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Libertarian History/Philosophy
Are Libertarians Really as Useless as a Bucket of Armpits? Or Do They Just Smell That Way?
Nick Gillespie | 8.26.2010 2:08 PM
Over at The Atlantic, Clive Crook reads through Reason's August-September symposium on Where Do Libertarians Belong? and comes to the conclusion that:
Libertarians disagree with progressives about markets and with conservatives about "values", and that is really that. To the extent that they (we) serve any purpose at all, it is to challenge the two dominant strains of thinking, hoping to nudge each in the right direction. For now at least, I cannot see what purpose is served by worrying about which of these unappeasable opponents would make the better partner.
Reason Contributing Editor Veronique de Rugy responds to Crook's post at National Review's The Corner by linking to Scott Sumner at The Money Illusion, who points out that libertarians have changed liberal minds on many issues ranging from state ownership of industries, price controls, top marginal tax rates, regulatory excess, and more.
She might have added that libertarians (think Milton Friedman) had clear influence on conservatives regarding a military draft, tax policy, and school choice, for starters. In terms of partisan politics, the only self-identified libertarian in the 2008 presidential election, Rep. Ron Paul (R-Texas), not only showed candidates how to use the web for organizing and fundraising, he almost singlehandedly put foreign policy on the table as a serious topic. Virtually all the GOP and Dem candidates (even Obama early on) were essentially status quo when it came to examining Iraq and Afghanistan. That's a pretty freaking huge impact. Going back almost a decade, Republican loyalists started carping about how Libertarians, tiny in number but rich in love, cost the GOP various elections. If you take even the most conservative estimate of a semi-libertarian electorate (say 10 percent) that is consistently in favor of social tolerance and limited government, you've got enough Free Minds and Free Markets folks to swing any election.
I think part of the problem with these sorts of discussions, including Brink Lindsey's liberaltarianism, is that participants are constantly mixing levels of discussions (I know I do). Liberals and conservatives are used interchangeably for Democrats and Republicans, right wing and left wing, etc. While the Dems are reliably more liberal (in a contemporary sense) than Republicans, the overlap isn't perfect and many liberals have libertarian or even conservative sympathies. And while their numbers are small, there are in fact libertarian Democrats along with liberal Republicans. Most importantly, how someone governs is probably less a reflection of ideology than other material concerns (there's the Marxist libertarian in me!).
Think about it: As de Rugy herself showed early and often, conservative Bush and a conservative GOP Congress spent more money in real terms than LBJ and his liberal Democratic Congress. Con vs. Lib Ideology doesn't explain all that much about the massive expansion of government under both parties.
The question isn't whether libertarians are useful, but how they are useful. Let me suggest a couple of things that Matt Welch and I have argued for years (and are expanding into book form):
1. Politics is a lagging indicator in American society. It's the least innovative sector of activity and changes arrive there after sweeping through the rest of the culture. The United States (and most of the world) is vastly more libertian than it ever has been, thanks to economic, technological, and social innovations. We all have more choices than ever, whether we're talking about stuff to buy or lifestyles to live. As important, we're all more comfortable (not perfectly comfortable, but more comfortable) with choices and tolerance for other people's choices.
2. Libertarianism (with a small 'l') is a pre-political, pre-partisan impulse. It informs what sorts of political choices or affiliations you might make (and for a variety of good reasons, as de Rugy notes, those affiliations historically tipped to the Republican Party, at least in the post-war period), but it's prior to partisan politics. Which helps explain why many of the great libertarian policies of the past 40 years came under Democratic presidents (think deregulation of airlines and interstate trucking, both pushed by Jimmy Carter and Ted Kennedy in the legislative arena).
The real impact of a libertarian sensibility is building a mind-set that privileges autonomy and individual choice, voluntarism, and openness over top-down, coercive systems that force everyone to go along to get along (that sort of single-value system is a hallmark of conservative and liberal thinking, where one calculation of value is forced on everyone, whether we're talking about sexual orientation or health care). it reflects all the best trends in commerce and culture of the past 40 years (think distributed networks, constant innovation, and the rise of glorious aesthetic anarchy). That mind-set has already shaken the world in ways big and small and will continue to do so.
Update: I neglected to mention that Reason's own Brian Doherty blogged the Sumner post a while back, emphasizing the enormous shift in the general zeitgeist over the past 75 or so years from a standard liberal one to a much-more libertarian one.
NEXT: Cops As Robbers
Nick Gillespie is an editor at large at Reason.
Show Comments (138)
libertymike
August.26.2010 at 2:19 pm
Cops, soldiers and rent seekers are as useless as a bucket of armpits.
Night Elf Mohawk
Soldiers seem pretty useful even if they aren't necessarily utilized in ideal ways.
Cops seem pretty useful to me. For every bad one you hear about, there are 10 good ones getting no mention, and selectively enforcing laws that actually matter.
Like wearing your seatbelt.
Really? So where are those 10 good ones when the bad ones are doing their thing?
ClubMedSux
Can we agree on:
1.) There ARE good cops (exact number unknown); and
2.) We need more of them?
No, we can't, because it is impossible for me to consider a cop "good" until they actively arrest their own corrupt brethren. And we both know that ain't gonna happen.
What we need is less laws (for cops to use to abuse people), less cops, and more accountability (always being filmed, etc.), and a complete end to cop unions.
And that would just be a start.
^^THIS^^
You just want Serpico Charlie:
Police Clerk: What is this?
Charlie: That right there is a tale of corruption and intrigue, the likes of which are gonna rock this city.
Police Clerk: (reading the label) "Spin Doctors Mix"?
Charlie: No, I taped over the Spin Doctors mix.
Police Clerk: Sir, I do not have time to listen to your mix tape.
Charlie: (shouting in the police station) Who wants a piece of Serpico? 'Cause I'll give it to you! I'll give a piece because you're forgetting about (points to the American flag) this! And you're forgetting about (grabs the state flag) … whatever the hell that is! But you're forgettin' about it! (holds up cassette) And I'm gonna take this right to the mayor! And you're gonna remember! (kicks open the door and leaves)
Police Clerk: We really gotta do something about these homeless people.
4 THE MARE
Mr Whipple
You can't blame an assembly line worker for a design flaw.
"No, we can't, because it is impossible for me to consider a cop "good" until they actively arrest their own corrupt brethren"
I'd settle for them not being complicit in covering up their crimes. That said, that might already be the case. As long as the leadership is corrupt, they can keep the few good cops isolated from the action.
Extended Warren T
We don't need more cops, we need less laws.
James C Bennett
There is no such thing as a good cop. If there were a good cop, he would arrest the first bad cop he came across, and then be fired.
TallDave
So you're saying they exist, they just have a short half-life.
Speaking in the abstract, a bucket of armpits would be EXTREMELY useful if you were suffering from hyperthermia. Certainly more useful than your average Democrat or Republican.
They would be useful if you were stuck on top of the Andes after a plane crash. The only problem is, as Charlie and Dee discovered, is that you get the hunger afterwards.
A bucket of armpits
Axillism rears its ugly head again, I see.
You mean axillary intercourse, I hope; not just appreciation.
Of course that's what I mean, you despicable armpit-fucker.
The United States (and most of the world) is vastly more libertian
Dammit, why am I always behind on the neologisms? What does this mean?
He meant Liberian. The world is much more like Liberia than it used to be.
I really thought he meant librarian. They will inherit the Earth, you know.
I ain't meek, motherfucker.
Look, you're already getting the Earth. Don't get so fucking huffy over your meekness-overcompensation.
He thought you said "geek". Note the defensiveness.
I thought he said, "The Greek will inherit the Earth."
Librarians may inherit the Earth, but we don't want it.
I don't blame you, the inheritance tax would be enormous.
Fist of Etiquette
Most importantly, how someone governs is probably less a reflection of ideology than other material concerns…
How a politician (on either side) governs appears to be solely determined by equal parts a need for personal gain and a pathological inability to think in terms of "there is no public sector solution to that problem". Hopefully any libertarian-minded leader would get away from the latter, at least.
solely determined by equal parts
I just knew someone would try to get me on this! Equal parts of the whole. The whole can be solely something. Take that.
August.27.2010 at 1:05 am
You ready for your swirlie, aristotle?
How 'bout a Hurtz Donut?
The world has radically changed in the last 40 years. And it has changed to become more interconnected and autonomous. In a lot of ways the the rise of government in the last 30 years has been a rear guard action by forces that are adversely affected by these changes.
Yes, Postrel has a good point when she talks about the forces of dynamism versus the forces of stasis. You can drink now.
Fucking libertarians, how do they work?
Like that meme that wasn't funny.
August.26.2010 at 10:18 pm
It was funny, until some asshole ran it into the ground.
Libertarianism (with a small 'l') is a pre-political, pre-partisan impulse.
I'm not sure I'm completely sold on this. I think it really only applies to anti-authoritarian-rooted libertarianism. Economically-derived libertarianism usually comes later in life.
The postulate gets too close to libertarian essentialism, precluding the notion that one can come to it through ratiocination.
I think I came to libertarianism as an early teenager because my incompetent teachers and principals showed me how worthless authority really is. The economic stuff was always there for me, because I was raised by TEAM RED small business owners. So there may be something to libertarian essentialism, at least for some of us.
What I'm getting at is that libertarian essentialism gets close to suggesting that if you weren't always a libertarian, then you never really will be one.
I think a personal conception of individualist anarchism is innate, but libertarianism itself isn't an inborn idea.
It goes back to the "What are libertarian movies" thread a while back. We named a lot of anarchist, individualistic, and nihilism-lite films, but those are components of libertarianism, which is a position of rational consideration, not the whole.
Or you could be like me and plenty of other people I know, whose libertarianism faded with our acne.
Funny, my leftism faded about the same time (although I didn't have zits). Something about reading history and noting that government kept failing over and over at everything it claimed it was trying to do. 20 years later, it's still failing.
August.27.2010 at 11:47 am
In other words, you went to college and wanted to score with hot hippy chicks.
Pedant
It's nothing more than a single datum, but while my early political sense was libertarian leaning, it was only after studying economics and more rigorously thinking about the underlying principles of libertarianism that I become an individualist anarchist (or whatever the term is nowadays).
I became a libertarian after being abducted by aliens and taken to their utopian paradise in a Dyson sphere located in NGC 4603. Naturally, they–being near-perfect beings–operated as autonomous and free creatures.
Sounds like you are ready to graduate to The Libertarian Party. You are a shoo-in for Vice President, at least.
Nah, they don't accept mere humans anymore.
That's why I suggested you.
WHAT DO YOU MEAN, "FORGET ABOUT THE GELGAMEKS"?!?!?!?
Space Dondero
I had to climb out of a steep gravity-well in an asteroid storm to deliver Libertarian Party pamphlets! What did you cosmic-cosmotarians ever do?!?
Cyborg Giuliani in 2184!
I'm still technically human, dude.
Slut Bunwalla
Dyson sphere, nice reference.
Most people around these parts talk about ringworlds. But I don't cotton to such talk.
Ringworld? Pfft. "Hey, let's build 3% of a Dyson Sphere and stop. Cause we are all space-lazy."
Precisely. I mean, what self-respecting super race wants to live on a mere ringworld? They're like the mobile homes of Type II civilizations.
Sam Grove
I guess it depends on the availability of raw materials in your system.
That's where energy-matter equivalence is your friend.
All those civilizations are crazy anyway. That's why so much lithium is missing.
Maybe that's why they won't talk to us.
By "later in life", you mean, what, 16 or 17 years old?
Almanian
Hahahahahahaha!!!!11!
I failed to post any metal in the morning links, so have some Iron Maiden, fucktards.
Re: The Late Philip J. Fry
What you found ("Flight Into Forever") is the story is was looking for, but that page still doesn't include Tau Zero, which is the other half of the episode plot.
I salute them for blending two Poul Anderson concepts.
In my undergrad algorithms class, the professor once told us about how David X. Cohen had authored some theoretical CS papers before moving to TV writing. To this day, every time I see his name, I hear, "I suppose Bart Simpson was more exciting than theoretical computer science!" in a heavy Turkish accent.
sloopyinca
Threadjack.
"It IS a TOOOOOMMAHHHHHH."
http://www.heraldsun.com.au/li…..5910187842
Great visual. Can I get fries with that?
Weighing a shocking 23kg…
…weighing 140kg and returned home 35kg lighter.
"In layman's terms, it was as if this woman had been pregnant with quintuplets."
What are these units of measurement??? SPEAK AMERICAN!
Brett L
She was about 310 lbs, and came home about 80 lbs lighter. The tumor weighed about 50 lbs.
Shit. 85 lbs lighter. To get it within +/- 5lbs.
Crocodile Dundee
Crikey, I mentioned that yesterday.
Now, don't be useless: Pay my taxes!
The Extispicator
Do we all still have to be assholes as a prerequisite? I always thought that was the primary libertarian impulse.
I think that is more the contrarian impulse. Which you really need to remain a libertarian sometimes, but is not the same thing.
liberal minds on many issues ranging from state ownership of industries, price controls, top marginal tax rates, regulatory excess, and more.
We have? Holy shit we're in trouble…
The United States (and most of the world) is vastly more libertian than it ever has been, thanks to economic, technological, and social innovations. We all have more choices than ever, whether we're talking about stuff to buy or lifestyles to live. As important, we're all more comfortable (not perfectly comfortable, but more comfortable) with choices and tolerance for other people's choices.
But, but, but…ROADS.
How are you going to get all your cheap, Chinese crap delivered to your McMansions without roads? Hmmmm?
With my flying car.
The car of freedom.
Is it too soon for Airsteading?
Do libertarian dreamers just take their cues from Ken Levine or something?
That's an awesome idea. Libertarians living in the clouds on giant blimps (until floating city technology is perfected). Literally free like the birds.
I highly recommend Amity Shlaes The Forgotten Man. It's becoming fairly influential as the Keynesians continue to discredit their faith.
It's a pretty great book. Terrifying too. So much of it could easily apply to what's been happening here in the last three or four years.
Liberals and conservatives are used interchangeably for Democrats and Republicans, right wing and left wing, etc.
God this drives me nuts.
Like here:
As de Rugy herself showed early and often, conservative Bush and a conservative GOP Congress spent more money in real terms than LBJ and his liberal Democratic Congress.
The only thing keeping "right-wing conservatives" behind Bush was the War(s) and the Democrat alternatives at election time.
I don't think that "right-wing conservatives" and "Pro-Bush Republicans" are synonymous, but surely you must admit an outstanding amount of overlap. And being one doesn't necessarily preclude being the other, after all.
The overlap is from partisan instincts.
A significant component of (American)conservative ideology, as the Democrats AND left both warn, is essentially anti-government.
As I've stated before in dismissing the notion of a "liberaltarian" alliance, what the left truly hates and fears in the right is their libertarian instincts.
Collectivism vs individualism. Statism vs anti-statism.
That construction only really works if you carefully define the "statist" causes. A gigantic interventionist military is as statist as ObamaCare. It's the fractional anti-government sentiment of right-wing conservatism that forms one major fracture in RWC/libertarian relations.
If someone isn't serious about reducing the size of the military, they aren't serious about reducing the size of government.
A gigantic interventionist military is as statist as ObamaCare.
No, considerably less so. The military doesn't create acres of regulations for non-military citizens. Plus, it keeps the Nazis and the Commies and the jihadis out, and promotes liberty in places like Japan, Germany, France, the UK, Italy, Korea, Iraq, Taiwan…
To a lot of us, the military is the most useful, least interfering arm of government.
Psychic Octopus
It's not just the size of the military: it's also how it is used for allowing crony-capitalism (as opposed to truly free market solutions) in the related industries and to expand bureaucracies' clout beyond the necessary.
I would also add that it is very similar to what guns are in the personal sphere: you want to have one, and a good one, to protect you from aggressors, but it is not advisable to fire it all the time. Neocons want to fire it all the time, which ends up being counterproductive, both in foreign and domestic.
If it weren't for that, the military would be perfect. As it is, it's not too close to ideal.
True, and establishing a large standing army was one of the major goals of the founding fathers, whom conservatives so adore.
We kept the Nazis out without having a huge, world-wide, standing military. If a similar threat prevents itself, we would only be better able now than in the 40s to quickly ramp up necessary defenses.
Exactly. The base did not like and never did like Bush or his family. If 9-11 had never happened, there would have been a right wing primary challenge to Bush, just like what happened to his father, and I bet Bush would have not won re-election.
The 9-11 dynamic allowed Bush to get away with things like NCLB and the drug benefit. The genius of Rove and the stupidity of the Democrats in 2004 was to allow Bush to paint Kerry as the candidate of surrender. The Democrats are so stupid and their leftwing base was so insane, they let Bush paint them as the peace party. So it was either vote for Bush or vote for surrender in Iraq and appeasement of our enemies. That kept the Republican coalition together.
KingTaco
"..by linking to Scott Sumner at The Money Illusion, who points out that libertarians have changed liberal minds on many issues ranging from state ownership of industries, price controls, top marginal tax rates, regulatory excess, and more"
Should read: …linking to Scott Sumner who glibly assigns every right-ward concession by liberals to a vague 'libertarian' presence. And who says libertarians are self-centered and arrogant?
"..participants are constantly mixing levels of discussions (I know I do). Liberals and conservatives are used interchangeably for Democrats and Republicans, right wing and left wing, etc. While the Dems are reliably more liberal (in a contemporary sense) than Republicans, the overlap isn't perfect and many liberals have libertarian or even conservative sympathies. And while their numbers are small, there are in fact libertarian Democrats along with liberal Republicans. Most importantly, how someone governs is probably less a reflection of ideology than other material concerns (there's the Marxist libertarian in me!)."
Terrific point 1.
"The real impact of a libertarian sensibility is building a mind-set that privileges autonomy and individual choice, voluntarism, and openness over top-down, coercive systems that force everyone to go along to get along (that sort of single-value system is a hallmark of conservative and liberal thinking, where one calculation of value is forced on everyone, whether we're talking about sexual orientation or health care)."
Mosquevite Sandwich
My philosophy on R's and D's is similar to what one of the South Park guys said: very much dislike the war mongering, evangelical, gay-hating conservatives, but FUCKING loathe liberal/progressive statists.
Besides the endless wars (absolutely a huge deal) every other social defect the conservatives espouse are generational and will eventually die with those generations. But the statists will always have some other human behavior they see fit to regulate through the force (and mythical benevolence) of government. The idea that liberals have come around to some libertarian ideas is a fucking joke and delusional. It's like saying an alcoholic completed the 12 step program, now smokes crack but is no longer an addict. The liberal is like an addict. Get them off price controls and they simply re-up on some government-run healthcare.
Your values pass from your parents. Religious people have more kids than liberals do. If anything I think the secular mindset that grew out of the 1960s will die in a generation or two. Other than acceptance of gay people, I am not sure many of the social liberties that spawned over the last 30 years are going to last. And even acceptance of gays is no guarantee to last. Gay rights is a dead issue among Hispanics, the fastest growing minority. I am not saying that is a good thing. I am just being realistic. There is nothing to say society will always evolve towards tolerance.
Your values pass from your parents, but they are not immune to social change. Where is the racism of the Jim Crow South, for instance? The racists had kids too.
However, less optimistically, besides gay tolerance (and racial tolerance, really), I am not sure how much we've advanced in the last 30 years. The advances on pot are perfectly offset by the losses on tobacco. The liberalization of pornography laws and attitudes stopped when feminists joined religious conservatives in fighting it, and the more the feminist side of the coalition pushes it, the less liberals will oppose it (However, technology, read, the interwebz, might be tilting the balance for freedom regardless all anti-porn efforts). What else has been an unqualified and large gain since the 60s? Some parts of the economic agenda, maybe, but even those were parts that many conservatives of the 60s would have agreed to.
Your genes pass from your parents, your values pass from your environment, more generally. If TV or teachers or church leaders make up a more significant part of your environment than parents, your values will not pass from parents. And, most people educate themselves empirically, to some extent. Intelligent people and freethinkers moreso than others.
Mosquevite Sandwich in 1968
Besides the endless wars (absolutely a huge deal) every other social defect the conservatives espouse are generational and will eventually die with those generations. I imagine pot will be legal by, like, 1985, man. And everyone will be totally cool about religion, because it's only the old-timers who believe in an angry God that tells them to oppress people.
Also don't forget the effects of immigration. The rest of the world outside of Western Europe is a hell of a lot less socially tolerant than they average Americans.
Only cosmotarians are dumb enough to believe that those people are going to leave their values at the border.
Old Mexican
Re: John,
Only cosmotarians are dumb enough to believe that those people are going to leave their values at the border[.]
Depends on what you mean by values. I did not leave my values at the border, for sure, but I have this itching suspicion that they are pretty much the same as YOURS.
Yet, I still consider americanized Mexican food to be inedible.
Anyone who has been to Mexico considers americanized Mexican food to be inedible. What the hell is up with your people? Why can they only make decent food at home? You know how many bad Mexican restaurants I have been to that were run by Mexicans? I just don't get it.
Most societies in the world and most people in the world are pretty intolerant. I would like to think that America is this magical place that makes people tolerant once they get here. But, I honestly can't think of a reason why that would be true.
I would like to think that America is this magical place that makes people tolerant once they get here. But, I honestly can't think of a reason why that would be true.
Inasmuch as that was ever true, it has to be because of peace and prosperity here. If you're an immigrant and you spend all your time working to make money so you can have a car, you're going to be a lot less hateful than your cousins back in the old country who have nothing better to do than listen to rantings about the Jews keeping them down.
So as we continue to get less free and if we get a lot poorer, we'll hate each other as much as any Eurotrash. Don't you worry.
Anyone who has been to Mexico considers americanized Mexican food to be inedible. What the hell is up with your people? Why can they only make decent food at home?
There's more love at home, I guess. . .
You know how many bad Mexican restaurants I have been to that were run by Mexicans? I just don't get it.
I don't get it either, unless they are not really Mexicans. If they don't make their own tortillas in a hot, thin plate (like a 55GL drum cover), then they are not Mexican.
Most societies in the world and most people in the world are pretty intolerant.
Just ask the Swedes. And I am being serious.
I don't either. If it were like that, there would not be gun shows. But don't get me wrong, if I had the choice of intolerant lands, I much rather be in one where you can own guns – just ask the British.
I think part of it is, that a Mexican either has to be at home or running some kind of a vending truck to make good food. There are some Mexicans here in Washington that sell tacos out of the back of a truck. And those things are incredible. I think if you put those guys in a real restaurant with a kitchen they wouldn't know what to do.
In Washington, they're more likely to be Salvadoran or Honduran. If you see the word "pupusa" on the menu of the roach coach in question, it's probably not Mexican.
I have talked to them. They are Mexicans.
Where were they? Because I sure as hell would like to find some decent Mexican food around here. I'm not as big on Salvadoran food.
You can't trust those Salvadorans and Hondurans to tell the truth, though.
Why can they only make decent food at home?
They leave the cooking abilities at the border.
R C Dean
Pedantic point:
Libertarians disagree with progressives about markets and with conservatives about "values",
I think the fundamental libertarian disagreement with conservatives isn't so much about "values", as it is about whether/when and how the State should enforce values.
Non-pedantic point:
The United States (and most of the world) is vastly more libertian than it ever has been, thanks to economic, technological, and social innovations.
Not if you view libertarianism as a political philosophy concerned primarily with the scope of State power.
The real impact of a libertarian sensibility is building a mind-set that privileges autonomy and individual choice, voluntarism, and openness over top-down, coercive systems
Sure, but I don't see anything but expansion of top-down coercive systems in the US. People garble on about autonomy and choice, but being able to choose from among dozens of different cell phones does not offset the ever-encroaching Behemoth State.
Hate Potion Number Nine
"…being able to choose from among dozens of different cell phones does not offset the ever-encroaching Behemoth State."
It's consumerism that's done your philosophy in not communism. The ability to stuff one's face and indulge every urge and to have any service performed for a few bucks has turned Americans into helpless, useless children who believe in unlimited consumption without production. They all pay for everything else to be done for them, so why not pay taxes in exchange for not thinking? Why not leave the responsibility for someone else and then curse that someone else for good measure?
But you all dare not face that truth, do you?
You are right to the extent that consumerism is sold as a substitute for real freedom. There is nothing wrong or anti-libertarian about consumerism if people really have freedom in their economic decisions.
Why you gotta just lie?
Non-interaction with the state?having a life without the state's continually renewed imprimatur?is all but impossible for all but those who hold themselves violently outside its reach.
"But look! A gay-married guy with a pot card! He's smiling!"
You want to be sad look at life in 1905.. There was no income tax. You could transport money across borders with impunity. You pretty much could conduct about any economic activity you wanted without government interference.
Yeah, I know minorities and women didn't have equal rights. But couldn't we have fixed that without taking away all of the other rights?
Doc Merlin
I wish we had fixed that.
We fixed it to a large degree. The transformation of this society has been just amazing. You forget how bad it really was back then.
Coolidge in '12!
Well, without the trade policy.
Slap the Enlightened!
It always astonishes me when someone conflates "equal" with "free".
The concepts are not related. In fact, they're adversarial.
Never trust a man who has liberty on his lips, and an equal sign in his pocket.
Gene Berkman
Our modern concept of liberty was defined by Herbert Spencer as "The Law of Equal Liberty." Each person has an equal right to use their own talents and energies for their own benefit, and an equal right to do what they want to do, as long as they don't take away the equal right to do so from any other person.
That is the libertarian concept of equal rights.
The anti-egalitarian here has a link to the American Third Position website – a carryover of European authoritarian nationalism, having nothing in coming with libertarians or limited government conservatives.
They're only adversarial in the extremes. They go hand in hand at more moderate levels. Most forms of deprivation of liberty inherently create an inequality between oppressor and oppressed, after all.
Generally, when egalitarians fight against artificial (i.e., forcibly imposed) inequality, they are allies of liberty, and when they fight against the inequality that arises due to differences in natural ability or quality of choices, they are its enemies (also, generally, they are increasingly impractical as they go to farther extremes in doing so).
The problem is that equality is used in two very different ways. Equaliity under the law is compatible with and necessary for freedom. Equality of outcome is antithetical to freedom.
libertarians have changed liberal minds on many issues ranging from state ownership of industries, price controls, top marginal tax rates, regulatory excess, and more.
The fuck they have. Seriously, this is just nonsense. Nobody's changes any liberal minds on any of those issues.
Libertarianism is also useful as a reference point. When a conservative comes out for legalizing marijuana, he can say "I'm a libertarian on that issue."
Or when a conservative comes out for equality in marriage, he can say "it's the libertarian in me." No Homo.
All libertarians are cool with me. So remember to put me on the libertarian ballot.
All libertarians are cool with me. I've always been a libertarian.
Murkowski
Vote for me to be the libertarian senator from alaska.
Could the LP damage the brand more?
I blame Barr. Now every failed Republican and his daughter is going to try the Libertarian route.
Ebeneezer Scrooge
If you take even the most conservative estimate of a semi-libertarian electorate (say 10 percent)….
then you will have one of the most wildly inflated figures I've seen since the Dems rammed ObamaCare through.
emphasizing the enormous shift in the general zeitgeist over the past 75 or so years from a standard liberal one to a much-more libertarian one.
Yes, it's true, if you close your eyes and pretend that it's a nice sunny day outside, you will have a much nicer dream.
And Ron Paul put foreign policy on the last POTUS election? Yerrrr just sooooo funny. Ron Paul walked into the RNC and proceeded to shoot himself in the right foot. He immediately followed up by shooting himself in the left foot. Way to go RP!
And then we've got this Tea Party thing going on that's sorta-kinda-maybe connected to Ron Paul in some vague and undefinable way. But it's had no real leaders and no real voice, and the response around here was "Well, I hope it never has leaders."
That wish has coming true. And the Tea Party wave hit the beach a long time ago. All you're seeing now, is the foam and froth running back down the sand to whence it came.
McCain's gaffe that we'd still be in Iraq 100 years from now if that's what it takes, was a) far more effective at bringing foreign policy to the debate than anything Ron Paul even dreamed of doing, b) was the single most honest and truthful statement made by any candidate during the last POTUS campaign, and c) was yet another reason McCain lost.
Our political system does not reward honesty. If you ever want your sunny-day dreams to become reality, the first thing that must done is — kill "democratic" elections as we know them. Our politicians are only doing what the system they must work within rewards.
vlibertarians have changed liberal minds on many issues ranging from state ownership of industries, price controls, top marginal tax rates, regulatory excess, and more.
Not an armpit
If you want to be a libertarian and DO something… I highly suggest the Free State Project. Libertarians (small l) getting elected and making a difference.
And anarchists as well.. making a difference.
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September.15.2010 at 11:28 pm
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The MCLAB DNA dA-Tailing Kit is used to add an "A" base to the 3´ end of a blunt phosphorylated DNA fragment. This treatment creates compatible overhangs for the next step of DNA sample preparation.
The MCLAB's DNA dA-Tailing Kit is used to add an "A" base to the 3´ end of a blunt phosphorylated DNA fragment. This treatment creates compatible overhangs for the next step of DNA sample preparation. The kit has been optimized to the maximum efficiency and convenience in DNA sample preparation workflow for next-generation sequencing.
The superior function of MCLAB's DNA dA-Tailing Kit depends on our proprietary enzyme systems. Unique improvement to the key enzyme increases sensitivity, flexibility and speed of next-generation sequencing. Through the MCLAB's DNA dA-Tailing Kit, a dAMP can be added to the 3´ end of an end repaired blunt DNA fragment. This prepares the DNA fragment for efficient ligation to the adapters or cloning vectors with a single "T" base overhang at their 3' ends, and effectively prevents insert-to-insert ligation as well.
Sufficient reagents are supplied in the MCLAB DNA dA-Tailing Kit to process 20 or 100 DNA samples.


text:
Home > Industry > The Value of Animation to the UK Economy
The Value of Animation to the UK Economy
The latest research shows that production expenditure, supported by the Animation Tax Relief, reached an estimated £97.1 million in 2016. [#]
This is an increase of 27% since its introduction in 2013 contributing £354.8 million in GVA, and for every £1 of tax relief this gives a return on investment to the UK economy of £4.44 [#]
In addition to award winning content, the UK animation industry is highly successful in terms of the ancillary licensed products that it generates, such as children's DVDs, books, toys and clothing.
Taking into account the ancillary licensed products that it generates, such as children's DVDs, books, toys and clothing and the licensed merchandise sales market for the UK animation sector and other spillover calculations and impacts, the overall value of the animation sector is calculated at £911.9 million.
# Screen Business: A report Commissioned by the BFI from Olsberg.SPI with Nordicity. October 2018.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek has had a minor heart attack. A terse announcement on the show's official site says he's fine and will be back on the job in January.
Bloomberg News reports that Trebek is under observation at the legendary sickbay to the stars, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. E! Online has further details plus a silly headline.


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Q&A with Katherine de Vos Devine, a lawyer who 'speaks artist'
Posted on October 14, 2021 October 14, 2021 by Johanna Patrice Hagarty
ART SMART: Lawyer and art historian Katherine de Vos Devine is drawn to working with creatives. Photo by Nicole McConville
Originally from North Carolina, Katherine de Vos Devine found herself uprooted at a young age when her father moved the family to New York City for a new job. In many ways, this transplant shaped Devine's life. "I grew up in a diverse and bohemian apartment building, surrounded by actors, dancers, artists and elderly Ziegfeld girls!" She recalls. "Many of my schoolmates' parents were artists, makers and performers. Thus, I always understood 'working artist' as a perfectly normal and financially supportive career."
After earning a Ph.D. in art history from Duke University and a J.D. from Duke University School of Law, Devine moved to Asheville in 2015 to become the executive director of Black Mountain College Museum + Arts Center. Today, she works as a lawyer and self-proclaimed guide to artists, helping creative entrepreneurs shape their legacies. That is, when she isn't building LEGO structures with her husband and daughter, or getting lost in forests around her home.
Xpress spoke with Devine about intellectual property, feelings and when artists need to hire a lawyer.
This interview has been condensed for length and edited for clarity.
What does it mean to be a lawyer who "speaks artist"?
Artists don't write and speak like your average next-door neighbor, so I have found the way I describe concepts is more intelligible than their prior experiences with other lawyers.When I'm talking to a client about whether or not to register a trademark — let's specifically say a wordmark — we do talk about if it's the most strategic choice for their brand or finances. But we also talk about whether or not they want to curate the meaning of that word. We determine if the artist wants to participate in the way the word is understood by the general public. Because with a trademark, you have to assertively go out and police others who are attempting to use the word in a way that might cause confusion around your brand, goods or services. I help determine if that is a responsibility a client wants, which is a different way of approaching it. That tends to help the client make the decision more quickly and authentically than if I were to present the legal concepts in a traditional manner.
What kind of law services do artists need?
Every client service I provide grows from intellectual property, which includes contracts, business formations, wills, trusts and estates, copyright and trademark. In the next year, we will start our ProBono Artist Legacy Clinic, which will help artists under a certain income threshold to get set up with … a will, power of attorney and an advance directive. That will ensure they are minimally prepared should anything happen to them or their work.
What exactly is intellectual property?
Intellectual property is our social attempt to capture and define creatives' efforts and remunerate them. My master's degree is in the history of art markets and how intellectual property came to be and how it affects art. So when I got to law school, I was simply captivated with the history and definition of creative work as a form of property.
Artists are often not paid as well as investment bankers or venture capitalists. Part of that is because the idea of property is a social construct — which most of us are taught in kindergarten, such as you have to share. But if one child is sitting there drawing a house and another child copies them exactly, there are going to be big feelings that happen. So how do we, as adults, create some sort of framework that governs the use of someone else's idea? I often joke that my work is all about faeries and feelings because ideas feel so personal and intrinsic to us.
This is our Women in Business issue, so I'd like to know what inspired you to go into business for yourself?
So many artists asked me for help, and I didn't know to whom I could refer them. I didn't know other lawyers who would communicate in a more casual and creative way that I find so important in my work.
What excites you about working with artists?
Perhaps it stems from the presence of feelings. Some entrepreneurs want to get the boxes checked fast and don't necessarily want to understand the process. My clients are really interested in why the boxes exist and need to be checked off at all, and so my business has grown into a very holistic legal practice. Sure, I can go and bust out a bunch of copyright registrations, but I'd much rather host a clinic where I can educate clients on when to register a piece of work. I'd much rather them understand what the copyright office is and how to write a simple cease-and-desist when their work is being infringed.
When they feel empowered in that way, they take chances and their practices grow, because they know what they are doing and they have a sense of agency. When something happens and they do need my help, they can give me a call, and we can get it done really fast because they understand the whole framework they are working in.
When is the best time for an artist to start working with a lawyer?
Before they think it's necessary, like when you want to feel really confident you didn't miss anything for an upcoming project. Law is a puzzle, and lawyers have been trained as experts to think differently and, in some ways, catastrophize. I love using my anxiety as a way to soothe other people's anxiety, because I'm a big believer in preventive medicine and action when it comes to business setup.
Who are some of your favorite local artists?
Oh my gosh, it's like choosing a favorite child! The two artists currently hanging in my office are Alysia Fischer and Amy Putansu. I buy art that challenges me, lights up a part of my brain that doesn't have language or causes me to have continuous or new insights. — Johanna Hagarty
like2.2 K viewsArt NewsArtsartArt HistoryartistscopyrightDuke Universityintellectual propertyKatherine de Vos Devinelawlawyersq and a
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Around Town: Asheville Symphony embraces pop
Around Town: Local talk focuses on Black Appalachian musical innovators
Around Town: Local workshops teach shoemaking skills
Heather Newton revisits the '70s in new short story collection
Q&A with Jazmin Whitmore, owner of plus size consignment shop More to Love
Local author examines Western North Carolina's violent past


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text:
WENDY ANN BIRDWELL, née WEBSTER
Thursday, February 15, 2018 11:41am
Our older sister, Wendy, worked through her first 25 years to find that elusive path to personal happiness, finding many challenges along the way. Then, while working at Issaquah Sky Sports parachuting center, she found Clarence "Topper" Birdwell, an experienced skydiver and fun companion. Shortly after meeting, they married and started a happy life together. Sadly though, after just a year of marriage and no children, she witnessed his death in a parachuting accident and her life challenges started all over again.
Despite this setback, Wendy remained connected to her family, sister Trudy Krastins, of Issaquah, sister Sheila Finkenbinder, of Sitka, Alaska and brother David Webster, of Anacortes. Over the next 50 years she put her considerable artistic talents to work for her extended family, including sewing beautiful stuffed animals and Christmas stockings for nieces and nephews, making wonderful collages from simple supplies, doing needlepoint and being a reliable baker for holiday events. She definitely had an eye for color, and was the most artistic of all of us. We, her siblings, are envious she was the only one in the family who learned to play the Hammond organ our father kept in the living room. She also loved going to the movies, and brother David knew he could always ask her for recommendations, as she'd have seen everything on the first day out in theaters.
Wendy grew up in the Benotho neighborhood on the south end of Mercer Island from 1950 to 1964, spending lots of time on the water and at the Beach Club. She attended Mercer Island High School and St. Paul's in Walla Walla, and graduated from Western Washington University. She lived and worked in Seattle most of her adult life and at 65 moved into the welcoming halls of the Timber Ridge retirement community in Issaquah where she made many friends and benefited from their comraderie, shared dinners and joke nights, and caring attention to her well being. Moving there was the best decision she made in her later years. Special thanks go to her friends Marsha, Mollie, Jean, June and Tina at Timber Ridge.
In her last few months the sad scourge of dementia caught up with Wendy. We thank the compassionate and professional attention from the staff in Briarwood's memory care unit, particularly that of Jessica Colis, R.N. who excelled as an empathetic caregiver.
MARYONDA EDMONDSTONE SCHER


text:
Stajcic saga not on Matildas' minds
By Ben McKay Jun 11 2019 7:07PM
Jun 11 2019 7:07PM
Elise Kellond-Knight says the Matildas processed the sacking of coach Alen Stajcic at the time and it wasn't a factor in their World Cup loss to Italy.
Senior Matildas have dismissed the notion that their coaching switch-up from Alen Stajcic to Ante Milicic is a pall over their World Cup hopes.
Australia's 2-1 loss to Italy has drawn out frenzied criticism of the team.
They now face a huge clash with heavyweights Brazil on Friday morning (AEST) in Montpellier, needing a result to ensure their qualifying fate stays in their hands.
There's plenty on the line - not least because of the expectation that comes with being a top-seeded nation at the World Cup for the first time.
But leaders Alanna Kennedy and Elise Kellond-Knight aren't willing to cop the idea that Stajcic's ousting is to blame for their first-up wobble.
"He's not in our camp. And his name isn't either," Kennedy said. "We don't let that sort of stuff creep into our camp, that's not our focus at all."
Kellond-Knight welcomed criticism of the team but scoffed at the suggestion Stajcic's dismissal was a black cloud that hadn't gone away.
"Who's it never gone away to?" she asked. "We dealt with that when it happened. We did take a week or two to process, a week or two at the time.
"We knew what we had to achieve at this World Cup and we didn't waste any time or emotions dealing with it over a long period of time.
"It's fair that the media speculate about this and look at our recent results. It's easy to jump to conclusions.
"But it's not on our mind at all. We're happy in the environment that we're in and we believe in what we're trying to achieve."
Stajcic was dismissed by FFA in January with the governing body alleging a toxic culture had developed over the side.
The 45-year-old, now in charge of A-League side Central Coast Mariners, considered his legal options in the wake of the ousting before reaching a legal settlement two weeks ago.
He received an apology from FFA deputy chair Heather Reid, on leave from the role as she fights cancer, but currently in France on a personally funded trip to the World Cup.
During the saga, Kellond-Knight said the team ringfenced themselves from the ructions and aren't going to let frenzied talk outside of their team bubble pervade their confidence.
"Within this environment, we're very happy with things, how they're progressing and we believe in what we're trying to achieve," Kellond-Knight said.
"(The Brazil game) is a must win, I'm excited. I'm the type of player who likes to play these big games. If it's going to be like a final I'm even more up for it.
"We're going for the win and putting it all out there, and the win's going to also settle the media out there.
"It will hopefully shut them up a little bit."
(c) AAP
a-leaguealen stajcicaustraliaelise kellond-knightfrance 2019matildas
Stajcic: I feared I might never coach again
FFA review as Matildas exit reignites toxic coach row
'I'm a winner': Stajcic eyes FFA Cup as CCM's next trophy
Babbel unloads on A-League after sacking
Three Things We Learnt: Australia v Syria
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My research is centered upon my ongoing project GenderFail, a publishing and programming initiative featuring the perspectives of queer and trans people and people of color. GenderFail: The Queer Ethics of Dissemination is a collection of writings on queer collaboration, archiving as a collective act, and publishing as a site of queer community. The following text also illustrates the importance of creating and maintaining an intersectional platform as a non-binary white queer subject. I examine and define the role of "queer identity" in my own work while mapping the history of failure by white queers, including myself, in the of articulation of intersectionality. By understanding how intersectionality is important in a queer-focused collaborative practice, I seek to emphasize the messiness of citation, collaboration, and community in relation to my discursive uses of printed matter.


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This Acosta action on the part of the Judge is disconcerting for the all the reasons our lawyerly writer mentions in this blog, but in addition it gives credibility, however hopefully temporary, to the leftists who like to keep our POTUS under constant attack and because of their consistency and because of their many venues for attacking, i.e. the multiplicity of media types, they can more easily get the court of public opinion on their side. Thank U Dr. Gonzales for these words of encouragement to the RULE OF LAW. May the force be with us.


I've been writing for about 6 years when I was encouraged to join Strathkelvin Writing Group by the late Margaret Thomson Davies.
I decided to write down the stories I've told over the years of daft or exciting episodes in my now longish life. David McVey suggested I send a couple into the Scots Magazine. The first story I submitted was accepted within 2 days! I was so chuffed! A humourous drama about a camping trip in my teens in the Campsie Fells in the sixties. It was their lead story a couple of months later. The Scots Magazine went on to publish a number of stories. The then editor, Phil Smith, encouraged me to write a book about my exploits, which I've now completed. Those who have read it (outwith family...) have been very complimentary. I'm still looking for a publisher/agent. I've recently had a some quirky travel articles published in the Herald Scotland Saturday Magazine.
I live with my wife Mary and we're now retired from our last business, a post office and card & gift shop.


Hi, I'm Andrew David, this is my website, and I'd love to hear how I might be able to assist you with your writing project. I'm currently a freelance editor and an editor for The Other Journal and the University of Washington. Click here to learn the thrilling details.
Click here to see a sampling of the books and publications that I've edited as well as feedback from the writers and editors I've collaborated with.
Click here for information on my rates, some thoughts on the editing process, and an opportunity to provide feedback of your own.


text:
Ledford v. Hahn
United States District Court, N.D. Indiana, Fort Wayne Division
CARL LEE LEDFORD Plaintiff,
ANDREW D. HAHN, et al Defendant.
OPINION AND ORDER
William C. Lee United States District Court
Plaintiff, Carl Lee Ledford ("Ledford"), proceeding pro se, has multiple cases pending in this Court and assigned to the undersigned. (See also, Ledford v. Lamartz, 1:18 CV 363 and Ledford v. Escutia, 1:18 CV 365). Each of these cases before the undersigned derived from an order in Ledford v. Shefferly et al., No. 1:17-CV-438 TLS wherein Magistrate Judge Cherry ordered the case be severed into four separate cases due to misjoinder of the parties in Ledford's Complaint. [DE 120]. As a result, three of those four cases were issued new case numbers and were randomly reassigned to the undersigned.
In each of these three cases pending before the undersigned, Ledford has filed identical motions, captioned Motion for Entry of Default, for Summary Disposition and Request for a Jury Trial. [DE 132]. These are motions that have previously been filed in Ledford v. Shefferly et al., No. 1:17-CV-438, incorporated into the record in this case, and denied. Ledford appears to seek a different outcome by refiling these same motions in the individually severed cases. For the following reasons, Ledford's Motion for Default and for Summary Disposition will be DENIED.
As can be gleaned from the caption of his filing, Ledford has filed a Motion seeking multiple forms of relief in a single filing. This type of motion practice is expressly prohibited by this Court's local rules. N.D.Ind. L.R. 7-1(a) specifically provides "Motions must be filed separately, but alternative motions may be filed in a single paper if each is named in the title following the caption." A review of the Defendant's attempt to respond to these motions, which have different response times under the Court's rules, evidences why the local rule is in place and why it should be observed here. Indeed, the Defendant has responded to the Motion for Default, but has not yet responded to the Motion for Summary Disposition, as the response time has yet to run.
Pro se status does not excuse the obligation of any litigant to comply with the fundamental requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and this Court's local rules. See Pearle Vision, Inc. v. Romm, 541 F.3d 751, 758 (7th Cir. 2008) (stating that although "courts are required to give liberal construction to pro se pleadings[, ] ... it is also well established that pro se litigants are not excused from compliance with procedural rules"); Cady v. Sheahan, 467 F.3d 1057, 1061 (7th Cir. 2006) (stating that "the Supreme Court has made clear that even pro se litigants must follow rules of civil procedure"). This said, because Ledford has not complied with this Court's local rules, on this basis alone, his Motions are DENIED.
Moreover, even if the Court entertained the Plaintiff's request for the entry of default, that request is not supported by the record, the Defendants not having "failed to plead or otherwise defend." Fed.R.Civ.P. 55(a). Indeed, the record as well as the recitation in the Defendant's response to the request for default makes it clear that Defendant Hahn complied with his pleading/defense obligations.[1]
With respect to the Motion for Summary Disposition, the form and substance of that request is, at best, confusing and at worst completely inadequate. Summary judgment is proper where the evidence of record shows that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986). The moving party bears the initial burden of informing the Court of the basis for its motion and identifying those portions of the record it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 323. The burden then shifts to the non-movant to "go beyond the pleadings" to cite evidence of a genuine factual dispute that precludes summary judgment. Id. at 324. "[A] court has one task and one task only: to decide, based on the evidence of record, whether there is any material dispute of fact that requires a trial." Waldridge v. Am. Heochst Corp., 24 F.3d 918, 920 (7th Cir. 1994). If the nonmovant does not come forward with evidence that would reasonably permit the finder of fact to find in its favor on a material issue, then the Court must enter summary judgment against it. Id.
Here, the Plaintiff's Motion appears to be an attempt to file one Motion in all of his cases without particularizing the Motion to each case he has pending. The first evidence of this is the caption of his Motion which lists all the defendants in all the various cases he has pending and has the original case number in the original case prior to severance crossed out and the new case number filled in. The body of the motion is, in essence, a hodge podge of facts against all the defendants in all his separate cases including those not joined in this particular lawsuit and with broad reference to various filings in the original case prior to severance, only some of which appear relevant to Defendant Hahn. For example, at page 2 of his filing he directs the court to "see all affidavits and evidence" from Ledford v. Shefferly without any particular citation to the record or to what factual allegations the record supports. However, under the Federal Rules:
A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is genuinely disputed must support the assertion by: (A) citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations (including those made for purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials; or (B) showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1).
In this case, the Plaintiff does not cite to any specific materials in support of his allegations, and the Court is not obligated to accept his sweeping allegations at face value. See Wilson v. Kautex, Inc., No. 1:07-CV-60, 2009 WL 1657463, at *5 (N.D. Ind. June 10, 2009) (noting that "the Court cannot accept the facts as asserted by the Plaintiff in her Motion for Summary Judgment . . . because almost without exception she failed to support these asserted facts with admissible evidence in accordance with the local rules"); see also Welch-Rubin v. Sandals Corp., 3:03CV481, 2004 WL 2472280, at *1 (D. Conn. Oct. 20, 2004) ("Plaintiffs are required to present admissible evidence in support of their allegations; allegations alone, without evidence to back them up, are not sufficient."). Therefore, the Court will deny the Plaintiff's Motion with leave to refile.
However, the Court advises Ledford that any future Motion for Summary Disposition must comply with Fed.R.Civ.P. 56 and N.D.Ind. L.R. 56.1. Ledford must present a factual basis with reference to specific evidentiary support for his claims against the sole remaining Defendant in THIS lawsuit, Defendant Hahn.[2] He must separate the allegations of misconduct by Defendant Hahn from all of his other allegations against the other defendants as Defendant Hahn is the sole defendant in THIS case.
For the reasons stated above, the Plaintiff's Motion for Entry of Default, for Summary Disposition and/or Request ...


text:
Lynhall Land Investment (聯合置業) – Real Estate Powerhouse from the late 1950s and early 1960s
November 16, 2018 York Lo Articles, Hong Kong Companies, People, Property
York Lo: Lynhall Land Investment (聯合置業) – Real Estate Powerhouse from the late 1950s and early 1960s
Lynhall Land ad from 1958 featuring 7 of its properties that were available for sale that year (left to right): Majestic, Kingland, Hankow, Maylun, Phoenix, Lido and Mido(華僑日報, 1958-01-03)
From 1945 to 1960, the population of Hong Kong jumped sixfoldfrom 500,000 to 3 million with the massive influx of refugees from the mainland and the related demand for housing created unprecedented opportunities for the HK real estate industry. During the real estate boom of the late 1950s and early 1960s, Lynhall Land Investment Co Ltd was one of the most aggressive participants, with advertisements promoting its many properties prominently featured in the papers every day and its founderLi Hong-chit (李康節, 1913-1989) earned the nickname of "King of North Point" for his many projects in the district. When the Real Estate Developers Association of HK was founded in 1965, Li was one of its executive committee members, highlighting his stature as one of the pioneers of the HK real estate industry. While the firm had long faded into history as a casualty of the real estate bust in the late 1960s, many of its buildings are still standing today.
Left: Li Hong-chit as executive committee member of the HK Real Estate Developers Association in 1965; Right: Lynhall's major backer Ho Yin (right) delivering a speech at a function. Standing next to him was his older brother Ho Tim of Hang Seng Bank.
A native of Xinhui in Guangdong province, little is known about Li's early years – one source suggested that he came from Shanghai and was in the construction business. He was an alumnus of King's College in HK and in 1957 donated HK$1000 towards the construction of the King's College Old Boys Association Primary School (which was launched in 1960).
In the mid-1950s, hundreds of real estate companies were formed and pioneers such as Henry Fok(霍英東, 1923-2006) of National Investment and K.C. Wong of Dah Yuan (see article) began to develop taller residential buildings (prior to that the standard was five stories and below) to meet the soaring housing demand. To make these units more affordable, payment by installments was introduced (prior to that buyers had to come up with all the cash at purchase) and to finance the construction, units were pre-sold (now a common practice in HK but was first invented by Fok in 1953).
According to the biography of Henry Fok by the author Ling Xia (who had interviewed Fok), Li Hong-chit came up with the idea to form a syndicate pooling money from various HK and Macanese businessmen to develop properties in HK and approached Fok to become a partner given his earlier success in the HK real estate market. As honorary chairman of the Kitchee Sports Club, Li was a friend of Henry Fok and had recruited Fok to head up the sports club's football department in 1957. Fok disliked the syndicate concept but nevertheless subscribed as a passive shareholder in the new venture out of respect for Li's biggest backer in the venture – Ho Yin (何賢,1908-1983), the brother of Ho Tim of Hang Seng Bank and a leading businessman from Macau who had made a killing in the lucrative gold trade in partnership with Y.C. Liang after the War (see article on YC Liang and HK Macao Hydrofoil). To reflect the syndicate nature of the firm, Li picked the name "Lian He" (聯合) which means "united" for its Chinese name and the English name of Lynhall which sounded like its Chinese name.
Lynhall was formed in 1954/1955 (a 1957 ad said 3rd anniversary sale and a 1964 ad said 9th anniversary sale) but it was not formally incorporated untilJanuary 1956 with HK$1 million in registered capital and the registered address of the firm was listed as the Fu House at 7 Ice House Street. Aside from Ho and Fok, Chow King (仇景) and Liang Chi-hao (梁基浩) were listed as subscribers and Chow was the proprietor of Yue Shing Estates (裕成置業, incorporated in 1962) and Tai Yau Ironworks while Liang, who also had business ties with Macau, was the proprietor of King's Theatre in Central and father of TV executive and politician Selina Chow and Shun Fung Iron Works founder L.Y. Leung (see article on the De La Salas).
Left: article about Hillwood Apartments in 1956 (KSDN, 1956-6-20) Right: Peninsula Apartments
The first projects which Lynhall was involved with were not in North Point but across the harbor in Tsim Sha Tsui – the 7 story Hillwood Apartments (山林大廈) at 34-40A Hillwood Road and 11 story Peninsula Apartments (半島大廈) at 16 Mody Road, both of which were built in 1956. The latter was one of the first buildings in HK alongside Man Yee Building in Central and the HK Jockey Club to feature an escalator. (Kung Sheung Evening News, 1956-9-3)
Lynhall spent millions to acquire the site of the former Sky Room Night Club (天宮夜總會, operated by the Gray brothers) in North Point and built the 15 story Empire Apartments (璇宮大廈) at 293-299 King's Road in 1956.
1957 and 1958 were the busiest year forLynhall, during which it built 7 buildings on both sides of Victoria Harbor (all shown in the ad in the beginning of the article): namely the 17 story Kingland Apartments (金輪大廈) at 737-741 Nathan Road and 11 story Hankow Apartments (漢口大廈) at 43-49A Hankow Road in Tsim Sha Tsui; 4 buildings in North Point – the 18 story Majestic Apartments (麗宮大廈) at 310-319 King's Road, the 16 story Mido Apartments (美都大廈) at 330-332 King's Road, the 18 story Maylun Apartments (美輪大廈) at 442-456 King's Roadand the Lido Apartments (麗都大廈) at 860-878 King's Road across the street from the famous Ritz nightclub; and the 18 story tall Phoenix Apartments (鳳鳴大廈) 15-31, Hysan Avenuein Causeway Bay. As shown in the ads, most of these apartments were selling for around HK$20000 per unit and payments were allowed in 24 monthly installments.
Left: Article in 1958 promoting Lynhall's Maylun Apartments in North Point (WKYP, 1958-1-16); Right: former Financial Services Secretary Franklin Ma revisiting his childhood home at Maylun Apartments with TV host Kenneth Chan Kai-tai.
In 1959, Lynhall turned its attention westward to Wanchai where it developed the 12 story Lee TungApartments (利東大厦) located at Lee Tung Street in Wanchai across the street from the present-day Hopewell Centre (WKYP, 1959-7-23). Later it built the 20 story Hennessy Apartments (軒尼詩大廈) at 48-52 Percival Street in Causeway Bay with the first three floors occupied by the mainland Chinese department store China Products Co and the 4th floor to Pak Fah Yeow. (WKYP, 1959-5-3)
In 1961, Lynhall developed the 10 story Wing Hong Industrial Building (永康工業大廈) on Wing Hong Street in Sham Shui Po and Rita House at 123-125 Leighton Road.
Article about Lynhall's Wing Hong Industrial Building and Leighton Road project in 1961 (WKYP, 1961-8-22)
Left:Lynhall's ads for Hennessy Apartments, Maylun Apartments and Lee Tung Apartments in 1959 (WKYP, 1959-8-22) Right: Lynhall's ad for Harilela Mansion in 1963 (WKYP, 1963-3-24)
In 1963, Lynhall continued its expansion in Kowloon and filed a lawsuit in the Kowloon District Court requesting court order for them to evict the tenants of 16 storefronts they acquired in Mongkok in the intersection of Shantung Street and Nathan Road for re-development. The affected merchants include King of Kings restaurant, Golden Gate Bakery, Ying Kee Tea Company, Peiping Shoe Store and others. (WKYP, 1963-5-22). It also built the Harilela Mansion at 81 Nathan Road in Tsim Sha Tsui, probably in partnership with the Harilela family.
Lynhall's ad for its Ching Fai Gardens development in the Mid-Levels in 1964 (WKYP, 1964-12-15)
In 1963-64, Lynhall developed two projects in the Mid-Levels – No. 102 Caine Road and Ching Fai Gardens at 123A Robinson Road which was the former site of the left-wing Chung Wah Middle School (中華中學).
Left: Lynhall ad of 102 Caine Road in 1963 (華僑日報, 1963-07-12); Right: Li Hong-chit (front row, second from the right) with fellow founding directors of the Real Estate Developers Association of HK in 1965. Front row left to right: Henry Fok, Stanley Ho, Gordon Wu, Cho Shiu-chung, Li Hong-chit and Fong Yun-wah. Back row left to right: Ng Tor-tai, Auyeung Sum, Samson Sun, Chan Chak-fu, Tarzan Hui Tat-sum, Cham Siu-leun, Lu Kao-hwa, Ip Man-shan
Left: Opening of Majestic Restaurant in 1957 from left to right: Wong Yu-choi (黃裕材), Li Hong-chit, chairman Lau Hang-chung (劉衡仲), Sir Shouson Chow (周壽臣), Cantonese opera star Ho Fei-fan (何非凡) and actor Cheung Ying (張瑛) (華僑日報, 1957-04-11); Right: Majestic Restaurant at its opening day – 1957 (uwants)
Aside from Lynhall, Li Hong-chit incorporated LuenShing Estates in 1957 with $1.2 million in capital (dissolved in 1968) and Tai Yau Ironworks with $1 million in capital in 1960 (dissolved in 1973). He was also involved in the restaurant business through his investment in Majestic Restaurant (麗宮酒樓), a Chinese restaurant located at Lynhall's property Empire Apartments in North Point which was operated by Macanese entertainment tycoonLau Hang-chung (劉衡仲 d. 1969), who also worked for Ho Yin.
Left: Reception at the Paramount Nightclub in 1958, left to right: Ho Kin-cheung (何建章, editor of WahKiuYat Po), Yuen Yiu-hung (袁耀鴻, theater owner and movie producer), Li Hong-chit, Lau Hang-chung and Fok Keung (霍強) Source: 華僑日報, 1958-06-17;
Li Hong-chit was also involved with Lau in the Paramount nightclub and when his son Alan Li (李雅倫), married a Danish woman in 1961, the wedding reception was held at the Paramount (大公報, 1961-09-10).
During the banking crisis and real estate bust in the mid-1960s, the aggressive Lynhall went into financial troubles, a fate shared by many of the developers at the time. Lynhall closed its doors in 1968 when Li and Ho (who allegedly required the Chinese government to bail him out) ended their partnership. Lynhall as a firm however was not formally dissolved until 2001.
In his later years, Li was heavily involved in supporting his hometown of Hetang (荷塘) in Xinhui prefecture. Even in the early years of the People's Republic, Li had donated industrial supplies such as generators, electric wire, cars and tractors to his hometown. In 1964, he led the fundraising effort to purchase the clubhouse for HK Sun Wui Association (香港新会荷塘同乡会), contributing $25000 of the $46000 raised. Starting in the early 1970s, he frequently returned to Hetang for visits and provided guarantees to HK compatriots who were doing the same. In 1979, he helped to raise HK$700,000 from fellow HK and Macanese businessmen to rebuild the Hetang Sanatorium (荷塘卫生院). He also organized several businesses in Hetang including a quarry, a garment factory and a cassette tape factory and organized fundraisers for the construction of the Overseas Chinese Building (侨联大厦, $418,000) in 1986 and establishment of the Hetang Vocational Secondary School ($1 mil) in 1987 despite of his ill health at the time.
http://news.sina.com.tw/books/love/barticle/1221-3.html
馮邦彥, 香港地產業百年, 2001
http://www.dimingchaxun.com/renwu/likangjie.html
華僑日報, 1956-03-28, 1954-10-1, 1957-5-24, 1957-3-24, 1957-7-1, 1958-1-20, 1958-1-23
This article was first posted on 16th November 2018.
Related Indhhk articles:
Merchant Prince: the life and many pursuits of real estate pioneer Lee Sai-wah (李世華, 1916-1975)


VIA: In an especially good week for its host Steve Harvey, "Family Feud" has ascended to the No. 1 spot on the syndication ratings chart for the first time.
Nielsen estimates for the week of June 8-12 show that "Feud," produced by FremantleNorth America and distributed by Debmar-Mercury, averaged a 6.1 household rating to edge out longtime gameshow leaders "Wheel of Fortune" (6.0) and "Jeopardy" (5.9). The Nielsen survey said "Feud" was up a big 33% vs. the same week a year ago (4.5).
"Family Feud" had tied "Jeopardy" once before, but last week marked the first time since the advent of Nielsen People-Meters in 1987 that it had caught or surpassed "Wheel of Fortune" as the most-popular gameshow in syndication. And it also had to fend off "Judge Judy" (6.0), as the long-running court show typically stands as No. 1 overall in the household ratings derby.
"Family Feud" continues to dominate among syndicated originals in key demo categories, with its 2.6 rating in adults 25-54 easily besting "Judge Judy" (2.1), "Wheel of Fortune" (1.7) and "Jeopardy" (1.6). Similarly in women 25-54, its 3.2 rating put it comfortably ahead of "Judge Judy" (2.7), "Wheel of Fortune" (1.9) and "Jeopardy" (1.8), according to Nielsen.
The milestone victory for "Family Feud" comes on the heels of a strong premiere for "Celebrity Family Feud," the six-week summer series for ABC — also hosted by Harvey — that bowed last Sunday. It drew 8.66 million viewers and a 2.4 rating in adults 18-49, making it the week's No. 1 primetime series telecast in the demo.
And Harvey's own daytime talkshow, "Steve Harvey," last week was the biggest year-over-year gainer among talkers, up 20% vs. the same frame a year ago (1.8 vs. 1.5 in households).
Harvey took over as host of "Family Feud" in September 2010, and the show has been building in the ratings ever since. His talkshow, produced by Endemol Shine and distributed nationally by NBCUniversal Television Distribution, bowed in September 2012.


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text:
require_relative '../test_helper'

class QuestionBaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  setup do
    @question = SmartAnswer::Question::Base.new(nil, :example_question)
  end

  context '#next_node' do
    should 'raise exception if next_node is called without a block' do
      e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
        @question.next_node
      end
      assert_equal 'You must specify a block', e.message
    end

    should 'raise exception if next_node is invoked multiple times' do
      e = assert_raises do
        @question.next_node { outcome :one }
        @question.next_node { outcome :two }
      end
      assert_equal 'Multiple calls to next_node are not allowed', e.message
    end
  end

  context '#permitted_next_nodes' do
    should 'return nodes returned via syntactic sugar methods' do
      @question.next_node do |response|
        if response == 'yes'
          outcome :done
        else
          question :another_question
        end
      end
      assert_equal [:done, :another_question], @question.permitted_next_nodes
    end

    should 'not return nodes not returned via syntactic sugar methods' do
      @question.next_node do |response|
        if response == 'yes'
          outcome :done
        else
          :another_question
        end
      end
      assert @question.permitted_next_nodes.include?(:done)
      refute @question.permitted_next_nodes.include?(:another_question)
    end

    should 'not return duplicate permitted next nodes' do
      @question.next_node do |response|
        if response == 'yes'
          outcome :done
        else
          outcome :done
        end
      end
      assert_equal [:done], @question.permitted_next_nodes
    end
  end

  context '#transition' do
    should "copy values from initial state to new state" do
      @question.next_node { outcome :done }
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      initial_state.something_else = "Carried over"
      new_state = @question.transition(initial_state, :yes)
      assert_equal "Carried over", new_state.something_else
    end

    should "set current_node to value returned from next_node_for" do
      @question.next_node { outcome :done }
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      @question.stubs(:next_node_for).returns(:done)
      new_state = @question.transition(initial_state, :anything)
      assert_equal :done, new_state.current_node
    end

    should "set current_node to result of calling next_node block" do
      @question.next_node { outcome :done_done }
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      new_state = @question.transition(initial_state, :anything)
      assert_equal :done_done, new_state.current_node
    end

    should "make state available to code in next_node block" do
      @question.next_node do
        colour == 'red' ? outcome(:was_red) : outcome(:wasnt_red)
      end
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      initial_state.colour = 'red'
      new_state = @question.transition(initial_state, 'anything')
      assert_equal :was_red, new_state.current_node
    end

    should "ensure state made available to code in next_node block is frozen" do
      state_made_available = nil
      @question.next_node do
        state_made_available = self
        outcome :done
      end
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      @question.transition(initial_state, 'anything')
      assert state_made_available.frozen?
    end

    should "pass input to next_node block" do
      input_was = nil
      @question.next_node do |input|
        input_was = input
        outcome :done
      end
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      @question.transition(initial_state, 'something')
      assert_equal 'something', input_was
    end

    should "make save_input_as method available to code in next_node block" do
      @question.save_input_as :colour_preference
      @question.next_node { outcome :done }
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      new_state = @question.transition(initial_state, :red)
      assert_equal :red, new_state.colour_preference
    end

    should "save input sequence on new state" do
      @question.next_node { outcome :done }
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      new_state = @question.transition(initial_state, :red)
      assert_equal [:red], new_state.responses
    end

    should "save path on new state" do
      @question.next_node { outcome :done }
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      new_state = @question.transition(initial_state, :red)
      assert_equal [@question.name], new_state.path
    end

    should "execute on_response block with response" do
      @question.on_response do |response|
        self.my_responses << response
      end
      @question.next_node { outcome :done }
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      initial_state.my_responses = []
      new_state = @question.transition(initial_state, :red)
      assert_equal [:red], new_state.my_responses
    end

    should "execute on_response block before validate" do
      @question.on_response do
        self.foo = :value_from_on_response_block
      end
      @question.validate do
        foo == :value_from_on_response_block
      end
      @question.next_node { outcome :done }
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      new_state = @question.transition(initial_state, :red)
      assert_equal :value_from_on_response_block, new_state.foo
    end

    should "execute on_response block before validation" do
      @question.on_response do
        self.foo = :value_from_on_response_block
      end
      @question.validate do
        foo != :value_from_on_response_block
      end
      @question.next_node { outcome :done }
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      assert_raises(SmartAnswer::InvalidResponse) do
        @question.transition(initial_state, :red)
      end
    end

    should "execute calculate block with response and save result on new state" do
      @question.calculate :complementary_colour do |response|
        response == :red ? :green : :red
      end
      @question.next_node { outcome :done }
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      new_state = @question.transition(initial_state, :red)
      assert_equal :green, new_state.complementary_colour
      assert new_state.frozen?
    end

    should "execute calculate block with saved input and save result on new state" do
      @question.save_input_as :colour_preference
      @question.calculate :complementary_colour do
        colour_preference == :red ? :green : :red
      end
      @question.next_node { outcome :done }
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      new_state = @question.transition(initial_state, :red)
      assert_equal :green, new_state.complementary_colour
      assert new_state.frozen?
    end
  end

  context '#next_node_for' do
    should "raise an exception if next_node does not return key via question or outcome method" do
      @question.next_node do
        outcome :another_outcome
        :not_allowed_next_node
      end
      state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)

      expected_message = "Next node (not_allowed_next_node) not returned via question or outcome method"
      exception = assert_raises do
        @question.next_node_for(state, 'response')
      end
      assert_equal expected_message, exception.message
    end

    should "raise an exception if next_node does not return a node key" do
      responses = [:blue, :red]
      @question.next_node do
        skip = false
        outcome :skipped if skip
      end
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      initial_state.responses << responses[0]
      error = assert_raises(SmartAnswer::Question::Base::NextNodeUndefined) do
        @question.next_node_for(initial_state, responses[1])
      end
      expected_message = "Next node undefined. Node: #{@question.name}. Responses: #{responses}."
      assert_equal expected_message, error.message
    end

    should "raise an exception if next_node was not called for question" do
      initial_state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      assert_raises(SmartAnswer::Question::Base::NextNodeUndefined) do
        @question.next_node_for(initial_state, :response)
      end
    end

    should "allow calls to #question syntactic sugar method" do
      @question.next_node { question :another_question }
      state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      next_node = @question.next_node_for(state, 'response')
      assert_equal :another_question, next_node
    end

    should "should allow calls to #outcome syntactic sugar method" do
      @question.next_node { outcome :done }
      state = SmartAnswer::State.new(@question.name)
      next_node = @question.next_node_for(state, 'response')
      assert_equal :done, next_node
    end
  end
end

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