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The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006	More
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The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Advanced information
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006
The Nobel Prize in Medicine 2006 - Prize announcement
Press release: The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Andrew Z. Fire
Craig C. Mello
Advanced information [pdf]
RNA INTERFERENCE
This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is shared by Professor Andrew Z. Fire at Stanford University, California, USA, and Professor Craig C. Mello at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, USA. They receive the prize for their discovery that double-stranded RNA triggers suppression of gene activity in a homology-dependent manner, a process named RNA interference (RNAi). Their discovery revealed a new mechanism for gene regulation, and the biochemical machinery involved plays a key role in many essential cellular processes. Double-stranded RNA synthesized within the cell can reduce or abolish gene activity by RNAi-like mechanisms. This control system for gene expression has proven to be important for both the development of an organism and the physiological functions of cells and tissues. Furthermore, RNAi protects against RNA virus infections, especially in plants and invertebrate animals, and secures genome stability by keeping mobile elements silent. Today, double-stranded RNA is used as a powerful tool to experimentally elucidate the function of essentially any gene in a cell. The discovery of RNAi has already had an immense impact on biomedical research and will most likely lead to novel medical applications in the future.
The gene expression process is of fundamental importance for all living organisms. Most genes reside in the chromosomes located in the cell nucleus and express themselves via proteins synthesised in the cytoplasm. The genetic material was identified as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in 1944 (ref. 1) and the double-helical nature of DNA was revealed in 1953 (by Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962). At that time, the main problem outstanding was how DNA in the cell nucleus could govern protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. It was proposed that another nucleic acid, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA), acts as an intermediary in the process, and the so-called Central Dogma was formulated, i.e. the idea that the genetic information is transcribed from DNA to RNA and then translated from RNA into protein. The RNA carrying the genetic information was first believed to be the RNA in ribosomes; for several years the hypothesis was formulated as "one gene-one ribosome-one protein". In 1961, Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod presented a visionary gene control model, for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965 together with André Lwoff. In their model, they proposed that the gene is transcribed into a specific RNA species, messenger RNA (mRNA). Soon afterwards it was demonstrated that a short-lived, non-ribosomal RNA directs the synthesis of proteins. Subsequently, Marshall Nirenberg and Gobind Khorana broke the genetic code and could assign code words (codons; triplets of nucleotides) to the twenty amino acids (they received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 together with Robert Holley). Francis Crick predicted that an RNA molecule could act as an adaptor between mRNA and the amino acid, and a short, stable RNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) was soon identified as the predicted adaptor.
For many years, messenger RNA was believed to correspond to an uninterrupted nucleotide sequence in the DNA. It therefore came as a complete surprise when Phillip Sharp and Richard Roberts showed in 1977 that the mRNA sequence could be distributed discontinuously in the genome (the split gene concept; Nobel Prize in 1993). It was known that long RNA molecules (pre-mRNA, heterogeneous nuclear RNA) are trimmed to much shorter mature mRNAs, and Sharp and Roberts therefore suggested that the mRNA sequences, the exons, are likely to be cut out from the primary transcript and spliced, while the intervening sequences, the introns, are degraded. It was immediately realised that the discontinuous arrangement of the mRNA sequences in DNA had important evolutionary implications. In addition, the RNA splicing process could generate different mRNAs, and more than one protein can emanate from the primary transcript (alternative splicing).
The discovery that RNA can act as a catalyst gave a radically new perspective on the roles of RNA (Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Sidney Altman and Thomas Cech in 1989). It was soon revealed that RNA is able to catalyse its own replication and the synthesis of other RNA molecules (the ribozyme concept), which led to the idea that RNA was the first genetic material on earth. An "RNA world" is believed to have existed before DNA took over the role of being the key genetic material, and RNA was relegated to the role of messenger between DNA and protein. Not only did the discovery of catalytic RNA have evolutionary implications, but it also suggested that RNA could play a more active role in gene expression than earlier realised. It is now well established that ribosomal RNA catalyses peptide bond formation during translation.
A large number of small RNA molecules work in conjunction with proteins in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. There are non-coding RNA molecules that affect transcription (e.g. human 7SK snRNA bound to elongation factors), translation (e.g. SRP RNA in the signal recognition particle), replication (e.g. telomerase RNA) and chromosome structure (e.g. XIST RNA causing X chromosome inactivation). Others regulate RNA processing (e.g. M1 RNA in RNase P, snRNAs and snoRNAs) and RNA editing (guide RNAs). These various RNP particles are now being extensively investigated to understand their specific roles in the cell.
In the early 1980s it was revealed in Escherichia coli that small RNA molecules (about 100 nucleotides in length) can bind to a complementary sequence in mRNA and inhibit translation2,3. Today, about 25 cases of regulatory trans-acting antisense RNAs are known in E. coli4. Regulation of translation by antisense RNA also occurs in eukaryotes as was first demonstrated in 1993 when genes governing the development of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans were studied5,6. For many years, this thoroughly documented case of posttranscriptional regulation was regarded as an oddity. The mechanism received more attention when a second example of a small regulatory RNA was found in C. elegans7, because in this case similar sequences were also present in other species. However, the situation changed drastically when a large number of small RNA molecules, called microRNAs (miRNAs), were revealed in 2001 (ref. 8-10).
Prior to the discovery of RNA interference, a phenomenon called gene (or RNA) silencing was described in plants. It was noted in experiments around 1990 that a cloned gene incorporated into the genome (a transgene) could not only induce or stimulate gene activity but could also inhibit the expression of homologous sequences, a phenomenon called homology-dependent gene silencing. The inhibition of gene activity could take place at the transcriptional level (transcriptional gene silencing, TGS)11-13, or at the posttranscriptional level (posttranscriptional gene silencing, PTGS)14-18. A PTGS-like process called quelling was also established in the fungus Neurospora crassa19. Analyses of viral infection in plants gave further insight into the mechanism of PTGS20-21. However, although it was evident that RNA played a key role in gene silencing, the phenomenon remained enigmatic until the discovery of RNA interference provided a most unexpected explanation with many profound consequences.
The discovery of RNA interference
Andrew Fire and Craig Mello published their break-through study on the mechanism of RNA interference in Nature in 1998 (ref. 22). It was earlier known that antisense RNA23, but remarkably also sense RNA24 could silence genes, but the results were inconsistent and the effects usually modest. However, due to the fact that both sense and antisense RNA could cause silencing Mello argued that the mechanism could not just be a pairing of antisense RNA to mRNA, and he coined the term RNA interference for the unknown mechanism25.
In their Nature paper, Fire and Mello tested the phenotypic effect of RNA injected into the worm C. elegans. They established that annealed sense/antisense RNA, but neither antisense nor sense RNA alone, caused the predicted phenotype (Fig. 1). Furthermore, only injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) led to an efficient loss of the target mRNA (Fig. 2). Fire and Mello could present a series of straightforward conclusions in their study. The main results can be summed up as follows: First, silencing was triggered efficiently by injected dsRNA, but weakly or not at all by sense or antisense single-stranded RNAs. Second, silencing was specific for an mRNA homologous to the dsRNA; other mRNAs were unaffected. Third, the dsRNA had to correspond to the mature mRNA sequence; neither intron nor promoter sequences triggered a response. This indicated a posttranscriptional, presumably cytoplasmic mechanism. Fourth, the targeted mRNA disappeared suggesting that it was degraded. Fifth, only a few dsRNA molecules per cell were sufficient to accomplish full silencing. This indicated that the dsRNA was amplified and/or acted catalytically rather than stoichiometrically. Sixth, the dsRNA effect could spread between tissues and even to the progeny, suggesting a transmission of the effect between cells. Furthermore, Fire and Mello made the remark that RNAi could provide an explanation for a phenomenon studied in plants for several years: posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Finally, they ended their paper by speculating about the possibility that "dsRNA could be used by the organism for physiological gene silencing".
Figure 1. Phenotypic effect after injection of single-stranded or double-stranded unc-22 RNA into the gonad of C. elegans. The unc-22 gene encodes a myofilament protein. Decrease in unc-22 activity is known to produce severe twitching movements. Injected double-stranded RNA, but not single-stranded RNA, induced the twitching phenotype in the progeny.
Figure 2. The effect on mex-3 mRNA content in embryos after injection of single-stranded or double-stranded mex-3 RNA into the gonad of C. elegans. mex-3 mRNA is abundant in the gonads and early embryos. The mRNA was lost after injection of double-stranded RNA, while injection of antisense RNA only reduced the content of mRNA to some extent. The extent of brown colour reflects the amount of mRNA present.
In their Nature paper, Fire and Mello did not take a firm stand on the issue of whether dsRNA acts via a transcriptional or posttranscriptional mechanism. However, in a follow-up study published in PNAS the same year, Fire provided good evidence for the view that mRNA is the target for dsRNA (recognition via complementary strands), and that the targeted mRNA is degraded prior to translation, i.e. dsRNA exerts its effect at the posttranscriptional level26. He also presented a specific model showing how double-stranded RNA could function in a catalytic manner to target homologous mRNAs for degradation. This model differed strikingly from the simple antisense model of that time, which only predicted interaction between an interfering single-stranded RNA molecule and mRNA. It can be added that in this PNAS paper, Fire also indicated the possibility that the RNAi mechanism could be a specific "tactical" approach to viral defence in lower organisms (to be compared with the global interferon response in mammals).
Within a year, the presence of RNAi had been documented in many other organisms, including fruit flies, trypanosomes, plants, planaria, hydra and zebrafish27. In initial experiments with mammalian cultured cells, it was not possible to elicit a potent and specific RNAi response because of a predominant nonspecific physiological reaction of these cells to long dsRNA. However, when the cells were exposed to a short, 21 nucleotide long, dsRNA, an efficient targeted silencing was also obtained in these cells28. Thus, the generality of the RNAi phenomenon among eukaryotes was proven very rapidly; a remarkable exception is the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The revelation of the RNAi mechanism
Shortly after the discovery of RNAi, it was shown that PTGS in plants is correlated to the presence of a population of small RNAs (about 25 nucleotides long), and that this RNA contains both sense and antisense RNA sequences29. It was proposed that this RNA is the determinant of PTGS. Earlier, but subsequent to the discovery of RNAi in animal cells, it had been shown that RNA in double-stranded form also initiates PTGS in plants30.
The biochemistry of RNAi was further elucidated in an in vitro system based on Drosophila embryo extracts27. It could be shown that dsRNA is processed to 21-23 nucleotide long dsRNA fragments31, which was in good agreement with the data for PTGS in plants29. It was proposed that this short dsRNA, siRNA (small interfering RNA), guided the cleavage of mRNA. Subsequently, Fire and Mello were able to follow the process in vivo32. They established that long dsRNA is cleaved to small RNA (about 25 nucleotides long), and that antisense RNA triggers degradation of mRNA via base-pairing to mRNA. Thus, the trigger, dsRNA, had then been connected to the low molecular weight effector.
Figure 3. The RNA interference process and the biochemical machinery involved. Double-stranded RNA is cut into short pieces (siRNA) by the endonuclease Dicer. The antisense strand is loaded into the RISC complex and links the complex to the mRNA strand by base-pairing. The RISC complex cuts the mRNA strand, and the mRNA is subsequently degraded.
The molecular machinery involved in RNAi was subsequently revealed (Fig. 3). In an in vitro system, built on Drosophila cultured cells, it was demonstrated that a large complex, called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) is targeted to the mRNA via a short antisense RNA, and that mRNA is cleaved and subsequently degraded33. Subsequently, it has been shown that RISC contains at least one member of the argonaute protein family, which is likely to act as an endonuclease and cut the mRNA (nowadays often referred to as the Slicer function). It was also demonstrated that a ribonuclease III-like nuclease, called Dicer, is responsible for the processing of dsRNA to short RNA34. In certain systems, in particular plants, worms and fungi, an RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) plays an important role in generating and/or amplifying siRNA35.
Thus, in just a few years a vast amount of information accumulated on the specific proteins and protein complexes involved in RNAi and on the molecular details of the particular steps in the process36-39.
Significance of the discovery of RNAi
It was evident from the very beginning that the significance of the discovery of RNAi would be exceptional. The far-reaching consequences of the discovery can be summed up as follows (Fig. 4):
1. RNAi protects against viral infections: The finding of Fire and Mello that cells can process injected dsRNA and eliminate homologous single-stranded RNA suggested that RNAi could constitute a defence mechanism against viral attacks. It had earlier been shown that plant cells have an efficient defence against viruses based on the PTGS phenomenon40,41. When it became apparent that PTGS is the plant equivalent to RNAi, this early work in plants supported the proposition that RNAi is involved in protecting cells from viral attacks. Today, we know that this anti-viral mechanism is at work in plants, worms and flies, whereas it is still unclear how relevant it is for vertebrates, including man.
2. RNAi secures genome stability by keeping mobile elements silent: It was proposed early on that RNAi/PTGS in C. elegans and plants could block the action of transposons (mobile elements in the genome). Subsequently, it could be shown that when components of the RNAi machinery are mutated in C. elegans, transposons are activated and the mobile elements cause disturbances in the function of the genome42,43. It has been proposed that in transposon-containing regions of the genome both DNA strands are transcribed, dsRNA is formed, and the RNAi process eliminates these undesirable products. As short dsRNAs can also operate directly on chromatin and suppress transcription (see below), this would be another mode to keep transposons inactive (see below under 4). Even if the mechanisms are not yet fully revealed, it is clear that if the RNAi machinery is not efficient, the transposons are not kept under control and can start to jump and cause deleterious effects in the genome.
It has been argued that RNA silencing could represent an "immune defence" of the genome44. Close to 50% of our genome consists of viral and transposon elements that have invaded the genome in the course of evolution. The RNAi machinery can recognize invading double-stranded viral RNA (or the double-stranded replicative form of the viral RNA) and suppress the infection by degradation of the RNA. The RNAi system thus shares important features with the vertebrate immune system: it recognizes the invading parasite (dsRNA), raises an initial response and subsequently amplifies the response to eliminate the foreign element.
Figure 4. Cellular processes dependent on the RNAi machinery. The Dicer and RISC complexes play a central role in the destruction of invading viral RNA (1), the elimination of transcripts from mobile elements (transposons) and repetitive DNA (2), the block of protein synthesis brought about by small RNAs generated within the cell (3), and the RNAi-mediated suppression of transcription (4). The machinery is also utilized when siRNA is introduced into the cell experimentally to inhibit the activity of specific genes (5). The figure is schematic, and the Dicer and RISC complexes can vary dependent on cellular process.
3. RNAi-like mechanisms repress protein synthesis and regulate the development of organisms: Soon after the discovery that short RNA is the effector of RNAi, it was shown that there is a class of endogenous RNA molecules of the same size in worms, flies, mice and humans; this small RNA was called microRNA (miRNA)8-10. Plants also contain this class of endogenous RNA45. The revelation of miRNA led to intense research on the nature of these RNA molecules. The C. elegans lin-4 (ref. 5) and let-7 (ref. 7) RNAs were regarded as prototypes, and examples of similar cases were soon revealed in several organisms46. The small miRNAs are processed from larger hairpin-like precursors by an RNAi-like machinery47,48 (Fig. 4). The miRNAs can regulate gene expression by base-pairing to mRNA, which results in either degradation of the mRNA or suppression of translation. Today, it is estimated that there are about 500 miRNAs in mammalian cells, and that about 30% of all genes are regulated by miRNAs. It is known that miRNAs play an important role during development in plants, C. elegans and mammals. Thus, the miRNA-dependent control of gene expression represents a new major principle of gene regulation. However, the full significance of small regulatory RNAs is probably still not apparent.
4. RNAi-like mechanisms keep chromatin condensed and suppress transcription: It was known from work in plants that gene silencing could take place at the transcriptional level (TGS). After the discovery of RNAi, it was soon shown that TGS in plants operates via RNAi-like mechanisms49,50. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe51,52, and later on in Drosophila and vertebrates, it was found that similar processes keep heterochromatic regions condensed and transcriptionally suppressed. In addition, the RNAi-like machinery regulates the activity of genes in the immediate vicinity of the condensed blocks of chromatin. The phenomenon is still not understood at the molecular level although histone modifications, binding of specific chromatin condensing proteins (HP1), and DNA methylation all play important roles46. It is, however, evident that this action on chromatin is most important for proper functioning of the genome and for maintenance of genome integrity.
5. RNAi offers a new experimental tool to repress genes specifically. The targeted action of RNAi immediately suggested that this phenomenon could be utilized as a general method to suppress specific genes and look for the resulting phenotypic effect. It was also soon evident that this could be accomplished in such an efficient manner that essentially any gene in an organism could be studied functionally. After the initial work in C. elegans, this technical approach could be applied to cells from almost all organisms, including mammalian cells. This targeted gene silencing by RNAi has already had a tremendous impact in studies of the function of individual genes. It is now exploited not only in cultured cells but also in transgenic organisms. DNA constructs are introduced into the organisms under appropriate promoter control, and dsRNA hairpin structures are produced and further processed to achieve specific effects on gene regulation.
6. RNAi might be a useful approach in future gene therapy. The possibility to achieve RNAi-governed gene regulation in transgenic organisms has stimulated many explorations of whether this would be a useful option for medical therapy53,54. Promising results have been reported in several animal models55-58 and even in recent clinical trials, but it is too early to predict the outcome of these challenging efforts.
The discovery that cells have a special mechanism for suppressing the expression of homologous genes by recognizing and processing double-stranded RNA was totally unexpected and has dramatically expanded our knowledge of gene control. Remarkably, the RNAi machinery can handle double-stranded RNA entering the cell as well as double-stranded RNA generated within the cell. The development of an organism and proper function of its cells and tissues are dependent on an intact RNAi machinery. Infection by RNA viruses can be blocked by RNAi, especially in plants and lower animals, and foreign elements in the genome (viruses and transposons) can be kept silent. Finally, the discovery of RNAi has not only provided us with a powerful new experimental tool to study the function of genes but also raises expectations about future applications of RNAi in medicine.
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Acknowledgements.
I am grateful to Annika Röhl for designing the figures and to Adam Smith for helpful comments on the text.
Bertil Daneholt
Professor of Molecular Genetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
Chairman of the Nobel Assembly
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            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.EndDate)

            Distance House - Work (km) :

            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.HouseToWorkKilometers)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.HouseToWorkKilometers)

            Category :

            @Html.DropDownList("Id_ProductPackageCategory", "Choose one ...")
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Id_ProductPackageCategory) Add a new category?

            Upgrade? :

            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Upgrade)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Upgrade)

            <input type="submit" value="Create" />

    </fieldset>
}

    @Html.ActionLink("Back to List", "Index")

@section Scripts {
    @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jqueryval")
    @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jqueryui")
    @Styles.Render("~/Content/themes/base/css")

}

The Start Date in my Person Model :
[EdmScalarPropertyAttribute(EntityKeyProperty=false, IsNullable=false)]
    [DataMemberAttribute()]
    public global::System.DateTime StartDate
    {
        get
        {
            return _StartDate;
        }
        set
        {
            OnStartDateChanging(value);
            ReportPropertyChanging("StartDate");
            _StartDate = StructuralObject.SetValidValue(value);
            ReportPropertyChanged("StartDate");
            OnStartDateChanged();
        }
    }
    private global::System.DateTime _StartDate;
    partial void OnStartDateChanging(global::System.DateTime value);
    partial void OnStartDateChanged();

Does anybody have a solution to deal with this problem?

A: First off, you appear to be passing a raw entity to your view which is not a good idea. The correct approach in MVC is to create a view model which contains all the information your view needs, nothing more, nothing less.
Now to your problem:

As I choose my date (in fact, a date where the day is greater than 12), the application shows me an validation error message

This gives me the impression this is a culture clash issue, your MVC app is expecting the date as dd/mm/yyyy but receiving it as mm/dd/yyyy. The default model binder in MVC will use the culture of the current thread - if you're sure that thread is using the correct culture then my guess would be it doesn't like the fact your only passing a Date instead of a DateTime, unlikely though.
Usually the best approach is to use a standardized date format which is culture-agnostic i.e. UTC Format, that way you avoid any conversion issues.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We offer support to implement your online strategy in the right way and offer multiple packages depending on our intake interview. Usually we will map out a latently present USP and we will start to strengthen this aspect in your company.
The consultancy offered is both sector and business related.
Consulting BlockThis online strategy advice involves a visit in which we conduct an intake interview..


text:
Q: AutoComplete Search combo box in java Swing Can anyone help me with my problem? I have a combo box where the item is from my database and will vary according to other combo box. here's my code for that
     if (City.equals("Taguig")){
        ArrayList<String> Taguig = new ArrayList<String>();
        String sql = "SELECT * FROM Barangay";

    try {
        this.stm = this.con.createStatement();
        this.rs = this.stm.executeQuery(sql);

    while (rs.next()) {
        String BrTaguig = rs.getString("Taguig");
                 Taguig.add(BrTaguig);
       }
   DefaultComboBoxModel model = new DefaultComboBoxModel(Taguig.toArray());
        this.cmbBarangay.setModel(model);

    } catch (SQLException ex) {
        ex.printStackTrace();
}

My problem is I want that cmbBarangay Combo box will turn into AutoComplete combo box that if I type the first letter, it will suggest those words inside with that letters. and also an autocomplete combo box that will accept words that does not included in the itemlist. I've tried searching but that doesn't work for me and their example is mostly given itemlist
ex. {apple,banana,mango}. I cant find a tutorial that deals with the itemlist comes from the database. Thank you for your help.


Here's a breakdown of how I'm considering characters in terms of their importance. The groups are ordered by importance to being translated to art pieces, with Crew Members considered a Must, and DLCs, under DLC & Allies, also required. The rest will be done depending on my interest at that point, and your interest as the people enjoying the art!
Nobody ever fell in love without being a little brave.
It had to be me. Someone else might have gotten it wrong.
I need you to recover, because I can't make it on my own.
As long as even one is left standing, the fight is not over.
A chance, to say goodbye.


This is a solitary work about duality, triumphs, and the internal and external struggle between the hostile and tame animal. The character is fighting against the observers, the wall, and its own fears, until finally fighting air itself. In the process, the character strips down until standing before the observers as a tame animal.
Music: Max Richter, Piano Magic y Skyphone.
Premier: 4th november 2006 in El Canto de la Cabra (Madrid).


text:
Bell St, London
Lisson St, London
West 24th St, New York
10th Ave, New York
Bell St
Lisson St
West 24th St
10th Ave
Sydney Biennale modestly comes of age with moments of curatorial brilliance
Felicity Fenner The Conversation First published on 16 March 2018
Laurent Grasso, Untitled (2018) (video still). HD video. Created in consultation with Otto Jungarrayi Sims, chairman, Warlukurlangu Artists Aboriginal Corporation, Yuendumu, with support from Cecilia Alfonso, manager, Warlukurlangu Artists Aboriginal Corporation, Yuendumu. Copyright © Laurent Grasso / ADAGP, Paris 2018. Image via The Conversation.
If a 21st birthday "coming of age" observance can be applied to cultural events, 2018 marks the launch into adulthood of the Biennale of Sydney. In some ways Sydney's biennale was a precocious child, turning its back during infancy on mainstream Eurocentric art in favour of exploring its local geographic region, early on including substantial works from Australasian artists.
READ MORE ON theconversation.com
Artist Profile Ai Weiwei
Ai Weiwei is China's most recognised contemporary artist. In the past 25 years, Ai has come to acclaim for his large-scale installations, political activism and frenetic online presence. Ai is the son of renowned poet Ai Qing, a one-time member of the Chinese Communist Party who was accused of 'rightist' opposition to the government the year of his son's birth. The family was subsequently exiled to a labour camp in rural northern China where they lived for 16 years. After Mao Zedong's death and the ensuing end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976, the family returned to Beijing where the young Ai enrolled in the Beijing Film Academy. It was here that he co-founded Stars Group, one of China's earliest avant-garde art collectives.
In 1981, Ai moved to the United States where he studied at the University of Pennsylvania; the University of California, Berkeley; and Parsons School of Design in New York. However, he ultimately dropped out and made a living by working odd jobs. During this time he took a prolific amount of photographs in the city's East Village and learned about conceptual art, performance and poetry from friends like Allen Ginsberg—lessons that would inform his developing practice. In 1993, due to his father's illness, Ai returned to China and found it a changed nation—the pro-democracy Tiananmen Square protests had taken place just four years earlier and surges of materialism, corruption and environmental problems had accompanied the country's rapid economic development. Inspired by his time in New York's East Village, Ai contributed to the creation of the Beijing East Village, an avant-garde artistic community comprising some of the first Chinese performance artists. Ai made his own first significant performance work two years later, when he dropped a 2000-year-old Han Dynasty urn (Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn, [1995]). Met with outrage, Ai drew connections between the act and Mao Zedong's stance that China must both build a new world and destroy the old one, a sentiment used to justify the sacking of cultural objects and historical signifiers during the Cultural Revolution. Such wariness of establishment and government came to characterise Ai's career, and is surmised in his ongoing series of photographs that depict him giving the middle finger to structures of power such as Tiananmen Square, Hong Kong's skyline, the Eiffel Tower and the White House (Study of Perspective [1995–2003]).
Ai is an artist, architect, photographer, filmmaker, antique furniture dealer, scholar and designer, but what he has become most known for is his criticism of the Chinese government—an authority that employs strict censorship and is known for punishing dissenters. Ai and the Communist Party first clashed when in 2005, the largest internet platform in China invited the artist to begin blogging. As relayed in a 2006 interview with Hans Ulrich Obrist, the artist was 'totally seduced'. He posted a constant stream of social commentary, political criticisms, personal writings and photographs; at one point over 100,000 people were reading per day. Due to its perceived sensitive content, the blog was shut down by authorities four years later. Ai took to Twitter and Instagram (both banned in China) where his hundreds of thousands of followers are still inundated with images of his life and work. He is widely credited for bringing to light human rights issues in China for an international audience.
In 2008, along with Herzog & de Meuron, Ai came to even greater global acclaim when he acted as artistic consultant for the Beijing National Stadium, constructed for that year's Olympics. Yet controversy struck again when in the same year, an earthquake hit Sichuan province and thousands of children died while studying in shoddily constructed schools. Ai launched a 'Citizens' Investigation', rallying the public to collect the names of the victims in order to memorialise them and shed light on the substandard building conditions that had heightened the death toll. The government did not approve, and Ai was beaten by police shortly before he was scheduled to testify for one of his collaborators on the project and suffered a cerebral haemorrhage. One of Ai's most famous photographs shows him in the elevator with the policemen after the attack (Ai Weiwei in the Elevator When Taken into Custody by the Police [2009]). Still, Ai's work about the earthquake travelled to Munich, where it was included in the exhibition So Sorry at the Haus der Kunst from October 2009 to January 2010. Displayed on the museum's façade, the installation Remembering (2009) was constructed from 9000 children's backpacks and spelled out the phrase 'For seven years she lived happily on this earth', a quote from one of the young victim's mothers. This multiplicity of material and large scale is characteristic of Ai, who is known for repeating and modifying simple materials, as seen in the millions of porcelain seeds for his 2010 Tate Modern project Sunflower Seeds, and his accumulation of 886 wooden stools in Bang at the 2013 Venice Biennale.
2011 was a monumental year for Ai; the artist was arrested at the Beijing airport by authorities who had branded him as a 'deviant and plagiarist'. His studios were searched, computers confiscated and Ai and his staff and family were questioned. After almost three months of harsh imprisonment, Ai was released after receiving charges of tax evasion. Yet his passport was confiscated for four years as the artist was 'suspected of other crimes'. He is still under close watch by authorities; indeed, the cameras installed by the police in front of his studio to monitor his activities inspired his marble sculpture Surveillance Camera (2010). In recent years, Ai's attention has been focused on the migrant emergencies in the Middle East. The artist has travelled extensively to refugee camps and the shores where migrants enter Europe to conduct research and document the humanitarian crisis. Law of the Journey (2017–18) featured a 230-foot-long inflatable raft carrying 258 faceless refugee figures, while thousands of lifejackets collected from asylum seekers in Lesbos made up the installation Soleil Levant (2017) in Copenhagen. The installation saw the façade of a major building adorned with the bright orange safety vests. Other recent projects have focused on surveillance, drones and political prisoners.
Ai Weiwei currently lives in Berlin, where he is the Einstein Visiting Professor at the Berlin University of the Arts.
Ocula Conversation Mami Kataoka Artistic director of the 21st Biennale of Sydney, 2018
Mami Kataoka has been the chief curator at the Mori Art Museum (MAM) in Tokyo since 2003. Also a writer, lecturer and professor, Kataoka has proven her intimate knowledge for trends within contemporary Asian art, addressing social, cultural and historical themes in the multitude of projects she has curated in the past decades. Exhibitions...
Art City Sydney
Commercial and private galleries, world-class museums and independent artists spaces contribute to Sydney's youthful and energetic art scene. With [4A Centre][0] and [Artspace][1] Sydney reflecting the diverse culture of the region, and the


text:
Ealders History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
The name Ealders is of Anglo-Saxon origin and came from the baptismal name Alder. As the naming tradition grew in Europe baptismal names began to be introduced in many countries. Baptismal names were sometimes given in honor of Christian saints and other biblical figures. There are very few Christian countries in Europe that did not adopt surnames from these religious figures. The name Alder meant wise warrior.
Early Origins of the Ealders family
The surname Ealders was first found in London and Middlesex, where the name meant 'son of the old wise warrior'. By the 16th century they had migrated north to Scotland to Haddington in East Lothian where they called themselves Alderston.
In Cumberland, Alston, the market-town and parish of Alston-Moor was home to some of the family in early times. "Mining in this district is of some antiquity, several charters having been granted to the miners of 'Alderston' in the 13th century. " [1]
"Alderson is a name of very frequent occurrence in the Richmond district of the North Riding. John Alderson was sheriff of the city of York in 1709. The name is also established in the adjacent county of Durham." [2]
Early History of the Ealders family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Ealders research. Another 49 words (4 lines of text) covering the years 1544, 1750 and 1750 are included under the topic Early Ealders History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Ealders Spelling Variations
Before English spelling was standardized a few hundred years ago, spelling variations of names were a common occurrence. Elements of Latin, French and other languages became incorporated into English through the Middle Ages, and name spellings changed even among the literate. The variations of the surname Ealders include Alders, Alderson, Alderston, Alderstone, Aldirstone and many more.
Early Notables of the Ealders family (pre 1700)
More information is included under the topic Early Ealders Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Ealders family
A great wave of immigration to the New World was the result of the enormous political and religious disarray that struck England at that time. Families left for the New World in extremely large numbers. The long journey was the end of many immigrants and many more arrived sick and starving. Still, those who made it were rewarded with an opportunity far greater than they had known at home in England. These emigrant families went on to make significant contributions to these emerging colonies in which they settled. Some of the first North American settlers carried this name or one of its variants: Thomas Alderson who settled in Boston Massachusetts in 1679; John Alderson, aged 40, who settled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1820; Thomas Alderson, who settled in that same city in 1842.
^ Guppy, Henry Brougham, Homes of Family Names in Great Britain. 1890. Print.
Ealders (English)


We present a language for defining new rough relations from given decision tables and we show how to query relations defined in this way. The language provides a uniform formalism for expressing rough data together with background knowledge, and for capturing well-known techniques such as the variable precision rough set model. Its essential feature is the use of quantitative measures, such as support, strength and accuracy.


A pleasant pub in a somewhat unexpected location, it's now almost back to it's original name (it was the Surrey Wine Vaults) after a brief stint as the Bristol Cider House. Located just a couple of minutes walk from the Cabot Circus shopping centre, along with a couple of other nearby pubs it provides a much better alternatives to the bland, chain establishments available there.
It's split over two levels, although the upstairs room is invariably in darkness when I visit. I believe live music is staged on occasions, so perhaps that is where the bands go. The main bar downstairs is reasonably compact and has wooden boards on the floor along with black timberwork and a black iron staircase to the upper level. Paintwork was a mixture of cream, khaki green and aqua blue and there were a few arty black and white photos on the walls. Seating to the left was segmented in to booths with more black wooden partitioning.
Beers on tap were Jurassic Portland and Arbor Triple Hop, whilst a third pump appeared unused. The cider on tap was Thatcher's Gold, although this was somewhat past it's best unfortunately and this was joined by Black Rat and Sampford Courtenay in boxes on the end of the bar.
Called here to sample the offerings on Sunday 29th August at about 7:30pm. Being Bank Holiday weekend, it was closed for some reason, so we ended up in Frankie & Bennies in the nearby Cabot Circus shopping centre. I'll try again another day!


Mobile phone network Three has announced they will also be selling the Apple iPad tablet, on a reportedly subsidised price just as Orange and T-Mobile will be too.
Three made public via a blog post they will be offering the Apple iPad tablet computer in the next coming months at a more affordable price, when bought on a contract.
The Apple iPad has a 9.7-inch 1024×786 resolution touch screen, which runs a similar operating system found on the iPhone handsets. The tablet computer arrives running a 1Ghz processor, with both WIFI and 3G connectivity.
Three has yet to announce what the final cost of the Apple iPad will be, just as the two parts of EverythingEverywhere didn't earlier on in the week - although it's believed to be around the £200 price mark on Orange.


text:
Kiss of the Damned (2012)
Written and Directed by: Xan Cassavetes
Starring: Jos�phine de La Baume, Milo Ventimiglia, and Roxane Mesquida
Her love will never die.
If you�re going to gift the world with yet another vampire movie, you might as well make a film that faintly echoes the genre�s glory years. For Xan Cassavetes (and this reviewer), that era would apparently be the 60s and 70s, particularly when Europe took hold of the bloodsuckers. While her Kiss of the Damned isn�t as quite as delirious and dreamy as many of the films from that heyday, it�s a damn stylish and sexy effort that reminds us that a vampire�s greatest struggle is transcending their human foibles.
Along with many of her acquaintances, Djuna (Jos�phine de La Baume) has managed to assimilate among humanity. Secluded in her vast mansion, she spends her days watching old films via videotape; only a particularly fateful trip to the video store breaks up the monotony, as she eyes fellow patron Paolo (Milo Ventimiglia), a screenwriter who is similarly holed up in a house working on a screenplay. Initially, she recoils from the thought of allowing a mere mortal into her life, but he proves to be remarkably open to joining the ranks of the undead. Together, they become the newest �it� couple among the vampiric social circles�at least until Djuna�s impetuous sister Mimi (Roxane Mesquida) pays a visit and promptly ends the honeymoon period.
Djuna and Paolo�s relationship seems ill-fated from start, when the two watch Viridiana on their first date. While the film isn�t as high-minded or bleak as Bunel�s film, Cassavetes is lightly treading around similar thematic territory, particularly the notion that idealism will eventually crumble under the weight of reality. Only, in this case, the proceedings aren�t couched in crises of faith, but rather in the milieu of soap operas and erotic thrillers. Where Viridiana had to contend with a lecherous uncle and ungrateful, godless beggars, Djuna only has to deal with an especially bratty little sister who�s committed to completely wrecking her shit.
There�s a delightful sort of trashiness to Kiss of the Damned that�s well-disguised by the film�s sleekness and its somewhat ponderous air, but make no mistake: this is a film that reveals how even centuries-old immortals can fall prey to jealousy, lust, and other destructive impulses. It�s train-wreck theatre in many respects�once Mimi arrives on the scene and is obviously intent on raising hell, there�s little doubt where the film�s headed. More surprising, perhaps, is the fallout, which actually takes the film to some unexpectedly dark places and proves that even the most refined vampires aren�t above their primal urges.
Cassavetes�s decision to cloak the film in such a retro-chic aesthetic is an intriguing instance of form mimicking function. Expectedly, the bursts of homage are most forceful during the intense sexual encounters and the sudden fits of violence; such sequences are often scored by something that might have been conjured up by Fabio Frizzi or Goblin a few decades ago, while Cassavetes�s camera elegantly swoops and peers to capture it all. Just as its characters struggle to suppress their impulses, so too is the film unable to contain the sexy, violent vampire movie lurking at its core. Djuna and Paolo�s feedings in the nearby woods are particularly intense, frenzied episodes that reflect the duo�s uncaging of the beast, as it were (compare this to their first kiss, which is captured via an overhead camera finds the two lovers separated by a door�after this point, the barriers separating them fall quickly).
The central duo make for fascinating enough subjects, though it�s not a stretch to admit de La Baume does much of the legwork. Ventimiglia is a vacuous collection of artsy clich�s as the tortured screenwriter but works well enough as an object of affection (that it�s the man serving in this passive role is refreshing as hell, honestly). Contrastingly, de La Baume makes for a deeply interesting presence�aloof, ethereal, but also vaguely melancholy, as if she�s spent some time mourning her previous, now-lost love. On one level, Kiss of the Damned is about learning to live through love again�it�s a universal theme that�s hardly exclusive to vampires, though it takes on a particularly heavy weight considering the eternal stakes here.
Of course, the film is also about those forces that conspire against you. In this case, it�s Mimi, the reckless agitator who seemingly just wants to watch the world burn. Not content to simply destroy her sister�s well-mannered existence, she also targets unwitting humans and even Xenia (Anna Mouglalis), the vampires� respected matriarch who has gone blood-sober for forty years (she�s instead subsisted on synthetic and animal blood). Mesquida�s multi-faceted turn infuses Mimi with several layers�on the surface, she�s merely the wanton villain in erotic pulp, but there�s a feint hint of sympathy in her eyes. Much like any addict, Mimi can�t help herself, and Mesquida carefully buries a tinge of regret and terror beneath Mimi�s delight.
Due to their close release dates and similar subject matter, Kiss of the Damned and Only Lovers Left Alive naturally beg for a comparison, but it�s more apt to consider them to be fascinating companion pieces. If Jarmuch�s film captures enlightened vampires in a state of eternal, above-it-all-bliss who only frequently encounter the reality of mortality, then Cassavettes�s is more concerned with exploring just how juvenile these creatures are. When you have all the time left in the world, it only follows that you�ll be haunted by the turmoil and drama of youth for an unnaturally long time�growing up is hard, especially for the damned. Buy it!


text:
Q: Dao layer and webservice integration I'm developing a restful webservice that will save data in a database and retrive data from a database. So I'm planning to implement webservice logic and datata access logic as two different projects. It would be great if you could discuss pros and cons in this approach.

A: I would recommend just one project.  The web service will own the DAO and the database.  No need for two.
As for pros, read Werner Vogel's ACM interview about web services at Amazon.  Pay special attention to his statement about "services owning their data."
Cons?  Your way adds complexity without benefit.  It would encourage reusing that DAO somewhere else.


text:
# Table of Contents

  1. Photos
  2. Title Page
  3. Table of Contents
  4. Copyright
  5. Dedication
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. Preparing for the Happiest of Holidays
  8. RING IN THE NEW: A NEW YEAR'S EVE PARTY AND A MORNING-AFTER BRUNCH
  9. Crudités with Tarragon-Mustard Dip
  10. Shrimp Dillyicious Puffs
  11. Cranberry-Brie Bites
  12. Mediterranean Artichoke Pesto Torte
  13. Baked Saga Blue Cheese with Sherried Apricots
  14. Crab and Corn Rémoulade Dip
  15. Spinach-Wrapped Chicken Bites with Sesame-Soy Dipping Sauce
  16. Pesto Scallop Skewers
  17. Boiled Shrimp with Dipping Sauces
  18. Smoked Seafood Platter
  19. The Diva's Smoked Seafood Dip
  20. Crostini Bar
  21. Wendy's After Eight Brownies
  22. Almond Toffee Bars
  23. A NEW YEAR'S DAY BRUNCH FOR 12
  24. Brunch-Time Bloody Marys
  25. Classic Mimosas
  26. Peaches-and-Cream Grand Marnier Bread Pudding with Raspberry Sauce
  27. White Cheddar Scones
  28. Sausage and Egg Strudels
  29. Roasted Red Potatoes
  30. Spinach Salad with Apples, Spicy Nuts, and Apple Vinaigrette
  31. Spicy Nuts
  32. Blueberry-Almond Coffeecake
  33. A FINE ROMANCE: A VALENTINE'S DAY SWEETHEART DINNER
  34. Champagne Cosmopolitan Cocktails
  35. Creamy Corn Bisque with Fresh Chives and Heart-Shaped Crostini
  36. Chicken Wellingtons Stuffed with Crab and Mushrooms, with Dilled Hollandaise Sauce
  37. Beef Wellingtons Stuffed with Mushrooms, with Pinot Noir Butter Sauce
  38. Salmon Wellingtons Stuffed with Crab and Asparagus, with Lemon-Dill Velouté Sauce
  39. Spinach Salad with Fresh Raspberries and Poppy Seed Vinaigrette
  40. Individual Molten Chocolate-Caramel Cakes with Diva Caramel Sauce
  41. TELL THY SON: A PASSOVER SEDER
  42. Smoked Salmon Spread
  43. Roasted Eggplant Dip
  44. Haroset
  45. Braised Brisket with Apricots and Plums
  46. Roasted Red Smashed Potatoes with Olive Oil and Rosemary
  47. Red Cabbage and Apple Sauté
  48. Chocolate Meringues Filled with Fresh Raspberries
  49. EASTER'S ON ITS WAY: TWO DINNERS
  50. Bellini alla Venezia
  51. Virgin Pineapple Coolers
  52. Lemon-Blueberry Bread Pudding with Quick Blueberry Sauce
  53. Corn, Bacon, and Cheddar Strata
  54. Field Greens with Creamy Fresh Herb Dressing
  55. Maple-Bourbon Glazed Ham
  56. Pineapple Stuffing
  57. Roasted Asparagus
  58. Apple Slaw
  59. Easter Bunny Cake
  60. A MEDITERRANEAN EASTER DINNER
  61. Blush Sangria
  62. Cucumber, Garlic, and Feta Dip with Crudités and Pita
  63. Goat Cheese and Olive Spread
  64. Eggplant Napoleons
  65. Mint Pesto-Crusted Lamb Racks with Cucumber-Mint Salsa
  66. Goat Cheese Mashed Potatoes
  67. Field Greens with Red Wine-Citrus Vinaigrette
  68. Rustic Apricot-Strawberry Crostata
  69. FEEDING THE HAND THAT FEEDS YOU: A MOTHER'S DAY BREAKFAST
  70. Strawberry Smoothies
  71. Maple Granola
  72. Heavenly Blueberry Scones
  73. Goat Cheese, Prosciutto, and Artichoke Heart Strata
  74. Fresh Fruit Parfaits with Orange Mascarpone Crème
  75. MOVABLE FEAST: A MEMORIAL DAY PICNIC
  76. Watermelon Lemonade
  77. White Gazpacho with Avocado-Corn Relish
  78. Tuna Niçoise Sandwich
  79. Shrimply Deviled Eggs
  80. Layered Picnic Chicken Caesar Salad
  81. Orange, Red Grapefruit, and Mozzarella Salad
  82. Mocha—Cream Cheese Brownies
  83. Lime Pound Cake with Fresh Lime Glaze and Strawberries
  84. FAJITA!: A FATHER'S DAY PARTY
  85. Fresh Lime Margaritas
  86. America's-Finest-City Guacamole
  87. Chipotle-Corn Salsa
  88. Grilled Carne Asada
  89. Cilantro-Onion Relish
  90. Margaritaville Grilled Chicken
  91. Confetti Peppers and Onions
  92. Refried Bean Bake
  93. Southwestern Rice
  94. Fiesta Chocolate Cupcakes with Cinnamon Buttercream Frosting
  95. THE GRAND OLD FLAG: AN ALL–AMERICAN FOURTH OF JULY BARBECUE
  96. Limonata alla Lambrusco
  97. Roasted Pecan–Blue Cheese Dip with Crudités
  98. Crazy Crackers
  99. Grilled Stuffed Burgers
  100. Grilled Sausages and Sautéed Peppers
  101. Perfect Corn on the Cob
  102. Smoky Maple Baked Beans
  103. Greens and Veggies with Sun-Dried Tomato Vinaigrette
  104. Red Bliss Potato Salad with Bacon and Scallion Dressing
  105. Macadamia Nut Ice Cream Sandwiches
  106. Old Glory Cake
  107. Red, White, and Blue Ice Cream Cake
  108. SOUNDING THE SHOFAR: A ROSH HASHANAH DINNER
  109. Sweet and Nutty Nibbles
  110. Warm Rosemary Olives
  111. Holiday Challah
  112. Poached Salmon with Herbed Mayonnaise
  113. Roast Turkey with Pomegranate Glaze
  114. Fruited Rice Stuffing
  115. Sautéed Spinach
  116. Roasted Sweet Potatoes, Parsnips, Beets, and Carrots
  117. Individual Apple Strudels in Phyllo with Caramel Sauce
  118. TREATS, NOT TRICKS: A HALLOWEEN PARTY FOR ALL AGES
  119. Warm Spiced Cider
  120. Hot Apple Pie Cocktails
  121. White Cheddar, Apple, and Bacon Cheesecake
  122. Hot Artichoke, Caramelized Onion, and Spinach Dip
  123. Build-Your-Own-Pizza Bar
  124. Orange and Fennel Salad
  125. Build-Your-Own-Salad Bar
  126. Crispy Rice and Candy Corn Bars
  127. Pecan and Chocolate Caramel Apples
  128. THE DIVA'S FAMOUS DO–AHEAD THANKSGIVING DINNER
  129. Hot Cranberry Punch
  130. Curried Cream of Pumpkin Soup
  131. Triple Mushroom Soup with Brie
  132. Perfect Roast Turkey
  133. Make-Ahead Gravy
  134. Old-Fashioned Do-Ahead Bread Stuffing
  135. Old-Fashioned Do-Ahead Cornbread Stuffing
  136. Make-Ahead Mashed Potatoes
  137. Sweet Potato and Apple Gratin
  138. Creamy Butternut Squash
  139. Cranberry-Peach Chutney
  140. Green Beans with Caramelized Shallots and Roasted Mushrooms
  141. Parmesan-Crusted Creamed Corn
  142. Pumpkin Bread Pudding with Orange-Ginger Custard Sauce
  143. Hot Apple Pie Sundaes
  144. WE SPRING FROM OUR BEDS: A CHRISTMAS BREAKFAST AND DINNER
  145. Ultimate Hot Chocolate
  146. Traditional Dutch Baby Pancake
  147. Volcanic Apple-Cinnamon Pancake
  148. Sweet Corn, Spinach, and Bacon Breakfast Tortes
  149. Denver Omelet Casserole
  150. Breakfast Ambrosia
  151. CHRISTMAS DINNER
  152. Holiday Eggnog
  153. Kir Royales
  154. Roasted Tomato and Pesto Cheesecake with Polenta Crust
  155. Butternut Squash Soup with Crab
  156. Roast Beef Tenderloin with Port Wine Reduction Sauce
  157. Garlic Prawns
  158. Garlic-Herb Make-Ahead Mashed Potatoes
  159. Creamy Spinach Gratin
  160. Mango-Cranberry Salad
  161. Chocolate Crème Brûlée
  162. Measurement Equivalents
  163. Index

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaBook


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Roman Music
Roman music is a bit of a mystery in that we have no record of the music as such. Musical notation was at best simple and very little evidence has reached us – certainly none which we can make use of to reproduce the melodies they may have loved. If Roman notation was borrowed from the Greek then we can imagine a set of letters to denote tones with notation above them to give an idea of duration.
Roman art also fails to give evidence of musicians using written notation. Perhaps the approach to music was similar to that of cookery: a simple recipe with little information regarding quantities or cooking times – it was up to the cook to apply his personal skills: perhaps the same applied to musicians.
We can however learn something of what it might have been like by looking at the instruments and musical influences which lay at the root of Roman music and contributed to its development.
Influence on Roman music:
If we conflate myth, historical literary evidence and scientific investigation we can see that the Romans were local italic peoples greatly influenced by the Orient. It is believed that the Etruscans to the north of Rome had elements of Turkish genetics, and to the south of Rome there were the Greek colonies in Campania, Pompeii is a great example of this coming together of cultures. Myth has it that the founding of Rome was to be attributed to descendants of the Trojan Aeneas on a site which had in precedence been settled by Evander, himself of Greek/Turkish origins. Many deities are of Indo-European origin also. For example the "Cornu" and "Tuba" may have been learned from the Etruscans whilst the Citarra from the Greeks.
Roman expansion across the Mediterranean also put Roman civilisation in direct contact with the music of other cultures: immigrants and slaves and even priests of new foreign deities all brought their own sounds and music with them into the city. Flutes, cymbals and tambourines became part and parcel of everyday Roman life.
However, Rome didn't simply "borrow" instruments and music from her neighbours: Romans took these, adapted them and transformed them into new genres of her own. Nor should we think that the Romans simply absorbed all and any type of "foreign" music that came their way: The Greek historian Polibius tells us that in 167BC Greek musicians came into Rome to play during public celebrations. Their way of playing wasn't appreciated, they were laughed at by the public and hence reduced to performing a spectacle more adapted to local tastes.
Music was certainly composed for scenic representations such as the satires and comedy. In 389BC simple stage plays (saturae) were accompanied by flute music and danced to by Etruscan dancers.
The songs and musical sounds used in many religious processions and in military parades were almost certainly "home grown". During religious rites it would be customary to have a musician playing an instrument near the altar, not only to provide music for the event, but also to drown out the loud noises around and outside: There is plenty of evidence, for example in accounts of ancient Roman schooling, about how noisy and disruptive the streets of Rome could be.
Musicians held a high position in Roman society, particularly in their important function during rituals and processions (including military triumphs for example). This position was recognised as early as the reign of King Numa Pompilius when the first census was drawn and musicians (players of bagpipes) were amongst the first professional guilds into which the population was subdivided. Ever since the 6th century BC tuba and horn players had their own guild.
Bearing the above in mind, it is difficult to reconcile the apparent importance of musicians since antiquity with the relatively scarce evidence left of their practice. The immediate answer could be that whilst being important their work didn't leave a lasting impression on society of the day, or indeed that music so commonplace that it wasn't viewed as sufficiently exceptional. An alternative interpretation could be that Christian religion which took over the Roman empire and in so doing suppressed pagan Roman religious rites "stamped out" what was somehow associated with past culture.
Types of Roman instruments
Like modern instruments, Roman instruments can be subdivided into percussion, wind and string instruments.
Wind instruments include:
Flute (including the double flute) known as "tibiae". The Greek word was "aulos" and lent it's name to Cleopatra's father "Auletes" – the flute player.
Tuba, rather like a long pipe/trumpet with no finger holes for notes or tones, particularly useful in the military.
The "cornu" is rather more characteristic: a round pipe with a cross-piece across the middle to act as a handle.
The "askaules" bagpipes.
Organ – it may not be appropriate to include the organ amongst the wind instruments, but in terms of function it did involve a set of wind-pipes. A particularly memorable organ is the water driven "hydraulis".
Players of wind instruments were regarded highly since the earliest of Roman times, and were part of the earliest census (6th century BC) as citizens with well defined social roles.
String instruments:
Lute. Three strings. The simplest to play-
Lyre – like a harp. A sort of horn shape with a cross piece across the top. The strings are stretched from the top to the bottom. This is the instrument which Emperor Nero supposedly played whilst watching the great fire of Rome.
Cithara – A heavier and more complex type of Lyre with a soundbox and capable of fine tuning. It was a very important instrument in ancient roman culture for both solemn and less formal occasions. Ancestor of the guitar (note the name's similarity).
Percussion instruments:
There were a broad variety of rattles, bells and tambourines used, particularly in religious rituals. An interesting example which is still seen today is the "sistrum" which came from Egypt and was used as part of rituals to the goddess Isis.
Tambourine – well known even today
Military inscriptions and sculptural reliefs suggest that within the instruments there was an order of importance: tuba players were considered the elders and most important followed by the horn players.
Variety of wind instruments was more apparent with the increased attendance to stage plays in Roman theatres, be they Latin version of Greek plays or simple (vulgar) saturae or pantomimes. These were often started with a procession into the theatre arena, preceded by trumpet players. A horn would signal the start of the play. An orchestra would play music at the sides. The use of trumpets and horns was also commonplace at other public shows held at the amphitheatre such as gladiatorial shows or animal hunts. The greatest exhibitions could have hundreds of musicians playing in unison.
Fanfares to announce an event or moment were likely to have one of three classes of sound:
"bombi" – likely a buzzing sound like a swarm of bees
"imbrices" – like rain or hail falling on a roof
"testae" – like cymbals falling onto a floor.
Ars musica (art of music)
Ad tibicinis modos saltare (dancing to the sound/music of flute players)
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I'm the type of person who loves to have my headlights on always, but sometimes forget to turn them on and don't realize until I've been driving for a while.
I was wondering if there's any way to alter my Civic to have DRLs. Not literally, but my car doesn't have an "Auto" as an option for my headlight modes, so is there a way to force the lights to stay on indefinitely without staying on when my car turns off and still allow me to take my key out without an ear-piercing beeping sound telling me to turn them off?
You can always buy universal light add-ons and wire them to the ACC spot in the fuse box. this allows the lights to run as long as the engine is running.
That's true. As you stated he would need to independently wire them to work as a DRL. A Canadian Headlight already has that wiring.
When I had my Civic, I used a relay to turn on only the headlights. I don't remember exactly how I wired it, but they would come on when the ignition was on, but still work normally when using the combo switch to turn the headlights on. I think I used a parking light wire to trigger the relay to turn off when the combo switch was used.
You "need' !? to have your headlights on ...always?
For what possible reason ?
If afraid... then the Bus has a seat waiting for you.
Or you could buy a flashing light to strap to your Head?


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Jones scores 7th of season to lead Flames past Devils 3-2
CALGARY, Alberta (AP) When David Jones broke into the NHL eight seasons ago, he didn't think about eventually scoring his 100th goal.
Jones reached the milestone with his team-leading seventh of the season and added an assist to help the Calgary Flames beat the New Jersey Devils 3-2 on Tuesday night.
''To get 100 goals in the NHL is pretty cool,'' said Jones. ''I never thought I would get that. Hopefully there's more to come.''
Jones one-timed a pass from linemate Joe Colborne past New Jersey goalie Cory Schneider at 6:09 of the second period for his team-leading seventh goal. It was also the first time Jones has scored this season during a win.
''It's certainly nice to get it against those guys and get a win,'' said Jones, who now has goals in back-to-back games for the first time this season. ''I know throughout my whole career, once you get a hot stick, you just try and put everything on the net. I'm a little streaky that way. I'm sure I'll go some games without scoring, but I'm relishing this opportunity that the puck's going in right now.''
Jones' linemates also had two points each as Matt Stajan finished with a goal and an assist, while Colborne set up two goals.
TJ Brodie also scored for the Flames, who beat the Devils for the sixth straight time dating back to Jan. 10, 2012.
Making his ninth straight start for Calgary, Karri Ramo stopped 18 shots.
Bobby Farnham and Jordin Tootoo scored for the Devils, while Schneider finished with 27 saves.
Ramo made a couple of early stops to turn aside scoring attempts by New Jersey forwards Mike Cammalleri and Adam Henrique, before making a save with his mask to prevent Kyle Palmeiri's wrist shot from going into the net.
''I thought we had some real quality chances early in the game before they made it 1-0 that we didn't capitalize on and then we had some real good pushes late that we weren't able to finish.,'' New Jersey coach John Hynes said.
The Flames opened the scoring at 10:04 of the first when Brodie took a tape-to-tape pass from Johnny Gaudreau in the high slot and used his speed to get around New Jersey forward Lee Stempniak before firing a sharp-angle shot to the top corner in behind Schneider.
''I was stunned that went in,'' Schneider said. ''It literally hit me and I turned to watch it go wide. Sometimes it gets caught up in your jersey there and pulls it in. Again, it was a shot I should have stopped and thought I stopped.''
Stajan had his first goal of the season a short time later at 13:33 when he drove hard to the net to swat a rebound past Schneider.
Stajan had his first goal of the season a short time later at 13:33 when he drove hard to the net to swat a rebound past Schneider, who stopped the initial shot taken by Jones.
Farnham scored for the Devils at 4:01 of the second period when he shoveled a loose puck in the crease past Ramo before Jones answered right back for the Flames at 6:09.
New Jersey pulled within a goal at 8:06 of the second when Tootoo fired a shot from the slot to the top corner over Ramo's blocker during a New Jersey power play.
Brodie had one of the best scoring chances for either team in the third period, but Schneider made a nice glove save to stop the breakaway opportunity.
NOTES: Gaudreau had not recorded a point in Calgary's previous four games before assisting on Stajan's first-period goal. ... Jones scored the 100th goal of his NHL career in his 407th career game. ... New Jersey's last win over Calgary was a 2-1 shootout victory at home on Nov. 24, 2010. The Devils last won in Calgary on Dec. 23, 2007 when they beat the Flames 1-0 in overtime.


How do I get the dye off my hands?
If you are able purchase Reduran (a dyers hand cleaner) we recommend that. Otherwise you can expect it to take two - four days before all the dye is off your hands, especially around your nails. We recommend washing often, a nail brush helps, using lotion between washings and staying away from crazy ideas like bleaching your hands!!


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Comcast Marketing Mix (4Ps) Strategy
Posted in Services, Total Reads: 2227
Marketing Mix of Comcast analyses the brand/company which covers 4Ps (Product, Price, Place, Promotion) and explains the Comcast marketing strategy. The article elaborates the pricing, advertising & distribution strategies used by the company.
Let us start the Comcast Marketing Mix:
The product strategy and mix in Comcast marketing strategy can be explained as follows:
Comcast is one of the leading global cable TV and broadcasting organizations. Comcast's services & businesses in its marketing mix can be classified under four units, Comcast Cable, NBC Universal, Comcast Spectator and Comcast Ventures. Comcast Cable – Comcast Labs that produces futuristic products like voice remote and next generation 3D; XFINITY TV – is a service provider on various platforms which provides on demand access to entertainment like movies and TV shows; XFINITY Internet – provide high speed internet via hotspots; Internet Essentials; XFINITY Voice; XFINITY Home; Comcast Business and Comcast Spotlight. NBC Universal – major entertainment company in the world which develops, produces and markets entertainment and news. Its services include – NBC Universal Cable Networks, Broadcast Television, Filmed Entertainment, Parks and Resorts. Comcast Spectator – Philadelphia Flyers, a franchise in National Hockey League, Wells Fargo Center – arena that hosts events, Spectra – an expert in hosting entertainment. Comcast Ventures – Advertising, a digital advertising space; Consumer – a venture that supports innovations in consumer technologies. Enterprise – mobile enterprise platform, Infrastructure – video networks, data aggregation and other projects, Catalyst Fund – an early stage fund to help technology companies.
Image: flickr-photos/jeepersmedia/
Below is the pricing strategy in Comcast marketing strategy:
Comcast has several services spread across domains and geographies. There are FCC regulations in pricing and Comcast follows those and to compensate those it follows differential pricing strategies in its marketing mix. Lower for basic cable services and higher for premium services, this can be termed as cross subsidisation. As the media and entertainment sector is highly competitive it cannot neglect the competitors and their price points, so Comcast prices at par with market prices and follows price discrimination strategy by pricing differently for different customers. In this way it extracts the maximum from its customers. Comcast offers its services at different price points allowing for mass customization. As the switching costs are less in this sector customers will easily migrate to competitors if price is placed irrationally. Currently average annual bundle is priced around $96 per 1.4 years.
Following is the distribution strategy of Comcast:
Comcast serves the entire world with its services. Comcast offers a wide range of services that can be accessed from anywhere. Its services are accessible through internet and on multiple platforms like TV, Computer and mobile phone. Its services like internet and telecommunication are available in 40 states of USA and also in district of Columbia. And Comcast's television services are telecasted in many countries across the world. Its pictures produced are released in many countries and its television channels are aired across different continents.
Read more about Comcast marketing strategy: Comcast SWOT Analysis & Competitors
The promotional and advertising strategy in the Comcast marketing strategy is as follows:
Comcast uses all the promotional tools at its disposal for getting maximum user subscription to its services. Comcast provides discounts and coupons to users as sales promotions and it uses ad campaigns in its own platforms along with other partners. It promotes its movies and series in its television channels. NBC Universal and Comcast uses cross promotional strategies to promote their services in the other platforms. It has multiple options to use in its promotions like TV channels, multiple websites and their social media platforms and also its theme parks. Comcast has its internal creative agency which works for itself and other partners. This agency comes up with the required content. It partnered with Disney and 20th century Fox also in its cross promotional strategies. This is also called as symphony promotion.
Since this is a service marketing brand, here are the other three Ps to make it the 7Ps marketing mix of Comcast.
Comcast takes pride in its human resource strength and supports them in every way as a part of its marketing mix strategy. Comcast employees nearly 150,000+ people in its diverse domains of operations. It is often ranked among the best places to work. Comcast creates an environment which is very attractive to work in and rewards the employees for the kind of work they do through different means like – a very good competitive pay, wide-ranging benefits like, career development programs where it provides tuition on various programs for the personal and professional growth. Medical, Dental and Vision plans and personal consultants. Comcast recruits people with military background and help them in transition after retirement.
As Comcast is a business in media and technology it brings the best of the both worlds in all of its processes to give best user experience. Its technological innovations are changing the way people consume entertainment. Its Parks and resorts also uses technological process to bring some of the legendary characters to life. In its sports division Comcast uses the best in class technology and production skills to create most watched sporting events. Customers can the bills at 7 – Eleven stores while they go for shopping making it easy for them and also return process of equipment is made simpler in three easy steps.
Physical Evidence:
Comcast and NBC Universal being in media and technology space can be found and accessed everywhere. It offers its services in multiple platforms of TV, Computer and mobile phones. Comcast provides these services with websites, Apps and TV channels. Its Parks and Resorts are present in Hollywood and Orlando in US and also in other countries like China, Russia, Japan, Singapore. Its headquarters is located in Philadelphia. It's a publicly traded company listed in NASDAQ and releases annual reports and financial statements about its performance and future plans and projects. This completes the marketing mix of Comcast.
About Comcast:
Comcast corporation is the giant in global media. Comcast was founded by Ralph Roberts in 1963. Brian L Roberts, son of Ralph Roberts is now the CEO and Chairman of the company. It is an American global telecommunications company and the biggest in the world in the domain of broadcasting and cable television in terms of revenue. Also Comcast is the second largest Pay-Tv company in the world. It also provides telecommunication services. Headquartered in Philadelphia Comcast has two primary businesses – Comcast cable and NBC Universal. Comcast operates and provides with the brand name XFINITY and these services are provided to both households and businesses. Comcast is a publicly traded company but often called as a family- owned business because of the controlling stake and family members of cofounder are serving as executives in the company.
Browse 4Ps Analysis of more brands and companies similar to Comcast Marketing Mix. The Marketing Mix section covers 4Ps and 7Ps of more than 300 brands in 2 categories.
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Home › Gender Values: Resources
From its founding in 1915, AAC&U has focused on advancing and strengthening liberal education for all college students, regardless of their intended careers. While the term is used in multiple ways, AAC&U sees liberal education as a philosophy of education that empowers individuals with broad knowledge and transferable skills, and a strong sense of values, ethics, and civic engagement. Characterized by challenging encounters with important issues, and more a way of studying than a specific course or field of study, a liberal education can be achieved at all types of colleges and universities. All AAC&U projects, publications, meetings, and resources reflect this broad understanding of liberal education and a vision of excellence that includes a practical and engaged liberal education for all students. AAC&U works with faculty and campus leaders to make excellence in liberal education an equal opportunity commitment—to every student and to our diverse democracy. For more information on the meanings of liberal education, read What is Liberal Education?
Campus Models and Case Studies
The Grand Challenges Scholars Program: Integrating Liberal Arts and STEM
In 2006, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) convened a committee of eighteen of the biggest names in engineering—including former US secretary of defense William Perry and Google cofounder... Read More
A New Institution in a New LEAP State: Faculty-Driven Reform and Innovation at the University of North Georgia
Even before it became an institution, the University of North Georgia (UNG) had LEAP in its DNA. North Georgia College & State University (NGCSU) and Gainesville State College (GSC)—which... Read More
Liberal Education to the Core: Gen Ed Reform at USAFA
A team from the United States Air Force Academy will be presenting on the reform efforts discussed in this article at AAC&U's General Education and Assessment Conference, February 15–17, 2018, in... Read More
Online Learning with a SOUL: Ensuring Quality and Access at The American Women's College
Students in the all-women undergraduate program at Bay Path University often talk about the "sisterhood" and the supportive environment fostered by their instructors, administrators, and each other... Read More
Luther College Students Share Experiences and Develop as Ethical Thinkers and Writers in the Paideia Program
Editor's Note: The following is a chapter from AAC&U's forthcoming book, Rising to the LEAP Challenge: Case Studies of Integrative Pathways to Student Signature Work. The book, which was... Read More
Making the LEAP to Inclusive Excellence
This chart shows the difference between exclusive excellence and inclusive excellence, and a guide to frequently confused terms.Read More
Committing to Equity and Inclusive Excellence: A Campus Guide for Self-Study and Planning
This publication provides a framework for needed dialogue, assessment, and action to address inequities in higher education institutions.Read More
Folio: Bringing Quality and Equity Together
AAC&U's Centennial Exploration of Liberal Education and the Equity ImperativeRead More
Liberal Learning and the Digital Future
Presentation by Randy BassRead More
Educating Students for Unscripted Problems
AAC&U President Carol Geary Schneider on Educating Students for Unscripted Problems and Why AAC&U Launched the LEAP ChallengeRead More
Former AAC&U Board Chair Kenneth Ruscio Defines Liberal Education and America's Promise (LEAP)
Former AAC&U Board Chair Kenneth Ruscio Defines Liberal Education and America's Promise (LEAP) Read More
De Anza College President Brian Murphy Discusses the Liberal Education Today's Students Need
From the 2015 AAC&U SymposiumRead More
The LEAP Challenge: Educating for a World of Unscripted Problems
The LEAP Challenge builds on a decade of LEAP reform efforts on campus to advance Essential Learning Outcomes and high-impact educational practices for all students. The LEAP Challenge calls on... Read More
AAC&U Centennial Video
AAC&U's 2015 Centennial Video features the power of an engaged, public-spirited liberal education to transform students' lives and address the "big questions." Featuring the voices of... Read More
Conducting a Policy Audit: A Webinar from the Quality Collaboratives
An hour-long webinar hosted jointly by AAC&U and the National Center for Higher Education Management Systems (NCHEMS) as part of the Quality Collaboratives project. National experts discuss... Read More
Humanities Indicators
The data presented here are "indicators," which are quantitative descriptive statistics that chart trends over time in aspects of the humanities that are of interest to a wide audience. They are... Read More
Asia Invests in the Liberal Arts
By Pericles Lewis, President, Yale-NUS College
Published in the Harvard International Review
There are worrying signs today that the United States is turning away from... Read More


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Thanks to the influence of big money and partisan politics on state courts, the promise of even-handed justice in the United States is at risk. We are fighting back with bold solutions for judicial reform.
State judicial elections are awash in money, and judges regularly hear cases involving major contributors to their campaigns. Women and people of color are badly underrepresented on the bench. Politically motivated attacks on courts have become the norm. The Brennan Center works to protect the courts from the influence of politics and special interests. We track spending on judicial races and we propose reforms, including changes to how judges are chosen, to promote judicial independence and achieve a more diverse bench.
The right to a fair day in court is under threat. Judicial elections are awash in money, while lawmakers have sought to rein in judges whose rulings they don't like. We advocate for protecting judicial independence, guarding against special interest influence on the courts, and achieving a diverse bench.
Federal judicial nominations have become increasingly contentious in recent years, while public confidence in the judiciary is declining. We urge reforms to improve the confirmation process and enhance public trust in our courts.
Making democracy work, for everyone.
Voter suppression. Gerrymandering. Big money in politics. Democracy is under attack. This year, the House of Representatives approved the For the People Act, which includes innovative solutions the Brennan Center developed on voting, ethics, campaign finance, and fair election maps.


The Red Chair made a visit to the Franklin Street Inn Bed and Breakfast for a long weekend, April 28 - May 1, 2017. After the journey to Appleton from the Lindsay House in Manawa on Thursday evening, Red Chair checked in and relaxed in the parlor (pictured above) before retiring to an Victorian decor room for the night. After a good night's sleep, Red Chair joined the other guests in the dining room for a full elegant breakfast. Red Chair then lingered over a fresh ground and brewed coffee from a local roaster and enjoyed the historic photos and original artwork throughout the inn. As the temperature warmed a little, Red Chair found a chance to share adventures on the wrap-around porch.
The afternoon found Red Chair exploring the City Park Historic District around the bed and breakfast. Red Chair paused to admire many of the historic register homes in the beautiful neighborhood. Inn Keepers Keith & Lori provided Red Chair with a walking tour map and descriptions to get the most out of the walk. City Park itself is one of the points of interest on the walking tour. Below Red Chair enjoys the City Park Fountain. Although the fountain was not on due to the previous night's cool temperature, the sculpture of children playing together, entitled"The Ring", is certainly a beautiful centerpiece to the park. Upon returning to the Inn, Red Chair took a few minutes to enjoy the gardens and mural in the backyard at the Franklin Street Inn.
Overall, Red Chair had a full but relaxing first day. After a Friday night fish fry at one of the many great local restaurants, Red Chair retired back to the bed and breakfast for to relax for the evening and plan the rest of the weekend. Watch for future pictures and attractions of Red Chair's visit to Appleton. Although Red squeezed in many of the local sights and attractions in the Fox Cities during its short stay, most guests take time to enjoy a few attractions over several visits.


Born out of military, law enforcement, and hunting scenarios, the practical application of the precision rifle is the underlying theme for all series. Whether you are looking for a local club to join, wanting to compete with America's favorite rifle, the AR-10/15, or you want to test yourself against the best shooters in the nation and the world, the PRS has a spot for you. The Precision Rifle Series is a yearly point race for several series including the PRS Bolt Gun Series, PRS Gas Gun Series, and the PRS Club Series. The intent is to provide a national framework as the aggregation point for local, regional, and national matches; tracking scores and the growth of the practical, long-range rifle discipline. By providing structure and governance, the growth of the discipline has been exponential since the PRS was launched in 2011 thanks to the exceptional coalition of the match directors, shooters, and sponsors participating in the PRS.