Camp Internet's Global Gardening Studies are open to all Camp Expedition Teams. RAIN's Youth Technology Corps members are Expedition Team Leaders for Communities taking part.
When planting more than one variety, label each container. Tiny seedlings can be difficult to distinguish.
Recycle cardboard egg cartons as seed-starting equipment. Sow one or two seeds in soilless mix in each compartment. On planting day, carefully peel away the cardboard without disturbing the root ball.
roots of those that remain by snipping off the extras at the surface.
top of your refrigerator, where the additional warmth will speed the process.
or the room they are growing in is too warm.
tedious, so they eliminate that step by sowing their seeds directly into multi-cell packs, one or two seeds per cell.
Damping-off is a fungus disease that causes seedlings to suddenly wilt and die. To prevent damping-off, use clean containers and fresh soilless mix; keep the mix lightly moist but not saturated; and leave enough space between seedlings to allow for air to circulate.
Certain seeds have special requirements for temperature or planting depth. Read the seed packets for any additional instructions.


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Showing posts with label Maduro. Show all posts
Solidarity with the working people and the CP of Venezuela (PCV) against the attack on its political and electoral rights
In a joint statement more than 25 Communist and Workers' Parties from all over the world express their solidarity with the working people and the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV). Among others, the statement denounces the recent anti-communist attacks in the National Assembly against PCV General Secretary Óscar Figuera.
The full statement (in English and Spanish) is the following:
Tags Communist and Workers Parties, Communist Party of Venezuela, Maduro, PCV, Popular Revolutionary Alternative (Venezuela), Venezuela
Communist Party of Venezuela: Maduro government returns to the IMF, gives in to imperialism
In a statement concerning the second round of negotiations between the social democratic government of Nicolas Maduro and the pro-US opposition in Mexico, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) points out:
"The second round of negotiations between the two opposing groups of the national bourgeoisie took place in Mexico from September 3 to 6. Both sides have announced two initial partial agreements as being a great advance for the interests of the country and the Venezuelan people. One agreement refers to "the defense of the sovereignty of Venezuela over the Essequibo Strip" while the other comes under the title of "an agreement for the social protection of the Venezuelan people".
Tags Communist Party of Venezuela, IMF, Imperialism, Latin America, Maduro, Venezuela
Venezuelan communists on Maduro-opposition talks: A deal between elites
Nicolas Maduro and US-backed Juan Guaido.
In a statement concerning the talks between representatives of the Maduro government and the US-backed right-wing opposition in Mexico City, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) talks about "deal between elites", denouncing the procedure as a "farce of a dialogue". The full statement of PCV is the following:
The Deal between Elites has been Consolidated in Mexico
Tags Communist Party of Venezuela, Guaido, Latin America, Maduro, PSUV, Venezuela
Joint Statement: Slander and threats against the Communist Party of Venezuela are unacceptable
More than 40 Communist and Workers' Parties sign a joint statement denouncing the attempt by Venezuela's governing party PSUV and President Maduro to politically marginalize and undermine the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV).
Read here a PCV statement issued earlier this month.
More specifically, the joint statement reads:
Slander and threats against the Communist Party of Venezuela are unacceptable
Tags Communist and Workers Parties, Communist Party of Venezuela, Joint Action of Communist Parties, Latin America, Maduro, PSUV, Venezuela
"President Maduro, the real dilemma is whether you are with the working class or with the capitalists" — PCV Statement
In a very interesting statement published on Tribuna Popular, the Political Bureau of the CC of the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) refers to some critical issues concerning the political direction and stance of Nicolas Maduro's social democratic government.
The full statement is the following:
With foundations in its ideological, political and organisational autonomy and independence, the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) is committed to confronting US-European imperialist aggression. It is also committed to confronting the economic, labour and agricultural policies which President Nicolas Maduro has been applying in favour of Capital and landowners.
Tags Alternativa Popular Revolutionaria (APR), Anticommunism, Communist Party of Venezuela, Latin America, Maduro, Popular Revolutionary Alternative (Venezuela), Social-Democracy, Venezuela
Venezuela's Communist Party slams reformist "Plataforma de la Clase Obrera Antiimperialista (PCOA)"
The Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) has issued a statement concerning the initiative called "Platform of the Anti-imperialist Working Class" (PCOA). Read the statement in english and spanish below:
"Together with class conscious trade unionism, the PCV will participate in initiatives of unity of anti-imperialist action.
The Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV), as the party of the working class and the Venezuelan working people, clarifies its position regarding Venezuela's launch of a supposed Platform of the Anti-imperialist Working Class (PCOA), which lacks the presence of class conscious trade union organizations from our country or representatives of national historical labor currents.
Tags Communist Party of Venezuela, Latin America, Maduro, Plataforma de la Clase Obrera Antiimperialista (PCOA), Venezuela, WFTU
Venezuela: The Communist Party denounces the illegal dismissal of trade unionist by state company
The Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) publically denounces the unjustified and illegal dismissal of the local leader and worker of the state-owned CVG Carbonorca company, Sergio Requena, who is also a candidate for the Popular Revolutionary Alternative (APR) to the National Assembly in circuit 2 of Bolivar State.
From the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV), we join the voices of solidarity and support that come in floods from within the Venezuelan labour and popular movement to condemn the unfair and illegal dismissal to which the Comrade Sergio Requena, national coordinator of the Productive Workers' Army (EPO), are being subjected to by CVG Carbonorca, a state-owned company located in Guayana City, Bolivar State, where you are Workplace Director by decision and democratic election of workers.
Tags Alternativa Popular Revolutionaria (APR), Communist Party of Venezuela, CVG Carbonorca (Venezuela), Maduro, Popular Revolutionary Alternative (Venezuela), Venezuela
On the political situation in Venezuela: Letter by the Communist Party (PCV)
In a letter addressed to the fraternal Communist and Workers' Parties of the world, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV) describes the major issues concerning the current political, economic and social situation in Venezuela.
It must be noted that in August, the Communist Party of Venezuela along with other parties and political groups formed an anti-imperialist alliance under the name "Popular Revolutionary Alternative" (Alternativa Popular Revolucionaria- APR).
The full letter of the Political Bureau of the PCV, which was published in Solidnet, is the following:
Tags Alternativa Popular Revolutionaria (APR), Communist Party of Venezuela, Latin America, Maduro, Popular Revolutionary Alternative (Venezuela), PSUV, Venezuela
KKE condemns the new intervention attempt by mercenaries against Venezuela
In a statement the International Relations Section of the CC of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) condemns the new infiltration attempt by mercenaries against Venezuela.
More specifically the statement, which was published in 902 portal, reads:
"The KKE condemns the new intervention attempt in Venezuela by paramilitary group of mercenaries based in Colombia whose aim, according to the statements of the paramilitry group's leader in social media, was to cause sabotages and murder members of the Venezuelan government. The group of mercenaries-murderers was countered by Venezuela's security forces.
Tags Colombia, Communist Party of Venezuela, Juventud Comunista de Venezuela, KKE, Latin America, Maduro, USA, Venezuela
"Trump, Hands Off Venezuela!" — Communist Parties blast U.S. aggression against Caracas
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. government intensifies its imperialist aggression against Venezuela, by extending economic sanctions and charging legally-elected President Nicolas Maduro and other Venezuelan officials with drug trafficking and terrorism.
Numerous Communist and Workers' Parties from across the world have issued statements condemning this criminal and unacceptable policy of the U.S. government.
Tags Coronavirus (Covid-19), Imperialism, Latin America, Maduro, Solidaridad con Venezuela, Trump, USA, Venezuela
Condemn U.S. arrogant and criminal policy against Venezuela amidst Covid-19 pandemic
While the world is facing COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. government intensifies its arrogant and criminal policy against the people of Venezuela. Except from the extention of economic sanctions imposed against Venezuela, the U.S. State Department announced indictments against President Nicolas Maduro and other Venezuelan officials, whom the Trump administration accuses of having ties to international drug trafficking networks.
Tags Colombia, Coronavirus (Covid-19), Coronavirus Pandemic, Imperialism, Jorge Arreaza, Latin America, Maduro, Trump, USA, Venezuela
Anti-Imperialist Solidarity Conference: "People are rising up against savage capitalism"
A Solidarity Meeting for Democracy and against Neoliberalism, that took place in Havana over the weekend, with over 1,200 participants condemned the US economic, financial and trade blockade against Cuba and specially the harsh hostility of the Trump administration.
Leaders of left-wing organizations, progressive movements, labor unions, youth and students federations, intellectuals and academics from 90 nations attended the huge gathering.
Tags Anti-imperialist Meeting of Solidarity for Democracy and against Neoliberalism, Cuba, Latin America, Maduro, Miguel Díaz-Canel, Venezuela
Greece's SYRIZA government officially aligned with imperialists' position on Venezuela
The social democratic government of SYRIZA in Greece has openly endorsed the EU position for government change in Venezuela.
In a message posted on Twitter, Minister of Foreign Affairs Giorgos Katrougalos wrote: "In the crisis of Venezuela, Greece sides with Europe and the positions of High Representative of the EU F.Mongherini, which she co-shaped".
Tags EU, Greece, Guaido, Imperialism, KKE, Maduro, SYRIZA, USA, Venezuela
More than 50 Communist and Workers' Parties denounce imperialist interference in Venezuela
We denounce the imperialist intervention in Venezuela.
Solidarity with the Venezuelan People!
We, Communist and Workers Party of the world, decisively denounce the imperialist plans, the undermining tactics and the menaces unleashed by the USA, the EU and their allied governments in Latin America, aiming at overthrowing the legally elected President of Venezuela, Nicolas Maduro; at subjugating the people of the country into their imperialist interests; and at looting the country's wealth-producing resources.
Tags Communist and Workers Parties, EU, Guaido, Imperialism, Latin America, Maduro, Solidaridad con Venezuela, USA, Venezuela
Tsipras' government betrays Venezuela - Athens endorses EU stance against Maduro
On January 27th, we were writing about the unbearable hypocrisy of Greece's SYRIZA government over the US-backed coup in Venezuela. More specifically, we were pointing out that on one hand the governmental party, SYRIZA, expresses its "full support and solidarity to the country's legal president" while, on the other hand, Tsipras' government aligns itself with the official EU policy which is blackmailing Maduro, calling for "urgent elections" in Venezuela.
Tags EU, Greece, Maduro, SYRIZA, Venezuela
European Communist Initiative: Solidarity with the people & the CP of Venezuela
Statement of the Secretariat of the Initiative of Communist and Workers' Parties of Europe in solidarity with Venezuelan people and the CP of Venezuela.
The Secretariat of the Initiative condemns the coup d'etat of the USA, their allied governments and of the Organization of American States (OAS) for the overthrow of the elected President Nicolas Maduro and for the support of the leader of the reactionary forces Juan Guaidó, who proclaimed himself president of the country with their support.
This coup d'etat is a continuation of the planned longterm campaign of destabilization of the country to promote the imperialist designs in the Latin America region and to overthrow governments that are not likable to the USA-NATO and the EU, with the latter intervening in the domestic affairs of Venezuela, supporting the reactionary forces and participating the the scheme to overthrow the elected government.
Tags Communist Party of Venezuela, European Communist Initiative, Latin America, Maduro, Solidaridad con Venezuela, USA, Venezuela
WFTU, World Peace Council condemn the imperialist intervention in Venezuela
The World Federation of Trade Unions (Federación Sindical Mundial- WFTU) and the World Peace Council (Consejo Mundial de la Paz) have issued statements condemning the US-backed reactionary coup in Venezuela and the attempt to overthrow the government of Nicolas Maduro.
Below, you can read the statements in both English and Spanish:
Tags Imperialism, Latin America, Maduro, Solidaridad con Venezuela, USA, Venezuela, WFTU, World Peace Council
KKE denounces the US-backed coup against the government of Venezuela
In a statement regarding the developments in Venezuela, the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) condemns the US-backed coup and the stance of imperialist organizations. More specifically:
"The KKE denounces the blatant intervention of the USA, their allied governments in Latin America, the Organisation of American States (OAS) and the EU, in the internal developments in Venezuela."
Tags Guaido, KKE, Latin America, Maduro, USA, Venezuela
Partidos Comunistas condenan el intento de asesinato del Presidente Maduro
Communist and Workers' Parties, as well as organizations of the people's movement, which participated at the VI Congress of the Communist Party of Mexico (PCM) in Mexico City, issued a joint statement in which they condemn the assassination attempt against the President of Venezuela Nicolás Maduro in Caracas.
Read the statement in spanish:
Tags Communist and Workers Parties, Communist Party of Mexico, Join Statements, Maduro, Non-English Articles, Venezuela
KKE condemns the assassination attempt on President Maduro, denounces imperialist interference in Venezuela's internal affairs
In a statement regarding the assassination attempt against the President of Venezuela Nicolas Maduro, the Press Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece mentions the following:
"The KKE condemns the assassination attempt on the President of Venezuela Maduro and denounces any foreign intervention in Venezuela's internal affairs.
Tags Communist Party of Venezuela, EU, Imperialism, KKE, Latin America, Maduro, USA, Venezuela

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


DARKSIDEadv | Why the f*** do I need a Google+ account to comment on a video?
Why the f*** do I need a Google+ account to comment on a video?
This post by Nick Summers, appeared first on thenextweb.
While it's possible that Karim's account was hacked and this post was, in fact, published by somebody else, the likelihood is that these thoughts were his own.
Google introduced the upgraded commenting system in an attempt to improve the quality and relevancy of YouTube-hosted discussions. The site has a reputation for facilitating a horrific amount of negative, random and hurtful comments, and so Google's new approach is to sort viewer feedback by quality, rather than chronologically.
As part of these measures, YouTube users will now need to connect their profile with a Google+ account in order to continue commenting. Karim doesn't approve, it would seem.
What are the best tools to measure social media influence?


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HomeBusinessCitigroup Inc employee error wiped out $315 billion from Europe stocks
Citigroup Inc employee error wiped out $315 billion from Europe stocks
After a sudden 8% decline in Swedish stocks, Citigroup Inc. said its London trading desk caused a flash crash in Europe that sent shares across the continent tumbling. A trader at the New York-based bank made an error when entering a transaction this morning, the bank wrote in a statement. The error was corrected shortly after the mistake was found.
Citigroup is in discussions with regulators and exchanges about the incident, reveals a person familiar with the matter who requested anonymity in order to discuss non-public information. The OMX Stockholm 30 Index experienced a knee-jerk sell-off, which knocked over the main European indices by as much as 3% in less than five minutes, wiping out 315 billion euros at one point in time.
Nasdaq Stockholm spokesman said the short-lived slump was not a technical glitch. "Our first priority was to rule out technical problems with our systems, and our second priority was to rule out external attacks on them. "We have now excluded both," said Nasdaq Stockholm spokesman David Augustsson. "A very substantial transaction by a market participant is clearly the driving force behind this move in the market," he confirmed.


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Arizona Heritage Alliance
Meet Our 2022 Officers
Information & Downloads
Information for 2022 Arizona State Parks Heritage Fund
Studies and Resources
Center for the Future of Arizona/Arizona Voter's Agenda
2020 Gallup Arizona Survey – The Arizona We Want: The Decade Ahead
2021 Heritage Fund Report
Support 2021 Heritage Fund Flyer
National Parks & Recreation 2020 "Engagement With Parks" Report
Arizona Heritage Fund Grant Investments, 1991-2007, by County and City/Town
Historic Preservation Grants (1991 to 2006)
Center for the Future of Arizona – Natural Resources Data Profile
Arizona Heritage Fund Grant Investments, 1991 to 2007, by County and City/Town
Preservation Resources on the Web: Online Resources for Historic and Cultural Resource Preservation
Economic Impact Studies
Economic Impact of Arizona State Parks Heritage Fund
Western States Conservation Scoreboard – October 2017 – Arizona ranked second lowest among eight Western States
Earnest McFarland
Legislature's neglect of state park system harms Arizona's economy
October 8, 2010 by Arizona Heritage Alliance
[Source: William C. Thornton, Special To The Arizona Daily Star]
Preliminary recommendations by the Governor's Commission on Privatization and Efficiency ("Arizona urged to privatize its parks," Sept. 22) come as no surprise to those of us who have been on the front lines of the battle to save Arizona's state parks.
For the rest of us, it should serve as a wake-up call of what's at stake if a lack of vision and political will is allowed to destroy our state park system. Conveniently, the final proposal won't be released until after the fall elections; but it's difficult to envision any park privatization scenario under which Arizona citizens and taxpayers won't be the big losers.
In comments posted to the Star's website, one writer asked: "What's wrong with somebody earning a profit?"
The answer: absolutely nothing, and that's just the point.
Hundreds of businesses throughout our state earn profits by supplying park visitors with gas, groceries, supplies, lodging and meals. A 2009 study by Northern Arizona University estimated the total economic impact of our state parks at $266 million per year, about half from out-of-state visitors. When a local park closes, as has already happened at Winslow (Homolovi), Springerville (Lyman Lake), and Oracle, visitors and the dollars they spend go away.
You may ask: "Won't they do just as well under private management?"
The answer: Not likely! Private operators will, no doubt, be eager to take over profitable parks such as Catalina, Kartchner Caverns and the Colorado River parks. They probably won't show much interest in smaller parks that, in themselves, aren't profitable but still support local jobs.
How did we get here? The Legislature began the systematic dismantling of our state parks long before it could be justified by a budget crisis.
General-fund park appropriations ceased in 2002. Legislators told parks to become "more entrepreneurial and self-supporting" through admission fees, souvenir sales, etc. When they did, the Legislature took the money.
As a holistic system, profitable parks could carry those that didn't break even but still generated economic benefits for their communities. That was no longer possible when the Legislature swept away every cent parks earned for themselves. In a particularly outrageous fund grab, legislators even took money from park donation jars and $250,000 from the estate of a benefactor who specifically willed it to state parks.
Before leaving office Gov. Janet Napolitano assembled a task force on sustainable parks to consider all options, including sale and privatization.
Gov. Jan Brewer continued the task force when she took office in January 2009. In October 2009, the task force recommended a modest $12 surcharge on noncommercial-vehicle licenses. In return, anyone with a current Arizona license plate would gain unlimited admission to all state parks. The system has worked well in other states. It would have assured the future of our state parks and reopened all roadside rest areas.
The measure died when House Appropriations Committee Chairman John Kavanagh would not allow a vote by the panel. Kavanagh claimed to be taking a principled stand for taxpayers. It was nothing of the kind. If the measure had passed the Legislature, it still would have required voter approval. By denying voters a more direct voice in determining the future of our parks, Kavanagh exemplified the arrogant abuse of power that prompted the framers of our state constitution to provide for voter initiatives.
In testimony to the House Appropriations Committee, I relayed sharply contrasting experiences at two state historic parks: Judge Roy Bean in Texas and McFarland in Arizona. Although it's far off the beaten path, at Roy Bean we found beautifully maintained facilities that celebrate a colorful chapter in the history of the Lone Star State. At McFarland, in the Tucson-Phoenix corridor, we found a closed facility with crumbling historic buildings, even though Senator, Governor and Judge McFarland arguably played a bigger role in Arizona history than Judge Roy Bean did in Texas.
Our tax code is riddled with dozens of loopholes that could be closed to distribute the overall tax burden more evenly and allow for investment in our state's future. The legislative leadership flatly refused to consider it.
Where do we go from here? The future may look grim, but it's far from hopeless. Much will be decided in the upcoming elections. If you agree that we need a vibrant system of parks to preserve our natural, cultural and historic treasures for all Arizonans, make your views known to the governor, your state legislators and candidates.
William C. Thornton is a member of the Arizona Heritage Alliance Board. E-mail him at cactusworld@msn.com
Categories Election, State Parks Tags Arizona, Earnest McFarland, Jan Brewer, Janet Napolitano, John Kavanagh, McFarland State Historical Park, Northern Arizona University, Roy Bean, Texas, William C. Thornton Leave a comment
© 2023 Arizona Heritage Alliance • Built with GeneratePress


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Q: How to add cursor and activate my editText? Actually I am creating a custom EditText in my android application.
What I have done is that I have created a class called CustomEditText, in which I am drawing my EditText. Its code as follows:
public class CustomEditText extends View {

String mText;
Context mContext;
Paint paint = new Paint();

public CustomEditText(Context context) {
    super(context);
    mContext = context;
    paint.setColor(Color.WHITE); // You could setup the background etc here
    paint.setStyle(Style.FILL);
}

@Override
protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
    super.onDraw(canvas);
    drawTextOnCanvas(canvas, mText);
}

private void drawTextOnCanvas(final Canvas canvas, String mText) {
    canvas.drawPaint(paint);

    final EditText editText = new EditText(mContext);
    editText.setTextColor(BLACK);
    editText.setEnabled(true);

    editText.setDrawingCacheEnabled(true);
    editText.measure(MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(canvas.getWidth(), MeasureSpec.EXACTLY), 50);

    editText.layout(0, 0, editText.getMeasuredWidth(), editText.getMeasuredHeight());

    canvas.drawBitmap(editText.getDrawingCache(), 0, 0, paint);
    editText.setDrawingCacheEnabled(false);
}

and this class is being called in the MainActivity using the following code:
    CustomEditText editText = new CustomEditText(this);
    setContentView(editText);

What should I be doing next to add a cursor and make this CustomEditText act like normal editText( which means that it should be able to accept, select and clear input text ).

A: If your drawTextOnCanvas() is working properly, just making your CustomEditText extend EditText should work. (instead of view)
If I understand your comment correctly, you just have to do this :
public class CustomEditText extends EditText {

   Context mContext;
   Paint paint;
   EditText editText;

   @TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.JELLY_BEAN_MR1)
   public CustomEditText(Context context) {
      super(context);
      paint = new Paint();
      editText = new EditText(context);
      mContext = context;
      paint.setColor(Color.GREEN);
      paint.setStyle(Paint.Style.FILL);

  }

  @Override
  protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
     canvas.drawPaint(paint);
     super.onDraw(canvas);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Its important to note that Hope VI is not a relocation program, but a plan to rebuild the modern project based public housing into mixed income communities. Decentralization is partly a by-product of Hope VI, but not its intent.
City West is Cincinnati's Hope VI development.
Wikipedia's description is relatively informative of the theory and criticisms of Hope VI.
Thanks that Wikipedia page gave me some basics that I didn't know about at all.
I read that article in the Atlantic at the gym. I thought it was a great read.
The Urban Institute's evaluation of the Hope VI program is largely positive although it notes that less new housing is created after the old housing has been torn down and that often the former residents are not the main beneficiaries of the newer housing (which I suspect is born out at CityWest).
My understanding is that there will be no Hope VII, that funding for the program has been eliminated.
The article is amazing. Any politician that wants my vote better acknowledge the challenges involved and address them. Is it right to poison an entire city for the presumed "benefit" of a small group of people who don't appreciate your "help"?


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You are here: Home / Climate Science / Arctic and Antarctic / Why is future sea level rise still so uncertain?
Why is future sea level rise still so uncertain?
12 May 2021 by Gavin
Three new papers in the last couple of weeks have each made separate claims about whether sea level rise from the loss of ice in West Antarctica is more or less than you might have thought last month and with more or less certainty. Each of these papers make good points, but anyone looking for coherent picture to emerge from all this work will be disappointed. To understand why, you need to know why sea level rise is such a hard problem in the first place, and appreciate how far we've come, but also how far we need to go.
Here's a list of factors that will influence future regional sea level (in rough order of importance):
ice mass loss from West Antarctica
ice mass loss from Greenland
ocean thermal expansion
mountain glacier melt
gravitational, rotational and deformational (GRD) effects
changes in ocean circulation
steric (freshwater/salinity) effects
groundwater extraction
reservoir construction and filling
changes in atmospheric pressure and winds
And on top of that, the risks of coastal flooding also depend on:
tectonic/isostatic land motion
local subsidence
local hydrology
If that wasn't bad enough, it doesn't even get into why some of the bigger terms here are so difficult to constrain – but more of that below.
Meanwhile, note that the factors listed above involve the whole Earth system: the oceans, the cryosphere, the atmosphere, the solid earth and lithosphere, and a full range of scales, from the city block and shoreline, to ice dynamics that change over kilometers, to GRD footprints, to the whole global ocean. While each of these elements has a devoted scientific community, sea level rise cuts across all the disciplines. And similarly, while each of these elements has a specialized modeling capability, there is no single model that encompasses all of this (not even close – as yet).
What this means is that estimates of future sea level rise are mixes of information from multiple sources, tied together in more or less sophisticated frameworks (this is the approach in the IPCC SCROCC report and the upcoming AR6) that attempt to build a full uncertainty range from all the disparate sources of information (coupled ocean-atmosphere models, hydrology models, ice sheet models, solid earth models etc.). To reiterate, there is no 'climate model' prediction of global sea level rise, though the climate models we often discuss here (the CMIP-class of models), do provide some of the inputs. This means that links and feedbacks between these different elements are not always coherent – e.g. the estimates of groundwater depletion (used for irrigation) or glacier melt might not impact the soils or the freshwater budget of the downstream rivers and ocean.
Two elephant seals in the Southern Oceans arguing about marine ice cliff instability.
Yes, but what about West Antarctica?
The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the elephant seal in the aquarium. Ever since the 1970s it's been suspected that it was prone to rapid collapse because the bedrock on which it sits is below sea level (and in some places, thousands of meters below sea level). More recent research constraining Eemian sea level (~125,000 yrs ago) has confirmed that WAIS collapsed at that time, adding 3 or more meters of sea level rise to the contribution from a much reduced Greenland Ice Sheet. Moreover, present day observations from gravity sensors (GRACE/GRACE-FO) show large ice mass losses from WAIS – dominated by the rapid retreats of the Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites glacier, and concomittent decreases in ice sheet elevation (from IceSat2).
Simplified schematic of atmosphere-ocean-ice interactions (Zalasiewicz et al, 2019)
There are many interesting observations and non-observations from WAIS that make this a challenging problem. First, the melting of the ice shelves and the retreat of grounding line is being driven from below as slighty warmer circumpolar deep water (CPDW) has been pushed onto the shelf. The CPDW is thought to be affected by the shift in the westerly winds around Antarctica which have increased in recent decades due to a combination of greenhouse gas forcing and the polar ozone hole (Miller et al, 2006).
Additionally, it looks like the anomalous meltwater from WAIS is causing the local ocean to freshen, stratify and cool (see Rye et al. (2020) or Sadai et al. (2020). Both of these effects make a straightforward connection between global mean warming and WAIS mass loss tricky.
But there is more. For instance, the bedrock topography under the ice sheet is still being refined. The last major revision (BedMap2) was in 2013 (Fretwell et al., 2013), but many areas remain without good data and important revisions are still being made (Morlighem et al., 2020). Also, the topography of the ocean bottom under the ice shelves is still being discovered using autonomous underwater vehicles, for instance, under the Thwaites last year. Meanwhile Bedmap3 is underway...
Furthermore, one important factor in how WAIS will affect sea level is how fast the lithosphere will respond to changes in the ice loading (part of the GRD effects mentioned above). If the mantle is very viscous, then the response is slow and it doesn't add much to the global sea level change. But if it's less so, then uplift is more rapid, and it can add more SLR, faster. Unfortunately, It turns out that the specific conditions under WAIS are less viscous than was thought (Pan et al., 2021).
Given, then, that we don't have a suite of models with all the effects that we can analyze to give us a measure of the uncertainty, what can we do in the meantime? First, we can analyze the models we have and estimate the structural uncertainty among them – for the processes they include. This is what Edwards et al., (2021) do. Using the ISMIP6 and GlacierMIP simulation data and a statistical emulator they map out the responses of these models to the global mean temperature change and ocean-driven melting in Greenland and Antarctica. The nice thing about this is that you aren't tied to the emission scenarios that were initially used in the MIPs, but you can't independently calibrate the projections to paleo-climate changes, and you are stuck with the models that were used, some of which are a little out of date.
Alternately, you can take a single ice sheet model with better calibration to paleo-climate changes and drive it with climate model-derived boundary conditions as is done by DeConto et al., 2021. This doesn't give you an estimate of full structural uncertainty (which is high), but perhaps is more internally consistent. However, the calibration that has been done on this model is (a little) controversial, and it's worth discussing why.
Back in 2015, Pollard et al. (2015) found that their ice sheet model was overall too stable in that it wasn't able match the large sea level changes that have been inferred for the Pliocene 3 million yrs ago (~20 meters) Eemian 125,000 yrs ago (6 to 9 meters). They added two destabilizing mechanisms, hydrofacturing of ice shelves and something called marine-ice cliff instability (MICI) and tuned the parameters to match the target. They then used this tuned version for future projections. However, the number of potential issues in the model (or any model really) is large – from uncertainties in the bedrock topography, the boundary conditions at bedrock itself, grounding line parameterizations, the resolution, the ice rheology, the lithospheric response etc. And MICI itself is quite uncertain Clerc et al., 2020 and as Edwards et al note, no model that contributed to ISMIP6 included a MICI-like mechanism. There is no guarantee that the specific destabilizing mechanisms used were the actual mechanisms at play in the warmer period. There may be other (unexplored) variations in the ice model that could have provided as good a match and that would have different sensitivity in the modern.
To their credit, DeConto et al. have extended the calibration to Pliocene sea level, the Eemian and the rate of change observed since 1992, though the Eemian constraint is the most important. And they did vary the mantle viscosity in the sea level calculations consistent with the Pan et al values. Even better, they also explored the sensitivity to a southern ocean response to Antarctic meltwater based on Sadai et al. (2020).
The question then is whether these two approaches are consistent and/or complementary.
Total land ice contribution to SLR (Edwards et al., 2021)
Antarctic contributions to sea Level scenarios from DeConto et al (2021)
So what do they show?
As one might expect, there are a lot of moving parts in these results. Many things have been varied. But there are some notable contrasts. First off, the main results for Antarctica in Edwards et al surprisingly suggest very little sensitivity to forcing scenario – basically just a continuation of the current rates of melt, which contrasts strongly with the DeConto et al result suggesting a threshold effect by 2060 between SSP1-26 (consistent with 2ºC) and SSP2-45 (or higher). Edwards et al. also look at some more 'low probability/high impact' runs (their 'simulations for the risk averse') which are more similar to the DeConto et al. results (around 20 cm from WAIS by 2100).
Remember that the biggest uncertainty is still the emission scenario, and the higher the scenario in terms of global warming, the more uncertain the ice sheet contribution is. Another key point made by DeConto et al. is that the world doesn't stop at 2100. The consequences of even stable temperatures post-2100, has very large long term implications for sea level. For instance, even a 2ºC eventual warming is associated with around 1 meter of SLR just from WAIS by 2300.
These two papers illustrate the fundamental ingredients that will (eventually) get us to a more reliable estimate of SLR. The structural uncertainty explored by Edwards et al is broad, still incomplete, but essential. The calibration against past change in DeConto et al is also essential, even if the structural uncertainty they explore is narrower. A combined approach would be enlightening – using the DeConto et al model for the current ISMIP6 protocol, and extending that project to include the Eemian as an out-of-sample test might help.
Ice sheet science and the consequent sea level rise, like many cutting-edge topics, generally has a widening of uncertainty when the tools and theory start to really kick off. It is only later that this uncertainty is constrained as more observational data is brought to bear. Then, and not before, will projections start to narrow.
Until then, the most productive way to reduce uncertainties might just be to reduce emissions.
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M. Morlighem, E. Rignot, T. Binder, D. Blankenship, R. Drews, G. Eagles, O. Eisen, F. Ferraccioli, R. Forsberg, P. Fretwell, V. Goel, J.S. Greenbaum, H. Gudmundsson, J. Guo, V. Helm, C. Hofstede, I. Howat, A. Humbert, W. Jokat, N.B. Karlsson, W.S. Lee, K. Matsuoka, R. Millan, J. Mouginot, J. Paden, F. Pattyn, J. Roberts, S. Rosier, A. Ruppel, H. Seroussi, E.C. Smith, D. Steinhage, B. Sun, M.R.V.D. Broeke, T.D.V. Ommen, M.V. Wessem, and D.A. Young, "Deep glacial troughs and stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the margins of the Antarctic ice sheet", Nature Geoscience, vol. 13, pp. 132-137, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8
L. Pan, E.M. Powell, K. Latychev, J.X. Mitrovica, J.R. Creveling, N. Gomez, M.J. Hoggard, and P.U. Clark, "Rapid postglacial rebound amplifies global sea level rise following West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse", Science Advances, vol. 7, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf7787
T.L. Edwards, S. Nowicki, B. Marzeion, R. Hock, H. Goelzer, H. Seroussi, N.C. Jourdain, D.A. Slater, F.E. Turner, C.J. Smith, C.M. McKenna, E. Simon, A. Abe-Ouchi, J.M. Gregory, E. Larour, W.H. Lipscomb, A.J. Payne, A. Shepherd, C. Agosta, P. Alexander, T. Albrecht, B. Anderson, X. Asay-Davis, A. Aschwanden, A. Barthel, A. Bliss, R. Calov, C. Chambers, N. Champollion, Y. Choi, R. Cullather, J. Cuzzone, C. Dumas, D. Felikson, X. Fettweis, K. Fujita, B.K. Galton-Fenzi, R. Gladstone, N.R. Golledge, R. Greve, T. Hattermann, M.J. Hoffman, A. Humbert, M. Huss, P. Huybrechts, W. Immerzeel, T. Kleiner, P. Kraaijenbrink, S. Le clec'h, V. Lee, G.R. Leguy, C.M. Little, D.P. Lowry, J. Malles, D.F. Martin, F. Maussion, M. Morlighem, J.F. O'Neill, I. Nias, F. Pattyn, T. Pelle, S.F. Price, A. Quiquet, V. Radić, R. Reese, D.R. Rounce, M. Rückamp, A. Sakai, C. Shafer, N. Schlegel, S. Shannon, R.S. Smith, F. Straneo, S. Sun, L. Tarasov, L.D. Trusel, J. Van Breedam, R. van de Wal, M. van den Broeke, R. Winkelmann, H. Zekollari, C. Zhao, T. Zhang, and T. Zwinger, "Projected land ice contributions to twenty-first-century sea level rise", Nature, vol. 593, pp. 74-82, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03302-y
R.M. DeConto, D. Pollard, R.B. Alley, I. Velicogna, E. Gasson, N. Gomez, S. Sadai, A. Condron, D.M. Gilford, E.L. Ashe, R.E. Kopp, D. Li, and A. Dutton, "The Paris Climate Agreement and future sea-level rise from Antarctica", Nature, vol. 593, pp. 83-89, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03427-0
D. Pollard, R.M. DeConto, and R.B. Alley, "Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure", Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 412, pp. 112-121, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.035
F. Clerc, B.M. Minchew, and M.D. Behn, "Marine Ice Cliff Instability Mitigated by Slow Removal of Ice Shelves", Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 46, pp. 12108-12116, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084183
Filed Under: Arctic and Antarctic, Climate Science, Sea level rise
97 Responses to "Why is future sea level rise still so uncertain?"
Paul Pukite (@whut) says
Shorter term uncertainty in SLR has a lot to do with uncertainty in predicting ENSO. In many places one can track El Nino La Nina cycles via tidal gauges.
Piotr says
I like the "list of factors that will influence future regional sea level" particularly with their order of importance. A few comments/questions:
– " steric (freshwater/salinity) effects" – a new rejoinder to MA Rodger's "the dissolving of salt into water has zero direct impact on volume", but this time from somebody he does … NOT dismiss for his "pedantic nonsense" ;-)
– "changes in ocean circulation" vs. "changes in atmospheric pressure and winds" – wouldn't most of the ocean circulation be wind-driven? Or do you, by "atmospheric pressure and winds", mean ONLY effects of these on the storm surge, i.e. excluding their effects on currents ?
If the latter – then "atmospheric pressure and winds" may indeed be at the bottom of the ranking for the influence on the average SL (as their effect would mostly average out) – but LOCALLY and in the short term (weather) – THIS IS the one type of SL rise that we will be noticing the MOST:
– it was the storm surge that drowned New Orleans, not the mean SLR
– future storm surges may be higher (stronger hurricanes), the hurricanes may be moving slower (=>bigger chance that storm surge is there during the high tide),
AND the storm surge+high tide will ride on top of the already elevated mean sealevel.
RUSSELL says
How dare you suggest that 41 & 43 areunwise to persevere in wintering in slightly soggy Boca Grande ?
The Gasparilla Island higlands are today only a few feet lower than the high ground on Galveston, when that charming town went glug glug a century ago
Mr. Know It All says
Just what I've been saying all along!
https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2021/04/unforced-variations-apr-2021/comment-page-5/#comment-790301
Every time I say it out come the skeptics!
KIA 4: Just what I've been saying all along!
BPL: At no point does that article say sea level rise isn't happening, isn't going to be very large, or isn't going to be a vast and destructive problem. So it isn't what you've been saying at all.
aden says
Why has the rotation speed of the earth increased when the research papers predicted the opposite?
Ric Merritt says
Just in case this is unclear to anyone:
If someone has your head in a vise, and efforts to remove your head from the vise are failing, and your enemy closes the vise a quarter turn each day, and you're not sure whether they may increase that rate, it's not a whole lot of comfort to think "hey, maybe they'll just keep it at the daily quarter turn". That's already bad enough. One day your skull will crack.
Regional variations in sea level, land subsidence, etc are well known. In the many places where the sea is winning, the current rate is already too costly to bear much longer. The homes and infrastructure already in place near sea level are "your head". A rising sea will damage or destroy it, or impose costs that increase implacably. The current rate of rise is already too much, and any more will just be worse.
Similar reasoning applies to wildfires, droughts, floods, bad weather of various kinds, stress on agriculture, and hot days that just kill outright. (I feel that last one is underappreciated.) Not to mention all the other human factors, conflicts, and resource problems not falling directly under the climate heading.
And, they don't come at you one at a time like Bad Guys in a cheesy movie. They gang up unfairly, interact, and play dirty.
Mark A. York says
I had a condo on Little Gasparilla Island that was only assessable by boat, private ferry, personal etc. The complex was built in an ancient coastal intrusion watercourse and in a Coastal Barrier Island Protection Zone therefore the owners didn't qualify for FEMA flood insurance. I saw frequent storms that pushed bay water 3/4 of the width of the island. Everything was on 15 foot stilts but still. It will go under easily.
Pete Wright says
As a related aside, could someone describe what happens to the underwater ice immediately below a marine ice cliff when the 100m+ ice cliff above it collapses, as in the MICI scenario. I just can't quite visualize what happens next. Thanks
Robert L. Bradley Jr. says
And if anyone thought the science was settled, much less in favor of climate alarmism…. and forced energy transformation.
Stan Chrzanowski says
Since ice (water in a solid state) can exist at any temperature from 0°C (32°F) down to absolute zero, does anyone know if the Antarctic ice cap (over a mile thick on average) is warming internally, i.e. heading upward toward 32°F?
Eric Steig says
Gavin, a minor correction. Pollard et al. 2015 really didn't use the Eemian as a calibration target, because we don't actually know for certain (though I agree it's virtually certain) that the WAIS Collapsed at that time. Their calibration was to the Pliocene, when we have more confidence that the WAIS was gone. This raises the problem, though, that the uncertainties in forcing are larger. Deconto and Pollard (2016) actually found for the Eemian that WAIS didn't collapse in their model set-up, even with MICI, unless significant ocean thermal forcing occurred (equivalent to warming CDW by 2-3°). All of which to say is that your bottom line is correct: reducing emissions is the best way to reduce uncertainties.
[Response: I think the graph in the SM in this paper shows that the Eemian constraint is important:
– gavin]
[Response: No disagreemnt from me. The Eemian is the most important paleo constraint we have, in my view. – eric]
"We can't control the whether, we can only control the when"
Be of good courage, Mark.
Geophysicists may fear Boca Grande becoming the next Galveston, but others blame the rising tides on the astrology of the Galactic Bulge
https://vvattsupwiththat.blogspot.com/2021/05/unmasking-beastly-galactic-covid-co2.html
nigelj says
R.M. DeConto et alia discuss sea level rise here:
https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-overshooting-2c-risks-rapid-and-unstoppable-sea-level-rise-from-antarctica
Some very sobering sea level rise predictions buried in the text.
a 6: Why has the rotation speed of the earth increased when the research papers predicted the opposite?
BPL: WHAT research papers? [CITATION NEEDED], as it always says in Wikipedia.
The rotation speed of the Earth would have sped up as more mass from the melting polar caps moved toward the equator. What's more, this would have been predicted ahead of time.
RM 7,
That's an excellent, if chilling, analogy. May I use it?
MA Rodger says
aden @6,
You ask "Why has the rotation speed of the earth increased when the research papers predicted the opposite?"
I think you need to be a bit more precise as to the period of this rotational acceleration and perhaps also the particular research papers you say predicted deceleration.
The planet Earth's rotation is decelerating, this due to the tidal forces acting as a brake (which also results in the moon moving into a more distant orbit). This is surely a wondrous development. The original rotational speed of planet Earth gave a Length Of Day of something like 6 hours. So without deceleration, the terrestrial day would have remained a quarter its actual present length, the sun would rise and you'd hardily have brushed your teeth before night falls and its time for bed.
The present rate-of-shrinkage in the LOD has been assessed at roughly 0.02 seconds per millennium which is roughly what the tidal forces should deliver. I think folk see a potential wobble in that rate with LOD roughly static for 1000 years then shrinking by 0.03 seconds over 500 years. (See for instance Fig 2 from Nelson et al (2003) 'The Leap Second: Its History and Possible Future.')
Note that Nelson et al (2003) does project a future with an increasing LOD, suggesting we would need 2 leap second per year by 2100 to cope with this deceleration. But also note in that Fig2 that we are potentially in one of the periods when the LOD is increasing less dramatically than the average.
Over a shorter period, the wobbles of LOD have been showing a decreasing trend (thus the spin of the planet has been accelerating) as shown in this Wikithing graphic of LOD 1962-2018 and we haven't needed to add a leap second to the calendar since 2016. We even hear said "Before 2020, the shortest day occurred in 2005. However, this record has been broken 28 times in the last 12 months." and also that 2021 will see further acceleration apparently suggesting the need to enact negative leap seconds, not positive ones. However this record-breaking-speak applies only over 60 years of LOD measurement. The predicted -0.05ms average LOD for 2021 compares with annual averages of perhaps -0.5ms back in the 1940s [as shown in Fig 19 of Stephenson et al (2016) 'Measurement of the Earth's rotation: 720 BC to AD 2015'].
This account may explain why you have found some contradiction between LOD and 'predictions' of LOD. But without knowledge of the actual research papers and the period of 'rotation speed of the earth' you have in mind, it isn't possible to give a more direct answer to your question.
Mal Adapted says
Robert Bradley:
Again with the luckwarmism. Sorry, but uncertainty still isn't our friend.
If anyone is wondering why Dr. Bradley keeps posting zombie denialist memes here, the most likely explanation is that he's paid to do it.
Matthias Schürle says
"Water vapor, and not CO2, is the most important greenhouse gas."
And of course humans can influence the water vapor content of the atmosphere.
We are doing it every day since centuries. Millions km² of rainforest mostly eliminated by slash and burn together with ~ 1.5 million km² of urban sealed area, inevitably means that much less water evaporates over these areas and that precipitation and service water quickly flow off into the sea via the sewer system and rivers.
The longstanding global drainage of moors and wetlands also significantly reduces their ability to evaporate water. Spreading deserts rapidly increase these areas with reduced evaporation.
A large part(23,4%) of the solar energy specified in the averaged radiation balance with ~ 80W / m² is converted into water vapor. Here is the immensely important coupling and interface between the radiation balance and the water cycles. The radiative forcing or the net balance of water vapor is cooling and negative due to the cloud formation.
https://www.climate4you.com/ClimateAndClouds.htm#Clouds, evaporation and climate
– CO² out of the atmosphere
– H²O into the atmosphere
is a holistic climate protection.
Over the 70% ocean area the volume of evaporation is very likely to increase with increasing air and water temperatures, but it looks like the 30% land area with the spreading deserts and the causes described above tend to be the other way around.
The flow of energy from the surface in height and width takes place less and less with water vapor, but increasingly in the form of hot and dry air.
Rainforests transport clouds and rain inland and deserts, conversely, spread blue skies and drought.
In theory, a lowering of the sea level rise would even be conceivable. To do this, we "only" have to bring our rainwater from the roof surfaces and additionally a small percentage of the flowing water of rivers either to evaporation (via plants) or to store it in the groundwater. The question: How do we bring falling groundwater levels, global cloud cover loss, drought, temperature records and rising sea levels together ? – has a very simple answer: rain barrels and cisterns with overflow on unsealed terrain and artificial irrigation of the agricultural and forest areas in the summer drought through the water management-controlled expansion of irrigation systems.
More information: https://www.lumen-laden.de/products/ganzheitliche-alternative-klimaschutz-strategy/
sidd says
Re: mechanism of ice cliff collapse
Parizek (an usual suspects) 2019 on collapse via listral slumping
doi: 10.1130/G45880.1
8 – Mark A. York
"Everything was on 15 foot stilts but still. It will go under easily."
Some Gulf Coast land is subsiding – is Gasparilla Island subsiding?
Easy solution: attach pontoons at the bottom of the homes (at the top of the stilts). When the sea rises, they will float (best if the stilts come off at that point), and can be moved to a safe location. I said easy. I didn't say cheap, but with some thought that might be achieved as well. Humans adapt.
16 – BPL
"The rotation speed of the Earth would have sped up as more mass from the melting polar caps moved toward the equator."
No. Mass moving toward the equator would slow the rotation, the same way that ice skaters slow their rotation as their arms/legs are extended; their rotational speed increases as they draw their arms/legs in closer to the axis of rotation.
Tim McDermott says
Have you ever seen a video of a hurricane landfall? If your house on 15 ft stilts gets hit with a 20 ft wave, you don't have a house anymore. As a rule of thumb, a cubic meter of water masses a metric ton.
Arup Kumar Chattopadhyay says
Everyone has perfectly stated their views, most of which are important.
Now, I'm sending you one more clue, which may encourage you all to think..
It's based on Groundwater over-exploration and resulted wobbling.
Out of our 7.4b population, about 7.0b stayes in Northern hemisphere, and since 1860 (i.e. since onset of metallurgy based development through industrialisation, we have over-explored the deep layer aquifer. The estimated value of this layer(in terms of H2O is 914 trillion Km3.. Where the estimated exploration is about 60-40%, with a recharge of about 3-5% since 1860. So if we consider the net loss of underground water store to be 35% since then, it accounts 30-32 trillion Km3. This mass has found its course of deposition to mostly in southern hemisphere, adding about 15 trillion million tonnes of weight to southern hemisphere, withdrawing it sporadically from different regions in northern hemisphere. This has gradually created an uneven imbalance in gravitational mass. This may have created the beyond estimated wobbling of our planet around its axis. So due to this wobbling coupled with other stated factors, might have created more uneven sea level rise in different coastal regions. So it be very difficult to the authoritative organisations to exactly predict, how this sea level rise will make a total disruption of coastal lands.
If anyone has any proper idea, please share.
Regarding the rate of spin of the earth on its axis.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2021/01/07/why-does-the-spinning-earth-speed-up-if-the-tides-are-slowing-us-down/?sh=67de0f25343e
"But surface rearrangements are happening right now as well: as glaciers and icecaps melt, particularly over land masses. The Antarctic ice sheet, for example, is the largest single mass of ice on Earth, which contains 30 million cubic kilometers of ice: about 30 quadrillion tons of material. It's located, on average, at an elevation of between 8000 and 9000 feet (2400-2700 meters) above sea level. Every time some of that ice melts or calves into the ocean, it not only causes sea levels to rise, it redistributes Earth's mass so that it's closer to the central rotational axis. Changes in ice and water storage on Earth may be responsible for both the current speed-up in Earth's day, (conservation of angular momentum law presumably, Im not a physics guy) as well as newly observed wobbles in Earth's rotation."
RLBJ 10: And if anyone thought the science was settled, much less in favor of climate alarmism…. and forced energy transformation.
BPL: Complete sentences are your friend.
MS 20: humans can influence the water vapor content of the atmosphere.
BPL: Only locally and temporarily. The water content of the atmosphere is set passively by the ambient temperature. Google "Clausius-Clapeyron law."
KIA 21: No. Mass moving toward the equator would slow the rotation, the same way that ice skaters slow their rotation as their arms/legs are extended; their rotational speed increases as they draw their arms/legs in closer to the axis of rotation.
BPL: You got that right and I, the physicist, got it wrong. Color me embarrassed.
zebra says
re Rotation,
And then, we have the jet stream. Speed or slow Earth's rotation and you would expect a change there as well.
zebra(29) And then, we have the jet stream. Speed or slow Earth's rotation and you would expect a change there as well.
"Alex, what is how many zebras can dance on the head of a pin"?
Melting of the whole Greenland ice-sheet would slow the Earth rotation by 2 milliseconds per day (climate.nasa.gov/faq/30). Which means that the rotation speed of Earth (and Coriolis effect) would change by … 2 millionth of a per cent…
On the other hand, the reason for the Jet Stream, the temperature difference between a pole and mid-latitudes, may change quite a bit (Arctic amplification!)
Arup Kumar Chattopadhyay @20,
So you are saying that since 1860AD (in roughly the last 1½ centuries) humanity has sucked 30 trillion cu km of water from aquifers and that water is now sloshing round the oceans destabilizing the rotation of the planet on its axis.
Thinks – There are seven billion humans running round the planet today and back 1½ centuries ago there was just one billion. So I'd reckon that 1½-century interval could be considered as comprising half a trillion man.years. And you say those pesky folk have collectively drained 30 trillion cu km of water? That would average out at 60 cu km by each human each year. Now, I know I drink a lot of tea, but I don't think it is anything like that much.
And thinks – The oceans stretch across 361 million sq km of the planet so an addition of 361 cu km raises sea levels by a whole 1mm. So if you poured 30 trillion cu km into the oceans, I'm thinking we would have surely noticed.
Stan C., #11–
Is the Antarctic ice sheet warming internally?
Dunno, but there's this on the metrology:
However, I would expect, on the limited reading I've done as an interested layperson, that the threat to the ice sheets isn't that they'll melt en bloc and in situ. Increases in glacial outflow and net accumulation rates will presumably be much faster in effect than heat conduction through that mile-plus of ice, and hence will be more significant drivers of ice wasting.
Regarding the rate of spin of the earth on its axis, most of the modulation in the rate has to do with tidal torque. And since the tidal torque is cyclic relating to the long periods in the lunar orbit, the majority is reflected in the measurements of length-of-day (LOD) — maintained at iers.org in Paris. It's precise enough that one can actually extract the lunar nodal cycle of 18.6 years from the LOD measurement.
But that's just the solid earth's inertial response to a torque. What's more complex is the fluid response, which because it is not fixed wrt the mantle, will slosh in place. This takes some math to model correctly and has implications for climate, as I presented at last month's European Geophysical Union meeting — summarized here w/links
https://geoenergymath.com/2021/04/01/nonlinear-long-period-tidal-forcing-with-application-to-enso-qbo-and-chandler-wobble/
Karsten V. Johansen says
It seems to me that your article underestimates the influences of what a recent analysis call interacting tipping elements, see: "Interacting tipping elements increase risk of climate domino effects under global warming", Wunderling et al. 2021, https://publications.pik-potsdam.de/rest/items/item_25506_1/component/file_25507/ . Especially your article concentrates solely on the WAIS and does not consider what is happening with increased mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet and the coupling mechanisms between these two key elements, and not the least the also coupled warming effects of the rapidly diminishing (both in area and volume) sea-ice-cover of the Arctic ocean, resulting in rapidly decreasing overall albedo in the Arctic, and not the least from that especially the interacting processes of 1) rapidly decreasing snowcovered area also in time, 2) increased warming and thawing of arctic permafrost, both land-based and subsea, and 3) resulting increasing release from the thawing permafrost of both methane and carbon dioxide, including from rapidly growing wildfires in the woodlands and tundra peatlands (some of which now linger subsurface through the winters in dried-out peatlands and spontaneously flare up again in springtime, reportedly in Siberia).
There are a whole lot of coupled feedback-mechanisms here which the IPCC until now to my knowledge have grossly underestimated and/or not considered at all. Not the least the albedo-reducing effects of long-distance transport of soot and ashes from wildfires onto the glacier and sea-ice surfaces, observed especially in the summer of 2012 on the Greenland ice sheet, see: "Climate change and forest fires synergistically drive widespread melt events of the Greenland Ice Sheet", Keegan et al. 2014, https://www.pnas.org/content/111/22/7964 , and in during the enormous australian wildfires 2019-20 on the glaciers in New Zealand and (as far as I remember) on the Antarctic Peninsula.
Also not considered in your comments is this new theme: what does the lowering of the ice-sheet surface, resulting from increasing mass loss, mean for the mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet, see "Critical slowing down suggests that the western Greenland Ice Sheet is close to a tipping point", Boers & Rypdal 2021,
https://www.pnas.org/content/118/21/e2024192118 : "We reveal early-warning signals for a forthcoming critical transition from ice-core-derived height reconstructions and infer that the western Greenland Ice Sheet has been losing stability in response to rising temperatures. We show that the melt-elevation feedback is likely to be responsible for the observed destabilization. Our results suggest substantially enhanced melting in the near future." (From the abstract). Similar processes are well-known from evidence (conf. landforms like systems of parallel meltwater channels in the scandinavian mountain range showing the gradually lowered surface of the cold-based central parts of the ice-sheet) considering the later phases of the down-wasting of the last great ice sheet in the central scandinavian peninsula.
Generally it seems to me that the global warming modelling attempts are suffering from one inevitable weakness: *the current growth rate of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has no *known* precedents in the whole paleoclimatic history* – according to some estimates it is around 15 (fifteen) times higher than even during the end-permian times 252 myrs BP when enormous events of magma release leading to the build-up of the siberian traps during some ten thousands of years, burned through vast sediment beds of oil and coal, producing the greatest of the five known mass-extinction events. Hence we can not possibly know if the global system will react on this full-scale experiment with some new processes with no predecessors in the paleoclimatic history. We also cannot estimate the scale of possible consequences of this. There may be hidden tipping points in the system.
Often it seems to me that the modelling attempts are suffering from a well-known weakness in the field of economic modelling: too much fascination with the pure mathematics and too little consideration of the limitations due to the modelling presumptions and gross simplifications, including especially: too weak overall/holistic knowledge of the facts from the historic/the paleoclimatic legacy and the involved complex social/natural (physical, chemical and biological) processes.
25 – nigelj
"Changes in ice and water storage on Earth may be responsible for both the current speed-up in Earth's day, (conservation of angular momentum law presumably, Im not a physics guy) as well as newly observed wobbles in Earth's rotation.""
Incorrect. All of the ice in the Antarctic is relatively close to the earth's axis of rotation because of the high latitude. As the ice melts, its mass will be distributeded fairly evenly around the world's oceans, most of which are farther from the axis of rotation than where the ice is currently. This will produce a slower rotation, which is what has been happening.
Exhibit 1:
"As glaciers melt and sea levels rise, relatively more mass is flowing (in the form of meltwater) from near the poles to closer to Earth's equator. That's slowing the Earth down and gradually lengthening our days."
https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/the-earths-rotation-is-gradually-slowing-down
Exhibit 2: (real scientists will like this one)
"The mass loss from these glaciers over the period 1900–1990, including those in the periphery of the Greenland Ice Sheet, is equivalent to a global mean sea-level (GMSL) rise of 0.7 ± 0.1 mm/year (18). Including this melt signal slows the rotation rate of Earth (because mass moves away from high latitudes) and leads to a significant misfit to the satellite geodetic estimate of the J2 rate. Furthermore, as noted by Munk (1), including any additional polar ice mass flux to increase the total 20th century GMSL rise to ~2 mm/year would add a signal of ~4 × 10−11 year−1 to the J2 rate for each millimeter per year of equivalent GMSL rise (19) and would further increase the misfit to the J2 rate. TPW driven by modern glacier melting is predicted to be relatively small (blue arrow, Fig. 1C), but polar ice sheet melting would likely introduce a significant misfit to the TPW observation because mass flux from either the West Antarctic or the Greenland Ice Sheet equivalent to a GMSL rise of 1 mm/year would drive a polar wander speed in excess of 1° My−1 (20). In any case, it is clear that any significant level of modern mass flux from glaciers or ice sheets would destroy the GIA (VM1)-based fits to the J2 rate and (likely) the TPW rate summarized in Fig. 1; thus, the 20th century enigma in GMSL rise (1) is defined."
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/11/e1500679
Title is: "Reconciling past changes in Earth's rotation with 20th century global sea-level rise: Resolving Munk's enigma"
#35, KIA–
Fine, apparently, but we care in this context because–?
The Mitrovica et al. paper linked says, inter alia:
We limit our discussion to estimates based on observations up to 1990 to avoid signals associated with the onset of major polar ice mass flux and the acceleration of mountain glacier melting beginning in the early 1990s and continuing to the present.
So, nothing specifically to do with anything that's happened in the last 30 years.
This value maps into an associated rate of change in Earth's rotation rate… equivalent to an increase in Earth's rotation period (or length of day) of ~6 millionths of a second per year.
It's great that we no longer need to lose sleep over Munk's Enigma–although for myself at least the lost sleep is surely less than the increase in Earth's rotation period–and quite wonderful that such minute changes can be accounted for with sufficient precision. But here it seems rather a sidebar item at best.
Mr. Know It All @35, you're right (for once) melting glaciers would cause the earths spin to slow down as water moves towards the equator. I must have been asleep. However while the earths spin has largely been slowing down long term due to tidal forces and melting glaciers, the earths spin HAS actually sped up since 2020 as below for whatever reason. This happens sometimes for short periods.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2021/01/15/do-we-need-a-drop-second-the-worrying-reason-why-earth-may-be-speeding-up-after-decades-of-slowing-down/?sh=7b201f432204
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/01/08/earth-spinning-faster-than-has-decades/6581600002/
Jean-François Fleury says
Question and comment to E. Steig and G. Schmidt. 1) Is there any sediment cores collected under Ross Ice-Shelf or elsewhere which could answer the question of the persistence or not of the WAIS during Eemian? 2) I have no doubts that we are going to reduce our emissions but by force. Oil producers are in disarray. Just take a look at the contents of the website peakoilbarrel. That's instructive.
@ Barton Paul Levenson
The Clausius-Clapeyron law does not explain the global loss of water vapor and cloud cover meassured 1983-2010 by NASA satelitte: https://www.climate4you.com/ClimateAndClouds.htm#Clouds, evaporation and climate
https://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/analysis/climanal1.html
We as humanity are able to change a rainforest into desert – that`s for shure.
Note that the water cycle, water vapor and cloud albedo can be influenced by many anthropogenic behaviors. The volume of runoff, soil moisture, groundwater and evaporation via plants determine the rise in sea level, cloud formation, albedo and earth temperature.
https://www.lumen-laden.de/products/ganzheitliche-alternative-klimaschutz-strategie/ (make use of google translator if needed) best regards
MS 39: The Clausius-Clapeyron law does not explain the global loss of water vapor and cloud cover meassured [sic] 1983-2010 by NASA satelitte [sic]
BPL: Sure it does. That's the period of the "pause," when surface temperatures were briefly stalled in their long climb and all the deniers were saying global warming had ended.
Poh Poh Wong says
King tides are important too. Coastal states with king tide initiatives should continue to monitor such events to improve and verify the sea-level rise models and to indicate significance of local factors, if any. As sea-level rises, king tides will be increasingly higher. Today's king tides will be tomorrow's normal high tides. Ray & Cartwright (2007) computed times of peak astronomical tides (PAT) in each century from 0-3,000 AD. In the last century, the PAT was in 1974; in this century the PAT is 2036. Besides, as the lunar nodal cycle over a period of 18.61 years is the main force influencing high tides on decadal timescales, nodal modulations will peak before 2036.
@ BPL 40 According to the theory (Clausius-Clapeyron equation)
there should be per 1 ° C temperature rise 7% more precipitation will fall.
However, this increase in precipitation is not uniform distributed.
We find the greatest increase in rainfall at the heavy rain events.
How do you explain the decrease of ~ 2mm absolute water vapor content in the atmosphere 1983-2010 ?
Everyone knows the ice albedo effect. The cloud albedo effect is still largely unknown.
I think we each have a responsibility to make wise decisions and care for the earth that we have been given however, I am not concerned with the what if game. The Lord has promised that there will never be another global flood. All of the scientists are chasing wind, trying to figure out a solution to a problem while looking at the wrong data. Look beyond the physical for the questions that matter most. Seek Him and He will draw near to you.
Steven Emmerson says
Matthias Schürle @ 42 wrote:
How do you explain the decrease of ~ 2mm absolute water vapor content in the atmosphere 1983-2010?
According to the peer-reviewed paper "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JD024917", there was no decrease during that time period.
@StevenEmmerson 44
https://www.cmsaf.eu/SharedDocs/Literatur/document/2020/saf_cm_smhi_val_gac_cld_2_6_pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
5.5 ISCCP
The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) provides cloud properties over
a period of more than 35 years (Rossow and Schiffer, 1991; Rossow et al., 1996; Rossow and
Schiffer, 1999). This project was established in 1982 as part of WCRP to collect weather
satellite radiance measurements (from geostationary and polar orbiting satellites) and to
analyze them to infer the global distribution of clouds, their properties, and their diurnal,
seasonal and inter-annual variations. The resulting data records and analysis products are
being used to study the role of clouds in climate, both their effects on radiative energy
exchanges and their role in the global water cycle. This project and its results are considered
to be the state of the art today on what can be derived from routine weather satellite data.
ISCCP is the only other existing TCDR for cloud physical property products (here we mean
products CPH, LWP and IWP). However, it has the disadvantage that it is based on different
satellite types – polar and geostationary – of which most of the latter do not contain the
necessary narrow-band channels for accurate retrieval of LWP and IWP.
Re: Matthias Schürle (45)
Where in the quoted by you text, there is a proof for your earlier contested claim, namely:
Matthias Schürle(42) How do you explain the decrease of ~ 2mm absolute water vapor content in the atmosphere 1983-2010 ?
MS 42: How do you explain the decrease of ~ 2mm absolute water vapor content in the atmosphere 1983-2010?
BPL: Don't know, don't care. Whatever the observation, it doesn't overturn basic physical chemistry.
#45, Matthias S.–
Your reply to Steve is non-responsive, as while the bona fides of the project may be just as stated, it is concerned with *cloud* climatology, providing 6 data products:
Fractional Cloud Cover CM-11015 (CFC)
Joint Cloud property histogram CM-11025 (JCH)
Cloud Top level CM-11035 (CTO)
Cloud Phase CM-11045 (CPH)
Liquid Water Path CM-11055 (LWP)
Ice Water Path CM-11065 (IWP)
(Of course, it was evident right there in the name: "The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project.")
Not one of those products has to do with water vapor, which was the topic at hand. Apparently you were a little phased out.
Matthias Schürle's #45 posting doesn't provide evidence of a decrease in atmospheric water vapor.
2 Jun 2021 at 9:49 PM
Matthias Schürle (42, 45): "How do you explain the decrease of ~ 2mm absolute water vapor content in the atmosphere 1983-2010 ? "
In addition to your proof of that statement not containing this number,
now MARodger in Unforced Variations 1 Jun 2021 refers to: Pascolini-Campbell, M. et al. (2021) 'A 10 per cent increase in global land evapotranspiration from 2003 to 2019' [Links to the abstract and CarbonBrief article in MAR post]
So the only way this could be linked to "~ 2mm absolute water vapor content" would be if you had greatly increased precipitation. But warmer temps. mean _lower_ relative humidity (even at the same absolute water content), hence MORE difficult to make rain.


text:
China, Central Asia, Kazakhstan
Perspectives | What happened to China's 'peaceful rise'?
Recent events on China's periphery confirm that Beijing is playing a long game for regional dominance.
Srdjan Uljevic Nov 12, 2020
Chinese troops patrol the border with Tajikistan in March (photo: PLA)
Throughout 2020, China's neighbors have witnessed a more belligerent Beijing. A bloody confrontation with Indian soldiers, the sinking of a Vietnamese fishing boat, a testy diplomat in Kazakhstan angrily confronting grassroots activists. For Central Asians, the image can be jarring: Visiting Chinese dignitaries talk ceaselessly about "win-win cooperation."
China wasn't always so combative.
Back in the mid-2000s Beijing appeared concerned with the power it was amassing and officially adopted the "peaceful rise" policy. The goal was to reassure China's neighbors as well as the United States that Beijing would not succumb to temptation and seek hegemony above all else. Instead, China would "transcend ideological differences to strive for peace, development, and cooperation with all countries of the world," the Party advisor who designed the concept, Zheng Bijian, argued in 2005.
Things haven't worked out that way.
Today China's diplomats boast of their "wolf warrior" credentials. The term comes from a jingoistic action movie series that is hugely popular in mainland China, but the attitude dates to a 2019 memo in which President Xi Jinping asked Chinese diplomats to show a "fighting spirit."
The wolf warrior phenomenon is best associated with current Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian. Zhao is often credited with being the first Chinese diplomat to use Twitter to push China's narrative when he was posted to Pakistan. In July 2019, when Zhao defended China's detention camps in Xinjiang, former U.S. national security adviser Susan Rice called him a "racist disgrace."
But Beijing's posturing predates Twitter activism. The "wolves" should be seen as a symptom, not the cause of China's assertiveness.
The roots lie in China's grand strategy, what Avery Goldstein of the University of Pennsylvania calls "Rejuvenation" – not an official policy as much as a framework for understanding the driving force behind so many of China's actions. After the Cold War, Beijing saw the opportunity to realize a century-old dream of restoring China's political, economic and military dominance in Asia.
As the Politburo sees it, this can only happen by displacing the U.S. in Asia.
Beijing used the peaceful 1990s to become an indispensable economic partner to many countries and, in time, an economic powerhouse. Phenomenal economic growth propelled military modernization. This period, between 1992 and 2008, is often referred to as "hide and bide" for a famous dictum Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping gave Party officials in the early 1990s. Deng wanted China to focus on economic growth and "hide its capabilities" until the time was right to turn economic muscle into hard power. Seen this way, Beijing's "peaceful rise" policy would appear to have been a ruse.
"Hide and bide" ended with the 2008 financial crisis. Most analysts now agree that Beijing interpreted the crisis as the beginning of the end of U.S. supremacy and evidence of the superiority of its own political and economic system.
Since then President Xi has made repeated calls for problems in Asia "to be solved by Asians," and for the U.S. alliance system to be dismantled, calling it a Cold War relic – even though China greatly benefitted from the regional stability it provided. Since the financial crisis, the Party has also rejected international law in settling disputed maritime borders and pursued rapid militarization in the South China Sea.
Moreover, the fact that China has been using Laos and Cambodia as proxies to divide the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) over the South China Sea is telling: In 2012 the group was unable to agree on a Joint Communiqué for the first time in its history. Two years earlier, during an ASEAN-China summit in 2010, then-Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi wagged a finger and said: "China is a big country and you are small countries and that is a fact." Such arrogance would have been unimaginable a few years earlier.
What lessons can Central Asia draw?
China's relations with Central Asia are asymmetric, just as they are with Southeast Asia – in terms of economy, military and politics. This makes the region vulnerable, especially considering how traditional superpower Russia has retreated steadily for three decades.
This does not mean we should expect border clashes, or the kinds of confrontation witnessed elsewhere in Asia. China's relations with each neighbor are unique, driven by historical experiences and other factors. But Central Asian leaders must be mindful that Beijing's goal is the same from Vietnam to Tajikistan: regional dominance. China's state-led investments and loans – whether Belt and Road or not – must be viewed not as "win-win," but designed to put China on top.
Srdjan Uljevic is an assistant professor at the American University of Central Asia in Bishkek.
Why Central Asian journalists hide their names


text:
→ Can you trademark a word with a cultural meaning? Be cautious.
Can you trademark a word with a cultural meaning? Be cautious.
On Behalf of Lawrence G. Townsend, Intellectual Property Lawyer | Mar 16, 2020 | Trademark Law |
If you're opening a Mexican restaurant, you don't call it "Jenny's." You choose a name that carries cultural cachet and implies what you're selling.
When a Phoenix-area restaurant opened selling Asian-Mexican fusion cuisine, it hoped to capture both cultures with its name. It chose "Panda Libre." Panda referring to the bear, of course, and "libre," the Spanish word for "free."
The name didn't go over well with Panda Express, which claims to have trademarked the word "Panda" when used in connection with restaurants and food products.
Last month, Panda Express sued Panda Libre for trademark infringement. It is asking to have Panda Libre be forced to destroy its signage, menus — even social media posts that bear the name. It's also seeking all of Panda Libre's profits.
Can Panda Express actually claim exclusive trademark rights to the word "panda"? That remains to be seen. But businesses that choose names with cultural cachet should be wary of potential backlash.
Cultural words can be treasured, appropriated
Consider the case of the Kogi Korean taco truck in Los Angeles. The word "kogi" is a mashup of "gogi," the Korean word for meat, and the letter 'K,' which stands for Korean barbeque.
That seems unique enough to pass muster, but in 2009 the Tex-Mex chain Baja Fresh applied to trademark the word "kogi" for a line of Korean-inspired tacos and merchandise.
Loyalists for the Kogi Korean taco truck were outraged that the larger company seemingly sought to steal the made-up word. There were immediate online protests and, within a day, Baja Fresh apologized. It will use the word "gogi" instead and has dropped its effort to trademark the word "kogi."
Or consider the use of the word "poke," which refers to a style of Hawaiian marinated raw fish. In 2018, a Chicago-based restaurant called the "Aloha Poke Co." trademarked its name and began sending case-and-desist letters to others using the word "aloha" or the phrase "aloha poke" — even though some users predated the Aloha Poke Co.
Social media erupted with rage over what felt like a mainland company trying to keep native Hawaiians from using their own language to describe their own food.
One Hawaiian shop, the "Aloha Poke Shop," was advised by the Aloha Poke Co. that it would be permitted to use the trademarked phrase because it was located in Hawaii.
"Hawaiian poke has been around for hundreds of hundreds of years. It's like a cheeseburger. You can't trademark cheeseburger," argues the owner of the Aloha Poke Shop.
Does your business name include cultural shorthand? It could be one more thing to be cautious about. Beyond trademark concerns with competitors, you may risk raising the ire of potential customers.


 Online Maps Applications: How Apple Map is different from Google Maps.
The Maps applications have become an integral part of every OS. The two giants in the world of Mobile Applications, have continuously invested their entire resources to bring out different and unique applications, out doing the other.
A brief video showcases the difference between Google and Apple in Map Application.
Initially there was huge difference in the features of these Map Apps. Google was way ahead in this competition. After series of failures and embarrassments, Apple is gradually catching up with it's arch rival, modifying the existing features and adding new ones.
Let us have a brief understanding of the key features that differentiate Google from Apple in Maps Applications.
The primary factor comes out if we travel back in time.
Google came up with the Mapping Application way back in the year of 2005.
Apple, on the other hand, introduced this particular feature in 2012.
A gap of 7 years is enough to explain the reason why the latter is slow in catching up with Google.
Initially, Apple's Map was filled with bugs, inaccurate mapping directions. But it has learned its' lesson the hard way.
On a closer inspection, it is discovered Google and Apple display same number of roads to some extent. But Apple shows more roads compared to it's counterpart. Google Map, on the other hand, showed more of text labels for the roads.
These two biggies show different results for different places as well.
Example: Apple Map labels more places in New York and San Francisco. Google Map, however, labels more tube stations.
Currently, Google Map has gradually transforming itself from a road map into a place map. But Apple is not lagging far behind in this competition.
With the advent of iOS 10, Apple has molded many new attributes in it's device.
This device has become more proactive where you can get useful suggestions pertaining to travel timings and upcoming calendar events. It suggests places where the user can stop by to fill up gas, or grab a bite or sip into a cup of coffee. Along with these information, you will get a full review of the hotel or restaurant you stopped by. Moreover, this map provides a Wikipedia information on the background of any monument you are currently visiting.
There is more automated traffic information embedded in the new device.
do not disturb while driving', into the device.
Indoor Maps for Airports and Malls.
The debate will continue on this above topic. And both of these maps applications are praised by the respective fans of their operating software. But one thing has come out of the recent announcements at WWDC 2017 that features included in Apple Map Application has finally managed to compete with those found in Google Map Application, without facing any failure or embarrassment.
Finally, if you have to make a choice between the two, then the best suggestion is to use the two applications personally and come to a concrete conclusion.


Revamp your bathroom and create a smart, contemporary look with the Milano 1100x700mm light grey slate effect rectangular shower tray.
Featuring a slate effect finish for a natural feel, this shower tray measures just 30mm high, and weighs 50% less than a stone resin tray to ensure easier and safer handling during installation.
To reduce unnecessary weight, the underside of the shower tray is hollow, but thanks to the strengthening lattice featured on the back, the tray is extremely robust and durable.
The shower tray is made from sheet moulding compound (SMC) and is stronger than a standard white tray. SMC is a ready to mould glass-fibre reinforced polyester, which results in a strong and durable construction.


Try to put yourself in the shoes of an evangelical fundamentalist Christian parent for a moment. Not surprisingly, you are raising your children to love them some Jesus and share your fundamentalist Christian values. They are expected to view abortion as genocide, want women to be subservient to men, despise "the gay lifestyle," mindlessly vote for Republican candidates, and so on. You will likely use the degree to which they internalize these values as an important indicator of your success as a parent.
In this scenario, you aren't just any run-of-the-mill fundamentalist Christian though. You are one of the smart ones. At least, you are smart enough to realize that many of these values are not only becoming less common among younger generations but that it is increasingly likely that others will view some of them as bigoted. That means that people who hold many of these values - people like your children - will be more likely to be seen as bigots. As a smarter-than-average fundamentalist Christian parent, what do you do?
Interesting, isn't it? We have a Southern Baptist parent recognizing that her son is going to be regarded as "a bigot and hateful" because of what she has taught him about LGBT people. Maybe not every Southern Baptist parent would recognize this, but this one does. And while she acknowledges that this is hard for her, she appears to perceive it as worth whatever pain it will cause him.
I'm not a parent, and I'm no longer a Christian. Maybe that is why I have such a hard time wrapping my head around this. The idea that a parent would recognize that she is setting her child up to be perceived as a bigot and proceed on that course anyway is puzzling to say the least. It is almost as if one's love for mythical figures has exceeded one's compassion for one's own children.
Just to end on a more positive note, I was happy to see that the article also mentioned a nonprofit group, Faith in America, demonstrating at the conference in an effort to persuade the Southern Baptists that their beliefs are harmful to LGBT kids and to stop condemning homosexuality. It does not sound like they had much of an impact there, but maybe their efforts will pay off in time. I don't imagine I'd agree with them on much of anything having to do with faith, but I can still appreciate their efforts to oppose anti-LGBT bigotry among the religious.


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text:
Q: displaying local resource using Intent.ACTION_VIEW fails I want to display a file that I include in the apk. I can put the thumbnail into a small ImageView and when the user clicks it, I want to show the full size using Gallery (or whatever image viewing app the user has)
Below is the clicklistener :  I want to pull the full size out of the "raw" folder and start and activity.  I am getting a failure
private OnClickListener showImage = new OnClickListener() {
    public void onClick(View v) {
        Intent intent = new Intent();
        intent.setAction(android.content.Intent.ACTION_VIEW);
        intent.setData(Uri.parse("android.resource://com.invodo.allshareplay/" + R.raw.dropbox_photo1));
        intent.setType("image/jpeg");
        startActivity(intent);

    }

};

--- logcat ----
03-13 11:16:33.704: E/AndroidRuntime(10466): FATAL EXCEPTION: main
03-13 11:16:33.704: E/AndroidRuntime(10466): android.content.ActivityNotFoundException:     No Activity found to handle Intent { act=android.intent.action.VIEW   dat=android.resource://com.invodo.allshareplay/2130968576 }
03-13 11:16:33.704: E/AndroidRuntime(10466):    at android.app.Instrumentation.checkStartActivityResult(Instrumentation.java:1622)

I've tried a few different variations on getting the Uri path, including using the filename as
  intent.setData(Uri.parse("android.resource://com.invodo.allshareplay/raw/dropbox_photo1.jpg"));

On the emulator, it tells starts ViewImage but then says the Camera has stopped, unless I take out this line:
intent.setType("image/jpeg");

and with that commented out it simply fails with no Activity found.
If I put this code on a real device,  it pulls up my images on the phone, but not the image I want to display.  If I take off the SetType call, it simply stops.
regardless of what I maybe doing wrong in getting a proper Uri,
Any ideas on how to properly display a jpeg image stashed as a raw resource?

A: This seems a similar problem to the flow that described in this question.
The suggested solution is the add "file://" as a prefix to the absolute path of the file. so the Intent should be set as followed:
...
Uri hacked_uri = Uri.parse("file://" + uri.getPath());
intent.setDataAndType(hacked_uri, "image/*");
...

It worked for me...


Can you believe that we are already starting to plan Advent Windows 2011.
We already have people and organisations who have signed up for Windows again this year. We will be having a briefing session and discussion (as ever, over a glass of wine!) in St Alfege Church on September 26th between 6pm and 7pm for everyone who has said they will, for newcomers to the event and for those who are wavering…. We will also be assigning dates, so bring your diaries with you.
Please could you let us know whether you can come, by sending an email to or calling Jenny Bracey, Church Administrator on 0208 853 0687. Also if you know anybody else who wants to take part, can you forward them this invitation and ask them to let us know if they're coming.
If you can't come but would definitely like to take part, let us know and we will put you down.
As last year, we will be allocating the dates in the first week to local shops, pubs and other businesses, so they can incorporate it in their Christmas displays.
Many thanks and we hope to see you on 26th!


Peer pressure within a society can cause even the strongest person a significant impact on their lives.
Griet is a young girl living in 17th century Holland who is observant and smart. When she was young, she lived happily with her parents and her two younger siblings. It seemed like her family was inseparable and they loved each other very much. How is it now that she is a butcher's wife and emotionally scarred for life?
No matter how hard they try to not let it affect them and who they are, society and its pressures will always significantly shape and impact an individual. Because an individual is in a society from the moment they are born, it will shape them into the person they are. In that society, there will be various people that they will have to interact with because they will be bound by emotions. With interactions, people will try to force them to become what they want. This peer pressure will weigh down on them and change who they are. This change can cause a huge impact on the individual's future life.


Well known Kenyan socialite Amber Ray has recently confessed she is single.
This followed after a series of interactive questions with her Instagram fans.
In which she responded with a strong YES!
A while back, she was making headlines as It was confirmed that Kenyan artist SYD was the mystery man she had fallen in love with.
While in Santorini, she posted photos of the two holding hands and the chemistry seemed worth not questioning.
This comes barely two months after the curvaceous socialite called it quits with Zaheer Merlahi , a politician, and she had often passed herself off as his second wife.