text:
Akon: "Africa is the future of investments"
At the twilight of a huge musical career, American-Senegalese singer Akon is more than ever involved in Africa. After investing in solar energy on the continent, the star has embarked on the creation of its cryptocurrency and also plans to create in Senegal a futuristic city he describes as "a real Wakanda."
On April 3, Senegalese President Macky Sall received Akon at the Palace of the Republic. "I came to congratulate the President of the Republic and say that I am willing to work with him. I put all my resources and my team at his disposal, "said in an almost perfect Wolof the American star of Senegalese origin. The singer had also come to present an investment project in agriculture and energy.\
"I came to congratulate the President of the Republic and to say that I'm willing to work with him."
He also took the opportunity to talk to the Senegalese president of Akon Crypto City, his futuristic city project inspired by Wakanda, fictional country of the blockbuster Black Panther. Conquered, Macky Sall decided to grant 2000 hectares of land, on the outskirts of Dakar, to the artist for his futuristic city.
Conquered, Macky Sall decided to grant 2000 hectares of land, on the outskirts of Dakar, to the artist for his futuristic city.
For Akon, this will be another opportunity to deny the claims that his various initiatives were purely interested and prove that the future of Africa is really close to his heart.
Business philanthropist
"At the stage where I am currently, I only want to get into business that will help people. I am in a privileged position with ways to make differences and change lives. So why not do it and make money at the same time? " For Akon, you can do business and make money by improving lives. This vision of entrepreneurship, the star defends since 2014 and the launch of Akon Lighting Africa, an initiative to electrify Africa through solar energy.
"We used our own money in the beginning."
"We just started creating solar energy for rural areas and homes, with no idea behind the scenes. We did not even ask for money from the countries concerned. We used our own money at the beginning (between $ 100,000 and $ 200,000 for the installation of a pilot program in a village, editor's note). Yet his initiative had made many skeptics. First because of his musical career. "A lot of people were saying, he's a musician, what can he do in the field of energy," Akon said in an interview. Then there are those who thought that his goals were purely lucrative. But the artist assures, Akon Lighting Africa is above all his way to participate in the development of the continent. "I do not think charity helps Africa. I think the only way to build this continent is to build businesses that generate significant revenue and create opportunities for local people. "
"I do not think charity helps Africa. I think the only way to build this continent is to build businesses that generate significant revenue and create opportunities for local people. "
But the story behind the creation of Akon Lighting Africa has a more distant origin. It goes back to the childhood of the American artist, passed to Kaolack in Senegal, where the problems of electricity were well known.
An African born in America
When you hear Akon speak Wolof, one of the most used dialects in Senegal, with a strong American accent, you want to ask in which language the star thinks. For him, there is no doubt to have. "I have an African spirit. I see myself as a child of Africa having lived in America. I may have studied there, but I was raised in Africa. My parents and I were coming back to Africa every summer for a vacation. And then, when I had to go to high school, I had the choice between going back to Africa or staying in the United States. The possibilities in the United States were much bigger, so I stayed, "says Akon. In fact, the artist, Alioune Badara Thiam, was born April 16, 1973 in Saint Louis, United States. He grew up in Senegal before returning at the age of 7 in the United States to his father, the percussionist Mor Thiam. On site, he develops a real passion for hip hop. But with the particular universe of this music of protest, the young man ends up being in contact with the delinquency of the gangs. After a car theft, he will be imprisoned for three years. In prison, he spent his days writing songs and when he left, he recorded a model in a studio at his home.
After a car theft, he will be imprisoned for three years. In prison, he spent his days writing songs and when he left, he recorded a model in a studio at his home.
After touring the record companies, he drew the attention of SRC / Universal, which in 2004, decided to produce Trouble's first album. In a few weeks, Locked Up, a title written just after his release from prison, becomes a real hit. The album itself, an astonishing cocktail of West African musical styles and American sounds, finished No. 1 in UK sales in April 2005.
Akon is now a global star.
In 2006, Akon released a second album: Konvicted. Platinum triple disc, it is sold to more than four million copies worldwide. Akon is now a global star.
He created his label Kon Live Distribution, which will co-produce the first album of Lady Gaga. The following year, he launched his clothing line, Konvict Apparel. In December 2008, he released a third album, "Freedom", which will be certified gold. In 2011, Akon announced Stadium, his fourth album, originally scheduled for the summer of the previous year. To date, the album has never been released. For the next 3 years, the artist, who has won numerous awards, is less and less present on the showbiz stage. "I was a little too saturated," says the singer. "I was on the radio, on the television. I just wanted to experiment more and do things internationally. So at this moment, in doubt about the next step, Akon decides to create Akon Lighting Africa.
Akon Lighting Africa and the birth of a Pan-African businessman
During his tours, Akon noticed that the absence or lack of electricity prevented him from organizing concerts in countries where the artist wanted to perform. Most of these countries, which were in Africa, could not provide the necessary electrical capacity for the infrastructure used for large-scale concerts. In addition, the artist experienced electricity problems during his childhood in Senegal. Years after his departure, the problem remained unresolved. "This idea came to me in Senegal by returning to neighborhoods where I had grown up and who, fifteen years later, were still without electricity. The infrastructure had not moved. Elders came to us and asked us to find solutions to the energy crisis, "said Akon.
"This idea came to me in Senegal by returning to neighborhoods where I had grown up and who, fifteen years later, were still without electricity."
He decided to associate with another American-Senegalese, Thione Niang, and the Malian Samba Bathily to create Akon Lighting Africa. The company, present in 15 countries, wants to provide electricity to 16 million Africans by 2020, thanks to solar energy.
100,000 solar street lights in 3 years.
In 2017, just three years after its launch, Akon Lighting Africa has installed 100,000 solar street lights, nearly 3,000 photovoltaic mini-grids and more than 102,000 household kits in more than 500 localities in a dozen countries in sub-Saharan Africa. . A few days ago, Akon signed a partnership with the Mondobrain company to improve the efficiency of its company's solar infrastructures thanks to artificial intelligence.
Akon Lighting Africa has installed 100,000 solar streetlights, nearly 3,000 photovoltaic mini-grids and more than 102,000 household kits in more than 500 locations in about 10 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
Recently, he also announced the launch of Akoin, his cryptocurrency and the creation of a futuristic city: the Akon Crypto City.
Akon embarked on the creation of his cryptocurrency.
For the artist, his city will be the testing ground for his vision, his development projects for Africa and his cryptocurrency will be used primarily. And if all goes well, the Missourri native will be able to replicate the model all over the African continent.
Ivory Coast: A $ 3.5 Million Chicks Factory Launched in Azaguié
Seedstars launches a pan-African venture fund to accompany its regional strategy
CEO AfrikaTech
Comme beaucoup de personnes j'ai connu l'Afrique à travers des stéréotypes : l'Afrique est pauvre, il y a la guerre, famine… Je suis devenu entrepreneur pour briser ces clichés et participer à la construction du continent. J'ai lancé plusieurs entreprises dont Kareea (Formation et développement web), Tutorys (Plate-forme de e-learning), AfrikanFunding (Plate-forme de crowdfunding). Après un échec sur ma startup Tutorys, à cause d'une mauvaise exécution Business, un manque de réseau, pas de mentor, je suis parti 6 mois en immersion dans l'écosystème Tech au Sénégal. J'ai rencontré de nombreux entrepreneurs passionnés, talentueux et déterminés. A mon retour sur Paris je décide de raconter leur histoire en créant le média AfrikaTech. L'objectif est de soutenir les entrepreneurs qui se battent quotidiennement en Afrique en leur offrant la visibilité, les connaissances, le réseautage et les capitaux nécessaires pour réussir. L'Afrique de demain se construit aujourd'hui ensemble. Rejoignez-nous ! LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/boubacardiallo
Ghana: Ashanti King Osei Tutu II launches development fund of more than $ 100 million
Startups in Africa have already raised more money in 2018 than they did last year


The heavy rain storms have moved away from this area – for the moment at least – and although it's not quite bright yet when I am going to work in the mornings or coming home in the evenings, the cold weather means the skies are clear and bright and blue.
I left yesterday just as day was closing, and went to see my GP for check-ups for my sarcoidosis symptoms, for a B12 injection, to talk about increased coughing and pressure on my lungs caused by the winter effects on sarcoidosis, to get his opinion about some scars and marks on my skin that I am worried may be related to my sarcoidosis.
It was a long wait, but a wait worthwhile. It was a three-hour wait, which shows how good he is in giving individual attention to each and every patient. I used the time to catch up on reading last weekend's edition of the Church Times and research on a book I have been commissioned to write.
In the waiting room a notice on the wall warns patients not to park on the double yellow lines. But the double yellow lines on the notice are blue. Perhaps, the person who made this notice has Blue/Yellow colour blindness; perhaps this person is encouraged by the blue skies these winter mornings and evenings.
But there was no need to have the blues as I was leaving the surgery last night. My blood pressure is fine, I have had a thorough check-up, including those lungs and that nagging cough, I got that B12 injection, and I have an appointment for those skin marks and lumps.
A Facebook friend who keeps in touch with many people with sarcoidosis, posted a few days ago about the way people can thoughtlessly react to people with invisible illnesses that cannot be seen just by looking at someone. These include Type 1 diabetes, Chronic Migraines, Lupus, Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Sarcoidosis and severe B12 deficiency, the two symptoms I live with.
These may not affect your appearance, but they affect how your body functions and feels. Every day. Probably for the rest of your life.
Not everyone "looks like" what is happening to them. You would never say "you don't look like someone who is going through a terrible divorce" if your stressed-out friends still manage to put on a brave face and pull themselves together. Not all illnesses are manifested outwardly.
This may be true, and perhaps most people do not get enough sleep and rest. But the difference between someone with chronic illness and associated fatigue and an otherwise healthy person is the level of fatigue. Everyone gets tired. But my kind of tired is not the same as a healthy person's kind of tired. If I push myself past the amount of energy I have in any one day, the consequences are pretty bad.
Being able to go for a walk is a good day, and it's even better if I find myself by a beach, a river or a lake. But it needs planning, and its needs motivation. Not every day is a good day for exercise … but every day is a good day.
I enjoy my work, I told my GP last night that I wake up every morning highly motivated. And so I know some people who are forced not to go to work or school truly want to be there.
I know how important exercise is. A new app on my iPhone helps me to monitor how much I walk each day, and that acts as an additional motivation. Walking boosts my spirits, but it is not going to cure my sarcoidosis. And you have no idea how difficult it is when a small things goes wrong with the photocopier and I have to walk up and down a double flight of stairs three or four times in succession.
Sometimes, I doze off for a few minutes, unexpectedly. It can happen in the car. That is yet another reason to be thankful that I never learned to drive. But I also had a chat about this with my GP last night.
I may sound like a grumpy old man at times. You may not see it at those times, but I have a positive outlook – and I know it is not going to take away my symptoms – no more than pulling myself up by my bootstraps is going to cure sarcoidosis.
"Everyone gets tired, headaches, back pain … just push through it." Please don't tell your friend that he/she is not pushing himself/herself. Pushing past your limits can set someone with a chronic illness back for a while as they recover from over-extending themselves. Suggesting to someone to just push through it is like telling a marathon runner to just run faster on the last mile.
Not all chronic illnesses gets better. It could get better, but it also may not. So figuring out how to live within the confines of an illness and making the most of it is more productive than expecting to get better.
… the gluten-free diet, acupuncture, aromatherapy, a new-age therapy or massage I heard about but know nothing about? … I have a great GP, and he spent a long time studying and training to get to where he is today. I now know the inside of most hospitals, public and private, in Dublin. I need to stay focussed, and I appreciate the skills and knowledge and expertise of those who look after me professionally.
… drinking wine, eating pasta, your vegetarian diet, working so late in the evening … But everyone has bad habits and these are not the causes of sarcoidosis. If I knew the causes of sarcoidosis, I would make it freely available and available freely.
Some people think that if you do not look physically sick your problem must be in your mind. It's usually the other way around, so that chronic illnesses can cause stress, depression, and anxiety. Saying something like this only adds to stress and does not help anyone.
I do, I know I do, and I'm planning some extra time in Lichfield and in Greece this year. I know a change of scenery can do me good, and time outdoors is also good for my health. But I do not need to feel guilty for not being able to do something that I already want to do.
Well, my GP has just written me three more prescriptions. And I know he's qualified more than most to do this.
It might be better to continue advising people not to park on the double yellow lines … or even on the double blue lines.
Of course when I was young and healthy, I was also impecunious, overweight, and lacking in social graces.
Be assured that I regularly scan your web postings, and look forward to your commentaries on Cavafy, betrayed Smyrna, etc. Also, I love Litchfield Cathedral and, despite being Protestant to a fault, sort of wish Chad's skull had been saved.
I was looking up history of Kenure House when I stumbled upon your blog. I too have Sarcoidosis, having been diagnosed when I was 26. My treatment caused further problems which led to having both my hips replaced. That was nearly 15 years ago but I have recently become quite tired again most of the time so im dreading re-engaging with the doctors given my previous bad experience. I have pains in my neck, shoulders and now eye all the time so I think I am putting off the inevitable by avoiding the docs. Sarcoidosis is a real pain in the backside if you will pardon my French.


text:
Foreground Security taps new director of operations
By Mark Hoover
Foreground Security has named Jeffrey Mauro director of operations.
In his new role, Mauro is responsible for overseeing Foreground's day-to-day operating activities, including leadership of overall operations, support of professional services and management of financial goals, the company said in a release.
Mauro joins Foreground Security from GCI Inc., where he served as senior program manager. He has also held positions at the National Reconnaissance Office and in the Navy.
Mark Hoover is a senior staff writer with Washington Technology. You can contact him at mhoover@washingtontechnology.com, or connect with him on Twitter at @mhooverWT.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Lawrence joins amicus brief in support of injunction against ICE ruling on international students
About Lawrence
Lawrence University, in partnership with the Presidents' Alliance on Higher Education and Immigration, has joined 179 other colleges and universities in an amicus brief filed July 10 in support of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's legal complaint against the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
The plaintiffs seek an injunction against new guidance from the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) that effectively implements a ban on international students enrolled exclusively in online courses as a result of COVID-19. The amicus brief argues that higher education institutions and international students will experience significant burdens due to the guidance's arbitrary prohibition, without notice, to online-only courses for international students, particularly after investing substantial resources in planning for fall. Institutions, the brief argues, relied heavily on the existing SEVP guidance that flexibility would continue "for the duration of the emergency."
"Ensuring all students can choose the right learning option for themselves during the pandemic has been an overarching principle for the University," Lawrence President Mark Burstein said. "The federal government's decision this spring to provide flexibility for international students' learning choices was a humane and appropriate decision. The revocation of that flexibility now makes little sense for colleges across the country and for the students we serve."
The friend-of-the-court brief and list of signatories may be accessed here.


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text:
Photoessay: Hagia Sophia, part I
August 16, 2017 by Ming Thein
Hagia Sophia is not only an incredible piece of engineering and architecture – but also one of faith. Constructed in its current form between 532 and 537 AD, it has served as church and mosque (and now museum). Even today, you can't help but be inspired, humbled and in awe of the work behind it; given its sheer size, it would still take a significant effort to build with modern construction techniques, and that's excluding the huge amount of specialised handwork required for decoration and outfitting. I'm pretty sure very little of what we build today at that scale will still be around in 1500 years. The question of faith is quite interesting, too: the sheer resources and determination to construct something of that size places huge demands on the population of the city and its rulers. There was probably no economic return model, either – unlike say the European market towns of the Middle Ages. What impressed me the most wasn't so much the sheer size or unsupported internal volume (though this was still significant) – but the detail given to every surface. Not all of it was completed by 537, and renovations and restoration have been pretty much ongoing non stop thanks to wars, earthquakes and simple entropy – but it's nevertheless what makes it a truly colossal undertaking, and because of this I think of the renovations as much a part of the building as anything else. Other buildings like the Pyramids might be larger, but they simply don't have the same kind of finishing requirements, or continual evolution and sense of being an active, alive part of history rather than merely a passive observer. (And I can't think of anything modern except perhaps the Sagrada Familia that comes close, and even that is still not finished after more than a hundred years.)
I had the opportunity to shoot it for perhaps a few hours total; nowhere near enough time to do justice to the structure (and obviously not around the scaffolds, tripod restrictions etc.) – even so, there are so many images this photoessay will be split into two parts. Enjoy! MT
This series was shot in Istanbul with a Hasselblad H6D-100c, 50, 100 and 150mm lenses, and post processed with Photoshop and LR Workflow III (and the Weekly Workflow). Get more out of your voyages with T1: Travel Photography.
Ultraprints from this series are available on request here
Visit the Teaching Store to up your photographic game – including workshop videos, and the individual Email School of Photography. You can also support the site by purchasing from B&H and Amazon – thanks!
Filed Under: hasselblad, On Photography Tagged With: architecture, hagia sophia, hasselblad, istanbul, ming, ming thein, mingthein.com, thein
« Off topic: Presenting the MING 17.01
Photoessay: Hagia Sophia, part II »
sudarshan says:
wonderful work
Stunning images of this stunning mosque. One of my favourite!
Christian Delbert says:
Every time I go anywhere, the interesting buildings are covered in scaffolding. As you mention, these great buildings are always a work in progress ( just like my house! ). I remember when all the great monuments in Paris ( when I was a kid ) were a sooty black from the car exhausts. That was no city of light. Then, probably around 1960, the French government decided to "renovate= power wash" the outside of the various buildings. The city of light was reborn. Now if we could just cut the number of tourists ( myself included ) at least in half. For now, the terrorists are trying their best to do that!
Maybe we will see the results eventually…
Yes beautiful photos, but why nothing from inside which is even more gorgeous and interesting?
Did you see part II?
Millennial Existentialist says:
Amazing photographs! Made me want to get up and go to Istanbul (and forget that I just came back from a three-week holiday in Greece and neither have the time nor the money to instantly do so). Keep up the great work!
Lots of places on all of our to-do lists…I think when there are none left, then the world becomes a very boring place 🙂
Per Kylberg says:
Excellent photos! Like the last (morning?) picture best.
Having been to Istanbul a couple of times, the city is highly photogenic. Hagia Sophia is the jewel but also a photographic challenge as it not only huge, it has so much detail, representing history, culture, and beauty. What I like it is not perfectly restored which makes you really feel the times that passed.
The blocks SW towards the sea away from that big touristic centre there is also a mix of old and new, colorful exciting architecture. Everybody knows about the big Bazaar, fewer visit surrounding Hanis/Hamis: Walled distribution hubs and manufacturing sites. Found one very old, partly a ruin but still working. Visited small factories (jewelry, brass objects, tailoring). Always welcome and often offered a cup of tea…….
We too found that tea really makes Istanbul go around…there's a little tea-kiosk at the corner of the Hagia Sophia that's probably been there for centuries; who knows what its proprietors have witnessed? 🙂
Sean Tomlinson says:
How neat! 2138 is terrific – too bad about the workers. How did you ensure appropriate color with the odd (ancient) colors on the exterior? What took you to Turkey? This building's on my short list of places I dearly want to visit. I'm excited to see the indoor photos, but I assume you had to, and were able to, use a tripod, right?
Thanks. Color – just get the WB right; Hasselblad native color is tuned to neutral. Turkey: same as for you; I've always wanted to go, and been very curious about the architecture. No tripods allowed (or used) 🙂
michael gannon says:
great pictures, this is one of my top 5 places i want to go to. i really like your other photos of the interior of this building
Thanks – more interior in part II 🙂
You were there at a lovely time of year – when the colorful pointed tulips of Istanbul are in bloom! Aya Sophia is magnificent! Inside and out! I really enjoy your shots of the cascading exterior surfaces in such good light! The last time I was there was two weeks before troubles broke out near Taksim a few years ago – just steps away from where I was staying. Turkey is an exceptional country with so much to offer – in times of tranquility, that is. Perhaps your being there is a sign that things are improving.
We lucked out I think – it was pretty peaceful even though there was a referendum happening. Life goes on I guess.
Good thing!
korhomme says:
The Hagia/Aya/Sancta Sophia — the Church of the Holy Wisdom — is quite remarkable. It's also very difficult to photograph as well as you have done.
Are we going to see the interior?
Of course – part II 🙂
Junaid Rahim says:
There are a few things about the Hagia Sophia that fascinates me –
The first is despite it being originally a Church, it was the foundation of inspiration for many mosques built in Istanbul.
Even though there are 'newer', 'grander' constructions completed by the Ottoman, this 'older' original still stands more impressive. More so given its age. The sheer size and scale for the time is truly mind boggling.
And I'm trying to think what comes close in that era…maybe if you fast forward 500 years or so you get Ankor Wat but I'm struggling if truth be told.
Lastly, lovely shots – I think the ones that show the scale are more impressive, but there is still some great detail in the architecture 🙂
Thanks. What always gets me is that it's so much older than the rest of the comparably sized structures in Istanbul – yet more than holds its own in every way. Truly a masterpiece…
What about mixity ?
Haghia Sophia is one of humanity's great architectural achievements.
It was not only at the very limits of technology at the time, but represented a grand aesthetic vision that I feel has never really been surpassed.
Even as a shadow of its original self, it is the sort of building that reaches its arms around you to embrace you warmly, close to its chest.
It feels as though it hides the mysteries – and terrors – of a over thousand years.
I would love to see a photographic project to capture its grand interiors, free of the tourist throng and restoration scaffolds that have stood inside for more than a decade now. The only comprehensive books I've seen on the subject are overpriced, under-quality tourist products from the Turkish government press.
Beautiful photographs, Ming. It's wonderful that you've brought the H6D-100c to bear on such a wonderful subject.
And I'd love to be the one to do it, though I think the renovations are going to go on for years at least…
mg428 says:
"Terrors"? Please elaborate.
GANSU says:
Photoessay: Hagia Sophia, part II – Ming Thein | Photographer says:
[…] (continued from part I) […]


A few early pics of #022 when at Hunt and Keal, the official representative for the UK at the time.
Aha.. now i see; same as my green one.
According to an ex employee of Hunt and Keal who had #022 and #023 at the same time, #023 was build earlier than #022 but #022 was sold earlier.


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You are here: Home / Just For Fun / Shameless Bragging: Winning the Russian River Invitational Washoe Tournament
Shameless Bragging: Winning the Russian River Invitational Washoe Tournament
October 24, 2010 By Jay Brooks
I love the game of Washoes, a game that Tomme Arthur from the Lost Abbey introduced into the brewing community almost ten years ago. I've been known to play for hours, given the chance. Almost every small brewery along the west coast has a set of boards, and you see them fairly frequently at events, too. So I was thrilled to be invited to play in the first annual Russian River Invitational Washoe Tournament last night. My partner was Dave Keene, owner of the Toronado. We've played together on numerous occasions, but never in a tournament like this. There were nine teams playing in a round robin double elimination tournament. Dave and I — "Team Toronado" — managed to go undefeated through the first three rounds, earning ourselves a bye going into the finals. Since we hadn't lost a game, the other team had to beat us twice in order to prevail. But we never gave them the chance, and won the first game in short order to win the tournament. What great fun. There definitely need to be more organized washoe tournaments.
To learn more about the rules of Washoes, check out Washoe Rules, a web page put up by Vinnie Cilurzo with the agreed-upon brewing community's rules. The game exists in many variations around the country, and most likely originated somewhere in the Midwest, but this is the set of rules by which we played.
Dave Keene and me after our washoe victory.
Filed Under: Just For Fun, News, Related Pleasures Tagged With: Awards, California, Games, Northern California
Player order can dramatically impact the outcome of the game but I didn't see anything in the linked instructions regarding how to determine which team goes first. If Team A goes first on the first toss it would reason that Team B would go first on the next. Is that right?
Jay Brooks says
Chris, In theory, I suppose so, but in my experience it rarely makes much difference who starts each game since the order has the potential to change with each set of throws. Whichever team scores the most points in a given series of throws – or round – that team goes first in the next round. If there's no score or if both teams scores the same, then the order simply stays the same as the previous round. It matters a lot at the end of the game, but not in the beginning.
Who starts a new game is usually a house rule. Sometimes it's determined by throws, first in gets their choice. I've even seen Rochambeau used. Usually, if two teams are playing multiple games such as a best of three series, the winning team from the last games goes first, but I'm not even sure if that's a hard and fast rule, or a house rule that's just very common.
I played once in the back room of Toronado with Vinnie and Dave. I was terrible. But it was fun. I will need to make my own boards and become competition-worthy. Congratulations on your win!


The second edition of the Ghetto Biennale took place in November 2011 in Haiti. It was hosted once again by the Atis-Rezistans, the Sculptors of Grand Rue, who work and live in the slums of the red-zone in Port-au-Prince. This is referred to as, a Salon des Refusés for the 21st century, and it is an ambitious instance of marginalized artists seizing the initiative. They are asking the question 'what happens when first world art rubs up against third world art. Does it bleed?'. That these artists have achieved visibility in the art world is due to their ability to take the structures that had excluded them, and deploy their strategies for their own ends. The Ghetto Biennale has, over its 2 installations, brought their work to the world's attention without big budgets and big name artists.
UK based curator Leah Gordon, who pioneered the Biennale with the artists, and Nadine Zeidler, Assistant Curator at Nottingham Contemporary, discuss the Biennale, its impact, as well as different curatorial approaches and exhibitions featuring the work of Atis-Rezistans like the upcoming exhibitions of Haitian art at Nottingham Contemporary in 2012.
Leah Gordon's film about Atis-Rezistans shot in 2008 will also be shown.
Leah Gordon is a photographer, film-maker and curator and has produced a considerable body of work on the representational boundaries between art, religion, anthropology, post-colonialism and folk history. In 2006 she commissioned the Grand Rue Sculptors from Haiti to make 'Freedom Sculpture', a permanent exhibit for the International Museum of Slavery in Liverpool. Leah organized and co-curated the Ghetto Biennale in Port-au-Prince in 2009 and 2011. Her photography book 'Kanaval: Vodou, Politics and Revolution on the Streets of Haiti' was published in June 2010. Her photographic work registers Haiti's juncture between its history, its cosmology and the present. Gordon is represented by Riflemaker Gallery, London.
Nadine Zeidler is a curator and writer based in the UK and Berlin. She has been Assistant Curator at Nottingham Contemporary since 2010 where she was in charge of the exhibitions Jean Genet, DAAR, and where she currently works on the upcoming exhibition of Haitian Art. She is curating a group exhibition addressing concepts of thingness, animism and the agency of objects at Kraupa-Tuskany Gallery in Berlin in June 2012 including works of Grand Rue artists. At Kunstverein Munich and as a freelance curator she worked with artists like Allora & Calzadilla, Lutz Bacher, Duncan Campbell, Marc Camille Chaimowicz, Latifa Echakhch, Liam Gillick, Jay Chung & Q Takeki Maeda, Franz Erhard Walther and Akram Zaatari amongst others. Her writing has been published in exhibition catalogues, Frieze and Mousse.
This event is free and open to all but places are limited so please RSVP to the TrAIN Administrator, Nick(n.tatchell@arts.ac.uk).


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A common topic of discussion is the Fantastic Four films from 2005 and 2007. They weren't a grand success but became a cult favorite amongst comic book fans. But in 2015, a reboot was released that had fans shaking their heads in dismay. Here are ten hilarious memes about the horrible mark the Fantastic Four film left behind.
Based on the 2005 movie of the same name, Fantastic Four lets you control the team of superheroes known as the Fantastic 4. Each character possesses a unique set of abilities that you can use and.
This is a production made magazine from the 2005 superhero film Fantastic Four Several copies of this magazine can be seen when Sue discovers a newsstand full of Fantastic Four related items. This People magazine has a special cover featuring Sue Storm (Jessica Alba) with the content headline Who Is She Working for Now Has she jumped ship from Von doom Industries Did she and Dr. Reed Richards.
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A long-gestating project that had been talked about by a number of filmmakers since the early '90s, Fantastic Four was previously the basis for a pair of animated television serials, and was made into a feature film in 1994 by producer Roger Corman, though that film was never officially released. (Fantastic Four creator Stan Lee has said the 1994 film was made only so that the producers could.
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FANTASTIC FOUR, a contemporary re-imagining of Marvel's original and longest-running superhero team, centers on four young outsiders who teleport to an alternate and dangerous universe, which.
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Fantastic Four (stylized as Fantastic 4) is a 2005 American-German superhero film based on the Marvel Comics team of the same name.It was directed by Tim Story, and released by 20th Century Fox.The film stars Ioan Gruffudd, Jessica Alba, Chris Evans, Michael Chiklis, Julian McMahon and Kerry Washington. This was the second live-action Fantastic Four film to be filmed.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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I just wanted to write and say how happy we are with your recent work on our deck, cladding and paving. The deck and cladding in particular were looking very sad, but now look brand new! I also really appreciated how cleanly you worked with no mess or splatters left for us to deal with. I will definitely get you back next year to ensure it all stays looking brand new.
This Project required returning Greyed Spotted Gum Decking and Cladding back to its wonderful natural state. As with many outdoor areas surrounded by pools and the full sun this area had no longer been provided with protection and sound preparation and quality decking oil/sealer was required. For maximum protection 'Natural Stain' was used and the results speak for themselves. Deck Tech will be happy to provide ongoing maintenance to this property, as with many others to provide an ongoing cost effective maintenance program to ensure the timber remains in peak condition and is a pleasure to look out on.


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Manila is the capital of what country?
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Genomic Diversity of Clinical and Environmental Vibrio cholerae Strains Isolated in Brazil between 1991 and 2001 as Revealed by Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis
Fabiano L. Thompson, Cristiane C. Thompson, Ana C. P. Vicente, Grace N. D. Theophilo, Ernesto Hofer, Jean Swings
Fabiano L. Thompson
Laboratory for MicrobiologyBCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
For correspondence: Fabiano.Thompson@rug.ac.be
Cristiane C. Thompson
Laboratory for Microbiology
Ana C. P. Vicente
Grace N. D. Theophilo
Department of Bacteriology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Ernesto Hofer
Jean Swings
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.5.1946-1950.2003
Vibrio cholerae is a ubiquitous and abundant organism in aquatic environments, particularly in coastal areas, estuaries, and rivers. This organism was the cause of a considerable number of deaths in Brazil during the last decade. In this study we applied the genomic fingerprinting technique fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP) to analyze 106 V. cholerae O1 and non-O1 and non-O139 strains isolated from clinical specimens and the environment between 1991 and 2001. Numerical analysis of the FAFLP patterns disclosed seven main groups of genomes, all of them originated from a variety of different places in different years, suggesting that V. cholerae is a very diverse species. O1 and non-O1 and non-O139 strains were distinguishable by FAFLP, although clinical and environmental strains clustered together in a few cases. The persistence of some strains of highly related genomes during several years and in completely different geographical regions suggests that these strains are highly successful in adapting to changing environmental conditions.
Between 1991 and 1998 at least 1,296 deaths due to cholera occurred in Brazil, mostly in the northern and northeastern regions of the country (25). The lack of a water network supply and sanitation as well as poverty were concluded to be the main reasons for this high rate of mortality. The study of the Vibrio cholerae population structure and cholera molecular epidemiology may help us to understand the spread of this disease. Molecular typing techniques, i.e., fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP), repetitive extragenic palindrome-PCR, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, and ribotyping, have been extensively applied in the study of V. cholerae (5). Although ribotyping has been perhaps the most used technique in the study of the diversity, epidemiology, and evolution of V. cholerae (24), Lan and Reeves (14) have recently highlighted the fact that most of the variation in ribotyping is due to recombination events which take place at a very high rate (10−5 per cell per generation). In these cases, ribotyping the similarity between isolates does not reflect their origin from the same ancestor. It has been suggested that a robust and reproducible alternative is the use of FAFLP fingerprinting technique (11, 15). FAFLP analysis is performed basically in four steps (5, 10). (i) The digestion of total genomic DNA is accomplished with two restriction enzymes, a 4-base cutter (e.g., TaqI) which digests the DNA frequently and a 6-base cutter (e.g., ApaI) which digests the DNA less frequently. Subsequent ligation of the restriction halfsite-specific adaptors to all restriction fragments is performed by using a DNA ligase. (ii) Selective amplification of these fragments is done with two PCR primers that have corresponding adaptor and restriction site sequences as their target sites. Selective bases that flank the restriction site sequences are included in the primers to reduce the number of fragments amplified. The final steps are (iii) electrophoretic separation of the PCR products on polyacrylamide gels with selective detection of fragments which contain the fluorescently labeled primer and (iv) computer-assisted numerical analysis of the band patterns. FAFLP indexes variation in the whole genome and thus is considered to give useful information on the short- and long-term evolution of bacterial strains. In the present study we applied FAFLP analysis to uncover the genomic diversity of clinical and environmental V. cholerae O1 and non-O1 and non-O139 isolates from Brazil during a 11-year sampling period, corresponding to the beginning of the seventh pandemic in Latin America.
Bacterial strains, growth condition, and DNA extraction.A total of 106 V. cholerae strains, i.e., 10 reference strains and 96 isolates originated from different Brazilian states were examined in this study (Fig. 1). Eighty-seven strains originated from clinical specimens, and 20 strains were isolated from the environment. Strains were grown aerobically on tryptone soy agar (Oxoid) supplemented with 2% (wt/vol) NaCl for 24 h at 28°C. DNA was extracted following the method described by Pitcher et al. (16a). All strains included in this study are deposited in the BCCM/LMG bacterial collection at Ghent University (Ghent, Belgium) and in the Oswaldo Cruz Institute Collection (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).
Dendrogram derived from FAFLP patterns of 106 V. cholerae strains with the ApaI/TaqI enzyme combination. The dendrogram was constructed by using the Pearson coefficient and the unweighted pair group method of arithmetic averages. V. mimicus LMG 7896T was included as an out-group. The year, place, and source of isolation of strains are listed. C and E mean clinical and environmental isolates, respectively. Cophenetic correlation values are shown on the left.
FAFLP template preparation and PCRs.Template preparation was carried out essentially as described previously (11, 22). Briefly, 1 μg of high-molecular-mass DNA was digested with TaqI and ApaI (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) followed by ligation of restriction half-site-specific adapters to all restriction fragments with T4 ligase (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). An aliquot of 2.5 μl of template was mixed with 0.8 μl of A01-6FAM primer (5′-GACTGCGTACAGGCCCA-3′; 1 μM), 0.8 μl of T01-ABI (5′-CGATGAGTCCTGACCGAA-3′; 5 μM), and 12 μl of amplification core mix (Applied Biosystems). The A01-6FAM primer is fluorescently labeled, and the selective bases (adenosine) at the 3′ end are underlined.
The amplification reactions were performed in a GeneAmp PCR System 9600 thermocycler (Applied Biosystems) as described previously (22).
Capillary electrophoresis and numerical analysis.Six microliters of the selective PCR product was mixed with 24 μl of deionized formamide, 1 μl of GeneScan-500 TAMRA size standard, and 1 μl of GeneScan-2500 TAMRA size standard and heated at 95°C for 3 min. Subsequently, the mix was chilled on ice for a few minutes. Separation of the selective PCR products was generated in an ABI 310 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems). The time and voltage of sample injection were 16 s and 15 kV, respectively. Each run was performed at 60°C for 28 min at 10 mA and 15 kV. Normalization of the patterns was performed by the GeneScan 3.1 software (Applied Biosystems). Normalized tables of peaks, containing fragments of 50 to 536 bp, were transferred into BioNumerics 2.5 software (Applied Maths, Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium) for numerical analyses. Pattern similarity was calculated by using the Pearson coefficient, and dendrograms were obtained by unweighted pair group method of arithmetic averages (21). Cophenetic correlation and a cluster cutoff algorithm based on the Point-Biserial correlation (12) were applied in order to evaluate the robustness of clusters. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA), a nonhierarchical technique, was performed on binarized FAFLP data in order to obtain the relatedness among strains in a three-dimensional space.
DNA hybridization.DNA-DNA hybridization was performed under stringent conditions by using the microplate technique with photobiotin-labeled DNA at a temperature of 40°C for 3 h as described previously (26). DNA similarity values are means of reciprocal and nonreciprocal reactions, each of which are performed in quadruplicates.
The results depicted in Fig. 1 clearly denote that V. cholerae is a diverse species. The strains examined consist of seven main groups of genomes, not correlated to particular dates or places. This grouping was supported by cophenetic correlation and a cluster cutoff algorithm. Cluster 1 (n = 70) was the largest group, including the type strain of V. cholerae, LMG 21698T, and other established reference strains such as LMG 19996 (22), LMG 21699, El Tor R-18308, and Amazon variant strains (3). Cluster 1 was composed of O1 and non-O1 and non-O139 strains isolated from patients and the environment. Overall isolates from the different serogroups formed subgroups, whereas some clinical and environmental strains (e.g., R-18301 and R-18338; R-18251 and R18258) were highly related. Some clonal groups of strains (i.e., strains having about 95% pattern similarity) were correlated by either the year or the region of isolation. For instance, strains R-18309, R-18316, R-18305, and R-18304 were all isolated in 1993 but in states at least 1,500 km away from each other. Strains R-18331, R-18332, R-18333, R-18355, R-18356, R-18359, and R-18362 were all isolated in Amazonas state in 1991 to 1992 and were related to the majority of the cases of cholera in that region (3). These strains have been referred to as a new variant of V. cholerae O1, the Amazon variant. According to many phenotypic and genotypic techniques, this variant is completely distinct from other V. cholerae O1 strains (3).
Cluster 2 (n = 8) consisted of non-O1 and non-O139 strains, with all strains but one (R-18267) from patients mostly in northeastern Brazil between 1992 and 1999. Strains R-18288 and R-18289, isolated at very distant places in 1998, were clearly a single clone. Cluster 3 (n = 10) harbored clinical and environmental non-O1 strains, including the reference strain R-14847 analyzed in a previous study (22). A conspicuous subgroup of highly related strains, i.e., R-18246, R-18248, R-18252, and R-18340, which were all isolated in northeastern Brazil was disclosed. Cluster 4 (n = 7) consisted mostly of environmental non-O1 and non-O-139 strains isolated in 1992 while cluster 5 (n = 2) was composed of two less-related strains. Cluster 6 (n = 4) harbored four reference O1 strains from clinical specimens isolated over a span of 65 years. Cluster 7 (n = 3) consisted of three environmental non-O1 and non-O139 strains. A few strains were unclustered; this was the case for the former Vibrio albensis type strain LMG 4406 and for R-18240.
V. cholerae O1 and non-O1 were distinguishable but yet closely related by FAFLP analysis (Fig. 1 and 2). Although certain overlap between O1 and non-O1 strains was observed, most O1 and non-O1 strains were clustering apart (Fig. 2). The high genome plasticity of V. cholerae O1 and non-O1 as revealed by our FAFLP analysis is in agreement with previous detailed investigations. When MLEE analysis of 15 housekeeping enzyme loci was applied to a collection of 107 clinical and environmental V. cholerae strains, 99 electrophoretic types were disclosed and no significant clustering between serogroups, biotype, and country of isolation were observed, suggesting that V. cholerae strains share a common genetic background regardless of phenotype and/or geographical distribution (6). Subsequently, the same workers applied MLST of six housekeeping enzyme loci on a subset of 31 V. cholerae serogroup O139 strains (7). Among this subset they found four groups of strains, clearly proving that V. cholerae serogroup O139 consists of multiple epidemic lineages.
Three-dimensional representation of PCA derived from the FAFLP patterns (24 ± 4 bands) of 106 V. cholerae strains. Black dots indicate O1 strains while white and grey dots indicate non-O1 strains and strains of other serogroups, respectively.
Because the Amazon O1 population was so apart from the other V. cholerae strains as revealed by PCA (Fig. 2), we decided to perform DNA-DNA hybridization experiments to check whether this population would not be in fact another species. V. cholerae strains, including the Amazon variant, were highly related, i.e., ≥94% similarity, despite their long span of isolation (Table 1). This similarity level corresponded to FAFLP pair-wise pattern similarities of about 75%, indicating the higher discriminatory power of the latter technique. Our careful experiments not only proved that the Amazon variant belongs to the species V. cholerae but also showed that Vibriomimicus LMG 7896T is highly related to V. cholerae (Table 1). The species V. mimicus was proposed by Davis et al. in 1981 (4) to encompass biochemically atypical V. cholerae strains. These authors reported high DNA-DNA similarity (i.e., 67%) among V. cholerae and V. mimicus. Nevertheless, these two species can be clearly differentiated on the basis of AFLP (22) and MLEE (23).
DNA-DNA similarity values
Another interesting aspect of this study is the diversity of non-O1 and non-O139 strains within the epidemics of cholera in Brazil. These strains, which were isolated mostly from patients with watery diarrhea, showed a remarkably high genome diversity as they appeared in different FAFLP clusters and they were also related to O1 strains. Serogroup O1 strains were supposed to be the only strains responsible for epidemic cholera, but in 1993 serogroup O139 was found to be the cause of epidemics of cholera in Bangladesh and India (8). Although currently most outbreaks throughout the world are caused by serogroup O1 or O139, in Brazil, cholera cases due to non-O1 and non-O139 strains have been observed. A typical example of such a successful lineage is the group represented by the strains R-18246, R-18248, R-18252, and R-18340, which were isolated in northeastern Brazil during 1992 to 1999 (Fig. 1, cluster 3).
While the precise role of non-O1 and non-O139 strains in the cholera outbreaks in Brazil is unknown at present, our results suggest that strains of different serogroups are highly related and may be important in the evolution of V. cholerae and cholera. Recent studies on the distribution of virulence genes in V. cholerae strains isolated in Brazil and worldwide have demonstrated that both clinical and environmental strains of V. cholerae of different serogroups may harbor virulence genes, i.e., ctxAB and tcpA genes, and are thus potentially pathogenic (1, 2, 17). Lateral gene transfer of both virulence and antibiotic resistance genes is an important and ancient process that has been taking place in the evolution of gram-negative bacterial pathogens (8, 13, 18, 19). Bearing this process in mind and taking into consideration the high abundance of vibrios (i.e., ∼108 cells · liter−1 or up to 4% of Bacteria) in aquatic environments (9), an important aspect to consider in the study of the evolution of cholera would be the role of other Vibrio species (currently more than 55) as potential reservoirs of virulence genes (16, 20). MLST of housekeeping and virulence genes is under way in order to better understand the population biology of vibrios, including V. cholerae.
F.L.T. has a Ph.D. scholarship (no. 2008361/98-6) from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil. J.S. acknowledges grants from the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO), Brussels, Belgium.
The authors are indebted to R. Coopman for skillful technical assistance during genotypic analyses and to E. Falsen from CCUG (Göteborg, Sweden) for providing reference strains.
Received 3 December 2002.
Returned for modification 8 January 2003.
Accepted 31 January 2003.
Brazil, J. M., R. M. Alves, I. N. G. Rivera, D. P. Rodrigues, D. K. R. Karaolis, and L. C. Campos. 2002. Prevalence of virulence-associated genes in clinical and environmental Vibrio cholerae strains isolated in Brazil between 1991 and 1999. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 215:15-21.
Chakraborty, S., A. K. Mukhopadhyay, R. K. Bhadra, A. N. Ghosh, R. Mitra, T. Shimada, S. Yamasaki, S. M. Faruque, Y. Takeda, R. R. Colwell, and G. B. Nair. 2000. Virulence genes in environmental strains of Vibrio cholerae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:4022-4028.
Coelho, A., J. R. C. Andrade, A. C. P. Vicente, and C. A. Salles. 1995. New variant of Vibrio cholerae O1 from clinical isolates in Amazonia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:114-118.
Davis, B. R., G. R. Fanning, J. M. Madden, A. G. Steigerwalt, H. B. Bradford, H. L. Smith, and D. J. Brenner. 1981. Characterization of biochemically atypical Vibrio cholerae strains and designation of a new pathogenic species, Vibrio mimicus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 14:631-639.
Dijkshoorn, L., K. J. Towner, and M. Struelens. 2001. New approaches for the generation and analysis of microbial typing data, 1st ed. Elsevier, New York, N.Y.
Farfán, M., D. Minana, M. C. Fuste, and J. G. Loren. 2000. Genetic relationships between clinical and environmental Vibrio cholerae isolates based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Microbiology 146:2613-2626.
Farfán, M., D. Minana-Galbis, M. C. Fuste, and J. G. Loren. 2002. Allelic diversity and population structure in Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal based on nucleotide sequence analysis. J. Bacteriol. 184:1304-1313.
Faruque, S. M., M. J. Albert, and J. J. Mekalanos. 1998. Epidemiology, genetics, and ecology of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:1301-1314.
Heidelberg, J. F., K. B. Heidelberg, and R. R. Colwell. 2002. Seasonality of Chesapeake Bay bacterioplankton species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:5488-5497.
Janssen, P., R. Coopman, G. Huys, J. Swings, M. Bleeker, P. Vos, M. Zabeau, and K. Kersters. 1996. Evaluation of the DNA fingerprinting method AFLP as a new tool in bacterial taxonomy. Microbiology 142:1881-1891.
Jiang, S. C., M. Matte, G. Matte, A. Huq, and R. R. Colwell. 2000. Genetic diversity of clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:148-153.
Jobson, J. D. 1996. Applied multivariate data analysis: categorical and multivariate methods, 1st ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
Karaolis, D. K. R., J. A. Johnson, C. C. Bailey, E. C. Boedeker, J. B. Kaper, and P. R. Reeves. 1998. A Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity island associated with epidemic and pandemic strains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3134-3139.
Lan, R. T., and P. R. Reeves. 1998. Recombination between rRNA operons created most of the ribotype variation observed in the seventh pandemic clone of Vibrio cholerae. Microbiology 144:1213-1221.
Lan, R. T., and P. R. Reeves. 2002. Pandemic spread of cholera: genetic diversity and relationships within the seventh pandemic clone of Vibrio cholerae determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:172-181.
Li, M., T. Shimada, J. G. Morris, A. Sulakvelidze, and S. Sozhamannan. 2002. Evidence for the emergence of non-O1 and non-O139 Vibrio cholerae strains with pathogenic potential by exchange of O-antigen biosynthesis regions. J. Clin. Microbiol. 70:2441-2453.
16a.↵
Pitcher, D. G., N. A. Saunders, and R. J. Owen. 1989. Rapid extraction of bacterial genomic DNA with guanidium thiocyanate. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 8:151-156.
Rivera, I. N. G., J. Chun, A. Huq, R. B. Sack, and R. R. Colwell. 2001. Genotypes associated with virulence in environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2421-2429.
Rowe-Magnus, D. A., A. M. Guerout, and D. Mazel. 2002. Bacterial resistance evolution by recruitment of super-integron gene cassettes. Mol. Microbiol. 43:1657-1669.
Rowe-Magnus, D. A., A. M. Guerout, P. Ploncard, B. Dychinco, J. Davies, and D. Mazel. 2001. The evolutionary history of chromosomal super-integrons provides an ancestry for multiresistant integrons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:652-657.
Sechi, L. A., I. Dupre, A. Deriu, G. Fadda, and S. Zanetti. 2000. Distribution of Vibrio cholerae virulence genes among different Vibrio species isolated in Sardinia, Italy. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88:475-481.
Sneath, P. H. A., and R. R. Sokal. 1973. Numerical taxonomy: the principles and practice of numerical classification. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, Calif.
Thompson, F. L., B. Hoste, K. Vandemeulebroecke, and J. Swings. 2001. Genomic diversity amongst Vibrio isolates from different sources determined by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 24:520-538.
Vieira, V. V., L. F. M. Teixeira, C. P. Vicente, H. Momen, and C. A. Salles. 2001. Differentiation of environmental and clinical isolates of Vibrio mimicus from Vibrio cholerae by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2360-2364.
Wachsmuth, I. K., O. Olsvik, G. M. Evins, and T. Popovic. 1994. Vibrio cholerae and cholera: molecular to global perspectives. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
Waldman, E. A., J. L. F. Antunes, L. Y. I. Nichiata, R. F. Takahashi, and R. C. Cacavallo. 2002. Cholera in Brazil during 1991-1998: socioeconomic characterization of affected areas. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 20:85-92.
Willems, A., F. Doignon-Bourcier, J. Goris, R. Coopman, P. Lajudie, P. De Vos, and M. Gillis. 2001. DNA-DNA hybridization study of Bradyrhizobium strains. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51:1315-1322.
Journal of Clinical Microbiology May 2003, 41 (5) 1946-1950; DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.5.1946-1950.2003
You are going to email the following Genomic Diversity of Clinical and Environmental Vibrio cholerae Strains Isolated in Brazil between 1991 and 2001 as Revealed by Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis


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Learn the basics of attaching magnetic snaps to handbags and purses. You might think of it as tricky but it's a snap!
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President Biden To Tap Robert Califf To Again Lead The FDA
Dr. Califf served as FDA commissioner for the last 11 months of President Barack Obama's second presidential term.
President Joe Biden on Friday is tapping former Food and Drug Administration commissioner Robert Califf to again lead the powerful regulatory agency, according to a person familiar with the decision.
Califf's nomination comes after months of concern that the agency near the center of the government's COVID-19 response has lacked a permanent leader. More than a half-dozen names were floated for the job before the White House settled on Califf.
A cardiologist and clinical trial specialist, Califf, 70, served as FDA commissioner for the last 11 months of President Barack Obama's second term. Before that, he spent one year as the agency's No. 2 official after more than 35 years as a prominent researcher at Duke University, where he helped design studies for many of the world's biggest drugmakers.
Since leaving the government, he has worked as a policy adviser to tech giant Google, in addition to his ongoing work at the Duke Clinical Research Institute.
If confirmed by the Senate, Califf would oversee decisions on COVID-19 vaccines along with a raft of other knotty issues, including the regulation of electronic cigarettes and effectiveness standards for prescription drugs. He would be the first FDA commissioner since the 1940s to return for a second stint leading the agency.
The FDA regulates the vaccines, drugs and tests used to combat COVID-19. That's on top of its normal duties regulating a swath of consumer goods and medicines, including prescription drugs, medical devices, tobacco products, cosmetics and most foods.
Dr. Janet Woodcock, the agency's longtime drug director, has been serving as acting commissioner since January. For months she was expected to be tapped for the permanent post, but her nomination ran into pushback from key Democratic lawmakers, including Sen. Joe Manchin of West Virginia, over the handling of opioid prescription painkillers during her 30-plus years at the agency.
The White House faced a legal deadline of mid-November to nominate a permanent commissioner or name another acting commissioner.
Additional reporting by The Associated Press.
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Remember Marsala Wine? It's Coming Back!
Sicily has been a major wine producer since it was ruled by the ancient Greeks. The island is ideal for viticulture, thanks to its combination of a balmy climate (around 300 days of fine weather each year) and fertile, volcanic soil. Unfortunately, during much of the modern era, Sicily's bountiful harvest resulted in low-caliber, bulk vino, often used to add a dose of sunshine-fueled punch to bland blends from the north of Italy.
In the 1990s, though, Sicilian vineyards saw the opportunities in focusing on quality rather than quantity, according to Bill Nesto, author of The World of Sicilian Wine, and began promoting premium Sicilian wines for the first time. He points to the arrival of winemakers such as Frank Cornelissen and Andrea Franchetti as critical for the improvement of both harvest and reputation. Annual exports from the region hit almost 99 million in 2013, up 16.8 percent since 2008.


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Joe Biden plays the long game
By Alex Seitz-Wald
In the lead-up to the 1980 presidential election, a small group of Democratic strategists quietly traveled to Joe Biden's Delaware home to urge him to run for president. He needed convincing.
"I remember thinking: I have no business making a run for president," he would later recall, daunted by the prospect of challenging his party's sitting president, Jimmy Carter. "I was 37 years old. I still had nights when I was brought up short by my life … Holy God, I'd think, is this me? Have I made a mistake here? Am I flying too close to the sun? Tempting fate? And now we were talking about making a run at the White House?"
RELATED: 'Draft Biden' is officially underway
Biden decided against a run that year, but the self-doubt vanished and he ran in 1988 and then again 2008, when he wrote a campaign memoir recalling how he overcame his early reservations. "I can [now] picture myself sitting in the Oval Office. I can picture who I'd pick up the phone and call to help me run the government. I can picture the first decisions I'd make," he wrote.
Six years later, the bitter irony for Biden, as he ponders a third presidential run he is almost certainly not going to make, is that he can picture himself in the Oval Office now more than ever, thanks to the vantage point from his office just down the hall.
Interviews with more than a dozen people close to the vice president paint a picture of a politician torn between a decades-long aspiration for the presidency, a deep commitment his family and a recognition of a political reality tilted against him.
For reasons both bigger and smaller than Hillary Clinton, Biden will not achieve the dream to which he's now come so close. But he refuses to rule himself out completely and will keep a presidential pilot light burning as long as possible. If nothing else, the fiercely loyal Biden will use these next two years to defend the legacy of the Obama administration and his role in it.
While Biden has been largely left out of Washington chatter about 2016, he has forced himself into the conversation whenever possible. He recently made a series of visits to promote the White House agenda to early voting states including Iowa, New Hampshire and South Carolina. Biden frequently appears in the same city the same week as Clinton does. And he readily tells interviewers he's taking a serious look at a run.
"Regardless of when he would chose to make a decision, someone who is the sitting vice president is not someone to be underestimated."
LUIS NAVARRO, BIDEN'S 2008 CAMPAIGN MANAGER
"It stands to reason that a man who has run for president twice on his own, the vice president who stands a heartbeat away from the presidency, and someone who has contributed to the success thereof certainly wants to be president and certainly feels that he would be a good president," said Luis Navarro, who managed Biden's 2008 campaign. "Regardless of when he would chose to make a decision, someone who is the sitting vice president is not someone to be underestimated."
But what Biden has not yet done is take the substantive steps necessary behind the scenes to prepare for presidential run.
Biden allies contacted several top Democratic strategists in Iowa last month to inquire about filing deadlines and the logistics behind setting up a campaign in the state, several operatives in the state said. But one person who received a call and asked not to be named said "it was all very hypothetical and kind of cryptic," not to mention tardy in a state where Clinton operatives have been on the ground for more than a year.
There has been no formal outreach to donors, no systematic contact with activists and elected officials on the ground, no super PAC nor political operation, no shadow campaign team waiting in the wings and no staffers laying the groundwork in key states.
Chris Koerner, who led fundraising operations for Biden's 2008 presidential campaign, said she has heard "not a peep" about re-assembling a finance council of donors. "They had talked about a reunion in the summer but nothing since then," she said. Others involved in Biden's previous fundraising efforts concurred.
U.S. Vice President Joe Biden greets people as he makes a campaign appearance with former Florida Governor and Democratic gubernatorial candidate Charlie Crist on Oct. 13, 2014 in Coconut Creek, Fla.
Photo by Joe Raedle/Getty
And while Biden campaigned for Democrats in marquee races last year, and used the opportunity to a hold handful of fundraisers for other Democrats in key states, it did not appear to be a systematic effort to curry favor with local power brokers.
For instance, Biden boosted Iowa congressional candidate Jim Mowrer, who is now the vice chairman of the state Democratic Party. But Mowrer said Biden's help had more to with the fact that he worked for Biden and served with the vice president's son in Iraq. "I don't necessarily believe it had anything to do with me being in Iowa," Mowrer said.
RELATED: Joe Biden discusses initiative to resolve rape kit backlog
The slow start doesn't necessarily mean Biden is not running, allies say. A campaign will either come together all at once or not at all. "Big nations can't bluff," Biden is fond of saying about international relations. In Democratic politics, Biden is a big nation.
But for now, Biden is not running and is waiting to see how the Democratic field shakes out until the summer, when he has said he will make a decision.
"Any smart politician keeps his options open," said Washington-based Democratic strategist Jim Manley, who is fond of Biden. "Despite his occasional so-called gaffes, I think he's been a great vice president and if he wants to run, I think he deserves due consideration."
Maybe Clinton will stumble out of the gate. Maybe Democrats will want a real competition and be unsatisfied with their choices. Or maybe a force majeure will suddenly boost Biden's stock. Politics can be unpredictable and Biden wants to be ready, just in case.
"He's got 100% name recognition. He doesn't need to explain who he is," said Dick Harpootlian, a South Carolina lawyer and Democratic power broker who supports the vice president. "He could announce in the fall and still be competitive in the early states."
In speeches, Biden often ruminates on his age – he turned 72 last November – and friends say it will be difficult for someone who has spent almost all of his adult life in politics to quit now. "He genuinely loves campaigning," said John Marttila, a longtime former adviser to the vice president who said it's what Biden knows how to do best.
A warning shot
Even if Biden continues to stay on the sidelines of the presidential contest, advisers say he feels he has an important role to play in 2016 in shoring up the Obama administration's legacy. By traveling to early states to tout the White House's record on the economy, health care and the environment, Biden is planting a rhetorical marker for any candidates who might try to stray too far from Obama.
"I know that we've been a political heavy load to carry," Biden told House Democrats at their retreat in Philadelphia in late January, before calling on those lawmakers to "double down" on Obama's success. "Let's not make any apologies for what we did. Explain why what we did worked … Stick with it. Own it."
Vice President Joe Biden applauds as President Barack Obama delivers the State of the Union address before a joint session of Congress on Jan. 20, 2015 at the US Capitol in Washington, DC.
Photo by Mandel Ngan/picture-alliance/dpa/AP
It's a message Biden has often repeated lately, and especially in early voting states where he said: "Some say that would amount to a third term of the president. I call it sticking with what works."
RELATED: Biden: Democrats need to 'double down' on Obama's successes
"I know he thinks it's important for him to have the narrative of the Obama-Biden administration out in these early caucus and primary states because I know they want to continue that work," said Teri Goodman, a Democratic activist in northeast Iowa who is a personal friend of Biden's.
Clinton, Obama's former secretary of state, has hewed close to the White House thus far. But she will inevitably distance herself from some Obama policies and possibly the man himself, as she seeks avoid notions that she represents a third term for the president.
For Biden, the "Obama third term" message is not an obvious path to victory. When CNN recentlyasked Americans to dream up their ideal candidate, just 41% said they want someone who "would continue most of the policies of the Obama administration."
It may be the message of a politician near the end of his career looking to preserve his legacy.
Team Biden
Politics has always been "a family personal decision" for Biden, as he said last month when asked about a run.
While every politician gives some version of that answer, it could not be more true for Biden, those who know him say. More than Hillary Clinton, the polls or even the voters, his family brain trust will determine Biden's future plans.
Biden's sister Valerie managed his Senate campaigns and remains one of his closest advisers, along with his children and especially his eldest son, Beau, the attorney general of Delaware and the party's presumptive nominee for governor in 2016.
Among people without the last name Biden, three of his closest advisers are Ted Kaufman, who took over Biden's Senate seat when he became vice president; Ron Klain, his former chief of staff and President Obama's onetime "Ebola czar"; and Mike Donilon, who has advised the vice president in some capacity since 1981.
Vice President Joe Biden prepares to speak at a press conference in Pikesville, Md. on March 16, 2015.
Photo by Patrick Semansky/AP
Some Democrats privately wonder if Biden may have some immediate personal concerns. In August 2013, Beau Biden was hospitalized at a cancer center in Texas, where doctors removed a lesion from his brain.
The family says Biden is "doing great," but the vice president has kept a low profile in his home state since, raising continued questions about his health. Biden's other son, Hunter, was discharged from the Navy Reserves after testing positive for cocaine in October.
'She appears to be unstoppable'
Biden is hardly blind to the difficulty of running against Clinton. He spent 120 days campaigning in Iowa in 2008, but ended up winning less than 1% support in the Democratic caucuses that year.
The vice president is well liked by Iowa Democrats, with 78% of likely caucus goers holding a favorable view of him, according to January's Des Moines Register Iowa poll. And it's the state where Clinton also struggled most last time. But the same poll showed only 9% chose Biden as their top pick, compared to 56% for Clinton.
"She appears to be unstoppable," said Goodman, the Biden ally from Dubuque, Iowa. "The Iowa poll is pretty accurate, and if you look at the Iowa poll, the contest is over."
One of the vice president's biggest challenges would be fundraising. He hails from a small, reliably Democratic state where he didn't need to raise much money to win six elections in a row. He faced only token opposition in his last Senate race, and raised and spent about $4 million in the race before that in 2002, which was less than the average winning Senate candidate that year.
And it's well below the $50 million or more he would need to raise to mount a credible presidential primary campaign, let alone the $1 billion needed in a general election. Clinton raised more than $100 million in 2007 alone.
Still, as Biden's friends note, he ran against Clinton even when she was considered "inevitable" eight years ago.
"He's a very bright guy, very good values … But he just – he can't keep his mouth shut or his hands to himself."
FORMER REP. BARNEY FRANK
Another challenge for Biden is his image as a loose cannon, prone to foot-in-mouth disease. "Joe is his own worst enemy," former Democratic Rep. Barney Frank told interviewer Larry King on Ora.tv this week. "He's a very bright guy, very good values … But he just – he can't keep his mouth shut or his hands to himself."
While Biden's allies do worry he can sometimes seem unserious or non-presidential, most also see Biden's easygoing nature as something of an asset. "He's an elected official who's down to earth, sort of like us, here in Iowa," said Dale Todd, a former Cedar Rapids city councilman who organized one of the Obama's first events in Iowa in 2008, and recently visited the Naval Observatory.
Clinton's "ultimate challenge," Todd said, is "how well she connects with regular voters" – and Biden can best her there.
Draft group
A new group hoping to convince Biden to join the race entered the fray this week.
Will Pierce, who runs the Draft Biden campaign, said it came together when a group of former Obama campaign veterans and volunteers wanted to find an alternative to Clinton. "They love HIllary Clinton, but Hillary Clinton is not for them," Pierce said. "Biden was at the top of the group's list."
The group's goal to build a readymade grassroots infrastructure for Biden, in case he gets in. Its part-time staff so far include two communications operatives, one field coordinator, one operations manager, one fundraiser and three state directors, but it's expanding rapidly.
Pierce acknowledged "it's a little bit of a late start," but said Biden supporters have been flocking to the group.
"People who were Biden supporters were kind of hiding in a closet," he said.
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Pace Cancels Spring Holiday
On: 29 March, 2018
In: April Fools!
Junior Sophia Lochan was angry when she heard the news about having to come to school on what was previously a holiday. Photo: Blair Myers
With the abundance of missed school days in the 2017-2018 school year, Head of School Fred Assaf has decided to have school on Good Friday/Passover on March 30 and Easter Monday on April 2, days previously scheduled as holidays. Of course, if students have made prior plans for the holiday, they can get a planned absence form signed to be excused, but they run the risk of being put into study hall. "Due to the snow days and days we missed for hurricane Irma, we have taken off too many days this school year," said Mr. Assaf.
While Mr. Assaf recognizes that these are family holidays, he strongly believes that learning comes first. If the school does not take back these two days, students in AP classes will be behind and they won't learn everything they need to cover for their AP exams in May. In addition, the teachers have designed their courses to have a certain number of classes during the year. "I really love to have as much time with my students as I possibly can," said history teacher Christine Carter. "We also really need this time to prepare for the AP. I was so excited to hear that we are now having school on those days."
Still, Mr. Assaf does not want students to miss out on Easter and Passover traditions. Although Pace is not religiously affiliated, the cafeteria will be Easter themed on Easter Monday and will be serving Matzo so that all students feel that they still have a chance to celebrate their holiday. Students can expect bunny cupcakes made by the cafeteria staff, as well an Easter egg hunt on the Upper Field.
The Easter egg hunt will be during break, and anyone is welcome to participate. "There will be one golden egg, and it will contain a year of unlimited snack bar money," said Upper School Head Michael Gannon. Other eggs will contain several types of candy and passes for sleep-in days.
While Easter Monday will be a regular schedule, Good Friday/Passover will be an X-day. "We really feel that March 30 should be an X-day because students need a chance to meet with all their teachers," said Mr. Gannon.
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Q: Web Audio API scheduling to build a sequencer. I don't get it I am trying to learn how to write a basic program that lets me see the correct way to schedule sound events using the web audio API to seed my understanding of the pattern needed to build a simple sound sequencer. I have tried to understand Chris Wilson's tales of two clocks article and it just completely goes over my head. So basically I'm hoping people who do understand it could attempt to explain it in different ways with the hopes that one of them will 'stick', similar to how StackOverflow has a thread that encourages different explanations of closures. Let me show what I do understand thus far.
I understand how to make a simple sequencer with setInterval
I understand that you can schedule sounds to be played using code such as:
playSound.start(audioContext.currentTime+numb);

What I don't understand conceptually is how to hook visual ques to audio play events in a manner that uses the web audio api timing instead of setInterval/setTimeout.
I'm in the process of noodling around with this to learn exactly how it works:
http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/audio/scheduling/goodmetronome.html
But in the meantime I thought I would post this thread to help learn more in parallel from those on SO.

A: I'm not sure what you mean by "hook visual queues to audio play events", so elaborate if this doesn't address your concern.
You still need to use setInterval (or setTimeout) for scheduling in a well-implemented sequencer.  The problem is the accuracy of setInterval/setTimeout, particularly in the main thread, can be quite low (i.e. when you say "setTimeout(600)", you might be called back in 600ms; you might be called back in 640ms).  This happens due to other things going on in the main thread (like layout, rendering, and Javascript garbage collection), as well as the event handling system itself in Javascript.
To get around this problem, you need a second layer of scheduling - in other words, instead of your setInterval callback calling "start(0)" (which basically means "start playing as soon as you get this call"), you say "start( sequenceStartTime + offset )" early enough so it starts at the right time, but late enough so you can decide NOT to call it (i.e. you don't need to cue up the entire song in audio events).  Audio events are dispatched with VERY high precision - if you say "start this buffer playing at time t", it will start at time t - not possibly thirty milliseconds later.
If you're asking "how do I make it so when the user hits the pad, it remembers that to play it back at the right time in the sequence" - well, you remember when you start the sequence in audio and system time:
sequenceStartTime = Date.now();
sequenceAudioStartTime = audioContext.currentTime;

and use what # of loop you're on times the length of the sequence to calculate the start time.  (This is basically what that metronome does.)  Happy to walk through in real-time in chat.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange