Bring a long awaited peace to a struggling planet in this wonderful mix of strategy, adventure, hidden object and puzzles!
*Game available in: English, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Brazilian Portuguese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish.
5.0 out of 5 starsAddicting!!
Most "free" G5 games are, as this one, a free tease to get you to buy a full version. This is the first that I thought was worth it! You have all these little tribal guys, and you build up your village so you can have soldiers, magicians, scouts, etc. There are so many islands, I still havent finished the whole game! Great way to pass the time! An island can take from 5 minutes to 20, depending on puzzles. You can save at any point and return, no problem. I did the 'side story' islands before going to the bigger parts to get as many extra skills as I could. It is not crazy difficult, just enough to be FUN!! This is the best G5 game I've played! Great for 'sweepers', those of us who like to completely clear all parts and collect all the side trophies. But this is not necessary. Gems are tiny, so look close, and some you cant get til later in the story, so may have to return, which just stretches my $$ as far as I am concerned. Have FUN!!
I really enjoy this game. There is plenty to do in it.
I have played this game many times on my laptop and was rather upset after it had broken since the place I had downloaded it from was going to charge me again for it even though I had an account with them, one per device. Now it rests securely in my Amazon cloud for multiple devices.
It plays exactly like the one on my previous computer with no issues.(I have a kindle fire HD) The free version is only a trial but at only $3 to buy full it's no problem to since the original computer version cost me $15. You play through multiple levels following a story and unlocking new abilities and buildings. Aside from the main story their are several unlockable side stories and islands. Revisiting islands after getting new buildings and items allows you to travel or see previously unreachable areas giving you things to do after the main story is done. Well worth the money and time to play.
4.0 out of 5 starsNice change of pace.
This game is a good combination of strategy with elements of time management. Graphics are small on Kindle fire, but still workable.
I was surprised how much I like this game. It has a unique format. You build buildings to grow your tribe and complete quests. You find and collect objects to move forward. I like that there aren't requirements to make money or manage energy. You can just keep playing as long as you wish. When you quit, your progress is saved so that you can pick up where you left off. The only thing I would change is to have the zoom be more effective. You zoom by pinching the screen. It doesn't change much, and objects can be very hard to see. It is a fun game, and I recommend it.
I have kindle fire HDX 7 inches. This game is very entertaining. I love it. However, I cannot get the last gem because it is at the bottom right of my screen, behind the on screen control option. Since the on screen option is permanent, it would not allow me to click on the gem. As a result, I cannot complete or finish my game. I hope that the game developer would find a solution to this problem. Therefore, although I give this game five stars, if you have kindle fire HDX 7 inches, stay away from this game. You will be frustrated like me.
5.0 out of 5 starsI Really Enjoyed It!
As I stated above, I really did enjoy the game. It's like the computer game but for your tablet. My device is the Kindle Fire HD and the game worked great on it. The game is a strategy game that also includes puzzles and kind of like a find it find it. This game provides hours of play and its almost guaranteed to make you think. It's great for multiple ages from older kids to adults. Heads up though, the entire game is not free, only the first few levels are, but I felt the rest of the game was totally worth the price. The graphics are good, and some parts of the game are a bit difficult but not impossible, if you need to you can look up a walk through online. Overall I liked the game and I would recommend it.
I enjoyed this game as a desktop version so purchased for my Galaxy 10.1 Tablet. There was an issue with the last gem and skull being hidden behind the screen that controls character movements so you are unable to collect them and finish the level. This bothered me enough that I notified Enkord of the problem and provided detailed notes on my device and version. This was four months ago and I haven't had a response on the issue. I'm unable to complete the game and not happy to.have been ignored by the developer.


Located in a picturesque corner of the Wayanad, Vythiri Village is poised to be a five Star Resort with 200 guest rooms and a high tech conference hall spacious enough to accommodate 2000 delegates,when fully commissioned.This village is spread across 20 acres with Deluxe Rooms and Luxury Villas.Vythiri Village offers a real sensation of exclusivity and a unique emotion, an experience where spicy aromas blend with mystic birdsongs, and great vistas of the beautiful Chembra peak and Karanchi stream. A perfect getaway destination with all luxury facilities at one of the finest Ayurveda resorts in Kerala.
Deluxe Rooms – This spacious hotel room has everything you could possibly want – from a superb bed to state-of-the-art technical facilities. It's decorated with great care to make your holiday in Vythiri as enjoyable as possible.
Nawa Spa with expert wellness team will blend treatments to nurture your mind and body through different modalities of wellness.
Vythiri village offer ayurvedic treatments under the supervision of qualified doctors and well trained therapists in hygienically maintained environment and are designed to boost up your spirit by strengthening your body and mind.
Vythiri Village is located in a Vythiri in Wayanad District of Kerala. Wayanad is a beautiful district if Kerala covered with serene hilly region all over. Wayanad is a traveler paradiso to come as it gives the best experience to every traveler.


anyone know where I would get manuals for all of these. I have all the manuals for Pace, got them from their website, but cant find much for the rest I have tried google and strangely enough I have not been able to find anything. thank you once again.
I am looking for Physical descriptions of sky digital boxes.
I want these, to help blind and visually impaired customers, of sky digital to use their system more effectively.
an example of what I want to do can be seen here.
I have an Amstrad DRX100 and a PanasonicDSB-30 manual I can let you have Martin, PM me with your address and I'll send them to you.
I'm sure that between us we can get you a full set.
Any other member who can add to the list, please post here.
I have,Panasonic 20, Panasonic 31,Grundig 200,210,300,310 & 3000 Operating Instruction books.
PM your address and will send to you.
soney boxes. if anyone has any of these lying around please let me know.
I'm sure if you contacted Sony or Sky and explained your intent they'd be willing to help you. Have you tried that? I can't see any reason they would want to withold them. After all, many other manufacturers of satellite receivers routinely post their manuals on their websites for download.


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Q: Game of Life RLE format - line ending with number I want to build a figure using it's RLE representation. I ran into a problem with "Lobster" figure, particulary with this part:
10bo2bo2$

How should I interpret '2' in the end of line? I have no clue because there are no symbols following it.

A: The '$' character is considered a symbol, like any other, in the RLE format, and it means "increment the row". So if there's a number before it, that means increment the row by that amount.
So if I wrote a pattern like o5bo3$o5bo!, it would translate into a pattern that looks like this:
@-----@
-------
-------
@-----@

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The "king cake" takes its name from the biblical three kings. The season for king cake extends from the end of the Twelve Days of Christmas, up until Mardi Gras, or "Fat Tuesday;" the day before the start of Lent.
Some organizations or groups of friends may have "king cake parties" every week through the Carnival season. See all of are Holiday cakes at Resch's Bakery.


For starters, they make my kids hate reading.
A new report suggests that it's harmful to pressure kindergarteners to read. As a mom and child psychotherapist, I agree.
Help kids in need get books this summer with just a click of your mouse---it's free!
Put books in the hands of kiddos in underserved areas - see how YOU can help!


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Home >News >Hong Kong Convention Ambassadors' Tech Event Wins Underline the City's Position as a Pivotal I&T Hub
Hong Kong Convention Ambassadors' Tech Event Wins Underline the City's Position as a Pivotal I&T Hub
Hong Kong secured two major technology events to be held in 2022 – the very first Greater Bay Area Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Conference 2022 (GBAAIR Conference), and IEEE Region 10 Conference 2022 (TENCON), which was last held in the city in 2006.
The two conferences are expected to act as a magnet for leading industry experts, strengthening the city's position as a pivotal innovation and technology (I&T) hub. Conference organisers paid tribute to the Hong Kong Convention Ambassador (HKCA) programme initiated by the Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB), which helped them decide on the best location.
"Since starting the HKCA programme, we have received tremendous support from more than 100 ambassadors, who are all prominent leaders of business and professional bodies in Hong Kong. Their concerted efforts will lead to a new era of opportunity for both Hong Kong tourism and the city's multi-sector development. We are confident we will achieve further success with our ambassadors and make Hong Kong the world's meeting place for business events."
Mr Dane Cheng HKTB Executive Director
Greater Bay Area Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Conference 2022 (GBAAIR Conference)
Artificial intelligence and robotics experts from Hong Kong, Mainland China and around the world are expected to flock to the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre for the GBAAIR Conference, the first large-scale conference of its kind to take place physically in the Greater Bay Area since the pandemic. A rich programme of cross-boundary exchange and excursions will take place, thanks to the city's supreme connectivity to Mainland China, with its extensive road and rail network. The conference will be hosted by the Hong Kong Society of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, in tandem with the Hong Kong Productivity Council (HKPC), which is part of the HKCA programme.
"Playing host to this event will underscore Hong Kong's first-rate research capability in artificial intelligence and robotics, which has been identified as one of the key pillars of the city's innovation economy and a prime part of the National Key Technologies Research and Development Programme. We are delighted that the HKCA programme was launched in time, and the HKTB is a great partner, offering professional support every step of the way, especially for first-time organisers."
Mr Willy Lin Sun Mo, GBS, JP HKPC Chairman
IEEE Region 10 Conference 2022 (TENCON)
Thanks to the referral of ambassador Ir Edward Cheung, Chairman of the Joint Chapter on Circuits & Systems and Communications of IEEE Hong Kong Section, the HKTB worked together with the IEEE Hong Kong Section to successfully bring TENCON to Hong Kong. The high-profile technology and engineering event will gather more than 1,000 cross-disciplinary professionals, academicians, industry leaders, researchers and students.
"We're excited to host TENCON, an IEEE flagship conference in Hong Kong again in 2022. Hong Kong is an ideal destination for technology-business integration and an international hub for hosting professional conferences in Asia. We had a great experience working with the HKTB. I am confident that the upcoming TENCON will reach new horizons in global participation, anticipating multidisciplinary professional profiles and dynamic exchanges among international attendance."
Dr Paulina Chan Chair of the IEEE Hong Kong Section and the General Chair of TENCON Conference
Hong Kong: A Pivotal I&T Hub
Hong Kong is a pivotal I&T hub, enjoying strong government support and growing collaboration among GBA cities. Coupled with Hong Kong's unique position as an international gateway, with unrivalled connectivity, the city is a strategic destination for tech events.
Through the HKCA programme, the HKTB provides one-stop event support for events both large and small for the I&T sector, as well other business and professional fields, and promote the multiplier effect to fuel the local economic recovery.
About the Hong Kong Convention Ambassador Programme
The Hong Kong Convention Ambassador programme is an initiative launched by the Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB). The programme aims to bring together distinguished leaders of business and professional bodies to make Hong Kong the premier choice for regional and global meetings, conventions and exhibitions. Hong Kong Convention Ambassadors are provided comprehensive professional support and services from the HKTB's dedicated team throughout the process, from event planning, bidding and preparation to execution. To learn more, please visit www.mehongkong.com/hkca.
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Taiwanese President to visit disputed island in South China Sea
Smaller powers in the region such as the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia and Brunei see China as the biggest threat.
Updated February 13, 2020 14:22 +08
Taiwan Coast Guard patrol ships are seen during a drill near the port of Kaohsiung, southern Taiwan, June 6, 2015.
Taiwan has said President Ma Ying-jeou will visit Taiping Island in the disputed South China Sea on Thursday amid rising geopolitical tension in the region.
"The Taiping Island is an inherent part of the Republic of China's territory," presidential spokesman Charles Chen said ahead of Ma's first visit to the island.
Weeks ago, Taiwanese coastguards had driven off a Vietnamese fishing vessel near the island in the Spratly archipelago.
The Spratlys are a bone of contention in the region along with another island chain Paracel.
Complicated claim
China lays claim to both the island chains stating that these were integral part of the empire from ages. In 1947 China formalised the claims by issuing a map showing the islands in its territory. But Vietnam has contested China's claims saying its rule over Paracels and Spratlys dates back to the 17th century.
In Taiwan's case, the claim is a bit more complicated. Technically its territory claims within the U-shaped line around South China Sea are same as that of China's but Taipei shies away from aggressively asserting the claims.
The president's office said the purpose of the visit this time is to greet the Taiwanese soldiers in the island ahead of the Chinese Lunar New Year.
Ma, who is widely seen as a China-friendly Kuomintang leader, is on his way out of power, with president-elect Tsai Ing-wen assuming office in four months.
The smaller powers in the region with claims to South China Sea landmasses -- such as the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia and Brunei -- see China as the biggest threat.
The US is increasingly getting involved in the region to offset China's rising presence there, making South China Sea dispute an irritant in Sino-American ties.
US Secretary of State John Kerry is in China to hold talks with his counterparts on a range of issues including the south China Sea dispute and the North Korean nuclear crisis.
This article was first published on January 27, 2016


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Maine Resources
Maine State Library Augusta, Maine – The State Library, serving all citizens and visitors, provides access to its information, services, and policies in order to meet educational, informational, recreational and cultural needs. The only requirement for obtaining a MSL library card is to be a Maine resident. With this card you can access books, audio books, e-books, extensive electronic reference sources, microfilm of Maine newspapers, wi-fi access and public computers, attend classes and much more. Library Outreach Services provides a variety of programs for residents with disabilities including books by mail. More services offered to the public at MSL.
Mantor Library at University of Maine Farmington – Community members who are 12 years old and older may request a free courtesy card at the Information Services Desk, which is located immediately to your right upon entering the library. This allows access to both print and online resources at the college library.
Library of Congress – This is a huge site that offers online users access to a great deal of information including that which has been archived and digitized at the LOC. collection highlights include: prints and photographs, historic newspapers, performing arts, veterans history, sound records, film, maps and manuscripts. The Library of Congress also offers many websites designed for young readers and for the whole family to explore together. This includes entire books online.
The American Folklife Center – The American Folklife Center Archive, established in the Library of Congress Music Division in 1928, is now one of the largest archives of ethnographic materials from the United States and around the world, encompassing millions of items of ethnographic and historical documentation recorded from the nineteenth century to the present. These collections, which include extensive audiovisual documentation of traditional arts, cultural expressions, and oral histories, offer researchers access to the songs, stories, and other creative expressions of people from diverse communities.


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Dear Music Lovers,
Our 10th season was a big success thanks to you, our wonderful audience. We return with six concerts for Season 11, starting with ETHEL in "Grace," a program of hymns of Appalachia, the plainchant of Hildegard von Bingen, the ecstasy of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and the tribal initiation songs of the Bayaka. You'll have a blast listening to this "post-classical... virtuosic alternative string quartet" (The New Yorker).
Next is a program of trios for flute, viola, and harp, featuring the music of Debussy, Takemitsu, and Thea Musgrave, whose 90th birthday is being celebrated with concerts around the world this year. Returning alumni of Itzhak Perlman's Perlman Music Program reunite for a program of piano quartet masterworks, a genre that has been enthusiastically received here in recent years.
Spring sees the return of Quintessential Quintets with a program of Beethoven and Dvořák, followed by a piano recital by WRTI radio host Debra Lew Harder exploring "The Human Need for Melody." The season concludes with "Blues and Brahms," a returning quintet playing the classic blues of WC Handy and Brahms' transcendent Clarinet Quintet.
I hope you are as excited for Season 11 as I am!
William Frampton, Artistic Director


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Home Analysis Player Analysis Should Daniel Sturridge start for Liverpool on current form?
Should Daniel Sturridge start for Liverpool on current form?
At the beginning of 2018, Liverpool's front three picked itself. Such was the individual form and collective impact of Mohamed Salah, Roberto Firmino and Sadio Mane that, barring injury or suspension, there wouldn't even be a question as to who would fill the strikers' roles for the Reds. Of those in reserve, Dominic Solanke and Divock Origi were struggling to convince while a plethora of injuries and a loss of sharpness indicated that the Liverpool career of Daniel Sturridge may have been coming to an end. Indeed, the England international was dispatched on loan to West Brom, who were rock bottom of the Premier League, to get more regular game time, only for further injury to restrict him to a mere two starts in a goalless and unsuccessful stint at The Hawthorns. The statistics didn't bode well for Sturridge, who some thought might leave Anfield permanently over the summer. However, Jurgen Klopp kept sufficient faith in the marksman to retain his services while allowing Origi to leave on loan yet again. As our tactical analysis shows, Sturridge has looked a man reborn in the early weeks of the season.
In the previous two seasons, he netted just six times in all competitions. In seven appearances so far in 2018/19, he has four goals to his name, and he has only started twice for Liverpool this term. He has accrued 186 minutes on the pitch in that time, equal to two full matches if you allow for the typical allocation of stoppage time, and scored four times. The statistics will show a goal ratio of 0.57 goals per game, but in terms of minutes on the pitch, that figure is akin to two goals per game. At the end of September, he is Liverpool's joint-top scorer for the season alongside Mane, with Firmino and Salah each netting one fewer. Sturridge has achieved that with two starts; Mane has started all nine of the Reds' matches, with Salah starting eight and Firmino seven. It isn't just statistically that Sturridge is impressing, either. A look back at the four goals he has plundered tells the story of a striker who has responded to frequent barbs over his fitness levels by completing the most fundamental part of his job description with highly effective and instinctive regularity.
In Liverpool's first match of the season, Sturridge came off the bench in the 87th minute with the Reds 3-0 to the good against West Ham and merely seeing out time to complete a winning start to the campaign. He immediately took up a position in the penalty area in preparation for a Liverpool corner to be taken by James Milner. As the image shows, he was half a yard the far side of Ryan Fredericks as the corner was taken, but it was Sturridge who got to the ball first, turning it past Lukasz Fabianski from inside the six-yard box with his first touch of the game.
It was the archetypal poacher's finish and it showed that, even with very limited game time, he was intent on making it count. He would still have time to register another shot on target, his second in a very brief cameo. Sturridge touched the ball just eight times, but his two penalty box touches both resulted in shots on target.
That goal against the Hammers wasn't enough to earn him a start, though, in any of Liverpool's next four games. Indeed, he didn't feature against either Crystal Palace or Leicester, while he appeared for a total of just 13 minutes against Brighton and Tottenham. An eye injury sustained by Firmino in the win over Spurs at Wembley ruled him out of the starting line-up for the Champions League clash against Paris Saint-Germain, enabling Sturridge to fill the breach. After half an hour of largely Liverpool dominance, the England striker broke the deadlock with another classic poacher's goal.
It stemmed from PSG's failure to adequately clear from a preceding attack, the ball finding its way to Andy Robertson on the left. The Scottish defender floated an exquisite cross first-time into the danger zone and Sturridge read it perfectly to direct a header past Alphonse Areola. The image shows that, as against West Ham, his position as the ball was sent into him didn't seem especially favourable, with Presnel Kimpembe half a yard goal-side of him. However, it was Sturridge who reacted far quicker, nipping behind the French defender to get his head to Robertson's masterful cross. The England striker had another headed opportunity in the second half, but this one was stopped by Areola from penalty spot range. With Liverpool 2-1 up at the time, it was a real chance squandered by Sturridge, but it did not prove costly after Firmino came off the bench to net an injury time winner.
Sturridge sat out the Reds' 3-0 stroll against Southampton before being restored to the line-up for the Carabao Cup clash against Chelsea. At the start of the second half, he contrived to miss an open goal that you'd expect someone in a Monday night five-a-side game to convert. Just a few minutes later, though, he made amends by giving Liverpool the lead with a sweet overhead kick, a case of going from the ridiculous to the sublime. It was a goal made possible not just because of Sturridge's technique, but also his predatory anticipation. As Willy Caballero punched the ball into the sky, it appeared to be dropping back into the danger zone and Sturridge was on his toes to react instantly.
The image shows him rapidly adjusting his body to get into position for his strike while Emerson Palmieri has both eyes figured on the ball. By the time the Chelsea defender has turned, Sturridge is a good two yards away and lining up his shot. Had he even been a half-second slower in beginning his move towards the ball, he would not have been able to take the shot on with such crispness. Unfortunately, his earlier miss would prove crucial, with the Blues coming from behind to win 2-1 and knock Liverpool out at this stage of the competition for the second year running.
Klopp restored his regular front three for the Premier League clash with Chelsea three days later but it was an evening of considerable frustration for the trio, with Salah taken off midway through the second half despite Liverpool trailing 1-0. When Sturridge was brought on with four minutes remaining, it looked like a move of desperation made all too late by the Liverpool manager. Once again, though, the striker made the absolute most of his morsel of game time.
With little over 100 seconds of normal time remaining, Chelsea had the Reds pinned 25 yards from goal, the visitors unable to play through the lines against a resolute Blues rearguard. When the ball was played to Sturridge, he took one touch to control and another to shift the ball onto his left foot. At this point (see image), three options seemed open – slip the ball to Naby Keita ahead of him, wait for N'Golo Kante (circled) to commit himself and try to dribble the ball past him, or take on the three Chelsea players in front of him. What nobody expected was Sturridge to arc the ball into the small gap between Kepa Arrizabalaga's arm and the crossbar, but that's exactly what he did to score a sensational equaliser that preserved Liverpool's unbeaten Premier League record and take them level on points with leaders Manchester City.
The decisive manner in which Sturridge unleashed the shot, allied with the extraordinary technique to pull it off, mark him out as a quality striker. Indeed, the three touches he took in that move were the only three touches he'd have during his eight minutes on the pitch at Stamford Bridge. And how he made them count.
Only a few short months after Sturridge's time at Liverpool seemed finished and his career looked to be entering a steady decline, the question now must be asked as to whether he is deserving of more regular starts for the Reds. Each member of the iconic front three has had their struggles of late, especially Salah, whose perseverance and desire is far exceeding his luck in front of goal.
Ahead of Wednesday's trip to Napoli and the crunch showdown with Manchester City on Sunday, Sturridge is entitled to believe that he is worthy of inclusion in the starting XI. Perhaps Firmino, who was very subdued in the draw with Chelsea and who often plays the role of sacrificial lamb to the benefit of his strike partners, could find himself on the bench at the Stadio San Paolo. Let's not forget that in Liverpool's last Champions League match, the Brazilian came on to net the winner. He isn't a half-bad option to have on the bench if Sturridge's remarkably efficient form is to see him deservedly rewarded with a place in the starting line-up in the next couple of games.
Previous articleChelsea 1-1 Liverpool: Tactical Analysis
Next articleFull-Back's Learning Vital For Liverpool Against Napoli
Stats Pack: Burnley v Liverpool
Tactical Preview December 5, 2018
Player Analysis July 4, 2019
Liverpool retain top spot in the Premier League
Match Analysis December 24, 2018
2017/18: Where it went right for Klopp & Liverpool


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GoreGrish Media
Murder Inc. Discussion
Henry Wirz (1 Viewer)
Thread starter b2ux
b2ux
Henry Wirz
Real name: Heinrich Hartmann Wirz
Classification: Murderer
Characteristics: Wirz was one of two men tried, convicted and executed for war crimes during the Civil War
Number of victims: 11 +
Date of murders: 1864 - 1865
Date of arrest: May 1865
Date of birth: November 1822
Perfil víctimas: Union prisoners of war
Victims profile: Disease and malnutrition - Shooting
Location: Andersonville, Georgia, USA
Status: Found guilty of conspiracy and of 11 counts of murder. Executed by hanging in Washington, D.C., on November 10, 1865
Heinrich Hartmann Wirz better known as Henry Wirz (November 25, 1823 – November 10, 1865) was a Confederate officer tried and executed in the aftermath of the American Civil War for conspiracy and murder relating to his command of Camp Sumter, the Confederate prisoner of war camp near Andersonville, Georgia.
Medical career and family
Born in Zürich, Switzerland, Wirz attended the University of Zurich but there is no evidence he obtained a degree. Wirz practiced medicine for a time before he emigrated to the U.S. in 1849, when many Forty-Eighters were fleeing the failed Revolutions of 1848 in the German states and elsewhere, or the Swiss Sonderbund war. Wirz, who had married in 1845 and had two children, was imprisoned briefly in the late 1840s for unknown reasons.
He established a medical practice in Kentucky where he married a Methodist widow named Wolfe. Along with her two daughters they moved to Louisiana. In 1855 his wife gave birth to their daughter Cora. By 1861, Wirz had a successful medical practice.
When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Wirz claimed to have enlisted as a private in Company A, Fourth-Battalion, Louisiana Volunteers of the Confederate States Army. It is rumored that he took part in the Battle of Seven Pines in May 1862, during which he was supposedly severely wounded by a minie ball and lost the use of his right arm. No official record exists to give credence to any involvement in that or any other military affair before he become director of Andersonville.
Wirz allegedly then served on detached duty as a prison guard in Alabama, then transferred to help guard Federal prisoners incarcerated at Richmond, Virginia. Because of his injury, Wirz was assigned to the staff of General John H. Winder, who was in charge of Confederate prisoner of war camps.
In February 1864, the Confederate government established Camp Sumter, a large military prison in Georgia near the small railroad depot of Anderson (as it was called then), to house Union prisoners of war. In March, Wirz took command of Camp Sumter where he remained for over a year.
Though wooden barracks were originally planned, the Confederates incarcerated the prisoners in a vast, rectangular, open-air stockade originally encompassing sixteen and a half acres, which had been intended as only a temporary prison pending exchanges of prisoners with the North. The prisoners themselves gave this place the name Andersonville.
The prison suffered an extreme lack of food, tools and medical supplies, severe overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions and a lack of potable water. At its peak in August 1864, the camp held approximately 32,000 Union prisoners, making it the fifth largest city in the Confederacy. The monthly mortality rate from disease and malnutrition reached 3,000. Around 45,000 prisoners were incarcerated during the camp's 14-month existence, of whom 13,000 (28%) died.
Trial and execution
Wirz was arrested in May 1865, by a contingent of federal cavalry and taken by rail to Washington, D.C., where the federal government intended to place him on trial for conspiring to impair the lives of Union prisoners of war.
A military tribunal was convened with Major General Lew Wallace presiding. The other members of the commission were Gershom Mott, John W. Geary, Lorenzo Thomas, Francis Fessenden, Edward S. Bragg, John F. Ballier, T. Allcock, John H. Stibbs. Norton P. Chipman served as prosecutor.
In July 1865, the trial convened in the Capitol building and lasted for two months, dominating the front pages of newspapers across the United States. The court heard the testimony of former inmates, ex-Confederate officers and even nearby residents of Andersonville. Most the evidence was hearsay, but there was one witness whose testimony was particularly damning. His name was Felix de la Baume, and he claimed to be a descendant of the heroic Lafayette. He was able to name a victim killed directly by Wirz. This eyewitness was a skilled orator and his story was so compelling, that he was given a written commendation signed by all the members of the commission for his part in the trial. He was also rewarded a position in the department of the Interior while the trial was still in progress. Finally, in early November, the commission announced that it had found Wirz guilty of conspiracy as charged, along with 11 of 13 counts of murder. He was sentenced to death.
In a letter to President Andrew Johnson, Wirz asked for clemency, but the letter went unanswered. The night before his execution, Louis Schade (an attorney working on behalf of Wirz) was told that a high Cabinet official wished to assure Wirz that if he would implicate Jefferson Davis with the atrocities committed at Andersonville, his sentence would be commuted. Schade repeated the offer to Wirz and was told, "Mr. Schade, you know that I have always told you that I do not know anything about Jefferson Davis. He had no connection with me as to what was done at Andersonville. If I knew anything about him, I would not become a traitor against him or anybody else even to save my life." Wirz was hanged at One First Street, Northeast, Washington, D.C., the present-day site of the Supreme Court of the United States. His neck did not break from the fall, however, and the crowd watched as he writhed and slowly suffocated. He was later buried in the Mount Olivet Cemetery in Washington, D.C. He was survived by his wife and one daughter.
Eleven days after the execution of Wirz, it was revealed that the star witness from the trial had perjured himself. He was not Felix de la Baume from France, but Felix Oeser, born in Saxony, Prussia. He was actually a deserter from the 7th New York Volunteers. With his real identity revealed, he quickly disappeared.
Henry Wirz was one of two men tried, convicted and executed for war crimes during the Civil War (the other being Confederate guerrilla Champ Ferguson). His conviction remains controversial today.
Residents of the town of Andersonville annually march to a Wirz memorial, along with supporters of a congressional pardon for Wirz.
Some writers have said that Wirz was unfairly tried and convicted because the South had low food rations and there was a Northern blockade of all medicines, both of which were out of Wirz's control. The controversial trial, one of the nation's first war crimes tribunals, created enduring moral and legal notions and established the precedent that certain wartime behavior is unacceptable, regardless if committed under the orders of superiors or on one's own. In a 1980 study, the historian Morgan D. Peoples refers to Wirz as a "scapegoat".
Wirz's trial was depicted in the 1970 television film The Andersonville Trial, directed by George C. Scott who had appeared in the Broadway play by Saul Levitt upon which it was based. It featured Richard Basehart as Wirz and William Shatner as chief government prosecutor Lieutenant Colonel Norton P. Chipman. The film centered upon the question of whether Wirz should have been condemned for following orders, in a parallel with the then-current controversy over the My Lai Massacre during the Vietnam War. In TNT's 1996 film, Andersonville, Jan Triska played Wirz.
Henry Wirz (November 1822 – November 10, 1865) was the only Confederate soldier executed in the aftermath of the American Civil War for war crimes.
Wirz was born in Zurich, Switzerland, immigrating to the United States in the late 1840s. He worked throughout New England as a self-taught water-cure specialist. Moving for a short period to Kentucky, he finally settled in Louisiana.
When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, Wirz enlisted in the Confederate States Army as a private in the 4th Louisiana Infantry. He served on detached duty as a prison guard in Alabama before being transferred to help guard Federal prisoners incarcerated at Richmond, Virginia.
In February 1864, the Confederate government established a large military prison, Camp Sumter, near the small railroad depot of Andersonville, Georgia, to house Union prisoners of war.
Though wooden barracks were originally planned, the Confederates incarcerated the prisoners in a vast, rectangular, open-air stockade originally encompassing sixteen and a half acres. Wirz officially commanded the stockade's interior.
The prison was characterized by a lack of trained and adequately equipped prison guards; a gross lack of food, tools and medical supplies; severe overcrowding; poor sanitary conditions; and a lack of potable water. At its most overcrowded, in August 1864, the camp held approximately thirty-two thousand Union prisoners and the monthly mortality rate from disease and malnutrition reached three thousand.
Wirz did not try to alleviate the situation unlike many men in similar situations both North and South; on the contrary, abuses by guards ordered by Wirz, purposeful denying of parts of the already slim food supply abounded. Around forty-five thousand prisoners were incarcerated during the camp's fourteen-month existence, of whom thirteen thousand – twenty-eight percent – died.
After the end of hostilities, Wirz was arrested by a contingent of federal cavalry and taken by rail to Washington, D.C., where the federal government intended to place him on trial for conspiring to impair the lives of Union prisoners of war.
In July 1865, the trial convened in the Capitol building and lasted two months, dominating the front pages of newspapers across the United States. The court heard the testimony of former inmates, ex-Confederate officers and even nearby residents of Andersonville. Finally, in early November, the commission announced that it had found Wirz guilty of conspiracy as charged and of eleven of thirteen counts of murder. He was sentenced to death.
In a letter to President Andrew Johnson, Wirz asked for mercy, but the letter went unanswered. Mounting the scaffold on the morning of November 10, 1865, Wirz asserted that he was being hanged for following orders. He was executed on the same site where the Lincoln conspirators met their own fate just several months before, within clear sight of the newly-built dome of the U.S. Capitol. Wirz was eventually buried in the Mount Olivet Cemetery in Washington, D.C. He was survived by his wife and one daughter.
Wirz's trial was legally significant for two reasons. Firstly, Wirz was one of only two men tried and executed for war crimes during the Civil War. More significantly, however, Wirz's trial was the first war crimes trial in modern history and served as a direct historical precedent for the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal after World War II.
Wirz's trial was depicted in the 1970 televison film The Andersonville Trial, directed by George C. Scott, featuring Richard Basehart as Wirz and William Shatner as chief government prosecutor Lieutenant Colonel N.P. Chipman. The film's central message--whether Wirz should have been condemned for following orders--paralleled the then-current controversy over the My Lai Massacre during the Vietnam War. (It should be noted that Wirz never received orders to abuse Union POWs but his clear and premeditated abuses happened nonetheless.)
Frank Harper, Andersonville: The Trial of Captain Henry Wirz, MA Thesis, University of Northern Colorado, 1986.
Ovid Futch, History of Andersonville Prison, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1968.
Henry Wirz was born in Zurich, Switzerland in 1822. After graduating from the University of Zurich he obtained medical degrees from Paris and Berlin. Wirz emigrated to the United States in 1849 and established a medical practice in Kentucky. After marrying he moved to Louisiana.
On the outbreak of the American Civil War he joined the Confederate Army. A sergeant in the Louisiana Volunteers, Wirz was badly wounded at the battle at Fair Oaks (May, 1862) and lost the use of his right arm. Unable to continue in active service, Wirz became a clerk at Libby Prison in Richmond. His commanding officer, Brigadier General John Henry Winder, was impressed by Wirz and he was soon promoted to the rank of major.
Wirz spoke fluent English, German and Dutch, and on the advice of General John Henry Winder, President Jefferson Davis decided to send him on a secret mission to England and France.
When Wirz returned to America he rejoined General John Henry Winder, who was now in charge of all Union Army prisoners east of the Mississippi. During the summer of 1863 an agreement under which Union and Confederate captives were exchanged, came to an end. There was now a rapid increase in the number of prisoners and so it was decided to build Andersonville Prison in Georgia. In April, 1864 Winder appointed Wirz as commandant of this new prison camp.
By August, 1864, there were 32,000 Union Army prisoners in Andersonville. The Confederate authorities did not provide enough food for the prison and men began to die of starvation. The water became polluted and disease was a constant problem. Of the 49,485 prisoners who entered the camp, nearly 13,000 died from disease and malnutrition.
When the Union Army arrived in Andersonville in May, 1865, photographs of the prisoners were taken and the following month they appeared in Harper's Weekly. The photographs caused considerable anger and calls were made for the people responsible to be punished for these crimes. It was eventually decided to charge General Robert Lee, James Seddon, the Secretary of War, and several other Confederate generals and politicians with "conspiring to injure the health and destroy the lives of United States soldiers held as prisoners by the Confederate States".
In August, 1865 President Andrew Johnson ordered that the charges against the Confederate generals and politicians should be dropped. However, he did give his approval for Wirz to be charged with "wanton cruelty". Wirz appeared before a military commission headed by Major General Lew Wallace on 21st August, 1865. During the trial a letter from Wirz was presented that showed that he had complained to his superiors about the shortage of food being provided for the prisoners. However, former inmates at Andersonville testified that Wirz inspected the prison every day and often warned that if any man escaped he would "starve every damn Yankee for it." When Wirz fell ill during the trial Wallace forced to attend and was brought into court on a stretcher.
Wirz was found guilty on 6th November and sentenced to death. He was taken to Washington to be executed in the same yard where those involved in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln had died. Alexander Gardner, the famous photographer, was invited to record the event.
The execution took place on the 10th November. The gallows were surrounded by Union Army soldiers who throughout the procedure chanted "Wirz, remember, Andersonville." Accompanied by a Catholic priest, Wirz refused to make a last minute confession, claiming he was not guilty of committing any crime.
Major Russell read the death warrant and then told Wirz he "deplored this duty."Wirz replied that: "I know what orders are, Major. And I am being hanged for obeying them."
After a black hood was placed over his head, and the noose adjusted, a spring was touched and the trap door opened. However, the drop failed to break his neck and it took him two minutes to die. During this time the soldiers continued to chant: "Wirz, remember, Andersonville."
I was brought back to Andersonville prison and taken to Wirz's quarters. I was ordered by him to be put in the stocks, where I remained for four days, with my feet placed in a block and another lever placed over my legs, with my arms thrown back, and a chain running across my arms. I remained four days there in the sun; that was my punishment for trying to get away from the prison. At the same time a young man was placed in the stocks--the third man from me. He died there. He was a little sick when he went in, and he died there. I do not know his name; if I heard it, I have forgotten it. I am certain he died. The Negroes took him out of the stocks after he was dead, threw him into the wagon, and hauled him away.
Wirz shot a young fellow named William Stewart, a private belonging to the 9th Minnesota Infantry. He and I went out of the stockade with a dead body, and after laying the dead body in the dead-house Captain Wirz rode up to us and asked by what authority we were out there or what we were doing there. Stewart said we were there by proper authority. Wirz said no more, but drew a revolver and shot the man. After he was killed the guard took from the body about twenty or thirty dollars, and Wirz took the money from the guard and rode off, telling the guard to take me to prison.
I saw the cripple they called "Chickamauga" shot; he was shot at the south gate. He was in the habit of going off, I believe, to the outside of the gate to talk to officers and the guard, and he wanted to go off this day for something or other. I believe that he was afraid of some of our own men. He went inside the dead-line and asked to be let out. The refused to let him out, and he refused to go outside the dead-line. Captain Wirz came in on his horse and told the man to go outside the dead-line, and went off. After Captain Wirz rode out of the gate the man went inside the dead-line, and Captain Wirz ordered the guard to shoot him, and he shot him. The man lost his right leg, I believe, just above the knee. They called him "Chickamauga." I think he belonged to the Western army and was captured at Chickamauga. I think that was in May. I will not be certain as to the time.
I saw other men shot while I was there. I do not know their names. They were Federal prisoners. The first man I saw shot was shortly after the dead-line was established. I think it was in May. He was shot near the brook, on the east side of the stockade. At that time there was no railing; there was simply posts struck along where they were going to put the dead-line, and this man, in crossing, simply stepped inside one of the posts, and the sentry shot him. He failed to kill him, but wounded him. I don't know his name. I saw a man shot at the brook; he had just come in. He belonged to some regiment in Grant's army. I think this was about the first part of July or the latter part of June. He had just come in and knew nothing about the dead-line. There was no railing across the brook, and nothing to show that there was any such thing as a dead-line there. He came into the stockade, and after he had been shown his place where he was to sleep he went along to the brook to get some water. It was very dark, and a number of men were there, and he went above the rest so as to get better water. He went beyond the dead-line, and two men fired at him and both hit him. He was killed and fell right into the brook. I do not know the man's name. I saw other men shot. I do not know exactly how many. I saw several. It was a common occurrence.
I never heard of Captain Wirz shooting, kicking, or beating a Federal prisoner while I was at Andersonville. I swear positively to that; I saw him pushing prisoners into the ranks, but not that they could be hurt. He would take them by the arm and push them into the ranks and say " God damn it! Couldn't you stay in the ranks where you were put?" He would not push them in violently - a gentle push. He was violent in these moments, cursing and swearing, as he always was with us, but he seemed harder than he was. I never saw him take any one by the throat, but by the shoulder or arm. Not with both hands; with one hand. I don't know which hand. I have seen him often go up the line of prisoners; I have seen him counting them, and I never saw him with his pistol in his hand on any of these occasions; it was his custom; he had his pistol in his belt. I saw him in the stockade while I was there; I saw him once at the south gate and once on horseback with Lieutenant Colonel Persons, and I saw him once in the stockade while I was outside. I saw him riding among the prisoners only once after I was taken out. On none of those occasions I never saw him carry a pistol except always in his belt. I swear positively that I never heard of Captain Wirz kicking or shooting a prisoner, nor in any way maltreating him except as I have .
When a man who had been ordered to wear a ball and chain complained that he was sick, a doctor was sent for, and if he found that it was so, the ball and chain would be taken off and the man would be sent to the hospital if necessary; also, when new squads of prisoners came in, and there were men among them who claimed to be sick, the doctor who was officer of the day was sent for, and he had to see if the men were really sick or not; the they were they were sent to the hospital. I recollect also that once there was a man amongst them who told me he was a hospital steward in our army; I spoke to Captain Wirz about it, and the man was immediately sent to the hospital as a steward; he was paroled and was not sent into the stockade at all. Some of the hospital attendants serenaded Captain Wirz and Dr. Stevenson, and I understood Dr. White too.
The effect of scurvy upon the systems of the men as it developed itself there was the next thing to rottenness. Their limbs would become drawn up. It would manifest itself constitutionally. It would draw them up. They would go on crutches sideways, or crawl upon their hands and knees or on their haunches and feet as well as they could. Some could not eat unless it was something that needed no mastication. Sometimes they would be furnished beef tea or boiled rice, or such things as that would be given them, but not to the extent which I would like to see. In some cases they could not eat corn bread; their teeth would be loose and their gums all bleeding. I have known cases of that kind. I do not speak of it as a general thing. They would ask me to interest myself and get them something which they could swallow without subjecting them to so much pain in mastication. It seemed to me I did express my professional opinion that men died because they could not eat the rations they got.
I cannot state what proportion of the men in whose cases it became necessary to amputate from gangrenous wounds, and also to reamputate from the same cause, recovered. Never having charged my mind on the subject, and not expecting to be called upon in such a capacity, I cannot give an approximate opinion which I would deem reliable. In 1864, amputations from that cause occurred very frequently indeed; during the short time in 1865 that I was there, amputations were not frequent.
The prisoners in the stockade and the hospital were not very well protected from the rain; only by their own meager means, their blankets, holes in the earth, and such things. In the spring of 1865, when I was in the stockade, I saw a shed thirty feet wide and sixty feet long - the sick principally were in that. They were in about the same condition as those in the hospital. As to the prisoners generally, their only means of shelter from the sun and rain were their blankets, if they carried any along with them. I regarded that lack of shelter as a source of disease.
Rice, peas, and potatoes were the common issue from the Confederate government; but as to turnips, carrots, tomatoes, and cabbage, of that class of vegetables, I never saw any. There was no green corn issued. Western Georgia is generally considered a pretty good corn-growing country. Green corn could have been used as an anti-scorbutic and as and antidote. A vegetable diet, so far as it contains any alterative or medical qualities, serves as an anti-scorbutic.
The ration issued to the patients in the hospital was corn meal, beef, bacon - pork occasionally but not much of it; at times, green corn, peas, rice, salt, sugar, and potatoes. I enumerate those as the varieties served out. Potatoes were not a constant ration; at times they were sent in, perhaps a week or two weeks at a time, and then they would drop off. The daily rations was less from the time I went there in September, through October, November, and December, than it was from January till March 26th, the time I left. I never made a calculation as to the number of rations intended for each man; I was never called to do that. So far as I saw, I believe I would feel safe in saying that, while there might have been less, the amount was not over twenty ounces for twenty-four hours
Captain Wirz planted a range of flags inside the stockade, and gave the order, just inside the gate, "that if a crowd of two hundred (that was the number) should gather in any one spot beyond those flags and near the gate, he would fire grape and canister into them. I think that the number of men shot during my imprisonment ranged from twenty-five to forty. I do not know that I can give any of their names. I did know them at the time, because they had tented right around me, or messed with me, but their names have slipped my mind. Two of them belonged to the 40th New York Regiment. Those two men were shot just after I got there, in the latter part of June, 1864.
I saw the sentry raise his gun. I shouted to the man. I and several of the rest gave the alarm, but it was to late. Both of these men did not die; one was shot through the arm; the other died; he was shot in the right breast. I did not see Captain Wirz present at the time. I did not hear any orders given to the sentinels, or any words from the sentinels when they fired; nothing more than they often said that it was done by orders from the commandant of the camp, and that they were to receive so many days furlough for every Yankee devil they killed. Those twenty-five or forty men were shot from the middle of June, 1864, until the 1st of September. There were men shot every month. I cannot say that I ever saw Captain Wirz present when any of these men were shot. The majority of those whom I saw shot were killed outright; expired in a few moments.
THE COURT MARTIAL OF HENRY WIRZ
GENERAL COURT MARTIAL ORDERS No. 607.
WAR DEPARTMENT,
ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S OFFICE,
Washington, November 6, 1865.
I. Before a military commission which convened at Washington, D.C., August 23, 1865, pursuant to paragraph 3, Special Orders, No. 453, dated August 23, 1865, and paragraph 13, Special Orders, No. 524, dated October 2, 1865, War Department, Adjutant-General's Office, Washington, and of which Maj. Gen. Lewis Wallace, U.S. Volunteers, is president, was arraigned and tried Henry Wirz.
Charges and Specifications
CHARGE I: Maliciously, willfully, and traitorously, and in aid of the then existing armed rebellion against the United States of America, on or before the let day of March, A.D. 1864, and on divers other days between that day and the 10th day of April, 1865, combining, confederating, and conspiring, together with John H. Winder, Richard B. Winder, Joseph [Isaiah H.] White, W. S. Winder, R. R. Stevenson, and others unknown, to injure the health and destroy the lives of soldiers in the military service of the United States, then held and being prisoners of war within the lines of the so-called Confederate States, and in the military prisons thereof, to the end that the armies of the United States might be weakened and impaired, in violation of the laws and customs of war.
Specification.--In this, that he, the said Henry Wirz, did combine, confederate, and conspire with them, the said John H. Winder, Richard B. Winder, Joseph [Isaiah H.] White, W. S. Winder, R. R. Stevenson, and others whose names are unknown, citizens of the United States aforesaid, and who were then engaged in armed rebellion against the United States, maliciously, traitorously, and in violation of the laws of war, to impair and injure the health and to destroy the lives--by subjecting to torture and great suffering; by confining in unhealthy and uuwholesome quarters; by exposing to the inclemency of winter and to the dews and burning sun of summer; by compelling the use of impure water; and by furnishing insufficient and unwholesome food--of large numbers of Federal prisoners, to wit, the number of 30,000 soldiers in the military service of the United States of America, held as prisoners of war at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, within the lines of the so-called Confederate States, on or before the 1st day of March, A.D. 1864, and at divers times between that day and the 10th day of April, A.D. 1865, to the end that the armies of the United States might be weakened and impaired and the insurgents engaged in armed rebellion against the United States might be aided and comforted. And he, the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States, being then and there commandant of a military prison at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, located, by authority of the so-called Confederate States, for the confinement of prisoners of war, and, as such commandant, fully clothed with authority, and in duty bound to treat, care, and provide for such prisoners held as aforesaid as were or might be placed in his custody according to the law of war, did, in furtherance of such combination, confederation, and conspiracy, and incited thereunto by them, the said John H. Winder, Richard B. Winder, Joseph [Isaiah H.] White, W. S. Winder, R. R. Stevenson, and others whose names are unknown, maliciously, wickedly, and traitorously confine a large number of such prisoners of war, soldiers in the military service of the United States, to the amount of 30,000 men, in unhealthy and unwholesome quarters, in a close and small area of ground wholly inadequate to their wants and destructive to their health, which he well knew and intended; and, while there so confined during the time aforesaid, did, in furtherance of his evil design, and in aid of the said conspiracy, willfully and maliciously neglect to furnish tents, barracks, or other shelter sufficient for their protection from the inclemency of winter and the dews and burning sun of summer; and with such evil intent did take, and cause to be taken, from them their clothing, blankets, camp equipage, and other property of which they were possessed at the time of being placed in his custody; and, with like malice and evil intent, did refuse to furnish, or cause to be furnished, food either of a quality or quantity sufficient to preserve health and sustain life; and did refuse and neglect to furnish wood sufficient for cooking in summer and to keep the said prisoners warm in winter; and did compel the said prisoners to subsist upon unwholesome food, and that in limited quantities entirely inadequate to sustain health, which he well knew; and did compel the said prisoners to use unwholesome water, reeking with the filth and garbage of the prison and prison guard, and the offal and drainage of the cookhouse of said prison, whereby the prisoners became greatly reduced in their bodily strength, and emaciated and injured in their bodily health; their minds impaired and their intellects broken; and many of them, to wit, the number of 10,000, whose names are unknown, sickened and died by reason thereof, which he, the said Henry Wirz, then and there well knew and intended; and, so knowing and evilly intending, did refuse and neglect to provide proper lodgings, food, or nourishment for the sick, and necessary medicine and medical attendance for the restoration of their health; and did knowingly, willfully, and maliciously, in furtherance of his evil designs, permit them to languish and die from want of care and proper treatment. And the said Henry Wirz, still pursuing his evil purpose, did permit to remain in the said prison, among the emaciated sick and languishing living, the bodies of the dead, until they became corrupt and loathsome and filled the air with fetid and noxious exhalations, and thereby greatly increased the unwholesomeness of the prison, insomuch that great numbers of said prisoners, to wit, the number of 1,000. whose names are unknown, sickened and died by reason thereof. And the said Henry Wirz, still pursuing his wicked and cruel purpose, wholly disregarding the usages of civilized warfare, did, at the time and place aforesaid, maliciously and willfully subject the prisoners aforesaid to cruel, unusual, and infamous punishment upon slight, trivial, and fictitious pretenses, by fastening large balls of iron to their feet, and binding large numbers of the prisoners aforesaid closely together with large chains around their necks and feet, so that they walked with the greatest difficulty--and, being so confined, were subjected to the burning rays of the sun, often without food or drink for hours, and even days--from which said cruel treatment large numbers, to wit, the number of 100, whose names are unknown, sickened, fainted, and died. And he, the said Wirz, did further cruelly treat and injure said prisoners by maliciously confining them within an instrument of torture called the "stocks," thus depriving them of the use of their limbs, and forcing them to lie, sit, and stand for many hours without the power of changing position, and being without food or drink, in consequence of which many, to wit, the number of thirty, whose names are unknown, sickened and died. And he, the said Wirz, still wickedly pursuing his evil purpose, did establish and cause to be designated within the prison inclosure containing said prisoners, a "dead-line," being a line around the inner face of the stockade or wall inclosing said prison, and about twenty feet distant from and within said stockade; and having so established said dead-line, which was in many places an imaginary line, and in many other places marked by insecure and shifting strips of boards nailed upon the top of small and insecure stakes or posts, he, the said Wirz, instructed the prison.guard stationed around the top of said stockade to fire upon and kill any of the prisoners aforesaid who might touch, fall upon, pass over or under or across the said "dead-line." Pursuant to which said orders and instructions, maliciously and needlessly given by said Wirz, the said prison guard did fire upon and kill a large number of said prisoners, to wit, the number of about 300. And the said Wirz, still pursuing his evil purpose, did keep and use ferocious and bloodthirsty beasts, dangerous to human life, called bloodhounds, to hunt down prisoners of war aforesaid who made their escape from his custody, and did then and there willfully and maliciously suffer, incite, and encourage the said beasts to seize, tear, mangle, and maim the bodies and limbs of said fugitive prisoners of war, which the said beasts, incited as aforesaid, then and there did, whereby a large number of said prisoners of war, who, during the time aforesaid, made their escape and were recaptured, and were, by the said beasts then and there cruelly and inhumanly injured, insomuch that many of said prisoners, to wit, the number of about fifty died. And the said Wirz, still pursuing his wicked purpose, and still aiding in carrying out said conspiracy, did use and cause to be used, for the pretended purposes of vaccination, impure and poisonous vaccine matter, which said impure and poisonous matter was then and there, by the direction and order of said Wirz, maliciously, cruelly, and wickedly deposited in the arms of many of said prisoners, by reason of which large numbers of them, to wit, 100, lost the use of their arms, and many of them, to wit, about the number of 200, were so injured that they soon thereafter died. All of which he, the said Henry Wirz, well knew and maliciously intended, and in aid of the then existing rebellion against the United States, with the view to assist in weakening and impairing the armies of the United States, and in furtherance of the said conspiracy and with the full knowledge, consent, and connivance of his co-conspirators aforesaid, he, the said Wirz, then and there did.
CHARGE 2: Murder, in violation of the laws and customs of war.
Specification 1.--In this, that the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States of America, at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, on or about the 8th day of July, A.D. 1864, then and there being commandant of a prison there located, by the authority of the said so-called Confederate States, for the confinement of prisoners of war taken and held as such from the armies of the United States of America, while acting as said commandant, feloniously, willfully, and of his malice aforethought, did make an assault, and he, the said Henry Wirz, a certain pistol called a revolver then and there loaded and charged with gunpowder and bullets, which said pistol the said Henry Wirz in his hand then and there had and held to, against, and upon a soldier belonging to the Army of the United States, in his, the said Henry Wirz's, custody, as a prisoner of war, whose name is unknown, then and there feloniously, and of his malice aforethought, did shoot and discharge, inflicting upon the body of the soldier aforesaid a mortal wound with the pistol aforesaid, in consequence of which said mortal wound, murderously inflicted by the said Henry Wirz, the said soldier thereafter, to wit, on the 9th day of July, A.D. 1864, died. <ar121_787>
Specification 2.--In this, that the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States of America, at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, on or about the 20th day of September, A.D. 1864, then and there being commandant of a prison there located, by the authority of the said so-called Confederate States, for the confinement of prisoners of war taken and held as such from the armies of the United States of America, while acting as said commandant, feloniously, willfully, and of his malice aforethought, did jump upon, stamp, kick, bruise, and otherwise injure with the heels of his boots, a soldier belonging to the Army of the United States, in his, the said Henry Wirz's, custody as a prisoner of war, whose name is unknown, of which said stamping, kicking, and bruising, maliciously done and inflicted by the said Wirz, he, the said soldier, soon thereafter, to wit, on the 20th day of September, A. D. 1864, died.
Specification 3.--In this, that the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States of America, at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, on or about the 13th day of June, A. D. 1864, then and there being commandant of a prison there located, by the authority of the said so-called Confederate States, for the confinement of prisoners of war, taken and held as such from the armies of the United States of America, while acting as said commandant, feloniously, and of his malice aforethought, did make an assault, and he, the said Henry Wirz, a certain pistol called a revolver then and there loaded and charged with gunpowder and bullets, which said pistol the said Henry Wirz, in his hand then and there had and held to, against, and upon a soldier belonging to the Army of the United States, in his, the said Henry Wirz's, custody as a prisoner of war, whose name is unknown, then and there feloniously, and of his malice aforethought, did shoot and discharge, inflicting upon the body of the soldier aforesaid a mortal wound with the pistol aforesaid, in consequence of which said mortal wound, murderously inflicted by the said Henry Wirz, the said soldier immediately, to wit, on the day aforesaid, died.
Specification 4.--In this, that the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States of America, at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, on or about the 30th day of May, A.D. 1864, then and there being commandant of a prison there located, by the authority of the said so-called Confederate States, for the confinement of prisoners of war, taken and held as such from the armies of the United States of America, while acting as said commandant, feloniously, and of his malice aforethought, did make an assault, and he, the said Henry Wirz, a certain pistol called a revolver then and there loaded and charged with gunpowder and bullets, which said pistol the said Henry Wirz in his hand then and there had and held to, against, and upon a soldier belonging to the Army of the United States, in his, the said Henry Wirz's, custody as a prisoner of war, whose name is unknown, then and there feloniously, and of his malice aforethought, did shoot and discharge, inflicting upon the body of the soldier aforesaid a mortal wound with the pistol aforesaid, in consequence of which said mortal wound, murderously inflicted by the said Henry Wirz, the said soldier, on the 30th day of May, A.D. 1864, died.
Specification 5.--In this, that the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States of America, at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, on or about the 20th day of August, A.D. 1864, then and there being commandant of a prison there located, by the authority of the said so-called Confederate States, for the confinement of prisoners of war, taken and held as such from the armies of the United States of America, while acting as said commandant, feloniously, and of his malice aforethought, did confine and bind with an instrument of torture called "the stocks," a soldier belonging to the Army of the United States, in his, the said Henry Wirz's, custody as a prisoner of war, whose name is unknown, in consequence of which such cruel treatment, maliciously and murderously inflicted as aforesaid, he, the said soldier, soon thereafter, to wit, on the 30th day of August, A. D. 1864, died.
Specification 6.--In this, that the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States of America, at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, on or about the 1st day of February, 1865, then and there being commandant of a prison there located, by the authority of the said so-called Confederate States, for the confinement of prisoners of war, taken and held as such from the armies of the United States of America, while acting as said commandant, felonious]y, and of his malice aforethought, did confine and bind within an instrument of torture called "the stocks," a soldier belonging to the Army of the United States, in his, the said Henry Wirz's, custody as a prisoner of war, whose name is unknown, in consequence of which said cruel treatment, maliciously and murderously inflicted as aforesaid, he, the said soldier, soon thereafter, to wit, on the 6th day of February, A.D. 1865, died.
Specification 7.--In this, that the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States of America, at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, on or about the 20th day of July, A.D. 1864, then and there being commandant of a prison there located, by the authority of the said so-called Confederate States, for the confinement of prisoners of war, taken and held as such from the armies of the United States of America, while acting as said commandant, feloniously, and of his malice aforethought, did fasten and chain together several persons, soldiers, belonging to the Army of the United States, in his, the said Henry Wirz's, custody as prisoners of war, whose names are unknown, binding the necks and feet of said prisoners closely together, and compelling them to carry great burdens, to wit, large iron balls chained to their feet, so that, in consequence of the said cruel treatment inflicted upon them by the said Henry Wirz as aforesaid, one of said soldiers, a prisoner of war as aforesaid, whose name is unknown, on the 25th day of July, A.D. 1864, died.
Specification 8.--In this, that the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States of America, at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, on or about the 15th day of May, A.D. 1864, then and there being commandant of a prison there located, by the authority of the said so-called Confederate States, for the confinement of prisoners of war, taken and held as such from the armies of the United States of America, while acting as said commandant, feloniously, willfully, and of his malice aforethought, did order a rebel soldier, whose name is unknown, then on duty as a sentinel or guard to the prison of which said Henry Wirz was commandant as aforesaid, to fire upon a soldier belonging to the Army of the United States, in his, the said Henry Wirz's, custody as a prisoner of war, whose name is unknown; and in pursuance of said order, so as aforesaid maliciously and murderously given as aforesaid, he, the said rebel soldier, did, with a musket loaded with gunpowder and bullet, then and there fire at the said soldier so as aforesaid held as a prisoner of war, inflicting upon him a mortal wound with the musket aforesaid, of which he, the said prisoner, soon thereafter, to wit, on the day aforesaid, died.
Specification 9.--In this, that the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States of America, at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, on or about the 1st day of July, A.D. 1864, then and there being commandant of a prison there located, by the authority of the said so-called Confederate States, for the confinement of prisoners of war, taken and held as such from the armies of the United States of America, while acting as said commandant, feloniously, and of his malice aforethought, did order a rebel soldier, whose name is unknown, then on duty as a sentinel or guard to the prison of which said Wirz was commandant as aforesaid, to fire upon a soldier belonging to the Army of the United States, in his, the said Henry Wirz's, custody as a prisoner of war, whose name is unknown; and in pursuance of said order, so as aforesaid maliciously and murderously given as aforesaid, he, the said rebel soldier, did, with a musket loaded with gunpowder and bullet, then and there fire at the said soldier so as aforesaid held as a prisoner of war, inflicting upon him a mortal wound with the said musket, of which he, the said prisoner, soon thereafter, to wit, on the day aforesaid, died.
Specification 10.--In this, that the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States of America, at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, on or about the 20th day of August, A.D. 1864, then and there being commandant of a prison there located, by the authority of the said so-called Confederate States, for the confinement of prisoners of war, taken and held as such from the armies of the United States of America, while acting as said commandant, feloniously, and of his malice aforethought, did order a rebel soldier, whose name is unknown, then on duty as a sentinel or guard to the prison of which said Wirz was commandant as aforesaid, to fire upon a soldier belonging to the Army of the United States, in his, the said Henry Wirz's, custody as a prisoner of war, whose name is unknown; and in pursuance of said order, so as aforesaid maliciously and murderously given as aforesaid, he, the said rebel soldier, did, with a musket loaded with gunpowder and bullet, then and there fire at the said soldier so as aforesaid held as a prisoner of war, inflicting upon him a mortal wound with the said musket, of which he, the said prisoner, soon thereafter, to wit, on the day aforesaid, died.
Specification 11.--In this, that the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States of America, at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, on or about the 1st day of July, A.D. 1864, then and there being commandant of a prison there located, by, the authority of the said so-called Confederate States, for the confinement of prisoners of war, taken and held as such from the armies of the United States of America, while acting as said commandant, feloniously, and of his malice aforethought, did cause, incite, and urge certain ferocious and bloodthirsty animals, called bloodhounds, to pursue, attack, wound, and tear in pieces a soldier belonging to the Army of the United States, in his, the said Henry Wirz's, custody as a prisoner of war, whose name is unknown; and in consequence thereof the said bloodhounds did then and there, with the knowledge, encourage-merit, and instigation of him, the said Wirz, maliciously and murderously given by him, attack and mortally wound the said soldier, in consequence of which said mortal wound he, the said prisoner, soon thereafter, to wit, on the 6th day of July, A. D. 1864, died.
Specification 12.--In this, that the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States of America, at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, on or about the 27th day of July, A. D. 1864, then and there being commandant of a prison there located, by the authority of the said so-called Confederate States, for the confinement of prisoners of war, taken and held as such from the armies of the United States of America, while acting as said commandant, feloniously, and of his malice aforethought, did order a rebel soldier, whose name is unknown, then on duty as a sentinel or guard to the prison of which said Wirz was commandant as aforesaid, to fire upon a soldier belonging to the Army of the United States, in his, the said Henry Wirz's, custody as a prisoner of war, whose name is unknown; and in pursuance of said order, so as aforesaid maliciously and murderously given as aforesaid, he, the said rebel soldier, did, with a musket 1oaded with gunpowder and bullet, then and there fire at the said soldier so as aforesaid held as a prisoner of war, inflicting upon him a mortal wound with the said musket of which said mortal wound he, the said prisoner, soon thereafter, to wit, on the day aforesaid, died.
Specification 13.--In this, that the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States of America, at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, on or about the 3d day of August, 1864, then and there being commandant of a prison there located, by the authority of the said so-called Confederate States, for the confinement of prisoners of war, taken and held as such from the armies of the United States of America, while acting as said commandant, feloniously, and of his malice aforethought, did make an assault upon a soldier belonging to the Army of the United States, in his, the said Henry Wirz's, custody as a prisoner of war, whose name is unknown, and with a pistol called a revolver, then and there held in the hands of the said Wirz, did beat and bruise said soldier upon the head, shoulders, and breast, inflicting thereby mortal wounds, from which said beating and bruising aforesaid, and mortal wounds caused thereby, the said soldier soon thereafter, to wit, on the 4th day of August, A.D. 1864, died.
To which charges and specifications the accused, Henry Wirz, pleaded not guilty.
FINDING OF THE COURT
The court, having maturely considered the evidence adduced, finds the accused, Henry Wirz, as follows:
Charge I.
Of the specification, guilty, after amending said specification to read as follows:
In this, that he, the said Henry Wirz, did combine, confederate, and conspire with them, the said Jefferson Davis, James A. Seddon, Howell Cobb, John H. Winder, Richard B. Winder, Isaiah H. White, W. S. Winder, W. Shelby Reed, R. R. Stevenson, S. P. Moore, [W. J. W.] Kerr (late hospital steward at Andersonville), James W. Duncan. Wesley W. Turner, Benjamin Harris, and others whose names are unknown, citizens of the United States aforesaid, and who were then engaged in armed rebellion against the United States, maliciously, traitorously, and in violation of the laws of war, to impair and injure the health and to destroy the lives--by subjecting to torture and great suffering; by confining in unhealthy and unwholesome quarters; by exposing to the inclemency of winter and to the dews and burning sun of summer; by compelling the use of impure water, and by furnishing insufficient and unwholesome food--of large numbers of Federal prisoners, to wit, the number of about 45,000 soldiers in the military service of the United States of America, held as prisoners of war at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, within the lines of the so-called Confederate States, on or before the 27th day of March, A.D. 1864, and at divers times between that day and the 10th day of April, A.D. 1865, to the end that the armies of the United States might be weakened and impaired, and the insurgents engaged in armed rebellion against the United States might be aided and comforted. And he, the said Henry Wirz, an officer in the military service of the so-called Confederate States, being then and there commandant of a military prison at Andersonville, in the State of Georgia, located by authority of the so-called Confederate States for the confinement of prisoners of war, and as such commandant, fully clothed with authority, and in duty bound to treat, care, and provide for such prisoners, held as aforesaid, as were or might be placed in his custody, according to the law of war, did, in furtherance of such combination, confederation, and conspiracy, maliciously, wickedly, and traitorously confine a large number of prisoners of war, soldiers in the military service of the United States, to the number of about 45,000 men, in unhealthy and unwholesome quarters, in a close and small area of ground wholly inadequate to their wants and destructive to their health, which he well knew and intended; and, while there so confined during the time aforesaid, did, in furtherance of his evil design, and in aid of the said conspiracy, willfully and maliciously neglect to furnish tents, barracks, or other shelter sufficient for their protection from the inclemency of winter and the dews and burning sun of summer; and with such evil intent did take, and cause to be taken, from them, their clothing, blankets, camp equipage, and other property of which they were possessed at the time of being placed in his custody; and, with like malice and evil intent, did refuse to furnish, or cause to be furnished, food either of a quality or quantity sufficient to preserve health and sustain life; and did refuse and neglect to furnish wood sufficient for cooking in summer and to keep the said prisoners warm in winter; and did compel the said prisoners to subsist upon unwholesome food, and that in limited quantities, entirely inadequate to sustain health, which he well knew; and did compel the said prisoners to use unwholesome water, reeking with the filth and garbage of the prison and prison guard and the offal and drainage of the cook-house of said prison, whereby the prisoners became greatly reduced in their bodily strength, and emaciated and injured in their bodily health; their minds impaired and their intellects broken; and many of them, to wit, about the number of 10,000, whose names are unknown, sickened and died by reason thereof, which he, the said Henry Wirz, then and there well knew and intended; and, so knowing and evilly intending, did refuse and neglect to provide proper lodgings, food, or nourishment for the sick, and necessary medicine and medical attendance for the restoration of their health; and did knowingly, willfully, and maliciously, in furtherance of his evil designs, permit them to languish and die from want of care and proper treatment. And the said Henry Wirz, still pursuing his evil purposes, did permit to remain in the said prison among the emaciated sick and languishing living, the bodies of the dead until they became corrupt and loathsome, and filled the air with fetid and noxious exhalations, and thereby greatly increased the unwholesomeness of the prison, insomuch that great numbers of said prisoners, whose names are unknown, sickened and died by reason thereof. And the said Henry Wirz, still pursuing his wicked and cruel purpose, wholly disregarding the usages of civilized warfare, did, at the time and place aforesaid, maliciously and willfully subject the prisoners aforesaid to cruel, unusual, and infamous punishment, upon slight trivial, and fictitious pretenses, by fastening large balls of iron to their feet, and binding numbers of the prisoners aforesaid closely together with large chains around their necks and feet, so that they walked with the greatest difficulty, and being so confined were subjected to the burning rays of the sun, often without food or drink for hours, and even days, from which said cruel treatment numbers, whose names are unknown, sickened, fainted, and died. And he, the said Wirz, did further cruelly treat and injure said prisoners by maliciously tying them up by the thumbs, and willfully confining them within an instrument of torture called "the stocks," thus depriving them of the use of their limbs, and forcing them to lie, sit, and stand for many hours without the power of changing position, and being without food or drink, in consequence of which many, whose names are unknown, sickened and died. And he, the said Wirz, still wickedly pursuing his evil purpose, did establish, and cause to be designated within the prison inclosure containing said prisoners, a "dead-line," being a line around the inner face of the stockade or wall inclosing said prison, and about twenty feet distant from and within said stockade; and having so established said dead-line, which was in some places an imaginary line, and in other places marked by insecure and shifting strips of boards, nailed upon the top of small and insecure stakes or posts, he, the said Wirz, instructed the prison guard stationed around the top of said stockade to fire upon and kill any of the prisoners aforesaid who might fall upon, pass over or under or across the said dead-line; pursuant to which said orders and instructions, maliciously and needlessly given by said Wirz, the said prison guard did fire upon and kill a number of said prisoners. And the said Wirz, still pursuing his evil purpose, did keep and use ferocious and bloodthirsty dogs, dangerous to human life, to hunt down prisoners of war aforesaid who made their escape from his custody; and did then and there willfully and maliciously suffer, incite, and encourage the said dogs to seize, tear, mangle, and maim the bodies and limbs of said fugitive prisoners of war, which the said dogs, incited as aforesaid, then and there did, whereby a number of said prisoners of war, who, during the time aforesaid, made their escape and were recaptured, died. And the said Wirz, still pursuing his wicked purpose, and still aiding in carrying out said conspiracy, did cause to be used for the pretended purposes of vaccination, impure and poisonous vaccine matter, which said impure and poisonous matter was then and there, by the direction and order of said Wirz, maliciously, cruelly, and wickedly deposited in the arms of many of said prisoners, by reason of which large numbers of them lost the use of their arms, and many of them were so injured that they soon thereafter died. All of which he, the said Henry Wirz, well knew and maliciously intended, and in aid of the then existing rebellion against the United States, with a view to assist in weakening and impairing the armies of the United States, and in furtherance of the said conspiracy, and with the full knowledge, consent, and connivance of his co-conspirators aforesaid, he, the said Wirz, then and there did,
Of the charge, guilty, after amending said charge to read as follows:
Maliciously, willfully, and traitorously, and in aid of the then existing armed rebellion against the United States of America, on or before the 27th day of March, A.D. 1864, and on divers other days between that day and the 10th day of April, A.D. 1865, combining, confederating, and conspiring, together with Jefferson Davis, James A. Seddon, Howell Cobb, John H. Winder, Richard B. Winder, Isaiah H. White, W. S. Winder, W. Shelby Reed, R.R. Stevenson, S. P. Moore, [W. J. W.] Kerr (late hospital steward at Andersonville), James W. Duncan, Wesley W. Turner, Benjamin Harris, and others unknown, to injure the health and destroy the lives of soldiers in the military service of the United States, then held and being prisoners of war within the lines of the so-called Confederate States, and in the military prisons thereof, to the end that the armies of the United States might be weakened and impaired, in violation of the laws and customs of war.
Charge II.
Of the first specification, guilty, adding the words "or about" immediately before the phrase "the 9th day of July."
Of the second specification, guilty.
Of the third specification, guilty, after striking out "June" and inserting instead "September."
Of the fourth specification, not guilty.
Of the 5th specification, guilty, after striking out the phrase "on the 30th day" and inserting instead the phrase "on or about the 25th day."
Of the sixth specification, guilty, after striking out the word "1st" and inserting "15th," and also striking out the phrase "on the 6th day" and inserting instead the phrase "on or about the 16th day.
Of the seventh specification, guilty, after striking out the word "20th" and inserting instead the word "1st," and also after inserting "or about" immediately before the phrase "the 25th day."
Of the eighth specification, guilty.
Of the ninth specification, guilty.
Of the tenth specification, not guilty.
Of the eleventh specification, guilty, after striking out the word "1st" and inserting instead the word "6th;" after striking out also the phrase "incite and urge" and the phrase "encouragement and instigation" and by adding the words "or about" after the word "on," where it occurs in the specification; and also after striking out the phrase "animals called bloodhounds" and inserting the word "dogs;" and also striking out the word "bloodhounds" where it afterward occurs and insert the word "dogs;" and also striking out the words "given by him."
Of the twelfth specification, guilty.
Of the thirteenth specification, not guilty.
Of the charge, guilty.
SENTENCE.
And the court does therefore sentence him, Henry Wirz, to be hanged by the neck till he be dead at such time and place as the President of the United States may direct, two-thirds of the members of the court concurring herein.
And the court also finds the prisoner, Henry Wirz, guilty of having caused the death, in manner as alleged in specification 11, to charge 2, by means of dogs, of three prisoners of war in his custody, and soldiers of the United States, one occurring on or about the 15th day of May, 1864; another occurring on or about the 11th day of July, 1864; another occurring on or about the 1st day of September, 1864; but which finding, as here expressed, has not and did not enter into the sentence of the court as before given.
II. The proceedings, finding, and sentence in the foregoing case having been submitted to the President of the United States, the following are his orders:
EXECUTIVE MANSION, November 3, 1865.
The proceedings, finding, and sentence of the court in the within case are approved, and it is ordered that the sentence be carried into execution by the officer commanding the Department of Washington on Friday the 10th day of November, 1865, between the hours of 6 o'clock a.m. and 12 o'clock noon.
ANDREW JOHNSON,
III. Maj. Gen. C. C. Augur, commanding the Department of Washington, is commanded to cause the foregoing sentence, in the case of Henry Wirz, to be duly executed, in accordance with the President's order.
IV. The military commission of which Maj. Gen. Lewis Wallace, U.S. Volunteers, is president is hereby dissolved.
By command of the President of the United States:
E. D. TOWNSEND,
Assistant Adjutant-General.
Henry Wirz, left.
Camp Sumter, the Confederate prisoner of war camp near Andersonville, Georgia.
Andersonville prisoner
Old Capital Prison
Washington, D.C. Reading the death warrant to Wirz on the scaffold.
Washington, D.C. Adjusting the rope for the execution of Wirz
Washington, D.C. Hooded body of Captain Wirz hanging from the scaffold
Washington, D.C. Soldier springing the trap; men in trees and Capitol dome beyond.
Henry Wirz grave
Abu Ghraib
Hailthegoat
Underground Media
volpster31
Do you think rapists should be killed?
Red_riding_wolf
Megnum
Brazen Bull
satanic whore <3
bellial13
For all you fake and insecure pieces of shit that think war/gore is fun (first hand account of Omaha beach)
gilmourwow
Chucksaunders
Would you execute someone?
Bill M
Obber


text:
The Best Grass Seed to Plant for Pasture
By Laura Wallace Henderson
Laura Wallace Henderson
Laura Wallace Henderson, a professional freelance writer, began writing in 1989. Her articles appear online at Biz Mojo, Walden University and various other websites. She has served as the co-editor for "Kansas Women: Focus on Health." She continues to empower and encourage women everywhere by promoting health, career growth and business management skills.
Pasture grass provides food for livestock and wildlife.
Grass is a versatile type of plant. Pasture grass grows to an average mature height between 2 and 3 feet tall. In its natural habitat, all types of grass help guard against soil erosion, insulate the ground and supply a source of food for wildlife. Like the wild prairie grasses, pasture grasses fulfill these same purposes while also providing a livestock feed for foraging or bailing.
The best type of grass for a pasture depends on the soil, climate and intended use. When selecting prairie grass consider the amount of natural precipitation to avoid planting a variety that requires excessive amounts of supplemental irrigation. Grazing requirements are also an important consideration. While cattle and sheep may graze on low-quality forages, horses often require highly nutritious grasses, such as Kentucky bluegrass. Compounds in sudangrass and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids may cause muscle weakness and urinary problems in horses.
Native Varieties
Grass types that are native to your area are adapted to the soil, climate and moisture levels. Varieties like Haskell sideoats grama grass, switchgrass, native bluestem and Lometa Indiangrass are native to many areas of the U.S. Native grasses require less care and tend to reseed themselves at a higher rate than introduced species of prairie grasses.
Cool season grasses grow best in climates with temperate summers and cold winters. These grasses begin growing earlier in the year, providing forage during the late winter and early spring. Grown as annual grasses, cool season grasses make a suitable groundcover in the warm, southern states during the mild winter months. Cool season grasses include bromegrass, timothy grass and orchard grass. These grasses grow quickly to provide quality forage during the second year.
Warm Season
Warm season grasses tolerate the summer heat better than cool season grasses, especially in hot climates. They begin greening up later in the spring than cool season varieties and reach their peak production during the hottest months of summer. Alamo switchgrass, Bermuda grass and bahia grass are all types of warm season pasture grasses.
Texas A&M University: Native Pasture Grasses and Forbs
University of Wisconsin Extension; Ryegrass Types for Pastures and Hay; Dennis Cosgrove, et al.; December 1999
University of Wisconsin Extension: Grass Variety Yield Trials
Grass Types High in Protein
The Best Grass Seed for Poor Soil
When to Plant a Vegetable Garden in Central Florida
What Fertilizer Should I Use on My Lawn in July & August?
The Best Time to Plant Grass in Alabama
Types of St. Augustine Grass


text:
<?php

namespace Sylius\Bundle\CoreBundle\Fixture;

use Symfony\Component\Config\Definition\Builder\ArrayNodeDefinition;

/**
 * @author Kamil Kokot <kamil.kokot@lakion.com>
 */
final class TaxRateFixture extends AbstractResourceFixture
{
    /**
     * {@inheritdoc}
     */
    public function getName()
    {
        return 'tax_rate';
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritdoc}
     */
    protected function configureResourceNode(ArrayNodeDefinition $resourceNode)
    {
        $resourceNode
            ->children()
                ->scalarNode('name')->cannotBeEmpty()->end()
                ->scalarNode('code')->cannotBeEmpty()->end()
                ->floatNode('amount')->cannotBeEmpty()->end()
                ->booleanNode('included_in_price')->end()
                ->scalarNode('calculator')->cannotBeEmpty()->end()
                ->scalarNode('zone')->cannotBeEmpty()->end()
                ->scalarNode('tax_category')->cannotBeEmpty()->end()
        ;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub