewed articles. The main section will consist of different parts for easy understanding and reasonable organization of the facts in order to ensure that the work is systematic. The review will contain accurate information provided in the articles about possible factors leading to unemployment. It also reviews the related consequences as well as some undertaken attempts aimed at eradicating the problem in the related area of the research, namely the United Arab Emirates.
Factors that has Led to the Unemployment in the United Arabs Emirates
There is a general sense that many factors, such as social, economic, and political contributed to the unemployment situation in the United Arabs Emirates. Past research and studies conducted at different times by various people involved in the problem of unemployment support the above argument.
The Cost of Foreign Labour
The first factor that has led to the widespread unemployment in the UAE, according to Awad (2010), is the cost of the foreign labor in the United Arab Emirates as compared to the original inhabitants of the country. Al- Awad claims that the foreign workers tend to be cheap as compared to the native ones. Therefore, the employers of the private sector prefer them in most cases because these employees are cost effective. Most industries employ these foreign workers in the form of expatriates as compared to the natives. Al -Awad explains that the private sector views the foreigners as cost effective because they aid in high production with low wages. (Awad M .2010). This article is in compliance with the problem of the current research.
Emiratization in the United Arab Emirates
Ramady (2013) in his research about the gulf employment with specific reference to the introduction of quota systems in the United Arab Emirates argues that the government policies have led to the increased unemployment in the country. He claims that the introduction of quota system is advantageous to the foreign companies as compared to the local enterprises. This denies opportunities for the local people. He insists that the fact that the government has given the private sector a mandate of creating jobs has worsened the situation even further (Ramady, 2013). Mohamed Ramady's argument is in compliance with that of Al Awad who argues about the consequences of the expatriates on the natives as far as employment opportunities in the United Arab Emiratization are concerned. He considers that the expatriates have denied job opportunities for the citizens. This has caused the problem of unemployment to the residents (Awad, 2010). The two types of the research are relevant because they tackle the occurred situation in the UAE providing crucial information about the studied area, hence ensuring a great benefit for the reference.
High Population Growth
Nowadays, the United Arab Emirates has an estimated population of eight million people. In the analysis of the demographic trends in the Arab region, Barry Markin (2010) states that there has been high population growth. He also claims that such situation caused numerous challenges to the people such as unemployment. The reason for such an increase in population is due to the high influx of foreigners, especially from Philippines and India to UAE, controlling the private sector and leaving the natives jobless ( Badraya, 2007.) Badraya further claims that this situation has resulted in different problems concerning the management in the workplace. The words of these two researchers have been coined by Roudi-Fahim and Kent (2010), who agree that the higher population has caused unemployment despite the countries controlling the world petroleum market. In addition, they claim that population growth is a barrier to the job opportunities in the Middle East. In other words, there are more people than opportunities (Round, & Kent 2010). These three articles are rather crucial in the research because they are in compliance with the investigated problem.
Consequences of Unemployment
It is evident that unemployment has a lot of consequences such as social, political, and economic. There are several research conducted in this area of the social science. The study is important for the given research. This section will contain general consequences before exploring the effects of unemployment in the United Arab Emirates.
General Consequences of Unemployment
Alison, Andrew, and Montagne (2013) conducted a study on the effects of unemployment. In their paper, they tried to define the relationship between unemployment and suicide. Reviewing a sample of the unemployed people, they conducted a systematic analysis. The finding suggested that long-term unemployment is associated with the cases of death. The study indicated that the levels of unemployment are directly proportional to the cases of death and vice versa. It is possible to deduce that unemployed people experience a lot of tension and stress hence they get depressed and end up killing themselves (Allison Andrew & Antony, 2013). In other words, unemployment can lead to stress, depression, and death. Loring Jones agrees with the above claims. In his research, published in 1988 by the journal of sociology and social welfare with the title "Unemployment and social integration: A review", he argues that loss of a job is a stressful event, which may be an onset of both psychiatric and physical illness (Dean and Lin, 1977; Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1974; Greenblatt & Becerra, 1982; Laing, 1978). The above literature concerning the consequences of the research is an important reference issue.
Consequences of Unemployment in the United Arabs Emirates
Roudi- Famini and Kent (2007) claim that high populations in the middle east and north African countries as well as in the UAE has led to the unemployment opportunities, which has resulted in declining fertility rate and increasing elderly population (Roudi-Fahim, & Kent, 2007). They were trying to investigate the challenges facing job opportunities in the Middle East and identified that the population has a low fertility rate as a result of delayed marriages and poor maternal care. The increase in elderly residents was also a great challenge (Roudi- Famini & Kent, 2007)
An attempt to Control Unemployment in the United Arabs Emirates
Sheriff (2013), in his research about microeconomics policy, localization, and reducing employment, analyzed the unemployment anomaly in the united Arabs Emirates. The related investigation helped him to design the long-term and comprehensive strategy concerning the treatment of unemployment problem (Sherriff, 2013). In order to address effectively the high rate of unemployment among the United Arab Emirates citizens, it was necessary to implement this task as a national policy. This paper is a reasonable reference for the research because the issues addressed herein are just and similar. Karoly (2010) argues about the role of education in preparing the graduates for the labor market in GCC countries. He demonstrates a broad review concerning the role of education in the job market with particular respect to the gulf cooperation council, where UAE is a member state. He argues that education, if used effectively, can act as a tool that can address unemployment crisis in GCC member countries (introduction, p1). This is an important source of information, which is possible to consider when designing the key policies that refer to both employment trends and the education system. In order to obtain benefit from addressing unemployment, it is important to ensure its correspondence to the market and labor trends (Karoly, 2010)
In the UAE, women have decided to take their initiative in order to curb the problem of unemployment, which is preventing the females from progressing. Hayfaa (2015) from the University of Saint John, Canada, Faculty of business explores how Emeriti female entrepreneurs survive in a patriarchal society through the corresponding motivation. These women from the UAE were self-motivated and managed to protect their enterprises from the challenge of unemployment (Hayfaa, 2015)
Clinton (2014) in his research paper "Unemployment in the UAE. The Emirates Economist", provides an overview of the unemployment challenges in the United Arabs Emirates. The effects of the problem have also been highlighted as well as the possible reasons of its occurrence (Clinton, 2014 p 1-52). The current research is similar to the afore-mentioned one because it captures most of the examined areas, hence providing an appropriate source for referencing purposes.
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This research is a qualitative one. Therefore, it reveals qualitative methods of collecting data, recording, analyzing, and interpreting the raw data into meaningful information from which it is possible to make a conclusion. Due to many considerations that involve the nature of the research and the intended objectives, structured-group discussions structured- interviews and questionnaire methods were considered appropriate for the data collection. There was equal representation from each of the ten regions. The total number of the participant was 1500. It implies that each of the ten selected areas had 150 members. The groups were further divided in a way that every region had three groups of 50 people each. Each group consisted of 20 individuals who have never been formally employed and were aged twenty-one and above. There were generally 20 participants who had been working in the private sector for more than five years. However, their contracts were terminated, and they have been jobless since that time. Ten people worked in the governmental sector but faced the same problem of contract termination. Therefore, the sample frame consisted of only unemployed people but under different circumstances. Further, they distributed the ten selected groups across Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ajman, Siji, Hatta, and Dhaidi, khati, Bida Zayed, Muzayrah, and Habshan areas of the United Arabs Emirates.
Sampling Procedures
The researchers obtained the example of 1500 people through systematic sampling. Before the sampling, they organized unemployment forums in ten regions simultaneously. Before people entered the forum halls, they had to write their names in either of the forms provided. These three forms included the one for those who had never been employed, those whose employment contracts had been terminated in the government sector, and those whose contract had been terminated and they remained jobless respectively. In order to ensure that the attended individuals were aged twenty-one and above, the researchers inspected their identification cards. Moreover, these people were informed that the aim of the forum was to conduct a research on unemployment. Therefore, they asked the participants to come with termination letters from their previous jobs. Moreover, these people enjoyed an attractive allowance during the time they stayed there waiting for the decision. After the researchers collected the names in three forms and counterchecked them, they selected the people using the sampling method.
While applying systematic sampling, they selected the tenth name from each of the three forms and prepared three lists. 20 people were those who have never been employed, 10 were those whose contracts had been terminated from the government sector and the last list contained the names of 10 people whose contract has been terminated from the public sector. The exercise ran simultaneously in all of the ten selected regions across the United Arabs Emirates. Finally, they arrived at a sample size of 1500 people.
In order to verify the accuracy of the results, different methods of data collection were used in the selected regions for comparison purposes. From ten selected areas, three employed the use of questionnaires, three areas used structured interviews, and four of them used focused discussion. In the certain areas, the questionnaires were both of closed and open type. The participants filled the questionnaires as directed. In areas with administered structural interviews, they interviewed each individual during considerable amount of time based on the same designed guidelines while the interviewees noted their responses. Lastly, in areas where they used a focused group discussion as a method of collecting data, all the fifty participants obtained the equal opportunities to discuss the specifically provided topic related to the issue of unemployment with the help of the moderator. Whatever they discussed was recorded on a tape. All these materials were later collected for corresponding analysis by the experts. The reason for using the structural interview was the fact that this method has standard questions. Consequently, these issues can provide quantifiable information, whereas the data obtained is considered to be more reliable because it has internal consistency. Moreover, it allows some generalization of the results from the population where they obtained the sample.
The research applies the deductive approach using the structure or predetermined framework to analyze the data with the help of the established structure, theories, and questionnaire.
The focused-group and structured interview transcripts were analyzed. The transcription involves examining the interviews, discussions, and surveys. This approach is easy and does require much consumption. 55.4% of the participants were of the opinion that the government had failed its mandate in dealing with unemployment. 10.9 % admitted that globalization influenced the jobs of the people. 30.2% considered that Emiratization had denied them jobs since there were a high number of foreigners, which led to the displacement of expatriates in the private sector while the remaining 3.5% said that the levels of education are the greatest contributor of unemployment.
Unemployment had both physical and psychological effects on the individuals. From 1500 participants, 801 were facing malnutrition because they could not afford quality food. 80 people stated that they had experienced stress whereas 20 noted that they had depressed at one point when they had lost their job. 60 people said that they knew some individuals who committed suicide after losing their jobs, and the remaining 539 refused to take their children to better schools.
It is worth noting that unemployment had a social impact on the people. 99.9% participants indicated that it had led to the increased number of crimes such as robbery, prostitution, alcoholism, early marriages, and school dropouts.
The following tables is a summary on the data obtained on causes of unemployment in the UAE:
Table 1. Results of the causes of unemployment for the 1500 people participated.
Table 2. Number of people affected by different unemployment- related issues
When a comparison is made using the obtained data, there is a very close relationship between the employment situations in UAE and other countries in the Gulf region. This results are in line with Roudi-Famin and Kant (2007) which indicated that high growth population in the Middle East and North Africa has resulted to unemployment. The situation and the trend on unemployment is the same as this in UAE with little variations based on results from various research as indicated earlier in the introduction and literature review section of this paper.
Results Analysis
The above results suggest that the government participation in curbing unemployment is of paramount importance. Their idea of promoting Emiratization has led to the increased expatriates to the UAE who are offering cheap labor denying the native most of the opportunities. That major social challenges result from the unemployment. It is also evident that the crime rate is directly proportional to the level of unemployment. Availability of job opportunities is indirectly proportional to the speed of population. Population increase leads to decreased job opportunities and vice versa. Unemployment and the levels of education have a correlation in two ways. Education that observes current trends is beneficial as compared to the one that is not compatible with the market demand. Secondly, low levels of employment have a direct impact on the level and quality of life. Due to the high poverty rates and psychological problems, the levels of education are lower.
Discussions of Problems and Limitations
Some challenges were encountered during conduction of the research. There were those challenges that occurred in the field as well as methodological ones. Some respondents were illiterate hence they could not fill the questionnaires as required since they could not read and write. Some foreigners encountered language barrier and required involvement of a translator. The focused group discussion and the structured interviews lasted long hours, which was tiresome for the participants. The researcher had to travel to the selected regions, which was costly and time-consuming. Analyzing the data was a colossal challenge. The data was voluminous, ranged from questionnaires and recorded focused discussions as well as the structured interviews; consequently, the researchers had to transcribe and analyze the obtained information in order to arrive at the results. The approach used in data analysis is not accurate as compared to the inductive method that employs thematic analysis. In addition, interviews as well as focused group discussions have their limitations. The researches applied the questionnaires only to the literate people, and somebody may have written a false answer. In the structured- interviews, the interviewer had to stick to the agreed questions even in case other matters may have appeared. Further research that involved thematic analysis of the previous one needed to be conducted in order to provide the exact results.
This study successfully explores the reasons for unemployment in the United Arab Emirates, its causes, and challenges. In addition, it tried to bring in the limelight the attempts of the previous researchers. According to the obtained results, it is evident that globalization, increase in population, and Emiratization are some of the key factors that have resulted in unemployment in the UAE. Hence, one may conclude that the thesis is true.
Art or Career: Rules and Regulations of Interior Design in Australia Paper Example Google Inc is The Best Workplace Research Paper


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Cash reward 'would revive maths'
2006-09-04 09:31:04 UTC (about 9 hours later)
A £500 cash reward should be given to pupils who get an A grade in A-level maths, an Oxford college head says. A £500 cash reward should be given to pupils who get an A grade in A-level maths, an Oxford college head says.
Frances Cairncross thinks the "bounty" should be offered to sixth-formers in state schools to encourage more students to take up the subject. Frances Cairncross thinks the "bounty" should be offered to sixth-formers in state schools to encourage more students to take up the subject.
The rector of Exeter College says too many state pupils are opting for what she calls "soft subjects" at A-Level. The rector of Exeter College says too many state pupils are opting for what she calls "soft subjects" at A-level.
Currently, nearly a half of pupils who achieve the top grades in maths and science are in the independent sector. Currently, nearly a half of pupils who achieve the top grades in maths and science are in the independent sector.
Ms Cairncross will make the suggestion on Monday during her presidential address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, which is holding its annual festival this year in Norwich. Ms Cairncross will make the suggestion on Monday during her presidential address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, which is holding its annual festival this year in Norwich.
New upturn New upturn
Entries for maths A-level rose this year by 5.8%, with further maths attracting 22.5% more pupils than last year. Entries for maths A-level rose this year by 5.8%, with further maths attracting 22.5% more pupils than last year.
But the upsurge follows disastrous drops in previous years, when many pupils failed maths AS-level and did not continue to A-level as a result. But the upsurge follows disastrous drops in previous years, when many pupils failed maths AS-level and did not continue to A-level as a result.
Maths opens the door to many other subjects Frances Cairncross "A country that can understand and take part in the arguments that we're going to have about climate change in the coming years needs to be well-educated about science," said Cairncross, speaking to reporters at the launch of the BA festival. Maths opens the door to many other subjects Frances Cairncross "A country that can understand and take part in the arguments that we're going to have about climate change in the coming years needs to be well-educated about science," said Cairncross, speaking to reporters at the launch of the BA festival.
"We still have fewer young people entering for maths A-level than in 2001. I want to see the recent upturn encouraged." "We still have fewer young people entering for maths A-level than in 2001. I want to see the recent upturn encouraged."
Cairncross suggested that a "carrot" of initially £500 for pupils who gain an A grade in maths might attract more entrants. Cairncross suggested that a "carrot" of initially £500 for pupils who gain an A grade in maths might attract more entrants.
The suggested incentive would be offered only to maths pupils from maintained schools because the number of state pupils who take the subject and achieve high grades is disproportionately low. The suggested incentive would be offered only to maths pupils from maintained schools because the number of state pupils who take the subject and achieve high grades is disproportionately low.
"As head of an Oxford college, I cannot believe that those 7% of children who are educated in the independent sector are so much more brilliant than children in the maintained sector. I think that maintained schools are failing children in these crucial A-levels," said Ms Cairncross, who is also chair of Britain's Economic and Social Research Council. "As head of an Oxford college, I cannot believe that those 7% of children who are educated in the independent sector are so much more brilliant than children in the maintained sector. I think that maintained schools are failing children in these crucial A-levels," said Ms Cairncross, who is also chair of Britain's Economic and Social Research Council.
If you did it for maths, you would have to do it for other subjects, too Association of School and College Leaders If you did it for maths, you would have to do it for other subjects, too Association of School and College Leaders
The idea has met with a cool response from John Dunford, general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders. The idea has met with a cool response from John Dunford, general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders.
"I don't think it would be right to skew students' choices in that way. If you did it for maths, you would have to do it for other subjects, too," Mr Dunford told BBC News. "I don't think it would be right to skew students' choices in that way. If you did it for maths, you would have to do it for other subjects, too," Mr Dunford told BBC News.
"Students have to make the choices that are right for them, rather than choices that are based on an immediate financial incentive." "Students have to make the choices that are right for them, rather than choices that are based on an immediate financial incentive."
Hard choices Hard choices
Of those students who take maths, about 44% currently achieve the top grade, compared with an overall average of 24% for all subjects. In further maths, the figure is 57%. Of those students who take maths, about 44% currently achieve the top grade, compared with an overall average of 24% for all subjects. In further maths, the figure is 57%.
Ms Cairncross is also concerned that students do not realise that taking subjects which are considered less academic may leave them in an unfavourable position when they apply to universities. Ms Cairncross is also concerned that students do not realise that taking subjects which are considered less academic may leave them in an unfavourable position when they apply to universities.
"[At Oxford], we're usually looking for children who get three As at A-level. "[At Oxford], we're usually looking for children who get three As at A-level.
"Sometimes, I meet very bright children from some maintained schools, whose three A-grade predictions, which they proudly tell me about, are in subjects such as business studies, information technology and theatre studies. "Sometimes, I meet very bright children from some maintained schools, whose three A-grade predictions, which they proudly tell me about, are in subjects such as business studies, information technology and theatre studies.
"Those are all interesting subjects and there's place for them; but the fact is, they will not get on to the top courses if they do these relatively non-academic subjects. "Those are all interesting subjects and there's place for them; but the fact is, they will not get on to the top courses if they do these relatively non-academic subjects.
"A lot of kids are not being told that when they make their initial selection." "A lot of kids are not being told that when they make their initial selection."
And she added: "Maths opens the door to many other subjects." And she added: "Maths opens the door to many other subjects."


Based on more than 799 products analysed, Tumi products have an average of 4.00 review stars. 13 of them are present in the Amazon's top 10 of bestseller products and 38 in the top 100.
Tumi retailers network seems composed by 51 Amazon sellers covering 493 products in catalog that represent 62% of the whole Tumi products catalog*. Their average rating on Amazon marketplace is 4 stars.
*The whole Tumi catalog of 799 products is composed by all EAN and UPC codes that PRICEFY has been able to find online.
Tumi retailers network seems composed by 99 eBay sellers covering 66 products in catalog that represent 62% of the whole Tumi products catalog*.


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Home Football Soccer News GUARDIOLA IS THE BEST IN THE WORLD-STONES
GUARDIOLA IS THE BEST IN THE WORLD-STONES
SPORTS LIBRO FOOTBALL–FOOTBALL NEWS
1 SPORTS LIBRO FOOTBALL–FOOTBALL NEWS
1.1 This season the Spaniard manager came to the Manchester City squad under tenderness lately but one of his Manchester City players thinks that working with him is has been beyond his expectancy.
This season the Spaniard manager came to the Manchester City squad under tenderness lately but one of his Manchester City players thinks that working with him is has been beyond his expectancy.
The 22 years old English Defender john Stones and Manchester City defender revels that working with Guardiola has been better that he reckoned, though recently his squad not able to perform up to the mark.
In the recent past the Manchester City has won only two games in their seven games in all competitions and also they face a defeat in their home ground recently from League leaders Chelsea and from the last year Reigning champions Leicester City.
Last Saturday Guardiola's men face a defeat from the Leicester City by 4-2, in that match the 22 year old Defender John Stones gave a poor back pass to the goalkeeper and Vardy got the ball and he did not miss to capitalize the situation and he got hat trick on that match, this season Manchester City suffered defensives problems that things prompting tenderness of Guardiola's method.
In the last Transfer window the 22 year defender John Stones arrived at Manchester City from Everton, and cost Manchester City 50m.
He thinks Guardiola is the best coach in the world.
And he added: "He was 100 per cent a major factor, if not the main reason for me coming,"
"There's a lot of factors to think about when you're moving clubs but in my eyes,
"To be given that opportunity to work with him, I couldn't say no. And working with him has been even better than I expected."
Stones admit that right now he is not able to deliver the required performance what is everyone expecting from him and he thinks that Spaniard coach always mention his players when he expects the best from his players.
Stone voiced:
"He will certainly tell you when something is wrong,"
"It's part of football, being told off now and again. You are going to make mistakes. That's how it is. That's also how you learn and react. I think that's how every player moves on.
"I'm always the first person to know or say I've made a mistake. I'll do that openly because that's the only way you move forward and realise what you have done wrong.
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Q: Firefox won't keep me signed in to Sync I am using Firefox with the exact same plugins and settings in 3 different machines. Arch Linux, Windows and Ubuntu. In my fresh install of Ubuntu 16.04.1 Firefox won't keep me signed in to Sync no matter how many times I verify my account. Every time I open Firefox it prompts me to verify my account. I do it and less than a minute later I get a yellow exclamation mark that says that I need to verify again.
What could be the cause of this and how can I solve it?
I am using Firefox 49 and my system is up to date.

A: Bugged me on all my Linux installations for some time but I solved it.
The problem comes from a Firefox extension that seems to be installed on all distribution I have tried, Arch, Ubuntu and Centos; it's the "KDE Wallet password intgration". Disable it and sync will work properly. I have tried setting up KDE Wallet correctly, but sync didn't work even though I was asked for my master password on browser boot.

A: You can try to disconnect from Sync and reconnect
and
possibly delete the signedInUser.json file in the profile folder with Firefox closed.
You can use this button to go to the currently used Firefox profile folder:
Help > Troubleshooting Information > Profile Directory: Show Folder (Linux: Open Directory; Mac: Show in Finder)
[http://kb.mozillazine.org/Profile_folder_-_Firefox][1]

A: I don't know if it's going to help, but I think the problem there is that firefox has difficulties with ubuntu.
I think it's possible to fix this though, try to check this topic about firefox syncing problems : https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/1075451
If your problem has nothing to do about reading the sync log maybe the topic above might not be useful.
Also check this other topic, it might help : https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/1047148
Also on another topic about ubuntu syncing problems, someone said it might be related to the json files, ubuntu has apparently some problems reading json files (a friend plays minecraft on ubuntu and it runs at 20 fps, minecraft uses java and json files) I'm not a professionnal, so I might be wrong as well.
Hope it helped anyways.

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Both the Houses of Parliament will not sit today on account of Guru Purnima. This was announced by the Presiding Officers of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The two Houses will meet again on Monday, 30th of this month.


Kitzbühel may be most famous for its outdoor activities, but there is still plenty to see and do on days when the weather gods are not smiling on our region. We have put together a list of some of the best things to get up to in and around KItzbühel on a rainy day.
It is not only the Kitzbühel Alps with their beautiful nature which are well worth a visit. When skies are grey, why not check out one of the following places in the region?
No holiday in Kitzbühel would be complete without a little retail therapy in the oldtown. Many of the boutiques, cafés, restaurants and bars are located in buildings dating back to the Middle Ages. There is also a modern shopping centre for those in search of a bargain.
Shopping and relaxing? That's what holidays in Kitz are all about!
Want to stay fit and healthy on holiday? Then pay a visit to one of the gyms, indoor tennis centres or the KletterKitz climbing centre in Kitzbühel.
Those who prefer to watch rather than take part will find regular ice hockey matches and curling games. Check out our events calendar and stay up-to-date with everything going on throughout the year.
When they hear the name Kitzbühel, most people think of sport. But rest, relaxation and recovery are just as important. Rainy days are the perfect chance to give your body a break and visit one of the town's indoor swimming pools and spas. What better place to start than our hotel's very own spa area with massages, a sauna and beauty treatments?
There's still plenty going on in Kitzbühel!
Legendary holidays whatever the weather at the Sporthotel Reisch.


October 2016's Medievalist of the Month is CSM President David Watt (University of Manitoba)!
I am currently working on a special issue of Florilegium that focuses on Medieval Manuscripts in Canada. It is great to learn about some of the projects that are currently underway in Canada. I hope that anyone reading this might be able to send me information about their holdings or an article about a manuscript or collection. I am also working on a book called Awkwardness and Grace. It explores awkwardness as a literary as well as a social experience, focusing on what I have come to call "the long fifteenth century" (though that's really so that I can justify including the Pearl-manuscript at one end of a study of fifteenth-century texts and Skelton at the other!).
Frequently having to defend the value of what I do. I used to think this was a drawback, and it certainly can be. However, I have now come to think of this as an advantage. Having to explain and defend what I do to others gives me a chance to ask myself whether I value what I do. At the end of his book Juvenescence, Robert Harrison (a medievalist by training) argues that learning serves "no purpose at all, except the enhancement of life. In the human sphere learning is life, and life is learning." As a medievalist, I have the chance to help others to enhance their lives by learning about the past. The medieval past can help us to understand the kinds of learning that persist, either because they are so enduring or because they are worth fighting for. Having to defend the value of what I do as a medievalist has helped me to understand that the purpose of learning is the enhancement of life.
I first came to a meeting of the CSM because I wanted to stay active in the Canadian community when I was studying abroad. I stayed involved because the CSM is such a friendly, supportive, and intellectually stimulating group of people. Although I am not someone who naturally loves conferences, I thoroughly enjoy CSM meetings because I learn so much about work outside my area and because I always feel I am amongst people who support me. I am also member of the Early Book Society, the New Chaucer Society, the Medieval Academy, and the Modern Language Association.
You can read my book, The Making of Thomas Hoccleve's Series, or publications in The Journal of the Early Book Society, Renaissance and Reformation, and Leeds Studies in English as well as articles in Pedagogy and SMART, which both focus on teaching. You can also read my introductions and student editions of Hoccleve and Malory's Tale of Gareth in the Broadview Anthology of British Literature.
Whenever I talk to people—from elementary-school-aged children to university students to adults—I find that they are enthusiastic about learning about the past, especially the distant past. While many of us feel obliged to spend time defending the humanities, I would like to spend more of my time talking about the ways that we can share our love of learning about the medieval period with others. I know many Canadian medievalists are currently doing this in their classrooms or through outreach work, and I would love to hear more about it.