Graphic designers in the pre-information age only had limited options in converting their abilities and products into financial fruition. They had to have good talent in drawing and get postgraduate degrees to get a decent job that deals with sharp tools and chemicals. Suddenly, everything changed as the computer era arrived.
Now designers can earn a living without having any inborn talents or even undergraduate degrees. As long as you have a computer with internet connection and the will to learn specialized skills, you're good to go!
Today's digital age is truly a great time for graphic designers. It holds a lot of opportunities that can be converted to well-earned money. But it won't be that easy with a lot of competition out there. In order to pull through, you need to be proactive in finding ways to stay profitable.
Here we will share some avenues where graphic designers can earn money online. We will also discuss some tips and advices on how to succeed in each of them.
Selling web themes is one of the most popular ways in making money online; almost all of the pro designers have at least one theme for sale.
In fact, there have been a lot of designers who had good chunk of money just by selling themes.
Aside from its profit potential, this is also a perfect avenue for those who are not having a good time in finding and retaining clients (which are sometimes the designer's worst nightmare). Furthermore, there are a lot of marketplaces where you can sell your themes.
There are a lot of marketplaces online that let you sell your themes or templates. Here are some of the most reputable stores you can sign up for.
ThemeForest is one of network sites powered by Envato, which was founded in 2006. ThemeForest is currently the most popular marketplace to buy and sell HTML web templates and WordPress themes. It also caters other popular CMS products such as Joomla and Drupal themes.
It currently has a community of 8million members and continually growing, which means a huge pool of potential buyers.
Of course, there are also some cons. For one thing, competition is undeniable and for another the author fees are a bit high. With its fixed 20% buyer fee plus a variable seller fee, you can expect to earn 50%-70% of the sales as an exclusive author or a fixed 36% as a non-exclusive author. Also, getting your theme approved can be tricky as well.
As they strive to offer high quality themes, they can be strict in deciding whether to accept your work or not. If not accepted, you may either get a soft rejection (almost great but needs some small changes) or a hard rejection, which means it did not meet their minimum requirements at all.
Considering the negative and the positive, ThemeForest is still a great platform to sell your themes and templates for profit. Though the cons can be daunting, they are worth the trouble due to one thing – large number of buyers. This one reason is good enough for you to get good profit.
Creative Market is a relatively new marketplace that started on 2011. As of writing, it already has 3.1million members and growing.
Aside from templates and themes, this platform also offers other products such as stock photos and various graphic assets.
The good thing about Creative Market, aside from its good traffic, is that sellers can set their own price for their products and get 70% when purchased; you can add your themes and templates for free; and there are no exclusivity limitations.
However, the review process for applying to be a seller in Creative Market can be strict. They will first examine your works' quality and then decide if you can join their market and community.
On the bright side, once you get their approval you're already free to upload all of your products without worrying for review processes anymore. Another drawback is their payout plan where you get your requested payout every 15th of the month. If you're in need of the money before that date, it can be a problem.
Overall, the pros for Creative Market overcome its cons. In addition, the community and support staff in this platform is very friendly and helpful.
Tip #1 – Do Some Research. Before you start creating your premium theme, do due diligence on significant factors such as what categories and niches are in demand, who your ideal customers would be and what are their needs, what are the current trends in web design, etc. Doing this will guide you to a right path and also give you a jumpstart in selling your first theme/templates.
Tip #2 – Be Involved with the community. You'll be surprised on how much you can learn by interacting with other members in your platform's community. Just by reading their forum and joining group chats, you can get some ideas on what trends are currently or going to be hot, the ins and outs of the marketplace, and discover helpful tips to sell your products more effectively.
Blogging as a graphic designer may be one of the best things you can do in the long run. Though it's more of a 'delayed gratification' approach since it takes a long time before you see some results, it has a lot of upsides that can make you a lot better as an individual and, in turn, can be converted into good personal and financial gains.
There are a lot of advantages in graphic designer blogs. Here are few more.
Building your own design blog is probably one of the best ways to get yourself more popular and make you seem more pro.
It allows you to share your work and expertise to others, which can be a foundation to build your brand and credibility.
As long as you create good contents and avoid bad practices , sooner or later, you'll more likely get the attention of potential clients and employers from design firms who'd want to work with you.
Once you get a decent amount of traffic to your blog, you can monetize this through selling your own products and utilizing website ads.
Having a lot of traffic means you can market your services and products to more potential clients and buyers.
Being a freelance graphic designer today may not require any bachelor degrees, but you'll sure need a design portfolio if you want to get ahead. Having a blog with a good amount of audience can help boost your portfolio exposure in Google and other search engine sites.
The disadvantage of blogging as a financial resource is it would take a lot of your time and energy to make your blog an authority and gather as much visitors as you can. Remember, monetizing your blog will only work if you've gained and maintained reputation and a lot of followers along the way.
When you have decided to make your own blog, the next agenda to tackle is what blog platform to use. This is important because it can definitely affect both you and your readers' blogging experience. There are quite a lot of choices out there, each having pros and cons. We will discuss some of the most popular platforms to help you have a better perspective on which to choose.
WordPress.org is an open source (its source code is open to everyone) software platform that enables anyone to build his or her own blog. This is the most popular blogging platform by far. Back in 2014, it already had 123million theme downloads, and it's growing fast.
It's no wonder once you get to know some of its benefits and great features.
• It's a software that can be downloaded and used for free; user-friendly especially for beginners who are just starting to make a blog.
• You get full control of how your blog/website will look like. You can add extra features such as forums, memberships, etc.
• You can use plugins (45,000+ free plugins available) and custom themes to make your blog unique from others.
• You can monetize by adding your own ads to your blog.
• Its themes are mobile-friendly.
• Since web hosting is not included, you'll need to find an adequate web hosting. This may cost $3 to $9 per month (price may increase as your blog grows), but you can cover the cost by the profit you can generate from the blog.
• You need to update your WordPress version and backup your content manually. But then again, you only need to click the update button so who cares. In the backup problem, there are plugins, free and premium, that can do this for you.
• It is free to sign up for an account and also easy to use.
• They include free web hosting for up to 3GB space. This means you won't need to pay for any web hosting services as long as you don't use up more than 3GB of space.
• They will do regular backup of your content for you.
• They will put their own ads on every blogs/sites that are in free plan. If you want them removed, you can upgrade your plan to at least 'Personal', which costs $3 per month.
• WordPress.com only allows you limited control on your blog. One noteworthy restriction is that you are not allowed to sell ads. This significantly limits your potential in monetizing your blog. This feature will only be available once you upgrade to their 'Premium' or 'Business' plans.
• You can only use themes that are available in their storehouse, which means you have to use themes that are also being used by other blogs/websites. In other words, your blog won't be aesthetically unique. Again, this feature is only available for 'Premium' and 'Business' plans.
• You're not allowed to use plugins. This can affect the flexibility of your blog and hinder some helpful features as well.
Wix is a growing hosted website platform that allows their users to build their own website/blogs through drag & drop tools. It follows a freemium model that offers both free and premium options to its members.
• Free sign up that includes most helpful features. Setting up your blog is very user-friendly.
• Web hosting is included. You won't have to pay extra bucks to put your blog online.
• You can build your website/blog yourself with their innovative drag & drop tools. No need to learn codding.
• Great customer support. Since all of the foundation in building their website come from them, they can help you better when a problem occurs.
• Blogs and websites that are under their free plan will display Wix's ads. Even their next cheapest plan at $4.50 per month will still display them. You'll need to purchase at least their 'Combo' plan at $8.50/month to remove them from your site.
• You cannot change your initial template. Once you have picked a template, that's the one you'll be using permanently. This means the template only – you can still change its design.
• Each of these platforms has its pros and cons that make it difficult to decide which one to use. To narrow things down, make a list of what you want and don't want for your blog and compare them to this list to get a good idea.
Tip #1 – Continuously create fresh content. Search engines want to offer their audience relevant and up-to-date contents. With that in mind, make it a habit to bring fresh and relevant contents that aims to please your visitors and, in turn, Google.
Over time, you'll become the 'go-to' resource for design contents.
Tip #2 – Connect with your readers. Blogging usually involves comments and other social media platforms that let's you interact with your visitors – use it! Make it a habit to respond to your visitors' comments and remarks. A simple response like 'Thank You' and 'How are you?' can go a long way than you think.
Tip #3 – Optimize your blog. Optimizing your blog for search engines is also of utmost importance. It is essential to have a good visibility on search engines in order to increase your organic traffic. There are a lot of articles that tackles about SEO. Take time to read them and learn how you can improve your blog to get more prominence on search engines like Google.
Moreover, you wouldn't want to have a slow loading time for your blog pages. Aside from your readers hating it, it would also affect your SEO ranking, which would cause a loss of your traffic. Do some steps in improving your speed such as choosing a reliable host, maintaining neat coding and scripts, removing unnecessary plugins, etc.
Affiliate Marketing is considered to be a rapidly growing online marketing technique that offers lucrative earnings especially to those who have blogs or other popular social media accounts. As discussed earlier, owning a blog that could generate good contents and attract substantial visitors can get you good financial results. You can leverage this by using Affiliate Marketing.
In a nutshell, Affiliate Marketing is a type of online marketing that offers commissions to those who successfully promote or sell others' products.
The Merchant (aka 'retailer', 'vendor', or 'brand'). This refers to the creator of the product. It may range from a big company to a single individual.
The Affiliate Marketer (aka 'publisher'). This is the one that promotes the Merchants' products. This is who you're going to be. The products that you'll promote will depend on what you like or what is relevant to your niche.
The Customer. Obviously, these are the ones whom you promote the products to. For your blog, this would be your readers/visitors.
The Network. This is a website platform that connects the Merchants and the Affiliate Marketers. While some marketers don't use networks, I feel this is an essential avenue to start since it provides products and services that you can choose from in a wide variety.
As you sign-up as an affiliate, you'll get your own unique Affiliate Link, which will serve as your 'tracking ID'. You can use this link to your blog posts, emails, and other social media platforms.
Every time someone goes through that link, they will be referred to the retailer's website, and because of that link they will recognize that the visitor came from you.
If that visitor proceeds to buy their product, then you'll get a commission of the sale.
PPC 'Pay per Click'. PPC is the most popular type of Affiliate Marketing. In simple words, you'll get paid every time a visitor clicks through a merchant's banner or their ads. It sounds easy, that's why the commissions for this type are small – not exceeding a dollar per click, generally.
CPA 'Cost Per Action'. In this type, you'll get paid when a visitor has completed a certain action such as signing up for an account, filling a form, purchasing an item, etc. Affiliates Marketers are usually paid in commission basis (percentage of total sales) while others receive a fixed price. It all depends on what is preferred by the retailer.
Tip #1 – Choose the product that you believe in. This seems obvious to hear, but, not actually that obvious in practice. The idea to this is simple – if you truly believe on a product, you'll not have a hard time sharing and promoting it to everyone else; you may even enjoy giving a review to it just for the sake that it's true. Likewise, it will also help you maintain your trustworthiness to your readers.
Tip #2 – Prepare your traffic on what to expect. One of the downsides of using ads and links in Affiliate Marketing is feeling confused or misled after clicking the link. You wouldn't want that for your audience.
To prevent this, prepare your readers on what they will see next; show them visual components of the merchant's website if you're using a linked image, inform them of all the fees ahead of time – go the extra mile in making your readers feel they know where they're going.
Design contests have been a topic in ethical debates, but whether it's ethically sound or not, it's still undeniable that it serves as a viable avenue for profit to graphic designers – especially for those who are just beginning their career online.
The prizes for these contest range from $50 to as high as $7,000, depending on what task is required. The tasks will vary from amateur-friendly designing of banner ads to more challenging ones such as branding and rebranding of social media pages and websites.
The good news is there is always something available for any level of expertise. The bad news is the competition will be fierce as you'll be contending with other designers. To come out on top, you'll need to bring your A-game to impress the judges and prove to them that your design is the best.
A word of advice, if you decide to join design contests, you'll need to have a tough stomach to endure rejections and loss. Remember that if you don't get picked as the winner, the design you've worked for will go unpaid.
99Designs started in 2008 and now boasts 360,000+ customers and more than a million designers from around the world. It is currently the most popular website for design contests with a total of 220,000+ finished and 800+ open contests, as of date of writing.
First things first, you need to sign-up for an account. You can do so by clicking the 'Log in' button at top right of the page, then click on the 'Sign up' link below the orange button to redirect you to the Sign up page. Here you can type in your email address and your preferred password. Be sure to pick the "I'm a designer" option.
To join their contests, they will initially verify your identity either by taking a picture of you and one of these documents – passport, ID, & driver's license, or uploading them online.
After which, you're good to go! If you're fortunate to be picked as a winner, you'll get 100% of the prize money.
Crowdspring is a similar platform to 99Deisgns. Since its creation in 2007, the platform has accumulated contests and designers with a total of 50,000+ and 200,000, respectively.
Their business model can be closely compared to the former platform wherein a client will start a 'project' (that's what they call their contest), designers will submit their design entries, then the client will pick the best to be the winner.
You can join various categories such as logo design, business cards, clothing, package graphics, book covers, and web & mobile designs.
Tip #1 – Pick the most favorable contest available. Before anything else, join a contest where you have more odds on your side. Make sure that the contest you join is 'Guaranteed' or 'Assured' – this means that the client will award a winner no matter what.
Moreover, Join contests with the least amount of design entries. You'll have a better chance of getting a profit by joining contests with only few competitors rather than going for those higher rewards but with high number of participants as well.
Tip #2 – Read the design brief, and then read it again. If the contest were a crossword puzzle, then the brief would be your clues. To solve the clients' problem, you need to know what they need; and you will find it in the brief that they've made. So read them carefully before you start, read them again when you're stuck, and read them again before you submit.
Now, there are times that briefs provided are incomplete in information. You can fill these gaps by doing your own research about their company. Search them on Google. Gather the data that will give you an additional insight on what the client need and apply them to your design.
Tip #3 – Communicate with the contest holder. After submitting your entry, try to open up a communication with the contest holder. This will allow you to explain your design as well as gather more info on what they want to see on the design that were not included in the brief.
Selling stock graphics is one of the most common ways graphic designers earn money online. If you have some unused graphic assets including fonts, textures, illustrations, logo designs, vector arts, icons, etc., you can always sell some of them. Keep in mind that if it's downloadable, then it's sellable.
Aside from the potential of earning money, your credibility and skills can also improve. If you have shops in various marketplaces and your assets get decent sales, you can gain more visibility and eventually get the approval from your design community.
GraphicRiver is another network site of Envato Market that was launched in 2009. It is a dedicated market for graphic assets and now holds 560,000+ items for sale.
Similar to ThemeForest, your submitted file or design will first go through a review process where a reviewer of Envato will examine your work for approval. Once accepted, you can decide on the price of your item (aka author-drive pricing) while Envato will add their own buyer fee. You can check their fixed buyer fees for GraphicRiver below.
Additionally, when you have sold an item, you get the item price, minus author fee (55% for non-exclusive author and 12.5%-37.5% for exclusive author.
Inkd is another possible marketplace you can sell your business card designs, brochures, menus, and other print designs. The platform was launched in 2009 with only 800 templates. Now they have products near to 2,000.
The process in submitting your work is similar to GraphicRiver wherein your submission will be reviewed by their staff for quality check. The only difference is that in Inkd, you'll need to base your design with their own templates, which you can download from their site. This may sound a restriction for you, but on the contrary, it can be an advantage since it help you speed up your design process with its ready-made boarders and dimensions.
It covers a lot of items such as brochure & flyer templates, letterhead templates, business card templates, etc., so you have a good variation to choose from.
Once your designs are accepted for listing and you're able to sell them, you'll get 20% royalty of the total sales (tax not included). Currently, they don't have any restrictions for exclusivity yet. But by the time it's implemented, the designer's share of the revenue will increase.
Here is a more obvious option, use your own blog or website to sell your products! This way, you won't have to worry in competing with other designers. Plus, you don't have to pay for any fees either – you'll get 100 percent of the profit. However, as I've said earlier, this will only work well if you have a good amount of audience/followers to your site. So you'd need to build on that traffic first before you can pull this gig off.
Tip #1 – Know the demands. There are virtually limitless kinds of products that you can create, but only a few of them will sell. Recognize the ones that are currently in demand and focus your time and skills in making them to make your odds in selling much better.
You can visit the design marketplaces mentioned earlier and checkout which items are sold like hotcakes. Also check other design community platforms like Behance and Dribbble to see designs that are in trend. This will broaden your design awareness and keep you up to date with the trends.
Tip #2 – Bundle them up. Make your products more attractive to customers by grouping them up in a bundle and selling them with a discount. This is an effective marketing strategy that can dramatically increase your sales.
In deciding on what to put in a bundle, think of what the buyer will most likely need. You can bundle up similar assets such as textures and patterns, or you can do a mix up of fonts, mockups, and background images, which are commonly necessary for print bundles. Maybe you can also make a theme for a bundle such as a 'vintage bundles' that includes vintage fonts, vintage vectors, vintage logos, etc.
This is a bit obvious avenue nowadays. If you have great skills and a decent amount of experience, you can try your hand at freelance jobs. This is another way to get your presence and personal brand out there.
With its skyrocketing popularity, it is now usually classified into these five types.
1. The Independent Contractor. These freelancers do contract work on a per-project basis; e.g. a graphic designer who was contracted to create a package design for a product.
2. The Moonlighter. They are the ones who have regular, usually daytime, jobs while also doing other work on their spare time to supplement their income; e.g. a full-time graphic designer at a firm by day and a freelance logo designer by night.
3. Diversified Workers. They do a combination of traditional job and freelance work; e.g. part-time graphic designer at a firm and part-time freelance writer.
4. Temporary Workers. They are individuals who work with a client or contractor for a limited time only; e.g. being a design consultant for a 3-month project.
5. Freelance Business Owner. This is an individual who consider himself/herself a freelancer but has a few (1-5) employees; e.g. a freelance proofreader hiring other proofreaders to meet demands.
If you're a night owl like me, getting up early in the morning for that 9 to 5 job is always a struggle. Freelancing is a different story. You can get up and start working whenever you are at your best hours, remember that time management is key.
Since you're in charge in what task to accept or not, you're in control of your own workload. You won't need to split yourself into two just to finish a lot of work at once. You can focus on what you're currently doing and later on add new ones, at your own pace.
You can work wherever you want. Most people would wish to work in their homes instead of an office cubicle; most freelancers do just that. As long as laptops are allowed and internet connection is available, freelancers can work anywhere – coffee shops, libraries, local parks, etc.
Theoretically speaking, you can earn a lot more in freelancing than a typical 9 to 5 desk job, which has a capped salary. This will all depend on your productivity and performance. Furthermore, you can rightfully charge what your work is worth.
Since freelancers are considered self-employed workers, they can avail tax deductions on business-related expenses such as computer and other equipment for your home office, business travels, internet access, etc. Adding these all up will help you save a considerable amount of money when tax day comes.
Having a consistent income is one of the hardest obstacles in freelancing, especially for beginners. Unlike regular employees who can expect on getting a steady paycheck, freelancers may have to wait a longer time to get their income. This can be a problem if due dates for the bills are near.
Freelancers don't have the comfort of having their insurances covered by a company. It's all on you in finding your own coverage and paying for them.
Furthermore, once you get sick or travel for a vacation, you basically stop generating income. There will be no 'leave with pay' benefits to fall back on.
Being a freelancer also means you are responsible for a lot of things such as keeping track of billings and other expenses, licensing, handling broken computers, promoting and marketing yourself, and finding new clients, to say a few. These activities, sadly, are non-billable ones for a freelancer.
If you've read these pros and cons and feel that this will work for you, then here are some of the most popular freelance websites that can help you start your freelancing career and land some new clients.
Freelancer is a freelancing marketplace that was created in 2009. It is considered as one of the largest in terms of quantity of members and projects. In this website, employers can either use a contest method where designers will submit their design ideas and the employer can choose a winner, or hire a freelancer through a bidding method where freelancers place their bid amount for a specific project. You are free to join any of these methods.
You can publicly see the posted projects but you'll need to have an account in order to submit your bid. It's fairly easy to sign up – you can either do it with your Facebook account or your email account. Be sure to fill out your profile page to make you look more legit to employers and get a better chance of getting picked.
One of the big advantages of Freelancer.com is it has a large number of projects listings that you can bid on. Just keep in mind that unlike other similar websites, Freelancer.com's bid ranking will depend on your feedback on a specific category instead of chronological order. For example, if you have a lot of 5-star feedbacks on your web design projects but none on your graphic design works, chances are you'll rank top on the bidding list for web design tasks and place bottom for graphic design biddings.
Also, they have a 'Milestone Payment' where large projects can be broken up into smaller 'milestones', which are agreed upon by both parties. As each milestone is met, the client will pay the freelancer its corresponding fee.
Freelancer.com offers significant advantages for those who are into freelancing – beginners and pros. On the other side, there are also some disadvantages that can make it a no-go to others.
Bidding on projects is free. If you get awarded on a fixed price project, they will charge a 10% or $5 USD introduction free, whichever is greater. If you get awarded on an hourly project, they will charge 10% whenever the employer does a payment to you.
Submitting your entry to a contest is free. If you win the contest prize, they will take 10% of the total prize or $5 USD, whichever is greater.
If you get hired for a service, they will take 20% fee of the total service price charged.
Formerly known as Elance-oDesk, Upwork is also a freelancing platform that holds millions of freelancers. In 2016, it reported a total of $1billion of freelancer billings. All of their projects are covered by their 'Upwork Payment Protection', which aims to guarantee that the freelancers are rightfully paid for their successfully completed tasks. They have an escrow service where funds from clients are placed there and used once a milestone on the project is met.
They are particular in giving a satisfactory freelancer quality. They have a 'MyStats' page where freelancers can see some insights on their performance ratings and find ways to improve them. If a freelancer fails to produce quality service and gets several flags from various clients, he or she may be removed from the platform.
For their fees, they use a 'sliding fee' model where fees are determined on the freelancer's lifetime billing with a specific client. They charge 20% for the freelancer's first $500 billing with the client; 10% for billings within $500.01 to $10,000; and 5% for lifetime billings that exceed $10,000. In simple terms, you get more earnings as you continue to work with your regular clients.
Tip #1 – Before you pitch to clients, know them first. Before you bombard a client with your stellar feedbacks and proficiency, try to learn what they need first and how you can fulfill them. Gather information about their business, how it works, and base that knowledge on finding out how your skills can help improve their business. People are impressed to those who do their homework.
This will also make your communication clearer and more fluid. In a nutshell, Pitch by showing them you understand their problem and know how you can solve them instead of just showing off your skills.
Tip #2 – Branding, Branding, Branding. Always remember that when you start freelancing, you will ultimately be the product. This means you have to be very careful on how you brand yourself. You have to be clear on what you do and don't do.
This way, clients will have a good idea on what to expect in working with you. Also, you'll be able to focus on what you do best and keep on improving in it until you become one of the best. That's how you can rightfully justify having higher rates and eventually have clients coming to you instead of you going to them.
You can also earn as a graphic designer by designing print-on-demand (POD) products such as T-shirts, book covers, posters, and other related products. This avenue has been gaining more popularity lately and is becoming a worthy prospect where you can practice your skills and earn some bucks.
Zazzle is an online marketplace that offers a wide variety of products. Among them are printable products such as shirts, invitations & cards, pillows, mugs, stickers, hats, smartphone cases, wall art, and a lot more.
In simple terms, their business model starts with you uploading your artworks onto their product templates for free. When a customer buys them, they will handle the transactions, printing & shipping of the product, the whole customer service. After which, they will send you a royalty for the sale (you decide how much royalty percentage you want).
Note: Your royalty will be added up to the base price of the product. Ergo, the higher your royalty rate, the more expensive will be the product.
Aside from earning money from sales, you can also get a commission by referring other sellers' designs. Once somebody buys their designs, you can earn a profit even though it was not your design or product.
It is fairly easy to navigate through the site. You can sign up for an account and setup your shop for free in just minutes.
This shop is basically a webpage hosted by Zazzle. It's where you can display your products and designs for customers to browse. The items you place on your shop are also visible and searchable in the marketplace of Zazzle.
Redbubble is also a viable marketplace for POD products. It was created in 2006 and now has a reported 10million sit visits per month. Similar to Zazzle, they also have a wide variety of products on sale. This gives you a lot of choices on what products to create and sell.
This online marketplace also lets you sign up and setup a shop for free. After setting everything up, you can now upload your designs and add them to specific products.
Royalty-wise, you will also decide on how much royalty rate you want for every item.
Tip #1 – Once again, Branding. No matter what happens, only sell high quality designs. It may be tempting to create a lot of mediocre items and make some sales out of it, but it will be detrimental in the long run. Sooner or later, customers will avoid your shop (and you) and will go to other designers that produce more high quality designs.
Tip #2 – Have a Good Visibility. You can't buy what you can't see. That's why search engine visibility is important. Some think that simply uploading their design online is enough for it to be seen by millions of people, that's not the case. You need to make it search engine-friendly so it would appear more on searches.
One way to do this is to optimize your items' keywords. Put a clear and specific title such as "Sunflower T-shirt Designs" (just randomly made it up). This way, it is easier for search engines to detect the item. It goes the same for the description. Make a specific and detailed description of the item to back up its title.
It can also be helpful if you put tags to your items. This can guide search engines in determining what you're actually selling.
This next financial avenue is more relevant for graphic designers who already have decent experience or exceptional skills on designing.
Here you can share your expertise for a price. It can range from traditional drawing techniques to software mastery like Photoshop and Illustrator.
Having a good online training course can boost your confidence while at the same time improve your personal branding. This can give a 'pro' impression to those who see it and give you more authority in the world of designing.
The drawback to this is that it may require video and audio editing skills. Also, editing a video usually takes up time to finish, not to mention the time you will spend in creating the courses. If you overcome this, however, you can gain another stream of passive income.
Here are some popular platforms where you can create and share your courses.
Udemy was created on 2010 and now offers 48,000 various courses to 15milion students worldwide. As of writing, there are only few courses for graphic design, which means there are still topics available to teach and less competition to worry about.
To be able to sell your courses, you'll need to fill out their Premium Instructor Application. They will ask for your personal info as well as your Paypal account where they will send your revenue.
With their pricing, you can sell your courses from $20 to $200 in 5s ($20, $25, $30…). While they have price standards, you are still in control of the price of your course.
Under normal circumstances, you'll receive 50% of your total revenue. However, if you offer a 'coupon code' that offers discounts to the students, you may receive 97% of the net income.
Skillshare is another great online marketplace where you can sell you courses. In this platform, you'll have to apply and get accepted before you can share your courses.
Once you're accepted, you can start creating your courses that are required to be at least 45minutes in total and are broken down into several 4-9minute videos. They have a community for teachers where they connect and communicate with various topics.
You will start to earn royalties when you "get a minimum total of 30 Premium minutes watched across all of your classes within a month". Your total royalty will be calculated based on how many minutes premium students spent watching your class among other factors that were not disclosed by Skillshare.
Tip #1- Encourage student discussions. Students can learn a lot from their fellow students by discussing the topics and interacting in project-based class. The advantage of online courses is that it is available to everyone around the globe. Utilize this advantage by encouraging your students to connect and communicate with each other.
Not only will they learn more, they can have an enjoyable and unique experience in your class, which can improve your credibility and popularity.
Tip #2 – Determine your audience first. Determining your target audience is essential for your course-creation process. You know this by asking yourself "To whom am I creating this course for?" Is it for the beginners? For designers with intermediate skills? Or for the professionals?
If you answer this question, you can then find out what they would want to learn or master. What do they need to know in order to improve their skills and careers? This way, you can create courses that are both highly informative and relevant.
Tip #3 – Do your own marketing. Most online learning platforms have promotional marketing that can help you get more traffic to your courses. Don't stop there. Promote your courses to other social media platforms, your blog, etc. Emphasize positive testimonials from previous students, if any. These methods can improve the traffic of your courses.
Though writing an e-book is not that popular for graphic designers, it's also not unheard of to earn thousands of dollars just by selling an e-book or two. Furthermore, with the high usage of tablets and smartphones, e-books are also having a good time riding the tech wave.
The best thing about e-books is that you just need to create the content once. After which, you can just let it sell for years. Having an e-book is also a great factor in building your authority as a graphic designer.
The bad thing about it is you need to spend much quality time creating a great content. Not only should it be factual and informative, it should also be interesting and compelling, at most. Also, the publication process can take an effort on your side, even though it's a lot easier nowadays.
Tip #1 – Don't rush it. As mentioned above, your e-book must be of high quality, both in design and content, for it to be attractive to customers. With that said, take as much time as you need in writing your content. Make sure you include all the necessary points and information and maybe add some relevant trivia to satisfy some curiosities. Otherwise, you won't be able to sell it no matter how cheap the price is.
Tip #2 – Put yourself in the readers' shoes. Occasionally, we forget that our 'knowledge base' is different from the others. We may sometimes be very familiar to a topic that we tend to forget that others are just starting to learn them – especially for beginners. The opposite is also true for professionals, we may put a lot of information that seems too obvious to mention for them.
The key to this is knowing who your target readers are. Once you've determined this, always consider their perspective in reading your e-book and write accordingly. This will make their reading experience more enjoyable and less confusing.
Tip #3 – Keep it concise. Remember that e-books are read in computers and other devices that are not ideal for long reads. With that, try to keep your main topics free from words that do not really support them. Deliver in a clear and concise manner, but not to a point that it gets boring and monotonous.
In this current era, visual content is king. Whether it is a blog post or a food gif, you'll need to have a visually appealing element that is easy to understand for it to get attention.
What's more visually informative than infographics? Nothing. That's why they are in demand right now. They are widely used for content, marketing, social media posts, and more. However, the demand is specifically for those with high quality work. So if you're planning to sell infographics templates and elements, you better give it your best.
Aside from other digital graphic products, GraphicRiver also sells infographics. The terms of selling them in this platform are similar to what we've discussed earlier on Stock Graphics. Check it out if you haven't read it yet.
TheHungryJpeg is an online shop that offers affordable graphic assets to all designers – beginners or pro. They have a wide variety of products including fonts, software add-ons (Photoshop brushes, layer styles, etc.), graphic templates, and yes, infographics. They also offer bundle discounts and $1 deals for various items.
Though it's still relatively new (launched in 2014), it is a great platform that allows you to open your store to sell your infographics.
Here's what's great about this website – once you open an store and make a sale on your products, you get 70% of the income, which is a competitive royalty fee compared to its competitors.
Tip #1- Concise design. Always remember that the beauty of infographics is it turns information that is usually hard to grasp into an entertaining visual that's easier to understand. So, be sure to organize your design in a way that it has a clear and focused topic, good flow of data, and engaging elements.
To make sure it is understandable, share it to your friends and colleagues first and ask for their feedback before you go on selling them.
Tip #2 – Keep up with the trends. This is a bit obvious, but needs to be emphasized. To get more sales, your designs must be on par with the current trends. Observe through different marketplaces and see what infographics designs have been getting more sales in the past few weeks or months.
Tip #3 – Diversify your categories. Don,t just focus on one or two categories when thinking of a design theme for infographics. There are lots to choose from including food, science & health, tech, social, corporate, etc. If possible, have at least 1 or 2 infographics in each of these areas to tap on more customers online.
Overall, there are a lot ways to earn some cash online. Whatever you choose, always remember that at the end of the day, you are the product. Invest in refining your personal branding as it is a key factor in being successful in the world of internet. Improve your skills, connect and be in touch with reputable designers, strive to be the best and you'll be handsomely rewarded in the long run.
Explore these avenues with your personal branding in mind and you'll do fine. Thank you for spending time with this article! Find more helpful articles here in NaldzGraphics!


Oyiti (R) fights against Carlos Mbuyia Masia at the AIBA Boxing Championships in Brazzaville in June.
BOXING–Ugandan pugilists are familiar with moments of levity that provoke a brief laughter in a grim landscape.
From ill-preparations lack of finances to petty issues of sharing gum-shields and worn-out gloves plight is ever courting the national boxing team, The Bombers, prior and even at international outings.
And after toiling so hard to get the finances to make the World Boxing Championships in Hamburg, Germany, the ugly claws of fate come scratching.
Uganda's slim medal hopes were diminished prematurely before even any of the three boxers threw their first jab at the event that started on Friday. Super heavyweight David Ayiti, who qualified for the prestigious event by winning silver at Aiba African Boxing Championships in Congo Brazzaville, was disqualified due to crimes committed by Uganda Boxing Federation.
While the boxer was huffing and buffing so hard in the gym to be in the best possible shape ahead of the trip, the custodians of the game,Uganda Boxing Federation, sulked on their obligations and did not send the boxer's medical documents within the stipulated time.
It sounds like a romantic delusion but Ayiti has been reduced to mere spectator due to UBF's reluctance, and the embattled boxer will watch haplessly at home as his counterparts trade blows with the world's finest.
Ayiti's unfortunate disqualification means that Uganda's hopes will greatly rest on African welterweight Champion Muzamir Kakande, who has been drawn against American Randall, and Geoffrey Kaketo, who will face-off with Nicaragua's Jarqin.


^ Burke, Jason. Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror. I.B. Tauris. 2004: 59. ISBN 9781850436669.
^ Indian Mujahideen Takes Credit for Mumbai Attacks. 2008-11-26.
^ Kashmir Mujahideen Extremists. 美國對外關係協會. 2006-07-12 [2007-02-09]. (原始内容存档于2007-02-14).
^ VII. Violations by Militant Organizations. Human Rights Watch/Asia: India: India's Secret Army in Kashmir, New Patterns of Abuse Emerge in the Conflict. 人權觀察. 1996年5月 [2007-02-09]. (原始内容存档于2006-02-20).
^ Bin Laden's Balkan Connections. The Centre for Peace in the Balkans. September 2001 [2007-02-04].
^ Abu Sayyaf History. U.S. Pacific Command. 2006年9月21日. (原始内容存档于2009年1月23日).
^ Global Muslim News (Issue 14) July-Sept 1996, Nida'ul Islam magazine.


Above the centre of Courchevel 1850, Chalet Izar has seven en suite bedrooms sleeping up to 14 guests in extreme luxury, with lift, a large swimming pool, a game room, a steam room, fitness area set at a walking distance to the slopes.
Steam room and fitness room.
Home theatre with projector, Apple TV, SKY TV, DVD player, iPod dock and sound system.
Ski room with boot heaters and ski rack.
Private driver (8 AM to 8 PM).
Villa pre-stocking and cost of food and beverages.
Situated in the middle of the Nogentil area, in Belle Cote, above the centre of Courchevel 1850, Chalet Izar stays within easy reach of the action, but it also has far-reaching vistas across the Dent du Villard and is only 50m from the piste.
50 metres to Bellecote ski run.
1 minute to La Croisette.
4 minutes to to Courchevel.
1.2 kilometres to Golf de Courchevel.
13.4 kilometres to Golf de Meribel.
1 hour 45 minutes to Chambery Airport (CMF).
1 hour 50 minutes to Grenoble-Isere (GNB).
2 hours 30 minutes to Geneva International Airport (GVA) and Lyon-St Exupery Airport (LYS).


Legendary five-star service, waterfront living, and amazing amenities are all part of the Ritz Carlton standard. The Residences on the harbor in Baltimore is the first Ritz property that does not have a hotel component on site. It is 167 residences in a mid-rise structure with amenities ranging from the 24-7 concierge service, valet parking, several meeting and party rooms, movie theatre, fitness center, gardens, and indoor pool.
You may select from 1 bedroom units with over 1500 sq. ft. to 3 bedroom plus den units of over 4000 sq. ft. The options are boundless and your lifestyle perfect in this wonderful Baltimore location.


The CoolBreeze portable air-conditioners deliver powerful cooling. The units are very efficient water-cooled Split portable air-conditioners.
There are two parts to these models, the room unit and the external condenser unit. The two units are connected by a flexible hose. By connecting to multiple hoses the smaller condenser unit can be placed up to 30 metres from the room unit.
The CoolBreeze air conditioners are useful in situations where installing ducting just isn't a viable option.


Thigh high water surged around my legs, lapping at my gym shorts as Vince and I stared grimly at the deepening stretch of ocean in front of us.
I sighed. I didn't want to turn back and stash my camera somewhere. I wanted to bring it along on our hike and take pictures. But I couldn't deny that he was right. The rising tide was gaining strength by the minute. Even if we made it across the bay to the little island without drowning the camera, there'd be no getting it back safely. I begrudgingly agreed to turn back, and we slowly retraced our steps back to the cliff-lined shore as I made sure to snap some photos of the crossing while I still had the chance. Inwardly I bemoaned our own forgetfulness. We had failed to set an alarm for that morning, and thus missed getting to the beach at low tide. Now with the water rising, our trek was quickly becoming more treacherous than I had signed on for.
We made it back to shore and quickly scrambled up a chossy cliff to stow our bags in the cover of a scraggly bush. Vince stood above me and passed down the GoPro before we descended. He asked me to spot him on his down climb, but before I could be any help at all, I lost my purchase on the sheer face, my wet sandal twisting beneath my feet. It wasn't a massive fall, but I did manage to cut my toe and scrape the underside of my left arm from wrist to armpit.
I sighed again and tried to assess the severity of the wounds. Vince pulled up beside me to see if I was alright. I groaned in frustration, shaken and bleeding, but conceded that there was no serious damage. I was, however feeling less and less committed to battling tides and jagged rocks to climb a glorified hill.
The island loomed across the bay. Separating us from our goal were 50 yards of roiling waves and sharp rocks. With dark clouds hanging overhead, the scene looked ominous at best. Despite my waning enthusiasm, Vince and I charged back into the water. Vince was eager to climb the hill and I was eager to be done with the whole affair, so we made quick time in crossing the bay. Towards shore, the water was shallow, and the waves that crashed towards us from the open sea were buffered by a wall of rocks, but as we neared the island the water became deeper and the current stronger.
Finally we stumbled onto a sandy beach, where I could have hugged the ground. A dramatic image of myself as a haggard castaway materialized in my imagination. If I were stranded, this desolate drop of land would do little to provide food or shelter, but I wasn't stranded and the beach was actually very picturesque.
Climbing the hill didn't take long at all and we didn't spend much time at the top, just snapped a few pictures and then hurried back to the beach.
The water was waste deep by the time we had finished the hike, and the current was strong enough that I had to hang onto Vince to steady myself. A few steps into the crossing I managed to cut another toe open on a sharp rock, which only served to add to my mounting anxiety. I began to plunge forward, trying to move as quickly as possible as the waves threatened to bowl me over. I couldn't have been more relieved to finally make it back to the shallows, and then the shore.
I feel a bit fond and nostalgic when I think back on this experience, and I struggle to pinpoint a reason for that. Was the island itself much to write home about? Not really. Was it worth incurring multiple cuts and abrasions? Doubtful. Was I in a good mood at all during the ordeal? Decidedly not. Despite all of this, as I stood on dry ground, once again looking across the bay at the island, I was glad I had done it.
Now that we had climbed the island, we didn't have any strict plans for the rest of the day so we took our time walking back to the scooter. The hike to the crossing spot had taken us over interesting volcanic rocks with endless opportunities to look for beautiful shells and to watch crabs darting in and out of sight. Now we could slow down and take it all in.
When we did finally get back to the scooter, we set off in the direction of Koeta. Our next destination was Batu Payung which, from what we could tell, was just a really big rock. After some time on the main roads, we turned off onto a bumpy dirt road (what a surprise). Along this path was a long line of beach restaurants and snack bars. Signs advertised surfing lessons, and guided tours of Batu Payung. This should have been a major tourist hub, but the beach was nearly empty.
We didn't really see any need to hire a guide to take us to Batu Payung, although we admittedly didn't know exactly where we were going. Our GPS had us continuing down the dirt road for another half mile, so we trusted it and kept driving. Eventually the road ceased to exist and we were riding on sandy trails instead of gravel, and then we were at the coast. There was a spot to park scooters so we stopped and took our helmets off to look around. There was no sign of a big rock, or where we might go to find one. Just as we were about to look at the map, we noticed an elderly woman slowly hobbling towards us.
She approached and asked, "Batu Payung?" as she pointed to a hill along the shore. We nodded and asked if we could walk there. She smiled in affirmation and made a walking motion with her fingers, this time saying,"Batu Payung," as a statement instead of a question. We paid her 10,000 IDR for the parking spot and started walking.
Keeping with the theme of the day, this hike turned out to be more treacherous than we were anticipating. The tide was still high so we climbed up and over the hill the woman had pointed out, only to quickly realize that what we were on was probably not meant to be a trail. The dry hill was made of loose dirt that eroded under our feet with every step. One wrong move could send us tumbling down the sheer side of the hill onto the rocky shore below us. We moved slowly and carefully until we found a spot where we were able to clamber back down to the water. Wading through the surf seemed like a better idea than continuing on the slippery hill. This ended up being a good plan, and we were able to hike much faster.
As we walked, I noticed a strange greenish hue to the rocks along the shore.
From there it was easier to once again crest the dusty hill, and when we reached the top we could see Batu Payung.
We were lucky enough to have the quirky spot all to ourselves, and we enjoyed a peaceful hour of exploring the area. We wandered around the narrow strip of beach as waves crashed over our feet. There were interesting bits of coral and stone washed ashore in green and blue tones, and I naturally enjoyed poking around and examining them.
Hunger was what eventually drove us away from Batu Payung. It was well past lunch, so we decided to head back in the direction of Pantai Aan, the beach we had seen earlier, and find somewhere to grab a snack.
We pulled up to a food stand and ordered drinks and some garlic bread to share, then grabbed a couple of lounge chairs under an umbrella. We relaxed and enjoyed our food, watching kite surfers maneuver their boards across rolling waves. After we were done eating, we walked the beach, exploring tide pools and rocky outcroppings.
With no other plans for the day, we went into Koeta for an early dinner and chose to eat at El Bazar, a restaurant Tony (the host at our Airbnb) had recommended. I don't typically gush over food, but El Bazar deserves to be mentioned. It is a Greek restaurant with lovely atmosphere and even better food. Upon scouring the menu, I couldn't decide between three different vegetarian dishes, so Vince and I made the logical choice of just ordering all three and splitting them. When the meals arrived they looked like a lot, but we were up to the challenge.
The food was fairly light since it was all vegetarian, so we ended up managing to eat all of it. I could go on about how delicious it was, but honestly just thinking about it is making my stomach growl so I think I need to wrap this up and move on.
After dinner we made the drive back to Are Goling for the last time. We passed by the chili farm at the base of the hill, and then climbed up the steep incline to the bungalows. It was sad to think about leaving the next day. Our stay at Are Goling had been wonderful, and Lombok had been a relaxing break from my usual frantic schedule.
That evening we stayed up talking to Tony and Doug (one of the surfers who was staying at Are Goling). We talked about the places we were from and the places we've been. We listened to Tony and Doug regale us with tales of horrific surfing accidents. We told lighter hearted tales, and laughed late into the night. When we finally did retreat to the bungalow for the last time it was with mixed emotions. I was sad to leave Lombok, but the next day we would be in Labuan Bajo, the gateway to the Komodo Islands. Even though this portion of the trip was ending, our Indonesian adventure was far from over.


Any technician who refuses to submit to a drug test, which is required by 14 CFR part 121, appendix I or J, is subject to denial by the FAA of any application for additional certification or ratings, and suspension or revocation of any existing certificate or rating he or she currently holds. Appendix I of part 121 is titled Drug Testing Program, and requires a urine sample from the employee. Appendix J is titled Alcohol Misuse Prevention Program and requires that the employee submit to a breath test. Each appendix contains a "Definitions" section and a section titled "Employees who must be tested." Persons involved with "Aircraft maintenance or preventative maintenance duties" are listed in both appendices. There are various types (or rather times) when testing is required.
The numerous test methods and the harsh penalty imposed by the FAA on those who would involve themselves with these unauthorized substances, or abuse the allowable use of alcohol indicates the concern that the FAA has for the possible impairment of technicians. Aviation maintenance is a professional career choice that demands the highest caliber technical person to be capable of functioning at his or her maximum potential. There is no room in this profession for a person to be involved with substance abuse. By doing so, the technician not only endangers themselves, but their co-workers, and ultimately the customer who is expecting to have an airworthy aircraft delivered following a maintenance activity.
Have passed all the required tests (written, oral, and practical) within the preceding 24 months from application.
Possess and demonstrate the appropriate knowledge and skill for the certificate rating being sought.
If a technician has one of the ratings, and desires to add the other, he/she must meet the requirements set forth in section (§) 65.77, and take the written, oral, and practical tests within 24 months.
The FAA recognizes two ratings, airframe and powerplant, which may be obtained by a person upon successful application and testing. These may be attained either individually, or as a combined certificate.
Any person holding an aircraft (A) or aircraft engine (E) certificate prior to June 15, 1952, and which was valid on that date, may exchange it for the corresponding current certificate. If both ratings were held, the A & E certificate may be exchanged for an A & P.
Any applicant meeting the experience requirements listed in 65.77 must pass a written test (minimum passing score of 70, reference §65.17) covering the construction and maintenance of aircraft. Applicable portions of 14 CFR 43 and 91 are also included in the testing. Basic principles for the installation and maintenance of propellers are included with the testing that is administered for the powerplant rating. Successful completion of the written test is required before the candidate may apply for the oral and practical tests identified in section 65.79.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The dispersion of a physical quantity contains important information, beyond that obtained from its average value.  The analysis of quantum and thermal noise is central in various systems, ranging from quantum electronics \cite{blanter2000} and quantum optics \cite{gardiner2004} to quantum gases \cite{burt1997, altman2004, schweigler2017}. The ultimate precision on the measurement of noise is given by the full counting statistics (FCS) \cite{levitov1996}, which is obtained with single-particle-resolved detection methods that provide the number of particles detected in a given time and/or space interval. These methods yield high-order moments of the particle number, beyond the variance. Probing high-order moments is a means to study quantum phase transitions \cite{ivanov2010, gomez-ruiz2020, devillard2020}, universality \cite{eisler2013, lovas2017}, entanglement properties \cite{klich2009} or out-of-equilibrium dynamics \cite{esposito2009}. The FCS has indeed successfully characterized various phenomena in mesoscopic conductors \cite{levitov1996, blanter2000, gustavsson2006, maisi2014}, Rydberg \cite{liebisch2005, malossi2014, zeiher2016} and non-interacting  \cite{ottl2005, perrier2019} atomic gases.

From a Quantum Information perspective, the FCS holds great promises for large ensembles of particles. In contrast to a full-state tomography \cite{flammia2012}, the FCS is accessible even in large systems as it probes information only about the diagonal part of the $n$-body density matrices ({\it i.e.} populations). Although it does not contain the total information about the quantum system, the FCS is sufficient to identify many (but not all) quantum states without resorting to a consuming tomography. A similar idea was introduced by R. Glauber to characterize light sources from photon correlations at any order \cite{glauber1963}. For Gaussian states, for which the Wigner function is positive \cite{gardiner2004}, measuring the FCS or the magnitudes of correlation functions is indeed equivalent. Moreover, recent works have shown that applying random unitary transformations before measuring the FCS provides access to non-diagonal correlators \cite{brunner2021, naldesi2022}, further motivating the development of experimental approaches to the FCS, in particular in interacting systems.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig1.pdf}
\caption{
{\bf (Left)} Free-fall expansion of interacting quantum gases of metastable Helium-4 from a three-dimensional optical lattice.
{\bf (Right)} Sketch of the 3D positions of individual atoms detected after an expansion. The full counting statistics $P(N_{\Omega})$ describes the statistics of the atom number $N_{\Omega}$ detected in a small voxel of volume $V_{\Omega} \sim (\delta k)^3$ (red cube). To reveal the many-body coherence properties of the trapped gas of size $L$, $\delta k$ is chosen inferior to $1/L$, $\delta k \times L  \ll1$.
}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

In this letter, we report the measurement of the full counting statistics in large three-dimensional (3D) ensembles ($\sim 5 \times 10^3$ atoms) of interacting lattice bosons after a free-fall expansion (see Fig.~\ref{fig1}). This configuration is analogous to the far-field regime of light propagation during which interferences take place, and after which the FCS identifies quantum states through their many-body coherence \cite{aspect2019}. In quantum gases, far-field -- or momentum -- correlations have been measured with single-atom detection in non-interacting and non-degenerate bosonic \cite{schellekens2005,dall2013} and fermionic \cite{jeltes2007, bergschneider2019} gases and in Bose-Einstein condensates \cite{hodgman2011}. More recently interacting lattice bosons \cite{carcy2019, cayla2020, tenart2021} and interacting fermions \cite{holten2022} were probed. However, the FCS and high-order correlations have thus far been measured only in 1D thermal gases of non-interacting bosons \cite{dall2013}. Here, we study various regimes of interacting 3D Bose gases across the superfluid-to-Mott phase transition, from weakly-interacting Bose superfluids to Mott insulators.

We characterize the FCS by measuring the probability distribution of the atom number $N_{\Omega}$ falling in a small voxel $V_{\Omega}$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig1}) and we determine the magnitudes $g^{(n)}(0)$ of correlation functions (up to $n=6$) based on the factorial moments of $N_{\Omega}$. We compare our findings to the many-body coherence properties expected for pure state descriptions of both the superfluid and the Mott phase. Although we find an almost exact agreement, we observe small deviations to the predictions for a pure condensate in the case of Bose superfluids. Since, to our knowledge, ab-initio calculations of the measured quantities with thousands of interacting atoms are beyond state-of-the-art numerics,  we introduce a heuristic model that includes the contribution of the condensate depletion. Its predictions are in quantitative agreement with our observations, which leads us to conclude that the condensate component exhibits a full coherence, $g^{(n)}(0)=1$ at least up to $n=6$.

\section{Full Counting Statistics (FCS) of pure-state BECs and Mott insulators}

Textbook descriptions of Bose-Einstein Condensates (BECs) and Mott insulators are based on pure states. Bose-Einstein condensation is associated with the breaking of phase symmetry \cite{pitaevskii-book} whose complex order parameter defines a coherent state describing the BEC. In a grand canonical approach, coherent states have a Poisson counting statistics, $P(N_{\Omega})=\langle N_{\Omega} \rangle^{N_{\Omega}}  \exp[-\langle N_{\Omega} \rangle] /N_{\Omega}!  $ where $N_{\Omega}$ is the number of detected bosons in the considered volume $V_{\Omega}$, and a full coherence  $g^{(n)}=1$ at any order $n$ of normalized correlations either in position or in momentum space  \cite{glauber1963}. In our experiment, we determine  $g^{(n)}(0)=g^{(n)}({\bm k},{\bm k},....,{\bm k})$, where ${\bm k}$ is the momentum at which correlations are evaluated, {\it i.e.} where the volume $V_{\Omega}$ is located, and for a pure coherent state we expect $g^{(n)}(0)=1$ at all orders. In contrast, a ``perfect'' Mott insulator -- a uniform Mott insulator at zero temperature --  is thought of as a Fock state in the (in-trap) position basis. In the momentum basis, which is probed after a long expansion from the trap, it is expected to exhibit thermal statistics \cite{folling2005, toth2008, carcy2019}. This is because far-field correlations reflect multi-particle interferences from a discrete series of emitters (atoms in the lattice sites) with no coherence between the sites (no tunnelling), a situation analog to that of a thermal state without site-to-site phase coherence. Thermal states are characterized by a counting statistics  $P(N_{\Omega})=(1-q)q^{N_{\Omega}}$ where $q=\langle N_{\Omega} \rangle/1+\langle N_{\Omega} \rangle$ and $g^{(n)}({\bm k},{\bm k},....,{\bm k})=n!$ \cite{milburn2008}. Note that both the Poisson and the thermal FCS are fully determined by a single parameter, the average number of particles $\langle N_{\Omega} \rangle$, as a result of the Gaussian character of their quantum state \cite{gardiner2004}. For Gaussian states, a detection efficiency $\eta$ smaller than one does not affect the measurement of the FCS -- nor that of $g^{(n)}$ -- which is of practical interest since $\eta<1$ in experiments.

Whether these many-body coherence properties associated to pure states describe the outcome of experiments is not granted. On the one hand, pure states are only approximated descriptions of states produced in an experiment because of the coupling to the environment. Determining the level -- {\it e.g.} the order $n$ of correlations -- up to which a description in terms of pure states is valid provides a quantitative certification of experimental realizations. In the context of the development of platforms for quantum technologies, such a certification is certainly of interest. On the other hand, the properties of quantum states produced at thermodynamical equilibrium are affected by constraints on macroscopic quantities. In the canonical (or micro-canonical) ensemble there are no fluctuations of the \emph{total} BEC atom number $N_{\rm BEC}$ in a gas of non-interacting bosons at zero temperature \cite{kristensen2019}: $N_{\rm BEC}$ is fixed to the total atom number, $N_{\rm BEC}=N$. The statistics of $N_{\rm BEC}$ is therefore not that of a coherent state \cite{castin1998}. To alleviate such global constraints and mimic a grand canonical ensemble, one may probe the FCS within a volume $V_{\Omega}$ much smaller than that, $V_{\rm BEC}$, occupied by the BEC. The volume $V_{\rm BEC}-V_{\Omega} \sim V_{\rm BEC}$ then serves as a reservoir for the sub-volume $V_{\Omega}$ where the number of bosons $N_{\Omega}\ll N$ may fluctuate \cite{NoteFluct}.

Measuring the FCS in small sub-volumes $V_{\Omega}$ is also crucial if correlation functions $g^{(n)}({\bm k},{\bm k'},....,{\bm k''})$ are bell shaped with widths $l_{c}^{(n)}$. While this is not an issue for a coherent state which is fully coherent over the entire volume it occupies, the statistics of a thermal state must be probed over an elementary cell of the phase space. This is well known in the case of the Hanbury-Brown and Twiss effect where the property $g^{(2)}({\bm k},{\bm k'})=2$ is expected only if $|{\bm k}-{\bm k'}|$ is less that the width of the far-field diffraction pattern associated with the source size. Here, it means that fully-contrasted correlations are expected only when computed in a volume smaller than $V_{c}^{(n)} =\large [ l_{c}^{(n)} \large ]^3$ since particles distant by $l_{c}^{(n)}$ are essentially uncorrelated.  In the far-field, the correlation lengths of Mott insulators and of thermal Bose gases are set by the inverse in-trap size, $l_{c}^{(n)} \sim 1/L$ \cite{carcy2019, cayla2020}. As a result, observing fully-contrasted FCS and $n$-body correlations requires using $V_{\Omega}\ll 1/L^3$. This condition also ensures the above-mentioned criterion on probing BECs as the volume occupied by the BEC in the momentum space is set by $\Delta k \sim 1.6/L$ \cite{stenger1999}. With these considerations in mind, in the following we compute the counting statistics in a volume $V_{\Omega}\sim (\delta k)^3$ of the momentum space such that $\delta k \times L \ll 1$, where $L$ is the in-trap size of the gas (see Fig.~\ref{fig1}). As illustrated below, this choice is essential to correctly reveal the full statistical properties.

\section{Measurement of the FCS in Mott insulators and Bose superfluids}

\begin{figure*}[ht!]
\includegraphics[width=2\columnwidth]{fig2.pdf}
\caption{
{\bf (a)} Full Counting statistics $P(N_{\Omega})$ to find $N_{\Omega}$ atoms in a small volume $V_{\Omega}$ of the momentum space when probing a Mott insulator with unity filling (black circles). The predictions for thermal ({\it resp.} Poissonian) statistics is shown as a dashed-dotted black ({\it resp.} dashed blue) line. We use the measured value $\langle N_{\Omega} \rangle = 0.46(5)$ for the theoretical predictions (the shaded areas reflect the uncertainty on $\langle N_{\Omega} \rangle$). The error bars denote the statistical uncertainty (standard deviation) estimated with the bootstrapping method. {\bf (b)} Same as (a) in the BEC mode (${\bf k}={\bf 0}$) of interacting lattice superfluids (SF) with $U/J=5$. The mean atom number is $\langle N_{\Omega} \rangle = 5.3(2)$. Error bars are smaller than the dots. {\bf (c)} Magnitude $g^{(n)}({\bm 0})$ of $n$-body correlations plotted as a function of the order $n$ of the correlations. The black squares correspond to a Mott insulator (panel a) and the blue circles to a Bose superfluid (panel b). The prediction for thermal Gaussian states, $g^{(n)}(0)=n!$, is shown as a black solid line. {\bf (d)} $g^{(n)}({\bm 0})$ in the SF (blue circles, same data as in (c)) and in the randomized set (orange squares).
}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure*}

Our measurement of the FCS in the far-field exploits 3D atom-by-atom detection of metastable Helium-4 ($^4$He$^*$) after a long free-fall expansion \cite{cayla2018, tenart2020}, with a detection efficiency of $\eta=0.53(2)$ per atom and negligible dark counts (see Fig.~\ref{fig1}). For an individual run, we register the number of atoms in each of the voxels $V_{\Omega}$ mentioned above, and we use more than 2000 runs to obtain the probability distribution in each voxel. We apply this approach to probe equilibrium quantum states of $^4$He$^*$ atoms loaded in the lowest energy-band of a three-dimensional (3D) optical lattice \cite{carcy2021}. The lattice implements the 3D Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian whose main parameters are the tunnelling amplitude $J$ and the on-site (repulsive) interaction $U$.

We first investigate the thermal nature of Mott insulators in the momentum space. We realize Mott insulators with $N=10(3)\times 10^3$ atoms at $U/J=95$, which corresponds to a lattice filling of one atom per site at the trap center \cite{carcy2019} and an almost uniform filling of the first Brillouin zone in the momentum space. To compute the counting statistics in this first set of experiments, we divide the first Brillouin zone into cubic voxels $V_{\Omega}$ of size $\delta k=4 \times 10^{-2} k_{d}\ll 1/L$ and average the probability distributions measured over all these voxels. Here  $k_{d}=2 \pi/d$ is the momentum associated with the lattice spacing $d=775~$nm. The resulting FCS of the Mott state is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(a). It is found to be in excellent agreement with a thermal statistics whose average atom number is that measured in the experiment, $\langle N_{\Omega} \rangle = 0.46(5)$.

The statistical properties of the Mott state are also revealed through the magnitudes $g^{(n)}(0)$ of the normalized correlation functions, as an alternative to the probability distribution $P(N_{\Omega})$. We determine $g^{(n)}(0)$ from the factorial moments of the detected atom number, transposing a well-known approach in quantum optics \cite{laiho2022}. The correlation functions of quantum optics \cite{glauber1963} are defined with normal ordering of the destruction operators, since a detected photon is destroyed and there is one photon less in the volume of measurement. Even if it is not always emphasized, the correlation functions in quantum optics are indeed calculated from the factorial moments, and it is remarkable that the corresponding quantities in classical statistics are also based on factorial moments \cite{goodmanbook}. In the experiments reported here, each detected He$^*$ atom is destroyed and the results of quantum optics can be directly transposed. Finally, we use a similar approach as that used for $P(N_{\Omega})$ -- averaging over many runs and then over many voxels within the first Brillouin zone.

We first evaluate the factorial moments of the atom number $N_{\delta k_{\perp}}$ detected in voxels of adjustable volume $V(\delta k_{\perp})=\delta k \delta k_{\perp}^2$ and normalize them with the average atom number in the same voxels, to obtain
\begin{equation}
g^{(n)}_{\delta k_{\perp}}(0)=\frac{ \sum_{j} \langle N_{\delta k_{\perp}}(N_{\delta k_{\perp}}-1)...(N_{\delta k_{\perp}}-n+1)\rangle_{j}}{\sum_{ j} \langle N_{\delta k_{\perp}}\rangle_{j}^n}
\end{equation}
where $\sum_{j}$ refers to the sum over all the voxels (labelled by the index $j$) belonging to the first Brillouin zone. The magnitudes $g^{(n)}(0)$ of the $n$-body correlation functions are obtained from extrapolating $g^{(n)}_{\delta k_{\perp}}(0)$ at $\delta k_{\perp} \rightarrow \delta k$ (see \ref{AppA}).
The results are plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(c), along with the prediction for thermal states, $g^{(n)}(0)=n!$. The excellent quantitative agreement demonstrates that the $n$-body coherence of a unity-filling Mott insulator is thermal \cite{folling2005, toth2008, carcy2019}. The momentum-space FCS of a Mott insulator is thus identical to that of a statistical mixture of thermal bosons. Their full correlation functions however differ in their sizes $l_{c}^{(n)}$ which are determined by their different in-trap sizes and the incompressible ({\it resp.} compressible) character of Mott insulators ({\it resp.} thermal gases) \cite{carcy2019}.
\\

\begin{figure*}[ht!]
\includegraphics[width=2\columnwidth]{fig3.pdf}
\caption{
{\bf (a)}-{\bf (b)} Plots of $g^{(n)}(0)$ measured at ${\bm k}={\bm 0}$ in lattice superfluids with $U/J=5$ and $U/J=20$. The data in panel (a) is identical to that of shown in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(c). The dashed lines ({\it resp.} the shaded areas) are the predictions of the model with the values $f_{\rm coh}$ ({\it resp.} the uncertainties on $f_{\rm coh}$) fitted to the data. {\bf (c)}-{\bf (d)} Plots of 1D cuts through the momentum densities measured at $U/J=5$ and $U/J=20$ and normalized to their value at $k=0$. The vertical shaded area indicates the volume occupied by the sphere $S_{\Omega}$ where the counting statistics is evaluated. The horizontal dashed-dotted lines indicate the fitted values $1-f_{\rm coh}$. The dashed lines are Lorentzian functions fitted to the tails of the densities in the range $[0.2 k_{d}, 0.5k_{d}]$ in order to estimate the density of the depletion at $k=0$ (the shaded areas represent the error from the fitted parameters).
}
\label{fig3}
\end{figure*}

In a second set of experiments, we address the $n$-body coherence of the BEC component in lattice superfluids with $N=5(1)\times 10^3$ at $U/J=5$. In the momentum space, the BEC occupies a volume of width $\Delta k  \simeq 0.15 k_{d}$ centered at ${\bm k}={\bm 0}$ \cite{tenart2021}. This volume contains many atoms in each run and the statistics of the atom number falling in a sphere $S_{\Omega}$  of a radius $\delta k=0.025 k_{d} \ll  \Delta k $, centered at ${\bm k}={\bm 0}$, is sufficient to extract the counting statistics. We measure the counting statistics $P(N_{\Omega})$ in $S_{\Omega}$ over about $2000$ experimental runs, with the results plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(b). It is compared with Poisson and thermal statistics whose average atom number $\langle N_{\Omega}\rangle=5.3(2)$ is that measured in the experiment. The counting statistics in the BEC mode is close to the Poisson FCS and clearly differs from the thermal FCS. This is confirmed by the measured values of $g^{(n)}(0)$ calculated from the normalized factorial moments of $N_{\Omega}$,
\begin{equation}
g^{(n)}(0)=\frac{\langle N_{\Omega}(N_{\Omega}-1)...(N_{\Omega}-n+1)\rangle}{\langle N_{\Omega}\rangle^n}
\end{equation}
In Fig.~\ref{fig2}c we plot $g^{(n)}(0)$ as a function of $n$ and find that $g^{(n)}(0) \sim 1$ at any order $n$ in the BEC mode. These results, predicted by Glauber for a fully coherent sample, are in striking contrast with those of the Mott state, a difference that illustrates the outstanding capabilities of the FCS measured after an expansion to reveal the $n$-body coherence.

Surprisingly, however, our measurements in the BEC mode deviate from the predictions for a coherent state and from a previous observation \cite{hodgman2011}: the deviation in the FCS (see Fig.~\ref{fig2}(b)) is reflected in the fact that $g^{(n)}(0) > 1$, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(d). To verify that the observed deviations are statistically meaningful, we apply our computation of the $n$-body correlations to a randomized set, with the same numbers of atoms and of runs. This randomized set is obtained by randomly shuffling the detected atoms across the experimental runs. Doing so, atom correlations present within individual runs ({\it i.e.} before shuffling) should vanish, and a Poisson statistics should be observed as a result of the discrete nature of our detection method applied to fully independent events. Indeed we find $g^{(n)}(0)=1.00(2)$ at any order $n$ of the randomized ensemble (see the orange squares in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(d)), confirming that the deviations in the (non-randomised) experimental data are significant. Note that the randomization method also yields a Poisson statistics when applied to the Mott insulator data set. In the next section, we propose an interpretation of the tiny deviations $g^{(n)}(0) > 1$ revealed by our experiment in the case of lattice superfluids.

\section{Coherent fraction of Bose superfluids in the BEC mode}

A Poisson statistics is expected when only atoms from the BEC, which is thought of as a coherent state, contribute to the measured statistics in a volume $S_{\Omega}$ that is small compared to the coherence volume. At a macroscopic level though, a fraction of the total atom number is expelled from the BEC by the finite interactions (quantum depletion) and by the finite temperature (thermal depletion). Even if it amounts to a negligible fraction of the atom number $N_{\Omega}$ falling in $S_{\Omega}$,  the total depletion of the condensate may contribute to the measured statistics. Building on these considerations, we introduce a heuristic model that assumes {\it (i)} that atoms in the BEC and in the depletion contribute independently to the measured counting statistics in $S_{\Omega}$  \cite{castin1998}, and {\it (ii)} that the BEC is a coherent state while the depletion exhibits thermal statistics in $S_{\Omega}$. We define the ``coherent fraction" $f_{\rm coh}$ as the fraction of the BEC atoms falling within $S_{\Omega}$. We emphasize that describing the contribution of the quantum depletion in $S_{\Omega}$ with a thermal statistics is an assumption. We have shown that the statistics of the quantum depletion is thermal when measured at {\it non-zero} momenta, outside the BEC \cite{cayla2020}. However, whether this is also valid for small momenta belonging to the BEC mode is difficult to assess in a harmonic trap. In contrast to homogeneous systems for which the momentum is a good quantum number, in the harmonically-trapped case the quantum depletion contributes to the FCS measured at ${\bf k}={\bf 0}$. This contribution is non-trivial since the ground-state of weakly-interacting bosons is a coherent superposition of the BEC and the quantum depletion.

With the hypotheses of our model, we obtain an analytical prediction for $g^{(n)}(0)$ that depends only on the coherent fraction $f_{\rm coh}$ (see  \ref{AppC}),
\begin{equation}
g^{(n)}(0) - 1 = \sum_{p=1}^{n-1} \left [ (n-p)!  \binom{n}{p}^2 - \binom{n}{p} \right ] f_{\rm coh}^p (1-f_{\rm coh})^{n-p}
\label{Eq:gn}
\end{equation}

In Fig.~\ref{fig3}(a), we fit the experimental data shown in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(d) with the analytical prediction of Eq.~(\ref{Eq:gn}), finding a good agreement with the coherent fraction as the only adjustable parameter (found equal to $f_{c}=0.9960(5)$ for the case of $U/J =5$). We then repeated our measurements for various  condensate fractions. To do so, we change the lattice depth to obtain ratios of on-site interaction $U$ to tunnelling amplitude $J$ ranging from $U/J=2$ to $U/J=22$. In this range of parameters, the gas remains far from entering the Mott insulator regime expected at the critical ratio $(U/J)_{c}\simeq 25 - 30$ \cite{carcy2021}.

In Fig.~\ref{fig3}(b) we plot the magnitude of the $n$-body correlations for a lattice superfluids with an increased interaction $U/J=20$. The deviation from the ideal coherent state is increased, in qualitative agreement with  the physical picture at the root of the model. To be quantitative, we fit the experimental data with the analytical prediction of Eq.~(\ref{Eq:gn}), see Fig.~\ref{fig3}. Firstly, we confirm that Eq.~(\ref{Eq:gn}) correctly fits the values of $g^{(n)}(0)$ with a single adjustable parameter $f_{\rm coh}$. Secondly, the extracted values of $f_{\rm coh}$ decrease with the interaction strength as intuitively expected. The uncertainty on the values $f_{\rm coh}$ is small, at the $\sim0.1\%$ level. As can be inferred from Fig.~\ref{fig3}(a)-(b), the larger the order $n$ of correlations we measure, the smaller the uncertainty on $f_{\rm coh}$. This illustrates the extreme sensitivity of high-order correlations to probe many-body coherence.

A quantitative test of the model would compare the value $1-f_{\rm coh}$ to the fraction $\eta_{D}$ of depleted atoms detected within $S_{\rm BEC}$. We are not aware of a quantitative analytical prediction for $\eta_{D}$ in 3D interacting trapped lattice Bose gases. However, an indirect comparison is amenable from measuring the momentum densities. In Fig~\ref{fig3}(c)-(d), we plot 1D cuts through the momentum densities measured at $U/J=5$ and $U/J=20$ and we fit the tails (in the range $[0.2k_{d},0.5k_{d}]$) with a Lorentzian function to extrapolate the density of the depletion at $k=0$. Note that using a Lorentzian function is an arbitrary choice which happens to correctly fit the tails. This analysis indicates that the values $1-f_{\rm coh}$ are compatible with the extrapolated densities, while both quantities vary by one order of magnitude.

\begin{figure}[t!]
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig4.pdf}
\caption{
Coherent fraction $f_{\rm coh}$ as a function of the condensate fraction $f_{c}$. The dashed-line is the prediction of Eq.~(\ref{Eq:f_coh}) where the ratio $\mathcal{V}_{c}/\mathcal{V}_{d}=0.03(1)$ is evaluated from the measured density profiles (see \ref{AppD}). The shaded area reflects the uncertainty on $\mathcal{V}_{c}/\mathcal{V}_{d}$.
}
\label{fig4}
\end{figure}

To further assess the validity of the model, we proceed with a quantitative comparison of the measured coherent fraction to the measured condensate fraction \cite{cayla2018}. The coherent fraction $f_{\rm coh}$ in $S_{\Omega}$ differs from the condensate fraction $f_{c}$ of the entire gas since the radius of $S_{\Omega}$ is much smaller than $1/L$. Moreover, the scaling of $f_{\rm coh}$ with $f_{c}$ is non-linear since $f_{\rm coh}$ reveals the BEC atom number in a small volume $S_{\Omega}$ where the BEC contribution is maximum while that of the depletion is small (except when $f_{c}\ll1$). The volumes occupied by the BEC ($\mathcal{V}_{c}$) and by the depletion ($\mathcal{V}_{d}$) set their respective contributions. A simple estimate (see \ref{AppD}) leads to
\begin{equation}
f_{\rm coh} \simeq \frac{f_{c}}{f_{c}+(1-f_{c})\mathcal{V}_{c}/\mathcal{V}_{d}}.
\label{Eq:f_coh}
\end{equation}

In Fig.~\ref{fig4} we plot the measured values of $f_{\rm coh}$ and $f_{c}$, along with the prediction of Eq.~(\ref{Eq:f_coh}). Here, $f_{c}$ is obtained similarly to \cite{cayla2018} and  the ratio $\mathcal{V}_{c}/\mathcal{V}_{d}$ used to plot Eq.~(\ref{Eq:f_coh}) is estimated from the measured density profiles (see  \ref{AppD}). The quantitative prediction of our model (without any adjustable parameter) correctly reproduces the observed non-linear dependency of $f_{\rm coh}$ with $f_{c}$. We thus conclude that the heuristic model we introduced quantitatively captures the observed deviations to $g^{(n)}(0)=1$ at ${\bm k}={\bm 0}$, attributing the latter to the presence of depleted atoms. In turns, this suggests that atoms in the BEC have the statistics of a fully coherent state, with $g^{(n)}(0)=1$ at any order $n\leq6$.

Note that in their evaluation of $g^{(3)}(0)$ in a BEC \cite{hodgman2011}, Hodgman {\it et al.} do not observe the small deviation reported here.  A major difference with our experiment is that their observation volume $V_{\Omega}$ is quite large, as illustrated by the fact that in the thermal case it entails a convolution reducing the expected values of $g^{(2)}(0)$ or $g^{(3)}(0)$ from 2 and 6 to $1.022(2)$ and $1.061(6)$, respectively. We conclude that our ability to obtain good statistics in tiny volumes is a major asset of our experimental device.
\\

\section{Conclusion}

We have presented measurements of the full counting statistics (FCS) and of perfectly-contrasted $n$-body correlations in interacting lattice Bose gases. We have investigated two iconic states of interacting lattice bosons, Mott insulators and lattice superfluids. We find that a Mott insulator exhibits a thermal statistics in the momentum space with $g^{(n)}(0)=n!$, while the condensate component is fully coherent with $g^{(n)}(0)=1$ (at least) up to $n=6$. The latter conclusion derives from assuming that the heuristic model we introduce to analyse the FCS in Bose superfluids and to describe the contribution from the depletion of the condensate is valid. We have assessed this validity from studying the coherent fraction at increasing interaction strengths. The results of this work represent the most stringent certifications of the many-body coherence properties of Mott insulators and of BECs, and they validate emblematic pure-state descriptions of $n$-body coherence up to the order $n=6$.

In the future, the experimental approach we use is readily extendable to probe the many-body coherence in a large variety of interacting quantum states and phase transitions realized on cold-atom platforms ({\it e.g.} \cite{lovas2017, eisler2013, devillard2020, contessi2022}). It relies on {\it (i)} a free-fall expansion from the trap and {\it (ii)} a single-atom-resolved detection method. The first condition is ensured with lattice or low-dimensional (1D and 2D) gases for which interactions do not affect the expansion, as well as with quantum gases for which interactions are switched off during the expansion \cite{bloch2008}. The second condition is met with various detection methods and atomic species \cite{ott2016}.

Another interesting direction consists in realizing recent proposals to access non-trivial $n$-body correlations \cite{brunner2021, naldesi2022}. These  theoretical works have shown that non-diagonal correlators can be accessed from combining two-particle unitary transformations -- {\it e.g.} beamsplitters -- with a measurement of the FCS. Such protocols have many potential applications, from quantifying entanglement to implementing variational algorithms.

\section*{Acknowledgement}

We thank S. Butera, A. Browaeys, I. Carusotto, T. Lahaye, T. Roscilde and the members of the Quantum Gas group at Institut d'Optique for insightful discussions. We acknowledge financial support from the R\'egion Ile-de-France in the framework of the DIM SIRTEQ, the ``Fondation d'entreprise iXcore pour la Recherche", the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (Grant number ANR-17-CE30-0020-01). D.C. acknowledges support from the Institut Universitaire de France. A. A. acknowledges support from the Simons Foundation and from Nokia-Bell labs.

\bibliographystyle{apsrev4-1_our_style.bst}

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