text:
The Beatles' songs – complete A-Z list!
Welcome to the Beatles Bible song list. On this page you'll find links to articles on all the songs recorded by The Beatles during their career, from 'Love Me Do' to 'Let It Be'.
We've also written about the Anthology tracks, live radio-only recordings from Live At The BBC, and a few extras – such as 'Child Of Nature' and 'Carnival Of Light' – which deserved to be included too.
This list is sorted alphabetically, and you can jump to a section by clicking on the letter. You can also find songs via the Albums list or the Discography pages. report this ad
12-Bar Original
A Shot Of Rhythm And Blues
Act Naturally
Ain't She Sweet
All I've Got To Do
All Things Must Pass
And Your Bird Can Sing
Anna (Go To Him)
Another Girl
Ask Me Why
Baby It's You
Baby You're A Rich Man
Baby's In Black
Bad To Me
Ballad Of John And Yoko, The
Being For The Benefit Of Mr Kite!
Blue Jay Way
Can You Take Me Back?
Can't Buy Me Love
Carnival Of Light
Child Of Nature
Christmas Time (Is Here Again)
Clarabella
Continuing Story Of Bungalow Bill, The
Cry For A Shadow
Crying, Waiting, Hoping
Devil In Her Heart
Dizzy Miss Lizzy
Do You Want To Know A Secret
Doctor Robert
Don't Bother Me
Don't Ever Change
Don't Pass Me By
Drive My Car
Everybody's Got Something To Hide Except Me And My Monkey
Everybody's Trying To Be My Baby
Fool On The Hill, The
For No One
For You Blue
Glad All Over
Golden Slumbers
Good Morning Good Morning
Got To Get You Into My Life
Hallelujah, I Love Her So
Hello Little Girl
Hey Bulldog
Hippy Hippy Shake, The
Honey Don't
Honeymoon Song, The
I Call Your Name
I Don't Want To Spoil The Party
I Forgot To Remember To Forget
I Got To Find My Baby
I Wanna Be Your Man
I Want To Tell You
I Want You (She's So Heavy)
I'll Be On My Way
I'll Cry Instead
I'll Follow The Sun
I'll Get You
I'm A Loser
I'm Down
I'm Gonna Sit Right Down And Cry (Over You)
I'm Happy Just To Dance With You
I'm Looking Through You
I'm Only Sleeping
I'm Talking About You
I've Just Seen A Face
If I Needed Someone
If You've Got Trouble
In Spite Of All The Danger
Inner Light, The
It Won't Be Long
It's All Too Much
It's Only Love
Johnny B Goode
Kansas City/Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey!
Keep Your Hands Off My Baby
Komm, Gib Mir Deine Hand
Lady Madonna
Leave My Kitten Alone
Lend Me Your Comb
Like Dreamers Do
Little Child
Lonesome Tears In My Eyes
Long And Winding Road, The
Los Paranoias
Love Me Do
Love Of The Loved
Lovely Rita
Mailman, Bring Me No More Blues
March Of The Meanies
Maxwell's Silver Hammer
Mean Mr Mustard
Money (That's What I Want)
Moonlight Bay
Mother Nature's Son
Mr Moonlight
My Bonnie
Night Before, The
Nobody's Child
Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)
Not A Second Time
Nothin' Shakin'
Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da
Octopus's Garden
Oh! Darling
Old Brown Shoe
One After 909
Only A Northern Song
Ooh! My Soul
Pepperland Laid Waste
Please Mister Postman
Please Please Me
Polythene Pam
Rip It Up/Shake, Rattle And Roll/Blue Suede Shoes
Rock And Roll Music
Saints, The
Sea Of Holes
Sea Of Monsters
Sea Of Time
Searchin'
September In The Rain
Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)
She Came In Through The Bathroom Window
She Said She Said
Sheik Of Araby, The
She's A Woman
Sie Liebt Dich
So How Come (No One Loves Me)
Soldier Of Love
Some Other Guy
Sour Milk Sea
Step Inside Love
Sun King
Sure To Fall (In Love With You)
Sweet Little Sixteen
Take Good Care Of My Baby
Take Out Some Insurance On Me, Baby
Tell Me What You See
Thank You Girl
That Means A Lot
That'll Be The Day
That's All Right (Mama)
The Ballad Of John And Yoko
The Fool On The Hill
The Hippy Hippy Shake
The Honeymoon Song
The Sheik Of Araby
There's A Place
Think For Yourself
This Boy
Three Cool Cats
Till There Was You
To Know Her Is To Love Her
What You're Doing
What's The New Mary Jane
When I'm Sixty-Four
Why Don't We Do It In The Road?
Within You Without You
Word, The
Yellow Submarine In Pepperland
You Can't Do That
You Know My Name (Look Up The Number)
You Know What To Do
You Like Me Too Much
You Never Give Me Your Money
You Really Got A Hold On Me
You Won't See Me
You'll Be Mine
You're Going To Lose That Girl
(You're So Square) Baby I Don't Care
You've Got To Hide Your Love Away
Your Mother Should Know
Beatles in the Blood Sunday 20 January 2013
You missed two songs, Bad to Me and One and One is Two please try and add those
Phillip Anderson Wednesday 7 June 2017
I have never heard of those two songs.
Noam Friday 30 June 2017
you can look bad to me up on youtube, there is actually a record of the beatles
Margaret Worrall Saturday 13 October 2018
It was a hit for Billy J Kramer and the Dakotas about 1964
bordy1951 Tuesday 11 June 2019
How about their studio jam of St. Louis Blues?
Víctor Villase?or-Tejeda Friday 17 August 2018
True. Also forgot SUZY PARLOUR aka SUZY PARKER.
Sigurjon Myrdal Friday 16 November 2018
" One and One and One is Three" is a line in "Come Together"
matt Thursday 22 August 2019
Im 14 and i know those and get the quote at the top
Mr. G Wednesday 15 April 2020
One and One Is Two was a demo, never released
IML Wednesday 13 May 2020
Hatzic Saturday 23 May 2020
Yes, Bad to Me. Good one.
Betty Monday 1 June 2020
Bad to Me, though written by Lennon/McCartney, was recorded by Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas. Similarly, though written by Lennon/McCartney, One and One is Two was recorded by Mike Shannon and the Strangers.
Igor Wednesday 23 January 2013
I suppose there is a luck of one good song which was issued as a demo. The song is called "goodbye" and its granted by lennon/mccartney, but was of course McCartney lyrics from Abbey Road Sessions.
Joe Thursday 24 January 2013
I'm not entirely sure what you mean, but I presume you're referring to the Mary Hopkin song that Paul McCartney wrote? It was never a Beatles song.
Igor Thursday 24 January 2013
Yeah, I think I was somehow wrong. This song was for Mary. However I'm little bit confused hearing all Abbey Road Sessions when there was a lot of songs sung, but they were actually not a Beatles songs like Lennons Give peace a chance, Instant Karma, McCartneys Come and get it (?) etc.
Beatles in the Blood Saturday 26 January 2013
Joe are the ones I sugested real Beatles songs
Joe Saturday 26 January 2013
They're Lennon-McCartney songs, but I have a pretty full to-do list right now and I don't know if/when I'll add songs The Beatles never recorded or released. It's not something I'm too bothered about tbh.
Beatles in the Blood Monday 28 January 2013
That's okay with me.
Phil Monday 13 January 2020
I have the only copy of bad to me and child of nature
Gary Thursday 25 June 2020
Child of nature is a Beatle bootleg that later became Jealous Guy by John Lennon
Luke Rominiecki Wednesday 24 April 2019
Yes, but there is a demo floating around somewhere on YouTube of him doing it during the White Album Sessions.
Shan Rumsey Wednesday 31 January 2018
Paul McCartney's version can be found on Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eyet4WxAmpM
Carlos Sunday 9 September 2018
Hi. In order to collaborate: The following songs were composed by Lennon and McCartney, or at least accredited to both. If you include Etcetera, composed by Paul, or Carnival of light, which is not known, why not include the following? Greetings Carlos
One and One Is Two Written by Lennon – McCartney
From a Window Written by Lennon – McCartney
Nobody I Know Written by Lennon – McCartney
I'll Keep You Satisfied Written by Lennon – McCartney
Tip of My Tongue Written by Lennon – McCartney
I'm in Love Written by Lennon – McCartney
That Means a Lot Written by Lennon – McCartney
It's for You Written by Lennon – McCartney
A World Without Love Written by Lennon – McCartney
Bad to Me Written by Lennon – McCartney
I Don't Want to See You Again Written by Lennon – McCartney
Goodbye acredited Lennon – McCartney
ENMS_HC89850 Monday 11 February 2019
Not to forget "If You've Got Trouble" by Lennon/McCartney
I believe that was buy George Harrison
Jimmy D Lawson Friday 24 April 2020
cause they are not released beatles songs
Vivienne Moore Wednesday 8 January 2020
Mary Hopkin sang "Goodbye" on her first album. (She was discovered on a TV talent show by fashion model Twiggy who contacted Paul).
Mary Wealth Monday 1 June 2020
I do not believe that 'Goodbye' was on Hopkin's first album; probably her second.
Igor Monday 21 October 2013
I wish I would see all unreleased Beatles songs.
Rick Saturday 30 November 2013
I agree, there are many more songs that the Beatles jammed to or recorded but not released. Also there is a site that lists more than 250 ALBUMS with their discography. Of course, there are many duplicates but there are also literally hundreds of songs that are not on this list. BTW, there are some gems!
The Celebrated Mrs. K. Wednesday 6 June 2018
Yes, Commonwealth should totally be on here!
TMW Wednesday 21 May 2014
Are their any Beatles recordings where only on of the Beatles played on that recording?
If so how may and what are the titles?
peter Tuesday 25 November 2014
Surely "Yesterday".
Julian Tuesday 25 November 2014
Also "Within You Without You", "Julia".
Susan Thursday 18 July 2019
The Beatles wrote World Without Love and gave it to Peter & Gordon but there is also s version of them singing it on the Beatles Anthology album and on YouTube.
Kaos Tuesday 21 April 2020
beatles anthology?
Not on Anthology.
Jon Wednesday 10 June 2015
Blackbird, Good Night, Mother Nature's Son, Wild Honey Pie, Martha My Dear, Her Majesty.
Sorry, but technically, "Her Majesty" starts with a chord played by the whole band, so it's not just Paul.
Stoutman Sunday 5 July 2015
I do believe "Martha My Dear" was done solo by McCartney.
Bill Friday 9 August 2019
Instead of the George Martin stuff being on here (Sea Of Holes, etc.), the Star-Club songs (Little Queenie, Sheila, Reminiscing, I'll Remember You, etc.) should be listed.
Wow, I can't believe those George Martin songs were included on the list while other, more worthy songs were left off. Kinda pathetic.
moe Wednesday 19 April 2017
Jakob Sunday 23 April 2017
Bob booblay Tuesday 29 August 2017
Ringo played the drums
Nick Sunday 20 July 2014
The song "where have you been all my life", which they played back in their earlier days…
crystal Friday 29 August 2014
how about "i dont know" (oh johnny, johnny)
Timothy Miller Wednesday 6 June 2018
"Oh" Johnnny? With three 'N's, Johnnny? I have found that amusing. TimNm
rudy shears Wednesday 1 October 2014
soldier boy?
I think you mean "Soldier Of Love".
Adam Monday 15 December 2014
Please add "I'm in love"
Travis Friday 21 April 2017
I'm In Love is amazing! Seriously sounds better than a lot of the songs they were recording in 63-64 and I love those songs. Would have been an awesome inclusion on A Hard Day's Night or With The Beatles.
Pascal Monday 26 January 2015
There are dozens more… just look on You Tube… the list goes on and on.
Most of them are just one-lines, or demo's…
john Sunday 8 March 2015
Rule 10. Beware of false possessives, which often occur with nouns ending in s. Don't add apostrophes to noun-derived adjectives ending in s. Close analysis is the best guide.
Incorrect: We enjoyed the New Orleans' cuisine.
In the preceding sentence, the word the makes no sense unless New Orleans is being used as an adjective to describe cuisine. In English, nouns frequently become adjectives. Adjectives rarely if ever take apostrophes.
Incorrect: I like that Beatles' song.
Correct: I like that Beatles song.
Again, Beatles is an adjective, modifying song.
Incorrect: He's a United States' citizen.
Correct: He's a United States citizen.
Joe Monday 9 March 2015
Thanks for your concern, but there is nothing wrong with the grammar in this page's title. "The Beatles' songs" is not a false possessive.
MikeP Friday 9 June 2017
LOL! Beautiful response and, of course, absolutely correct.
Darrel Tuesday 18 July 2017
Great page. Can you answer me this. Did the beatles ever record with elvis? My uncle says he had a record of beatles and elvis together. I cant find anything out about it on google. And one yahoo answers said he believes it was johnie b goode
Elvis and The Beatles never recorded together (unless you count mashups).
Billy Shears Monday 9 March 2015
Something happened with the release of Revolver. Prior to that album, almost all of the Beatle songs were Love songs and were of a personal nature. They were sung to and for the listener. Few exceptions can be found…"Michelle" and "Anna" being some of them. Most of their songs were personal love songs. Even when John was self-lothing in songs such as "I'm a loser" and "Run for your life" ( not love songs by any stretch) the message was personal. Personal love songs between the Beatles and the listener was a quality the endeared them to the public. It was indeed their bread and butter from the early days until 1966. The only personal love songs actually aimed at the listener that I can find after "Rubber Soul" are "I will" and (with a little acceptable stretch) "Long, long, long" on the White Album. "Something" is a love song about a girl…but not a personal song aimed at the listener. "I want you (She's so Heavy" is kind of personal, but not much of a love song. "Long and winding road" could be construed as a love song, but "Love" is not mentioned – only sentimental affection. "Don't let me down" is more begging and pleading than an outpouring of affection towards the listener (although it is personal). Revolver contains "Got to get you into my life", but this "Love" song is an ode to POT…Paul's newfound pal. Examine all the albums after "Rubber Soul" and try to find a personal love song. Once they "Matured" in their song writing… they never returned to love songs. Starting with "Revolver" their songs became darker and worldly. It signaled a loss of innocence. After the breakup, a John recorded a couple of personal love songs, although most were either aimed at Yoko or general…and Paul…well… more than a few…often silly ones. Examine the Beatle album "Love Songs" and check the release dates of the songs…most of the personal – singer to listener – love songs are pre-Revolver.
Robert Dupuis Saturday 20 June 2015
John had Yoko, Paul had Linda, George had Patti and Ringo had his wife. They all were in love and getting stoned. Dylan and pot opened them to a whole new way of writing.
Mr. Kite Friday 15 March 2019
Yoko really didn't show up until 68.
Mike Garbussi Wednesday 7 December 2016
Bob Dylan…….that's what happened…….
Brandon Nelson Saturday 11 March 2017
Cannabis, LSD.
Pablo Banques Thursday 11 May 2017
One of life's greatest pleasures for me is to listen to the whole lot in chronological order and just glory in the fab evolution of their style, creativity and craftsmanship. Listening to everything, even the 'difficult' stuff or the early bad quality cassette recordings brings new perpectives. My favourite period jumps around a lot and sometimes Revolver seems to be a steady evolution, other times a watershed. BTW I use Ian Macdonald's canonical list for all non album songs but listen to the (uk release) albums in track order rather than chronological. LIB goes in twice ha ha because I like both albums. I just keep it on loop in the car, never get tired of it, always refreshes my spirit. My list is currently 261 songs, just under 12 hours of bliss. Other lists are available! When Free as a Bird and Real Love play, the emotional hit is massive, you can feel the Weight of all the genius those guys had to Carry.
manteau Tuesday 14 April 2015
How about a mono/stereo releases big theme , and various versions? like , on the german LP "With the beatles", "all my loving" is preceded with a 5 ticking ( Ringo on the charlie, or cymbals), and "Money" doesn't have any percussions during the intro….you know, every little thing!
Rolf Monday 22 June 2015
… and add I Don't Want To See You Again (recorded by Peter & Gordon 1964)
Bryan Friday 23 September 2016
And Nobody I Know
Billy Pilgrim Saturday 11 July 2015
Where on this site or elsewhere can I find a list of who actually or predominantly wrote the lyrics for each "Lennon/McCartney" song? I've always figured that whoever took the main vocal was doing "their" song. But the harmonies are so tight and the images so powerful that it's hard to tell, or even care, in the moment of listening.
sgtcook1959 Wednesday 9 September 2015
I find the transition of hit songs from Lennon w/McCartney to McCartney w/Lennon to an almost entirety of McCartney following the Magical Mystery Tour interesting. Or is this just me?
Devan Sunday 20 September 2015
Thank you for organizing this site. It can only be described as awesome! By the way, whatever happened to Ballad of John & Yoko? And to Hippy Hippy Shake in the list of songs?
Joe Monday 21 September 2015
They can be found under T (because the titles begin with 'The').
Bongo Sunday 20 September 2015
After 40 years, were still talking about these great songs. Can't wait to hear the new reissues/re-releases in 5.1 Surround starting with the new Beatles 1 LP. This will lead to everything being reissued again.
Mike Murphy Wednesday 2 December 2015
On the "HEY HEY HEY HEY" part of Kansas City I'm still not satisfied with the lyrics cited here.
I'm in an oldies group and we're trying to get it right. In the Shindig spot I'm seeing John and George answer "Now Child" on the 3rd line as a response. The 4th line response I'm lost. I'm not seeing them sing "pal" as it states. Little Richard says "child" . Any body got any ideas ?
Den' O'Boogie Wednesday 27 January 2016
This is an excellent site. You've put a lot of work into it. I'm enjoying every visit. Many thanks for it all!
BogeyMusic Friday 4 March 2016
This site is like a paradise for The Beatles fans. Well, for me anyway. I've just took a quick run through the songs' names, and it kind of surprised me to find 'Now And Then'. As far as I know, this song exist only as a Lennon demo from late 70's. The three remaining Beatles never did a proper version for Anthology 3, 'cos George (Harrison) didn't wanted to record another Lennon solo. Although Paul liked it a lot, and mentioned it a few times that he wishes to finish it himself, and release it. So, why is this song in The Beatles' songs list? (By the way, I feel with the radical, almost brutal change of George Martin with Jeff Lynne, 'Free As A Bird' and especially 'Real Love' were damaged to such an extence, that they don't sound like The Beatles, but more like ELO, which is comparison in no good way).
Ms. Lane Friday 9 June 2017
Agree completely re: ELO, as well as paradise for Beatles fans.
MikeP Thursday 11 October 2018
Jeff Lynne did a great job with what he was given, and Real Love is a true Beatles gem.
Joe, thank you for the monsterous job you are doing! It needs more than aknowledgement and good will for it. And I respect you for that.
Bongo Tuesday 29 March 2016
Joe, I love this thread. I hope when you have more time, you will ad more pictures of the Parlophone or Apple singles instead of using the black Past masters pics on some of these songs. I have most of these pics if you are interested.
Keep up the great work on this most awesome site!!!!
steven Petrus Monday 11 April 2016
Ok when I got the 62-66, and 67-70 there was a Beatles discography enclosed that mentions Thingamabob as a b side of I believe Let it Be. Where can I find this song?
Carlos Sunday 5 June 2016
I think " Goodbye" should be included in the list. If "Come and get it" is included , being "Goodbye " A Lennon / McCartney composition , the same would have to happen .
Triple ninja gamer 101 Sunday 15 January 2017
You also forgot "The world is waiting for the sunrise"
Sam Miller Monday 7 August 2017
Does anyone else think the other 3 gave George 'the day off' (excluded him from a track) too many times? Especially from Sgt. Pepper on?
Ms. Lane Wednesday 9 August 2017
Or George chose to remove himself? Remember: the biggest break he got was getting into The Beatles. The second biggest break was getting out of them.
I think George was very conflicted by SPLHCB. He also remarked after Candlestick Park: that's it; I'm not a Beatle anymore.
Harri Potta Wednesday 6 September 2017
Did The Beatles ever actually record /play Yellow Lemon Tree (aka Blue blue sky).? Seems to be an on going question!
Amalia Wednesday 13 December 2017
I remember listening from someone that there was a beatles' song, writen by john, when he learned about a teacher in England who was teaching to the children the meaning of their songs. And because he thought it was funny he decided to write a song with a very confusing meaning. Is that story true? If yes wich is that song?
Renan Thursday 28 December 2017
Yes it's true. The song is "I Am The Walrus"
Johnibear Tuesday 13 November 2018
What about The Palace Of. The King Of The Birds? And for that matter Thinking Of Linking etc
Mary Jenen Friday 15 February 2019
Thank you so much for this list. A friend ask me how many Beatles songs have womans names in them. This list made it super easy to figure out. Also having the composer helped.
Travis Saturday 19 October 2019
"Nobody I know"
"I don't wanna see you again"
Kaos Thursday 5 December 2019
I am missing three unreleased songs-
-Carnival of light
Sgt. Pepper sessions
-Etcetera
White album sessions
-Now and Then
Anthology 3 release
Could anyone let me know if any of those come out? Thanks! Love the Beatles!
Kaos Sunday 2 February 2020
I am now missing, notably, Madman, Etcetera, Suzy Parker. I got Carnival of Light on iTunes, but it was a one in a million offer.
The More River Rhine tapes CD mini LP is priceless.
Kaos Friday 8 May 2020
what about pinwheel twist
Pat Shannon Saturday 4 April 2020
Hi I was once listening to a radio show about songs written by John and the guy said this song was written in the sitting room of Cynthia and I missed which son it was does anyone know which it was Thanks
KaosTictaw Monday 18 May 2020
Joe, can you add songs listed in the paul mccartney project?
eg, You're in my little book, If tomorrow ever comes, etc..
Joe Tuesday 19 May 2020
There is a Paul McCartney songs page, but I'm only adding titles when I've written an article about them. There are a lot to get through!
David Friday 19 June 2020
Joe, you may have answered this before, but why don't you have the lyrics to each song on your site?
Joe Monday 22 June 2020
Because I don't want to get shut down by The Beatles/Apple Corps/Sony/whoever else ends up owning the publishing.
Kel Sunday 28 June 2020
Where is "You Are Here"? Not John's most famous song, but it's gorgeous! Makes me want to go to the beach. Should've been released as a single.
It's on the John Lennon songs page: You Are Here.
asdf Monday 13 July 2020
Hello, is there a Beatles song that contains a line of lyrics that happen to be the title of another Beatles song? I am a big fan of the Beatles.
2014: Ringo Starr live at Red Robinson Show Theatre, Coquitlam, British Columbia
2011: Paul McCartney live at Yankee Stadium, New York
2010: Paul McCartney live at Pepsi Center, Denver
2009: Paul McCartney plays outdoor show on the Ed Sullivan Theater
1969: Recording, mixing: You Never Give Me Your Money
1968: Recording, mixing: Revolution, Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da, Cry Baby Cry
1968: The Beatles move into the Apple headquarters at 3 Savile Row, London
1962: Live: Cavern Club, Liverpool (evening)
1961: Live: Holyoake Hall, Liverpool
1958: Julia Lennon dies
Sgt Pepper meets Star Wars in Sgt Pepper
By Ahhh Girl, 8 minutes ago
Coronavirus – Come Together, Right Now in All together now
By Ron Nasty, 54 minutes ago
The "Incredibly Impossible to Derail This Thread" thread in All together now
By SgtPeppersBulldog, 1 hour ago
Beatles News in Yesterday... and today
By Ron Nasty, 1 hour ago
Introduce yourself to the forum! in All together now
By Jules, 5 hours ago
Julia Lennon dies
Recording: In Spite Of All The Danger, That'll Be The Day
Live: Festival Hall, Melbourne


text:
MakeUp in ...™ / MakeUp in... / LosAngeles / Lipstick… A star among make-up stars!
Lipstick… A star among make-up stars!
An iconic accessory in the make-up routine, and a spearhead of any cosmetic line, lipstick as we know it, appeared in the 1920s. Our great-grandmothers – but also gentlemen at the Court – also used to put "red' to their lips, by picking with their finger or a brush some coloured ointment from a jar.
Lipstick will be the topic next February 9, from 03:30 pm to 04:00 pm of the round table animated by Gérald Martines, founder of the marketing / innovation consulting firm IN•SIGNS, with the participation of Philippe Pavageau, CEO, Alkos Group; Sonia Cerato, Category Manager Makeup Division, Quadpack and Sabine Oelschlegel, VP Marketing and R&D, Weckerle.
The democratization of modern lipstick really started in the 40s with Max Factor, a Hollywood Makeup Artist of the 20s and 30s.
Max Factor also invented the 'Kissing Machine' to test and improve the performance of its formulas. This device, which irresistibly evokes the organ from a retro-science fiction humanoid robot, nevertheless enabled to make huge strides in the burgeoning art of formulating the 'grape', this bullet-shaped small piece of soft material which became so hugely popular.
Hence, formulas used at first for modern lipsticks, consisting mainly of wax and pigments, were packaged in a small metal tube with a helical mechanism enabling to motion the grape in and out.
This type of mechanism is in fact the one, which is still widely used nowadays: its realization has meanwhile benefited from progress offered by plastic injection technologies, enabling to reduce production costs and to make therefore lipstick available to a greater number of beautistas.
This core innovation still remains the most widely used packaging for "classic" formulas.
But gradually, brands improved this indispensable accessory by developing so-called "multifunctional" formulas: to mere colouring functions were added moisturising agents, or anti- UVs (due to the absence of melanin, the skin of lips is particularly sensitive) and then "long hold" agents: times are gone when ladies could be traced thanks to carmine lipstick marks left on the rim of a glass, the filter of a cigarette or the cheek of a man!
Each of these advances made in the use of lipstick, achieved by modifying the formulation, was accompanied by a reduction in the structural rigidity of the grape. The addition of active ingredients, solvents, the search for smoother textures, etc. resulted in softer or more volatile formulas and packagings that had to adapt.
The 2000s, the turning point!
In the 2000s a second major innovation emerged with 'slim packs': thinner and longer than traditional packs, they feature two advantages. Their 'guided' mechanism principle allows to better supports smooth formulas, which are therefore less likely to deform or break during application. The small bevelled end which is one of their specificities allows only using a small quantity of product while keeping an ergonomic application gesture. Moreover, their constitution allows them to be waterproof and to protect volatile formulas from drying.
These packs are a new addition to the range of technologies available to brands.
Of course the ongoing search for the 'best product ever' has continued to nurture innovations in formulas, which on their side have continued to expand to offer either, more comfort and gloss – or like more recently velvety matt shades… and have become smoother and delicate. Packaging manufacturers have followed suit by proposing mechanisms that could be conditioned by pouring ultra-soft formulas directly in the pack, the only way to handle them, the pack becoming as a matter of fact the "mould" itself of the formula – third major innovation!
From tubes to pencils…
Changing fashions, an accelerating pace of life, the attraction of younger generations for novelty, immediacy, simplicity and nomadism have resulted in the emergence of a new gesture, offered by pencils. Meanwhile pencils had become ubiquitous in all other make-up applications, resulting (again) in a new pack format: the Jumbo Stick, popularized by Clinique with its Chubby Sticks. Here, innovation is not technological, and the formula and the principle of the pack are not revolutionary either, what changed is the use and the gesture thus requiring a new structure for the mechanism, in between conventional mechanisms and the first guided mechanisms – fourth major innovation.
And there is certainly more to come, brands and manufacturers surely have quite a few surprises up their sleeves for us, like these grapes which are no longer round – why should we limit ourselves to a cylinder shape when the grape no longer rotates in the tube but slides in it? Especially when some "drop-shaped" grapes allow a more precise application. Similarly why should the user need to rotate the mechanism? Why not just slide the grape out of the tube like Guerlain and its Rouge Automatique, or with a click, as proposes Saint Laurent with its popular pen, 'Touche Eclat'?
Indeed many more surprises are due to emerge in the next coming years!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
La Estación Ferroviaria de Valença, igualmente conocida como Estación de Valença, es una plataforma de la Línea del Miño, que sirve la localidad de Valença, en Portugal.

Características
Se encuentra en frente de la Avenida de la Estación, en la localidad de Valença.

En el año 2010, poseía 3 vías de circulación, con 397, 365 y 248 metros de longitud; las plataformas presentaban 154, 141 y 99 metros de extensión y 25 centímetros de altura.

En marzo de 2011, esta plataforma era utilizada por servicios Regionales, Internacionales e Interregionales de la operadora Comboios de Portugal.

Historia
La vinculación ferroviaria en la Estación de Valença abrió a la explotación en 1882.

Hasta el final de la Década de 1980, se encontró en circulación un servicio internacional mixto de la Red Nacional de Ferrocarriles Españoles, con la clasificación de ómnibus, entre las localidades de Guillarei, y Valença, pasando por Tuy.

Véase también

Línea del Miño
Valencia
Red Ferroviaria Nacional
Comboios de Portugal

Enlaces externos

Página sobre la Estación de Valença, en el portal de la operadora Comboios de Portugal

Referencias

Bibliografía

Valença
Valença
Valenca
Valença (Portugal)
Patrimonio edificado en Valença

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In years gone by, being the designated driver meant sticking to sodas, or maybe treating yourself to a lime cordial at the pub. But with the rise in people choosing to stay sober in recent years, companies are catching up to the trend and offering some more interesting alternatives. Whether you don't drink as a lifestyle choice, because you're pregnant, or are just wanting to be on your best behaviour at the work Christmas party, you can still join in the fun with alcohol-free versions of your favourite festive drinks.
Happiful have put five drinks to the test to see what we would raise a glass to, and what we'd pour down the sink. Bottoms up!
Based on our 28 reviews, it looks like the Happiful office is pretty happy with alcohol-free bevvies. A clear-headed 86% of us said "yes" or "maybe" when asked if we would choose that particular alcohol-free festive drink again, and 82% would recommend the drink to a friend.
One question that did cause a bit more debate was whether we would choose the alcohol-free version of the drink over the alcoholic one. Only 22% of us said a straight "no", 33% were a firm "yes" and 26% would drink the alcohol-free option if they couldn't or didn't want to have alcohol at an event.
Overall, it looks like we have some great options to have a sober social this year, while a few of us are still a bit happier getting merry.


text:
Scientists take on food waste and fashion pollution—fabricating faux cotton and leather with fungi.
Bread-eating fungus spores produce natural fibers that can be treated to mimic cotton and leather, using far less water and energy than conventional materials.
By Prachi Patel
Fashion's biggest faux pas is probably its environmental impact. The fashion industry accounts for 10% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions, according to the United Nations Environment Programme, and it is the second-biggest consumer of water.
For a more eco-conscious fashion statement, researchers from the University of Borås in Sweden have turned to fungus. The team has harnessed a bread-eating fungus to convert food waste into materials that look and feel just like leather, cotton, and paper.
The research, presented yesterday at the American Chemical Society's spring meeting, is an innovative solution to tackle the enormous environmental impact of both food waste and fashion pollution. Besides providing an economical use for food waste, the fungal materials will use far less water and energy than their conventional counterparts, and will be faster to make.
About a third of all food produced for human consumption ends up going to waste, and it generates greenhouse emissions as it sits rotting in landfills.
To put that waste to use, biotechnologist Akram Zamani and her colleagues turned to the filamentous fungus Rhizopus delemar that grows on decaying food matter. They collected old bread from supermarkets, and dried and crushed into breadcrumbs. Then they mixed it along with the fungus spores in water in a small reactor.
As the fungus consumed the bread, it produced microscopic natural fibers made of the proteins chitin and chitosan. These fibers accumulated in the fungal cell walls. After two days, the researchers collected the cells, and removed fats and proteins, which they say could be used to make animal feed. This left behind a jelly-like residue containing the fibrous cell walls.
Green cooling tech is based on the idea of salt melting ice
The team spun this residue into yarn, which could be woven into clothing or used to make medical sutures. Treating the fibers with glycerol made them stronger and more flexible. The researchers also spread out the jelly and dried it to make paper-like material. Further, to make leather-like materials that closely mimic real animal leather, they made thicker layers which they treated with tree-derived tannins for softness.
Zamani's team are not the first to make leather from fungi. A few sustainable, vegan leather substitutes made from mushrooms, such as the one by California-based company Mycoworks, are already on the market.
Few details on how these materials are made are available. But typically the commercial products are usually made from harvested mushrooms or from fungus grown in a thin layer on top of food waste or sawdust, she said in a press release that. That fermentation process can be time-consuming, taking days or even weeks, whereas her reactor produces the same amount of fungal material in just a couple of days.
Unlike some other fungal leathers, the new one does not contain any synthetic layers, or environmentally harmful coatings or chemicals. Plus, tests showed that its mechanical properties like density and stiffness match that of animal leather very closely.
"We hope they can replace cotton or synthetic fibers and animal leather, which can have negative environmental and ethical aspects," Zamani said.
Source: Ghasem Mohammadkhani et al. Sustainable fungal textiles and paper-like materials from food waste. ACS Spring 2022.
Image: ©Anthropocene Magazine


text:
American Blues Theater Reveals Luminous Glow of 'The Spitfire Grill' – WTTW News
From left: Dara Cameron, Jacqulyne Jones and Catherine Smitko in "The Spitfire Grill." (Photo by Michael Brosilow)
Maybe it has simply been hiding in plain sight all along. Or maybe this just happens to be the ideal moment in which to bring it back to life. Either way, the altogether luminous American Blues Theater production of "The Spitfire Grill" – the 2001 musical with a soaring, intensely poetic score by James Valcq and Fred Alley based on the 1996 film by Lee David Zlotoff – is an uncannily timely beauty that deserves to be far better known. And this exquisitely rendered revival – expertly realized by director Tammy Mader, music director Malcolm Ruhl, and a uniformly ideal cast of seven – delivers both a rare emotional punch and a winning sense of forgiveness, redemption and love.
The musical (which includes a number of significant changes from the film), follows the fate of Percy Talbott (in a remarkable performance by Jacquelyne Jones), who has just been released after spending five years in prison. She hopes to remake her life in Gilead, a small town in rural Wisconsin (whose name is full of Biblical references) that captured her imagination when she saw an idyllic autumnal picture of the place in a book in the prison library.
Percy's arrival is met with anything but a warm welcome, and the town turns out to be something of a Rust Belt casualty whose fortunes turned sour when years earlier its quarries were closed, and the fate of the much-admired young son of a World War II hero who signed up to serve in the Vietnam War went awry. Her first encounter is with the sad-eyed, warm-hearted Sheriff Joe Sutter (Donterrio Johnson), who will be her parole officer. He manages to get her a job and lodging at The Spitfire Grill, the only diner in town, which has been run for decades by Hannah Ferguson (Catherine Smitko), a sour old woman with a bad hip and a dark secret. And while Hannah initially treats Percy with contempt, her attitude gradually changes after the young woman sees to it that she gets medical help after she breaks her leg in a bad fall.
Jacquelyne Jones and Donterrio Johnson in "The Spitfire Grill." (Photo by Michael Brosilow)
Percy is no cook, so she is relieved when Shelby Thorpe (Dara Cameron), steps in to help keep the Spitfire going while Hannah is recovering. The job also happens to be the ideal escape for Shelby, whose husband, Caleb (Karl Hamilton), the town's bitter, unsuccessful real estate agent, takes his anger and frustration out on his wife.
The two women soon become friends and devise a plan for a national raffle contest that they believe will help Hannah sell the Spitfire. Applicants for the contest will have to send in a hundred dollars along with a letter explaining why they would like the property. The response is unexpectedly huge, suggesting that there are many people, like them, in search of a new life and a second chance.
Of course before it's all over there are countless twists and turns as Joe falls in love with Percy, as Percy's crime is revealed, as Shelby declares her independence, as Caleb vents his anger and his sense that America has failed him, and as Effy Krayneck (Gabrielle Lott-Rogers), the town gossip and nosy postmistress, actively spreads rumors. And then there is the matter of Hannah's ritual of leaving a loaf of bread outside the Spitfire each night – a loaf claimed by a mysterious "Visitor" (Ian Paul Custer).
The show's score is ravishing, with many heartrending ballads that range from semi-operatic arias and duets awash in heated emotions, to heartache-tinged country songs, to a lullaby. And just as the story moves through the changing seasons in Gilead, so do the songs ("The Colors of Paradise," "Forest for the Trees," "Wild Bird"), with lyrics full of the poetry of anguish and redemption, of hope and despair, of dreams both broken and newborn, and of the life-affirming wonders of nature. They also are expertly played by a band that includes Ruhl on accordion, Custer on keyboard, Greg Hirte on violin, Scott Sedlacek on guitar and mandolin, and Magdalena Sustere on cello.
From left: Jacqulyne Jones, Gabrielle Lott-Rogers, Karl Hamilton, Catherine Smitko and Donterrio Johnson in "The Spitfire Grill." (Photo by Michael Brosilow)
Jones, the formidable mezzo-soprano who won a Jeff Award for her performance as Mrs. Lovett in the Theo Ubique production of "Sweeney Todd," subtly but impressively suggests Percy's inner life and transformation, and brings to mind the difficulties faced by parolees. The clarion-voiced Cameron ideally captures the inner life of her character, as does Hamilton as her "make America great again" husband. And Smitko is a terrific actress who knows just how to hide her character's vulnerability.
The always-virtuosic Johnson is wonderfully low-keyed and vulnerable as the Sheriff with a forest full of dreams. Lott-Rogers is just sharp-edged and judgmental enough as Effy. And Custer is every bit as haunted as he must be.
Adding to the all-American fairy tale quality of "The Spitfire Grill" is designer Sarah E. Ross' abstract rustic set with its suggestion of raw wood, and Jared Gooding's painterly strokes of light that suggest the healing balm in Gilead.
All in all, a musical revelation.
The American Blues Theater production of "The Spitfire Grill" runs through Aug.17 at Stage 773, 1225 W. Belmont Ave. For tickets ($19-$39) call (772) 654-3103 or visit americanbluestheater.com. Running time is 2 hours with one intermission.
Note: Next up at American Blues Theater will be the Chicago premiere of "Five Presidents," about the rare day in history (April 27, 1994) when former presidents George H. W. Bush, Ronald Reagan, Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford and then-President Bill Clinton gathered in the same room at the same time for a memorial service for former President Richard M. Nixon. The play is by Rick Cleveland, an early ensemble member of American Blues who went on to write for "The West Wing," "Six Feet Under" and "House of Cards." "Five Presidents" will run Sept. 6-Oct. 19 at Stage 773.
Follow Hedy Weiss on Twitter: @HedyWeissCritic
More from Hedy Weiss:
Thoughts on a Trio of Musical Theater Classics
5 Chicago Theater Recommendations: 'Music Man,' 'True West' and More
Preserving Musical History With a Rarely Revived Operetta
Chris Rock's Saw Movie Gets Summer 2020 Release Date – Collider.com
Andy Mackay on Roxy Music and his proggy new solo album – Louder


Mar 31, 2017. Utilize case studies to demonstrate how enhanced technologies can. Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood. Aug 17, 2016. A total of 4775 cases were studied, out of 27,033 which were indoor patient admitted in various wards in PDU Hospital, Rajkot.
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Patients with anemia during pregnancy of mild-to-moderate degree may have. DNA and Mutations : A case study of the effects of mutation: Sickle cell anemia. A Case Study of Iron Deficiency Anemia in University Students [Samiullah Khan, Abdur Rehman] on Amazon.com.. The objective of this study is to determine the etiology and evaluate the different components of clinical profile of the patients having anemia in medical wards of TUTH..
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Several Colorado organizations have worked together to develop resources to help educate the public, restaurants and bars and other businesses about the smoke-free law. For more information about these organizations.
Definition of Secondhand Smoke: Unwanted smoke that people breathe in from cigarettes that other people are smoking. It's also known as passive smoking.
The Surgeon General's 1964 whitepaper report on smoking and health was the first study of its kind to be released to the general public. Since then, more than 20,000,000 US citizens have died as a result of a tobacco and nicotine habit. Whereas most of those deaths represented adults who had regular smoking habits, 2.5 million people who had never smoked in their lives died from lung cancer and heart disease attributed to secondhand smoke. Another 100,000 were babies or infant victims of passive smoking.
The Colorado 2006 Clean Indoor Air Act was passed to protect innocent lungs from secondhand smoke, which causes 34,000 cases of fatal heart disease and over 7,000 deaths through lung cancer nationwide every year.
"Learn more about vaping, ejuice ingredients, and secondhand vaping information here. If vaping and buying ejuice stick with a trusted vendor, like this one.
Colorado's Clean Indoor Air Act enforces smoking bans in many indoor areas and public places such as, but not limited to commercial and retail establishments, museums, libraries, schools, restaurants, and bars. And with the exception of non-public workplaces with three or fewer people, the Act also outlaws smoking in almost all places of employment.
When compared to the US national average, Colorado's smoking statistics don't hold up as well as states like Utah, California, or Minnesota, but is much better placed when compared to Kentucky and West Virginia, the two states with most smokers nationwide.
Colorado's CIAA has more or less eliminated smoking in public spaces and workplaces, and as a result, the state has seen some significant changes. Millions of Coloradans are now better protected from the risks of tobacco smoke at work, and hundreds of thousands fewer people are smoking now than before the law came into effect. Thanks to the Act, most people living in Colorado can breathe safe, smoke-free air. But the state's health officials admit they still have a way to go.
With above average rates of male student smokers, and well over 2,000 kids under 18 becoming new smokers every year, Colorado still books 5,100 yearly deaths from smoking. The state also estimates that 91,000 of its residents below the age of eighteen will die prematurely from smoking-related causes.
Tragic as the figures are, the human cost is not the only factor Colorado has to endure. The dollar expenditure caused by smoking in the state runs into the billions. Healthcare directly related to smoking costs taxpayers almost $1.9 billion every year, and loss of productivity due to smoking-related downtime tops the $1.27 billion level annually.
Add to this the Medicaid costs of $386 million and the total leaves Coloradan's facing a yearly tax burden of $692 per household for government expenditure caused directly by the impact smoking has on the health of its residents.
Since 2013, Colorado's war on tobacco has focused more and more on the state's younger residents. The dedicated, "I AM A SMOKE-FREE ZONE" campaign launched from Denver, and its surrounding communities, concentrated efforts on protecting children from secondhand smoke by declaring every child a smoke-free zone.
The campaign is keen to stress that when it comes to secondhand smoke, there is no such thing as a risk-free level of exposure. Adults who smoke should be consistent and step outside if kids are in the home and step away from anyone that could be harmed before they light up and smoke their cigarettes.
I AM A SMOKE-FREE ZONE is coordinated by Denver Public Health and is run in partnership with various local health agencies, and in a large number of counties. The campaign uses Spanish and English TV and radio broadcasts, event, restroom, store, and outdoor marketing to encourage Colorado's residents to protect their children from the dangerous chemicals that can be found in secondhand smoke.
The campaign is only one of several major smoking-related public health campaigns now active in the state. And together with Colorado's voter-approved hike in taxes on cigarettes and other tobacco-related products, the state's health managers are optimistic that the battle for clean, smoke-free air in the Centennial State is turning in their favor.


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Q: How to express a conditional in a summation I have a question about notation: What's the proper mathematical notation to write (sum from i=1 to X)(sum from j=1 to X) 1 if gcd(i,j)==2, 0 otherwise?

A: For that Knuth uses Iverson's convention: $[\gcd(i, j) = 2]$ is 1 if the condition is true, 0 if false.

A: There is the Kronecker delta $\delta_{i,j}=0$ if $i\neq j$ 1 otherwise.
For you $\sum_{i=1}^X \sum_{j=1}^X \delta_{\gcd(i,j),2}$.
I hope it helps.

A: I might just write
$$
\sum_{\begin{smallmatrix} 1\le i\le X \\  1\le j\le X \\  \gcd(i,j)=2 \end{smallmatrix}} 1.
$$
If you need to write it as an iterated sum, you could write
$$
\sum_{1\le i\le X} \sum_{\begin{smallmatrix} 1\le j \le X \\  \gcd(i,j)=2 \end{smallmatrix}} 1.
$$
But it won't do to write
$$
\sum_{\begin{smallmatrix} 1\le i \le X \\  \gcd(i,j)=2 \end{smallmatrix}} \sum_{1\le j \le X } 1
$$
because there's not yet anything called $j$.  For example, suppose one has
$$
\sum_{i=1}^4 \sum_{j=1}^3 (i^2+j).
$$
This is
$$
\underbrace{\Big((1^2+1)+(1^2+2)+(1^2+3)\Big)}_{i=1} + \underbrace{\Big((2^2+1)+(2^2+2)+(2^2+3)\Big)}_{i=2} + \underbrace{\Big((3^2+1)+(3^2+2)+(3^2+3)\Big)}_{i=3}
$$
Within the term in which $i=2$, we find one term in which $j=2$ and two other terms. But we cannot include or exclude in its entirety the term labeled with the $\underbrace{\text{underbrace}}$ as $i=2$ on the grounds of its relationship with some other variable called $j$.

A: $$\sum_{1\le i\le X,\gcd(i,j)=2}\sum_{1\le j\le X}1$$ will do. Also, you could look up the Iverson bracket notation.
EDIT: Sorry, make that $$\sum_{1\le i\le X}\sum_{1\le j\le X,\gcd(i,j)=2}1$$ (Thanks, Michael)

A: You could do something like this, for instance:
$$
f(X)=\sum_{1\leq i,j\leq X, (i,j)=2}^X1=1+2\sum_{1\leq i<j\leq X, (i,j)=2}^X1
$$
$$
=1+2\sum_{2\leq 2i<2j\leq X, (i,j)=1}^X1
$$
$$
=1+2\sum_{j=1}^{\lfloor X/2\rfloor}\sum_{1\leq i<j, (i,j)=1}1
$$
$$
=1+2\sum_{j=2}^{\lfloor X/2\rfloor}\phi(j)
$$
where $\phi(j)$ is Euler's totient function which counts the number of $i$ between $1$ and $j$ such that $(i,j)=1$.
This way you can get an asymptotic estimate:
$$
f(X)=\frac{3X^2}{4\pi^2}+O(X\log X).
$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


holding from 50 – 300 guests for your private or corporate event.
The Howick Club is a large, modern facility set in landscaped grounds, with a membership base of over 4000, coming from all walks of life.
The Club places particular emphasis on family participation, with a large children's play-area, which includes an 80 mtr flying-fox.
As part of the Clubs New Zealand network, our members enjoy reciprocal visiting rights with over 300 clubs within New Zealand and throughout Australia.
Our restaurant is open daily with an extensive A La Carte menu, Sunday Buffet dinner and a variety of bar snacks.
Over 4000 members coming from all walks of life. Mainly from the Howick & Pakuranga areas of Manukau City.


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#1: Summer of Intentionality
Aired:
Pastor Kenneth Price
We are looking at the summer of 2022, assessing our rhythms, and looking to address areas where we made need to press the 'pause' button. Where we need to stop and say, "Jesus, I need you in this space." This podcast is a call to the heart of our people to say "how can we be more intentional?" It's through rhythms and practices that we want to encourage you to follow Jesus's heart in a way you haven't before. And ultimately to live a more intentional and Christ-filled life.
Listen to "Wise Rhythms" on Spreaker.
"We are all constantly be formed by something...we have an opportunity every single day to be made into the image of the things we are closest to...we believe that we have a mandate as believers to be formed into the image of Christ."
"We love to accept as our Savior, but we have a hard time making Him our Lord." [referring to words A.W. Tozer]
"We believe that every Christian is a disciple."
"Taking the normal rhythms or your life and disrupting those rhythms and placing yourself square in the rhythms that God has called you to."
"We have an opportunity to turn our hearts and minds away from the brokenness of world. To turn our hearts and minds to Jesus. To walk in his footsteps, to love the things He loved, to love the people that He loved. To be formed in His image and then to turn back to the world with that love and that healing and that kindness in our hearts and pour that out into the world around us."
"11 And he gave the apostles, the prophets, the evangelists, the shepherdsand teachers,12 to equip the saints for the work of ministry, for building up the body of Christ, 13 until we all attain to the unity of the faith and of the knowledge of the Son of God, to mature manhood,to the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ, 14 so that we may no longer be children, tossed to and fro by the waves and carried about by every wind of doctrine, by human cunning, by craftiness in deceitful schemes. 15 Rather, speaking the truth in love, we are to grow up in every way into him who is the head, into Christ, 16 from whom the whole body, joined and held together by every joint with which it is equipped, when each part is working properly, makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love." -Ephesians 4:11-16
Reference to Genesis 1:1, God's forming of the world through His word
"In the New Testament salvation and discipleship are so closely related as to be indivisible. They are not identical, but as with Siamese twins they are joined by a tie which can be severed only at the price of death. Yet they are being severed in evangelical circles today. In the working creed of the average Christian salvation is held to be immediate and automatic, while discipleship is thought to be something optional which the Christian may delay indefinitely or never accept at all." -A.W. Tozer
Ruthless Elimination of Hurry by John Mark Comer
Current Growth Guide
Did you catch the blooper at the end of Episode 1? :)


text:
About Language Centre: The Language Centre was founded in 1970 to conduct language research and undertake teaching related to the improvement of proficiency in English and the languages used in Ghana. The Centre handles the compulsory Academic Writing programmes for all first and second year students of the University of Ghana. It also runs a Certificate in English Proficiency programme for students from non-English-speaking countries.
Research Profile: When the Language Centre was founded in 1970, its mandate was to focus on research and teaching related to the improvement of performance in English, the official language, and the languages used in Ghana. At that time, the perception was that many students were unable to use English as well as their mother tongue with the expected degree of proficiency in both academic and non-academic contexts. It was argued that remedial work at University could help but a comprehensive approach which tackles the problem of language study and language use in the total educational system of Ghana was regarded as the most realistic solution. For that reason, research in the Language Centre has tended to focus on language learning, teaching and assessment, standards of English language use across the educational system but particularly at the university level, language endangerment and documentation, language use in the media, multilingualism, intercultural communication, written communication, and the interrelated areas of language and literature. Future research would, more or less, be along the current thematic trajectories.


The Sikorsky S-65 is the western biggest helicopter and trace back to the 1962 US Marines Corps Heavy Helicopter Experimental (HHX) competition. The twin engined S-65 was developed as a scaled-up version of the S-61 but with the dynamic system of the S-64 Skycrane.
First flew on October 14, 1964 and this massive helicopter did it's first loops and rolls on March 1968 by a test pilot of the USMC.
Although dimensionally similar, the much more powerful three engined Sikorsky S-80 entered service in 1981 with one more main blade rotor and tail making a 20° angle to offset the thrust required on the tail rotor to keep it straight.
CH-53D, End of era for icon of Marine aviation, 21-Aug-12 : CAMP LEATHERNECK, Afghanistan – by Sgt. James Mercure - First deployed during the Vietnam War, the CH-53D helicopter made its final flight in Helmand province, Afghanistan, Aug. 16.
IDAS/MATT system guides 20th Special Operation Squadron, 19-Oct-98 : HURLBURT FIELD, Fla. by Staff Sgt. William J. Seabrook Jr. 16th Special Operations Wing Public Affairs - The 20th Special Operations Squadron's MH-53J Pave Lows, already among the world's most sophisticated helicopters, are now being equipped with a powerful new capability.
CH-53D Sea Stallion 1967 Improved assault transport for the US Marine Corps; 126 built with two 3925 shp (2927 kW) T64-GE-413 engines.
The HH-53B first flew from Stratford, CT on 15 March 1967.
S-65-40 1971 Planned civil airliner version of Sikorsky S-65 seating 42 passengers in airliner style (2-2) seats. None built.


Fingertip locks are a common, effective method to shield intruders from entering your property. With these locks, the only way someone can get by means of your front door is by you programming their fingerprints into the system. If somebody not within the system makes an attempt to make use of their fingerprint to get in, you will be alerted. There is no level in investing in an alarm system which does not absolutely protect your house, after all. You need to have sensors in place on each single window and door to make certain no one can get inside. When you don't, you'll be gambling with the fact that the burglar could not think of entering in the identical way you anticipate them to.
Ask your alarm system if they supply separate entry codes for cleaning folks or maintenance males. If they do, make the most of this characteristic. In many instances, you can arm the system to allow entry with that code only at particular occasions of day. This will help prevent potential thieves from entering your home through the night hours or at different occasions once they know you won't be at home.
Canines are excellent security techniques. Even if they are small, simply the noise of a barking canine is sufficient to make a legal transfer on to the subsequent house. The dog does not need to be an enormous watchdog because the barking attracts attention to what's going on and a criminal desires to stay unnoticed. Houses that have sliding glass doorways can be more of a security danger. They are often simply opened if someone lifts and shakes the door body. For those who do not need a security system hooked up to them, minimize a length of pipe to slot in the door channel. This could preserve your door tightly closed and make it more durable to force broad open.
To make it hard for anybody to get into your property unwanted, make your exterior doorways prepared. Every single one in all them ought to have a good one-inch deadbolt installed at least. This gadget makes the door significantly harder to break into than a easy knob-lock, supplying you with extra time to call police or presumably just convincing an intruder to give up and leave. If you want to embody a cool know-how on your property whereas also protecting it, spend money on fingerprint locks. These will solely open if considered one of your family members is there, ensuring that nobody can break in due to a key they've discovered, selecting the lock or foiling a lesser grade lock.
If your neighbor gets these prematurely, it seems as if you are residence.
Go away your storage door closed, even if you're at home. A storage offers quick access into your own home. Many individuals also store things of worth in that house, making it enticing to intruders. Therefore, shut it whenever you aren't exterior in your yard. It's higher to be secure than sorry. What does it take to really put money into peace of thoughts? To guard your family from harm? To keep your valuables in security? It takes home security, however do you know what to do? If not, this text will present you a lot easy techniques to protect your own home and all of its contents.
This text has proven that dwelling security could be simple. It merely takes knowledge. Make the most of the instruments provided right here to make the very best home safety selections in your distinctive scenario. Never disregard these ideas, as they're nice for guaranteeing residence security. One easy approach to decide on burglar-proof windows is to choose those with smaller panes of glass. Small panes imply that nobody can fit their body through, and it also means many panes should be broken to achieve access. You can even use shatter-proof glass for the same effect.
What plans do you have got for the home safety system in your home? You do not need to enter a decision like this not really understanding what you're doing. This determination involves a considerable funding, and also you need to put the safety of your family as a top priority. Hold studying to search out out what to do. Do not go away notes in your door for members of the family or individuals that are coming to service your home. You could suppose nothing of it, however it is letting everyone know that nobody is inside. It is a good idea to offer people a call ahead of time and give them directions.
It's a good idea to have movement sensor lights installed. These lights will come on if somebody walks close to your private home. Not only will you understand that somebody is on the market, it can additionally deter burglars as a result of they need to be inconspicuous. Be sure you keep recent gentle bulbs in your motion activated lights so that they will work appropriately. Is your dog saved exterior when you're away? That is the place you'll be able to put your spare key. Attach your key to your canine's collar, ensuring that it may possibly't be seen. Particularly if your dog is just not very friendly, this may help hold your key secure.
Earlier than letting a house safety consultant inside, ask for identification. Have you ever taken a look at your options concerning house safety systems?


text:
Q: Accessing dictionary values in django template I'm trying to access key value pairs from a dictionary in a Django template, but am facing some issues.
The dictionary looks something like this:
{datetime.datetime(2014, 10, 31, 0, 0, tzinfo=<UTC>): [<Item: do something1>],
datetime.datetime(2014, 10, 24, 0, 0, tzinfo=<UTC>): [<Item: dosomething2>,<Item: dosomething3>]}

Django template:
{% if item_list %}

        {{item_list}}
        {% for key, value in item_list %}

{{key}}

            {% for item in value %}
                <input type="checkbox" value="{{item.title}}">{{item.title}}

            {% endfor %}
        {% endfor %}

{% else %}

No items are available.

{% endif %}

Views.py
def index(request):
    try:
        item_list = sort_items_by_date()
    except Item.DoesNotExist:
        raise Http404
    return render(request, 'index.html', {'item_list':item_list, 'new_item_form':ItemForm()})

When the template is rendered, none of the items from the dictionary show up. I looked up other similar questions here and tried their solutions (e.g. using item_list.date) but it didn't work. I'd really appreciate it if someone could point out what I'm doing wrong here

A:
{% for key, value in item_list %}

Iterating over a dictionary yields keys.
 {% for key, value in item_list.iteritems %}


text:
The One Ring Forums: Tolkien Topics: Reading Room:
peering into the Unseen
Felagund
Post #1 of 3 (1241 views)
peering into the Unseen Can't Post
A dangerous past-time, if Tolkien�s words are anything to go by, but fascinating subject matter all the same. The catalysts for this peering are two specific moments of peril for Frodo: firstly, at Weathertop; and secondly, at the Ford of Bruinen. Both provide insights into the author�s construction of the dichotomy of the �Seen� and the �Unseen�.
The key passages are in the Gandalf�s telling at Rivendell of these events, focusing on Glorfindel (LotR, �Many Meetings�). The relevant passages are as brief as they are intriguing (emphasis is mine):
�I thought that I saw a white figure that shone and did not grow dim like the others. Was that Glorfindel then?� [Frodo to Gandalf]
�Yes, you saw him [Glorfindel] for a moment as he is on the other side: one of the mighty of the Firstborn�� [Gandalf�s reply]
And slightly earlier in the conversation, Gandalf had given a bit of helpful context:
��for those who have lived in the Blessed Realm live at once in both worlds, and against the Seen and the Unseen they have great power.�
And in the same telling, Gandalf also explains to Frodo the catastrophe he had barely avoided:
�If they [the Ringwraiths] had succeeded [with the Morgul-blade wielded at Weathertop], you would have become a wraith under the dominion of the Dark Lord� You were in gravest peril while you wore the Ring, for then you were half in the wraith-world yourself, and they might have seized you. You could see them, and they could see you.�
�The Riders made straight for you, as soon as you fled. They did not need the guidance of their horses any longer: you had become visible to them, being on the threshold of their world. And also the Ring drew them.�
Although it�s just a few short sentences, there�s a lot going on here. We are introduced to the concept of two worlds; the complex circumstances of visibility, interaction and projection of power between those two worlds; and something of what it meant to be a denizen of the Unseen. There�s precious little in the way of specific mention of the Unseen elsewhere in the legendarium (which is not to say none), and there�s no tidy essay where Tolkien gathered all of his thoughts on the Unseen together. He either chose not to, just didn�t get round to it, or it didn�t even cross his mind as something to resolve � all being regular predicaments for fans of Tolkien�s Middle-earth creation. This short study is therefore not looking to establish a seamless proxy for something Tolkien didn�t write. However, there are several writings that I�m going to put alongside each other for a closer look; I�ll posit a theory or two where possible; and hopefully prompt a bit of discussion along the way.
Before all that, a quick bit of framing. Like many people, I read The Lord of the Rings before encountering The Silmarillion, Unfinished Tales and The History of Middle-earth series. So, in my very first reading of the chapters �Flight to the Ford� and �Many Meetings�, I was missing a key bit of lore that I�ll reference throughout this study: the existence of, and difference between, f�a and hr�a � the spiritual and physical components respectively of each living person in Arda. With the benefit of this knowledge, post-publication of The Lord of the Rings, what Frodo sees when he puts on the One Ring at Weathertop, or during his wraithlike state at the Bruinen, starts to make more substantial sense for the reader. Frodo, a creature of flesh and blood in the physical world, is looking into the world of spirits, and is being perceived in turn by its inhabitants. So, I�ll take a look at various interactions between the Unseen and the Seen, with the aim of better understanding of the nature of the former.
Ringwraiths, wraiths and the wraith-world
Although it isn�t explicitly stated, Gandalf�s mention of a �wraith-world� and of a second world characterised by �the Unseen� and as being on �the other side�, suggests that the terms are interchangeable. Applying Tolkien�s construct of the Children of Eru having a physical and spiritual presence, the descriptors �Seen� can be ascribed to the former and the �Unseen� to the latter. What Frodo sees at the Bruinen is presumably Glorfindel�s f�a, manifest as a �shining figure of white light�. What�s not quite clear to me is whether Frodo sees Glorfindel at that moment in the world of the Unseen or whether Glorfindel � as �an Elf-lord revealed in his wrath� � is somehow temporarily manifesting his spiritual presence in the world of the Seen. Frodo is at this time beginning to �fade� from the world of the Seen, due to the effect of the Morgul-blade, and is therefore described as being �on the threshold� of the wraith-world. It�s thus possible that the Unseen element of Glorfindel is only �revealed� to Frodo due to his own �fading� state.
What of Frodo�s own partial transformation then? Gandalf�s grim prognosis of the Morgul-blade wound unchecked is that Frodo would have become a minor wraith, in thrall to Sauron. This suggests that his hr�a would have effectively perished, and his f�a would be ensnared in the wraith-world and enslaved by the Dark Lord. This aptly describes too the fate of the human bearers of the Nine Rings of Power, which is set out in all its horror in The Silmarillion (�Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age�). Emphasis is mine:
�They could walk, if they would, unseen by all eyes in this world beneath the sun, and they could see things in worlds invisible to mortal men; but too often they beheld only the phantoms and delusions of Sauron� And they became ever invisible save to him that wore the Ruling Ring, and they entered into the realm of shadows�
Again, a couple of short sentences but plenty to pour over. We have reference to more than one world; a distinction between that which is seen and unseen in normal (�mortal�) circumstances; and the shrivelling away of the hr�ar of these Nine humans, to the point that they only effectively existed as f�ar in the wraith-world (the �realm of shadows�), slaves to the will of Sauron. Moreover, their ability to operate in the world of the Seen (�this world beneath the sun�) appears to have been utterly dependent upon Sauron�s willingness to permit them the means to take physical shape. The descriptive pairing of �unclad� and �invisible� (Unfinished Tales, �The Hunt for the Ring�) appears to describe what amounts to the Ringwraiths� �natural state�; further reinforced by Gandalf�s explainer for the events on Weathertop (my emphasis): �� the black robes are real robes that they wear to give shape to their nothingness when they have dealings with the living.� The subsequent consequence of the confrontation and their failure at the Ford of Bruinen is that Ringwraiths were �obliged to return as best they could to their Master, empty and shapeless� (LotR, �The Ring goes South�).
Returning to Frodo�s terrifying encounter at Weathertop, the unfortunate hobbit had a box seat for viewing the Ringwraiths in the context of both the Seen and Unseen. Before he puts on the Ring, Frodo and his companions can make out �tall black figures� So black were they that they seemed like black holes in the deep shade behind them.� (LotR, �A Knife in the Dark�). However, once Frodo puts on the Ring, he is, as Gandalf later fills in, �on the threshold of their [the Ringwraiths�] world�, looking in. The tall black figures suddenly become �terribly clear�:
�In their white faces burned keen and merciless eyes; under their mantles were long grey robes; upon their grey hairs were helms of silver, in their haggard hands were swords of steel.�
At this point, what Frodo is surely beholding is the spiritual remnants or f�ar of some of those �kings, sorcerers, and warriors and of old�, who had accepted Sauron�s tainted gifts and paid the price (The Silmarillion, �Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age�).
Barrow-wights, the �Houseless� and the �Unbodied�
At one point in the early drafting of what became The Fellowship of the Ring, the Black Riders and the Barrow-wights were so closely associated as to be interchangeable (HoMe 6). While the connection between the Witch-king and the Barrow-wights, at least, became part of the published canon, there is, I�d argue, a distinction to be made between a wight and a wraith in the Middle-earth legendarium � even if this wasn�t directly tackled by Tolkien. Furthermore, even though I reckon they�re different kinds of entities, I�d argue as well that both are denizens of the Unseen. But firstly, as it amuses me as much as I find it frustrating, let�s get this gem from �The Council of Elrond� chapter out there: �The Barrow-wights we know by many names��. And so spoke Elrond. If ever there was a moment for the author to elaborate, this is it. And that�s all we get!
To the similarities then, and what they might mean. Both the Barrow-wight encountered by Frodo and his companions in the Barrow-downs, and the Ringwraiths are associated with instigating a feeling of iciness and a chilling cold amongst those who live in the world of the Seen. Frodo experiences a �thin piercing chill� on Weathertop, and the Barrow-wight�s arrival is presaged by an extreme drop in temperature, and its eyes, voice and grip are all described as cold or icy. The juxtaposition of life-threatening coldness with denizens of the wraith-world, contrasted with the relative warmth of the �world beneath the sun� strongly suggests a shared Unseen trait between wights and wraiths. And in appearance, the description of the Ringwraiths on Weathertop quoted above (��they seemed like black holes in the deep shade�� etc) compares fittingly with the description of the Barrow-wight (LotR, �Fog on the Barrow-downs�): �� a tall dark figure like a shadow against the stars.� Both entities are barely corporeal but still perceptible and dangerous to the Seen.
And as at Weathertop when facing the Ringwraiths, Frodo also felt a compulsion to put on the Ring when imprisoned by the Barrow-wight. Without the Barrow-wight sequence, the compulsion to wear the Ring at Weathertop could be attributed to the Ringwraiths and their specific relationship to the Ruling Ring. However, as the effect is similar enough to the episode in the Great Barrow, notwithstanding the intensity of the connection between the One Ring and the Ringwraiths, perhaps the Ring itself sensed that there was value in Frodo taking a step into the Unseen, and prompted him to put it on. While the Barrow-wight clearly didn�t need Frodo to be on the threshold of the wraith-world to capture him in the first place, it may have made it easier for it to more comprehensively ensnare or incapacitate him if he was. After all, Frodo isn�t completely passive at this point and is still able to fight back, even as he is entombed in the great barrow. Moreover, the Barrow-wight in all likelihood had instructions of a sort, to waylay the likes of Frodo, and it�s not as if the Ring isn�t without a sentience of a kind, maliciously inclined to reveal itself and its Bearer, if such an act would help it to be found and returned to its Master.
Although the final version of the �Fog on the Barrow-downs� chapter does break with the original idea of the Barrow-wights and the Black Riders being the same thing, the probability that they are in league is retained. Appendix A of LotR describes the ��evil spirits out of Angmar and Rhudaur� sent to the Barrow-downs during the Witch-king�s long war against the Arnorian successor kingdoms. This link was later reinforced when Unfinished Tales was published, through which we learn that the Black Captain visited the Barrow-downs prior to Frodo�s journey from the Shire, and that �the Barrow-wights were roused, and all things of evil spirit, hostile to Elves and Men, were on the watch with malice in the Old Forest and on the Barrow-downs.� (�The Hunt for the Ring�). Our Barrow-wight, as written, may well have attacked any Living being that crossed its path, but its assault on Frodo and his companions does take on a particular resonance, in light of Unfinished Tales.
If Barrow-wights and Ringwraiths are both denizens of the Unseen, in what way are they different, if at all? And if they are different, does this increase our understanding of the Unseen? Tolkien may indirectly address this in writings collected together in HoMe 10, the reliably re-readable Morgoth�s Ring. I refer to two writings from the late 1950s, ie. post-dating the publication of The Lord of the Rings: �Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth� and �Laws and Customs among the Eldar�.
In Note 3 of the �Athrabeth�, we learn that:
��houseless f�ar [of the Elves] were summoned, not brought, to Mandos. They could refuse the summons, but this would imply that they were in some way tainted, or they would not wish to refuse the authority of Mandos: refusal had grave consequences, inevitably proceeding from the rebellion against authority.�
This concept of Elven spirits loose in the world is further developed in �Laws and Customs�, where such spirits are described as �Unbodied� and �Houseless�. These are the disembodied f�ar of Elves, whose bodies have been slain or are otherwise wasted away, and who have refused the summons of Mandos. Some of the �Houseless� are described in terms of those who have fallen into corruption and may have even succumbed to a �counter-summons� from Morgoth � thus becoming slaves of the primordial evil entity of Arda. Furthermore, of the Houseless we learn that the:
�� wicked among them will take bodies, if they can, unlawfully� For one of the hungry Houseless, if it is admitted to the friendship of one of the Living, may seek to eject the f�a from its body� Or the Houseless may plead for shelter, and if it is admitted, then it will seek to enslave its host and use both his will and body for its own purposes.�
Suffice to say, for the Living to attempt to �commune� with the Houseless was a risky business. And, unsurprisingly, Sauron gets a couple of mentions in these passages: as one who does, in fact, contact and subordinate these wandering spirits; and who passes on his forbidden knowledge of the spirit world to his followers, aptly called �necromancers�.
Now, back to the Barrow-wights. Although Tolkien doesn�t come out and say it, in these writings or elsewhere that I can find, these Houseless f�ar of Elves could just about fit the bill for Barrow-wights. Compare this from �Laws and Customs��
�Some [of the Houseless] are filled with bitterness, grievance, and envy. Some were enslaved by the Dark Lord [Morgoth] and do his work still, though he himself is gone.�
� with this, from the intro text to the Barrow-wight�s incantation:
�Out of the formless stream of sad but horrible sounds, strings of words would now and again shape themselves: grim, hard, cold words, heartless and miserable. The night was railing against the morning of which it was bereaved, and the cold was cursing the warmth for which it hungered.�
Both passages portray entities that reek of bitterness and hatred for the Living. And while it isn�t explicitly stated in �Fog on the Barrow-downs� that the Barrow-wight is attempting to possess any of the hobbits (murder seems to have been the objective), intriguingly Merry is induced to experience a strange flash-back to a life not his own, a brief possession of sorts by a long-deceased prince of Cardolan. The crawling arm in the Great Barrow that Frodo lops off at the wrist suggests that the Barrow-wight was somewhat more corporeal than the Ringwraiths, at least as the latter appeared at Weathertop, and could hint at some kind of possession or animation of earthly remains. However, like so much about the Barrow-wights, we have little to go on in The Lord of the Rings, beyond the action sequence itself.
Potentially more tangible is the Barrow-wight�s incantation invocation �the dark lord�, and in a context more reminiscent of Morgoth than Sauron, as per the concept of �counter-summons� and enslavement. The invocation bleakly looks forward to something akin to the extinguishment of the world (�� till the Sun fails and the Moon is dead. In the black wind the stars shall die��), which recalls the nihilism of Morgoth rather Sauron�s ambitions of earthly dominion.
A final bit of speculation on this topic. While the Black Captain is never, to the best of my knowledge, described by Tolkien as a �necromancer�, along the lines of the followers of Sauron described in �Laws and Customs�, he is certainly the chief servant of the Necromancer. And, in draft, he�s described variously as the Wizard-king, the Sorcerer-king and, finally, the Witch-king, and takes as his seat of power Minas Morgul � the not so subtly named �Tower of Dark Sorcery�. That he had the power to infest Tyrn Gorthad with evil spirits in the first place, and then �rouse� them up again 1,400 years later, should therefore come as no surprise. The Witch-king is, for all intents and purposes, a necromancer in this context, and eminently characterisable as a student of Sauron�s forbidden knowledge, as outlined in �Laws and Customs�.
The difficulty with using this fascinating material to draw conclusions about the Unseen is that it post-dates the composition of The Lord of the Rings. Meaning that it is not simply a case of joining the dots and definitively concluding that a Barrow-wight is a Houseless and corrupted Elven spirit, inhabiting the world of the Unseen. The connections are tempting but, despite Tolkien spilling a great deal of ink exploring the concept of what happens to Elves when they �die�, including the fate of the Houseless, he doesn�t cross-reference the Barrow-wights. Although Christopher Tolkien makes clear that �Laws and Customs� was a �major independent disquisition� (HoMe 10), given the context of these later writings (the reworking of the 'Quenta Silmarillion'), it may well be that there was never any place for such a cross-reference. Anyway, however conjectural, this is certainly more illuminating than the words of Elrond quoted above!
The Dead Men of Dunharrow, Oathbreakers
Here, there is no doubt about the �who� at least: these beings were once the Men of the Mountains, southern relatives of the Dunlendings and, according to one tradition, the Men of Bree.
Variously described by Tolkien as Shadows, Shadow-men, shades, ghosts and wraiths, the Dead Men also induce dread, terror and fear by their very presence, to friend and foe alike, and are associated with icy coldness. They are dimly and uncomfortably perceptible by the Living but no longer of the Living. The similarities with how Ringwraiths and Barrow-wights are depicted is therefore striking. These are, to use the language of �Laws and Customs�, in all likelihood the f�ar of humans, trapped in Arda and unable to transpose to Mandos or elsewhere.
The instrument of their purgatory in the wraith-world is a curse uttered by Isildur, at the outset of the War of the Last Alliance, more than 3,000 years before Aragorn summoned the Dead Men to his banner at the Stone of Erech. This introduces yet another �type� of Unseen denizen, bereft, like the others, of their hr�a but not through the corrupting effect of a Ring of Power, a Morgul-blade or a rebellion against the summons of Mandos.
Like the other Unseen, these entities could in fact be �seen� by the Living, albeit in a similarly indistinct or limited fashion. Gimli, in describing the rout of the Corsairs of Umbar at Pelargir, remarks that the Dead Men were �hardly to be seen, save for a red gleam in their eyes that caught the glare of the ships that were burning.�. And Legolas, in his account of the Grey Company�s journey on the Paths of the Dead, reports that he saw �� shapes of Men and of horses, and pale banners like shreds of cloud��. The degree of visibility or corporeality varies throughout their appearance in the story, but there doesn�t seem to be any significant distinction between the perceptiveness of a human, elf or dwarf when it comes to who can see what.
Intriguingly, what isn�t clear is whether these spirits could affect the physical world, beyond inducing flight through terror. Again, in the context of the battle at Pelargir, Gimli remarks: �Pale swords were drawn [by the Dead Men]; but I know not whether their blades would still bite, for the Dead needed no longer any weapon but fear.�. Nowhere can I find reference to the Dead Men actually crossing swords with the Haradrim and Corsairs. Looking outside The Lord of the Rings, there is the fascinating snippet published in Vinyar Tengwar 42 ('The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor') that describes how the Dead Men broke poor Baldor's legs, leaving him to die - I'm going to have to assume that this was the result of physical violence. The Ringwraiths and Barrow-wights, as written in The Lord of the Rings, clearly could and did reach beyond the wraith-world to physically harm the Living � and not only one such as Frodo, when he stood upon the precipice of the world of the Unseen, by wearing the One Ring. For example, the Barrow-wight physically grasped Frodo�s arm, when he wasn�t wearing the Ring; and the Witch-king wielded a mace that smashed �owyn�s shield.
Others Unseen
The above could give the impression that the wraith-world and its Unseen denizens were comprehensively diabolical. There are, however, other entities in the mix, and I�ll cover them briefly. The Ainur, for example, had the ability to �walk unclad�, ie. without physical bodies. These beings were spirits and could opt (or not) to take physical form �as we use raiment� (�Ainulindal�). And so �the Valar my walk, if they will, unclad, and then even the Eldar cannot clearly perceive them, though they be present.� Indeed, from the �Valaquenta�, we learn that Ol�rin, the future �Gandalf�, always chose to walk unseen when it came to his dealings with the Elves in Valinor. This �unclad� / �unseen� formulation was fundamentally different to the f�a / hr�a one, in that the Children of Eru were a union of the spirit and body, whereas the Ainur were spirits who had entered E� and chose to manifest themselves physically.
In addition, a trawl through �Laws and Customs� surfaces the fascinating concept of �the Lingerers� and the fate of those Elves who remain in Middle-earth but have not �died�. Unlike the �Houseless�, described earlier, the Lingerers have retained their physical form, or at least a faded version of it, thus: �� the Lingerers, whose bodily forms may no longer be seen by us mortals, or seen only dimly and fitfully.� And again, unlike the Houseless, the Lingerers largely keep to themselves when it comes to the division between the Unseen and the Seen, and don�t attempt to wrest control of someone else�s body. What rare interaction between the Lingerers and mortals that does take place is described as benign.
As stated up front, stitching all of this diffuse source material into a neat explainer wasn�t my intention. While there are certainly more contradiction-laden topics (origins of Orcs, anyone?) than this one, nonetheless the relevant material spans several decades, and sets �canon� alongside �post-canon� and the posthumously-published. Complexity is inherent. However, I did set out to draw a few conclusions, where possible.
The Unseen / Seen dichotomy is, in the earliest days of E�, arguably a hypothetical one only. Until the arrival of the Incarnates, ie. the Children of Eru, the E�-verse is stewarded by fundamentally spiritual beings that can slip back and forth between �clad� and �unclad�. Once the Children of Eru arrive, in their two distinct waves, we get beings that are fundamentally a combination of spirit and physical form. Henceforth, Arda at least, becomes a far more complex place. Choices can be made and, thanks to actions of Melkor, rebellion and (even worse) corruption and enslavement become possible � complicating what should be a straightforward summons of a f�a that has experienced the perishing of its hr�a. The world of the Seen therefore begins to exist alongside a world (and possibly more than one) inhabited by the Unseen, some of whom are explicitly servants of evil and some who are otherwise possessed of a malevolent hunger for, and hatred of, the Seen. Not only are the inhabitants of the world under the Sun imperiled by the physical risks posed by Orcs, Trolls or something like the Great Plague. They�re also potentially in danger from an Unseen menace.
These primordial parameters allow us to choose, if we wish, to view Frodo�s confrontations at the Great Barrow, Weathertop and the Bruinen in a more layered way � even if Tolkien himself (or rather, the �authors� of the Red Book of Westmarch) didn�t make these links explicit. Glorfindel, at the Bruinen, is an Elda who understands and has complied with the �natural order� when it comes to the physical and the spiritual, and exercises great power over both the Seen and the Unseen. Frodo, on the other hand, has strayed by accident onto the threshold of a world that he isn�t prepared for and indeed can never really be prepared for. And even worse for him, a cohort of the Unseen almost succeeds in artificially pinning him to the wraith-world through the use of a blade infused with dark sorcery. And it�s through similar artifice, Frodo�s assailants and would-be abductors, the Ringwraiths, continue to exist in the Circles of the World, albeit it as perversions of the aforementioned natural order. And, in some respects, as perversions of the Ainur themselves: the Nine mortal �kings, sorcerers, and warriors of old� take �raiment� in order to physically interact with the world of the Seen but appear to only be able to do so if their master wills it. An Ainu (unless utterly corrupted and spent, and thereby anchored to a specific form, eg. the last incarnation of Morgoth or perhaps the Balrogs) makes their own choice of raiment, as and when they wish.
Regarding the Barrow-wights, I�ve previously acknowledged the speculative nature of the line I�ve drawn between �Laws and Customs� and �Fog on the Barrow-downs�. It is possible, however, to infer that these entities are Elves who chose to rebel against authority and who were subsequently corrupted and enslaved by an evil even more ancient than the creator of the Ringwraiths. At the very least, Frodo is confronted by something antique in the Barrow-downs that is not part of, and is only partially visible in, the world of the Seen, is potentially obeisant to a dark lord, and loathes the basic constructs of the Valar such as the Sun, Moon and stars. And again, we see the outlines of something that comes across as hazardously antithetical to the natural order.
So, while peering into the Unseen isn�t quite all bad, the chances are that for mortal folk there�s peril ahead. Wraiths, Oathbreakers, wights, the Houseless: all of these entities indicate a world (or worlds) that is a prison for the damned and is bleakly adverse to the world of the Seen. And exceptionally exposed to the domination of one dark lord or another, either directly or via necromantic proxies. Yes, Unseen was first nature to the Ainur but of the Children of Eru, only Eldar of a certain stature appear to have been able to navigate with confidence its pitfalls. Pitfalls that track all the way back to primordial evil and rebellion.
Welcome to the Mordorfone network, where we put the 'hai' back into Uruk
noWizardme
Jun 18 2021, 10:14am
Magnificent [In reply to] Can't Post
Well done, Felagund! Both for writing an interesting and entertaining piece, and of course for the wide reading so obviously needed to do it. I think the piece is all the better that you rightly avoid "stitching all of this diffuse source material into a neat explainer". As you say, who can now ever know what if any coherent ideas Tolkien might have had on how the Unseen 'works'. Probably all we can say with surety is that he'd have changed his mind as soon as he began to write down any coherent account
In the meantime this will do nicely!
Aside form those thanks, I thought that if you are going to peer into the unseen, it might be nice to see your peers. I noted nearly 200 views of this post before I began my reply, which I suppose represents the 'unseen' part of the Reading Room. (Or potentially internet robots looking for places to plan the latest spam) I always feel a certain disapointment if my contributions don't get a human response: maybe you are the same.
Lastly, I wanted to say that reading this caused me to think about Aragorn's relationship to the Unseen.
Aragorn's dealings with the Dead men of Dunharrow contributes several things to the story. It provides him with the military help he needs to solve a crisis. It's a crisis only he has been able to identify (thanks to his mastery of the palantir) and deal with (thanks to his prophesied ability to pass the Paths of the Dead and call out the Dead Men). So both show his credentials as Isildur's heir accepted by the antique things of that bygone time. Tolkien encourages us to think for a moment to about how formidable Aragon would be if he went to the bad. But in addition to all that, I also now wonder whether Aragorn is doing part of his role of restoring things to how they should be. If (as per your argument, Felagund) the Dead Men are unnatural complications of "what should be a straightforward summons of a f�a that has experienced the perishing of its hr�a", then it shouldn't have happened and Aragorn is putting that right.
I also wonder about Aragorn and the Black Breath. The Breath seems to do damage that is as much spiritual as physical. Aragorn's treatment for it when we see him treat Faramir and Eowyn sounds like he has to 'find' the victim (in some way and place outside the physical world) go to them and call them back. I though that could work in the light of a f�a detached from its hr�a, but not yet totally sundered. And again, that's something uncanny which shouldn't be happening. Aragorn has the ability to fix it, and that ability is another major argument in favour of him really being the Returned King.
"You were exceedingly clever once, but unfortunately none of your friends noticed as they were too busy being attacked by an octopus."
-from How To Tell If You Are In A J.R.R. Tolkien Book, by Austin Gilkeson, in 'The Toast', 2016 https://the-toast.net/...-a-jrr-tolkien-book/
thank you! [In reply to] Can't Post
Thank you for the kind words! It's always a risk when you post a monster of an essay that you don't leave enough space for debate or comment. I'm pleased though that there have been a few views, bots or otherwise :)
Really interesting observations on Aragorn, and the 'sundering' effect of the Black Breath. Hadn't thought of that previously, and the possible impact on the relationship between f�a and hr�a. Aragorn / Elessar is very much the Restoration agent of the piece.
On the Dead Men of Dunharrow, it's almost as if there's a Hand of Eru thing going on there: Isildur curses a gang of Oathbreakers for not providing 'mundane' help against Sauron; the Oathbreakers are consequentially driven out of the mundane world; Isildur's Heir turns up three millennia later, at a time when it's precisely the non-mundane nature of the Oathbreakers that is most useful to him, in a new conflict against Sauron.
If the Oathbreakers were just another regular mortal army to be recruited, then it would likely have been much more touch and go - the Corsairs of Umbar weren't up for fighting the Dead but may well have prevailed against Aragorn's last ditch attempt to relieve Minas Tirith.
Anyway, genuinely a bit of speculation from me on the circularity of it all!


Shetland Sheepdogs generally gain: 2 Pounds per week until 26 weeks old.
Hip dysplasia is a common problem with Shetland Sheepdogs. Make sure your dog isn't overweight.
A Shetland Sheepdog with healthy weight will not have any ribs visible. You should be able to run your hands along their side and feel the indivgidual ribs.
The Shetland Sheepdog is x.