text:
\section{Introduction}

The full scale terrestrial interferometric gravitational wave antennae LIGO are working now and have  sensitivity,
expressed in terms of the metric perturbation amplitude, only $2$ or $3$ times worse than the planned
level of $h\simeq 1\times 10^{-21}$ \cite{abr1,abr2} (see current sensitivity curve in \cite{LIGOsens}).
In Advanced LIGO (to be realized in approximately 2012), after the improvement of the isolation
from noises in test masses (the
mirrors of the 4 km long optical FP cavities) and increasing
the optical power circulating in the resonator up to $W\simeq
830$~kW the sensitivity is expected to reach the value of $h\simeq
1\times 10^{-22}$ \cite{amaldi,ligo2}.

In \cite{bsv} we have analyzed the undesirable effect of  parametric oscillatory instability in the Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity, which may cause a substantial decrease of the antennae sensitivity or even the
antenna malfunction. This effect  appears above the certain
threshold of the optical power $W_c$ circulating in the main mode, when the difference $\omega_0 -\omega_1$ between the
frequency $\omega_0$ of the main optical mode  and the frequency
$\omega_1$ of the idle (Stokes) mode is
close to the frequency $\omega_m$ of the mirror mechanical degree
of freedom. The coupling between these three modes arises due to
the ponderomotive pressure of light in the main and
Stokes modes and the parametric action of mechanical
oscillation on the optical modes. Above the critical value of
light power  $W_c$  the amplitude of mechanical oscillation rises
exponentially as well as optical power in the idle (Stokes)
optical mode. However, E. D'Ambrosio and W. Kells have shown \cite{ak} that
if in the same unidimensional model the anti-Stokes  mode (with
frequency $\omega_{1\, a}= \omega_0 +\omega_m$) is taken into
account, then the effect of parametric instability will be
substantially dumped or even excluded. In \cite{bsv2}, we have presented
the analysis based on the model of power recycled LIGO interferometer and demonstrated
 that anti-Stokes mode could not completely suppress the effect of parametric
oscillatory  instability. As possible ``cure'' to avoid the parametric
instability we have proposed to change the mirror shape and introduce low noise damping
\cite{bv}. D. Blair with collaborators  proposed valuable idea to heat
the test masses in order to vary curvature radii of mirrors in interferometer and hence to control detuning and decrease overlapping factor between optical and acoustic modes \cite{blair1,blair2,blair3}.
Recently, the parametric instability effect was observed in experiment \cite{Corbit}.

 It is interesting that the effect of parametric instability is important not only for large scale LIGO
 interferometer but it was observed also for micro scale whispering gallery optical resonators \cite{vahala,vahala2}.

 In this paper we propose the detail analysis of parametric instability in signal recycled Advanced LIGO
interferometer (i.e. with  additional signal recycling (SR) mirror) and show that, on the one hand, the
parametric instability in this interferometer can appear at low optical power (about several Watts) but, on
the other hand, the probability that parametric instability condition will be fulfilled is small due to small relaxation
rates of optical modes (about several Hz). We also show that by varying the position of SR mirror one can change
the frequency of anti-symmetric optical mode of  interferometer and hence to scan the range
of frequencies where  parametric instability or its precursors may arise.

In section \ref{SRInt} we derive the parametric instability conditions in signal recycled LIGO interferometer,
we discuss these results in section \ref{Discussion}. The details of calculations we present in Appendices.

\section{Signal recycled interferometer}\label{SRInt}

We consider the LIGO interferometer with signal recycling (SR) and power recycling (PR) mirrors ---
see fig.~\ref{srscheme} and notations over there. The port $E_6$ is used for signal detection.
Interferometer is pumped via port $F_5$. Simplifications are the following:
\begin{itemize}

\item  Optical losses in all mirrors are absent (notes about generalization for non zero losses are made in the end of Sec.~\ref{Discussion}).  Suspension noise in mirrors is also  absent.

\item Transmittivity of input mirrors and length of both FP cavities  are the same.
	 They are tuned in resonance with the main mode.

\item Optical power $W$ circulating inside the arms of interferometer is constant
(approximation of constant field).
\item
	The distances between the input FP mirrors and beam splitter, and between
	the beam splitter and PR, SR mirrors are short (about several meters) --- hence we consider
	the phase advance of waves traveling between these mirrors as constant and omit
	its dependence on frequency.

\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}[t]

\psfrag{FP I}{FP cavity 1}
\psfrag{FP II}{FP cavity 2}
\psfrag{PRM}{PR mirror}
\psfrag{SRM}{SR mirror}
\psfrag{Tsr}{$T_\text{sr}$}
\psfrag{Tpr}{$T_\text{pr}$}
\psfrag{T1}{$T_1=T$}
\psfrag{T2}{$T_2=T$}
\psfrag{x1}{$x_1$}
\psfrag{x2}{$x_2$}
\psfrag{y1}{$y_1$}
\psfrag{y2}{$y_2$}
\psfrag{E1}{$E_1$}
\psfrag{E1in}{$E_{1in}$}
\psfrag{E2}{$E_2$}
\psfrag{E2in}{$E_{2in}$}
\psfrag{E3}{$E_3$}
\psfrag{E4}{$E_4$}
\psfrag{E5}{$E_5$}
\psfrag{E6}{$E_6$}
\psfrag{F1}{$F_1$}
\psfrag{F1in}{$F_{1in}$}
\psfrag{F2in}{$F_{2in}$}
\psfrag{F2}{$F_2$}
\psfrag{F3}{$F_3$}
\psfrag{F4}{$F_4$}
\psfrag{F5}{$F_5$}
\psfrag{F6}{$F_6$}
\psfrag{i}{$i$}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{srligo.eps}
\caption{Signal and power recycled LIGO interferometer. Here $F_1,\ E_1$
	are the field amplitudes on the input mirror of the FP cavity 1 (and on plane $(i)$), $F_2,\ E_2$
	are the field amplitudes on the input mirror of the FP cavity 2 and on the beam splitter,
	$F_3,\ E_3,\ F_4,\ E_4$  are the field amplitudes on the beam splitter.
	}\label{srscheme}
\end{figure}

\subsection{FP cavities in arms}

We denote the mean amplitude of the wave in the main mode (with frequency $\omega_0$) by cursive
capital letters and small fluctuation amplitude of the wave in the Stokes mode ($\omega_1$) by small letters.
For example, the electrical field of wave falling on back mirror  in FP cavity 1 is the following:
\begin{align*}
&E(t,\vec r_\bot)  \simeq  \sqrt\frac{2\pi}{cS_0}
        {\cal A}_{0in}(\vec r_\bot) {\cal F}_{1in}e^{-i\omega_0 t}+ \\
&+	\sqrt\frac{2\pi}{cS_1}\int_{-\infty}^\infty
        {\cal A}_{1in}(\vec r_\bot) f_{1in}(\Omega) e^{-i(\omega_1+\Omega) t}
	 \frac{d\Omega}{2\pi}+\\
&\qquad +\text{h.c.},\\
&W=   \big |{\cal F}_{1in}\big|^2, \\
& S_0= \int|{\cal A}_{0in}(\vec r_\bot)|^2\, d\vec r_\bot,\quad
 	S_1=\int|{\cal A}_{1in}(\vec r_\bot)|^2\, d\vec r_\bot.
\end{align*}
Here $W$ is the mean power in the main mode circulating inside the cavity, $c$ is the speed of light,  dimensionless functions
${\cal A}_{0in}(\vec r_\bot),\ {\cal A}_{1in}(\vec r_\bot)$ describe
the distributions of optical fields over the beam cross section, integration $\int d\vec r_\bot$ is taken over the
mirror surface. For simplicity below we consider the distributions of optical fields to be identical at all four mirrors in the arms.

We write down the displacement vector of the elastic mode with eigenfrequency $\omega_m$, for example, for the end mirror of the FP cavity 1 as a product of time and space dependent functions:
$$\left(x_1(t)\, e^{-i\omega_m t}+x_1^*(t)e^{i\omega_m t} \right)\vec u(\vec r)
$$ where $x_1$ and $x_1^*$ are  slowly varying amplitudes and $\vec u$ is spatial vector of displacements of elastic mode in the mirror.

Here we assume that the input and the end mirrors in the FP cavity 1 are elastically identical (the modes of their elastic oscillations coincide). Then we start from the formulas derived in Appendix \ref{aux} in frequency domain:
\begin{align}
\label{f1in}
f_{1in}(\Omega)&= {\cal T}_\Omega f_1 (\Omega)+ {\cal F}_{1in}\,N_1\,
	\frac{{\cal T}_\Omega\, 2ikz_1^*(\Delta -\Omega)}{i\sqrt T}\, ,\\
\label{e1}
e_1(\Omega)&= {\cal R}_\Omega f_1(\Omega) - {\cal F}_{1in}\,N_1\,
	{\cal T}_\Omega\, 2ikz_1^*(\Delta -\Omega)\, ,\\
\label{TR}
{\cal T}_\Omega &= \frac{2i\, \gamma}{\sqrt T\big(\gamma-i\Omega\big)},\quad
	{\cal R}_\Omega = \frac{\gamma+i\Omega}{\gamma-i\Omega}\, ,\\
\label{Deltaomega}
\Delta &=\omega_0-\omega_1-\omega_m,\quad k=\omega_1/c,\\
z_1(\Omega)& \equiv x_1(\Omega)-y_1(\Omega), \quad
	\gamma=cT/4L\, .\nonumber
\end{align}
Here $N_1$ is an overlapping factor (\ref{N1}), $L$ is the distance between the mirrors of the FP cavities in arms.
We also omit non-resonance terms ($\sim z_1$). In order to clarify the dependence of $z_1^*(\Delta -\Omega)$
we have to write down the last term
in (\ref{f1in}) in detail and to equate exponential quantities in the left and right parts of (\ref{f1in}):
\begin{align*}
&{\cal F}_{1in}\,e^{-i(\omega_0-\omega_1)t}\, \frac{{\cal T}_\Omega}{i\sqrt T}N_1\times
	2ikz_1^*(\Omega')\, e^{i(\omega_m+\Omega')t},\\
&-i\Omega t= -i(\omega_0-\omega_1)t + i(\omega_m +\Omega')t\ \rightarrow\
	\Omega' =\Delta  -\Omega\,.
\end{align*}

For the FP cavity 2 all formulas are the same. For the mean amplitudes we have:
${\cal E}_1 = {\cal F}_1 ,\quad  {\cal E}_2 = {\cal F}_2$.

\subsection{Beam splitter}

We consider that $F_3,\ E_3$  are the field amplitudes on the PR mirror and the beam splitter, and  $F_4,\ E_4$ are the field amplitudes on the beam splitter as it is shown in fig.~\ref{srscheme}. We assume that the beam splitter transparency is
$T_{bs}=1/2$ and the phase of the wave due to traveling between the FP cavity 2 and the
beam splitter is $e^{i\phi_2}=1$, and between the FP cavity 1 and the beam splitter is
$e^{i\phi_1}=i$. So we can imagine such plane (see Fig.~\ref{srscheme}), that phase advance
between the beam splitter and this plane is
$e^{i\phi_1}=i$ and between this plane and the input mirror of the FP cavity 1 is fold to $2\pi$.
Then $F_1,\ E_1$ are the field amplitudes on the input mirror of the FP cavity 1 (and on the plane $(i)$),
 $F_2,\ E_2$ are the field amplitudes on the input mirror of the FP cavity 2 and on the beam splitter. For the mean amplitudes we have:
\begin{align}
{\cal F}_{1}& = -{\cal F}_{3}/\sqrt 2 , \quad
	 {\cal F}_{2} = -{\cal F}_{3}/\sqrt 2 ,\quad
	{\cal E}_4= 0, \quad {\cal E}_3 = {\cal F}_3. \nonumber
\end{align}
It is convenient to introduce symmetric and anti-symmetric modes $F_\pm$:
\begin{align}
\label{f+}
F_+ &=\big(F_1+F_2\big)/\sqrt 2,\quad
	{\cal F}_+= -{\cal F}_3,\quad
	f_+= - f_3\, ,\\
\label{f-}
F_-&=\big( F_1-F_2 \big)/\sqrt 2, \quad
	{\cal F}_-=0,\quad
	f_-= - if_4\, .
\end{align}
Then for fluctuation fields $e_3$ and $e_4$ we have:
\begin{align}
\label{e4}
e_4 &= - {\cal R}(\Omega) f_4 -
	{\cal F}_{1in}\,{\cal T}_\Omega\,  \sqrt 2\,N_1 kz_-^*\, ,\\
\label{e3}
e_3 &= {\cal R}(\Omega) f_3 +
	{\cal F}_{1in}\,{\cal T}_\Omega\, \sqrt 2 \,i\, N_1k z_+^*,\\
z_-&=(x_1-y_1) - (x_2-y_2),\quad z_+=(x_1-y_1) + (x_2-y_2)\, .\nonumber
\end{align}
We see that symmetric and anti-symmetric  modes can be analyzed separately.
In subsection \ref{sym}  we consider the symmetric mode which interacts with sum coordinate $z_+$ and in subsection \ref{asym}: the anti-symmetric mode interacting with differential coordinate $z_-$.
It is worth to note that such consideration is possible only if all four mirrors in the FP cavities in arms are optically and elastically identical, just as we have assumed. For the opposite case, when the eigenfrequencies of elastic modes are different we can consider elastic mode  only in one mirror and assume other mirrors to be fixed (see subsection \ref{diffMirrors}).

\subsection{Power Recycling Mirror and symmetric mode}\label{sym}

Assuming that PR cavity is in resonance, we obtain  two equations in time domain
describing coupling between optical and elastic modes (see details of calculations in  Appendix \ref{PR}) :
\begin{align}
\label{fin+}
\dot  f_{in+}+\gamma_{0+} f_{in+}&=
	\frac{ iN_1{\cal F}_{1in}\,  \omega_1 }{\sqrt 2\, L}	z_+^*e^{-i\Delta  t},\\
\label{eqz+}
\dot z_+^* +\gamma_m  z_+^*&\simeq
	\frac{2\sqrt 2\, N_1^*{\cal F}_{1in}^*}{\pi\, i\omega_m m\, \mu}
f_{in+}(t)\,e^{i\Delta  t}\, .
\end{align}
Here $\gamma_{0+}$ is the relaxation rate of symmetric mode (\ref{gamma0+}), $\gamma_m$  is the relaxation rate of elastic mode, $m$ is the mass of each of the mirrors, and $\mu$  is normalizing constant (\ref{mu}).

We find the solutions of  this set of equations
(\ref{fin+}, \ref{eqz+}) in the form:
\begin{align*}
f_{in+}(t)=f_{in+}e^{(\lambda-i\Delta) t }, \quad z^*_+(t)=z^*_+e^{\lambda t}\, ,
\end{align*}
and as a result we obtain the characteristic equation:
\begin{align}
\label{CharEq+}
2{\cal Q} &= (\lambda - i\Delta + \gamma_{0+})(\lambda+\gamma_m),\\
{\cal Q} &\equiv \frac{ \Lambda_1W  \omega_1 }{ c L\omega_m m}, \quad
	W= |{\cal F}_{1in}|^2 ,\\
\label{Lambda1}
\Lambda_1 &\equiv\frac{|N_1|^2}{\mu}=
	 \dfrac{V\left|\int{\cal A}_{0in}{\cal A}_{1in}^*u_\bot\, d\vec r_\bot\right|^2}{
	 \int|{\cal A}_{0in}|^2\, d\vec r_\bot \int|{\cal A}_{1in}|^2\, d\vec r_\bot
	 \int |\vec u(\vec r)|^2 \, d\vec r}.
\end{align}
Here $\Lambda_1$ is general overlapping factor between the main, Stokes optical modes, and elastic mode, $u_\bot$ is the component of displacement vector $\vec u$ of elastic mode normal to the mirror surface, $\int d\vec r_\bot$ corresponds to the integration over the mirror surface and $\int d\vec r$: to the integration over the mirror volume $V$.

We present $\lambda$ as a sum of real and imaginary parts: $\lambda=a+ib$,
substitute it  into (\ref{CharEq+}) and obtain two equations:
\begin{align}
\label{ChEq1+}
&a^2-b^2 +a\big(\gamma_m+\gamma_{0+}\big) +
	b\Delta  +\gamma_m\gamma_{0+} - 2{\cal Q}=0\, ,\\
\label{ChEq2+}
&2ab +b\big(\gamma_m+\gamma_{0+}\big) -a \Delta  -\gamma_m\Delta =0\, .
\end{align}
The parametric instability condition corresponds to $a>0$. Putting $a=0$  we find
the condition of boundary situation (between stability and instability). The additional
analysis gives the sign of inequality in the parametric instability condition.
We find formal solution for $b$ from (\ref{ChEq2+}) with assumption $a=0$, substitute it into (\ref{ChEq1+}), and obtain the parametric instability condition:
\begin{align}
\label{InstCond+}
\frac{2\cal Q}{\gamma_m\gamma_{0+}}&> 1 +\frac{\Delta^2}{\big(\gamma_m+\gamma_{0+}\big)^2}\, .
\end{align}

This condition can be compared with the condition of parametric instability for single FP cavity \cite{bsv}
with relaxation rate $\gamma$
\begin{align}
\label{RQ}
{\cal R}_0 & > 1+\frac{\Delta^2}{\gamma^2},\quad
{\cal R}_0  = \frac{\cal Q}{\gamma_m\gamma}\, .
\end{align}

We see that conditions (\ref{InstCond+}) and (\ref{RQ}) approximately coincide with each other if  one
substitutes   $\gamma_{0+}$ instead of  $\gamma$  and takes  into account  inequality
$\gamma_m\ll \gamma_{0+}$ (see estimates in Appendix~\ref{param}).  The factor $2$ appears due to
the fact that in derivation (\ref{InstCond+}) we take into account the displacements of $4$ mirrors in the interferometer while in (\ref{RQ}) the displacement of only one mirror of FP cavity is taken into account.

\subsection{Signal recycling mirror and anti-symmetric mode}\label{asym}

We assume that in general case the SR cavity is not in resonance and phase advance $\phi$
of the wave between the SR mirror and the beam splitter is an arbitrary one. We also
assume that $\phi$ does not depend on frequency $\Omega$ due to the short length of the SR
cavity.  After the calculations presented in Appendix \ref{SR} one can obtain  two equations describing the coupling between optical and elastic modes:
\begin{align}
\label{fin-}
\dot f_{in-}+\left( \gamma_{0-}-i\delta\right)f_{in-}=
	\frac{N_1{\cal F}_{1in}\,i\, \omega_1z^*_-}{L\sqrt 2}\, e^{i\Delta t},\\
\label{eqz-}
\dot z_-^* +\gamma_m  z_-^*\simeq
	\frac{2\sqrt 2\, N_1^*{\cal F}_{1in}^*}{\pi\, i\omega_m m\mu } \, f_{in-}(t)\,e^{i\Delta  t}.
\end{align}
Here $\gamma_{0-}$ is the relaxation rate of anti-symmetric mode (\ref{gamma0-}), $\delta$ is the detuning depending on the SR mirror position (\ref{delta}).

Searching for the solution of the equations set (\ref{fin-}, \ref{eqz-}) in the form:
\begin{align*}
f_{in-}(t)=f_{in-}e^{(\lambda-i\Delta) t }, \quad z_-^*(t)=z_-^*e^{\lambda t},
\end{align*}
we obtain the characteristic equation:
\begin{align}
\label{CharEq-}
2{\cal Q} &= \big(\lambda+\gamma_{0-}-i(\delta +\Delta)\big)(\lambda+\gamma_m).
\end{align}

We see that the
characteristic equation (\ref{CharEq-}) differs from the analogous one for the symmetric mode (\ref{CharEq+})
only by replacement of $ \Delta \to \ \Delta +\delta$. Hence we can write down the
condition of instability for the anti-symmetric mode using (\ref{InstCond+}):
\begin{align}
\label{InstCond-}
\frac{2\cal Q}{\gamma_m\gamma_{0-}} > 1
	+\frac{(\Delta+\delta)^2}{ \big(\gamma_m+\gamma_{0-}\big)^2}\, .
\end{align}

\begin{figure}
\psfrag{y1}{}
\psfrag{x1}{$\phi$}
\psfrag{gamma}[lb][lt]{$\gamma_{0-}/(T_{sr}\gamma)$}
\psfrag{delta}[lt][lc]{$\delta/\gamma$}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth, height=0.25\textwidth]{gd1.eps}
\psfrag{y1}{}
\psfrag{x1}[rc][lc]{$\phi$}
\psfrag{gamma}[lb][lt]{$\gamma_{0-}/\gamma$}
\psfrag{delta}[lt][lc]{$\delta/\gamma$}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth, height=0.25\textwidth]{gd2.eps}
\caption{Dependence of the relaxation rate $\gamma_{0-}$ and detuning $\delta$ of anti-symmetric mode on angle $\phi$ for $T_{sr}=0.07$ (planned in Advanced LIGO). Top: close to resonance case. Bottom: close to anti-resonance case. }\label{gd}
\end{figure}

The relaxation rate $\gamma_{0-}$ and detuning $\delta$ depend on angle $\phi$ (the position of the SR mirror). Analyzing definitions (\ref{gamma0-}, \ref{delta}) we see that there are  two cases: close to resonance ($\phi$ close to 0) and to anti-resonance ($\phi$ is close to $\pi/2$) cases. Expanding the denominator in (\ref{gamma0-}, \ref{delta}) in series over $T_{sr}$ (recall $T_{sr}\ll 1$), we obtain useful formulas:
\begin{align}
\delta &\simeq \frac{\gamma\, \sin 2\phi}
	{\dfrac{T_{sr}^2}{8}+\cos^2\phi\left(2-T_{sr}-\dfrac{T_{sr}^2}{4}\right)},\\
\gamma_{0-} &\simeq \frac{\gamma\, T_{sr} }
	{\dfrac{T_{sr}^2}{4}+2\cos^2\phi\left(2-T_{sr}-\dfrac{T_{sr}^2}{4}\right)}\, .
\end{align}

Manipulating the angle $\phi$ (via the SR mirror position variation) we can vary the relaxation rate $\gamma_{0-}$ and detuning $\delta$ in wide ranges:
\begin{align}
\label{gammarange}
\frac{T_{sr}\gamma}{4}\, \le\ & \gamma_{0-}\ \le\ \frac{4\gamma}{T_{sr}},\qquad
\frac{ - 2\gamma}{T_{sr}}\ \le\ \delta\ \le \ \frac{2\gamma}{T_{sr}}\, .
\end{align}
It is demonstrated in Fig.~\ref{gd}. (Note that the above formula is valid only while $\gamma_{0-}\ll c/L$, \textit{i.e.} $T/8T_{sr}\ll1$.)
Using formula (\ref{gammarange}), we have the following estimates for parameters of Advanced LIGO (Appendix~\ref{param}):
\begin{align*}
1.6\ {\rm sec}^{-1} &\le \gamma_{0-} \le 6\times 10^3\ {\rm sec}^{-1}  ,\\
-3\times 10^3\ {\rm sec}^{-1}& \le  \delta  \le  3\times 10^3\ {\rm sec}^{-1}.
\end{align*}
So we can ``scan'' the frequency range to find instability (or its precursors) by variation of the SR mirror position.
As precursors we may register Stokes modes providing information about the resonance frequencies of
elastic modes which ``suit'' each other by spatial distributions. These Stokes modes may be the modes of
higher orders (dipole, quadrupole and so on). In order to extract them one has to detune the output mode cleaner
which is planned to be placed after the SR mirror which is an additional but not complicated
 operation\footnote{Advanced LIGO currently plans a rigid short (tens of cm) output mode
 cleaner which can be put on resonance for the carrier but which rejects all  frequencies out of mode cleaner
 bandwidth.  Detuning, for example, to dipole mode requires change  of mode cleaner length $\ell$ by
 relatively small value
 $\delta\ell/\ell= (\omega_\text{dipole}-\omega_\text{main})/\omega_\text{main}\simeq 10^{-7}$.}.
 It provides us {\em in situ} with very valuable information about the possible danger of parametric instability.

\subsection{Different mirrors: only one mirror is in resonance}\label{diffMirrors}

Here we consider the case  when the frequencies of elastic modes in different mirrors do not coincide with each other and thus, we assume that the frequency of elastic mode of only one mirror is in resonance, for example, the end mirror in the FP cavity 1. Therefore we consider  other mirrors as fixed, and only the coordinate $x_1$ will be taken into account. Then  Eqs. (\ref{fin+}, \ref{fin-}) will be valid with substitution $x_1\ \to z_+,\ z_-$. For calculation of ponderomotive force we consider the field in the FP cavity 1 as a sum of symmetric and anti-symmetric modes fields. After calculations presented in Appendix \ref{PRSR} we get the characteristic equation in the compact form:
\begin{align}
\label{CharEqx1}
\big(\lambda+i\Delta +\gamma_m\big)=&
		\frac{\cal Q}{2}\left(\frac{1}{\lambda +\gamma_{0+} }+
			\frac{1}{\lambda-i\delta +\gamma_{0-} } \right).
\end{align}

\paragraph*{Instability condition in pure power recycled LIGO interferometer.}
Using characteristic equation (\ref{CharEqx1}) we consider the case when there is no SR mirror
in the interferometer, then we have to substitute $T_{sr}=1$ into (\ref{delta},\ref{gamma0-})
and hence $\delta=0,\ \gamma_{0-}=\gamma$ ($\gamma$ is the relaxation rate of a single
FP cavity in arm). For such power recycled configuration we have the following inequalities:
\begin{align}
\label{PRuneq}
\gamma_m \ll \gamma_{0+} \ll \gamma\, .
\end{align}
The analysis presented in Appendix \ref{PRSR} gives the following parametric instability condition:
\begin{align}
\label{PCondgamma}
		\frac{\cal Q}{2\gamma_m }\left(
		\frac{ \gamma_{0+}}{ \gamma_{0+}^2+\Delta^2} +
		\frac{ \gamma}{ \gamma^2+\Delta^2}\right)&\ge 1\, .
\end{align}
It is useful to rewrite approximation of this instability condition in particular cases for
different detunings $\Delta$:
\begin{subequations}
\label{PIPart}
\begin{align}
\Delta\ll \gamma_{0+}\ :\qquad &\frac{\cal Q}{2\gamma_m\gamma_{0+} }\ge 1,\\
\gamma_{0+}\ll \Delta \ll \gamma \ :\qquad &\frac{\cal Q}{2\gamma_m \gamma}\left(
		\frac{ \gamma_{0+}\gamma}{\Delta^2} +1 \right)\ge 1\, ,\\
\Delta \gg \gamma\ :\qquad & \frac{{\cal Q}\, \gamma}{2\gamma_m \Delta^2}\ge 1\, .
\end{align}
\end{subequations}

Note that condition (\ref{PCondgamma}) {\em slightly differs} from the formula (6) in our paper
\cite{bsv2}\footnote{Our notations relate to the notations in  \cite{bsv2} as follows:
$\gamma \Rightarrow \delta_1,\ \gamma_{0+}\Rightarrow \delta_{pr}, \ \gamma_m \Rightarrow \delta_m$,
and  parameters $\cal Q$ and ${\cal R}_0$ relate as (\ref{RQ}).}. However, the error made
in \cite{bsv2} is insignificant: the particular cases (\ref{PIPart}) {\em coincide} with analogous
particular cases obtained from formula (6) in \cite{bsv2}.

\paragraph*{The instability condition for signal recycled LIGO interferometer.}
Using estimates of Appendix~\ref{param} we have the inequality
\begin{equation}
\label{SRPRuneq}
\gamma_m \ll \gamma_{0+}< \gamma_{0-}\, .
\end{equation}
From the characteristic equation (\ref{CharEqx1}) and inequality (\ref{SRPRuneq})
we obtain the parametric instability condition:
\begin{align}
\label{SRPIcond}
\frac{\cal Q}{2\gamma_m}\left(\frac{\gamma_{0+}}{\gamma_{0+}^2 +\Delta^2} +
	\frac{\gamma_{0-}}{\gamma_{0-}^2+(\Delta+\delta)^2}\right) > \, 1\, .
\end{align}
See details of calculations in Appendix~\ref{PRSR}.

\section{Discussion}\label{Discussion}

For our discussion we use the following scale of relaxations rates (see Appendix~\ref{param}):
the relaxation rate of elastic mode $\gamma_m \simeq 6\times \left(10^{-4}\, \div \ 10^{-2}\right)\ \text{sec}^{-1}$,
the relaxation rates of symmetric and anti-symmetric modes $\gamma_{0+}\simeq 1.5\, \text{sec}^{-1}$,
 $\gamma_{0-}\ge 2\, \text{sec}^{-1}$, and the relaxation rate of a single FP cavity in arm $\gamma\simeq 100\,   \text{sec}^{-1}$.

First of all we see that the main difference between the parametric instability in a signal recycled Advanced LIGO
interferometer and in pure power recycled interferometer is the crucial dependence on detuning, compare Eqs.
(\ref{InstCond+},\ref{InstCond-},\ref{SRPIcond}) with (\ref{PCondgamma}). In power recycled interferometer the parametric instability takes place  if $|\Delta|<\gamma\simeq 100\ \text{sec}^{-1}$ while in signal recycled interferometer: $|\Delta | <\gamma_{0+}, \ \gamma_{0-}\simeq 2\ \text{sec}^{-1}$.

On the one hand, in case of relatively small detuning the parametric instability in a signal recycled interferometer takes place
at relatively low value of optical power. For example,  if $\Delta\ll \gamma_{0+}$ and $\delta \gg \gamma_{0-}$
one can obtain from  Eq.~(\ref{SRPIcond}) that the parametric  instability will take place at power
$W_c\simeq 5$~W (!) circulating in arms  (if $\omega_m =10^5\   \text{sec}^{-1}$,
$\gamma_m=6\times 10^{-4} \,\text{sec}^{-1}$, $\Lambda_1\simeq 1$). On the
other hand, there is a small chance that such small detuning
will take place and for large detuning ($|\Delta|>\gamma_{0+}$) the realization of parametric instability requires
dramatically larger optical power: $W_c \sim \Delta^2/\gamma_{0+}^2$. For example, if detuning is
about 1~kHz ($|\Delta|\simeq 6\times 10^3$ sec$^{-1}$) and other parameters are the same one can obtain
$W_c \simeq 10^8$~W (!). For the same reason the possibility that the presence of anti-Stokes mode can
depress the parametric instability is small enough especially for such detunings. Therefore, we did not consider  the
anti-Stokes mode in our analysis (``anti-Stokes'' generalization can be done using the same approach as in \cite{bsv2}).

Another factor that can decrease the possibility of parametric instability is the small value of overlapping factor; even if the
 frequencies of Stokes and elastic modes ``suit'' each other their spatial distributions (at mirrors surface)
may considerably decrease the overlapping factor $\Lambda_1$ and, hence, the possibility of parametric instability.

The elastic modes can be calculated numerically.
Unfortunately,  the numerical calculations of elastic modes of cylinder mirrors face with obvious difficulty:
the accuracy of elastic mode frequencies calculations is dramaticaly insufficient. The standard packages
FEMLAB or ANSYS,  used for this purpose \cite{bsv2,blair1}, provide the accuracy about
{\em several percents} only, while  we need the accuracy at least
$\gamma_{0+}/\omega_m\simeq 10^{-7}\, \div\, 10^{-5}$ (!). Nevertheless, numerical calculations
have sense for estimates of overlapping factors and as information (about the frequency range) for the
experimentalist where the parametric instability may occur.

Even if the numerical calculation methods will be improved to the extent that they will achieve the required accuracy, they can not solve
the  problem completely because: (i) the shape of mirrors differs from the cylinder shape, for example,
the pins to attach suspension
fiber may produce the shift of elastic mode frequency up to $100$~sec$^{-1}$ \cite{bsv2} and (ii) the inhomogeneity
of fused silica (the material mirrors should be manufactured of) may also provide an uncontrollable  shift
of elastic mode frequency \cite{bsv2}. That is why we present the separate
consideration of the case when the elastic mode of only one mirror is taken into account in subsection~\ref{diffMirrors}.

Parametric instability can also be investigated  in GEO600 configuration interferometer which also has
signal and power recycling mirrors, but has no FP cavities in arms. Hence the formulas above can be generalized
for GEO600 configuration by putting the transmittance of input mirrors in arms to be equal to $1$ and, hence, $\gamma =c/2L$.
Then the relaxation rate of symmetric mode will be about
$\gamma_{0+}^\text{GEO}\simeq T_{pr}c/4L\simeq 0.75\times 10^{-5}$~sec$^{-1}$ (we assume
$T_{pr}=0.012,\ L=1.2$~km) and using formula (\ref{InstCond+}) we estimate that parametric instability may
take place at relatively small optical power $W_c^\text{GEO}\simeq 100$~W circulating in arms if we
assume zero detuning $\Delta=0$, $m=10$~kg, $\omega_m=10^4$~sec$^{-1}$,
 $\gamma_m=10^{-4}$~sec$^{-1}$ and $\Lambda_1=1$.

Our consideration can be generalized for the case of mirrors with losses. Let each mirrors in the FP cavity to have
loss coefficient $A$ which is small compared to transparency: $\eta\equiv 2A/T< 1$. In this case
all  formulas (\ref{InstCond+}, \ref{InstCond-}, \ref{PCondgamma}, \ref{SRPIcond}) for parametric
instability conditions are valid with the following substitutions:
\begin{align}
\gamma &\Rightarrow \gamma(1+\eta), \quad
	\gamma_{0\pm}\Rightarrow \gamma_{0\pm} +\eta\gamma.
\end{align}
For Advanced LIGO the losses in mirrors are small enough (it is planned that $A\simeq 5$~ppm,
$\eta\simeq 2\times 10^{-3}$).

However, the diffractional losses may be large for optical modes with
high indices \cite{bsv2}. Kip Thorne \cite{thorne,stv} pointed out that the case of large  diffractional
losses  (when round trip relative losses are close to unity) requires a separate analysis.
This work is in progress now \cite{st}.

\section*{Conclusion}

We have shown that in the signal recycled Advanced LIGO interferometer the possibility of falling into the trap
of  the parametric instability is smaller than for the pure power recycled one due to stronger sensitivity to detuning.

We think that the most reliable method to avoid the parametric instability is the {\em direct experimental} test.
For signal recycled interferometer we have good method to investigate the possibility of
parametric instability experimentally {\em in situ}: varying the SR mirror position, one can detune the frequency of
anti-symmetric mode in wide range to find the instability or its precursors as it was shown in
subsection~\ref{asym}. It is important that for GEO600 configuration  we can introduce detuning larger than in
Advanced LIGO: the scanning may be performed inside the free spectral range $c/2L$.
This scanning combined with the detailed knowledge about the elastic modes (it can be obtained
{\em in situ} in separate experiments before the test masses are placed into the interferometer) will provide us with very valuable information helpful for avoiding the parametric instability.

We hope that parametric instability effect can be eliminated in Advance LIGO interferometer after the detailed
experimental investigations supported by theoretical analysis.

\acknowledgments

We are grateful to Farid Khalili,  David Ottaway, David Shoemaker, Ken Strain, Beno Willke, Bill Kells and  Chunnong Zhao  for valuble notes.
This work was supported by LIGO team from Caltech and in part by NSF and Caltech grant
PHY-0353775, by the Russian Agency of Industry and Science, contracts
No. 5178.2006.2 and 02.445.11.7423.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
PCMag UK | Reviews | Printers & Scanners | Printers | Review
byWilliam Harrel Oct 24, 2019
Good print quality. Relatively fast. Low running costs for entry-level laser printer.
ADF is manual-duplexing. No automatic two-sided printing. Lacks Wi-Fi Direct.
The Xerox B205 is a fast monochome laser AIO that produces quality output, but it sacrifices important productivity features for a low price.
Sitting smack in the middle of a recent three-machine debut, the Xerox B205 ($199.99) is an entry-level to midrange monochrome all-in-one laser printer aimed at small or micro offices or work groups. It's similar in many ways (such as volume ratings and paper capacity) to the Editors' Choice Canon imageClass MF269, but it lacks some of that slightly more expensive model's key convenience features, including an auto-duplexing automatic document feeder and a peer-to-peer connectivity option. Even so, its excellent output and reasonable running costs render it a sensible alternative if your office is willing to sacrifice some features to save cash.
Few Frills
Positioned between the Xerox B210, a print-only monochrome laser printer, and the B215, a full-featured monochrome laser AIO, the B205 delivers volume and capacity prowess like its siblings. It lacks, however, automatic two-sided printing, a staple in this and most similar other desktop printer genres. Also missing is the 3.5-inch graphical touch-screen display found on the B215. Instead, on the B205, you get a two-line monochrome LCD surrounded by navigation and other buttons, as shown here.
SEE ALSO: The Best Photo Printers for 2020
Also, like most other business-oriented printers nowadays, the B205 comes with an onboard website that lets you perform most function, configuration, monitoring, security, and usage reporting tasks from nearly any web browser, locally or from around the world over the internet.
Measuring 14.4 by 15.8 by 14.4 inches and weighing 24.2 pounds, the B205 is slightly smaller and about a pound lighter than its B215 sibling, 4 pounds lighter than Canon's MF269dw, somewhat larger and heavier than Lexmark's MB2336adw, another competing monochrome laser AIO. It's significantly smaller and just more than 9 pounds lighter than the Editors' Choice Epson ET-M3170, a monochrome inkjet alternative.
Also, as mentioned earlier, the B205's 40-page automatic document feeder (ADF) does not support automatic two-sided copying and scanning, as is the case with the B215 and the HP LaserJet Pro MFP M148fdw, one of that company's several lower-end monochrome laser AIOs. The 35-page ADFs on both the Canon MF269dw and the Epson ET-M3170 mentioned earlier, however, both copy and scan two-sided pages without your having to flip the originals manually, which can be a terrific time- and tedium-saver.
In addition, the B205 decreases productivity (and increases tedium) further still by omitting an auto-duplexer on the print engine itself, instead tasking you with flipping your two-sided print jobs by hand. All the other AIOs mentioned here so far support auto-duplexing. Included with the B205, though, are the HP PCL 5 and PCL 6, and Adobe PostScript 3.0, page description languages (PDLs) for increased compatibility with graphic design and desktop publishing environments.
Paper handling on the B205 consists of one 250-sheet drawer and a one-sheet override tray for printing one-off envelopes, labels, and other off-size media that might otherwise force you to unload and reconfigure the main paper tray. This is the same configuration as the B215, the MF269dw, the MB2336adw, and the ET-M3170.
The B205's maximum monthly duty cycle is 30,000 pages, and its recommended monthly print volume is 2,500 pages, which is comparable with most of the competitors mentioned here and respectable for a printer at this price.
Basic Connectivity Options
Standard connectivity on the B205 consists of connecting to a single PC via USB 2.0, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, and Ethernet up to 100 Mbps, but you don't get Wi-Fi Direct for making peer-to-peer network connections to smartphones and tablets. The mobile connectivity options you do get are Apple AirPrint, Google Cloud Print, Mopria, and the Xerox Print Service Plug-in for Android. That last one lets you set up and print two-sided documents, release documents secured via PINs, and so on.
Printing from and scanning to USB thumb drives and other USB storage devices is supported by a port located just under the control panel, as shown here.
Faster Than Rated Print Speeds
Canon rates the B205 at 31 pages per minute (ppm) for one-sided (simplex) pages. However, since this AIO defaults to two-sided (duplex) printing, I timed and recorded both its simplex and duplex speeds. I put the B205 through its paces over an Ethernet connection from our standard testbed computer, an Intel Core i5 PC running Windows 10 Professional.
See How We Test Printers
In the first round of tests, made up of a 12-page Microsoft Word text document, I timed the B205 at 34.7ppm in simplex mode and 14.3ppm in duplex mode. These speeds are 1.3ppm (simplex) and 3.7ppm (duplex) slower than the Lexmark MB2236adw, but they are 4.2ppm faster than Canon's MF269dw for one-sided pages and 4ppm slower for two-sided prints. The Epson ET-M3170, which does not default to duplex output, came in a whopping 13.4ppm behind the B205 when churning out single-sided pages.
For the next part of our speed test regimen, I timed the B205 as it churned out our collection of colorful and complex Adobe Acrobat business documents, Excel spreadsheets and charts and graphs, and PowerPoint handouts. Then, I combined these scores with the results from printing the 12-page text document from the previous test and came up with a comprehensive score of 15.3ppm for printing our entire 26-page collection of test documents.
Here, the B205 finished slightly behind the ET-M3170 by 0.5ppm, and a bit slower than the MB2236adw by 4.2ppm, with the MF269dw coming in ahead of the B205 by 3.1ppm.
Terrific Monochrome Output
As with its B210 and B215 siblings, I have no complaints about the B205's output quality. During my tests, it churned out well-shaped and highly legible text suitable for most business settings, even those that require tiny type.
Also, the full-page business graphics and PowerPoint handouts in our suite of test documents printed in attractive grayscale with no notable flaws, with only barely perceptible banding and no streaking to speak of. The embedded grayscale photos were, also as I said about its siblings, better than newspaper quality.
Better-Than-Average Running Costs
At 2.4 cents per page, the B205 delivers lower running costs than most of its competitors, including the Lexmark MB2236adw (3.4 cents) and the Canon MF269dw (2.8 cents). But a drawback of using lower-end laser printers is that, compared with their higher-end counterparts, such as Brother's MFC-L5700DW (1.6 cents per page), or an inkjet laser alternative like the Epson ET-M3170 (0.3 cents per page), they cost a lot to use.
Solid But Overshadowed
The Xerox B205 isn't a bad printer. It prints well and at a relatively fast clip. But for just another $50, the Xerox B215 gives you automatic two-sided printing, a higher recommended print volume, and a large touch screen. Or for $70 more, the Editors' Choice Canon MF269dw throws in an auto-duplexing ADF. If, however, two-sided printing, scanning, and copying aren't important to you, but staying within a strict budget is, the B205 isn't a bad deal for the price.
Bottom Line: The Xerox B205 is a fast monochome laser AIO that produces quality output, but it sacrifices important productivity features for a low price.
The Best Laser Printers for 2020
The Best All-in-One Printers for 2020
The Best Printers for 2020
William Harrel Contributing Editor
William Harrel has been writing about computer technology for more than 25 years. He has authored or coauthored 20 books—including titles in the popular "Bible," "Secrets," and "For Dummies" series—on digital design (or desktop publishing) software applications, such as Acrobat, Photoshop, and QuarkXPress. His latest title is HTML, CSS, and JavaScript Mobile Development for Dummies (a handbook for creating websites for smartphones and tablets), and he is a Contributing Editor at PCMag.com's sister site, Computer Shopper.
In addition to writing hundreds of articles for Computer Shopper, over the years Harrel has also written for several other computer and business publications, such as PC World, Digital Trends, MacUser, theWirecutter.com, and Windows ... See Full Bio
More From William Harrel
Canon Pixma TS6320 Wireless All-in-One
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Sean Parker's Airtime shut down its web-based video chat this summer, and no one even noticed
Janko Roettgers Sep 19, 2014 - 4:27 PM CDT
Airtime may have launched with a bang, but its end was eerily quiet: Sean Parker's video chat startup, which once aimed to become the next Chatroulette, shut down its web app some time during the last month, and no one even noticed, or bothered to complain.
The site was still up and running in mid-August, according to the Internet Archive, but has since been replaced by a placeholder site that asks us to "stay tuned," and lists a number of jobs on both coasts. There's no mention of the shut-down on Airtime's blog, which was last updated two years ago, or its long-abandoned Facebook and Twitter accounts.
Even more striking: I couldn't find a single mention of it on Twitter — it looks like users had given up on the site long ago, and no one even bothered to check if it's still around. I sent Airtime an email, asking when exactly the web app was taken offline, but have yet to hear back, and will update this story once I do.
Airtime made a big splash when it launched two years ago, but for all the wrong reasons: The launch event featured tons of celebrities, but was plagued with technical problems, leading to a pretty substantial backlash from users and tech press alike. Airtime also could never really formulate why it was different or better than any of the other video chat services out there, and quickly became a prime example for failed startups from celebrity founders.
However, the company kept going, and quietly launched a mobile video chat service dubbed OkHello that seems to be doing a lot better than Airtime ever did — which makes you wonder why it took AirTime so long to pull the plug on its web app.
AirTime Media
OKHello
Sean Parker


text:
OnePlus Will Name A Star After A Few OnePlus 5T Star Wars Edition Owners
by Vipul VijDecember 27, 2017
To celebrate its third anniversary in India, OnePlus launched the Star Wars limited edition OnePlus 5T in India at a price of Rs. 38999 on the 14th of December. It is the priciest OnePlus device ever sold in India and to commemorate its consumers, OnePlus has decided to name a star after the first 37 customers who bought the OnePlus 5T Star Wars Edition.
[amazon_link asins='B0756VRJ1N' template='ProductAd' store='igyaan-21′ marketplace='IN' link_id='745c07ec-eac3-11e7-88d9-315242a9251e']
In association with Star Register, the first 37 customers will receive a personalized "Star Wars" constellation and certificate of ownership with the details of their very own named star. It is worth noting that many of these names are not recognised by the International Astronomical Union. This means that the star you think is named after you could also be named after someone else depending on who they got it registered for.
But, it is, after all, a star named after you, and you will have a certificate to show for.
The OnePlus 5T Star Wars Edition has a white coloured back panel with a sandstone finish as a homage to the Planet Crait and a red Star Wars logo. The interesting thing here is that the alert slider is also red in colour.
The limited edition Star Wars OnePlus 5T is available only in the 8GB RAM variant with 128GB of onboard storage. Apart from the colour scheme and the Star Wars logo, there is nothing different in terms of hardware.
The OnePlus 5T has a 6-inch Full Optic AMOLED display with a 2160 x 1080 px resolution and an 80.5% screen to body ratio.
OnePlus 5T and Star Wars OnePlus 5T
Under the hood, the OnePlus 5T has the Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 chipset, a 2.4GHz octa-core processor, 6GB or 8GB of RAM, 64GB or 128GB of onboard storage which cannot be expanded. Powering the device is a 3300 mAh battery which supports OnePlus' DashCharge technology.
The OnePlus 5T runs stock Android 7.1.1 Nougat with customisability options thanks to the Oxygen OS on top.
Unlike the OnePlus 5, the OnePlus 5T no longer has a secondary telephoto lens at the back. Instead, OnePlus has decided to focus on the device's low-light photography capabilities. The cameras do not have OIS and OnePlus has decided to go for EIS on the dual camera setup at the back. The device has a 16MP camera with an f/1.7 aperture coupled with a 20MP sensor with the same f/1.7 aperture and field of view, ie no optical zoom. On the front is a 20MP camera with an f/2.0 aperture.
Watch Our Unboxing –
Latest, Mobile, OnePlus
oneplus 5t, Special Edition
Vipul Vij
Always found in a Hooded Shell, Excited by technology, tortured by his eating habits. Handles content at iGyaan.
LatestMobileOnePlus


text:
Call for Entries: The 2018 PBBY Wordless Book Prize
The Philippine Board on Books for Young People is now accepting entries for its Wordless Book Prize. 2018 will mark the first year that the PBBY will be awarding such a prize. The winner shall receive twenty thousand pesos and a medal. Prizes shall be awarded at an appropriate ceremony to be held on National Children's Book Day, July 17, 2018. CONTEST RULES The contest is open to all Filipino citizens except those who are related to any PBBY member up to the third degree of consanguinity. All entries must be e-mailed to pbbywordless@gmail.com. For this contest, all submissions must be in digital form, with each file clearly identifiable by a filename that is actually the pen name of the contestant. Entries may be in color or in black and white. They may be digitally rendered or traditionally done artwork that may or may not have been digitally enhanced. The submission format should be pdf. Entries should use the CMYK color space and should be at actual size fo
See You in the Cosmos by Jack Cheng
See You in the Cosmos by Jack Cheng (Dial Books for Young Readers, 2017) "My name is Alex Petroski and my house is in Rockview, Colorado, United States of America, planet Earth. I am eleven years and eight months old . . ." Filipino American Alex Petroski LOVES astronomy. His hero is Carl Sagan, the astronomer who sent a "Golden Record" out into space. In 1977, NASA launched Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. In case the spacecraft ever made contact with extraterrestrial life forms, or future humans, each had on board a "Golden Record," a copper phonograph LP featuring a collection of sounds and images meant to portray the life and culture on planet Earth. The recorded sounds included things like wind, thunder, bird songs, greetings in 55 languages, and the brainwaves of a woman in love. (You can actually listen to the audio of the Golden Record here .) Alex has built his very own rocket, Voyager 3, and plans to launch it into space at SHARF (Sout
Author Interview: Erin Entrada Kelly
I am very happy to share an interview with Erin Entrada Kelly , Filipino American author of the excellent middle grade novels Blackbird Fly ( Greenwillow Books, 2015), The Land of Forgotten Girls (Greenwillow Books, 2016) - one of the best middle grade novels I've ever read, Hello, Universe (Greenwillow Books, 2017), and the forthcoming You Go First (Greenwillow Books, 2018). Hello, Erin! To start, can you please tell us about your Filipino background? I am mestiza. My father is from the US. My mother is from Sogod, Southern Leyte, and lives in Cebu. What are the five books that turned you into a writer? It's hard to pinpoint five books. I've always been a big reader. When I was about seven or eight, I realized that books were just pen and paper, which meant that I could write my own stories. That's when I started writing. I've been writing for so long that I don't remember a time in my life when I wasn't working on something. So I guess I never turned in
Art Student Bags 2017 PBBY-Alcala Prize
This year's PBBY-Alcala Grand Prize winner is art student Sophia Lorraine Demanawa, from the Ateneo De Manila University. Demanawa is studying Information Design and is an active member of Blue Indie Komiks (BLINK). She earned the judges' unanimous vote for her fresh portrayal of Genaro Gojo Cruz's Dalawa Kami ni Lola . Gojo Cruz's story bagged the 2017 PBBY-Salanga Prize . Aside from illustrating, Demanawa also enjoys making comics, designing gig posters, and writing poetry. Four other illustrators were chosen as Honorable Mention: Arade Louise Villena, Mary Grace Theresa Dulawan, Christian Oliver Cruz, and Irene Rose Buenaventura. The winners will be awarded at the National Children's Book Day (NCBD) celebration on July 18, 2017 at the Cultural Center of the Philippines. For inquiries about the contest and the NCBD celebration, contact the PBBY Secretariat at telephone number 352 6765 loc 204 or e-mail pbby@adarna.com.ph .
What if your manuscript was read and critiqued by the man who discovered J.K. Rowling?
Scholastic , the global children's publishing, education and media company, is giving a chance to Filipino writers living in Asia to submit a short synopsis and the opening pages of their unpublished chapter book or novel and stand a chance to be shortlisted to receive a review and written feedback from the man who discovered J.K. Rowling, Mr. Barry Cunningham. In partnership with the Philippine Board on Books for Young People (PBBY) , You Write to Me, I'll Write to You is a manuscript critique initiative of the Scholastic Asian Book Award (SABA) in an effort to further encourage and inspire Asian writers. The manuscript critique initiative aspires to motivate writers while assisting them to get their manuscript in shape and recognizing excellence in Asian writings. A total of six entries (the brief synopses and opening pages of six manuscripts) will be shortlisted to receive a review and written feedback from Mr. Cunningham, and only the most outstanding entry from
The Way Home in the Night by Akiko Miyakoshi
I just finished reading The Way Home in the Night by Akiko Miyakoshi (Kids Can Press; April 4, 2017), originally Yoru no Kaerimichi (Kaisei-Sha Publishing, 2015). This book caught my eye because of its bunny (one of my favorite animals!) main character and its Japanese author-illustrator. Of course I had to read it. This isn't a cute, cuddly, fluffy bunny though. This bunny and the other animal characters rendered in pencil, charcoal, and acrylic gouache are surreal – even reminding me a bit of the Twilight Zone – but the effect is beautiful. The bunny is observing his neighbors as he walks home with his parents at the end of the day. There's a bookseller closing his shop for the night, a neighbor watching TV, a party next door, and more. When he's tucked into bed, he wonders about his neighbors: Is the bookseller reading on his couch? Are the party guests saying goodbye? Are his neighbors getting ready for bed, or already snug in bed like him? It's a different take on the bedti
Call for Entries: The 2017 PBBY-Alcala Prize
The Philippine Board on Books for Young People (PBBY) is now accepting entries for the 2017 PBBY-Alcala Prize . The winner shall be given a cash prize of P25,000, a gold medal, and an opportunity to be published. Prizes will be awarded in an appropriate ceremony to be held during the celebration of National Children's Book Day on July 18 . Contest Rules The contest is open to all Filipino citizens except those who are related to any PBBY member up to the third degree of consanguinity. Entries must be based on the 2017 PBBY-Salanga Prize winning story Dalawa Kami ni Lola by Genaro Gojo Cruz. A copy of this story may be requested from the PBBY Secretariat or downloaded from the PBBY website . All entries must be original unpublished illustrations that have not won in any previous contest. All entries must consist of three (3) illustrations that are of the same size and medium. Entries do not have to be based on consecutive spreads/parts of the text. A contestant ma
Back-to-Back Winner for 2017 PBBY-Salanga Prize
The Philippine Board on Books for Young People (PBBY) declared Genaro Gojo Cruz as the grand prize winner of the 2017 PBBY-Salanga Prize . Gojo Cruz bagged the Salanga prize with his story Dalawa Kami ni Lola , a story about a child and his grandmother. This is Gojo Cruz's second grand prize win. Gojo Cruz, a children's author and professor, won the grand prize last year. For his win, Gojo Cruz will receive 25,000 pesos and a medal. Gojo Cruz's story Pamilya Papel was also declared honorable mention alongside Imelda Estrella's story, May Lihim ang Dagat. Winners will be awarded during the celebration of National Children's Book Day on July 18, 2017. For inquiries about the contest, contact the PBBY Secretariat at telephone number 352-6765 loc. 203 or e-mail pbby@adarna.com.ph .
Marianne Dubuc Designs Official Poster for International Book Giving Day 2017
The International Book Giving Day team is delighted to announce that Marianne Dubuc is the illustrator behind 2017's official poster. Libraries, schools, and bookshops are encouraged to download, print, and display Dubuc's poster to celebrate the love of reading and encourage others to give books to children on International Book Giving Day, February 14. Now in its 5th year, International Book Giving Day continues to grow from strength to strength, reaching places such as Nepal, India, Canada, South Africa, UK, France, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Italy, Nigeria, Fiji, Czech Republic, USA, Cambodia, Hungary, Philippines, and Romania. On February 14, #bookgivingday, participants are encouraged to give books to children. This can takes many forms, the only limit is the imagination. Books have been sent to child refugees in Calais, France; a new library was created in Cape Town, South Africa; in Uganda the Mpambara-Cox Foundation gifted books to children, for many it was th
What if your manuscript was read and critiqued by ...
Marianne Dubuc Designs Official Poster for Interna...


Hamamatsu, Japan, October 6, 2014 —Roland DG Corporation, a leading worldwide manufacturer of wide-format inkjet printers and printer/cutters, today announced the launch of the new "Texart" brand for exclusive use in digital textile printing, and the release of the 64-inch RT-640 as the first product in the lineup. The RT-640 is a state-of-the-art dye sublimation transfer* printer featuring innovative print control technology, powerful RIP software and a choice of four-color (CMYK) or eight-color (CMYKLcLmOrVi) original dye sublimation ink.
"One of the RT-640's major innovations is our new ink," said Yuko Maeda, general manager of the Textile Market Development Department. "The newly developed Texart ink delivers bold and vibrant colors, and deep and rich blacks. Adding orange and violet inks increases the color gamut and allows for exceptional reds, oranges, deep blues and purples, while light cyan and light magenta provide subtle gradation and a remarkably fine level of detail." Moreover, users have a choice between Roland VersaWorks and ErgoSoft Roland Edition RIP software, developed especially for the RT-640 by ErgoSoft, the premier RIP provider in the textile printing industry.
Maeda agreed, stating, "The digital printing market for textiles shows great promise with research showing an expected surge in demand and double-digit growth rates for the coming years." Demand for digital printers is growing as a means of increasing the efficiency of high-mix, low-volume production and tailored production in a wide range of fields, including fashion apparel, interior decor, gifts and promotional goods. Roland DG has provided the market with a number of solutions including the manufacture of soft signage printed on fabric (such as polyester banners and flags) and decorations on sportswear garments. And now we offer a dedicated brand for textiles that has been developed to capitalize on the increasing size and growth potential of the market.
Dye sublimation transfer is a printing method that transfers illustrations, photos or other images that are printed in inverse on transfer paper with sublimation ink to polyester or other textiles using heat.
Roland DG Corporation is a leading worldwide manufacturer of inkjet devices, milling and engraving machines, vinyl cutters and photo impact printers. Roland pioneered the development of Print&Cut technology and today is the number one brand of inkjet devices with more than 140,000 units* sold worldwide. More recently, the company entered the healthcare market with milling machines designed specifically for creating high-quality dental prosthetics, including copings, crowns, full bridges and abutments. Roland DG has also brought to market a new concept in 3D milling, the iModela mini 3D mill, which targets individuals in the growing hobby and craft markets. The company uses its proprietary production technology to manufacture products that are distributed worldwide. Roland products help businesses transform imagination into reality by adding value to creative processes.
Total number of inkjet devices shipped as of March 31, 2014.


text:
What's 'average'? Size 16 is the new normal for US women
These curves are real — and they're spectacular.
That's the message women who struggle with their fashion choices have been sending for years — and a new study offers fresh ammo in the war for more choices.
American women have long been told that the average size is 14. Wrong! It's actually a size 16, reveals a study in the International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education that sheds a major light on how retailers view the term "average.'"
usan Dunn, a co-author of the report, told TODAY that motivation for the study came from wanting to eradicate the stigma of larger sizes as a controversial topic.
While the phenomenon of "vanity sizing" from store to store has made it difficult for most women to pinpoint their actual size in trickier clothing items like jeans and swimwear, it's no secret that what we find on the racks is getting smaller and smallerby the season — leaving us with unrealistic, teeny-tiny options that we just can't squeeze into.
The journal, a publication of the Textile Institute, launched an extensive study of women's real body measurements, reports the Revelist.
After sampling the measurements of more than 5,500 women in the United States, the study revealed that over the last two decades the average waist size has increased 2.6 inches, from 34.9 inches to 37.5 inches, with "even greater distinctions found when considering race and ethnicity."
"We hope that this information can get out and be used by industry and consumers alike. Just knowing where the average is can help a lot of women with their self image," one of the study's lead experts, Susan Dunn, told TODAY via email. "And we hope that the apparel industry can see the numbers and know that these women aren't going away, they aren't going to disappear, and they deserve to have clothing."
"That the clothing should fit well, both in style and measurements, and be available elsewhere than back corners or solely online is still a controversial topic," she added. "Why?"
Dunn and co-author Deborah Christel — both faculty in the department of apparel merchandising, design and textiles at Washington State University — found that the average size of the American woman now falls between a 16 and an 18, the lower end of plus sizes.
The finding comes as body-positive celebrities like Melissa McCarthy launch their own clothing lines in order to make fashion more fun and accessible for consumers who wear above a size 12. McCarthy's line, Seven7, carries an impressive range of options, from size 4 to size 28.
"People don't stop at size 12," the "Bridesmaids" actress told More magazine back in May.
The report has the potential to not only redefine America's perception of the word "average," but also the way that women's retailers design, market and sell their clothing to consumers — which could make for a whole new shopping experience with less stressing and better dressing in the future.


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The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 8 Episode 19
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Phaedra reflects on the emotional season she's undergone with her husband Apollo away at prison and the effect it's had on her life. Cynthia and Peter disclose the current state of their marriage and address upsetting rumors about their relationship, which leads to a tense verbal encounter between Cynthia and Porsha. The women revisit the drama surrounding the Miami trip and make an attempt to move forward after a tumultuous season.
Serie: The Real Housewives of Atlanta
Episode Title: Reunion Part Two
Halifax: Retribution
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Watch Bonanza Full Series Online. The High-Sierra adventures of Ben Cartwright and his sons as they run and defend their ranch while helping the surrounding community.
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Tanked
Watch Tanked Full Series Online. Following the antics of two brothers-in-law as they run the largest aquarium manufacturing company in the nation, Tanked dunks viewers into the high-decibel, family-owned business…
Watch Mad Men Full Series Online. Mad Men is set in the 1960s, initially at the fictional Sterling Cooper advertising agency on Madison Avenue in New York City, and later…
Watch The Loudest Voice Full Series Online. The rise and fall of Fox News founder Roger Ailes, focusing primarily on the past decade in which Ailes arguably became the Republican…
Watch The Righteous Gemstones Full Series Online. The story of a world-famous televangelist family with a history of deviance, greed and, yes, charitable work, all in the name of Jesus.
Watch The Bay Full Series Online. Family Liaison Officer Lisa Armstrong becomes a little too emotionally involved with a case (to the point where she might compromise it) concerning a…
Watch Council of Dads Full Series Online. When Scott Perry, a loving father of five, has his entire life's plan thrown into upheaval by an unexpected health scare, he calls…
Watch Peaky Blinders Full Series Online. A gangster family epic set in 1919 Birmingham, England and centered on a gang who sew razor blades in the peaks of their caps,…
Watch Its Always Sunny in Philadelphia Full Series Online. Four egocentric friends who run a neighborhood Irish pub in Philadelphia try to find their way through the adult world of…
Watch Agent Carter Full Series Online Marvels. It's 1946, and peace has dealt Peggy Carter a serious blow as she finds herself marginalized when the men return home from fighting…
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Citizenship and Immigration Canada will close the files of federal skilled worker applicants who applied before February 27, 2008, and for whom an immigration officer has not already made a decision based on the applicable selection criteria by March 29, 2012. This proposed legislation is expected to affect about 280,000 applicants, including their dependants.
On March 2, 2012, the Government of Canada announced a regulatory change that now requires sponsored spouses or common-law partners to wait five years from the day that they are granted permanent residence status in Canada before they can sponsor a new spouse or partner. The objective of this regulatory change was to discourage immigration fraud in spouse/common-law partner family class cases.
On June 30, 2010, the Minister of International Trade announced that legislation to implement the recently signed Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement had received Royal Assent. From the perspective of immigration practitioners (and perhaps HR professionals), this is exciting news because once the legislation is effective, several additional work permit categories will become available to Colombian Citizens.


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Home > 2020 > Bruised Identity of Jammu and Kashmir | Gull Mohammad Wani
Mainstream, VOL LVIII No 28, New Delhi, June 27, 2020
Bruised Identity of Jammu and Kashmir | Gull Mohammad Wani
by Gull Mohammad Wani
After the abrogation of Art 370 and reorganization of Jammu and Kashmir state into two union territories, political leaders from both regions of Jammu and Kashmir adhering to different ideological positions were arrested or put under house arrest .Some prominent civil society actors too were booked. The vernacular media saw virtual «crackdown» and it still reels under it. The intellectual landscape too is under surveillance and hence no exchange of ideas or debate on issues facing the people of Jammu ,Kashmir and Ladakh. Meanwhile the Indian state continues to look at political problems as historical wrongs and thereby mixing politics and history. This has not helped the cause of peace in any way in the three regions of erstwhile state. In fact, waging peace is difficult than waging war. For peace we need to understand pain in the Jammu and Kashmir polity and listen to the voices of common people. The changing nature of Indian state as a homogenizing entity needs to be understood in the case of three regions of erstwhile state. There is a realization belatedly that Maharja Hari Singh and late Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah were symbols of composite Identity of the Jammu and Kashmir state.
Maharaja and Abdullah - common Legacy
The removal of Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah's birth anniversary as a state holiday from the list of official holidays by the present dispensation has evoked strong reactions from some segments of political opinion. It has psychologically disturbed the people of the state more so in valley and reminded them of what historian Dharma Kumar once pointed out as «Hindu-first and Hindu-foremost» model of citizenship being applied to the region. People in all regions of the state still recall his early contribution towards building- up an egalitarian society through his radical land reforms. The Maharaja Hari Singh hailing from Jammu region of the state was equally forthright in protecting the identity of his people. When people in general and Dogras of Jammu in particular developed a sense of deprivation on account of outsiders recruitment in state services the Maharaja through Notification 1-L/84 dated April 20, 1927 introduced the state subject law. The slogan 'state for the states people' came to be heard in all parts of the state. The rights, powers and privileges to the citizens of his state who were described as «state subjects» were clearly defined .The new domicile rule made in exercise of law under the J&K Reorganization Act 2019 Maharaja's contribution towards preserving land, jobs and resources is remembered in all regions of the state. The Indian state's haste in destroying the identity markers of the people of Jammu and Kashmir has given rise to fears in the minds of people irrespective of region, community and religion. The Jammu based and Dogra-centric panthers party headed by Prof Bhim Singh claims that «we are caught by power games .Even the peace in Jammu has not helped us. We are projected outside as disturbed». The Jammu youth are worried that they may lose their jobs and educational seats to the new 'domiciles'..A respected opinion leader from Jammu Mrs Anuradha Bhasin fears that «Dogra culture is facing extinction due to changes in permanent residency laws». For holistic understanding of arrogant unilateralism displayed by the regime in Delhi we need to understand the nature of contemporary Indian state. Political scientist Christophe Jaffrelot describes Indian state as an «de-facto ethno-state in which Sangh Parivar is working as the deep state». The identity of Jammu and Kashmir state as a secular, plural construct and a 'miniature India' stands destroyed. The happenings in Jammu and Kashmir are part of the larger re-organization project of carpet bombing of Indian republic by the state piloted politics of bold communalism. But how and where Maharaja and Abdullah meet and why are they belatedly remembered ? Both Hari Singh and Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah were eager to preserve the identity of the state and its people. Both suffered from ego and personality clash apart from nature and character of their politic As early as July 15, 1946 at a Durbari-Am held in Srinagar Maharaja Hari Singh said: but for the concern for progress of India does not imply acceptance by us of dictation in our internal affairs" .Mr Durga Dass, a former editor of 'Hindustan Times' stated that «late Maharaja of Kashmir and Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah who had little in common , shared and worked in their own way for a similar objective of protection of identity of the J&K state and it was merely due to Pakistan's invasion in 1947 that their choices hit a roadblock». What happened to Abdullah and Maharaja and how they were treated by the post-colonial Indian state is known to all students of history and politics of the state? The fact of the matter is that post-colonial Indian state carried on with the 'border state' policy of the erstwhile British colonial state and looked at the security of India from the prism of Jammu and Kashmir state The obsession for state security has meant denial of basic rights to the people who are always at the receiving end.A chosen coterie was kept in power backed by the state to take care of the people not as citizens but as loyal subjects. The defining feature of this «high insecurity politics» is its being personality-centric and fundamentally revolving around individuals. The State in pre and post-colonial avatar tamed one or the other individual keeping in view exigency of political situation and with ease treated them (individuals or call them leaders) as disposal items. Forget about «Swing leaders» even Maharaja Hari Singh was deposed and he died at Bombay and his Prime Minister Ram Chander Kak was arrested at Srinagar airport along with his English wife Margaret and after some time Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah too was arrested as prime Minister in 1953.The change from being subjects to citizens after 1947 proved just procedural rather than substantive.
Abrogation of Art 370
Media and political commentariat have it that Indian state crafted a new Jammu and Kashmir narrative -at once Unitarian/integrationist bordering on assimilation rather than accommodation. In fact, the security hawks looked at Kashmir problem as being essentially result of policy of appeasement. They argue that once you accept Art 370 you create room for politics of difference and thereby sow seeds of separatism. But all said and done these security experts ignored the reasons for growth of separatism in Tamil Nadu and Punjab- states enjoying no appeasement in the form of a special constitutional arrangement. Be that as it may Indian state settled down to bulldoze identity of Jammu and Kashmir state and thereby humiliating all the advocates of its secular/plural identity. Hence Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah's name is to be removed not in history books but from the collective memory. Erasing Abdullah from public memory strangely has remained the common strategic point for both Indian and Pakistani state. Field Marshal Ayub Khan at one time got angry with Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah and told him «you are more interested in India -Pakistan friendship than in the resolution of Kashmir problem». Changing names and nomenclature and established legal recognition of a cultural group is an act of a predatory state. It is according to one author a «medieval mindset .....a proof of conquest». In fact late Jan Sangh leader late Balraj Madok stated that «India's, claim to Kashmir is not only based on the instrument of accession but also on the right to conquest». The fact of the matter is changing identity markers of a group is according to professor Apporvanand «cultural genocide» Raphael Lemkin who coined the term genocide stated that the «the cultural destruction of a group is as important as the physical annihilation of its members».
Majoritarian State
The Idea of India sketched in the constitution of India and sufficiently articulated by Nehru has developed cracks .It suffered a terrible dent even when Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi was piloting the Indian state .Indira Gandhi did it through personalization of power and destruction of institutions .Rajiv Gandhi went extra mile to legitimize Hindu/Muslim communalism .Former home secretary Madhave Godbole described Rajiv as the «first Kar Sevak» .This was foreseen early by Dr BR Ambedkar who warned that even" without altering the constitution of India the administrators could subvert it using their powers causing it to collapse". The core values of Indian constitution viz democracy, secularism and socialism have become bad words even for congress party and regional parties. The net outcome of this dangerous turn is that communalism in Indian polity gets transported into Kashmir as radicalism and generates more martyrs for the movement and new targets for the Indian State. At the back of Nehru's mind was the fragility of the idea of India as articulated by him and practiced during his stewardship of Indian state..Jawaharlal Nehru wrote a letter to Indira Gandhi alerting her about the happenings in Europe. Nehru wrote:" that a cultured and highly advanced people like Germans should have indulged in brutal and barbarous behavior has been an amazing experience". In fact, Indians too were not sure about what was being cooked for them through the Nehruvian framework. Eminent political scientist Sunil Khilnani states «most people had no idea about the idea of India given to them after 1947. Both Gandhi and Sardar Patel passed away too early Nehru and his daughter had their way» The top down Nehruvian model had head-on collision with a hierarchical, communal, caste-ridden social structure. Ambedkar stated that «democracy is not a form of government but a form of society». The new managers of Indian state look at political problems not as birth pangs in the process of nation-building but as historical wrongs that need to be corrected. Hence abrogating Art 370 is correcting a historical wrong for Indian state.
Chand/Maroof Thesis
Iqbal Chand Malhotra and Maroof Raza in their new book «Kashmir's Untold story-Declassified» argue that «this internal reorganization of erstwhile state of J&K prepares India to meet the emerging Sino-Pak threat to the state, as also to finally put an end to the dominance of a handful of families in the socio-political equations in Kashmir. Pakistan is going to invite China to send troops into Afghanistan as they themselves cannot bear the costs of using Afghanistan for their tactical and strategic moves against India. The story of Kashmir they argue is headed for a new chapter». 'So far so good, but where are the people of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh in this grand theorization?. People anywhere and everywhere need to be factored in the nation-building process. Nationalism is not to be confused with obedience to the state. By destroying the composite identity of the J&K state we have given a new twist to two nation theory. In Kashmir there is a feeling that if Pakistan will do nothing our oppression by Indian state will increase. The fact is that all three regions viz, Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh feel humiliated. Pascal Mercier aptly said «it is not pain and wounds that are worst. The worst is the humiliation». In a democracy the social contract is not only between people and the state but among people as well. It is time we listen to people and think about the renewal of the contract among people of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh. Democracy rests on the premise that we all make mistakes but we get a chance to correct them. Democracy is a courageous way to nation-building.
Prof Gull Mohammad Wani teaches Political Science at Kashmir University, Srinagar
1, Bhasin, Anuradha (2020): "Jammu, the pawn on the Kashmir chessboard' the Hindu, June 02
2, Jaffrelot, Christophe (2018), "Hindu Rashtra, de facto" Indian Express August 12
3, Dass, Durga, "Sardar Patel's correspondence", Vol, 11
4, Apoorvanand (2018) "The reason for renaming places" Hindu , November, 12
5, Nehru, Jawaharlal (2004) "Glimpses of world History" Penguin
6, Iqbal Chand Malhotra and Maroof Raza, (2019) "Kashmir's Untold Story: Declassified" Bloomsbury
7. Balraj Madhok, cited in Gull Wani (Apple Books, 2009) "Kashmir: Identity, Autonomy and Self-Rule"
Table of Contents - Mainstream, Dec 26, 2020
Letter to the Readers, Mainstream, Dec 26, 2020
Factional Feud in Ruling Communist Party Lands Nepal in a Political Crisis | Barun Das Gupta
Vajpayee The Mask December 24, 2020 Also Born On Christmas Day | John Dayal
Janata Dal (S) In Karnataka: Facing An Existential Crisis? | P. S. Jayaramu
Political Significance Of The Local Body Polls (2020) In Kerala | M R Biju and M R B Anantha Padmanabha
Modi on the mission to finish the farmers' agitation | Arun Srivastava
Conquest of Agrifarm | Sardar Amjad Ali
Letter to India's Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare from Indian Economists for Equality


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Is Severity of Red Nose Linked to Alcohol Intake?
Sometimes there's some truth to the myth. The red, swollen and bumpy nose of rosacea was long associated in popular discourse with heavy alcohol consumption; it's been historically referred to as drinker's nose, and W.C. Fields referred to the bumps on his trademark nose as "gin blossoms." The reality, however, is that even those who have never had a drop of alcohol can develop rosacea and a red nose — but now a new study suggests that excessive drinking may indeed be a factor in the severity of this condition.1
Read more about Is Severity of Red Nose Linked to Alcohol Intake?
Dispelling the Myth of Wine and Noses
Before the advent of modern medicine, it was commonly believed that rosacea was a side effect of excessive drinking. Today, of course, we know that rosacea is not a symptom of alcoholism, nor is there any reason to think that people with rosacea necessarily drink more than the average adult — in fact, even a teetotaler may have the condition.
Yet despite the increased information and awareness about rosacea, the misconception persists. Ruddy cheeks and bumps and pimples were even used in the recent film Girl on the Train to telegraph the protagonist's struggle with alcohol.
Read more about Dispelling the Myth of Wine and Noses
Survey Dispels Myth That Rosacea Usually Strikes Between 30 and 50
Results of a new survey by the National Rosacea Society (NRS) dispelled the common myth that rosacea usually affects people between the ages of 30 and 50, and also found that new signs and symptoms may develop decades after the initial onset of the condition.
In the NRS survey of 1,391 rosacea patients, only 43 percent said their rosacea first appeared between the ages of 30 and 50, while 39 percent reported that the disorder occurred after age 50 and an additional 17 percent said they developed rosacea prior to age 30.
Read more about Survey Dispels Myth That Rosacea Usually Strikes Between 30 and 50
Tips for Dispelling Rosacea Myths
You may have heard them before: hushed whispers or suspicious comments about your appearance. Because rosacea is often misunderstood, here are some tips to keep handy for those uncomfortable moments when you just need to get the truth out about rosacea.
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