text:
\section{Introduction}

\noindent
In the spring of 1996 I was visiting the City College of New York for a month,
in order to pursue a research project with Stuart Samuel, who was a professor
at City University of New York at the time, and to run in the 100th Boston marathon.
Several evenings and part of weekends I'd spend with our mutual friend Pascal Gharemani,
a tennis coach and instructor at Trinity School (a private high school on West
91st Street in Manhattan). Typically we would go dining, visit places or fly kites.
Pascal had an Iranian background but grew up in Versailles near Paris before
moving to the US. My wife and I had come to know him during my postdoc years
at City College (1987--90), when we would meet weekly at various restaurants in the
Columbia University neighborhood for an evening of French conversation.
He was important for our socialization in Manhattan and had grown into a good friend.
Pascal was a very curious individual, with a great sense of humor and always ready
to engage in discussions about savoir vivre, philosophy, and the natural sciences.
Regarding the latter, he regularly pondered phenomena and questions which involved physics.
Lacking a formal science training, he would go to great lengths and try his physicist
friends for explanations.

So one evening in 1996 he shared his musings about the gravitational force of a long
and homogeneous rod, as it is felt by a (say, minuscule) creature crawling on its surface.
Clearly, the mass points in its neighborhood are mainly responsible for creating the force.
On one hand, at the end of the rod, the nearby mass is fewer than elsewhere, but it is all
pulling roughly in the same direction. On the other hand, around the middle part of the rod,
twice as much mass points are located near the creature, yet their gravitational forces point
to almost opposing directions and hence tend to cancel each other out. So which location
gives more weight to the mini-bug? Where along the rod is its surface gravity largest?

This was a typical `Pascal question', and my immediate response was: ``That's an easy one.
Let me just compute it.'' Well, easier said then done. For the mid-rod position
the resulting integrals were too tough to perform on the back of an envelope.
To simplify my life, I persuaded Pascal to modify the problem.
Let us vary not the position of the bug but the geometry of its planet:
keep the bug sitting on the top of a cylinder, and compare a long rod with
a slim disk of the same volume and mass. Then it was not too hard to calculate the surface
gravity as a function of the ratio of the cylinder's diameter to its length.
To our surprise, in a narrow window of this parameter the weight of the bug exceeds the
value for a spherical ball made from the same material. This finding inspired us to
generalize the question to another level: Given a bunch of homogeneous material
(fixed volume and density, hence total mass), for which shape is the gravitational
force somewhere on its surface maximized? Thus, the idea of ``asteroid engineering'' was born.

After solving the problem and comparing the result with a few other geometries,
I put the calculations aside and forgot about them. Four years later, when teaching
Mathematical Methods for physics freshmen, I was looking for a good student exercise
in variational calculus. Coming across my notes from 1996, I realized they can be turned
into an unorthodox, charming and slightly challenging homework problem.
And so I did, posing the challenge in the summer of 2000~\cite{exercise1} and again
in 2009~\cite{exercise2}, admittedly with mixed success.\footnote{
In 2002, the problem also occurred in a physics quizz page~\cite{kantor} and later
in the textbook~\cite{morin}.}
But let the reader decide!

\newpage{}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centerline
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{pascalfig1.eps}
\caption{Geometry of massive cylinder}
\label{fig:1}
\end{figure}
\vspace{1cm}

\section{Surface gravity of a homogeneous massive cylinder}

\noindent
It is textbook material how to compute the Newtonian gravitational field~$\vec G(\!\vec{\,r})$
generated by a given three-dimensional static mass distribution~$\rho(\!\vec{\,r}')$.
In the absence of symmetry arguments, it involves a three-dimensional integral collecting
the contributions
\begin{equation}
{\mathrm{d}}\vec G(\!\vec{\,r},\!\vec{\,r}') \=
\gamma\,\rho(\!\vec{\,r}')\,\frac{\!\vec{\,r}'\!-\!\vec{\,r}}{|\!\vec{\,r}'\!-\!\vec{\,r}|^3}\,{\mathrm{d}}^3\!\vec{\,r}'
\end{equation}
produced by the masses at positions $\!\vec{\,r}'$, with $\gamma$ denoting the gravitational constant.
For the case of a solid homogeneous body~$B$ of volume~$V$ and total mass~$M$, clearly
$\rho(\!\vec{\,r}')=M/V$ is constant, and one gets
\begin{equation} \label{surfacegravity}
\vec G(\vec r) \= \gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_B\!{\mathrm{d}}^3\!\vec{\,r}' \frac{\vec{e}_{\!\vec{\,r}'\!-\!\vec{\,r}}}{(\!\vec{\,r}'\!-\!\vec{\,r})^2}\ ,
\end{equation}
where $\vec{e}_{\!\vec{\,r}'\!-\!\vec{\,r}}$ is the unit vector pointing from the observer (at $\!\vec{\,r}$) to the mass point
at~$\!\vec{\,r}'$. The surface gravity (specific weight of a probe) located somewhere on the surface
$\partial B$ of my solid is obtained by simply restricting $\!\vec{\,r}$ to $\partial B$.

One might think of simplifying the task by computing the gravitational potential rather than the field,
since the corresponding integral is scalar and appears to be easier. However, evaluating the surface
gravity then requires taking a gradient in the end and thus keeping at least an infinitesimal dependence
on a coordinate normal to the surface. Retaining this additional parameter until finally computing the
derivative of the potential with respect to it before setting it to zero yields no calculational gain
over a direct computation of~$\vec G$.

The original question of Pascal concerned a cylindrical rod, whose length and radius I denote
by $\ell$ and $a$, respectively, so that $V = \pi a^2 \ell$. The integral above has dimension of length,
and I shall scale out a factor of~$\ell$ to pass to dimensionless quantities. For the remaining
dimensionless parameter I choose the ratio of diameter to length of the cylinder, $t:=2a/\ell$, see Fig.~1.
I shall frequently have to express some of the four quantities $a$, $\ell$, $t$ and $V$ in terms of
a pair of the others, so let me display the complete table of the relations,
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
a &\= \ell\,t/2 \= \sqrt{V/(\pi\ell)} \= \root3\of{V\,t/(2\pi)} \\[4pt]
\ell &\= 2a/t \= V/(\pi a^2) \ \,\= \root3\of{4 V/(\pi t^2)} \\[4pt]
t &\= 2a/\ell \= 2\pi a^3/V \ \;\= \sqrt{4\,V/(\pi\ell^3)} \\[6pt]
V &\= \pi a^2\ell \= 2\pi a^3/t \ \ \ \= \pi\ell^3 t^2/4\ .
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
Pascal's problem was to compare for this cylinder the surface gravity at the symmetry axis point
to the one at a point on the mid-circumference or equator. Let me treat both cases in turn.

\subsection{Surface gravity at the axis}

\noindent
Naturally I employ cylindrical coordinates $(z,\rho,\phi)$ for $\!\vec{\,r}'$ and put the symmetry axis point
in the origin. With $\!\vec{\,r}=0$ the expression~(\ref{surfacegravity}) then becomes
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\vec G(0) &\= \gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_0^\ell\!{\mathrm{d}}{z}\int_0^a\!{\mathrm{d}}{\rho}\,\rho\int_0^{2\pi}\!\!\!{\mathrm{d}}\phi\
(z^2+\rho^2)^{-3/2}\ \Bigl( \begin{smallmatrix} \rho\cos\phi \\ \rho\sin\phi \\ -z \end{smallmatrix} \Bigr)
\\[4pt]
&\= -2\pi\,\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_0^\ell\!{\mathrm{d}}{z}\int_0^a\!{\mathrm{d}}{\rho}\
\frac{\rho\,z}{(z^2+\rho^2)^{3/2}}\ \vec{e}_z
\ =:\ -G_a\,\vec{e}_z\ .
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
The $\rho$ and $z$ integrals are elementary,
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
G_a
&\= 2\pi\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_0^\ell\!{\mathrm{d}}{z}\int_0^a\!{\mathrm{d}}{\rho}\ \frac{\rho\,z}{(z^2+\rho^2)^{3/2}}
 \= 2\pi\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_0^\ell\!{\mathrm{d}}{z}\ \Bigl[ \frac{z}{\sqrt{z^2+\rho^2}} \Bigr]_0^a  \\[4pt]
&\= 2\pi\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_0^\ell\!{\mathrm{d}}{z}\ \Bigl\{ 1 - \frac{z}{\sqrt{z^2+a^2}} \Bigr\}
 \= 2\pi\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V} \,\Bigl[ z - \sqrt{z^2+a^2} \Bigr]_0^\ell \\[4pt]
&\= 2\pi\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V} \,\Bigl\{ \ell + a - \sqrt{\ell^2+a^2} \Bigr\}
 \= 2\pi\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,\ell\,\Bigl\{ 1 + \sfrac{t}{2} - \sqrt{1+\sfrac{t^2}{4}} \Bigr\}\ .
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
It is a bit curious that the result is symmetric under the exchange of $\ell$ and~$a$,
and so in the thin rod ($a\to0$) and thin disk ($\ell\to0$) limits one finds that
\begin{equation}
G_a \= 2\pi\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,a\,\bigl\{ 1 - \sfrac{a}{2\ell} + \ldots \bigr\} {\qquad{\rm and}\qquad}
G_a \= 2\pi\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,\ell\,\bigl\{ 1 - \sfrac{\ell}{2a} + \ldots \bigr\}\ ,
\end{equation}
respectively, with $a^2\ell=V/\pi$ fixed of course.

Apart from the linear dependence on the gravitational constant~$\gamma$
and the mass density~$\sfrac{M}{V}$, the surface gravity must carry a dimensional length factor,
which choose to be the cylinder length~$\ell$.
However, $\ell$, $t$ and $V$ are obviously related, and for comparing different shapes
of the same mass and volume it is preferable to eliminate $\ell$ in favor of $V$ and~$t$.
The resulting expression for the surface gravity has the universal form
\begin{equation}
G \= \textrm{(numerical factor)}\ \times\ \gamma\,M\,V^{-2/3}\ \textrm{(shape function)}\ ,
\end{equation}
where the shape function depends on dimensionless parameters like~$t$ only.
For the case at hand, I obtain
\begin{equation}
G_a \= 2^{5/3} \pi^{2/3}\,\gamma\,M\,V^{-2/3}\,t^{-2/3}\,
\Bigl\{ 1 + \sfrac{t}{2} - \sqrt{1+\sfrac{t^2}{4}} \Bigr\}\ .
\end{equation}
The asymptotic behavior for a thin rod ($t\to0$) and for a thin disk ($t\to\infty$) takes the form
\begin{equation}
G_a \= 2^{5/3} \pi^{2/3}\,\gamma\,M\,V^{-2/3}\,\times\, \begin{cases}
\sfrac{1}{2}t ^{1/3}- \sfrac{1}{8}t^{4/3} + \sfrac{1}{128}t^{10/3} + O(t^{16/3})
& \textrm{for} \quad t\to 0 \\[8pt]
t^{-2/3} - t^{-5/3} + t^{-11/3} + O(t^{-17/3})
& \textrm{for} \quad t\to\infty \end{cases}\ .
\end{equation}

\subsection{Surface gravity at the equator}

\noindent
This is the harder case, as it lacks the cylindrical symmetry.
Naturally putting the origin of the cylindrical coordinate system at the
cylinder's center of mass, hence $\!\vec{\,r}=(a,0,0)^\top$, the surface gravity integral~(\ref{surfacegravity}) reads
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\vec G(a)
&\= \gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_{-\ell/2}^{\ell/2}\!\!\!{\mathrm{d}}{z}\int_0^a\!{\mathrm{d}}{\rho}\,\rho\int_0^{2\pi}\!\!\!{\mathrm{d}}\phi\
\bigl([\rho\cos\phi-a]^2+[\rho\sin\phi]^2+z^2\bigr)^{-3/2}\
\Bigl( \begin{smallmatrix} \rho\cos\phi-a \\ \rho\sin\phi \\ z \end{smallmatrix} \Bigr) \\[4pt]
&\= \gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_{-\ell/2}^{\ell/2}\!\!\!{\mathrm{d}}{z}\int_0^a\!{\mathrm{d}}{\rho}\,\rho\int_0^{2\pi}\!\!\!{\mathrm{d}}\phi\
\frac{\rho\cos\phi-a}{(z^2+a^2+\rho^2-2\,a\rho\cos\phi)^{3/2}}\ \vec{e}_x \\[4pt]
&\= 2\,\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,\ell\, \int_0^{1/2}\!\!{\mathrm{d}}{u}\int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}{v}\int_0^{2\pi}\!\!\!{\mathrm{d}}\phi\
\frac{v\,(v\cos\phi-1)}{u^2\ell^2/a^2+1+v^2-2\,v\cos\phi)^{3/2}}\ \vec{e}_x
\ =:\ -G_m\,\vec{e}_x\ ,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where I employed the $z\leftrightarrow-z$ symmetry and substituted $z=u\,\ell$ and $\rho=v\,a$
for a dimensionless integral.
The $u$ integration is elementary,
\begin{equation} \label{hardintegral}
\begin{aligned}
G_m
&\= \gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,\ell\,\int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}{v}\int_0^{2\pi}\!\!\!{\mathrm{d}}\phi\
\frac{v\,(1-v\cos\phi)/(1+v^2-2\,v\cos\phi)}{\sqrt{\ell^2/(4a^2)+1+v^2-2\,v\cos\phi}} \\[4pt]
&\= 2\,\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,\ell\,\int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}{v}\int_{-1}^{1}\!\!{\mathrm{d}}{w}\
\frac{v\,(1-v\,w)/(1+v^2-2\,v\,w)}{\sqrt{(1-w^2)(t^{-2}+1+v^2-2\,v\,w)}}\ ,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
after substituting $\cos\phi=w$ and using the definition $2a/\ell=t$.

The remaining double integrals leads to lengthy expressions
in terms of complete elliptic integrals, which I do not display here.
For $t\to\infty$ it diverges logarithmically.
It is possible, however, to extract the limiting behavior for $t\to0$ as
\begin{equation}
G_m \= 2\pi\,\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,a\,\bigl\{ 1 - O(\sfrac{a}{\ell}) \bigr\}\ ,
\end{equation}
which in leading order surprisingly agrees with that of $G_a$.

\newpage{}

\begin{figure}[!h]
\includegraphics[width=16cm]{pascalfig2.eps
\caption{Cylinder surface gravity on symmetry axis and mid-circumference}
\label{fig:2}
\end{figure}
\vspace{0.5cm}

\subsection{Comparison with a spherical ball}

\noindent
To get a feeling for these results, it is natural to compare them with the surface gravity of a homogeneous ball
of the same mass~$M$ and density, thus of radius
\begin{equation}
r_b \= \bigl(\sfrac{4\pi}{3}\bigr)^{-1/3} V^{1/3}\ .
\end{equation}
The surface gravity $\vec G(r_b)=-G_b\,\vec{e}_r$ of the latter is well known,
\begin{equation}
G_b \= \gamma\,M/r_b^2 \= \gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,\sfrac{4\pi}{3}\,r_b \=
\bigl(\sfrac{4\pi}{3}\bigr)^{2/3} \gamma\,M\,V^{-2/3}\ .
\end{equation}
Hence, the relation of the cylindrical to the spherical surface gravity is
\begin{equation}
\frac{G_a}{G_b} \= 2\pi\,\bigl(\sfrac{\pi}{4}\bigr)^{-1/3} t^{-2/3}\,
\Bigl\{ 1 + \sfrac{t}{2} - \sqrt{1+\sfrac{t^2}{4}} \Bigr\} \Big/ \bigl(\sfrac{4\pi}{3}\bigr)^{2/3}
\= \root 3 \of {18}\;t^{-2/3}\,\Bigl\{ 1 + \sfrac{t}{2} - \sqrt{1+\sfrac{t^2}{4}} \Bigr\}\ ,
\end{equation}
for the axis position, see~Fig.~2.
Surprisingly, in the interval
\begin{equation}
t\ \in\ \bigl[ \sfrac49(2\sqrt{13}{-}5)\ ,\ \sfrac32 \bigr] \ \approx\
\bigl[ 0.98271\ ,\ 1.50000 \bigr]
\end{equation}
the weight on the cyclinder's axis exceeds that on the reference ball!
Indeed, its maximal value is attained at
\begin{equation}
t_a \= \sfrac14(9-\sqrt{17}) \ \approx\ 1.21922 \qquad\Rightarrow\qquad
\sfrac{G_a}{G_b}\big|_{\textrm{max}} \= \sfrac{G_a}{G_b}(t_a) \ \approx\ 1.00682\ .
\end{equation}
The asymptotic behavior is easily deduced to be
\begin{equation}
\frac{G_a}{G_b} \= \root3\of{\sfrac{9\pi}{2}}\,\frac{a}{V^{1/3}}\,\Bigl(1-O\bigl(\sfrac{a^3}{V}\bigr)\Bigr) {\qquad{\rm and}\qquad}
\frac{G_a}{G_b} \= \root3\of{\sfrac{9\pi}{2}}\,\frac{\ell}{V^{1/3}}\,\Bigl(1-O\bigl(\sqrt{\sfrac{\ell^3}{V}}\bigr)\Bigr)\ ,
\end{equation}
for $a\to0$ and $\ell\to0$, respectively.

For the equatorial position's surface gravity I do not have an analytic expression,
only its limiting forms
\begin{equation}
\frac{G_m}{G_b} \ \sim\ \root3\of{\sfrac{9\pi}{2}}\,\frac{a}{V^{1/3}} \ \approx\
2.41799\,\frac{a}{V^{1/3}} {\qquad{\rm and}\qquad}
\frac{G_m}{G_b} \ \sim\ 0.36813\,\frac{\ell}{V^{1/3}}\Bigl|\log\frac{\ell}{V^{1/3}}\Bigr|
\end{equation}
for $a\to0$ and $\ell\to0$, respectively.
Numerical analysis shows that $G_m/G_b$ (see Fig.~2) attains a maximum at
\begin{equation}
t_m \ \approx \ 1.02928 \qquad\Rightarrow\qquad
\sfrac{G_m}{G_b}\big|_{\textrm{max}} \ \approx \ 1.00619\ .
\end{equation}
Furthermore, for any given shape in an asymptotic regime, the equatorial position is superior to the axis one.
Only in the interval $1.10948 \lesssim t \lesssim 2.82154$ is our mini-bug heavier on the axis.

\section{Which shape maximizes the surface gravity?}

\noindent
This finding suggests the question: Can one do better than the cylinder with a clever choice of shape?
It turns the problem into a variational one. Suppose I have by some means discovered the homogeneous
body~$\bar B$ which, for fixed mass and volume, yields the maximally possible gravitational pull in some
location on its surface.
Without loss of generality I can put this point to the origin of my coordinate system and orient the solid
in such a way that its outward normal in this point aims in the positive $z$~direction,
so gravity pulls downwards as is customary.
Expressing the surface gravity at this position for an arbitrary body~$B$ as a functional of its shape,
then~$\bar B$ must maximize this functional, under the constraint of fixed mass and volume.
The following three features of the optimal shape are evident:
\begin{itemize}
\addtolength{\itemsep}{-8pt}
\item It does not have any holes, so has just a single boundary component
\item It is convex
\item It is rotationally symmetric about the normal at the origin
\end{itemize}
\vspace{-1cm}
\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{picture}(140,260)(60,65)
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=12cm,trim=0 0 0 70,clip]{pascalfig3a.eps}}
\end{picture}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{picture}(140,180)(-50,0)
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=6cm]{pascalfig3b.eps}}
\end{picture}
\end{minipage}
\caption{ Parametrization of surface of revolution $\partial B$}
\label{fig:3}
\end{figure}
\vspace{1cm}
These facts imply that the surface~$\partial B$ may be parametrized as in Fig.~3,
\begin{equation}
\partial B \= \bigl\{ R(\th) (\sin\th\cos\phi,\sin\th\sin\phi,-\cos\th)^\top \ \big| \
0\le\th\le\sfrac{\pi}{2}\;,\ 0\le\phi<2\pi \bigr\} \ ,
\end{equation}
with $R(\th)\ge0$ and $R(\sfrac{\pi}{2})=0$.
The function~$R(\th)$ (which may be extended via $R(-\th)=R(\th)$) completely describes
the shape of the solid of revolution~$B$.
It may be viewed as the boundary curve of the intersection of~$B$ with the $xz$~plane.
Its convexity implies the condition
\begin{equation}
\bigl(\sfrac1{R(\th)}\bigr)''+\sfrac1{R(\th)}\ \ge\ 0\ .
\end{equation}
Employing the symmetry under reflection on the rotational axis,
\begin{equation}
S\,:\ (\th,\phi)\ \mapsto\ (\th,\phi{+}\pi)\ \sim\ (-\th,\phi)\ ,
\end{equation}
the surface gravity functional (\ref{surfacegravity}) then reads
\begin{equation}
\vec{G}[R] \= \gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_B\!\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^3\!\vec{\,r}}{r^2}\ \sfrac12(\vec{e}_{\!\vec{\,r}}+S\vec{e}_{\!\vec{\,r}})
\ =:\ -G[R]\,\vec{e}_z\ ,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation} \label{functional}
G[R]\= 2\pi\,\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}\cos\th \int_0^{R(\th)}\!\!{\mathrm{d}}{r}\;\cos\th
\= 2\pi\,\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}\cos\th\ R(\th) \cos\th\ .
\end{equation}

It is to be maximized with the mass (and thus the volume) kept fixed,
\begin{equation} \label{constraint}
M[R] \= \sfrac{M}{V} \int_B\!{\mathrm{d}}^3\!\vec{\,r}
\= 2\pi\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}\cos\th \int_0^{R(\th)}\!\!r^2{\mathrm{d}}{r}
\= \sfrac{2\pi}{3}\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}\cos\th\ R(\th)^3
\ \buildrel ! \over = \ M\ .
\end{equation}
Such constrained variations are best treated by the method of Lagrange multipliers,
which here instructs me to combine the two functionals to
\begin{equation}
2\pi\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,U[R,\lambda] \= G[R]\ -\ \lambda\bigl(M[R]-M\bigr)\ ,
\end{equation}
introducing a Lagrange multiplier~$\lambda$  (a real parameter to be fixed subsequently).
More explicitly,
\begin{equation}
U[R,\lambda] \= \int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}\cos\th\ \bigl[ \gamma\,R(\th)\cos\th\ -\ \sfrac13\lambda\,R(\th)^3 \bigr]
\ -\ \lambda\,\sfrac{V}{2\pi}\ ,
\end{equation}
so $\partial_\lambda U=0$ clearly fixes the volume of $B$ to be equal to $V$.
Demanding that, for $\lambda$ fixed but arbitrary, $U$ is stationary under any variation of the boundary curve,
$R\mapsto R+\delta R$, determines $R=R_\lambda$:
\begin{equation}
0 \= \delta U[R_\lambda,\lambda]
\= \int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}\cos\th\ \delta R(\th)\ \bigl[ \gamma\,\cos\th\ -\ \lambda\,R_\lambda(\th)^2 \bigr]\ ,
\end{equation}
so I immediately read off
\begin{equation}
R_\lambda(\th) \= \sqrt{\sfrac{\gamma}{\lambda}\,\cos\th}\ .
\end{equation}

It remains to compute the value $\bar\lambda$ of the Lagrange multiplier by inserting the solution $R_\lambda$ into
the constraint~(\ref{constraint}),
\begin{equation}
M\ \buildrel ! \over = \ M[R_{\bar\lambda}]
\= \sfrac{2\pi}{3}\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}\cos\th\ \bigl( \sfrac{\gamma}{\bar\lambda}\,\cos\th \bigr)^{3/2}
\= \sfrac{4\pi}{15}\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,\bigl(\sfrac{\gamma}{\bar\lambda}\bigr)^{3/2}\ ,
\end{equation}
yielding \ $\bar\lambda=\bigl(\sfrac{4\pi}{15\,V}\bigr)^{2/3}\gamma$ \ and hence the complete solution
as displayed in Fig.~4,
\begin{equation} \label{solution}
\bar{R}(\th)\ :=\ R_{\bar\lambda}(\th) \= 2\,R_0\,\sqrt{\cos\th}
\qquad\textrm{with}\qquad (2\,R_0)^3 \= \sfrac{15}{4\pi}\,V \ .
\end{equation}

What does this curve look like?
Let me pass to Cartesian coordinates in the $xz$~plane,
\begin{equation}
\bar{R}^2 \= (2\,R_0)^2\,\cos\th \= x^2+z^2 {\qquad{\rm and}\qquad}
\cos\th \= \sfrac{z}{\sqrt{x^2+z^2}} \ ,
\end{equation}
which yields the sextic curve (cubic in squares)
\begin{equation}
(x^2+z^2)^3 \= (2\,R_0)^4\,z^2 \qquad\textrm{with}\qquad
R_0^3 \= \sfrac{15}{32\pi}\,V \ .
\end{equation}
The parameter $R_0$ only takes care of the physical dimensions
and determines the overall size of the solid.
In dimensionless coordinates it may be put to unity,
which fixes the vertical diameter to be equal to~2 and allows
for a comparison of my optimal curve with the unit circle,
\begin{equation}
r(z) \= 2\,|z|^{1/3}
\qquad\textrm{versus}\qquad
r(z)\= 2\,|z|^{1/2}
\qquad\textrm{for}\quad r(z)^2\=x^2+z^2\ ,
\end{equation}
with $-z\in[0,2]$ and $r(z)\in[0,2]$.
Since $|z|^{1/3}\ge|z|^{1/2} $ in the interval of question,
my curve lies entirely outside the reference circle, touching it only
twice on the $z$~axis.
(Note that $R_0\neq r_b$ so the corresponding volumes differ.)
Other than the sphere, my curve has a critical point:
Due to $z\sim x^3$ near the origin, the curvature vanishes there.
Clearly, the vertical extension of~$\bar{B}$ is $\Delta z=2R_0$
while its width is easily computed to be
\begin{equation}
\Delta x \= 2\,\root 4 \of {\sfrac{4}{27}}\;2R_0 \ \approx\ 2.48161\,R_0
\qquad\textrm{at}\qquad
z_0 \= -\root 4 \of {\sfrac{1}{27}}\;2R_0 \ \approx\ -0.87738\,R_0 \ .
\end{equation}
The shape of my optimal body~$\bar{B}$ vaguely resembles an apple,
with the flatter side up.

My final goal is to calculate the maximal possible weight $G_{\textrm{max}}$, or
\begin{equation}
G[\bar R] \= 2\pi\,\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,2R_0 \int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}\cos\th\ \bigl( \cos\th \bigr)^{3/2}
\= 2\pi\,\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,\root 3 \of {\sfrac{15\,V}{4\pi}}\;\sfrac25
\= \bigl( \sfrac{4\pi\sqrt{3}}{5} \bigr)^{2/3} \gamma\,M\,V^{-2/3}\ .
\end{equation}
Comparing with the spherical shape,
\begin{equation} \label{maximum}
\frac{G[\bar R]}{G_b} \= 3\cdot 5^{-2/3} \= \sfrac35\root 3 \of 5 \ \approx\ 1.02599 \ .
\end{equation}
I conclude that by homogeneous reshaping it is possible to increase the surface gravity of a spherical ball
by at most $2.6\%$ !

\newpage{}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{picture}(140,180)(60,165)
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=12cm,trim=0 0 0 60,clip]{pascalfig4a.eps}}
\end{picture}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{picture}(140,180)(-15,20)
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=8cm]{pascalfig4b.eps}}
\end{picture}
\end{minipage}
\vspace{0.3cm}
\caption{ Optimal asteroid surface $\partial \bar{B}$}
\label{fig:4}
\end{figure}

\section{Other shapes}

\noindent
Since the cylinder shape is already superior to the spherical one for maximizing surface gravity,
it is interesting to explore a few other more or less regular bodies,
to see how close they can get to the optimal value of $\sfrac35\root 3\of 5\approx1.02599$.
Let me discuss three cases which are fairly easy to parametrize in the cylindrical coordinates chosen.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{picture}(140,140)(0,0)
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=7cm,trim=0 0 0 0,clip]{pascalfig5a.eps}}
\end{picture}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{picture}(140,140)(0,0)
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=8cm]{pascalfig5b.eps}}
\end{picture}
\end{minipage}
\caption{ Conical segment of a spherical ball}
\label{fig:5}
\end{figure}
\vspace{0.5cm}
First, I consider a conical segment of a spherical ball centered in the origin,
with opening angle $2\alpha<\pi$ and radius $r_c$, see~Fig.~5.
Here, one simply has
\begin{equation}
0 \le \th \le \alpha {\qquad{\rm and}\qquad} R_c(\th) \= r_c\ ,
\end{equation}
thus the surface gravity~(\ref{functional}) reduces to
\begin{equation}
G_c\= 2\pi\,\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_{\cos\alpha}^1\!{\mathrm{d}}\cos\th \int_0^{r_c}\!{\mathrm{d}}{r}\;\cos\th
\= 2\pi\,\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,r_c\,\sfrac12 (1-\cos^2\alpha) \ .
\end{equation}
\newpage{}
\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centerline
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{pascalfig6.eps}
\caption{ Surface gravity on the apex of a conical segment of a spherical ball}
\label{fig:6}
\end{figure}
\vspace{0.5cm}
Since at the same time,
\begin{equation}
M\= 2\pi\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_{\cos\alpha}^1\!{\mathrm{d}}\cos\th \int_0^{r_c}\! r^2{\mathrm{d}}{r}
\= 2\pi\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,\sfrac13 r_c^3\, (1-\cos\alpha) \ ,
\end{equation}
one gets
\begin{equation}
G_c \= \bigl( \sfrac{\sqrt{3}\pi}{\sqrt{2}} \bigr)^{2/3} \gamma\,M\,V^{-2/3}\,
(1-\cos^2\alpha)\,(1-\cos\alpha)^{-1/3}\ ,
\end{equation}
leading to the curve in Fig.~6,
\begin{equation}
\frac{G_c}{G_b} \= \sfrac34 \root 3\of 2\,(1-\cos^2\alpha)\,(1-\cos\alpha)^{-1/3}\ .
\end{equation}
The best opening angle occurs at an angle of about $78.5^\circ$,
\begin{equation}
\cos\alpha \= \sfrac15 \ \approx\ 1.36944 \qquad\Rightarrow\qquad
\frac{G_c}{G_b}\bigg|_{\textrm{max}} \= 2^{2/3}\cdot 9\cdot 5^{-5/3}
\ \approx\ 0.97719\ .
\end{equation}
Clearly, the spherical ball beats any cone.
The value $\alpha=\sfrac{\pi}{2}$ describes a semi-ball, which yields
\begin{equation}
\frac{G_c}{G_b}\bigg|_{\alpha=\pi/2} \= 2^{-8/3}\cdot 3\ \approx\ 0.94494\ .
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{picture}(140,240)(-20,-10)
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=7cm,trim=0 0 0 0,clip]{pascalfig7a.eps}}
\end{picture}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{picture}(140,240)(-20,0)
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=7cm]{pascalfig7b.eps}}
\end{picture}
\end{minipage}
\caption{ Shape for radius function $R(\th)\sim\cos^2\th$}
\label{fig:7}
\end{figure}
\vspace{0.5cm}
Second, let me try out the radius function $R(\th)$
being an arbitrary power $n$ of~$\cos\th$,
\begin{equation}
R_n(\th) \= 2\,r_n\,(\cos\th)^n \qquad\textrm{with}\quad n>0 \ ,
\end{equation}
displayed in Fig.~7 for $n{=}2$.
This produces
\begin{equation}
G_n \= 2\pi\,\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,2r_n\int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}\cos\th\ (\cos\th)^{n+1}
\= 2\pi\,\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,2r_n\,\sfrac1{n+2}\ .
\end{equation}
The special value of $n{=}1$ yields a spherical ball, which separates
squashed forms ($n{<}1$) from elongates ones ($n{>}1$). With
\begin{equation}
M\= \sfrac{2\pi}{3}\,\sfrac{M}{V} \int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}\cos\th\ \bigl(2r_n\,(\cos\th)^{n}\bigr)^3
\= \sfrac{2\pi}{3}\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,(2r_n)^3\,\sfrac{1}{3n+1}
\end{equation}
I can eliminate $r_n$ and find
\begin{equation}
\frac{G_n}{G_b} \= 3\,\bigl( \sfrac14(3n+1)\bigr)^{1/3} \big/ (n+2)\ ,
\end{equation}
which is shown in Fig.~8.
This is indeed maximized for
\begin{equation}
n=\sfrac12 \qquad\Rightarrow\qquad
\sfrac{G_{1/2}}{G_b} \= 3\cdot 5^{-2/3}\ ,
\end{equation}
as was already found in (\ref{solution}) and (\ref{maximum}).
It exceeds unity in the interval $0.17424\lesssim n < 1$.
\vspace{0.5cm}
\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centerline
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{pascalfig8.eps}
\caption{ Surface gravity on a body with radius function $R(\th)\sim\cos^n\th$}
\label{fig:8}
\end{figure}

\newpage{}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{picture}(140,150)(-20,10)
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=7cm,trim=0 0 0 0,clip]{pascalfig9a.eps}}
\end{picture}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{picture}(140,150)(-20,0)
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=7cm]{pascalfig9b.eps}}
\end{picture}
\end{minipage}
\caption{ Oblate ellipsoid with eccentricity $\epsilon=0.8$}
\label{fig:9}
\end{figure}
\vspace{0.5cm}
Third, I look at an oblate ellipsoid of revolution
with minor semi-axis length $r_e$ and eccentricity $\epsilon$,
see Fig.~9. In this case,
\begin{equation}
R_e(\th) \= \frac{2\,r_e\,\cos\th}{1-\epsilon^2\sin^2\th}
\= \frac{2\,r_e\,\cos\th}{1{-}\epsilon^2+\epsilon^2\cos^2\th}
\qquad\textrm{with}\quad \epsilon\in[0,1)\ ,
\end{equation}
which includes the sphere for $\epsilon{=}0$.
(The prolate case corresponds to imaginary~$\epsilon$.)
The surface gravity and mass integrals then become
\begin{equation}
G_e \= 2\pi\,\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,2r_e\int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}{y}\
\frac{y^2}{1{-}\epsilon^2+\epsilon^2 y^2}
\= 2\pi\,\gamma\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,2r_e\,\frac1{\epsilon^2}
\Bigl( 1 - \sqrt{\sfrac{1-\epsilon^2}{\epsilon^2}}\arctan\sqrt{\sfrac{\epsilon^2}{1-\epsilon^2}} \Bigr)\ ,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
M \= \sfrac{2\pi}{3}\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,(2r_e)^3\int_0^1\!{\mathrm{d}}{y}\
\frac{y^3}{(1{-}\epsilon^2+\epsilon^2 y^2)^3}
\= \sfrac{2\pi}{3}\,\sfrac{M}{V}\,(2r_e)^3\,\frac{1}{4(1{-}\epsilon^2)}\ ,
\qquad\qquad\qquad\quad{}
\end{equation}
respectively. From this I conclude that
\begin{equation}
\frac{G_e}{G_b} \= 3\,\bigl(1-\epsilon^2\bigr)^{1/3}\,\frac1{\epsilon^2}
\Bigl( 1 - \sqrt{\sfrac{1-\epsilon^2}{\epsilon^2}}\arctan\sqrt{\sfrac{\epsilon^2}{1-\epsilon^2}} \Bigr)\ ,
\end{equation}
shown in Fig.~10.
This is larger than one for $\epsilon\lesssim0.85780$ and is maximized numerically at
\begin{equation}
\epsilon\ \approx\ 0.69446 \qquad\Rightarrow\qquad
\frac{G_e}{G_b}\bigg|_{\textrm{max}} \ \approx\ 1.02204 \ .
\end{equation}
Hence, I can come to within less than $0.4\%$ of the optimal surface gravity by
engineering an appropriate ellipsoid.

\newpage{}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centerline
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{pascalfig0.eps}
\caption{ Surface gravity on an ellipsoid with eccentricity~$\epsilon$}
\label{fig:10}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}

\noindent
The main result of this short paper is a universal sixth-order planar curve,
\begin{equation}
{\cal C}_{\textrm{Gh}}: \quad
(x^2+z^2)^3-(4\,z)^2\=0 \qquad\Leftrightarrow\qquad r(\th)\=2\sqrt{\cos\th}\ ,
\end{equation}
which characterizes the shape of the homogeneous body admitting the maximal possible
surface gravity in a given point, for unit mass density and volume.
It is amusing to speculate about its use for asteroid engineering in an advanced civilization
or our own future. This curve seems not yet to have occurred in the literature,
and so I choose to name it ``Gharemani curve'' after my deceased friend who
initiated the whole enterprise.

The maximally achievable weight on bodies of various shapes is listed in the following table.
It occurs at the intersection of the rotational symmetry axis with the body's surface
and is normalized to the value on the spherical ball.
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|ccccc|}
\hline
shape & cone & ball & cylinder & ellipse & Gharemani \\
\hline
maximum of $G/G_b$ & 0.97719 & 1.00000 & 1.00682 & 1.02204 & 1.02599 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

It can pay off to get inspired by the curiosity of your non-scientist friends.
The result is a lot of fun and may even lead to new science!

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centerline
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{pascalcurve.eps}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\section*{Acknowledgments}
\noindent
I thank Michael Flohr for help with Mathematica and the integral~(\ref{hardintegral}).

\bigskip

\small{

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The Gold Coast is home to an array of places to celebrate kids birthdays, but with so many options it can be overwhelming! If you're looking for an affordable venue that's sure to create lasting memories, then look no further than Infinity. Here are three reasons why you should book a birthday party at Infinity!
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Sometimes the hardest part of dealing with unpredictability in distance running is accepting that a large percentage of your performance is unpredictable.


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This forum is provided as a place for state associations to post news and to provide a means of communication between members within that state. Please post all State Association news here.
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Home / Uncategorized / The #BYOC Challenge !
The war against plastic has been waged, and it is gaining moment among residents of Bengaluru's Whitefield. And their strategy is nothing short of innovative this time.
Bring Your Own Cup (BYOC) challenge calls for residents to carry their own steel glasses, plates or containers instead of using plastic or paper cutlery. And post pictures it on social media with #BYOC.
The brainchild behind the unique campaign is city-based Rishita Sharma. The co-founder of 'Rent-a-Cutlery' and 'Green Utsav' threw open the challenge on October 6.
While Rent-A-Cutlery rents out steel cutlery for events, Green Utsav ensures zero-waste events by providing reusable decorations and homemade food in reusable boxes and eco-friendly return gifts.
One of the residents who undertook the challenge is Rekha Aravind from Brookefield. She added how her family members carry their cutlery kits to use everywhere they go. This includes a steel spoon, a fork and a straw.
In addition to extending to several localities, the initiative has also crossed international borders.
Isn't it a challenge that deserves to be replicated in every Indian city?
Previous Poverty rate in India reduced to half !


The Empanada Shop, the "gourmet" empanada shop, will be opening a second location in Rutherford.
Founded by Joni Caldera and Nelson Contreras in January, they began cooking empanadas together and sharing them with family & friends before they opened their first spot.
The menu (View Menu) includes "gourmet empanadas" made from homemade recipes passed down from their Dominican and Italian backgrounds. Flavors will include classic Latin beef, chicken, and pork with Italian flavors like sausage, peppers and onions, tomato, basil, and chicken, and garlic shrimp. Additionally, they've put an American twist on the Latin treat with fillings buffalo chicken, broccoli and cheddar, spinach and feta, and chili mac n cheese. For dessert they offer a guava & cheese or apple pie empanada.
The deal was done by Cushman & Wakefield brokers David Townes (Profile) andAlana Friedman (Profile). No word yet on an opening date.


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text:
Underoath, logotyp z użyciem Ø: Underøath  – grupa grająca metalcore pochodząca z Florydy, tworzy utwory o tematyce chrześcijańskiej (metal chrześcijański).

Dwie pierwsze płyty wydane zostały przez Takehold Records. Kolejne krążki wydawane były już pod szyldem Solid State Records, a samo Underoath po wyjściu They're Only Chasing Safety zajęło miejsce najlepiej sprzedającego się zespołu swojego wydawcy.

Muzycy
 Obecny skład zespołu
 Aaron Gillespie – perkusja, wokal (1997–2010, od 2015)
 Christopher Dudley – instrumenty klawiszowe (2000–2013, od 2015)
 Timothy McTague – gitara prowadząca, wokal wspierający (2001–2013, od 2015)
 Grant Brandell – gitara basowa (2002–2013, od 2015)
 James Smith – gitara rytmiczna (2003–2013, od 2015)
 Spencer Chamberlain – wokal prowadzący, gitara (2003–2013, od 2015)

 Byli członkowie zespołu
 Dallas Taylor – wokal prowadzący (1997–2003)
 Luke Morton – gitara prowadząca (1997–1999)
 Rey Anasco – gitara basowa (1997–1999)
 Corey Steger – gitara rytmiczna (1998–1999), gitara prowadząca (2000–2001), wokal wspierający (1998–2001)
 Octavio Fernandez – gitara basowa (1999–2000), gitara rytmiczna (2000–2003)
 Matthew Clark – gitara basowa (2000–2001)
 Billy Nottke – gitara basowa (2001–2002)
 Kelly Scott Nunn – gitara rytmiczna (2002–2003)
 Daniel Davison – perkusja (2010–2013)

 Muzycy koncertowi
 Matt Tarpey - wokal prowadzący (2003)
 Kenny Bozich - perkusja (2008)
 Tyler "Telle" Smith - wokal prowadzący (2011)

Dyskografia
 Act Of Depression (1999)
 Cries Of The Past (2000)
 The Changing Of Times (2002)
 They're Only Chasing Safety (2004)
 They're Only Chasing Safety (Special Edition) (2005)
 Define The Great Line (2006)
 Define The Great Line (Special Edition) (2006)
 Survive, Kaleidoscope (2008)
 Lost In The Sound Of Separation (2008)
 Disambiguation (2010)
 Erase Me (2018)

Single
 "When The Sun Sleeps" (2002)
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 "Writing On The Walls" (2006)
 "In Regards To Myself" (2006)
 "You're Ever So Inviting" (2007)
 "A Moment Suspended In Time" (2007)

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Oficjalna strona internetowa

Amerykańskie zespoły emo
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Players in every sport who sustain a major injury often say they go through a mourning period when they realize how many games they will miss and much time their rehabilitation will require.
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text:
Brock Turner: Judge kicks himself off first…
NewsCrime and Public Safety
Brock Turner: Judge kicks himself off first sex-crime ruling since Stanford assault case
By Tracey Kaplan | Bay Area News Group
PUBLISHED: August 22, 2016 at 6:48 p.m. | UPDATED: September 1, 2016 at 8:20 p.m.
PALO ALTO — The Santa Clara County judge facing a recall threat for giving a relatively light sentence to former Stanford student Brock Turner has disqualified himself from making his first key decision in another sex case.
In a brief statement filed with the court, Judge Aaron Persky said that while on vacation, he and his family were exposed to publicity surrounding the new case which resulted in "a personal family situation."
Persky was to decide this week whether to reduce plumber Robert Chain's felony conviction for possession of child pornography to a misdemeanor, as he indicated he might when he sentenced Chain to four days in county jail last year.
Such reductions are not unheard of, but in Chain's case, it would have come a year earlier than a probation officer recommended and has been cited by Persky's critics as an example of his unwarranted leniency toward sex offenders. Most judges impose six-month sentences on defendants in similar cases.
On Thursday, the judge abruptly notified the lawyers in the case who were scheduled to appear in his Palo Alto courtroom on Friday. He announced his recusal and issued a brief written ruling.
"While on vacation earlier this month, my family and I were exposed to publicity surrounding this case," the ruling said. "This publicity has resulted in a personal family situation such that 'a person aware of the facts might reasonably entertain a doubt that the judge would be able to be impartial.' "
If Persky had granted Chain's request, the plumber would still have to register as a sex offender for the rest of his life for having graphic images on his computer. But his name and photograph would no longer appear on an online list of offenders. According to court records, Chain had 188 images of child pornography on his Samsung tablet depicting girls 5 to 12 years old, and at least one image of an infant.
The issue is now set to be decided by Judge Kenneth P. Barnum in Palo Alto on Oct. 6.
Persky is the target of a recall campaign that started in June after he followed a probation department recommendation and sentenced former Stanford swimmer Turner to six months in county jail for sexually assaulting an intoxicated woman outside a campus frat party. The minimum punishment for the three felonies Turner was convicted of — including assault to commit rape — carried a mandatory prison sentence of two years in prison. But Persky, citing Turner's youth and lack of a criminal record, agreed with the probation department, sparking outrage that has spread globally through social media.
Michele Dauber, a Stanford law professor who is friends with the victim and is leading the recall, said she is pleased by Perksy's recusal.
"We don't believe Persky was doing a good job in this case in the first place, or in other cases involving sex or violent crimes against women," Dauber said Monday. "Other judges sentence so differently that we're pleased another judge will be deciding this."
Gary Goodman, a deputy public defender who opposes a recall, saw it quite differently.
"This is an example of his integrity," Goodman said. "He's able to realize it could have an effect, and his decision to remove himself is him saying, 'it's not all about me.' "
During Chain's sentencing last year, prosecutors didn't object on the record. But they have since filed an 11-page brief opposing the reduction of his conviction to a misdemeanor.
Chain's lawyer declined to comment. Court records show Persky appeared to be favorably impressed by the plumber's effort to change his life. Chain, who is an alcoholic, according to the records, had stayed sober for more than a year and kept his job. He also went to regular therapy sessions, acknowledging for the first time that he had been molested as a child, sources said. By now, he has also completed a yearlong sex offender management program and not used a computer without a probation officer's approval.
The Associated Press contributed to this story. Contact Tracey Kaplan at 408-278-3482. Follow her at Twitter.com/tkaplanreport.
Tracey Kaplan | Reporter
Tracey Kaplan is a reporter for the Bay Area News Group based at The Mercury News. A former courts reporter, she is now reporting primarily on consumer issues, and welcomes any tips/suggestions, especially on how to make ends meet in the Bay Area. Watch for a series this summer on her personal solution to the housing crisis -- spending her nest egg on turning a cargo van into what will eventually be her full-time home. For more info, see @itsavanlife on Instagram and our Facebook group, Full House: Inside the Bay Area housing shortage.
Follow Tracey Kaplan /groups/bayareahousingshortage Follow Tracey Kaplan @tkaplanreport
Synopsys cuts more than 100 Bay Area jobs as tech layoffs widen
Colorado baker loses appeal over cake ordered to celebrate woman's gender transition


text:
« Wise Cities' – How wise are our capital cities?
Marooned – A play about suicide which focuses on suicide prevention »
Venue: Collins Quarter
86a Collins Street
Melbourne, Vic 3000 Australia
Politics today: where are we going?
Members' Lunch with John Pesutto
John Ridley AM
John Pesutto has an extensive record of service in politics and public policy and at this Melbourne Forum lunch he raises the question: Politics today — where are we going?
From November 2014 to December 2018, John was Victoria's shadow attorney general and member for Hawthorn in the Victorian Parliament.
He lost his seat at the last state election when the Labor Party reclaimed it for the first time since 1955. The loss meant John was forced to pull out of the race to be the new leader of the Victorian Liberal Party. Despite that, he has not ruled out another tilt at politics.
At the time, John said the federal Liberal Party's stance on climate change was one of the reasons for the loss and that many voters were turned off by the party's social and other policies.
He has urged the Victorian Liberal Party to renew itself by recruiting more women and candidates from diverse cultural backgrounds, believing the party needs to make its language, policies and culture "more inclusive" so that socially progressive but economically conservative voters will feel welcome after the "rebuild".
Prior to elective politics, John worked as legal counsel to Premier Denis Napthine, chief of staff to Health Minister David Davis and as a senior advisor to Premier Ted Baillieu.
He had previously operated a successful consultancy with a focus on advising government departments and public sector agencies on governance and performance issues.
John recently became a senior fellow of the School of Government at the University of Melbourne. He graduated from the University of Melbourne in 1994 with commerce and law degrees and spent many years in legal practice across a wide range of areas.
John's parents were Italian immigrants who arrived in Australia in the early 1960s without much more than their personal possessions and no formal education. John's dad worked on power stations in the Latrobe Valley and his mum in a shoe factory. He owes much to them for the values they instilled in him like integrity, honest effort, initiative and generosity of spirit.
John regularly appears in the media and currently writes a fortnightly column for The Age newspaper.
Melbourne Forum – Feeding minds and stimulating valuable contributions to Melbourne life.


text:
Q: HTML purifying in php I am writing PHP class which have to remove all potentially dangerous elements or bogus html tag (such as bad links) from HTML source.
Usually I would use HTML Purifier library or similar library,
but self-written code is required in this project.
There are two conditions:

*

*It can not have more than 3kB code

*it should execute really fast

I wrote something that could do the job: http://pihost.pl/purify.php
but i do not know if it is safe enough to use
My question is:
Is there any way to test it properly?
Or maybe someone has quick, small and tested library like this?

A: An important thing to consider -- how does your purifier react to broken/malformed HTML? To combat that situation, I would suggest running it through PHP tidy first to clean up the HTML, before you purify it.
If you want a series of tests, you can try checking out the tests that HTMLPurifier uses.

A: This site has a ton of example exploits: http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html
You could try running those through your purifier and see what comes out the other side.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
MH Foundation Making Best Interests Decisions.pdf
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Download from: Mental Health Foundation website (direct link)
Related page: Mental Capacity Act 2005 Code of Practice
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text:
Suplari Selected as a 2018 TiE50 Winner
May 7, 2018By Juliet LouwPress Releases
TiE50 Awards Program Recognizes the World's Most Innovative Tech Startups
SANTA CLARA, CA – May 4, 2018 – Suplari, the AI-driven insights platform for finance and procurement, today announced its selection as a 2018 TiE50 Winner, which recognizes the world's most innovative tech startups. TiE50 is an annual awards program keenly contested by thousands of early-stage technology startups worldwide. The awards competition is part of TiE Inflect 2018, the world's largest conference for tech entrepreneurs.
"TiE50 has become a global brand that attracts thousands of tech startups worldwide," said Kamal Anand, TiE50 Program Chair. "This year, we screened more than 7400 companies from 28 countries and selected the best-of-breed as our 2018 TiE50 Winners. Our program has gained notoriety over the past decade as a competition run with the highest level of integrity and vigorous screening and judging by domain experts."
"We're honored to be recognized by TiE as a leader and innovator in the procurement and finance AI space," said Nikesh Parekh, CEO of Suplari. "There's a huge opportunitiy to apply artificial intelligence to existing enterprise software systems and data, and to provide actionable recommendations to reduce costs, mitigate risk, and improve compliance. TiE has been fostering entrepreneurship for over 25 years and we look forward working with this incredible community."
About TiE
The Indus Entrepreneurs (TiE) is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1992 in Silicon Valley by a group of successful entrepreneurs, corporate executives, and senior professionals. TiE is the world's largest network of tech entrepreneurs. We are a cohesive global network with a footprint of half million entrepreneurs, enterprise executives, investment professionals, and other accomplished individuals. TiE operates from 60 cities in 16 countries.
About Suplari
Suplari provides an AI-driven insights platform that enables enterprises to achieve what's not humanly possible. Customers realize hard dollar cost savings and effectively manage supplier risk that is today hidden within millions of data points in the enterprise. Suplari connects and unifies disparate supplier data sources and systems and then continuously analyzes millions of supplier and sourcing transactions to generate real-time AI-driven insights on reducing spend, mitigating risk and increasing compliance. Suplari's products are on the cutting edge of AI in procurement and cloud computing. For more information, contact info (at) suplari.com.
Search the Suplari Blog
How to Leverage Analytics for M&A Procurement Synergies.
Suplari Launches New Collaboration Software for Finance and Procurement, Enabling Distributed Teams to Set Goals, Manage Projects and Track Savings
Suplari Launches Diversity Insights: Using AI to Help Companies Meet Supplier Diversity Goals
Recognizing Procurement Savings: The Procurement & Finance Partnership
5 Reasons for Your CFO to be Optimistic in 2021
CPO Advice (5)
Supplier Diversity (2)


Janelle Nadine's determination can be described as an unstoppable freight train. This singer/songwriter doesn't take a break and the success she encounters launches her to the next phase in making her vision reality. Janelle grew up surrounded by music. Both her father, grandfather and great grandfather were musicians and she says there were many nights when the live music of her father's band was the last thing she heard as she went to sleep at night.
The love of music let Janelle to begin writing and singing songs in her early childhood. Her influences span over all genres from Tom Petty, Jimmy Hendrix, Fleetwood Mac, Janice Joplin, Lee Scratch Perry, Jodeci, Xscape, SWV, Lauryn Hill and many more.
When it comes to her music Janelle says ""I write what I feel and I write about what I've been through. It's hard for me to pick a favorite genre or style. I just go with the mood of the moment.""
In 2002, Janelle lost her father who was also her musical mentor. Though she was devastated, the loss pushed her to hustle harder and push more for her goals.
Recording tracks in George Clinton's studio with Steve Boyd was the first step in her journey. With her demo leading the way, she connected with 360 Music Studio as her home based studio in Tallahassee. At 360 Janelle was introduced to powerhouse producers such as Sherm Davis and Skeeter. She also began recording with experienced engineer/producer Gfat who as Janelle notes ""raised me in the mic booth"". Since then Janelle has worked with producers such as T-Mac (who's worked with ""Slim"" of 112 and the notorious duo, MJG and 8Ball), Drum Majors ATL (placements with Yung L.A., Shawty Lo, Mullage, Skull Gang, Rich Boy), 706 Hitz, Deejay Dana (Bad Boy South) Marc Beatmonster, Swift Kick Music Group, and many more.
Even with all she's already done anyone who hears her music knows that this is only the beginning for this talented vocalist.
Song is strictly a feel good song for the ladies to get loose and have fun.
* Your song 'Stage Name' has just been added to SMACK station!
* Your song 'Stage Name' has just been added to Indie Heat station!
* Your song 'Stage Name' has just been added to KIAC Hitline station!
* Your song 'Stage Name' has just been added to Hood Tales station!
IMP Your song 'Stage Name' has just been added to Now Hear This station!


text:
using System;
using Jasper.Runtime;

namespace Jasper.ErrorHandling;

/// <summary>
/// Plugin point for creating continuations based on failures
/// </summary>
public interface IContinuationSource
{
    string Description { get; }
    IContinuation Build(Exception ex, Envelope envelope);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Clintons' Chappaqua home has caught fire. The blaze is under control, but there is no word yet on whether any indictable documentation was mysteriously lost in the fire.
UPDATE: It's being reported that it was not the Clintons' home that was affected but a building on their property.


text:
YTL Comms' break-even target may be under threat
By Goh Thean Eu June 3, 2015
Company reports lower revenue and higher pre-tax losses
Attributes performance to lower sales recorded from projects
YES 4G wireless broadband services operator YTL Communications Sdn Bhd's recently reported financial results have raised questions whether it was still on track to break even next year.
In late 2013, its chief executive officer Wing K. Lee (pic above) said he was confident that the company would break even in less than three years – that is, by the end of 2016 – according to a report in the business section of English daily The Star.
Wing displayed the same optimism in April last year, saying he was feeling "very good about breaking even soon."
READ ALSO: Telco Deep Dive – U Mobile plans to be a 'strong No 4'
YTL Comms, a wholly-owned unit of YTL Power Bhd, has been showing improvements in its financial results in recent times for the most part.
For its financial year ended June 30, 2014, it recorded a pre-tax loss of RM170.35 million (US$46.51 million at current rates), a 38% improvement compared with the RM277.18-million pre-tax loss it recorded the previous year.
During the year, its revenue almost doubled to RM831.95 million, versus RM463.89 million in its previous financial year.
[RM1 = US$0.27]
However, its profitability began to slide in subsequent quarters. For the nine months ended March 31, 2014, it recorded a pre-tax loss of RM184.77 million versus a pre-tax loss of RM118.24 million a year ago. During the period, revenue surprisingly fell by 21% to RM504 million.
In a filing with Bursa Malaysia, YTL Comms said that the lower earnings and revenue were mainly driven by lower sales recorded from projects.
While it did not reveal what 'projects' it was referring to in the Bursa statement, industry observers have been speculating whether the weaker financial performance had anything to do with the 'failed' 1BestariNet project.
The Education Ministry awarded the 1BestariNet project, worth about RM663 million, to YTL Comms in 2011, under controversial circumstances.
The company was later fined RM2.4 million for failing to provide all 10,000 schools with the 1BestariNet e-learning solution.
"In a statement by the [education] ministry late last year, it said that it has arranged for an interim Internet service from other providers so that teachers at the schools can continue conducting online learning services," a telecommunications analyst from a local brokerage said.
"So that may have somewhat impacted YTL Comms' financial performance," the analyst told Digital News Asia (DNA) under condition of anonymity.
DNA reached out to YTL Comms chief Wing for further information and his comments, but he had not responded as at press time.
Increasingly challenging competitive landscape
While lower project sales have affected the company's business, industry observers see an even bigger concern for YTL Comms, and that is the increasingly challenging competitive landscape.
"No doubt, the revenue from projects can be a boost to the company's financials, but at the end of the day, YTL Comms is a retail market-driven services provider, so its competitiveness in this space will be the bigger driver going forward," said another analyst.
Although its main rival appears to be Telekom Malaysia Bhd subsidiary Packet One Networks (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd (or P1), as both own the same spectrum band, the truth is that YTL Comms also directly and indirectly competes against mobile players like Maxis Bhd, Celcom Axiata Bhd, Digi.Com Bhd and U Mobile.
Just like YTL Comms, these companies are offering consumers services that allow them to be connected to the Internet while on the go.
CIMB Investment Research and Alliance DBS Research, in their respective research reports, said that YTL Comms is unlikely to see an improvement in performance for the full year ending June 30.
"We believe that YTL Power's mobile broadband network business (YTL Comms) is unlikely to turn around soon, given the competitive industry landscape and long gestation period," said Alliance DBS Research.
YTL Comms not alone
The only consolation for YTL Comms is that it is not the only player having such a challenging time. Its closest rival P1 is also still in the red.
P1, which is now 55.3% owned by Telekom Malaysia (TM), also reported higher quarter-on-quarter net losses for the quarter ended March 31, 2015.
During the first quarter of 2015, P1 is believed to have recorded a net loss of approximately RM60 million, which is about 20% higher than the RM49.8 million net loss it recorded during the three months ended Dec 31, 2014.
[These numbers were derived using Green Packet's financial results, where it reported that its "share of net losses of associates" were RM18.57 million and RM15.5 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2015 and Dec 31, 2014, respectively. Green Packet still has a 31.1% stake in P1].
CIMB Research, in its report, said it expects TM's earnings dilution from P1 to build up significantly over the next three years.
"Overall, we forecast that TM's EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation) margins will decline from 33.2% in 2014 to 32.8%, 32.4% and 31.2% in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively, after factoring in the dilution from P1," it said.
YTL Comms to be profitable soon?
For YTL Comms, it's all about 1BestariNet
Will TD-LTE make a difference for YTL Comms?
1BestariNet becomes political hot-button issue
YES 4G
YTL Comms
Wing K. Lee
YTL Power
1BestariNet
Packet One
MDEC Announces Appointments Of Four Industry Trailblazers To Its Board
Aerodyne Group Invests in Top Australian Drone Inspection Company – Sensorem
Aerodyne divests stake in Denmark-based wind turbine inspection company, AtSite
By Karamjit Singh April 3, 2020
Digerati50: Elain Lockman finds her buzz in democratising investments
By Dzof Azmi September 12, 2020


text:
Cyber-security graduates now hot property on the job street
Demand for graduates specialising in cyber security has shot up to an all time high, and universities are introducing these programmes to cater to the growing requirements. Devina Sengupta&Sreeradha D Basu | ET Bureau | June 30, 2017, 08:48 IST
A spate of recent ransomware attacks such as WannaCry and Petya has led corporate India scrambling to hire cyber-security experts to protect their IT systems.
Demand for graduates specialising in cyber security has shot up to an alltime high, and universities and educational institutes are introducing these programmes to cater to the growing requirements.
Students from the 2017 batch of the Gujarat Forensic Sciences University in Gandhinagar with degrees such as M. Tech in Cyber Security & Incident Response and M.Sc. in Digital Forensics & Information Assurance received 70 offers from companies such as Reliance Industries, EY, KPMG, Deloitte, PwC, Adobe and Axis Bank. Last year, only 30 students were placed.
"The demand for cyber-security specialists has shot up so much after the recent spate of cyber-attacks that six companies have already rolled out about 30 pre-placement offers to batch 2018," said Digvijaysinh Rathod, training and placement officer at the university.
Ransomware attacks typically lock down computers until money is paid to free them. The Petya strike earlier this week came after the WannaCry attack in May, shutting down thousands of computers globally and in some cases, crippling company operations. Analysts said cyber-attacks are now common and India requires more than just traditional network specialists.
"We need advanced malware analysts, incident response analysts and specialists who are post-breach experts," said Rajpreet Kaur, a senior research analyst at Gartner. To feed into this demand, colleges are rolling out cyber-security courses. The SP Jain School of High Technology in Mumbai started a cyber-security and data security specialist programme this year. Two months of this six-month course will be spent interning with various companies.
Demand is seen from almost all software companies and even from startups. "This has been our hottest branch as far as queries are concerned. We have to invest in technology and training experts who are already high in demand," said Suneel Sharma, director of professional programmes at the institute.
The National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, too, had its first batch of students in M.Tech Computer Engineering specialising in cyber-security.
Rajkamal Vempati, head of human resources at Axis Bank, said its campus intake for cyber professionals has increased. It hired 20 people from five campuses including Centre for Development of Advanced Computing in Pune and Bengaluru, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, and Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology, Pune. It is in talks with two firms and plans to set up a skills academy with one of them for cyber-security training. The bank also gets its employees coached by specialised cyber-security experts.
Salaries for cyber-security professionals are higher than those offered for regular tech roles. "For campus recruits, we pay around Rs 7 lakh. For hiring in lateral roles, these professionals usually command a 15-20% premium," said Vempati.
Consulting firms are on a talent buying spree across countries such as the US, the UK and Israel, which have trained specialists in cyber-security. In the past year, EY has hired expats at senior levels and tied up with global universities for both education and hiring purposes.
"Getting cyber-security specialists has never been more important. We have a team of around 450 and will hire 50-60% more in next one year," said Neville M Dumasia, deputy advisory leader at EY India.
Competitor Deloitte has its own strategy. SV Nathan, chief talent officer at Deloitte India, said his firm prefers hiring people with 5-6 years of experience, who are certified in ethical hacking and well-versed in the business.
Nathan estimated industry demand for cyber-security experts could go up by 50% and beyond in light of the recent events.
Tags : Internet, cyber-security, wannacry, Ransomware, Jobs, hacking


The Diving Comedy – Of diving, travel, food, humor, and more….
Pi brought so big a crop of roselle fruits. I made them into homemade roselle tea and roselle jam. Here are the recipes!
Fun learning (and hopefully, preserving) the making of terracotta craft in Alor Regency, eastern Indonesia.
Tambah satu lagi menu dari lezatnya makanan laut mentah, lawar marlin, dari Gianyar, Bali.
Resensi film A Man Called Ahok yang ditonton di bioskop legendaris Denpasar Cineplex.
Recipe of tuna belly sashimi: it does not take long to prepare the menu fast and even takes a lesser amount of time to eat it!


text:
Q: Use result of Get-WMIObject to do nslookup The purpose of my script is:

*

*Ask the user for input (in this case a username)

*Run Get-WMIObject Win32_Serverconnection and filter on username

So far so good, I get the result I'm looking for. BUT sometimes computername contains an IPv4 address, sometimes a hostname and sometimes an IPv6 address.
If it shows up as an IPv6 address, it's useless for the purpose of the script so I thought I would use nslookup in the end to get the proper information.
But when I assign the result of Get-WMIOBject to a variable I cant seem to use the variable with nslookup.
The results usually includes several computernames (hostnames) and when nslookup runs it includes the string computername=. So it can't resolve.
Example:
cant resolve {@computername=[85.23.444.200]}

Sorry that I can't provide you with my code so far but I have it at work and I'm at home right now.

A: nslookup is a CMD application and while you can create variables from PowerShell objects and pass them as strings to CMD apps doing anything after that is difficult because the output is text not object based. You're much better off using the PowerShell Resolve-DNSName.
You have two options. You can do it as a script:
$What = Get-WmiObject -class Win32_ServerConnection

$What | % {
    $ComputerName = (Resolve-DNSName $_.ComputerName).NameHost
    $ComputerName
}

Or as a one liner:
Get-WmiObject -class Win32_ServerConnection | Select *,@{n='Hostname';e={(Resolve-DnsName $_.ComputerName).NameHost}}

Which will add an additional property called 'Hostname' with the resolved DNS name.
Disclaimer: Resolve-DNSName is only available on Windows Server 2012 R2 / Windows 8.1 and newer. On older machines you would need to use something like [Net.DNS]::GetHostEntry("IP"). In any case nslookup should be avoided if you want to do anything useful with the information without doing a bunch of conversion.
To demonstrate the difference:
[nick@nick-lt scripts]# $resolve = Resolve-DnsName 8.8.8.8
[nick@nick-lt scripts]# $resolve

Name                           Type   TTL   Section    NameHost
----                           ----   ---   -------    --------
8.8.8.8.in-addr.arpa           PTR    1772  Answer     google-public-dns-a.google.com

[nick@nick-lt scripts]# Test-NetConnection $resolve.NameHost

ComputerName           : google-public-dns-a.google.com
RemoteAddress          : 8.8.8.8
InterfaceAlias         : Ethernet
SourceAddress          : 10.87.102.133
PingSucceeded          : True
PingReplyDetails (RTT) : 60 ms

[nick@nick-lt scripts]# $nslookup = nslookup 8.8.8.8
[nick@nick-lt scripts]# $nslookup
Server:  redacted
Address:  10.87.1.11

Name:    google-public-dns-a.google.com
Address:  8.8.8.8

[nick@nick-lt scripts]# Test-NetConnection $nslookup.name
Resolve-DnsName : Cannot validate argument on parameter 'Name'. The argument is null or empty. Provide an argument that is not null or empty, and then try the command again.
At C:\WINDOWS\system32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\Modules\NetTCPIP\Test-NetConnection.psm1:315 char:74
+ ... ctionResult.DNSOnlyRecords = @( Resolve-DnsName $ComputerName -DnsOnl ...
+                                                     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    + CategoryInfo          : InvalidData: (:) [Resolve-DnsName], ParameterBindingValidationException
    + FullyQualifiedErrorId : ParameterArgumentValidationError,Microsoft.DnsClient.Commands.ResolveDnsName

Once you start using CMD applications you're ability to use the results between steps in your script becomes far more complicated.


When it comes to Great British cooking, there is one dish that has been a family favourite for decades, the humble crumble.
Crumbles became popular in Britain during World War II when the crumble topping was an economical alternative to pies due to shortages of pastry ingredients as the result of rationing. To further reduce the use of rationed flour, fat and sugar, breadcrumbs or oatmeal could be added to the crumble mix. The dish was also popular due to its simplicity.
With its humble origins and spirit of British frugality, we can't think of a more perfect dish for turning leftovers from a Sunday Roast into a bowl of pure comfort.
Heat the butter in a saucepan. Add the onion and brown for about 5 minutes, then add the garlic and gently cook without colouring further.
Add the leeks and bacon lardons and cook until the leeks are tender.
In a separate pan melt 40g of butter. Once melted, stir in the flour and cook over a low heat for 5 minutes until the roux takes a sandy texture.
Add a ladle of the stock and whisk in vigorously. It will thicken rapidly so continue to add stock and heat until simmering, stirring all the time. At this point, you should have a thick sauce.
Stir in the mustard, cream, salt and pepper followed by the chicken and peas. Continue to cook on a low heat for 5 minutes.
To make the topping, place all the ingredients except the cheese and oats in the bowl of a food processor.
Pulse until the ingredients are combined and the texture of sand. Add the cheese and oats and pulse to combine.
Pour the filling into the bottom of a suitably sized dish and top with the crumble topping.
Place in the oven and cook for 25-30 minutes until the filling starts to bubble up at the sides of the dish.


text:
HomeCardiff West NewsOfficial launch of Life Sciences Wales Hub – a catalyst for growth
Official launch of Life Sciences Wales Hub – a catalyst for growth
The launch of the Life Sciences Wales Hub marks a key milestone in the drive to accelerate the growth of the sector, increase its contribution to the economy by more than £1billion annually, creating jobs and attracting inward investment.
The Hub – based in the heart of Cardiff Bay – is the latest initiative by the Welsh Government to support this key sector which is already benefiting from the £100m Wales Life Sciences Investment Fund and the £50million Ser Cymru strategy.
Economy Minister Edwina Hart said:
"The Hub will be the central resource for the entire sector throughout Wales providing an unparalleled level of co-ordinated support, advice and finance. It will be a centre for collaboration, innovation and investment – by business, by academia, by clinicians – and is backed by the Welsh Government and the sector itself.
" The rewards for success in life sciences are huge – delivering dual benefits in terms of health and wealth. The Sector Panel is confident that our approach will deliver significant business growth and obvious economic benefits for the whole of Wales and I concur.
"Swift progress has been made on implementing recommendations in both our science and sector panel strategies. We are delivering for Wales, we have a collective ambition, a shared vision and a strong strategy to build on what is already a vibrant and dynamic sector in Wales."
The Hub has four clear goals:
•To connect and concentrate the Life Sciences sector in Wales
•To attract new Life Sciences opportunities and investment
•To nurture and accelerate the growth of Life Sciences businesses in Wales
•To create economic growth, wealth and new jobs
It will be the focus for collaboration and interaction, attracting inward investment, supporting start-ups, expanding existing businesses and promoting the sector globally.
Global companies like Johnson & Johnson Innovation and GE Healthcare have already signed up as Hub members alongside NHS Wales, Arthurian Life Sciences which manages the Wales Life Sciences Investment Fund, Finance Wales and BBI Healthcare. Professional services are represented by Geldards (lawyers), Withers and Rogers (Intellectual Property attorneys) and Broomfield Alexander (professional advisors).
Managed by the Life Sciences Wales Hub Ltd led by Chief Operating Officer Dr Ian Barwick, it will be supported by a strong Board, chaired by Prof. Chris McGuigan, providing expertise and strategic direction and advice.
Professor Chris McGuigan, said:
"Wales has excellent credentials in the Life Sciences with world leading companies, internationally renowned excellence in research in our Universities and hundreds of highly innovative SMEs. The Life Sciences Hub is the catalyst for growth, supporting Life Sciences innovation and cutting edge research in Wales. If you are in Life Sciences and in Wales you need to be in the Hub."
The Hub at 3 Assembly Square will provide access to the Welsh Government's Life Sciences team, representatives of the Wales Life Sciences Investment Fund, with professional services, patent agents and technology transfer specialists.
Facilities at the Hub include high-quality meeting space with wifi access, accommodation for hosting events and training, video conferencing and a media room.


This unique blend from Vega Badenes works extremely well and here they have produced a light red, full of red berry character that is an admirable quaffing wine. The aromas are bright and fruity, the palate soft, well fruited and chewy with light, inobtrusive tannins. It lasts well in the finish and leaves a pleasant, fruity aftertaste. Ideal for parties, barbecues and just about any occasion.


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MSM brings the world to Maastricht
Maastricht School of Management
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More information about the MSM: http://www.msm.nl/
Maastricht School of Management welcomed 34 new students from 23 different countries into the one-year MBA program in Maastricht, the Netherlands. During their introduction period (before the academic pressure cooker 2014-2015 starts) the students worked on this music video. This creative project gave them a chance to collaborate, to create a strong team spirit and to get to know each other in an environment where they can learn, live and interact.
MSM's Master programs focus on academic skills, which creates opportunities to boost the career and intellectual growth of the participants. The film was shot in Maastricht, a cosmopolitan city in the heart of Europe, connected to world trade and the epoch-making events of history for over 20 centuries.
For more information about the MSM Study Programs: http://www.msm.nl/program/program/
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What does the doctrine of fictional fulfilment mean for the purchaser who fails to obtain a bond?
Most contracts of sale have a clause with a suspensive conditions in terms whereof the transaction will only proceed if the purchaser obtains a loan from a financial institution. What is the legal position where the purchaser simply fails to apply for the loan or after applying fails to co-operate to have the application for the loan granted?
If there is such a condition the purchaser has a duty to take all reasonable steps to fulfil the suspensive conditions by obtaining the loan, irrespective of whether the agreement stipulates such an express duty. If he then fails to do so the doctrine of fictional fulfilment applies in terms of which the condition will then be deemed to have been fulfilled.
The doctrine applies when there has been bad faith and where there has been a deliberate intention no matter the motive, unless the terms of the contract and the surrounding circumstances indicate the contrary, to prevent a condition from being fulfilled.
This doctrine was also applied in the decision of Du Plessis & Smith NNO v Goldco Motor & Cycle Supplies 2008 SCA 372. The judgement, handed down by the Supreme Court of Appeal, dealt with a case where an attorney delayed the drafting of the documents for the exercise of an option to purchase by the tenant on instructions of the landlord to ensure that the option period lapses. The court found that the doctrine of fictional fulfilment should be applied with the consequence that the option was deemed to have been exercised.
What does real rights of extension in a sectional title scheme entail?
What is a 'rouwkoop' clause?


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Types of Connection, Usually circuits exceeding two elements have two standard kinds of relations: parallel and series. A series circuit is often a circuit where components are attached along just 1 path, so the present flows through a single element to reach the next one. In some circuit, voltages add up to those components connected in the circuit board, and currents will be the same through all elements. In a parallel circuit, each unit is directly connected to the power source, so every device receives precisely the identical voltage. The present in a very parallel circuit flows over each parallel branch also re-combines once the branches meet again.
Tips to Draw Good-looking Wiring Diagrams, A good wiring diagram must be correct and clear to read. Take care of all of the info. By way of example, the diagram must show the ideal direction from the positive and negative terminals of each part. Use the perfect symbols. Learn the significance in the basic circuit symbols and assess the most effective ones to use. A few of the symbols have close look. You have to discover a way to inform the gaps before applying them. Draw connecting wires as straight lines. Use a dot to tip line intersection, or utilize line jumps to signify cross lines that aren't connected. Label components such as resistors and capacitors using the own values. Make certain the text positioning appears clean. In general it's better to put the positive (+) distribution to the top, and also the negative (-) distribution at the base, in addition to the logical stream from left to right. Attempt to tidy up the placement reducing cable crossings.
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Transport, Airports
The Future of Miami's Proposed Airport City Is Mired in Politics
Patricia Mazzei, Miami Herald
- Feb 19, 2014 1:30 pm
The proposed project, if started when it was proposed, would have made Miami a leader in airport city design. And it's a project that will boost local business making it smart to resolve political issues sooner than later.
For more than two years, Cuban exile politics have dogged a major development project that, as it was conceived, could have brought more than half a billion dollars in revenue over the next five decades to Miami International Airport.
Odebrecht USA, the contractor that would build Airport City, has indirect ties to Cuba through its Brazilian parent company, which has an affiliate expanding the port of Mariel and trying to revive the island's sugar industry.
Though they have stalled the project, none of the political maneuvers targeting the Coral Gables-based Odebrecht USA — including a Florida law declared unconstitutional — have killed it. So this time, a Miami-Dade County commissioner is trying a different tack: Instead of going after the contractor, he's going after the much-diminished project.
Commissioner Esteban "Steve" Bovo, a Cuban-American Republican whose father is a veteran of the Bay of Pigs invasion, wants the county to consider potential alternatives to Airport City — essentially, trying to find a way to get Odebrecht USA out of the picture.
The airport recently asked to downsize the hotel and commercial development project to about nine acres from more than 33 acres, making it more of an airport village than a city.
Still, despite that re-negotiation, Bovo has argued that the economy has dramatically improved since the project was first proposed in 2008, and other developers recovered from the recession might be able to offer a better deal.
"This is prime real estate," Bovo said last month.
The commissioner wants a report from Mayor Carlos Gimenez's administration in two months suggesting other possible choices for the property just east of MIA's terminals and parking garages. Bovo had originally hoped to scrap the plans altogether, though opposition from some of his colleagues prompted him to soften his approach.
Two years ago, Miami-Dade Republican lawmakers passed state legislation in Tallahassee targeting Odebrecht USA that would have prohibited local governments from awarding contracts worth at least $1 million to U.S.-based companies with subsidiaries in Cuba or Syria. Odebrecht USA challenged the law in federal court, where it was ruled unconstitutional. It was never enforced.
Bovo, a former state representative from Hialeah, has been pushing back against Odebrecht USA since shortly after he was elected to the commission in 2011, when he voted to give the firm a $57 million contract to rebuild PortMiami wharves. After learning of the parent company's affiliate working in Cuba, Bovo reversed his vote.
It's a position Bovo has been vocal about since then.
"Miami-Dade County should not be doing work with entities that are doing business with governments that basically have no respect for human rights," Bovo told the Miami Herald in 2012, echoing a sentiment he has repeated from the dais. "It's Cuba. It's Syria. It's Sudan."
That year, he put a nonbinding question on the ballot asking if the county should ban the hiring of companies that "actively" do business with state sponsors of terrorism (such as Cuba). A 62-percent majority of voters said yes.
Hiring companies connected to Cuba has long been a politically fraught issue at County Hall. In 2000, a federal judge struck down a county law that tried to deny funding to nonprofits with ties to the island.
In 2007, county attorneys advised that Miami-Dade couldn't consider Cuba ties in awarding the PortMiami tunnel project. It went to Bouygues Travaux Publics, a French firm whose affiliate built 11 resorts on the island in ventures with the Cuban military.
Odebrecht USA has been prolific in building county projects, including the airport's North and South terminals, AmericanAirlines Arena and the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts. Recently, the company has been doing roadwork on the MacArthur Causeway from the Florida Department of Transportation to accommodate tunnel traffic, and building a new runway at Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport for Broward County.
Bovo's proposal will not be the only one coming before the commission for a vote Wednesday. A competing resolution from Commissioner Dennis Moss asks the county to make good on Airport City and finally ink the agreements to begin construction.
Airport administrators have said cementing a deal, even with its much-reduced scope, is important for MIA to tap a new source of revenues. Odebrecht USA would privately finance construction of a hotel and shopping center, and share the rent profits with the county. Money from those types of non-aeronautical sources allow the airport to keep the landing fees charged to airlines low, thus attracting more business.
Moss has stressed that the county should follow through with the project as a matter of principle after it selected a contractor and spent time and money negotiating a deal. Otherwise, "what kind of message are we sending to the business community?" he said last week.
He added that Miami-Dade should not leave Odebrecht USA hanging after the firm was willing to invest in Airport City during the economic downturn.
"They responded during the most difficult times that we've had," Moss said.
Odebrecht USA declined an interview request. It released a list of bullet points it calls a "fact sheet" that, among other things, says that it would be unfair for the county to allow new developers to weigh in now that they have had a chance to see Odebrecht USA's project concepts and finances.
The original, $512 million Airport City called for a hotel-conference center, shopping center, gas station and pet spa on 33 acres of county-owned land. It was expected to bring in nearly $580 million to the airport over Odebrecht USA's 40-year agreement, with an option to renew for 10 more years.
Odebrecht pitched the Airport City idea — similar to existing ones in places like Frankfurt and Dubai — and was one of two contenders that made presentations to the county in 2009. Odebrecht was ranked higher than Megaladon Development and won the right to negotiate terms with MIA.
Lengthy negotiations made way for approval by the Federal Aviation Administration, which took about a year to sign off on the plans.
Despite the federal OK, the project has been in limbo since one of its champions, former Aviation Director Jose Abreu, retired last year. His successor, Emilio Gonzalez, was aware of Airport City's political pitfalls and last last year re-negotiated the agreements with Odebrecht USA.
As part of those updated plans, Gonzalez proposed reducing Airport City to nine acres, leaving MIA with 24 acres to expand its airfield and build new parking for airplanes.
In his annual briefing last week on the status of the airport, Gonzalez characterized the new, nine-acre Airport City as the "best of both worlds."
(c)2014 The Miami Herald. Distributed by MCT Information Services.
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Tags: miami, politics
Photo Credit: American Airlines jets are parked at the various gates of Miami International Airport (MIA) on Tuesday, September 18, 2012 in Miami, Florida. Carl Juste / Miami Herald/MCT
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Computer and internet pioneer Robert Taylor dies at 85 – CNET
Robert Taylor, tech innovator. Gardner Campbell via Wikipedia CC. Robert Taylor, a computer scientist who was instrumental in the creation of the internet and modern computer, has died. He was 85. Taylor, who had suffered from Parkinson's disease, died …
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