Painting on location in the city has turned out to be easier than I had feared it would be. An artist working on the sidewalk is so unusual most people walk by as if I were invisible. This works to my advantage and allows me to concentrate on the painting. I have often thought of my painting backpack full of paints, paper and a lightweight easel as a 300 year old camera with a 4 hour exposure time and a six year learning curve.


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text:
Hand grenade: translation
M67 fragmentation grenade, a widely used modern hand grenade.
A hand grenade is any small bomb that can be thrown by hand. Hand grenades are classified into three categories, explosive grenades, chemical and gas grenades.[1] Explosive grenades are the most commonly used in modern warfare, and are designed to detonate after impact or after a set amount of time. Chemical and gas grenades are designed not to explode, but to burn or release a gas.[1]
Grenadiers were originally soldiers who specialized in throwing grenades.
2 Chemical and gas grenades
2.1 Smoke
2.2 Riot control
2.3 Incendiary
2.4.1 Byzantine Empire
2.4.2 World War II
2.4.3 Molotov cocktail
3 Explosive grenades
3.1 Fragmentation
3.2 Concussion
3.3 Anti-tank
3.4.3 American Civil War
3.4.4 1900s
4.1 Detonation mechanism
6 Using grenades
7 Other variants
7.1 Stun
7.2 Sting
7.3 Impact stun
8 Grenades as ornamentation
"Small explosive shell", 1590s, from Modern French grenade, meaning "pomegranate", and from Old French pomegrenate (influenced by Spanish granada). So called because the many-seeded fruit suggested the powder-filled, fragmenting bomb, or from similarity of shape.[2]
Chemical and gas grenades
Chemical and gas grenades include smoke grenades and incendiary grenades. Unlike explosive grenades, chemical and gas grenades are designed to burn or to release a gas, not to explode.[1]
M18 smoke grenade
M7A2 CS gas grenade
Main article: Smoke grenade
Smoke grenades are used as ground-to-ground or ground-to-air signaling devices, target or landing zone marking devices, and screening devices for unit movement. The body is a sheet-steel cylinder with emission holes in the top and bottom. These allow the smoke to be released when the grenade is ignited. Two main types exist, colored smoke (for signaling) and screening smoke. In colored smoke grenades, the filler consists of 250 to 350 grams of colored smoke mixture (mostly potassium chlorate, lactose and a dye). Screening smoke grenades usually contain HC (hexachloroethane/zinc) smoke mixture or TA (terephthalic acid) smoke mixture. HC smoke is harmful to breathe, since it contains hydrochloric acid. Whilst not intended as a primary effect, these grenades can generate enough heat to scald or burn unprotected skin and the spent casing should not be touched until it has cooled.
Tear gas grenades are similar to smoke grenades in terms of shape and operation. In tear gas grenades the filler is generally 80 to 120 grams of CS gas combined with a pyrotechnic composition which burns to generate an aerosol of CS-laden smoke. This causes extreme irritation to the eyes and, if inhaled, to the nose and throat. (See also the Waco Siege). Occasionally CR gas is used instead of CS.
Incendiary grenade
Main article: Incendiary device
Incendiary grenades (or thermite grenades) produce intense heat by means of a chemical reaction. Greek Fire could be considered the earliest form of an incendiary grenade, which could be lit on fire and thrown in breakable pottery. The weapon was first used by the Byzantines.
Modern incendiary grenades (or thermite grenades) produce intense heat by means of a chemical reaction. The body is practically the same as that of a smoke grenade. The filler is 600 to 800 grams of thermate, which is an improved version of World War II-era thermite. The chemical reaction that produces the heat is called a thermite reaction. In this reaction, powdered aluminium metal and iron oxide react to produce a stream of molten iron and aluminium oxide. This reaction produces a tremendous amount of heat, burning at 2,200 °C (3,992 °F). This makes incendiary grenades useful for destroying weapons caches, artillery, and vehicles. Other advantages include its ability to function without an external oxygen source, allowing it to burn underwater. Because they are not intended to be thrown, thermite incendiary grenades generally have a shorter delay fuse than other grenades (e.g. two seconds).
White phosphorus (also used in smoke grenades; see above) can also be used as an incendiary agent. It burns at a temperature of 2,800 °C (5,070 °F). White phosphorus was notably used in the No 76 Special Incendiary Grenade by the British Home Guard during World War II.
Thermite and white phosphorus cause some of the worst and most painful burn injuries because they burn so quickly and at such a high temperature. In addition, white phosphorus is very poisonous: a dose of 50-100 milligrams is lethal to the average human.
A common improvised incendiary grenade is the Molotov cocktail.
See also: Early thermal weapons
The first incendiary grenades appeared in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, not long after the reign of Leo III (717-741).[3] Byzantine soldiers learned that Greek fire, a Byzantine invention of the previous century, could not only be thrown by flamethrowers at the enemy, but also in stone and ceramic jars.[3] Later, glass containers were employed. Byzantine hand grenades with Greek fire in the 10th to 12th centuries are on display in the National Museum at Athens. The use of Greek fire, or rather variants thereof, spread to Muslim armies in the Near East, from where it reached China by the 10th century.[3]
Hand grenades filled with Greek fire; surrounded by caltrops. (10th-12th c. National Historical Museum, Athens, Greece)
During World War II, the United Kingdom used incendiary grenades based on white phosphorus. The grenade, called the No. 76 Special Incendiary Grenade, was mainly issued to the Home Guard as an anti-tank weapon. It was produced in vast numbers; by August 1941 well over 6,000,000 had been manufactured.[4]
The grenade could either be thrown by hand, or fired from the Northover projector, a simple mortar; a stronger container was needed for the latter and the two types were colour-coded. As any breakage of the flask would be dangerous, storage under water was recommended.
The Molotov cocktail is an improvised incendiary grenade prepared from a glass bottle filled with gasoline (petrol) ignited by a burning strip of cloth when the thrown bottle bursts against its target. The Molotov cocktail received its name during the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939 Winter War, but had been in use earlier in the decade when used by Franco's troops during the Spanish Civil War. The name originated from Finnish troops during the Winter War. It was named after former Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov whom they deemed responsible for the war, and a humorous reference to the Soviet bombs known as "Molotov bread baskets" in Finland.
Explosive grenades are designed to detonate after impact or after a set amount of time.[1]
Main article: Fragmentation grenade
The fragmentation grenade (commonly known as a frag) is an anti-personnel weapon that is designed to disperse shrapnel upon exploding. The body is made of hard plastic or steel. Flechettes, notched wire, ball bearings or the case itself provide the fragments. When the word grenade is used without specification, and context does not suggest otherwise, it is generally assumed to refer to a fragmentation grenade.
These grenades were sometimes classed as defensive grenades because the effective casualty radius of some matched or exceeded the distance they could be thrown, thus necessitating them being thrown from behind cover. The Mills bomb or F1 grenade are examples of defensive grenades where the 30–45 m casualty radius[5] matched or exceeded the 30 m that a grenade could reasonably be thrown.
Modern fragmentation grenades such as the United States M67 grenade have a wounding radius of 15 m (half that of older style grenades, which can still be encountered) and can be thrown about 40 m. Fragments may travel more than 200 m.[6]
US sailor undergoing grenadier certification with a concussion grenade
The concussion grenade is an anti-personnel device that is designed to damage its target with explosive power alone. Compared to fragmentation grenades, the explosive filler is usually of a greater weight and volume. The case is far thinner and is designed to fragment as little as possible. The overpressure produced by this grenade when used in enclosed areas is greater than that produced by the fragmentation grenade. Therefore, it is especially effective in enclosed areas.
Thousands of concussion grenades were dropped into the rivers of Vietnam by sailors of the Brown Water boats. Landing Craft Utility (LCU) or Yard Freight Utility (YFU) boats always kept several cases of concussion grenades aboard to discourage sapper teams from swimming down the river and attaching or placing mines under the boats. Patrol Boat River (PBR) and other armed river boats could provide some sentry protection above water, but concussion grenades could disable an enemy approaching underwater. A swimmer would be immediately disabled by breaking ear drums and blood vessels in the eyes if within range of the concussion grenade. Common practice was to drop concussion grenades all night at irregular times (four or five per hour) to discourage swimmers from timing the interval between drops.
These grenades are usually classed as offensive weapons because the effective casualty radius is smaller than the distance it can be thrown on land. The concussion effect is more lethal than fragmentation, but its power drops more rapidly with range on land as well. The effective range to disable a swimmer under water in a shallow river is about 10-20 meters.
The US MK3A2 concussion grenade is filled with TNT and has a body made of tarred cardboard. It came with a "spoon" on the top—a spring-loaded arming device that was activated by pulling a ring on a cotter pin that held the spoon to the grenade's side. Once the pin was removed, the thrower had to keep the spoon in place by holding it against the grenade. Once the spoon was released, the spring flipped it away from the grenade and a timed fuse chemical reaction started that would usually set the grenade off within four seconds. Holding the grenade to the count of two might be an advantage over tossing it overboard immediately into shallow water. If the concussion grenade sank to the bottom and penetrated into the mud, it was less effective than detonating at the depth that an enemy sapper would be swimming.
The term concussion is often erroneously applied to stun grenades. This is not descriptive of the effects caused by the grenade. The term concussion is used because the grenade relies on its explosive power to create casualties. The Mk 40 is a TNT filled concussion grenade specifically for use against enemy divers and frogmen. The grenade is designed to be employed essentially as an anti-personnel depth charge, killing or otherwise incapacitating the target by creating a lethal shockwave underwater, similar to that of a full-size depth charge.[7]
Anti-tank
Main article: Anti-tank grenade
Soviet RPG-43 antitank grenade schematic showing armor defeating shaped charge
The first anti-tank grenades were improvised devices. The Germans were the first during World War I to come up with an improvised anti-tank grenade, taking their "potato masher" and taping two to three more of the explosive heads without the handle to create one complete grenade. In combat, after arming, the grenade was lobbed on top of the vehicle where the armor was thin.
During World War II, various nations made improvised anti-tank grenades by putting a number of defensive high explosive grenades into a sandbag. Due to their weight, these were normally thrown from very close range or directly placed in vulnerable spots onto an enemy vehicle.[citation needed] Another method used by the British Home Guard in 1940 was to place a high explosive in a thick sock and cover the lower part with axle grease and then place the grease covered part in a suitable size tin can. The anti-tank sock was pulled out, the fuse lit and the sock thrown against the side of the vehicle where it would adhere until the explosion. It caused internal spalling of the armor plate, killing or injuring the tank crew inside.[8] By late 1940, the British had brought into production a purpose-built adhesive anti-tank grenade - known as the sticky bomb.[9]
During World War II, when tanks overran entrenchments, hand grenades could be and were used by infantry as improvised anti-tank mines by placing or throwing them in the path of a tank in the hope of disabling a track. While this method was used in desperation, it usually proved more dangerous to the soldier on the ground than to the crew of the tank.
Purpose-designed anti-tank grenades invariably use the shaped charge principle to penetrate tank armor. In military terminology, warheads employing shape charges are called high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warheads. Because of the way shaped charges function, the grenade must hit the vehicle at an exact right angle for the effect to work most efficiently. The grenade facilitates this by deploying a small drogue parachute or fabric streamers after being thrown.
Britain developed the No 74 ST Grenade, popularly known as a sticky bomb, in which the main charge was held in a sphere covered in adhesive. In anticipation of a German invasion, the British Army asked for ideas for a simple, easy to use, ready for production and cheap close-in antitank weapon. The ST Grenade was a government sponsored initiative, by MIR(c), a group tasked with developing weapons for use in German and Italian occupied territory, and they placed the ST Grenade into mass production at Churchill's insistence, but seeing how it was operated, the British Army rejected it for the Home Guard much less their regular forces. The No 74 Grenade was later issued to troops as an emergency stop-gap measure against Italian tanks in North Africa, where it proved—to the surprise of many—highly effective. Later in the war, French partisans used the No 74 effectively in sabotage work against German installations.[10]
Shortly after the German invasion of Russia in 1941, the Germans introduced the Panzerwurfmine(L), a HEAT grenade that could destroy even the heaviest tanks. The grenade was tossed overhand to land atop the tank. After release by the thrower, spring-out canvas fins stabilized it during its short flight. The Panzerwurfmine(L) was lethal, and inexpensive to manufacture, but required considerable skill to throw accurately and was issued only to specially trained infantry tank-killer teams.[11] It did not take long after the Russians captured the German Panzerwurfmine(L) to come out with their own HEAT grenade. In 1940, they developed a crude anti-tank grenade that used the simple blast effect of a large high explosive charge, designated RPG-40, which was stabilized in flight by a ribbon released after it was thrown.[12] The RPG-43 of 1943 was a modified RPG-40 with a cone liner and a large number of fabric ribbons for flight stabilization after release. In the last year of the war, they introduced the RPG-6, a total redesign of the RPG-43 with an improved kite-tail drogue in the handle and a standoff for the HEAT warhead, drastically increasing both accuracy and penetration causing catastrophic damage to any tank if it impacted the top. The Russian RPG-43 and RPG-6 were far simpler to use in combat than the German Panzerwurfmine(L)and did not require extensive training.
After the end of World War II, many eastern European nations engineered their own versions of the RPG-6, such as the East German AZ-58-K-100. These were manufactured in the tens of thousands and given to 'armies of national liberation', seeing combat worldwide, including with the Egyptian Army during 1967 and 1973.[13][14][15]
In the final two years of World War II, the Japanese developed a crude HEAT hand grenade. The grenade had a simple 100 mm diameter cone HEAT warhead with a simple "all the way" fuse system in the base. It had what looked like the end of a mop head on the tail end of the warhead. A soldier would remove the anti-tank grenade from its sack, pull the pin, and throw it gripping the mop-head as the handle. This was dangerous, as there was no arming safety after release. Penetration was reported only around 50mm.[citation needed]
In the late 1970s, the U.S. Army was worried about the lack of emergency anti-tank weapons for issue to its rear area units, to counter isolated enemy armored vehicles infiltrating or being air dropped. When the US Army asked for ideas, engineers at the U.S. Army laboratories suggested designing a derivative of the East German AZ-58-K-100 HEAT antitank grenade. This concept was called "HAG" for High-explosive Anti-armor Grenade. While the civilian engineers working for the US Army thought it was a great idea, it was rejected out of hand by almost all senior US Army officers who had in the past commanded troops in the field as being more dangerous to the troops who used them than the enemy vehicles that would be targeted, so, the idea was shelved by 1985.[16][17]
The most widely-distributed anti-tank grenades today are the Cold War era Russian designs of the 1950s and 1960s, mainly the RKG-3.
Due to improvements in modern tank armor, anti-tank hand grenades are generally considered obsolete. However, in the recent Iraq War, the RKG-3 made a reappearance with Iraqi insurgents who use them primarily against U.S. light vehicles. This has led the U.S. to apply additional armor.[18]
See also: History of gunpowder
Earliest known representation of a gun (a fire lance) and a grenade (upper right), Dunhuang, 10th century CE.[19]
In China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279AD), weapons known as Zhen Tian Lei were created when Chinese soldiers packed gunpowder into ceramic or metal containers. In 1044, a military book Wujing Zongyao ("Compilation of Military Classics") described various gunpowder recipes in which one can find, according to Joseph Needham, the prototype of the modern hand grenade.[20]
The first cast iron bombshells and grenades did not appear in Europe until 1467.[21] Within a couple centuries of this, the Chinese had discovered the explosive potential of packing hollowed cannonball shells with gunpowder. Written later by Jiao Yu (焦玉) in the mid 14th century book of the Huolongjing (火龙经, "Fire Drake Manual"), this manuscript recorded an earlier Song-era cast iron cannon known as the "flying-cloud thunderclap cannon" (飞云霹雳炮; feiyun pili pao). The manuscript stated that (Needham's modified Wade-Giles spelling):
The shells (pào) are made of cast iron, as large as a bowl and shaped like a ball. Inside they contain half a pound of 'divine fire' (shén huǒ, gunpowder). They are sent flying towards the enemy camp from an eruptor (mu pào); and when they get there a sound like a thunder-clap is heard, and flashes of light appear. If ten of these shells are fired successfully into the enemy camp, the whole place will be set ablaze...
This text of the Huolongjing was also important for the understanding of the Chinese hand grenade in the 14th century, as it provided much more detailed descriptions and even printed illustrations of the grenade bombs used.[23]
Production of Sidolówka hand grenades in an underground Armia Krajowa facility in Lwów during World War II.
In 1643, it is possible that "Grenados" were thrown amongst the Welsh at Holt Bridge during the English Civil War. The word "grenade" originated in the Glorious Revolution (1688), where cricket ball-sized iron spheres packed with gunpowder and fitted with slow-burning wicks were first used against the Jacobites in the battles of Killiecrankie and Glen Shiel.[24] These grenades were not very effective (probably because a direct hit would be necessary for the grenade to have effect) and, as a result, saw little use.
French troops using a catapult to throw hand grenades during World War I.
However, trench warfare favored the grenade. In a letter to his sister, Colonel Hugh Robert Hibbert, described an improvised grenade employed during the Crimea War (1854–1856):
{{quote|We have a new invention to annoy our friends in their pits. It consists in filling empty soda water bottles full of powder, old twisted nails and any other sharp or cutting thing we can find at the time, sticking a bit of tow in for a fuse then lighting it and throwing it quickly into our neighbours pit where it bursts, to their great annoyance. You may imagine their rage at seeing a soda water bottle come tumbling into a hole full of men with a little fuse burning away as proud as a real shell exploding and burying itself into soft parts of the flesh.[25]
In the American Civil War, both sides used hand grenades equipped with a plunger that detonated the device upon impact. The North relied on experimental Ketchum Grenades, with a tail to ensure the nose would strike the target and start the fuse. The Confederacy used spherical hand grenades that weighed about six pounds, sometimes with a paper fuse. They also used Rains and Adams grenades, which were similar to the Ketchum in appearance and mechanism.
One of the first widely used percussion hand grenades was designed about 1903 by a colonel of the Serbian army, Miloš Vasić. In 1912, Colonel Vasić further redesigned his hand grenade into "Vasić" M.12 model. They were adopted by the Serbian army in 1912, just in time to be used in the 1st and 2nd Balkan War (1912–1913) and extensively used by Serbian infantry in World War I.[26] That grenade was popular under name of "Vasićka" (by its designers name), or "Kragujevka" (by its place of manufacture, the military-technical works in Kragujevac, Serbia). The Vasić design was further developed into a series of new hand grenades that lasted until far after the end of World War II.[27]
The most infamous employment of the "Vasić" hand grenade occurred not long before the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914, when a conspirator threw one at the Archduke's car. The grenade bounced off and exploded under a following vehicle, wounding about 20 people. Franz Ferdinand and his wife were shot to death by another conspirator later that day. Austro-Hungarian authorities confiscated a couple of "Vasić" grenades from would-be assassins, using them to support accusations that Serbia was a participant in the murderous plot—the act that led to the outbreak of WWI.[citation needed]
Section of the Stielhandgranate Modell 24
Early in World War I, both sides only had small grenades of a pre-war design. For example, in Italy, the Besozzi grenade had a five-second fuse with a match-tip that was ignited by striking on a ring on the soldier's hand.[28] As an interim measure, the troops often improvised their own, such as the Jam Tin Grenade. These were replaced when manufactured versions such as the Mills bomb, the first modern fragmentation grenade, became available to British front-line troops.
Mills bomb
Main article: Mills bomb
36M Mills bomb from 1942
The Mills bomb was developed at the Mills Munitions Factory in Birmingham, England and was described as the first "safe grenade." Approximately 75,000,000 grenades were made during World War I. They were explosive-filled steel canisters with a triggering pin and a distinctive deeply notched surface. This segmentation was thought to aid fragmentation and increase the grenade's deadliness. Later research showed that the segmentation did not improve fragmentation. Improved-fragmentation designs would later be made with the notches on the inside, but at the time, this would have been too expensive to produce. The external segmentation of the original Mills bomb was retained, since it did provide a positive grip surface. This basic "pin-and-pineapple" design is still used in some modern grenades. On the other hand, the U.S. M67 fragmentation grenade has a smooth exterior, which is more suitable for being rolled or for throwing in a flat arc.
George Orwell in Homage to Catalonia[29] used the word "bomb" to denote hand grenades used during 1936-37 trench warfare when he was a militia soldier in the Spanish Civil War. He noted their similarity to the "Mills bomb" [see above]. Only once did he use the word "hand-grenade", describing street fighting in Barcelona, May 1937:
"The din was so loud that I made sure someone must be firing at us with a field gun. Actually it was only hand-grenades, which made double their usual noise when they burst among stone buildings."[30]
Parallel to the Mills bomb and its similar counterparts, the Germans issued the "stick hand grenade" (Stielhandgranate Modell 24), which featured an explosive charge encased in a metal can and mounted on a wooden shaft for throwing. This simple design continued to evolve throughout the First and Second World Wars, with the Model 24 grenade (popularly known as the "potato masher") becoming one of the most easily recognized of all small arms, and synonymous with the German soldier.
Hand grenade fuse system
Modern Israeli grenade cutaway. Note the lack of ball-bearing and explosive filler in the practice grenade (right).
French F1 percussion grenade
Most grenades explode, projecting shrapnel, i.e., pieces of the casing, serrated wire, or an incendiary material. Some, such as smoke grenades, merely burn, releasing smoke for masking, marking, or signaling. CS riot grenades function the same way. Grenades contain an explosive or chemical filler and have a small opening for a fuse. In modern hand grenades, the fuse is lit by an internal device rather than an external flame.
Hand grenades have five characteristics:
Short range
Small effective kill radius, roughly 8 meters
Large effective casualty radius, roughly 15 meters
Delay element that permits safe throwing
Hard shell that lets them ricochet off hard surfaces, like walls, before detonating
Hand grenades have:
A body that contains the filler
A filler, the chemical or explosive for fragmentation
A fuse that ignites or detonates the grenade
Detonation mechanism
A percussion grenade detonates upon impact with the target. Classic examples of percussion grenades are the British Gammon bomb and No 69 grenade. Some percussion grenades have a conventional pyrotechnic fuse fitted as a backup detonation device.
Timed fuse
In a timed fuse grenade, the fuse is ignited upon release of the safety lever. Timed fuse grenades are generally preferred to hand-thrown percussion grenades because their fuzing mechanisms are safer and more robust than those used in percussion grenades.
Modern manufacturers of hand grenades include:
Diehl [31] (Germany)
Mecar [32] (Belgium)
Rheinmetall [33] (Germany, formerly Arges, Austria)
Ruag [34] (Switzerland)
Using grenades
1944: An American soldier throwing a live "pineapple" hand grenade at the training range of Fort Belvoir
2005: U.S. Army grenade training during initial entry training includes throwing both dummy and live hand grenades, range instructor at right observes an M67 grenade in flight. The Grenade as well as the safety lever can be seen
A classic hand grenade has a safety handle or lever (known colloquially as the spoon, due to its size and shape) and a removable safety pin that prevents the handle from being released. Some grenade types also have a safety clip to further prevent the handle from coming off in transit.
To use a grenade, the soldier grips it with the throwing hand, ensuring that his thumb holds the safety lever in place. This is called the death grip, because releasing the lever could (and probably would) make the grenade detonate, killing the thrower. Left-handed soldiers are advised to invert the grenade, so the thumb is still the digit that holds the safety lever. The soldier then grabs the safety pin's pull ring with the index or middle finger of the other hand and removes it with a pulling and twisting motion. He then throws the grenade towards the target. An over-arm throw is recommended but may not be suitable for every combat situation. Soldiers are trained to throw grenades in standing, prone-to-standing, kneeling, prone-to-kneeling, and alternate prone positions and in under- or side-arm throws. If the grenade is thrown from a standing position the thrower must then immediately seek cover or lie prone if no cover is nearby.
Once the soldier throws the grenade, the safety lever releases, the striker throws the safety lever away from the grenade body as it rotates to detonate the primer. The primer explodes and ignites the fuse (sometimes called the delay element). The fuse burns down to the detonator, which explodes the main charge.
When using an antipersonnel grenade, the objective is to have the grenade explode so that the target is within its effective radius. For the M67 fragmentation grenade used by several NATO nations, the effective kill zone has a five meter radius, while the casualty-inducing radius is approximately fifteen meters.[35] Fragments can fly as far as 230 meters. Usually people in a 15 meter radius are injured enough to effectively render them harmless.
Cooking off is a term referring to intentionally holding onto an armed grenade after the pin has been pulled and the handle released; allowing the fuse to burn partially to decrease the time to detonation after throwing. This technique is used to reduce the ability of the enemy to take cover or throw the grenade back. It is also used to allow the grenade to burst in the air over defensive positions.[36] This technique is inherently dangerous, since fuses may vary from grenade to grenade. Because of this the U.S. Marines (MCWP 3-35) describe cooking-off as the "least preferred technique," recommending a "hard throw, skip/bounce technique" to prevent an enemy returning a grenade.
A call is usually given upon deploying a grenade, to warn friendly forces. Some yells, such as frag out or fire in the hole, signal that a grenade has been deployed. In any instance the purpose is to warn fellow soldiers to take cover. In the U.S. Military, when a grenade is dropped into an enclosed space like a tunnel, room, or trench, the person dropping the grenade yells fire in the hole to warn that an explosion is about to occur. Standard U.S. military procedure includes calling frag out to indicate that a fragmentation grenade has been deployed. Yelling the word "Grenade!" is used to warn others to seek cover from an enemy grenade that has landed in the immediate vicinity.
Grenades are often used in the field to construct booby traps, using some action of the intended target (such as opening a door, or starting a car) to trigger the grenade. These grenade-based booby traps are simple to construct in the field using readily available materials. The most basic technique involves wedging a grenade in a tight spot so the safety lever does not leave the grenade when the pin is pulled. A string is then tied from the head assembly to another stationary object. When a soldier steps on the string, the grenade is pulled out of the narrow passageway, the safety lever is released, and the grenade detonates.
Discarded RGD-5 hand grenade (live but unfuzed) in Northern Kuwait
Abandoned booby traps and discarded grenades contribute to the problem of unexploded ordnance. The use of trip wire-triggered grenades (along with land mines in general) is banned under the Ottawa Treaty and may be treated as a war crime wherever it is ratified. India, the People's Republic of China, Russia, and the United States have not signed the treaty despite international pressure, citing self-defense needs.
Grenades have also been made to release smoke, tear gas and other gases, as well as illumination. Special forces often use stun grenades to disorient people during entry into a room.
Some grenades are designed to be thrown longer distances. The German "potato-masher" grenade had a long wooden handle that extended its range by fifty percent.[citation needed] The potato-masher was fired by a friction igniter in the head, activated by a pull string threaded through the hollow handle. Immediately before throwing the grenade, the soldier pulled a small porcelain ball at the end of a string attached to the friction igniter. This started the time fuse, which fired the detonator after a delay. The potato-masher is often incorrectly thought to have had an impact fuse. It did not, but the superficially similar British stick grenade design of 1908 did.
Other variants
M84 stun grenade
Main article: Stun grenade
A stun grenade, also known as a flash grenade or a flashbang, is a non-lethal weapon. The first devices like this were created in the 1960s at the order of the British Special Air Service as an incapacitant.
These grenades are designed to temporarily neutralize the combat effectiveness of enemies by disorienting their senses. The flash of light momentarily activates all light sensitive cells in the eye, making vision impossible for approximately five seconds until the eye restores itself to its normal, unstimulated state. The extremely loud blast produced by the grenade adds to its incapacitating properties by disturbing the fluid in the ear.
IDF stun grenade
When detonated, the fuse/grenade body assembly remains intact. The body is a tube with holes along the sides that emit the light and sound of the explosion. The explosion does not cause shrapnel injury, but can still burn. The concussive blast of the detonation can injure and the heat created can ignite flammable materials such as fuel. The fires that occurred during the Iranian Embassy Siege in London were caused by stun grenades. The filler consists of about 4.5 grams of a pyrotechnic metal-oxidant mix of magnesium or aluminium and an oxidizer such as ammonium perchlorate or potassium perchlorate.
Sting grenades (also called rubber ball grenades or hornet's nest grenades) are based on the design of the fragmentation grenade. But instead of using a metal casing to produce shrapnel, they are made from two spheres of hard rubber. The smaller, inner sphere houses the explosive charge, primer, and detonator, and the outer sphere is the grenade casing. The space between the two spheres is filled with many small, hard rubber balls. Upon detonation the rubber balls explode outward in all directions, each one packing a sting. The balls bounce off hard surfaces so can appear to come from all sides, and can thus be likened to a swarm of hornets. Any people in the way will receive a series of fast, painful stings. The subject is forced to take cover from the blunt force of the projectiles. Some types have an additional payload of chemical agents like CS gas.
The advantages compared to a flashbang are:
The subject does not need to be looking at the grenade for it to take full effect in outdoor areas.
Sting grenades are much more likely to cause a subject to either fall or lower themselves in pain, thus providing good sight lines to unaffected targets in the area.
This makes sting grenades ideal for containing small groups of rowdy prisoners, providing a shooting opportunity when a suspect is hiding behind cover, or in allowing SWAT teams to clear small rooms.
A disadvantage of using sting grenades is that they are not sure to incapacitate a subject, so they are dangerous to use with armed subjects. This is because sting grenades rely on the body's reaction to adverse stimuli (pain and blunt force trauma) rather than denial of sensory input. A person with sufficient mental focus can concentrate enough to ignore being hit by a sting grenade's payload, whereas a stun grenade will physically affect vision and sense of orientation. The effective range of a sting grenade is limited compared to a stun grenade. In addition, there is the risk of serious physical injury as the target is being pelted with actual objects capable of inflicting harm, and not just being deafened/blinded.[clarification needed]
Sting grenades are sometimes called "stinger grenades," which is a genericized trademark as "Stinger" is trademarked by Defense Technology for its own line of sting grenades.
Impact stun
A more recent development is the blank-firing impact grenade (BFIG). Preferred in many situations, especially training, for two main reasons; they are re-usable, and therefore more economical, because the charge is a standard ammunition blank, and they are subject to very few transport restrictions when unloaded. The BFIG contains a mechanism to fire a blank cartridge when dropped at any angle onto a hard surface from a height of a metre or more. Firing will occur in any combination of positions only on impact.[37]
Grenades as ornamentation
Grenade on a kepi of the French Army
Stylized pictures of early grenades, emitting a flame, are used as ornaments on military uniforms, particularly in Britain, France (esp. French Gendarmerie and the French Army), and Italy (Carabinieri). Fusilier regiments in the British and Commonwealth tradition (e.g., the Princess Louise Fusiliers, Canadian Army) wear a cap-badge depicting flaming grenade, reflecting their historic use of grenades in the assault. The British Grenadier Guards took their name and cap badge of a burning grenade from repelling an attack of French Grenadiers at Waterloo. The Spanish artillery arm uses a flaming grenade as its badge. The flag of the Russian Ground Forces also bears a flaming grenade device. The branch insignia of the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps also uses this symbol, the grenade being symbolic of explosive ordnance in general. The United States Marine Corps also uses the grenade on their uniforms: the rank insignia for master gunnery sergeant has three chevrons pointing up, with four rockers on the bottom. In the middle of this is a bursting bomb, or grenade. U.S. Navy Aviation Ordnanceman's rating badge features a winged device of similar design. Ukrainian mechanized infantry and engineers use a flaming grenade in their branch insignia. The Finnish Army Corps of Engineers' emblem consists of a stick hand grenade (symbolizing demolition) and a shovel (symbolizing construction) in saltire.
Nils Waltersen Aasen, the creator of the modern hand grenade
Rocket-propelled grenade
Rifle grenade
Technology of the Song Dynasty
^ a b c d "Grenade". Encyclopedia Britannica.
^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grenade
^ a b c Robert James Forbes: "Studies in Ancient Technology," Leiden 1993, ISBN 978-90-04-00621-8, p.107
^ Northover Projectors - WO 185/23, The National Archives
^ (Ukrainian) [1]
^ Federation of American Scientists. M67 FRAGMENTATION HAND GRENADE
^ Dockery 1997, p. 188.
^ A 1941 issue of LIFE magazine showed a series of photo on how to make such antitank grenades along with X shaped slit trenches to protect the grenade thrower
^ Ian Hogg "Grenades & Mortars" page 38 Ballantine Books 1974
^ Chris Bishop "Weapons of World War II" page 207-208 Barnes and Nobles Books 1998
^ Denis H.R. Archer "Jane's Infantry Weapons" page 462
^ Chris Bishop "Weapons of World War II" page 214 Barnes and Nobles Books 1998
^ Denis H.R. Archer "Jane's Infantry Weapons" page 464-465
^ Note - see the External Images on the HAG in the "Anti-tank" section of this article for a detail drawings and how Russian anti-tank grenades operate
^ Eric C. Ludvigsen "Association of the United States Army GREEN BOOK 1984-85" page 348
^ As this type of anti-tank grenade had been successfully employed by other armies in the Second World War, one can only conclude that cultural factors influenced the decision of the senior officers. As it was, the decision left many rear-area U.S. units with no heavier "anti-tank weapon" than the M2 heavy machine gun.
^ Schogol, Jeff (October 20, 2009) "MRAPs modified to deflect RKG-3 anti-tank grenades". Stars and Stripes (newspaper)
^ "The Genius of China," Robert Temple
^ Joseph Needham: Science and civilization in China: Vol. 5; Part 6: Chemistry and chemical technology; Military technology: missiles and sieges, Cambridge University Press 1994, ISBN 0-521-32727-X
^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 179.
^ Needham, Volume 5, 264.
^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 179-180.
^ Cramb, Auslan (23 Feb 2004). "Battlefield gives up 1689 hand grenade". Scotland Correspondent. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/02/23/ngren23.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/02/23/ixhome.html.
^ "The National Archives, records of the UK government". Letters of Hibbert, Hugh Robert, 1828-1895, Colonel, ref. DHB/57 - date: 14 June 1855. http://www.a2a.org.uk/search/records.asp?cat=017-dhb&cid=3-1-3#3-1-3. Retrieved 2006-08-09.
^ "Istorijat". Zastava-arms.co.yu. http://www.zastava-arms.co.rs/english/zastava.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-26. [dead link]
^ LEXPEV. "Yugoslavian hand- and riflegrenades". Lexpev.nl. Archived from the original on 2008-08-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20080804042526/http://www.lexpev.nl/grenades/sovietbalkan/yugoslavia/index.html. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
^ How the Modern Grenadier is Armed: an ancient practice that was revived by the trench fighting of the great war, Popular Science monthly, January 1919, page 14, Scanned by Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=HykDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14
^ Pub. 1952; cf. Chap VII
^ ibid. Chap. X, p128
^ http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Infantry-Weapons/Diehl-DM-51-offensive-defensive-hand-grenade-Germany.html
^ http://www.mecar.be/content.php?langue=english&cle_menus=1156765274
^ http://www.rheinmetall-defence.com/index.php?fid=3313&lang=3
^ http://www.ruag.com/en/Ammotec/Defence_and_Law_Enforcement/Handgranades/HG_85-Linie
^ United States Army Field Manual 3-23.30, Grenades and Pyrotechnic Signals (2005 revision), page 1-6
^ United States Army Field Manual 3-23.30, Grenades and Pyrotechnic Signals (2005 revision), pages 3-11 to 3-12
^ "Impact Stun Grenade from HFM Pyrotechnics:". Hfmgroup.com. http://www.hfmgroup.com/professionalsupplies/product-specs/impact-grenade.html. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 7. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
Getting Good With the Grenade - November 1944 Popular Science article with complete history, cutaway and illustrations
Mecar - Belgian manufacturer of various grenade types
Pakistan Ordnance Factories - licensed manufacturer of Arges grenades
Film of exploding grenade - taken using ultra high-speed photographic technique (2/3 million frames per second)
How Grenades Work - from HowStuffWorks
CenturioLight c/o Centurio Products Group - manufacturer of the electronic flashbang's "BAD"
Exploded view of a modern Arges 73 hand grenade
Accidental hand grenade blast injuries in the Transkei region of South Africa: A case report - (WARNING: graphic content)
Hand grenades
Incendiary weapons
Insulin potentiation therapy
Hand grenade — Grenade Gre*nade , n. [F. grenade a pomegranate, a grenade, or Sp. granada; orig., filled with seeds. So called from the resemblance of its shape to a pomegranate. See {Carnet}, {Grain} a kernel, and cf. {Pomegranate}.] (Min.) A hollow ball or… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
hand-grenade — (n.) 1660s, from HAND (Cf. hand) (n.) + GRENADE (Cf. grenade), which at that time referred to any explosive missile … Etymology dictionary
hand grenade — hand grenades N COUNT A hand grenade is the same as a grenade … English dictionary
hand grenade — ► NOUN ▪ a hand thrown grenade … English terms dictionary
hand grenade — n. a small grenade thrown by hand and exploded by a timed fuze or by impact … English World dictionary
hand grenade — hand′ grenade n. mil an explosive shell that is thrown by hand and exploded by impact or by means of a fuze • Etymology: 1655–65 … From formal English to slang
hand grenade — index bomb Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
hand grenade — noun a grenade designed to be thrown by hand (Freq. 2) • Hypernyms: ↑grenade * * * ˈhand grenade [hand grenade hand grenades] noun a small bomb that is thrown by hand … Useful english dictionary
hand grenade — UK / US noun [countable] Word forms hand grenade : singular hand grenade plural hand grenades a small bomb that explodes after it has been thrown by hand … English dictionary
hand grenade — hand gre,nade noun count a small bomb that explodes after it has been thrown by hand … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Posted by Michael Rubenstein In News 0 comment
Voya Financial's employee benefits business has started a new leave management offering that aims to deliver employers a fully integrated service that makes the process of managing paid time off for their workforce easier, while also providing their employees with a high-touch, proactive service experience.
"The leave landscape has always been relatively complex for our employer partners to be able to administer because there's more than 200 federal statutory and company driven paid and unpaid leave requirements," says Lou Strippy, vice president of life and disability distribution and national accounts at Voya Financial. "As that complexity has grown, it was important for us to make sure that we continue to invest in capabilities that are going to be the necessities that employers are looking for."
Over 30 states currently have active paid family and medical leave legislation, which has led to large employers increasingly looking for support from outside benefits providers. Research from the Disability Management Employer Coalition shows that almost half (47%) of companies with 1,000 or more employees outsource their FMLA administration, which is up from 35% in 2014.
Voya is offering its comprehensive leave management solution to all employer clients, and it will be available to them and their employees effective Jan. 1, 2021.
"The FMLA landscape is really making it more challenging, from an administration standpoint, says Alexandra Dumont, market line leader of life, absence and disability at Voya's Employee Benefits division. "As a disability insurer, we have the ability to fully administer the paid medical leave portions of that which have a lot of similarity to what we offer from a short term disability standpoint, although short term disability is still more expansive in general."
Voya's leave management service offers employers an alternative to internally administering FMLA to help reduce costs and liability through fair, accurate and consistent administration. Employers will have access to a 24-hour online portal that is accessible by most mobile devices and provides real-time claim status and reporting tools.
Another benefit includes the Americans with Disabilities Act and Stay at Work solutions, which can help employers comply with the ADA by managing leave of absence requests, accommodation requests, and SAW accommodation requests. Voya's SAW program is designed to support and assist employees to help them continue performing their job functions under the guidelines of the ADA.
There will also be a streamlined claims management and high-touch customer service, which offers job protection, disability benefits, work accommodations and SAW — all managed in one place. To provide personalized customer service, one case specialist is assigned to manage all types of leaves and will call the employee within 48 hours, once they receive a claim notification, to share their direct contact information.
"The complexity of the leave landscape has always been there and has become more complex over the course of the last 12 to 18 months," Strippy says. "Once the pandemic really hit us in full force over the course of the last 10 weeks, employers have been focusing even more on how employee productivity and time away is going to be impacting the way that they do business."


Topogram of the upper portion of the skull of a Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). The large green arrow points to a bullet fragment. Specimen courtesy of the Museum of Comparative Zoology - Harvard University (MCZ).


BOSWELL - Davidsville has become Somerset County soccer's Title Town.
Conemaugh Township successfully defended its boys soccer championship Thursday night, edging Rockwood 3-2 in the District 5A final.
Conemaugh Township's girls won District 5's Class AA championship Wednesday night and both were WestPAC champions, as the Lady Indians sharing that title with North Star.
The top-ranked Indians (22-1) won back-to-back titles for the third time in 10 years.
"It's never easy," said the Indians second-year coach Dave Mishler. "We won a lot of one-goal games again but we had a strong season and these guys learned how to win early and stayed with it all year."
Mishler said this year's Indians were more balanced than last year's 15-7-1 team.
"This team, overall, has more strength than last year. We scored goals out of every line this year. Nobody could mark one man and keep us down. That was a strength of this team even more so than last year."
Alan Johnson was the offensive star Tuesday, netting two early goals less than four minutes apart.
Johnson credited his fellow forward, senior Carl Stiffler, and the Indians midfielders for setting him up.
"Carl and the midfield were playing real well," Johnson said. "They put nice through-balls to me. I did my best to get there and try to give it back to them for goals and everything."
Senior midfielder Darin Lehman, set up Johnson's first goal, 8:32 into the game, and Stiffler set up the second, 3:25 later.
"I was pretty happy to get the first one," Johnson said. "The second felt good too. Carl did a lot of work on that one."
The Rockets (16-5-1), who rallied with two late goals in Tuesday's quadruple-overtime win against Forbes Road, battled back when Ben Baker headed in a deep throw-in from Justin Hinzy with 8:42 to go until halftime.
Lehman, however, was credited with the clinching goal just 2:27 later when his cross went in off a Rockets defender.
Rockwood got only five shots on net, but Indians keeper Steve Miller stayed busy with 15 touches, including a prone, fingertip stop late that kept the Rockets from tying.
The Rockets cut the gap to one when Hinzy headed in a ball that hit an Indians defender and trickled in with 12:10 left in the game.
Rockwood coach Greg Custer saluted his players for their effort against the deserving champions.
"I'm extremely, extremely proud of them. They're beating themselves up a little right now but, deep in their hearts, they know they did well," he said.
"They played with the best and I consider them the best," Custer said.
"Conemaugh Township played a phenomenal game. They're in first place for a reason. Their passing game and their composure are something else."
Custer also thanked Rockwood's rooters and added, "I hope they follow us through inter-districts."
Both teams advance to the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association state playoffs starting Tuesday.
Johnson said the Indians are looking forward to a chance to erase memories of last year's 1-0 shoot-out loss to South Fayette.
"Last year we got eliminated (in the first round), so we're hoping to do a little bit better this year," he said.
Conemaugh Township will play WPIAL (District 7) runner-up Trinity Christian (18-2) while Rockwood takes on the WPIAL champion Greensburg Central Catholic (20-1). Sites are still to be determined, but Township's teams may play a PIAA playoff doubleheader Boswell.
Westmont's Lady Hilltoppers shut out Penns Valley 4-0 for the girls District 6AA title and will play the Lady Indians Tuesday.
The Rockets and Indians have combined for eight of 11 district titles.
Township also won titles in 1993, 1994, 1996 and 1997, while Rockwood won in 1995 and 1998.
In other playoff action Thursday, Bishop McCort became boys 6A champions by beating Westmont-Hilltop in a sudden death shoot-out; Central Mountain beat State College 2-1 for the girls 6AAA title; and Ligonier Valley edged Huntingdon 2-1 in OT for the boys 6AA title.


text:
import os
import shutil
import socket

import netaddr

from oslo.config import cfg
from neutron.agent.linux import ip_lib
from neutron.agent.linux import utils
from neutron.common import exceptions
from neutron.openstack.common import log as logging
from neutron.plugins.common import constants
from neutron.services.loadbalancer import constants as lb_const

from neutron.services.loadbalancer.drivers.netscaler.rest_client import RESTClient

LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
NS_PREFIX = 'qlbaas-'

OPTS = [
    cfg.StrOpt(
        'netscaler_ncc_uri',
        help=_('The URL to reach the NetScaler Control Center Server'),
    ),
    cfg.StrOpt(
        'netscaler_ncc_username',
        default=('admin'),
        help=_('The username to use to login to the NetScaler Control Center Server'),
    ),
    cfg.StrOpt(
        'netscaler_ncc_password',
        help=_('The password to use to login to the NetScaler Control Center Server'),
    )
]

class AgentDriver(object):
    def __init__(self, conf):
        self.conf = conf
        self.conf.register_opts(OPTS)
        self.pool_to_port_id = {}

        self.ncc_uri = self.conf.netscaler_ncc_uri
        self.ncc_username = self.conf.netscaler_ncc_username
        self.ncc_password = self.conf.netscaler_ncc_password

        LOG.debug(_("NCC configuration found: uri=%s username=%s" % (self.ncc_uri, self.ncc_username)))
        headers ={'X-Tenant-ID':'53763', 'X-OpenStack-LBaaS-Agent':'netscaler-openstack-lbaas-agent'}

        self.client = RESTClient(self.ncc_uri, self.ncc_username, self.ncc_password, headers=headers)

    def create_vip(self, vip, netinfo):
        LOG.debug(_("NetScaler Driver received the VIP creation request:vip=%s netinfo=%s" %
                    (repr(vip), repr(netinfo))))
        del vip["status"]
        del vip["port_id"]

        vip = dict(vip.items() + netinfo.items())

        LOG.debug(_("The vip object to send to NCC is: %s" % repr(vip)))

        self.client.create_resource("vips", "vip", vip)

    def update_vip(self, old_vip, vip, old_netinfo, netinfo):
        LOG.debug(_("NetScaler Driver received the VIP creation request:vip=%s netinfo=%s" %
                    (repr(vip), repr(netinfo))))

        self.client.update_resource("vips/" + old_vip["id"], "vip", vip)

    def delete_vip(self, vip, netinfo):
        LOG.debug(_("NetScaler Driver received the VIP deletion request: vip=%s netinfo=%s" %
                   (repr(vip), repr(netinfo))))

        self.client.remove_resource("vips/" + vip['id'])

    def create_pool(self, pool, netinfo):
        LOG.debug(_("NetScaler Driver received the pool creation request:pool=%s netinfo=%s" %
                    (repr(pool), repr(netinfo))))

        del pool["members"]
        del pool["health_monitors"]
        del pool["health_monitors_status"]
        del pool["status"]
        del pool["provider"]

        pool = dict(pool.items() + netinfo.items())

        self.client.create_resource("pools", "pool", pool)

    def update_pool(self, old_pool, pool, old_netinfo, netinfo):
        LOG.debug(_("NetScaler Driver received the pool update request:pool=%s netinfo=%s" %
                    (repr(pool), repr(netinfo))))
        self.client.update_resource("pools/" + old_pool["id"], "pool", pool)

    def delete_pool(self, pool, netinfo):
        LOG.debug(_("NetScaler Driver received the pool deletion request:pool=%s netinfo=%s" %
                    (repr(pool), repr(netinfo))))
        self.client.remove_resource("pools/" + pool['id'])

    def create_member(self, member, netinfo):
        LOG.debug(_("NetScaler Driver received the member creation request:member=%s netinfo=%s" %
                    (repr(member), repr(netinfo))))

        del member["status"]

        self.client.create_resource("members" , "member", member)

    def update_member(self, old_member, member, old_netinfo, netinfo):
        LOG.debug(_("NetScaler Driver received the member update request:old_member=%s member=%s netinfo=%s" %
                    (repr(old_member), repr(member), repr(netinfo))))
        self.client.update_resource("members/" + old_member["id"], "member", member)

    def delete_member(self, member, netinfo):
        LOG.debug(_("NetScaler Driver received a member deletion request:member=%s netinfo=%s" %
                    (repr(member), repr(netinfo))))
        self.client.remove_resource("members/" + member['id'])

    def create_pool_health_monitor(self, health_monitor, pool_id, netinfo):
        LOG.debug(_("NetScaler Driver received the health monitor creation request:health_monitor=%s netinfo=%s" %
                    (repr(health_monitor), repr(netinfo))))
        self.client.create_resource("healthmonitors", "healthmonitor", health_monitor)

    def update_health_monitor(self, old_health_monitor, health_monitor, pool_id, netinfo):
        LOG.debug(_("NetScaler Driver received the health monitor update request:old_h=%s mealth_monitor health_monitor=%s netinfo=%s" %
                    (repr(old_health_monitor), repr(health_monitor), repr(netinfo))))
        self.client.update_resource("healthmonitors/" + old_health_monitor["id"], "health_monitor", health_monitor)

    def delete_pool_health_monitor(self, health_monitor, pool_id, netinfo):
        LOG.debug(_("NetScaler Driver received a health monitor deletion request: health_monitor=%s netinfo=%s" %
                    (repr(health_monitor), repr(netinfo))))
        self.client.remove_resource("healthmonitors/" + health_monitor['id'])

    def get_stats(self, pool_id):
        LOG.debug(_("NetScaler Driver received a stats collection request for pool %s" % pool_id))
        return None

    def get_tasks(self):
        LOG.debug(_("NetScaler Driver received a request to check for pending tasks on ncc"))
        return []

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
CU President Approves Journalism Program Changes
KUNC | By Grace Hood
Published April 8, 2011 at 3:52 PM MDT
Grace Hood
CU Journalism students Kate Spencer (left) and Isa Jones (right) work at the school's online news site, the CU Independent.
University of Colorado President Bruce Benson is recommending that the Boulder campus move forward with plans to revamp its journalism school.
Benson said he came to the decision after meeting with Chancellor Phil DiStefano, students, faculty, advisory board members and Colorado journalists. While the ultimate goal is to strengthen journalism education, the current plan requires the discontinuation of the journalism school itself.
It's a term that's raised alarm bells for many students and faculty.
"I wanted to make sure that everyone does understand that I'm very high on having a very good strong journalism program," said Benson.
If CU Regents approve the current plan, the process would take three to five years to fully complete. All existing journalism undergrads could complete their degree. But after the fall of 2012 a standalone major in journalism would no longer be possible for undergraduate students. This means they could either double major in the subject or declare it as a minor.
CU Regents will make the final decision next Thursday.
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See stories by Grace Hood
When the News Gets Personal: CU Journalism Students Cover Program "Discontinuance"
Last fall, University of Colorado officials made headlines when they said they would take a hard look at the future of their journalism program. While…


text:
Report: UK Peerage and Baronetage - Royal Family of United Kingdom and Great Britain
Description: Family members of the British Royal Family (United Kingdom and Great Britain)
Matches 1 to 150 of 150 » Comma-delimited CSV file
# Prefix Full Name Suffix Birth Date Death Date Spouse Name Spouse ID
1 Royal Lady Rose Victoria Birgitte Louise Gloucester de United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) George Edward Gilman I14182
2 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Arthur William Patrick Albert Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The 1st Duke of Connaught and Strathearn The 1st Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 1 May 1850 16 Jan 1942 Louise Margaret Alexandra Victoria Agnes, Princess of Prussia (Hohenzollern) I154730
3 Alexandria Louise Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 1 Sep 1878 16 Apr 1942 Ernst, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (Hohenlohe) I189620
4 Elizabeth Georgiana Adelaide, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 10 Dec 1820 4 Mar 1821
5 Amelia Sophia Eleanor, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 10 Jul 1711 31 Oct 1786
6 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lord Edward Antony Richard Louis, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor), The 1st Earl of Wessex and The Viscount Severn Sophie Helen Rhys-Jones I21044
7 Augusta Emma Madillene de Este, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 11 Aug 1801 21 May 1866 Thomas Wilde I106411
8 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord George IV, King of Hannover and King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay The Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay 12 Aug 1762 26 Jun 1830 Maria Ann Smythe (Smythe) I554
9 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord George IV, King of Hannover and King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay The Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay 12 Aug 1762 26 Jun 1830 Caroline Amalia, Princess of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (Gölph) I146003
10 Royal Lord Royal Lord John Charles Francis, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 12 Jul 1905 18 Jan 1919
11 Royal Lord Xan Richard Anders Culloden Gloucester of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor)
12 Anne Sophia, Princess of Denmark and Norway, Princess United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Oldenburg) 12 May 1686 2 Feb 1687
13 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Earl of Sussex The Earl of Sussex 13 Jan 1883 12 Sep 1938 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lady Suo Jure Alexandra Victoria Alberta Edwina Louise Duff, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Duff), The 2nd Duchess of Fife I189623
14 Frederick William, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 13 May 1750 29 Dec 1765
15 George William, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 13 Nov 1717 17 Feb 1718
16 Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 13 Oct 1879 13 Oct 1879
17 Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodora Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 14 Apr 1857 26 Oct 1944 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk Heinrich Moritz, Prince of Hesen-Darmstadt, Prince of Battenberg (Hesse - Battenberg) I158786
18 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord George VI "Albert Frederick Arthur George", King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of York The Duke of York 14 Dec 1895 6 Feb 1952 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Lady Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon (Lyon) I20994
19 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Edward Augustus Gölph, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of York and The Duke of Albany The Duke of York and The Duke of Albany 14 Mar 1739 17 Sep 1767
20 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord William Henry Gölph, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 14 Nov 1743 25 Aug 1805 Almeria Carpenter I23543
21 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord William Henry Gölph, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 14 Nov 1743 25 Aug 1805 Maria Walpole (Walpole) I469
22 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Charles Philip Arthur George, Crown Prince of Wales, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of Cornwall, The Duke of Rothesay, The Earl of Carrick, The Baron of Renfrew Lady Diana Frances Spencer (Spencer of England) I91092
23 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Charles Philip Arthur George, Crown Prince of Wales, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of Cornwall, The Duke of Rothesay, The Earl of Carrick, The Baron of Renfrew Privy Counsellor Of The Uk Of The Uk Camilla Rosemary Shand (Shand) I190084
24 Mary, Princess of Denmark and Norway, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Oldenburg) 14 Oct 1690 14 Oct 1690
25 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise, Princess Royal, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor) Vice-Admiral Mark Anthony Peter Phillips (Phillips) I145903
26 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise, Princess Royal, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor) Vice-Admiral, Sir Timothy James Hamilton Laurence (Laurence) I145906
27 Lady Maud Elizabeth Daphne Marina Windsor of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor)
28 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord William Frederick, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 15 Jan 1776 30 Nov 1834 Mary, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) I506
29 Alfred Alexander William Ernest Albert Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 15 Oct 1874 6 Feb 1899 Honourable Mabel Fitzgerald (Fitzgerald) I251272
30 Alfred Alexander William Ernest Albert Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 15 Oct 1874 6 Feb 1899 Elsa Mathilda Marie, Duchess of Württemberg (Württemberg) I251274
31 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk Henry Charles Albert David "Harry", Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor), The 1st Duke of Sussex, The 1st Earl of Dumbarton and The 1st Baron Kilkeel Rachel Meghan Markle (Markle of Germany) I281734
32 Lady Isabella Alexandra May Windsor of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor)
33 George, Prince of Denmark and Norway, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Oldenburg) 17 Apr 1692 17 Apr 1692
34 Royal Lord James Alexander Philip Theo de United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor), The Viscount Servern
35 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lady Suo Jure Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lady Suo Jure Alexandra Victoria Alberta Edwina Louise Duff, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Duff), The 2nd Duchess of Fife The 2nd Duchess of Fife 17 May 1891 26 Feb 1959 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Earl of Sussex I189622
36 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Frederick, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of York The Duke of York 1763 1827 Frederikke Wilhelmine, Princess of Prussia (Hohenzollern) I9560
37 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Frederick, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of York The Duke of York 1763 1827 Friedericke Charlotte, Princess of Prussia (Hohenzollern) I13026
38 Louisa, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 18 Dec 1724 19 Dec 1751 Frederik V, Ruling Count of Oldenburg, King of Denmark and Norway (Oldenburg) I181423
39 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lord Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lord William Henry Andrew Frederick Gloucester, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 18 Dec 1941 28 Aug 1972
40 Louise Caroline Alberta Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 18 Mar 1848 3 Dec 1939 Lord John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland Campbell of Argyll (Campbell), The 2nd/9th Duke of Argyll I189621
41 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lord Andrew Albert Christian Edward, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of York, The Earl of Inverness and The Baron Killyleagh Royal Lady Sarah Margaret Ferguson (Ferguson), The Duchess of York I145910
42 Augusta Caroline, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 19 Jul 1822 5 Dec 1916 Friedrich Wilhelm, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Mecklenburg of Mecklenburg) I156516
43 Royal Lady Davina Elizabeth Alice Benedikte de Gloucester de United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) Gary Christie Lewis I190520
44 Robert Ivor, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) Caroline Margaret Rice I43506
45 Royal Lord Edward Edmund Maximilian George Windsor of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Xxx Baron Downpatrick
46 Mary, Princess of Denmark and Norway, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Oldenburg) 2 Jun 1685 8 Feb 1687
47 Charlotte Elizabeth Diana, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor)
48 Anne, Princess Royal of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 2 Nov 1709 12 Jan 1759 Willem IV "Willem Karel Hendrik Friso", Prince of Nassau-Dietz, Prince of Oranjeboom-Nassau, Prince of Netherlands (Orange-Nassau) I145985
49 Royal Lord Royal Lord Edward Augustus, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Kent and Strathearn The Duke of Kent and Strathearn 2 Nov 1767 23 Jan 1820 Adelaide Dubus I258707
50 Royal Lord Royal Lord Edward Augustus, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Kent and Strathearn The Duke of Kent and Strathearn 2 Nov 1767 23 Jan 1820 Anne Moré I273591
51 Royal Lord Royal Lord Edward Augustus, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Kent and Strathearn The Duke of Kent and Strathearn 2 Nov 1767 23 Jan 1820 Alphonsine-Thérèse-Bernardine-Julie de Montgenêt (Montgenêt) I170869
52 Royal Lord Royal Lord Edward Augustus, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Kent and Strathearn The Duke of Kent and Strathearn 2 Nov 1767 23 Jan 1820 Marie Luise Victoire, Princess of Saxe-Weimar-Gotha-Coburg-Saalfeld (Wettin) I13470
53 Beatrice Leopoldine Victoria Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 20 Apr 1884 18 Jul 1966 Alfonso, Duke of Galliera, Prince of Orleans Y Borbón, Prince of Spain (Bourbon) I189619
54 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord George Edward Alexander, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of Kent The Duke of Kent 20 Dec 1902 25 Aug 1942 Alice "Kiki" Gwynne I4892
55 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord George Edward Alexander, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of Kent The Duke of Kent 20 Dec 1902 25 Aug 1942 Marina, Princess to Denmark and Princess of Greece (Oldenburg - Glücksburg) I145941
56 Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, Princess Royal of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 20 Feb 1867 4 Jan 1931 Lord Alexander William George Duff (Duff), The 1st Duke of Fife and The 6th Earl of Fife I190065
57 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, Crown Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Edinburgh, Cornwall and Rothesay The Duke of Edinburgh, Cornwall and Rothesay 20 Jan 1707 31 Mar 1751 Honourable Anne Vane (Vane) I12092
58 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, Crown Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Edinburgh, Cornwall and Rothesay The Duke of Edinburgh, Cornwall and Rothesay 20 Jan 1707 31 Mar 1751 Margaret, Countess of Marsac I12095
59 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, Crown Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Edinburgh, Cornwall and Rothesay The Duke of Edinburgh, Cornwall and Rothesay 20 Jan 1707 31 Mar 1751 Augusta, Princess of Saxe-Weimar-Gotha-Altenburg (Wettin) I113260
60 Royal Lady Cosima Rose Alexandra Gloucester de United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor)
61 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lady Elizabeth II "Elizabeth Alexandra Mary" Windsor, Queen of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of Lancaster Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Philippos "Philip" Mountbatten, Prince to Denmark and Prince of Greece (Oldenburg - Glücksburg Mountbatten-Windsor), The Duke of Edinburgh, The Earl of Merioneth, The Baron Greenwich I45291
62 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk Privy Counsellor Of The Uk William IV, King of Hannover and King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Clarence The Duke of Clarence 21 Aug 1765 20 Jun 1837 Caroline von Linsingen I4069
63 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk Privy Counsellor Of The Uk William IV, King of Hannover and King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Clarence The Duke of Clarence 21 Aug 1765 20 Jun 1837 Dorothea "Jordan" Bland I4074
64 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk Privy Counsellor Of The Uk William IV, King of Hannover and King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Clarence The Duke of Clarence 21 Aug 1765 20 Jun 1837
65 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk Privy Counsellor Of The Uk William IV, King of Hannover and King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Clarence The Duke of Clarence 21 Aug 1765 20 Jun 1837 Adelaide, Princess of Saxe-Weimar-Gotha-Meiningen (Wettin) I146000
66 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk Counsellor Of State Of The Uk Margaret Rose, Princess Royal, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 21 Aug 1930 9 Feb 2002 Peter Wooldridge Townsend I257084
67 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk Counsellor Of State Of The Uk Margaret Rose, Princess Royal, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 21 Aug 1930 9 Feb 2002 Lord Antony Charles Robert Armstrong-Jones (Jones), The 1st Earl of Snowdon and The 1st Baron Armstrong-Jones of Nymans I145914
68 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk Counsellor Of State Of The Uk Margaret Rose, Princess Royal, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 21 Aug 1930 9 Feb 2002 Sir Roderic Victor Llewelyn (Llewelyn), The 5th Baronet Llewellyn I257105
69 Caroline Elizabeth, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 21 Jun 1713 28 Dec 1757
70 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord William Arthur Philip Louis, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor), The 1st Duke of Cambridge, The 1st Earl of Strathearn and 1st Baron Carrickfergus Catherine Elizabeth "Kate" Middleton (Middleton of Berkshire) I22209
71 Victoria Adelaide Mary Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess Royal of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 21 Nov 1840 5 Aug 1901 Friedrich III "Friedrich Wilhelm Nicholas Karl", Emperor "King of" of Germany and King of Prussia (Hohenzollern) I150530
72 Caroline Mathilda, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 22 Jul 1751 10 May 1775 Christian VIII, Ruling Count of Oldenburg, King of Denmark and Norway (Oldenburg) I34327
73 Caroline Mathilda, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 22 Jul 1751 10 May 1775 Privy Councillor (Joint Minister Of Denmark) Johann Friederich, Ruling Count Struensee I164567
74 George Alexander Louis, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor)
75 Elizabeth, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 22 May 1770 10 Jan 1840 Frederick VI, Marquess of Hesse-Homburg (Hesse) I762
76 Alfred, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 22 Sep 1780 20 Aug 1783
77 Albert Louis Philip Edward Windsor of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor)
78 Gabriella Marina Alexandra Ophelia "Ella", Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) Thomas Kingston I439990
79 Octavius, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 23 Feb 1779 3 May 1783
80 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Edward VIII, Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of Windsor The Duke of Windsor 23 Jun 1894 28 May 1972 Bessie Wallis Warfield I145930
81 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Edward VIII, Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of Windsor The Duke of Windsor 23 Jun 1894 28 May 1972 Winifred "Freda" May Birkin (Birkin) I252649
82 Eugenie Victoria Helena, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor) Jack Brooksbank (Brooksbank) I391256
83 Lady Amelia Sophia Theodora Mary Margaret Windsor of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor)
84 Royal Lord Royal Lord Adolphus Frederick, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Cambridge The Duke of Cambridge 24 Feb 1774 8 Jul 1850 Augusta, Princess of Hesse-Kassel-Rumpenheim (Hesse) I145440
85 Royal Lord Royal Lord William, Prince of Denmark and Norway, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Oldenburg), The Duke of Gloucester The Duke of Gloucester 24 Jul 1689 30 Jul 1700
86 Carolina Augusta Maria, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 24 Jun 1774 Yes, date unknown
87 Royal Lady Suo Jure Royal Lady Suo Jure Victoria "Alexandrina Victoria", Queen of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Gölph), The Duchess of Kent The Duchess of Kent 24 May 1819 22 Jan 1901 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk Albert "Francis Augustus Karl Albert Emanuel", Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Gotha-Coburg-Saalfeld (Wettin) I10047
88 Royal Lord Alexander Patrick Gregers Richard Gloucester de United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) Claire Alexandra Booth I190519
89 Mary, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 25 Apr 1776 30 Apr 1857 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord William Frederick, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh I494
90 Alice Maud Mary Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 25 Apr 1843 14 Dec 1878 Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt (Hesse) I838
91 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lady Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lady Mary "Victoria Alexandra Alice Mary" Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, Princess Royal of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 25 Apr 1897 28 Mar 1965 Lord Henry George Charles Lascelles (Lascelles), The 6th Earl of Harewood I145932
92 Louis Arthur Charles, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor)
93 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk Alexandra Helen Elizabeth Olga Christabel, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Sir Angus James Bruce Ogilvy of Airlie (Ogilvy) I145947
94 Lord Nicholas Charles Edward Jonathan Windsor of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) Paola Doimi de Lupis Frankopan I14179
95 Helena Augusta Victoria Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 25 May 1846 9 Jun 1923 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk Friedrich Christian Carl Augustus, Prince to Denmark, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sönderburg-Augustenburg (Oldenburg - Schleswig-Holstein-Sönderburg-Augustenburg) I28719
96 Victoria Melita Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 25 Nov 1876 2 Mar 1936 Kyrill Vladimirovich Romanov, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Grand Duke, Tsarevich and Emperor "King of" of o Russia (Oldenburg) I150564
97 Victoria Melita Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 25 Nov 1876 2 Mar 1936 Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt (Hesse) I158608
98 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord William-Augustus, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Cumberland The Duke of Cumberland 26 Apr 1721 31 Oct 1765
99 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lord Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lord Richard Alexander Walter George Gloucester, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 26 Aug 1944 Birgitte Eva Van Deurs (Henriksen) I145820
100 Royal Lord George Philip Nicholas Windsor of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Earl of St Andrews Sylvana Tomaselli I145966
101 Sophie Dorothea, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 26 Mar 1687 28 Jun 1757 Friedrich Wilhelm I, King of Prussia (Hohenzollern) I13074
102 Royal Lord Royal Lord George William Frederick Charles, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Cambridge The Duke of Cambridge 26 Mar 1819 17 Mar 1904 Sarah Louisa Fairbrother I158886
103 Royal Lord Royal Lord George William Frederick Charles, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Cambridge The Duke of Cambridge 26 Mar 1819 17 Mar 1904 Louisa Beauclerk (Beauclerk) I220247
104 Maud Charlotte Mary Victoria Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 26 Nov 1869 20 Nov 1938 Haakon VII "Christian Frederik Carl Georg Valdemar Axel", King of Norway (Oldenburg) I196178
105 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Augustus Frederick, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Sussex The Duke of Sussex 27 Jan 1773 21 Apr 1843 Tranter I7150
106 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Augustus Frederick, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Sussex The Duke of Sussex 27 Jan 1773 21 Apr 1843 Lady Suo Jure Cecilia Letitia Saunders Underwood Gore (Gore), The 1st Duchess of Inverness I787
107 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Augustus Frederick, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Sussex The Duke of Sussex 27 Jan 1773 21 Apr 1843 Lady Augusta Murray of Dunmore (Murray) I263813
108 Charlotte Augusta Louisa, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 27 Mar 1819 27 Mar 1819
109 Louis Arthur Nicholas Felix Windsor of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor)
110 Mary Adelaide "Fat Mary", Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 27 Nov 1833 27 Oct 1897 Royal Lord Franz Paul Karl Ludwig Alexander, Count of Hohenstein, Prince of Teck (Württemberg), The Xxx Duke of Teck I157987
111 Lady Helen Marina Lucy Windsor of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) Timothy Verner Taylor I145972
112 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord George I "George-Augustus" Gölph, Ruling Prince of Hannover and King of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Cambridge, Cornwall and Rothesay The Duke of Cambridge, Cornwall and Rothesay 28 May 1660 11 Jun 1727 Melusine von der Schulenburg (Schulenburg) I130
113 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord George I "George-Augustus" Gölph, Ruling Prince of Hannover and King of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Cambridge, Cornwall and Rothesay The Duke of Cambridge, Cornwall and Rothesay 28 May 1660 11 Jun 1727 Sophia Dorothea, Princess of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (Gölph) I14136
114 Sophia Matilda, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 29 May 1773 29 Nov 1844
115 Maria Alexandra Victoria Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 29 Oct 1875 18 Jul 1938 Ferdinand I, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, King of Romania (Hohenzollern) I189607
116 Charlotte Augusta Matilda, Princess Royal of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 29 Sep 1766 6 Oct 1828 Friedrich I "Friedrich Wilhelm Karl", King of Württemberg (Württemberg) I37299
117 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lady Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lady Maud Alexandra Victoria Georgina Duff, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Duff) 3 Apr 1893 14 Dec 1945 Lord Charles Alexander Bannerman Carnegie of Southesk (Carnegie), The 11Th Earl of Southesk and The 8th Baronet Carnegie of Pittarrow I147
118 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord George V, George Frederick Ernest Albert, King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of Cornwall , The Duke of Rothesay and The Duke of Yor The Duke of Cornwall , The Duke of Rothesay and The Duke of Yor 3 Jun 1865 20 Jan 1936 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk Mary "May" "Victoria Mary Louise Olga Pauline Claudia Agnes" Württemberg, Princess of Teck (Württemberg) I157787
119 Sophia, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 3 Nov 1777 27 May 1848
120 Elizabeth Caroline, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 30 Dec 1740 4 Sep 1759
121 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord George II "George-Augustus", Ruling Prince of Hannover and King of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Cambridge, Cornwall and Rothesay The Duke of Cambridge, Cornwall and Rothesay 30 Oct 1683 25 Oct 1760 Amalia Sophia Marianne von Walmoden-Gimborn I20771
122 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord George II "George-Augustus", Ruling Prince of Hannover and King of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Cambridge, Cornwall and Rothesay The Duke of Cambridge, Cornwall and Rothesay 30 Oct 1683 25 Oct 1760 Caroline Vilhelmine, Princess of Brandenburg-Ansbach (Hohenzollern) I95498
123 Lady Marina Charlotte Alexandra Katharine Helen Windsor of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor)
124 Augusta, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 31 Aug 1737 23 Mar 1813 Karl William Ferdinand, Duke of Braunschweig, Ruling Prince of Lüneburg, Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (Gölph) I12489
125 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Henry William Frederick Albert Gloucester, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The 1st Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and The Duke of Gloucester The 1st Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and The Duke of Gloucester 31 Mar 1900 10 Jun 1974 Lady Alice Christabel Montagu-Douglas-Scott of Monmouth (Crofts) I145934
126 Michael George Charles Franklin Kent, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) Marie Christine Anna Agnes Hedwig Ida, Baroness von Reibnitz I1886
127 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord George III, King of Hannover and King of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Edinburgh The Duke of Edinburgh 4 Jun 1738 29 Jan 1820 Hannah Lightfoot I11561
128 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord George III, King of Hannover and King of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Edinburgh The Duke of Edinburgh 4 Jun 1738 29 Jan 1820 Sophie Charlotte, Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Mecklenburg of Mecklenburg) I13869
129 Mary, Princess de United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 5 Mar 1723 14 Jan 1772 Friedrich II, Marquess of Hesse-Kassel-Rumpenheim (Hesse) I3337
130 John Alexander Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 6 Apr 1871 7 Apr 1871
131 Lord Frederick Michael George David Louis, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) Sophie Lara Winkleman I14163
132 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Alfred Ernest Albert Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of Edinburgh and The Duke of Sachsen-Coburg and Gotha, The Duke of Edinburgh and The Duke of Sachsen-Coburg and Gotha, 6 Aug 1844 30 Jul 1900 Mariya Alexandrovna Romanov, Princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Grand Duchess of Russia (Oldenburg) I154375
133 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk Privy Counsellor Of The Uk Anne Stuart, Queen of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Steuart-Stewart-Stuart) 6 Feb 1665 1714 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Jørgen "George", Prince of Denmark and Norway (Oldenburg), The Duke of Cumberland I44988
134 Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor) 6 Jul 1868 3 Dec 1935
135 Archie Harrison Mountbatten-Windsor, Master of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor)
136 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Leopold George Duncan Albert Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The 1st Duke of Albany The 1st Duke of Albany 7 Apr 1853 28 Mar 1884 Helen Frederica Augusta, Princess of Waldeck-Pyrmont (Waldeck) I147971
137 Amelia, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 7 Aug 1783 2 Nov 1810
138 Charlotte Augusta, Princess of Wales, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 7 Jan 1796 6 Nov 1817 Léopold I, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, King of Belgium (Saxe-Weimar-Gotha-Coburg) I146007
139 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Henry Frederick, Prince of Hannover, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph), The Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn The Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn 7 Nov 1745 18 Sep 1790 Honourable Anne Luttrell (Luttrell) I518
140 Beatrice Elizabeth Mary, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor) Edoardo "Edo", Count Mapelli-Mozzi I435522
141 Royal Lord Royal Lord Albert Victor Christian Edward, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of Clarence and Avondale and The Duke of Hannover The Duke of Clarence and Avondale and The Duke of Hannover 8 Jan 1864 14 Jan 1892 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk Mary "May" "Victoria Mary Louise Olga Pauline Claudia Agnes" Württemberg, Princess of Teck (Württemberg) I157787
142 Louisa Anne, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 8 Mar 1749 13 May 1768
143 Augusta Sophia, Princess of United Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Gölph) 8 Nov 1768 22 Sep 1840
144 Royal Lady Louise Alice Elizabeth Mary de United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Oldenburg - Glücksburg - Mountbatten-Wettin-Windsor)
145 Leopold Ernst August Gölph Windsor of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor)
146 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lord Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lord Alastair Arthur Saxe-Coburg-Saafeld, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn The 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 9 Aug 1914 26 Apr 1943
147 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Edward VII "Albert Edward" Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay The Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay 9 Nov 1841 6 May 1910 Honourable Alice Frederica Edmonstone of Edmonstone (Edmonstone) I11190
148 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Edward VII "Albert Edward" Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay The Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay 9 Nov 1841 6 May 1910 Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julie, Princess of Denmark (Oldenburg - Glücksburg) I165160
149 Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Privy Counsellor Of The Uk, Royal Lord Edward VII "Albert Edward" Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, King of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay The Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay 9 Nov 1841 6 May 1910 Honourable Harriet Sarah Moncreiffe of Moncreiffe (Moncreiffe) I287548
150 Counsellor Of State Of The Uk, Royal Lord Edward George Nicholas Paul Patrick, Prince of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Wettin-Windsor), The Duke of Kent Honourable Katharine Lucy Mary Worsley of Hovingham (Worsley) I145944


text:
Q: JAVA 2D Find the K closest points to the origin in 2D plane Find the K closest points to the origin in 2D plane, given an array containing N points. You can assume K is much smaller than N and N is very large.
This is what i have so far:
   public class OriginQuestion {

     public static class Point {

     public double x;

    public double y;

 }
  public static Point[] closestk( Point  myList[], int k ) {}
    for(int i=0;i<myList.length;i++){

    }

  }

Help appreciated

A: This problem is a variant of the nearest neighbor search problem. The simplest solution is to compute the distance from the origin to all N points and then find the K that are nearest using for example the quickselect algorithm, giving a time and space complexity of O(n).

A: This problem can be solved using heap. We can start with creating a max-heap of size k and start adding points to it. After we are done adding K points to our heap.
Now if the (K+1)th point is at distance lower than the max-heap root , we remove root and add this (K+1)th point to our max-heap.
After we are done processing all the N points, our heap will give us the solution.
The worst case complexity should be N(log K) as we will do it for N numbers and log K operations are required to move a node in the heap.

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