text:
306 U.S. 30 - Washingtonian Pub Co v. Pearson
306 US 30 Washingtonian Pub Co v. Pearson
WASHINGTONIAN PUB. CO., Inc.,
PEARSON et al.
Argued Dec. 6, 1938.
Decided Jan. 30, 1939.
Rehearing Denied Mar. 13, 1939.
See 306 U.S. 668, 59 S.Ct. 588, 83 L.Ed. —-.
Mr. Horace S. Whitman, of Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
Mr. Eliot C. Lovett, of Washington, D.C., for respondents.
Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.
By this suit, instituted in the District of Columbia, March 8, 1933, petitioner seeks an injunction, damages, etc., because of alleged unauthorized use of a magazine article copyrighted under Act March 4, 1909 (Ch. 320, 35 Stat. 1075, U.S.C.A. Title 17, § 1 et seq.). Pertinent portions of the statute are in the margin.1 Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 210 U.S. 339, 346, 28 S.Ct. 722, 724, 52 L.Ed. 1086; Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co., 215 U.S. 182, 188, 30 S.Ct. 38, 39, 54 L.Ed. 150.
The trial court sustained petitioner's claim and directed ascertainment of profits, damages, etc. The Court of Appeals ruled that as copies of the magazine had not been promptly deposited in the Copyright Office as directed by section twelve the action could not be maintained. It accordingly reversed the decree of the trial court and remanded the cause.
The record discloses—
December 10, 1931, petitioner published an issue of 'The Washingtonian,' a monthly magazine, and claimed copyright by printing thereon the required statutory notice. Fourteen months later, February 21, 1933, copies were first deposited in the Copyright Office and a certificate of registration secured. This suit followed March 8, 1933.
In August, 1932, Liveright, Inc., published and offered for general sale a book written by two of the respondents and printed by another, which contained material substantially identical with an article contained in The Washingtonian of December, 1931. The usual notice claimed copyright of this book. August 26, 1932, copies were deposited in the Copyright Office and certivicate of registration issued.
Respondents concede that petitioner secured upon publication a valid copyright of The Washingtonian. But they insist that although prompt deposit of copies is not prerequisite to copyright, no action can be maintained because of infringement prior in date to a tardy deposit. Counsel assert—'The very foundation of the right to maintain an action for infringement is deposit of copies and registration of the work. Neither of these has the slightest bearing upon the creation of the copyright itself under section nine. That is obtained merely by publication with notice as required by the Act.' Also, 'If copies were not deposited promptly after publication the opportunity to comply with the requirement of promptness was gone forever as to that particular work.'
Petitioner submits that under the statute prompt deposit of copies is not prerequisite to an action for infringement; and that under the facts here disclosed deposit before suit was enough.
The Act of 1909 is a complete revision of the copyright laws, different from the earlier Act both in scheme and language. It introduced many changes and was intended definitely to grant valuable, enforceable rights to authors, publishers, etc., without burdensome requirements; 'to afford greater encouragement to the production of literary works of lasting benefit to the world.'2
Under the old Act deposit of the work was essential to the existence of copyright. This requirement caused serious difficulties and unfortunate losses. (See H.R. Report note 2). The present statute (sec. 9) declares—'Any person entitled thereto by this Act (title) may secure copyright for his work by publication thereof with the notice of copyright required by this Act (title (§ 18)) * * *.' 17 U.S.C.A. § 9. And respondents rightly say 'It is no longer necessary to deposit anything to secure a copyright of a published work, but only to publish with the notice of copyright.'
Section 10 declares—
'That such person may obtain registration of his claim to copyright by complying with the provisions of this Act (title), including the deposit of copies, and upon such compliance the register of copyrights shall issue to him the certificate provided for in section 55 of this Act (title).' 17 U.S.C.A. § 10.
'That after copyright has been secured by publication of the work with the notice of copyright as provided in section 9 of this Act (title), there shall be promptly deposited in the copyright office or in the mail addressed to the register of copyrights, Washington, District of Columbia, two complete copies of the best edition thereof then published. * * * No action or proceeding shall be maintained for infringement of copyright in any work until the provisions of this Act (title) with respect to the deposit of copies and registration of such work shall have been complied with.' 17 U.S.C.A. § 12.
'That should the copies called for by section 12 of this Act (title) not be promptly deposited as herein provided (in this title), the register of copyrights may at any time after the publication of the work, upon actual notice, require the proprietor of the copyright to deposit them, and after the said demand shall have been made, in default of the deposit of copies of the work within three months from any part of the United States, * * * the proprietor of the copyright shall be liable to a fine of $100 and to pay to the Library of Congress twice the amount of the retail price of the best edition of the work, and the copyright shall become void.' 17 U.S.C.A. § 13.
Sections fifty-nine and sixty were new legislation. They show clearly enough that deposit of copies is not required primarily in order to insure a complete, permanent collection of all copyrighted works open to the public. Deposited copies may be distributed or destroyed under the direction of the Librarian3 and this is incompatible with the notion that copies are now required in order that the subject matter of protected works may always be available for information and to prevent unconscious infringement.
Although immediately upon publication of The Washingtonian for December, 1931, petitioner secured copyright of the articles therein, respondents maintain that through failure promptly to deposit copies in the Copyright Office the right to sue for infringement was lost. In effect, that the provision in section twelve relative to suits should be treated as though it contained the words 'promptly' also 'unless' instead of 'until', and read—No action or proceeding shall be maintained for infringement of copyright in any work unless the provisions of this Act with respect to the deposit of copies promptly and registration of such work shall have been complied with.
Plausible arguments in support of this view were advanced by the Court of Appeals. We think, however, its adoption would not square with the words actually used in the statute, would cause conflict with its general purpose, and in practice produce unfortunate consequences. We cannot accept it.
Petitioner's claim of copyright came to fruition immediately upon publication. Without further notice it was good against all the world. Its value depended upon the possibility of enforcement.
The use of the word 'until' in section twelve rather than 'unless' indicates that mere delay in making deposit of copies was not enough to cause forfeiture of the right theretofore distinctly granted.
Section twelve provides 'That after copyright has been secured by publication of the work with the notice of copyright as provided in section 9 of this Act (title), there shall be promptly deposited in the copyright office' two copies, etc. The Act nowhere defines 'promptly' and to make the continued existence of copyright depend upon promptness would lead to unfortunate uncertainty and confusion. The great number of copyrights annually obtained is indicated by note 3, supra. The difficulties consequent upon the former requirement of deposit before publication is pointed out in the Committee Report. These would be enlarged if whenever effort is made to vindicate a copyright it would become necessary to show deposits were made promptly after publication especially since there is no definition of 'promptly'.
Section thirteen authorizes the register of copyrights to give notice if he finds undue delay and to require deposit of copies. Upon failure to comply within three months the proprietor shall be subject to a fine and the copyright shall become void. Evidently mere delay does not necessarily invalidate the copyright; its existence for three months after actual notice is recognized. Without right of vindication a copyright is valueless. It would be going too far to infer that tardiness alone destroys something valuable both to proprietor and the public.
Section twenty saves the copyright notwithstanding omission of notice; section twenty-three declares 'That the copyright secured by this Act (title) shall endure for twenty-eight years from the date of first publication, whether the copyrighted work bears the author's true name or is published anonymously or under an assumed name: * * *.' Furthermore, proper publication gives notice to all the world that immediate copyright exists. One charged with such notice is not injured by mere failure to deposit copies. The duty not to infringe is unaffected thereby. A certificate of registration provided for by section fifty-five apparently may be obtained at any time and becomes evidence of the facts stated therein.
Sections 23 and 24, which permit renewal of a copyright by application and registration within its last year although the deposited copyrighted publication may have been disposed of under Sections 59-60, give clear indication that the requirement for deposit is not for the purpose of a permanent record of copyrighted publications and that such record is not indispensable to the existence of the copyright.4
The penalty for delay clearly specified in section thirteen is adequate for punishment of delinquents and to enforce contributions of desirable books to the Library. To give section twelve a more drastic effect would tend to defeat the broad purpose of the enactment. The Report of the Congressional Committee points out that forfeiture after notice and three months' further delay was thought too severe by some. Nowhere does it suggest approval of the much more drastic result now insisted upon by respondents.
Read together as the Committee which reported the bill said they should be, sections twelve and thirteen show, we think, the Congress intended that prompt deposit when deemed necessary should be enforced through actual notice by the register; also that while no action can be maintained before copies are actually deposited, mere delay will not destroy the right to sue. Such forfeitures are never to be inferred from doubtful language.
This view is in accord with the interpretation of somewhat similar provisions of the English Copyright Act. Goubaud v. Wallace and Cate v. Devon & Exeter Constitutional Newspaper Co., supra. Also with the conclusions reached in Lumiere v. Pathe Exchange and Mittenthal v. Berlin, supra.
The challenged decree must be reversed. The cause will be remanded to the District Court.
Mr. Justice BLACK dissenting.
The opening words of the 1909 copyright law,1 under which petitioner here claims, grant the privilege of copyright only to those who have complied 'with the provisions of this Act.' The provisions of that 1909 Act, of the first copyright Act of 1790,2 and of every copyright Act passed since 1790, have required that copies of a copyrighted article be delivered to a designated governmental depository. Until today, this Court has never permitted recovery for infringement of a copyright unless the statutory requirement for deposit had been complied with in the manner and within the time required by the governing copyright statute. The 1909 Act—governing the present case requires that 'after copyright has been secured by publication of the work with the notice of copyright as provided in section 9 of this Act (title), there shall be promptly deposited in the copyright office or in the mail addressed to the register of copyrights, * * * two complete copies of the best edition thereof then published, * * *.' (Italics supplied.) 17 U.S.C.A. § 12.
It is admitted that petitioner did not comply with the statute by prompt deposit of two copies of its work. Fourteen months elapsed between the date of publication and the date of deposit. Petitioner's asserted monopoly rights rest solely on the statute3 and petitioner disobeyed the statute's requirements. Notwithstanding this disobedience, petitioner is here permitted to collect damages under the statute, even for alleged infringement committed in the fourteen month period during which the statute's express command was continuously disregarded by petitioner. This century and a half old statutory requirement for public deposit of a copyrighted article provided a public record for the public's benefit. It imposes a simple and easily performed duty—not burdensome in any respect—in return for a twenty-eight year monopoly, with right of renewal for twenty-eight more years. To permit recovery here protects the copyright owner's statutory privilege of monopoly, but emasculates the statutory provisions designed—for over a century and a half—to protect the public.
The judgment here rests upon the conclusions: (1) that the statute grants a copyright from the date of first publication with notice; (2) that after deposits are made the statute permits a retroactive recovery for public use of an article of which copies were never promptly deposited as required by the statute; (3) that Section 13 provides an exclusive penalty for failure to make the deposit; and (4) that—according to administrative interpretation of the Act—deposits are not essential. These conclusions are not in harmony with the historic policy of the copyright law.
First. There is no novelty in the requirement of the Act of 1909 that deposit of copies shall be made after the copyright has already been secured. Every copyright Act, including the original Act of 1790, provided for a copyright interest which (as in the 1909 Act) vested prior to the time by which the last deposit was required. True, the 1909 Act grants a copyright upon first publication, that is, before the date on which deposit is required. But all of the previous Acts granted a copyright interest 'from the (time of) recording the title' of an article, and recording always took place before the date by which the last deposits were required.4 And while a copyright interest under the Acts prior to that of 1909—as in that Act—thus vested before the last deposits were required, this Court uniformly held that under these Acts 'conditions subsequent' providing for deposits were actually 'conditions precedent' to the perfection of the copyright. Construing the requirement of deposits in the Acts of 1790 and 1802, this Court said: 'The answer is, that this is not a technical grant on precedent and subsequent conditions. All the conditions are important; the law requires them to be performed; and, consequently, their performance is essential to a perfect title. On the performance of a part of them, the right vests; and this was essential to its protection under the statute; but other acts are to be done, unless congress have legislated in vain, to render the right perfect.' (Italics supplied.)5
The 1831 Act was also construed by this Court as follows: 'Although, under section 6 of the * * * act, the exclusive right to the copyright vests upon the recording of the title to the book, and runs for the prescribed period from that date, and although the right of action for infringement, under section 6, also accrues at that time, yet it is quite clear that, under section 4, in respect, at least, to suits brought after three months from the publication of the book, (within which the 1831 Act required deposit) it must be shown, as a condition precedent to the right to maintain the suit, that a copy of the book was delivered to the clerk of the district court within three months from the publication. * * * Undoubtedly the three conditions prescribed by the statute, namely, the deposit before publication of the printed copy of the title of the book, the giving of information of the copyright by the insertion of the notice on the title-page or the next page, and the depositing of a copy of the book within three months after the publication, are conditions precedent to the perfection of the copyright.' (Italics supplied.)6
Second. All copyright laws before 1891 had required deposit within some designated period after publication. The Act of 1891, however, required deposit 'not later than the date of (first) publication.' The Joint Committee on the bill which became the 1909 Act considered this requirement too drastic because 'the delay of a single day' (after publication) in making the deposit 'might destroy a copyright.' Instead of requiring deposit within a fixed number of days, or by the date of publication, the bill as reported, and the 1909 Act as passed, permitted a copyright to be perfected by a 'prompt deposit' after publication. The Committee did not recommend, nor did Congress provide that copyright could be perfected without deposit; the Committee did recommend, and Congress enacted an extension of the time for deposit.
In considering what Congress meant by continuing in the 1909 revision of the copyright laws the requirement for the deposit of copies, 'we must look to the origin and source of the expression, and the judicial construction put upon it before the enactment in question was passed.'7 Prior to the 1909 Act this Court had construed provisions for deposit as essential requirements to the perfection of copyright, whether considered as conditions precedent or subsequent.8 The Committee reporting the 1909 Act pointed out that 'Under existing law (the 1891 Act) the filing of title and deposit of copies on or before the date of first publication are conditions precedent, and any failure to comply with them works a forfeiture of the copyright. It is proposed under this bill to so change this as to have the copyright effective upon the publication with notice, and the other formalities become conditions subsequent.'9
'A condition precedent is one which must happen or be performed before the estate to which it is annexed can vest' or which must be performed 'before some right dependent thereon accrues.'10 A 'condition subsequent is one annexed to an estate already vested, * * * and by the failure or non-performance of which it is defeated.'11
It is clear that Congress intended that the requirement as to deposits must be complied with in order to perfect the copyright interest under the 1909 Act. Any other construction runs counter to the policy of the copyright law and rewards disobedience to plain statutory provisions.
Only compelling language could justify the conclusion that Congress intended to abandon a statutory policy—in effect since 1790—which required owners of patent or copyright monopolies to disclose upon the public records the extent of their claimed monopolies. Under the prevailing judgment here, public deposit and public registration are no longer necessary in order to obtain rights under the copyright law. And without deposit and registration, there need be no public disclosure of the day or the year of publication (by which copyright is obtained) of many copyrighted works. Under Section 18, 17 U.S.C.A. § 18—the only mandatory provision for public disclosure now left unimpaired—many types of copyright will be obtained merely by marking publications with the name of the proprietor and the word 'Copyright', 'Copyr.', or 'C'. Hereafter, there need be no public (or even private) record of the beginning and the ending of many of these monopolies. And it is unreasonable to assume that an owner of a copyright will voluntarily make the extent and limitations of his monopoly more public than the law requires. Congress did not intend to enshroud copyright monopolies in such secrecy. See Sections 16, 23, 55, 62, 17 U.S.C.A. §§ 16, 23, 55, 62. If disobedience of the statutory requirement is to be rewarded, the reward should certainly be limited—as the Court of Appeals held—so that a deposit which does not comply with the law could not be given retroactive operation permitting recovery of damages for public use during the period of disobedience.
Third. Section 12 of the 1909 Act—requiring registration and prompt deposit, after publication, of two complete copies of the best edition of a copyrighted article—provides that no action or proceeding shall be maintained for copyright infringement until the required copies are deposited and the article registered with the register of copyrights. Under Section 13, if the copies are not promptly deposited after publication, the register of copyrights may demand deposit by the proprietor. If deposit is not then made within three months, the proprietor is liable to a fine of $100 and payment to the Library of Congress of twice the amount of the retail price of the best edition of the article, and the copyright becomes void for all purposes. It is suggested that Section 13 provides the sole and exclusive penalty for failure to comply with the statutory requirement of prompt deposit of copies. But this ignores one of the two distinct purposes of Congress in requiring deposits of copies in the 1909 Act and in all preceding copyright Acts. First, the deposit is intended to record publicly full and complete information about a work for which copyright is claimed and to make that work continuously available for public inspection in order that the extent and boundaries of the monopoly may be understood by the public at all times during the life of the copyright. The judgment here renders this primary Congressional purpose ineffective. Second, Congress intended to preserve 'desirable or useful'12 works in a governmental agency dedicated to the diffusion of public knowledge. In furtherance of this second purpose the Act of 1909,—as did other Acts since 1846 required copies to be deposited with the Library of Congress. These two separate and distinct purposes have been manifested by Congress sometimes in different sections of a single copyright statute and at other times in separate Acts.
To effectuate the first purpose, that is, to notify the public of the existence and extent of a copyright monopoly, the first Act of 1790 required deposit, public recording and registration in a District Court, and publication in a newspaper; the Act of 1831 required deposit with the Clerk of a District Court (without penalty for failure to deposit); the Act of 1870 required deposit of one copy of the title with the Librarian of Congress before publication and two copies of the article within ten days after publication without provision for money penalty for failure to comply; Section 4956 of the Revised Statutes (1878) required deposit of one copy of the title before publication and two copies of the work after publication. Deposit has served as an integral part of every legislative plan to give the public full information of copyright monopolies. These plans have included deposits, registration, notice on the copyrighted article itself and full publication in newspapers. Deposit, registration and notice on the article—which every prior copyright Act required—are specifically provided for in the 1909 Act.
To effectuate the second purpose, that is, to preserve worthy works for the diffusion of knowledge, the Act of 1790 made separate provision for delivery of an additional copy to the Secretary of State 'to be preserved in his office;' in a non-copyright Act of 1846, (9 Stat. 102, 106) creating the Smithsonian Institute 'for the diffusion of knowledge,' Congress required deposit of separate copies with the Institute and with the Library of Congress; a special Act of 1865 (13 Stat. 540, the origin of Section 13 now considered) permitted a separate copy to be franked to the Library of Congress within a month of publication 'for the use of said Library,' gave the Librarian the right to demand this additional copy, and penalized non-compliance with his demand by forfeiture of copyright; Section 93 of the Act of 1870 required two additional copies of the best edition to be delivered, within ten days after publication, to the Librarian of Congress, and (Section 94) 'in default of such deposit' which was required for the benefit of the Library, a penalty of $25 could be collected by the Librarian of Congress; Section 4959 of the Revised Statutes (1878) required deposit of two additional separate copies of the best edition 'within ten days from publication' with the Librarian of Congress, and Section 4960 extended the penalty of $25 to cover all failures to make deposits of copies.
Section 12 of the Act of 1909, following the provisions of the Act of 1891 (26 Stat. 1106), provided in a single Section for deposit of copies with the Librarian both for notice to the public and for use of the Library. Section 13 of the 1909 Act now provides in a single Section—as had Section 4960 of the Revised Statutes—a penalty for failure to make deposits which are required for the two purposes of notice to the public and use by the Library. Neither this Section 13 nor any of its legislative predecessors indicated a Congressional intent to abandon—as a condition to the perfection of a copyright—the requirement of deposits for the salutary purpose of providing adequate public records of the existence and continuing extent of copyright monopolies. Section 13 gives the Librarian of Congress authority to demand deposit of copies of every article on which copyright is claimed, adding an additional penalty for failure to comply with his demand. This additional penalty may be imposed whether the claimed copyright is valid or invalid, and does not nullify the mandatory provision of Section 12 requiring deposit of copies for the public benefit.
Section 12 itself provides that 'no action or proceeding shall be maintained for infringement of copyright in any work until the provisions of this Act (title) with respect to the deposit of copies and registration of such work shall have been complied with.' Compliance with 'the provisions of this Act' is made a condition of the right to sue, and the Act is not complied with by delaying fourteen months after publication before making deposit. The Act requires 'prompt deposit.'
It is said that two new Sections (59 and 60) of the 1909 Act, 17 U.S.C.A. §§ 59, 60, indicate an intention of Congress to abandon the protective mandate for public record of copyright monopolies. These Sections show a contrary purpose and distinctly mark the line between deposits for Library uses and deposits for public information.
Section 59 permits the Librarian of Congress acting alone to transfer deposited copies to other governmental libraries for their use. Since 1909, acting under this authority, the Librarian has distributed 186,037 volumes.13
Section 60 permits the Librarian (supervising both the Library and Copyright offices) acting jointly with the Register of Copyrights (directly in charge of deposits for copyright purposes), to determine what deposits 'received during any period of years it is desirable or useful to preserve in the permanent files of the copyright office * * *.' (Italics supplied.) After duly published notice to the public, and 'specific notice to the copyright proprietor of record' other articles can be destroyed or returned to the proprietor 'of record.' But even as to articles destroyed or returned, public records of the copyright monopolies must be retained in the registration files (Sections 10, 11, 16, 45, 47, 53, 54, 55) and in the indices or catalogues (Section 56). All these records 'shall be open to public inspection.' (Section 58.) And—among other purposes—these records remain open to public inspection, in the event of a copyright renewal.
During the last forty-one years copyright registrations numbered over five million, and 'have increased over five-fold.'14 In 1909, it was obviously necessary to enact legislation providing for disposal of some of the multitudinous accumulated copyrighted articles no longer necessary for the purpose of public disclosure. But far from showing a Congressional intent to permit copyright monopolies with no public governmental record available for public inspection, Sections 59 and 60 are the clearest and most conclusive evidence of a contrary purpose. They carried forward and emphasized once more the dual statutory purpose to require deposits for the use of the Library, and to preserve for the public the historic and wise policy that the ownership, nature and extent of private monopolies granted by government should always be spread upon government records open for public inspection.
Fourth. There remains the suggestion that administrative interpretation of the 1909 Act lends support to the judgment here under which the statutory provisions for public registration and deposit are nullified. On the contrary, the rules and regulations promulgated by the Register of Copyrights under the 1909 Act have continuously and consistently recognized that registration and deposit are mandatory. From the first (1910) until the latest (1927) edition of these rules and regulations they have substantially provided as follows:
'Promptly after first publication of the work with the copyright notice inscribed, two complete copies of the best edition of the work then published must be sent to the Copyright Office with the proper application for registration correctly filled out and a money order for the amount of the legal fee.
'The statute requires that the deposit of the copyrighted work shall be made 'promptly' which has been defined as 'without unnecessary delay.' It is not essential, however, that the deposit be made on the very day of publication.' (Italics supplied.)15
But it is said that a letter from the Register of Copyrights to the Librarian of Congress—dated September 17, 1938—indicates a different interpretation of the Act by the Copyright Office. However, this letter does not purport to change the formal rules and regulations—in force and effect since 1910—which provide that deposit and registration 'must' be 'promptly' made. The 1909 Act gives the Register of Copyrights authority to promulgate rules and regulations but it does not give him authority to alter the law's meaning by communicating with the Librarian of Congress. Nor, in fact, does this letter represent an effort by the Register of Copyrights to change the rules and regulations dating from 1910. Practitioners in the Copyright Office, as well as the public generally, rely upon formal rules and regulations made available to the public. But whether they have access to interdepartmental communications such as the letter does not appear.
This interdepartmental communication bears the date of September 17, 1938. It appeared in public form for the first time January 4, 1939. Its appearance thus occurred nearly six years after the complaint in this suit was filed; more than eight months after the Circuit Court of Appeals decided that the statutory provisions for deposit were mandatory; almost three months after this Court granted certiorari, 305 U.S. 583, 59 S.Ct. 85, 83 L.Ed. —-, and twenty-nine days after the cause was argued and submitted for final decision by this Court. The communication is admittedly contrary to the only two court decisions which it cites on the precise question of the effect of failure to make deposit.16 It does not represent an administrative practice consistently pursued, or an administrative interpretation of long standing, and therefore is not entitled to any weight in the construction of the 1909 Act. The administrative rules and regulations—to which we may look—have since 1910 consistently required that deposit 'must' be made.
It is of far greater importance to the public today than it was in 1790, 1831, 1870, or 1891, that public record be made of copyright monopolies granted to further the arts and sciences, since these privileges have been extended by statute to include almost every conceivable type of production of the human mind.17 It has been well said that the 'general rule of law is, that the noblest of human productions—knowledge, truths ascertained, conceptions, and ideas become, after voluntary communication to others, free as the air to common use.'18 All voluntary communications become 'free as the air to common use' unless protected by compliance with the copyright statutes. More than twenty-five years ago (1911) a careful and accurate survey of the copyright laws led to the conclusion that 'For 75 years it has been the settled law of this country that protection under the copyright law is granted only to those who perform the conditions essential to a perfect copyright title.'19 No decision of this Court—previous to that of today—has questioned the consistent purpose of Congress to require 'that the public should have notice, by a true and correct official registry, as to the real author or proprietor entitled to the enjoyment of such monopoly as against the public.'20 To grant monopoly privileges—by judicial construction—to those who fail to comply with statutory safeguards intended to protect the public against abuses of such privileges conflicts with statutory policy extending back to the beginning of the nation's history. An author is entitled to the benefit of every right afforded by copyright law, but only 'upon complying with the provisions of' that law. Congress has provided for a grant of monopoly privileges under copyright for a term which may extend by renewal to fifty-six years for those who do comply. Petitioner having conceded that it disobeyed a plain requirement of the Act designed to inform and protect the public, I cannot agree that it should recover damages under the very law it admittedly disobeyed.
Mr. Justice ROBERTS and Mr. Justice REED concur in this dissent.
Act March 4, 1909—
'Section 1. That any person entitled thereto, upon complying with the provisions of this Act (title), shall have the exclusive right:
'(a) To print, reprint, publish, copy, and vend the copyrighted work; * * *
'Sec. 3. That the copyright provided by this Act (title) shall protect all the copyrightable component parts of the work copyrighted, and all matter therein in which copyright is already subsisting, but without extending the duration or scope of such copyright. The copyright upon composite works or periodicals shall give to the proprietor thereof all the rights in respect thereto which he would have if each part were individually copyrighted under this Act (title).
'Sec. 4. That the works for which copyright may be secured under this Act (title) shall include all the writings of an author. * * *
'Sec. 9. That any person entitled thereto by this Act (title) may secure copyright for his work by publication thereof with the notice of copyright required by this Act (title); and such notice shall be affixed to each copy thereof published or offered for sale in the United States by authority of the copyright proprietor, * * *
'Sec. 10. That such person may obtain registration of his claim to copyright by complying with the provisions of this Act (title), including the deposit of copies, and upon such compliance the register of copyrights shall issue to him the certificate provided for in section fifty-five of this Act (title). * * *
'Sec. 12. That after copyright has been secured by publication of the work with the notice of copyright as provided in section 9 of this Act (title), there shall be promptly deposited in the copyright office or in the mail addressed to the register of copyrights, Washington, District of Columbia, two complete copies of the best edition thereof then published. * * * No action or proceeding shall be maintained for infringement of copyright in any work until the provisions of this Act (title) with respect to the deposit of copies and registration of such work shall have been complied with.
'Sec. 13. That should the copies called for by section 12 of this Act (title) not be promptly deposited as herein provided (in this title), the register of copyrights may at any time after the publication of the work, upon actual notice, require the proprietor of the copyright to deposit them, and after the said demand shall have been made, in default of the deposit of copies of the work within three months from any part of the United States, except an outlying territorial possession of the United States, or within six months from any outlying territorial possession of the United States, or from any foreign country, the proprietor of the copyright shall be liable to a fine of $100 and to pay to the Library of Congress twice the amount of the retail price of the best edition of the work, and the copyright shall become void. * * *
'Sec. 18. That the notice of copyright required by section 9 of this Act (title) shall consist either of the word 'Copyright' or the abbreviation 'Copr.', accompanied by the name of the copyright proprietor, and if the work be a printed literary, musical, or dramatic work, the notice shall include also the year in which the copyright was secured by publication. * * *
'Sec. 20. That where the copyright proprietor has sought to comply with the provisions of this Act (title) with respect to notice, the omission by accident or mistake of the prescribed notice from a particular copy or copies shall not invalidate the copyright or prevent recovery for infringement against any person who, after actual notice of the copyright, begins an undertaking to infringe it. * * *
'Sec. 23. That the copyright secured by this Act (title) shall endure for twenty-eight years from the date of first publication, whether the copyrighted work bears the author's true name or is published anonymously or under an assumed name; Provided, That in the case of any posthumous work or of any periodical, cyclopedic, or other composite work upon which the copyright was originally secured by the proprietor thereof, or of any work copyrighted by a corporate body (otherwise than as assignee or licensee of the individual author) or by an employer for whom such work is made for hire, the proprietor of such copyright shall be entitled to a renewal and extension of the copyright in such work for the further term of twenty-eight years when application for such renewal and extension shall have been made to the copyright office and duly registered therein within one year prior to the expiration of the original term of copyright: And provided further, That in the case of any other copyrighted work, including a contribution by an individual author to a periodical or to a cyclopedic or other composite work when such contribution has been separately registered, the author of such work, if still living, or the widow, widower, or children of the author, if the author be not living, or if such author, widow, widower, or children be not living, then the author's executors, or in the absence of a will, his next of kin shall be entitled to a renewal and extension of the copyright in such work for a further term of twenty-eight years when application for such renewal and extension shall have been made to the copyright office and duly registered therein within one year prior to the expiration of the original term of copyright: And provided further, That in default of the registration of such application for renewal and extension, the copyright in any work shall determine at the expiration of twenty-eight years from first publication.
'Sec. 24. That the copyright subsisting in any work at the time when this Act goes into effect (on July 1, 1909), may, at the expiration of the term (of twenty-eight years from the time of recording the title thereof as provided by former law), provided for under existing law, be renewed and extended by the author of such work if still living, or the widow, widower, or children of the author, if the author be not living, or if such author, widow, widower, or children be not living, then by the author's executors, or in the absence of a will, his next of kin, for a further period (of twenty-eight years) such that the entire term shall be equal to that secured by this Act, including the renewal period: Provided, however, That if the work be a composite work upon which copyright was originally secured by the proprietor thereof, then such proprietor shall be entitled to the privilege of renewal and extension granted under this section: Provided, That application for such renewal and extension shall be made to the copyright office and duly registered therein within one year prior to the expiration of the existing term.
'Sec. 25. That if any person shall infringe the copyright in any work protected under the copyright laws of the United States such person shall be liable:
'(a) To an injunction restraining such infringement;
'(b) To pay to the copyright proprietor such damages as the copyright proprietor may have suffered due to the infringement, as well as all the profits which the infringer shall have made from such infringement. * * *
'Sec. 27. That the proceedings for an injunction, damages, and profits, and those for the seizure of infringing copies, plates, molds, matrices, and so forth, aforementioned, may be united in one action.
'Sec. 54. That the register of copyrights shall provide and keep such record books in the copyright office as are required to carry out the provisions of this Act (title), and whenever deposit has been made in the copyright office of a copy of any work under the provisions of this Act (title) he shall make entry thereof.
'Sec. 55. That in the case of each entry the person recorded as the claimant of the copyright shall be entitled to a certificate of registration under seal of the copyright office, to contain the name and address.
. . . Said certificate shall be admitted in any court as prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein. In addition to such certificate the register of copyrights shall furnish, upon request, without additional fee, a receipt for the copies of the work deposited to complete the registration.
'Sec. 59. That of the articles deposited in the copyright office under the provisions of the copyright laws of the United States or of this Act, the Librarian of Congress shall determine what books and other articles shall be transferred to the permanent collections of the Library of Congress, including the law library, and what other books or articles shall be placed in the reserve collections of the Library of Congress for sale or exchange, or be transferred to other governmental libraries in the District of Columbia for use therein.
'Sec. 60. That of any articles undisposed of as above provided, together with all titles and correspondence relating thereto, the Librarian of Congress and the register of copyrights jointly shall, at suitable intervals, determine what of these received during any period of years it is desirable or useful to preserve in the permanent files of the copyright office, and, after due notice as hereinafter provided, may within their discretion cause the remaining articles and other things to be destroyed. * * *
'Sec. 62. That in the interpretation and construction of this Act (title) 'the date of publication' shall in the case of a work of which copies are reproduced for sale or distribution be held to be the earliest date when copies of the first authorized edition were placed on sale, sold, or publicly distributed by the proprietor of the copyright or under his authority, and the word 'author' shall include an employer in the case of works made for hire.'
See Act of March 3, 1891, Ch. 565, 26 Stat. 1106; Goubaud v. Wallace, 1877, 36 Law Times, N.S., 704, 705, 25 W.R. 604; Cate v. Devon and Exeter Constitutional Newspaper Co., 1889, L.R. 40, Ch. D. 500, 37 W.R. 487, 58 L.J.Ch. 288, 60 L.T. 672, 5 T.L.R. 229; Lumiere v. Pathe Exchange, 2 Cir., 1921, 275 F. 428; Mittenthal v. Berlin, D.C., 1923, 291 F. 714.
Also Report of House Committee on Patents, February 22, 1909 (No. 2222). Among other things this says—
'Sections 12 and 13 deal with the deposit of copies, and should be considered together. They materially alter the existing law, which provides that in order to make the copyright valid there must be deposited two complete copies of the book or other article not later than the date of first publication. The failure of a shipping clerk to see that the copies go promptly forward to Washington may destroy a copyright of great value, and many copyrights have been lost because by some accident or mistake this requirement was not complied with. The committee felt that some modification of this drastic provision, under which the delay of a single day might destroy a copyright, might well be made. The bill reported by the committee provides that there shall be 'promptly' deposited in the copyright office, or in the mail, addressed to the register of copyrights, two complete copies of the best edition then published, and that no action or proceeding shall be maintained for the infringement of copyright in any work until the provisions with respect to the deposit of copies and the registration of such work shall have been complied with.
'If the works are not promptly deposited, we provide that the register of copyrights may at any time after publication of the work, upon actual notice, require the proprietor of the copyright of deposit, and then in default of deposit of copies of the work within three months from any part of the United States, except an outlying territorial possession of the United States, or within six months from any outlying territorial possession of the United States, or from any foreign country, the proprietor of the copyright shall be liable to a fine of $100 and to pay to the Library of Congress twice the amount of the retail price of the best edition of the work, and the copyright shall become void. It was suggested that the forfeiture of the copyright for failure to deposit copies was too drastic a remedy, but your committee feel that in many cases it will be the only effective remedy: certainly the provision for compelling the deposit of copies by the imposition of a fine would be absolutely unavailing should the copyright proprietor be the citizen or subject of a foreign state.'
See Report Register Copyrights for 1938. During the year there were 166,248 registrations; 194,433 current articles deposited were transferred to the Library of Congress. Also 3612 motion picture films, and 43,302 deposits from other classes were returned to the authors or proprietors.
For Statement of the views of the Copyright Office concerning Act of 1909 and practice thereunder See, Letter from the Register of Copyrights to the Librarian of Congress dated September 17, 1938, printed at the Government Printing Office 1938. The following appears therein—(p. 20)
'The failure to make deposit within the proper time does not in itself invalidate the copyright which has already been secured by publication with notice; this can now result only after failure to make deposit upon actual notice as provided in section 13.
'It is true that Section 12 provides that no action or proceeding shall be maintained for infringement until the 'deposit of copies and registration' have taken place, which presumably was added as a special inducement to make prompt deposit; but this does not answer the question.
'Heretofore, the practice of the office has been to accept copies at any time subsequent to publication with notice; thus, in effect, attaching no significance to the word 'promptly'; and certain decisions of the courts seem to sanction the practice * * *.
'It seems very desirable to remove this doubt and uncertainty by eliminating the word 'promptly' from Section 12, leaving Section 13 as heretofore to take care of any delinquent. * * *'
35 Stat. 1075, 17 U.S.C.A. § 1.
1 Stat. 124, 125.
Banks v. Manchester, 128 U.S. 244, 9 S.Ct. 36, 32 L.Ed. 425; Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper, 215 U.S. 182, 188, 30 S.Ct. 38, 39, 54 L.Ed. 150; Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 210 U.S. 339, 346, 28 S.Ct. 722, 724, 52 L.Ed. 1086; Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker, 210 U.S. 356, 367, 28 S.Ct. 726, 730, 52 L.Ed. 1096.
Section 4 of the first Act of 1790, 1 Stat. 124, 125, required the last deposit of one copy of the copyrighted article 'within six months after the publishing thereof * * *;' Section 4 of the Act of 1831, 4 Stat. 436, 437, required the last deposit to be made 'within three months from the publication * * *;' Section 10 of the Act of 1846, 9 Stat. 102, 106, required the last deposits to be made 'within three months from the publication * * *;' Section 2 of the Act of 1865, 13 Stat. 540, required the last deposit to be made 'within one month of the date of publication * * *;' the Act of 1867, 14 Stat. 395, required deposit 'within one month after publication * * *;' Section 93 of the Act of 1870, 16 Stat. 213, required the last deposits 'within ten days after * * * publication * * *;' Revised Statutes of 1878, No. 4956, required deposit 'within ten days from the publication * * *;' Section 3 of the Act of 1891, 26 Stat. 1106, required deposit 'not later than the day of the publication * * *;' Section 12 of the Act of 1909, 35 Stat. 1078, 17 U.S.C.A. § 12 provides that 'after copyright * * *, there shall be promptly deposited * * *.'
Wheaton and Donaldson v. Peters and Grigg, 8 Pet. 591, 665, 8 L.Ed. 1055.
Callaghan v. Myers, 128 U.S. 617, 651, 652, 9 S.Ct. 177, 185, 186, 32 L.Ed. 547; cf. Merrell v. Tice, 104 U.S. 557, 26 L.Ed. 854; Thompson v. Hubbard, 131 U.S. 123, 150, 9 S.Ct. 710, 719, 33 L.Ed. 76.
Kepner v. United States, 195 U.S. 100, 121, 24 S.Ct. 797, 801, 49 L.Ed. 114, 1 Ann.Cas. 655.
See notes 5, 6, supra.
House Rep. No. 2222, 60th Cong., 2nd Sess.
Black's Law Dictionary, 3rd Ed., West Publishing Co., 1933.
Section 60, Act of 1909, 17 U.S.C.A. § 60.
The books were distributed to the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Navy, Treasury, Education; and to the Federal Trade Commission, Bureau of Standards, Army Medical Library, Walter Reed Hospital, Engineer School, Corps of Engineers, Soldiers' Home, District of Columbia Library and others. Annual Report, Register of Copyrights, 1938, p. 4.
Annual Report, Register of Copyrights, 1938, p. 1.
Rules and Regulations of the Copyright Office, Bulletin No. 15, 1927. The word 'promptly' was inserted in the first paragraph for the first time in 1917.
Opinion of the court below; Ebeling & Reuss, Inc. v. Raff, unofficially reported, 28 United States Patent Quarterly, 366, (E.D., Penn.).
The Act of 1909 as amended, 17 U.S.C., § 5, 17 U.S.C.A. § 5, lists the following classes of works in which copyright may be claimed: (a) Books, including composite and cyclopedic works, directories, gazetteers, and other compilations; (b) Periodicals, including newspapers; (c) Lectures, sermons, addresses (prepared for oral delivery); (d) Dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions; (e) Musical compositions; (f) Maps; (g) Works of art; models or designs for works of art; (h) Reproductions of a work of art; (i) Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character; (j) Photographs; (k) Prints and pictorial illustrations; (l) Motion-picture photoplays; (m) Motion pictures other than photoplays.
Brandeis, J., dissenting, International News Service v. Associated Press, 248 U.S. 215, 250, 39 S.Ct. 68, 76, 63 L.Ed. 211, 2 A.L.R. 293.
Louis Dejonge & Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co., 3 Cir., 191 F. 35, 36.
Koppel v. Downing, 11 App.D.C. 93, 104.


text:
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31 Jan (Fri) 6PM
7 Feb (Fri) 5:30PM
19 Feb (Wed) 4PM
28 Feb (Fri) 5:30PM
20 Mar (Fri) 5:30PM
11 Apr (Sat) 5:30PM
World Grand Prix Champions
ONE In The Media
Ring Girls
About ONE
ONE Accreditation
Rodtang Sets Sights On Second ONE World Title
Frances Watthanaya
Rodtang "The Iron Man" Jitmuangnon and Jonathan "The General" Haggerty did engage in another contender for bout of the year, but only because Rodtang performed at the peak of his powers to score a brilliant TKO.
At ONE: A NEW TOMORROW on Friday, 10 January, the ONE Flyweight Muay Thai World Champion stopped his rival with a barrage of body blows in the third round.
The Thai superstar looked unstoppable as he put Haggerty on the canvas four times. Unlike their first meeting last August, Rodtang got into a groove immediately and scored the first knockdown inside a minute.
"I just went for it in this fight. I just had to go for it, for Thailand. I was defending a Muay Thai title in my home," he adds.
"There was a feeling-out process in the last fight. I wanted to trade, so our last fight didn't sit well with me. This is my home, so I went all out in the first round."
The body blows that put the Englishman down might have finished most athletes right there, but Haggerty proved his heart and toughness by beating the referee's count.
He went on to survive the round, but it was not too much longer before he was on the deck again after Rodtang kept the pressure on and eventually landed another decisive strike.
"I knew I was ahead on the scorecards, but I didn't want to get ahead of myself. There were still four rounds to go, so I didn't think much of it," the Thai athlete explains.
"In the second round, I actually felt him out a little bit in the beginning before turning it up a gear. In round three, I let loose. I wasn't afraid to trade. I didn't want to give him a chance to catch his breath.
"My goal was to knock him out in the third, so I dug deep and made it happen. After I knocked him down for the first time in the third, I knew I could finish him and just went for it."
5 Lessons We Learned At ONE: A NEW TOMORROW
Rodtang Stops Haggerty With TKO Finish In Bangkok
What Could Be Next For The Big Winners Of ONE: A NEW TOMORROW?
Two more knockdowns followed quickly as Rodtang pounced and landed more power punches to force an automatic TKO. Though he was aggressive, he stayed composed to pick his shots and land on the perfect spots.
Surprisingly, the 22-year-old reveals his demeanor in the ring was far different compared to how it had been just a few minutes before when he felt the pressure of defending his gold in Thailand against a foreign opponent.
"Before the fight, I was pacing around a lot, and kept going to the bathroom," he admits.
"I couldn't sit still. This was a big deal for me, I had to win."
The match was also a significant one for "The Iron Man" because his father came to watch it.
Though his parents have supported him throughout his career, it is rare for them to see him compete, so it was a special thing to have one of his biggest fans in the Impact Arena.
"My dad came to see me, along with a lot of people from my family. There were so many people there to cheer me on. I even had fans from Malaysia who came out to see me.
"[My dad] didn't say much after the fight, he's not one for many words, but I could tell he was proud of me. It made me really happy to make him proud."
It was also the first time he shared the bill with his girlfriend, Stamp Fairtex, and that was nothing but a positive experience.
"Fighting on the same card as Stamp was fun," he adds.
"It is important for people to see that even though we are in a relationship we are still as focused as ever."
Once he left the Impact Arena, Rodtang says he had little time to celebrate because he wants to start training again soon to prepare for a new challenge. If he gets his wish, one of those could be a match in a new discipline so he can match his girlfriend by becoming a two-sport ONE World Champion.
Rodtang has kickboxing experience, and he is determined to defeat his division's top dog for the ONE Flyweight Kickboxing World Title.
"I want to fight Ilias Ennahachi for the kickboxing title," he reveals.
"I'm confident in my abilities and it is my dream to become a World Champion in kickboxing too.
Read more: Stamp Admits Improvements Needed To Face Angela Lee
Jomary Torres: 'I Won't Allow Myself To Lose In The Philippines'
Gallery – ONE: FIRE & FURY Open Workout
One Inspiring Night Changed Koyomi Matsushima's Life
Pieter Buist's Journey From Homelessness To The Global Stage
FIRE & FURY: Live Updates
How Stamp And Rodtang Began Their Romance
Stamp lifts the lid on her relationship with her fellow ONE World Champion.
Rodtang Predicts Decisive End To Haggerty Rivalry
"The Iron Man" says he will be gunning for the KO in this epic World TItle rematch.
Rodtang And Haggerty Face Off At ONE: A NEW TOMORROW Press Conference
Rodtang and Haggerty stared each other down ahead of their epic rematch this Friday.
Top 5 Performances From The Heroes Of ONE: A NEW TOMORROW
Get a taste of the kind of action in store this Friday with a look at some of the stars' best moments.
Home » News » Rodtang Sets Sights On Second ONE World Title

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Add new layers to Tensorflow freeze_graph? These discussion talked (1,2) about adding new layers to Tensorflow graph and retrain the model.
And the following code shows to add in new layer to restored trainable model.
import tensorflow as tf

sess=tf.Session()
#First let's load meta graph and restore weights
saver = tf.train.import_meta_graph('my_test_model-1000.meta')
saver.restore(sess,tf.train.latest_checkpoint('./'))

# Now, let's access and create placeholders variables and
# create feed-dict to feed new data

graph = tf.get_default_graph()
w1 = graph.get_tensor_by_name("w1:0")
w2 = graph.get_tensor_by_name("w2:0")
feed_dict ={w1:13.0,w2:17.0}

#Now, access the op that you want to run.
op_to_restore = graph.get_tensor_by_name("op_to_restore:0")

#Add more to the current graph
add_on_op = tf.multiply(op_to_restore,2)

print sess.run(add_on_op,feed_dict)
#This will print 120.

But I like to add in layers to restored frozen graph.
I have frozen model only for an application. I like to add in layers to the model and freeze again.
Those layers are more for post processing and not necessary to train so not in the trained model.
The reason why is I am converting the freeze graph to TensorRT and I like to include those layers into Int8 engine.

A: I hope below will help you. I have a custom Op which was supposed to be added to my existing graph which i loaded from .pb file (freezed model file)
    With this i was able to append new nodes to my existing graph.
Source code below:

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.python.framework import load_library
from tensorflow.python.platform import resource_loader

from tensorflow.core.protobuf import saved_model_pb2
from tensorflow.python.util import compat

# Utility functions for Loading and Freezing graphs

def load_graph(frozen_graph_filename):

    with tf.gfile.GFile(frozen_graph_filename, "rb") as f:
        graph_def = tf.GraphDef()
        graph_def.ParseFromString(f.read())

    with tf.Graph().as_default() as graph:
        tf.import_graph_def(graph_def, name="")

    return graph

def freeze_graph(sess, output_graph):

    output_node_names = [
        "custom_op_zero","custom_op_zero_1"
  output_node_names = ",".join(output_node_names)

    output_graph_def = tf.graph_util.convert_variables_to_constants(
        sess,
        tf.get_default_graph().as_graph_def(),
        output_node_names.split(",")
    )

    with tf.gfile.GFile(output_graph, "wb") as f:
        f.write(output_graph_def.SerializeToString())

    print("{} ops written to {}.".format(len(output_graph_def.node), output_graph))

## load custom Ops shared object file

zero_out_ops = load_library.load_op_library(
    resource_loader.get_path_to_datafile('my-op/tensorflow_zero_out/python/ops/_zero_out_ops.so'))
zero_out = zero_out_ops.zero_out

frozen_graph = load_graph("frozen_model.pb")
all_tensors = [tensor for op in frozen_graph.get_operations() for tensor in op.values()]
#print (all_tensors[29])

# Input to the new node is the output of last node

zero_out_custom = zero_out(all_tensors[-1],name="custom_op_zero")
zero_out_custom1 = zero_out(all_tensors[-1],name="custom_op_zero_1")
#print (new_op)

# save new freezed model file
with tf.Session(graph=frozen_graph) as persisted_sess:
  for op in persisted_sess.graph.get_operations():
     print(op)
  freeze_graph(persisted_sess,"new_model.pb")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Spain 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Spain from 2011 to 2023 (in billion U.S. Dollars)
by Philipp Huhn, last edited Apr 5, 2019
This statistic shows the revenue of the industry »electrical, plumbing and other construction installation activities« in Spain by segment from 2011 to 2016, with a forecast to 2023. It is projected that the revenue of electrical, plumbing and other construction installation activities in Spain will amount to approximately 23,5 billion U.S. Dollars by 2023.
plumbing, heat and air-conditioning installation
other construction installation
The industry classification is based on the NACE Rev.2 - system in Spain. The industry "electrical, plumbing and other construction installation activities" has the code "F432".
Vinci Group - revenue 2009-2018
Building costs per square meter for residential properties in Turkey 2018, by type
Statistics on "Construction industry in Europe"
Construction industry overview
Construction industry development
Building construction costs in major cities
Annual production value of the construction industry in European countries in 2016 (in million euros)Europe: construction industry production value 2016, by country
Annual turnover of the construction industry in the European Union (28 countries) from 2011 to 2016 (in million euros)EU-28: construction industry turnover 2011-2016
Annual turnover of the building construction industry in the European Union (28 countries) from 2011 to 2016 (in million euros)EU-28: building construction industry turnover 2011-2016
Annual turnover of the civil engineering industry in the European Union (28 countries) from 2011 to 2016 (in million euros)EU-28: civil engineering industry turnover 2011-2016
Total number of employed persons in the building construction industry in the European Union (28 countries) from 2008 to 2016 (in 1,000)EU-28: employed persons in the building construction industry 2008-2016
Total number of employed persons in the civil engineering industry in the European Union (28 countries) from 2008 to 2016 (in 1,000)EU-28: employed persons in the civil engineering industry 2008-2016
Total number of employed persons in the special construction activities industry in the European Union (28 countries) from 2008 to 2016 (in 1,000)EU-28: employed persons in special construction activities 2008-2016
Annual percentage growth/loss in the construction industry in Europe from 2007 to 2017, with a forcast until 2020Forecast of construction growth rates in Europe 2007-2020
Confidence indicator of the construction sector in the EU28 from July 2017 to July 2018Monthly confidence in the construction sector in the EU28 2017-2018
Number of major construction projects submitted for funding through the European Commission in the European Union (EU) between 2014 and 2020, by country*Major construction projects receiving large funding in the EU 2014-2020, by country
Distribution of major construction projects submitted for funding through the European Commission in the European Union (EU) between 2014 and 2020, by sector*Distribution of construction projects receiving large funding EU 2014-2020, by sector
Share of construction firms seing barriers to investment activities in the European Union in 2017, by type*Survey: barriers to construction investments in the EU 2017, by type
Share of infrastructure firms seeing barriers to investment activities in the European Union in 2017, by type*Survey: barriers to infrastructure investments in the EU 2017, by type
EBIT of European construction companies in 2017 (in million euros)European construction companies - EBIT 2017
Turnover of Bouygues Group from 2012 to 2017* (in million euros)Bouygues Group's sales revenue 2012-2017
Annual revenue of Sweden based company Skanska from 2009 to 2018 (in million SEK)Annual revenue of Skanska 2009-2018
Annual revenue of France based company Eiffage from 2012 to 2017 (in million euros)Annual revenue of Eiffage 2012-2017
Average cost per square meter of internal area in selected European cities/regions for constructing a building* in 2018, by region (in U.S. dollars)Average cost per square meter of constructing a building in European cities in 2018
Building costs per square meter of internal area for residential properties in London, United Kingdom as of 2018, by building type (in GBP)Building costs per square meter for residential properties in the UK 2018, by type
Building costs per square meter of internal area for residential properties in Paris, France as of 2018, by building type (in euros)Building costs per square meter for residential properties in France 2018, by type
Building costs per square meter of internal area for residential properties in Madrid, Spain as of 2018, by building type (in euros)Building costs per square meter for residential properties in Spain 2018, by type
Building costs per square meter of internal area for residential properties in Istanbul, Turkey as of 2018, by building type (in Turkish lira)Building costs per square meter for residential properties in Turkey 2018, by type
Building costs per square meter of internal area for residential properties in Dublin, Ireland as of 2018, by building type (in euros)Building costs per square meter for residential properties in Ireland 2018, by type
Building costs per square meter of internal area for residential properties in Zurich, Switzerland as of 2018, by building type (in Swiss francs)Building costs per square meter for residential properties Switzerland 2018, by type
Electrical, plumbing revenue in the United Kingdom 2011-2023
Electrical, plumbing revenue in Germany 2010-2022
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Finland 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in the Netherlands 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Ireland 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Estonia 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Belgium 2011-2023
Industry revenue of "electrical, plumbing" in Portugal 2011-2023
Electrical, plumbing revenue in France 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Romania 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Greece 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Cyprus 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Norway 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Hungary 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Sweden 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Denmark 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Switzerland 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Slovakia 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Latvia 2011-2023
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Italy 2011-2023
Construction industry in Europe
Public Construction
Aalberts Industries Annual Report 2016
2016 Top Markets Report - Building Products and Sustainable Construction
Annual production value of the construction industry in European countries in 2016 (in million euros)
Annual turnover of the construction industry in the European Union (28 countries) from 2011 to 2016 (in million euros)
Annual turnover of the building construction industry in the European Union (28 countries) from 2011 to 2016 (in million euros)
Annual turnover of the civil engineering industry in the European Union (28 countries) from 2011 to 2016 (in million euros)
Total number of employed persons in the building construction industry in the European Union (28 countries) from 2008 to 2016 (in 1,000)
Total number of employed persons in the civil engineering industry in the European Union (28 countries) from 2008 to 2016 (in 1,000)
Total number of employed persons in the special construction activities industry in the European Union (28 countries) from 2008 to 2016 (in 1,000)
Annual percentage growth/loss in the construction industry in Europe from 2007 to 2017, with a forcast until 2020
Confidence indicator of the construction sector in the EU28 from July 2017 to July 2018
Number of major construction projects submitted for funding through the European Commission in the European Union (EU) between 2014 and 2020, by country*
Distribution of major construction projects submitted for funding through the European Commission in the European Union (EU) between 2014 and 2020, by sector*
Share of construction firms seing barriers to investment activities in the European Union in 2017, by type*
Share of infrastructure firms seeing barriers to investment activities in the European Union in 2017, by type*
EBIT of European construction companies in 2017 (in million euros)
Turnover of Bouygues Group from 2012 to 2017* (in million euros)
Annual revenue of Sweden based company Skanska from 2009 to 2018 (in million SEK)
Annual revenue of France based company Eiffage from 2012 to 2017 (in million euros)
Strabag's revenue from FY 2004 to FY 2018 (in billion euros)
Annual revenue of Spain based company Ferrovial from 2000 to 2017 (in million euros)
Statutory revenue of Balfour Beatty in the years from 2011 to 2018 (in million GBP)
Annual revenue of Spain based company Acciona S.A. from 2013 to 2017 (in million euros)
Annual revenue of Royal BAM Group from 2013 to 2017 (in million euros)
Annual revenue of United Kingdom based Persimmon Plc from 2004 to 2017 (in million GBP)
Annual revenue of Taylor Wimpey plc from 2010 to 2018 (in million GBP)
Annual revenue of Barratt Developments from 2011/12 to 2017/18 (in million GBP)
Annual revenue of Turkey based company Enka İnşaat ve Sanayi A.Ş. from 2012 to 2017 (in million USD)
Annual revenue of United Kingdom based Bellway Plc from 2014 to 2018 (in million GBP)
Average cost per square meter of internal area in selected European cities/regions for constructing a building* in 2018, by region (in U.S. dollars)
Building costs per square meter of internal area for residential properties in London, United Kingdom as of 2018, by building type (in GBP)
Building costs per square meter of internal area for residential properties in Paris, France as of 2018, by building type (in euros)
Building costs per square meter of internal area for residential properties in Madrid, Spain as of 2018, by building type (in euros)
Building costs per square meter of internal area for residential properties in Istanbul, Turkey as of 2018, by building type (in Turkish lira)
Building costs per square meter of internal area for residential properties in Dublin, Ireland as of 2018, by building type (in euros)
Building costs per square meter of internal area for residential properties in Zurich, Switzerland as of 2018, by building type (in Swiss francs)
Electrical, plumbing revenue in the United Kingdom from 2011 to 2023 (in billion U.S. Dollars)
Electrical, plumbing revenue in Germany from 2010 to 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Finland from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Ireland from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Estonia from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Belgium from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of "electrical, plumbing" in Portugal from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Electrical, plumbing revenue in France from 2011 to 2023 (in billion U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Romania from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Greece from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Cyprus from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Norway from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Hungary from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Sweden from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Denmark from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Switzerland from 2011 to 2023 (in billion U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Slovakia from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Latvia from 2011 to 2023 (in million U.S. Dollars)
Industry revenue of »electrical, plumbing« in Italy from 2011 to 2023 (in billion U.S. Dollars)


Maybe you thought that the only thing that is better than Power BI within Excel is Power BI Online, but you are so wrong was wrong. The Power BI Desktop application that is available from the Power BI website is much better and everyone needs to use it.
The Power BI Desktop is a standalone dashboard designing tool that takes all of the great features within Excel like Power Query, PowerView, and PowerPivot and puts them in one single place to make all of your reporting a synch. And after you have finished building your dashboards, you can then publish them to the new hosted Power BI portal and create your own custom dashboards, and even perform Q&A on the data just by typing in the questions that you want answered.
In this guide we will look at this new tool and how you can use it to quickly analyze all of your Dynamics AX data and also blend in multiple data feeds into one dashboard to view all of the data that you need all in one place.


text:
How to get into the loud house: What to expect from the show and what to avoid
September 1, 2021 adminIntroductionloud house characters, loud house porn
I think it's fair to say that most people in Australia are quite comfortable with loud house, or 'house', music.
The music is popular, the venues are big and the venues have plenty of room to expand.
However, a few people are quite concerned about the sound of their own house and will sometimes make noise.
And when you're a loud house fan, you might be more aware of the risks of loud house than you might have previously realised.
That's because the music is often a mix of electronic and rock influences.
What's happening in loud house I am often asked to describe what I'm listening to.
The majority of the time, the first words I get are "electronic music".
This is probably a good place to start.
The genre is a mix between house, techno and hip-hop.
Most of the tracks in the genre are produced by producers who live and work in different parts of the world.
The most popular music genres include hip-hops, hip-hops, house, dubstep, electro-house and trap.
Some of these genres are very popular in Australia, and some of them are not.
The main genres of Australian house are dance music and hip hop.
There are also many genres of electronic music, including house, trap, techno, rap, dub, hip hop, reggae and electro-funk.
These genres are also popular in other parts of Australia, but many people don't recognise them as being Australian.
Hip hop is often called 'hip hop' because it is more popular in some parts of South-East Asia than in the rest of Australia.
This is because hip hop music is a hybrid of hip-hip, dance music, dance and pop.
Dance music has always been popular in the United States, but hip hop has grown in popularity in the US over the past few years.
Techno is another genre that has been popular across Australia.
Technically, techno is not a hip-hopping genre, but it is a sub-genre that uses the term 'hip' as a synonym for music, especially hip hop and dubstep.
Hip-hop is also sometimes called 'jazz'.
The term 'jazzy' comes from the jazz genre.
It refers to a style of music in which instruments and beats are played to create music with rhythmic patterns and harmonic textures.
Hip Hop is also a subgenre of the hip-house genre.
Hiphop is popular in parts of Asia, Africa and South America.
The hip-fusion genre is also popular across Asia, but the term is rarely used in Australia.
In addition to these genres, there are also several different sub-genres of Australian pop music, some of which are popular in different areas of Australia and some are not, including: rock, pop, house and funk.
There is a large range of different types of Australian music, from rock, rockabilly, country and dance music.
There's also music from Australia's musical heritage, which includes music from the country's musical history, from the classical music of Greece, Rome and the Roman Empire, and the music of indigenous Australian cultures.
This musical heritage has contributed to many of Australia's popular genres of music, but there are some major differences between Australian and international styles of music.
What I'm looking for in my own house I find a lot of noise in the house, and I often have to move my furniture or other items in the room because I don't like the noise.
The loudness of the music can make it very difficult to concentrate, and it can be very distracting for other people who are around.
Sometimes I'll even have to stop playing my favourite songs to concentrate.
I also notice that my friends are often more aware that they are being watched, and that they should be more discreet about their loudness.
In the loudest house, there is a lot more noise, and you're in a very noisy environment.
I like to have a quieter space in my house, so I try to limit my loudness when I'm at work or at home.
I think a loud room is an environment where there is less interaction between people.
This makes it easier for me to concentrate on my work and I find it easier to concentrate in my private space, which can be noisy in the loud rooms.
I often listen to loud house music in the car because it helps me to stay focused on what I need to do.
I find that when I listen to my own loud house songs, I feel better, so if I can get away from loud house in my car, I can relax and concentrate.
What about my family?
I'm not particularly bothered by loud house at all.
I'm usually happy with my own noise, but I do feel that my family and friends are sometimes a little disturbed by loud music in my home.
The same goes for my friends.
If I can reduce my loud house


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This week I visited this project in Oakland which converted an existing detached garage into a studio cottage. We started this project a little more than a year ago and now it is very near complete. The owners are waiting on the Murphy bed to arrive, and they want to get new furniture for the cottage. But they have already hosted their parents in the cottage and their folks loved it.
A 3-D massing model of the two existing structures. the smaller building on the left is the existing garage.
I can see why they loved it. It is a big, bright room that opens out onto a shared deck and garden. It has all the modern conveniences and more than enough room to hang out, watch TV, cook, entertain, and generally enjoy life.
View of the cottage from the shared deck. The sliding glass door is an 8 foot door.
For those interested, converting the garage, which was built with permits in 1993, cost about $210/square foot. Converting existing built space usually costs about $175/sf. There were a couple of reasons this one cost more. Primarily, when you convert a garage into a dwelling, in California, you have to upgrade the earthquake resistance. That meant more work. We also had to upgrade the electrical and replace the roofing.
A view of the main room looking toward the kitchen. The owners opted not to install upper cabinets, as they have plans to install open shelves. They installed a two burner, invection stove top and no oven. This is a kitchen designed with the idea that the parents will eat most meals with their kids.
The owners sourced all of the finishes and cabinets as well as the doors and windows. I think they've done a terrific job.
I love how this bathroom turned out. With only a glass partition to separate the shower, and with no curb between the shower and the room, it feels quite large. We installed backing for future grab bars by the toilet and in the shower.
Once the Murphy bed is installed and they've furnished it, I hope to go back and get more pictures. The owners are very happy and that makes me very happy.


Black GOP Moms Discuss Obama, Palin Family Drama Tell Me More continues its coverage of the Republican National Convention with a special edition of the Mocha Moms. Lynda Greene and Renee Amoore, who leads the Pennsylvania Republican Party, explain what the GOP represents for conservative women of color. The moms also discuss news that the party's vice presidential candidate, Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin's, unmarried teen-age daughter is pregnant.
I'm Deborah Amos and this is Tell Me More from NPR News. Michel Martin is in St. Paul, Minnesota this week covering the Republican National Convention. They say it takes a village to raise a child but maybe you just need a few Mocha Moms. Normally, we visit with members of this mother support group each week for their common sense and their savvy parenting advice. As we continue our special coverage of the Republican National Convention in St. Paul, Minnesota, we thought we'd talk to the Mocha Moms about the GOP. What is the appeal of the conservative party for women of color? African-Americans are traditionally considered more politically liberal voting Democratic. But not so fast say conservatives. The GOP emphasis on morals and values speaks to many African-American families. On Friday, we caught up with some self-described conservative moms. Lynda Greene is a member of the Mocha Moms Organization and she's joined by a special guest mom, Renee Amoore. Welcome to the program ladies.
Ms. RENEE AMOORE (Pennsylvania Republican Party): Thank you.
Ms. LYNDA GREENE (Mocha Mom): Thank you.
AMOS: How do you define the difference between a conservative and a liberal?
Ms. GREENE: I define it as a conservative as not believing in big government. I define a conservative as being in free enterprise, and those core values that I'm teaching my children. Those are some of the things that stand out to me right now.
AMOS: And a liberal is somebody who doesn't believe in those things?
Ms. GREENE: And a liberal was somebody who believes in big government. They have core values too, not to talk bad about liberals, but I think of liberals that lead in big government. I'm concerned when I hear about raising taxes and trying to kind of level the playing field, so to speak in terms of having - helping everybody get some things, I should say.
AMOS: And Renee, what do you think that the GOP holds for African-American women, and for African-American families?
Ms. AMOORE: You know, I think that we hold a lot. I think that we just don't get the information on a message out and that's why I am glad that we're speaking today. I think one thing that we really put out is talk about health care. Health care is really important not just to African-Americans, to everyone and for our children in particular that's growing up and that may need some things for our seniors. Also, what's good - important for us is education. Education is a very big thing for Republicans to make sure that folks are educated and get their needs met, and they have proven that by having these after school programs, putting money to the social service programs because a lot of folks don't think Republicans do that but they do. I run social service companies and the government gives us money to help with people that are in low income areas and that need that particular help. So to me it's all about for us and how we help people with health care, education and economic development. So those are the things that Republicans have done, those are the things that Conservatives, African-American - women in particular - are starting to look at because we're starting to put out information. And a clear a message out there because we don't brag enough.
AMOS: Let me ask both of you. Did you come from Republican families? Did your mothers identify themselves as conservatives?
Ms. AMOORE: For me, absolutely. My mom was the first African-American committee person right outside of Philadelphia. And so, we - our values were always so much more closer than the Democratic values. We really dealt with faith and family. But I'm not saying that the Democrats don't but that's really big on our agenda, we dealt with folks making sure that we have a job but that we're responsible and that we're accountable and that if we need some help, we get that help but then we try to move on so that we can feel good about who we are and what we're doing.
Ms. GREENE: You know, it's interesting that African-Americans probably hold real traditional or conservative values but we tend to go Democratic. And I think that from what I was reading, even with Nixon - 60 percent of the African-American population voted for Nixon. So, when I think about that, I think we definitely have core values. I come from a family, both of my parents have their PhDs, you know, I have a bachelor's in Chemistry even though I'm a stay-at-home mom now. But, it's just - when you look at that, we have those core conservative values but a lot of people are Democratic. And I don't know - I think, for me personally, this election has caused me to really look at the issues and think about it. I don't really look at it in terms of being a black woman but I look at it in terms of looking at the values as a mother, as a wife and how this election is going to affect my household.
AMOS: So this election for you Lynda, has made you more Republican?
AMOS: You've self-identified even more.
Ms. AMOORE: I love it, I love it, I love it, I love it.
Ms. AMOORE: I love it, Lynda.
AMOS: You are an advocate, Renee.
AMOS: If you're just joining us, you're listening to Tell Me More from NPR News. I'm speaking with Conservative Mocha Moms about the GOP. Let's talk a little bit about identity because that gets kind of interesting. We just watched New York Democratic Senator Hillary Clinton run a historic race for president. And now we have the Alaska governor who is going to be the Republican vice presidential pick. How important is gender for both of you in politics?
Ms. AMOORE: To me, it's - we have to bring more women to the table so people understand what our needs are around the health care, around preventative health care, around our children, around you know, stay at home mom versus people that work. So it's important to have a seat at the table for women so the more women that are involved, the better.
AMOS: Lynda, did you get that twinge when the Republicans picked a woman? Did you say, ah, that's my voice, now I guess, I really like them?
Ms. GREENE: You know, I said this earlier that the Republican voice was speaking to me but definitely, when they selected the vice president as a woman, that really, I mean I was probably screaming in my house and like I can't believe it! But it definitely peaked my interest and now I'm very excited to see what's up ahead.
AMOS: But we also need to talk about race. Was there not a moment for both of you on the night that Barack Obama, and that was as historical as the Hillary campaign, when he accepted the nomination for president of the United States. Did you not, as a black woman, both of you, say boy, this is really something?
Ms. GREEN: Definitely. I think it's like, I tell people all the time, I love Barack, I love Michelle. You know, I think they are really good people. My vote has nothing to do if I like or dislike somebody. My vote has to do with, again, how those issues and how the next president is going to affect my household.
AMOS: Renee, did you have that moment as well?
Ms. AMOORE: You know what? I really did. It really became a tearjerker because it was historical. You're looking at Martin Luther King, the 45th anniversary. And so you know, I have to agree with Lynda. But it's all about my vote and my vote is important and my values go closer to the Republican Party. The issue with Obach(ph) - and I could beat Obama and I could beat up everyday, is that, you know, he's African-American and I'm very proud of him, I'm very proud of Michelle, they have a wonderful story, wonderful children. But then I have to look out for my child, my family and people that I represent and what do I think is the best for me and my family, you know and my extended family.
AMOS: But look, the trend in the country is a little bit different. In three southern states where actually they were counting, it turns out that there had been more African-American Republicans who have been switching to Democrats. So is there something missing in the way that the party carries out its politics that it doesn't sell well to African-Americans? Is there something that will happen in this convention that may change that or are there some policies that the party needs to adopt to bring more African-Americans?
Ms. GREENE: I don't know. I don't think that there is the stereotype that if you're a Republican that you know, you have a lot of money or something. But I know, for me personally, in my household, that we did not get that - what was that, that stimulus package check. I know that when Barack is talking about lowering the taxes for 95 percent of the Americans, then I'm part of that 5 percent he's talking about raising taxes for. That is very concerning to me and a lot of my friends are you know, either two income or one income where their husband making a nice salary and stuff. So I think when people really look at the issues or not, just well, you know what? We're Democrats and we're voting straight Democrats. When you really look at the issues, I think a lot more people would probably be Republicans probably so.
AMOS: So, Renee, do you think those three states in the south and it's the only place that's really taking statistics. This could be happening in other places as far as I know. Do you think that as time goes by, as people begin to pay attention which they tend to do after the conventions, that we will see, first of all, the stop in the erosion of African-American Republicans switching to Democrats and may be some coming the other way?
Ms. AMOORE: Yeah. I think we definitely have to stop that erosion because we have to do it with our message and our message has to be much clearer but you brought up a good point and we have to make sure that we explain our policies, what they're really about, and make sure that we explain what we've done so that people can see - bright. We are given these stimulus checks, you know we are doing social services program, giving money out there to make sure that people can survive. We are looking at energy. We are looking at how your food goes up, your prices. And I think you will hear those messages at the Republican Convention.
AMOS: This week, we are seeing the Republican message, what do both of you want to see specifically? Not just the way that they deliver but what do you want to see specifically the Republicans say to African-Americans to bring them into the party? Renee?
Ms. AMOORE: I want them to really talk about health care. That's a big thing on all of our minds, African-Americans in particular, I guess, because I'm in the health care business.
AMOS: And that's been the theme in the Democratic Convention.
Ms. AMOORE: Absolutely. Absolutely and we have to talk about that. But we also have to talk about prosperity. You know, where people are, where they want to go, how we're going to help you get there to get what you need to make it an order to survive.
AMOS: And Lynda, what do you want to hear so that you don't have to explain yourself?
Ms. GREENE: I definitely want to hear about economics. I definitely want to hear about oil and what are we going to do with the gas prices. I want to hear about education, I'm a home schooler. I know John McCain has talked about that. I want to hear about taxes. You know, everybody says, well, John McCain's going to raise your taxes too but it's really concerning to me when you hear that you know, 95 percent of the people are not going to have their taxes raised and that they're going to get lowered and then that means the other five percent so that's the concern. So taxes, the economy, what are we going to do about our gas prices, education? Those are the things that are important to me.
AMOS: The news broke yesterday that Republican running mate Sarah Palin's 17-year-old unmarried daughter is five months pregnant. The McCain campaign then disclosed that Bristol Palin plans to keep her baby and marry the child's father. So we decided to get Renee and Lynda back to talk about whether the news affects their opinion of the Alaska governor's fitness to be vice president. Thanks ladies for coming back.
Ms. AMOORE: Hello and thanks for having me.
AMOS: Does this news in any way changed how you feel about Sarah Palin and her family? Lynda?
Ms. GREENE: But it does not change my opinion.
AMOS: And Renee, do you think that there is going to be extra scrutiny because Sarah Palin is running for vice president?
Ms. AMOORE: You know what, Deborah, I think there's going to extra scrutiny. I mean, everybody's talking about it. I'm here down at the convention and reporters are coming up to you just randomly asking the question how do you feel? I'm OK with it. That's her personal business and unfortunately, the media is going to get into everything. We don't know what happened, why it happened, you know when it happened and it's really none of our business and that's not going to change hers, as far as I'm concerned, being a good vice president.
AMOS: Let me ask you both. If you think that Sarah Palin is being treated differently because she's a woman. If she was a man, if she was a father of this child, do you think that the media treatment of her would be different.
Ms. GREENE: This is Lynda. I definitely think that if she was a man, the media treatment would be different.
AMOS: But Renee, do you think so too that if this had happened to a male candidate, that this whole story would be very different?
Ms. AMOORE: Absolutely because people could care - they're like you know how they hold men and women to different standards and still, the country unfortunately, is like that. And so that's going to go on and on and on. We wouldn't have heard this if it was a man. Even if it was an African-American man, we still wouldn't have heard it.
AMOS: Renee, do you think it would be a different story if this was an African-American candidate?
Ms. AMOORE: You know what? I think you're right on target there. It could be a whole different story. I have to admit, it could be a whole different story. I think it would have been different that you know, seeing how Africans and Americans are, they're not married, they're having children before they get married, you know, they're young, their babies are having babies. I mean, a typical story you hear right now.
AMOS: The president of the Christian Coalition of America had said it's a very private matter and do you think that is enough for religious conservatives who are very heavy in their emphasis on morals and moral parenting? Lynda?
Ms. GREENE: I do think it's going to be in the media cycle. I think that liberals are going to try to keep it up in the forefront but I think it's going to be important for the conservatives again, going back to what her values are.
AMOS: And Renee, tell us about what people are talking about out of the convention about this.
Ms. AMOORE: Well, the first thing they rang up, Deborah and Lynda, was to say did you hear? And I'm like, did I hear what? Because I've been out since six o'clock this morning but people are talking about it. They ask the question, that you just asked them or what do you think conservatives really feel about it, faith-based you know, organizations. So people were looking at the concerns and even talking about pros and cons of this. You know, people do have different opinions. You have to respect it. Basically, my opinion is like Lynda, this is their personal family's business. They're going to handle it the way they need to handle it you know, for whatever reason and just you got to respect that.
AMOS: Well, I thank you both for coming back in.
Ms. GREENE: Glad to be here. Thanks for having me.
Ms. AMOORE: Thanks. We love in coming in Mocha Moms. I love this show.
AMOS: And it's Mocha Mom Lynda Greene who joined us in our Washington studios and Renee Amoore who's the Deputy Chairman for the Pennsylvania Republican Party and she joined us from the Republican Convention in St. Paul. Thank you both.
Ms. GREENE: Thank you. Ms. AMOORE: Thank you.