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12 Drunk Driving Statistics & Facts in the US – 2023 Update
Note: This article's statistics come from third-party sources and do not represent the opinions of this website.
Are today's drivers are more careless than ever before? Do you believe that freedom and technology make our roads far more dangerous?
Driving while intoxicated (commonly referred to as DWI) is a serious crime throughout the United States. It can lead to injury, and in many cases, death. It also leads to a longer jail time and other hefty fines.
Since the early days, drunk driving has been a critical part of American culture. But many laws and social movements are working to combat this dangerous form of excessive alcohol consumption that can harm nearly all aspects of society.
The good news is that the number of drunk driving fatalities in the United States is declining based on statistics over the past two decades. The continued education on the dangers of drinking and driving, strict laws, and penalties are key factors why drunk driving death rates are down in the US.
Here are 12 drunk driving statistics and facts that you should know, including:
Number of Deaths Related to Drunk Driving
What Group Is More Prone To Drunk Driving
Teenagers Drinking and Driving Statistics in the US
Drunk Driving Damages
The 12 Biggest Drunk Driving Statistics and Facts in the US
About 1,000 children are killed by drunk drivers every year in the US.
Roughly 2,000 college students aged between 18 and 24 die every year from motor vehicle accidents and unintentional alcohol-related injuries.
29 people die in motor vehicle crashes involving alcohol-impaired drivers every day in the US.
In the US, the volume of drunk driving fatalities has reduced by 44% since 1985.
In 2019, 1,323 drivers under 21 died in alcohol-related car crashes.
Drunk drivers with a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of 0.10 are seven times more likely to be in a fatal accident than sober drivers.
45% of female drivers contact a friend or significant other to be driven home after drinking.
In high school, one in ten teenagers drinks and drives.
Teenage drunk drivers account for 17% of fatal alcohol-related road accidents.
Teenage drunk drivers aged 16 to 19 are three times more likely to be involved in a fatal accident at night than adult drivers aged 30 to 59 years.
Drunk driving costs more than $44 billion in damages every year in the US.
In the US, drunk driving fatalities are more prevalent in urban areas than rural areas.
You're welcome to use our images, but we require you link directly to this site for credit (ex. Image from House Grail)
1. About 1000 children are killed by drunk drivers every year in the US.
(NIAAA)
Treating drinking and driving like a normal activity that kids learn from their parents is a big problem. Many people don't think twice about letting a kid ride with a friend who's been drinking, but that can be deadly for any child.
Drunk drivers cause accidents that claim the lives of over 1000 children annually. Tough laws are being put into place to curb this behavior on the roadways. Many cities have passed ordinances that make it illegal to drive while under the influence.
Image Credit: pimgmoon, Pixabay
2. Roughly 2,000 college students aged between 18 and 24 die every year from motor vehicle accidents and unintentional alcohol-related injuries.
(COLLEGE DRINKING PREVENTION)
It's recommended that college students should not drink and drive since they are more prone to accidents. Instead, they should use other means of transportation because the risks are too high.
It's because alcohol is a factor in many traffic accidents. Many college students do not know how much alcohol can affect their driving skills. It's crucial to discuss this with them.
3. 29 people die in motor vehicle crashes involving alcohol-impaired drivers every day in the US.
(MADD)
Although alcohol-impaired driving has declined in the United States, it continues to be a massive problem. Drivers and passengers are still dying due to alcohol-related car crashes daily.
That translates to tens of thousands of people dying each year in motor vehicle crashes and hundreds of thousands more injured. Twenty-nine deaths related to drunk driving accidents is a huge number. Each drunk driving fatality affects families, friends, and an entire community.
4. In the US, the volume of drunk driving fatalities has reduced by 44% since 1985.
(NHTSA)
The volume of drunk driving fatalities has been decreasing for over two decades. But there is still plenty that can be done to reduce the number of accidents.
Driving while under the influence is not just dangerous; it's also illegal in many other ways. The number of fatalities caused by drunk driving had been rising for some time. But recently, the number of fatalities has started to reduce, given the strict measures put in place by the government.
Image Credit: akreyche, Pixabay
What Group Is More Prone To Drunk Driving?
5. In 2019, 1,323 drivers under 21 died in alcohol-related car crashes.
(IIHS)
Young drivers under 21 years of age have a higher risk of driving while drunk and getting into an accident than older drivers. Recent statistics show that over 1,300 young drivers die in car crashes related to alcohol consumption. Countless more people are affected by the death of those young people.
6. Drunk drivers with a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of 0.10 are seven times more likely to be in a fatal accident than sober drivers.
(DMV)
The legal limit of alcohol levels permissible for driving a car in the United States is 0.08% Blood Alcohol Content (BAC). If your BAC is equal to or more than this, legally, you are considered drunk. A drunk driver can be expected to exhibit some impairment in reaction time, motor skills, and judgment when driving.
Tens of thousands of people die from drunk driving each year. That's why it's crucial to know the facts about this epidemic and how you can prevent those statistics from becoming your own.
7. 45% of female drivers contact a friend or significant other to be driven home after drinking.
New research by NHTSA shows that nearly half of all female drivers aged between 18 and 29 contact a friend or significant other to be driven home after taking alcohol.
It goes further to state that young male adults are more prone to drunk driving accidents compared to their female counterparts. This is understandable given that females take more precautions and rarely drive themselves if they are drunk.
8. In high school, one in ten teenagers drinks and drives.
(TEEN DRIVER RESOURCE)
It's illegal for minors to drink and drive. But unfortunately, many teens do so. According to statistics from Teen Driver Resource, many high school students who drink alcohol reported driving within an hour of consuming alcohol.
It's a serious issue that leads to injuries or even death if not addressed. Teens have a much higher rate of crash involvement than any other group. It can be attributed to their inexperience.
Although the proportion of traffic accidents caused by drunk driving has declined in the US, drunk driving remains the leading cause of death among teenagers.
Image Credit: gdbaker, Pixabay
9. Teenage drunk drivers account for 17% of fatal alcohol-related road accidents.
(TALKITOUTNC)
It's a sobering thought. Young people aged between 15 and 24 are involved in almost one-fifth of all fatal alcohol-related traffic accidents. In some areas, the numbers are even higher.
Teen drunk drivers may be putting themselves at risk and hurting their friends and family, who often have to live with the consequences of an accident.
10. Teenage drunk drivers aged 16 to 19 are three times more likely to be involved in a fatal accident at night than adult drivers aged 30 to 59 years.
Teenagers are more likely to drink and drive at night than during the day. The late-night hours are when they are most likely to have unsupervised access to alcohol instead of during the day when they may be in school or work environments where drinking is prohibited.
This explains the phenomenon where they are more involved in night accidents than daytime crashes.
11. Drunk driving costs more than $44 billion in damages every year in the US.
(CDC)
Drunk driving is expensive economically and in terms of lives lost. The costs of drunk driving have been rising over the years. It's expected to rise if people continue to drink and drive.
Drinking driving costs include monetary costs such as fines, legal fees, and insurance rates. We also have intangible costs, such as loss of life, injury, and accidents that affect family members for years to come.
It doesn't matter if you are commuting to your workplace. The risk of an accident when you're drunk is high. Even when you are just driving around your hometown, there's a likelihood of an accident if the driver is drunk. Simply, avoid drunk driving.
Image Credit: blende12, Pixabay
12. In the US, drunk driving fatalities are more prevalent in urban areas than rural areas.
There are several reasons why urban areas have higher rates of drunk driving accidents than rural areas, such as the traffic environment. Primarily, urban areas have higher traffic volumes, reduced roadway capacity per mile, and more vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per capita.
It is not a mystery as to why this is so. More people live in urban areas where centers provide easy access to bars, nightclubs, and other places where alcohol is served.
Additionally, there are more cars on the road in urban areas, and when one of these drivers is intoxicated, the danger they pose to others is magnified.
Frequently Asked Questions about Drunk Driving in the US
Can you get automobile insurance after you're convicted of drunk driving?
Many states will not allow convicted drunk drivers to carry automobile insurance for several years. However, some insurers will allow you to get car insurance after being convicted of drunk driving.
Others will have your driver's license suspended or revoked if convicted. Those insurers will base their decision on the number of drunk driving accidents you may have caused. Getting back your automobile insurance after you've been convicted of a DUI charge can be a daunting process.
Note that depending on your state, if you're caught while driving with an uninsured car after your insurance has been revoked, you may face more charges.
(HARVATIN LAW)
Image Credit: victrixia, Pixabay
Why is drunk driving so common in the US?
Everyone likes to party and have a good time, but sometimes people take it too far. One of the reasons drunk driving is common in the US today is because they have an abundance of alcohol compared to many other countries.
Driving while under the influence of alcohol is a major issue in the US. Drunk drivers cause the deadliest accidents. Thousands of people in the country lose their lives every year due to drunk driving incidents.
(EMPATHY DEFENSE)
What is the punishment for drunk driving in the US?
If you are arrested for drunk driving, the court can order you to pay a hefty fine. The amount of money you have to pay differs depending on several factors.
These include the state you live in, whether this was your first offense, and how long ago it was. Also, it'll depend on whether you caused any personal injury or death. These are some considerations that courts look at when determining the fine for drunk driving offenses.
It is illegal to drive a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. Since every state has unique laws in this regard, you need to check what exactly constitutes drunk driving in your jurisdiction. Also, check what punishment you're subject to for the offense.
What does the term 'blood alcohol level' mean?
The term 'blood alcohol level' is commonly used to refer to the amount of alcohol present in a person's body. It does not refer to the quantity of alcohol in a single serving of beer, wine, or hard liquor.
Tolerance levels for individuals will vary. People who weigh 200 pounds can drink twice as much as someone who weighs 100 pounds and still have a blood alcohol level below .08%, the legal limit for intoxication, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). This law does not apply to minors, under 21 years old or commercial drivers.
What would happen if you decline to take a breathalyzer test due to drunk driving?
If you get stopped for drunk driving, the police officer will ask you to take a breathalyzer test. You can refuse to take it. But it can have some serious consequences if convicted of drunk driving.
If you are charged with refusing the breathalyzer test, there are still ways that you can fight the charges and possibly even avoid jail time. Contact a criminal defense lawyer in your area today for more information on what would happen if you decline to take a breathalyzer test.
(LAWINFO)
Which state in the US is drunk driving more prevalent?
A new study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention finds that Wyoming has the highest drunk driving rates in the United States.
Many people have lost family members, friends, and colleagues to drunk drivers. It's a big concern that many organizations are working to prevent.
How much beer does it take for a driver to be unfit to drive?
The amount of alcohol it takes to get someone drunk varies depending on gender and body weight, among other factors. But, most people agree that the legal limit of 0.08 percent blood-alcohol content is best described as "a lot."
According to statistics from Gorelick, it takes one beer for every six pounds of your body weight. But if you're a woman, it will take three beers for every ten pounds of your body weight.
Of course, everyone's body is different, and this is just an estimate. But it's good information to keep in mind the next time you are tempted to drive after drinking.
(GORELICK)
Image Credit: geralt, Pixabay
How Drunk Driving Affects the Society in the US
There are many effects that drunk driving can have on society. A lot of accidents occur due leading to loss of life and property.
It is not just the drunk driver but also others on the road who may be affected by such behavior.
Treating this problem requires a comprehensive approach. It's not just the responsibility of people who drink or their family members to prevent drunk driving. It's also the responsibility of law enforcement, health care professionals, educators, community leaders, and the media.
They must work together to create awareness among the general public about the seriousness of drunk driving and its consequences. The financial loss suffered by victims of drunk drivers is so much to bear, leave alone losing a loved one in an accident due to driving under the influence of alcohol.
Related Read: 16 Truck Accident Statistics And Facts
Accidents happen. You can't control what other people do behind the wheel. But you can choose not to drink and drive.
It may seem like a no-brainer, but the facts regarding drunk driving should be shared out there. It's still a major problem in the US. And, while it can be hard to read statistics and facts such as these, they go a long way toward educating everyone on the dangers of drunk driving.
Drunk driving kills tens of thousands of Americans every year. It recurs from year to year, regardless of which faction controls Congress or the White House. Awareness campaigns have done much to raise public knowledge about the problem.
But drunk driving remains a widespread and dangerous issue. Unless this number is reduced, more traffic fatality facts like these will surface each year.
You might also be interested in: 10 Drunk Driving vs. High Driving Statistics and Facts
COLLEGE DRINKING PREVENTION
NHTSA
IIHS
TEEN DRIVER RESOURCE
TALKITOUTNC
HARVATIN LAW
EMPATHY DEFENSE
LAWINFO
GORELICK
Featured Image Credit: Pexels, Pixabay
1 The 12 Biggest Drunk Driving Statistics and Facts in the US
2 Number of Deaths Related to Drunk Driving
2.1 1. About 1000 children are killed by drunk drivers every year in the US.
2.2 2. Roughly 2,000 college students aged between 18 and 24 die every year from motor vehicle accidents and unintentional alcohol-related injuries.
2.3 3. 29 people die in motor vehicle crashes involving alcohol-impaired drivers every day in the US.
2.4 4. In the US, the volume of drunk driving fatalities has reduced by 44% since 1985.
3 What Group Is More Prone To Drunk Driving?
3.1 5. In 2019, 1,323 drivers under 21 died in alcohol-related car crashes.
3.2 6. Drunk drivers with a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of 0.10 are seven times more likely to be in a fatal accident than sober drivers.
3.3 7. 45% of female drivers contact a friend or significant other to be driven home after drinking.
4 Teenagers Drinking and Driving Statistics in the US
4.1 8. In high school, one in ten teenagers drinks and drives.
4.2 9. Teenage drunk drivers account for 17% of fatal alcohol-related road accidents.
4.3 10. Teenage drunk drivers aged 16 to 19 are three times more likely to be involved in a fatal accident at night than adult drivers aged 30 to 59 years.
5 Drunk Driving Damages
5.1 11. Drunk driving costs more than $44 billion in damages every year in the US.
5.2 12. In the US, drunk driving fatalities are more prevalent in urban areas than rural areas.
6 Frequently Asked Questions about Drunk Driving in the US
6.1 Can you get automobile insurance after you're convicted of drunk driving?
6.2 Why is drunk driving so common in the US?
6.3 What is the punishment for drunk driving in the US?
6.4 What does the term 'blood alcohol level' mean?
6.5 What would happen if you decline to take a breathalyzer test due to drunk driving?
6.6 Which state in the US is drunk driving more prevalent?
6.7 How much beer does it take for a driver to be unfit to drive?
7 How Drunk Driving Affects the Society in the US
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Halvvägs till framtiden är en sång skriven av Niklas Strömstedt. Den finns med på hans album med samma namn från 1992, men utgavs också som singel samma år. Halvvägs till framtiden var den första singeln från albumet.

Som B-sida till singeln valdes låten "Överallt och ingenstans". Singeln gavs ut i två olika format, 7" och CD, och på CD:n fanns även en singback-version av titelspåret med.

Halvvägs till framtiden tog sig 1992 in både på Svenska singellistan och på Svensktoppen. På singellistan nådde den 17:e plats som bäst. Den tog sig in på Svensktoppen den 20 september 1992 och toppade listan under fyra veckor mellan den 11 oktober och 7 november 1992. Sammanlagt låg den 13 veckor på listan, den sista tillsammans med ytterligare en sång av Strömstedt, "Bilderna av dej".

Låtlista
 7"

 "Halvvägs till framtiden"
 "Överallt och ingenstans"

 CD

 "Halvvägs till framtiden"
 "Överallt och ingenstans"
 "Halvvägs till framtiden" (singback-version)

Medverkande musiker
 Lars Danielsson
 Henrik Janson
 Mats Persson
 Niklas Strömstedt

Listplaceringar

Referenser

Svenska musiksinglar
Musiksinglar 1992
Svenska sånger
Sånger 1992
Svenskspråkiga sånger
Svensktoppsmelodier 1992
Låtar av Niklas Strömstedt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Calum of ISO Energy recently provided our consultants with their June lunchtime CPD (Continuing Professional Development).
When the consultants apply these renewable technologies in SAP they will have more of an understanding of the feasibility and the practical implications. For example, they learnt that if a ground source heat pump (which is too big) is installed, it can lead to the ground freezing!
Learning of the maintenance and payback costs for renewable technologies provided the consultants with a more holistic view, including the experience of these technologies at post-construction stage.
Would you like to provide our consultants with a lunchtime CPD? Please Contact us here to arrange.
Greg is a Senior Team Manager at DALTEC Ltd (our sister company) and has been with the company since those days when it operated from a shed in Jon's garden.
10 years of dedicated service to our clients and to our Company is a noteworthy achievement and to commemorate this milestone in Greg's career, the Director of DALTEC Ltd Fraser Hall, presented a personalised hip flask (Tin is the recognised tradition for a 10 year anniversary).


Robin Purcell AWS,NWS,MCWA Signatures. California Art Club Artist. Signature Artist Laguna Plein Air Painters Association. California watercolor landscape painter. Plein Air and Studio Works.
March was a wonderful month for plein air painting in the desert.
Incredible first spring here in Southern California.
The first three were all painted with a mile of each other in Coachella Valley. The fourth is Walker Canyon.
This is my ninth consecutive time in the Gold Medal Exhibition!
In presenting the 108th Annual Gold Medal Exhibition at the location of the former Pasadena Museum of California Art (PMCA), the California Art Club returns to the venue that previously presented eight installments of its signature event – including the historic 100th Annual Gold Medal Exhibition.
This Exhibition will also include several curated works from past SoCal-based NWS members: Art Riley, Barse Miller, Emil Kosa Jr., Hardy Gramatky, Jade Fon, James Green, Jake Lee, James Patrick, Marion Wachtel, Milford Zornes, Millard Sheets, Phil Dike, Phil Paradise, Ralph Hulett, Rex Brandt, Robert E. Wood.
The mountains in Southern California are younger and more angular than in Northern California where I have painted in the past.
The geometry of the rocks contrasts with the vegetation in a way that is very beautiful to me.
I often think of fabric as I paint these patterned places.
This group of professional fine artists are regionally and nationally known, have independently exhibited their works in museums and galleries throughout the country, and are members of national professional art organizations. Many of their works appear in national art publications, and some are included in recently published books such as California Light: Seascapes and Beach Towns. They continue to contribute to the artistic record of San Diego, especially documenting its vibrant maritime scene.
I am pleased to share that "Blue Ridge" has received the Plein Air Award the 10th Annual Signature American Watermedia International Exhibition. The exhibit was juried by Soon Y Warren. It is limited to artists who have achieved signature status in a select group of watercolor societies. I am fortunate enough to be a Signature Member of AWS,NWS and a Master Signature of the CWA (MCWA).
I am thrilled to be accepted this year as I am now living a few miles away instead of hundreds.
I will be at the reception this Saturday and hope to see Southern Californian friends there!
California has always been a mythic land of sunshine that stirred my imagination. A fortunate set of influences helped me arrive at my own style of interpreting the California Landscape. I was probably permanently warped by doing paint by numbers as a child. I fell hard for the work of the early California Impressionists, particularly Granville Redmond and William Wendt. Their work helped me to see the landscape as shapes. It is much easier for me to control hard edges with watercolor while painting outdoors. These factors led me to develop a style that simplifies what I see and organizes it into shimmering patches of color. I am a Plein Air Painter who goes outside to see colors and shapes from life so that I can change them in ways feel true to me and express my personal artistic vision.
Saint Mary's College Museum of Art "By Invitation Only"


DorjeShugden is a website providing a comprehensive background, history and lineage of Dorje Shugden and benefits of the practice. Dorje Shugden, a Tibetan Buddhist deity, has been publicly denounced by the Dalai Lama and is a source of controversy. Contact through the website.


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Q: Как записать текст в буфер обмена с помощью LUA? Каким образом я могу сделать это?

A: Скачайте winapi.dll и используйте документацию:
http://stevedonovan.github.io/winapi/api.html
local W = require 'winapi'
W.set_clipboard ("Send text to clipboard.")

скачать dll можно по ссылке: https://cloud.mail.ru/public/A8PS/Y2rfJ26LC

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Drag and drop images using jquery replacing them I have a very simple example of drag and drop images using jquery:
<!DOCTYPE HTML>

Drag the W3Schools image into the rectangle:

This is working fine, but the problem I have is that it is always showing the first image I drop and what I want is to replace the current image with the last one dropped. Basically, updating in real time the image I drag and drop in the div id="div1".
Thanks a lot in advance!

A: This is not JQuery, but ancient JavaScript.
And something else is happening here.
Whenever you drop an image on top of another, it's actually nested inside the previous one, like this:

You need to clear the area first, which means you need to grab hold of the parent, but I don't quite remember how that's supposed to work, but this does:
function drop(ev) {
   var dropzone = document.getElementById('div1');
   ev.preventDefault();
   var data = ev.dataTransfer.getData("text");
   if (dropzone.hasChildNodes())
      dropzone.innerHTML = "";
   dropzone.appendChild(document.getElementById(data));
}

If you are interested in drag-drop using jquery I would recommend this:
JQuery droppable


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Q: Prove that if $\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^2}(\textbf{a})\neq 0$ then $\textbf{a}$ cannot be extrimum of $f$ Let $f:\mathbb{R^2} \to \mathbb{R}$ in $C^2$ and harmonic. If $\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^2}(\textbf{a})\neq 0$ then $\textbf{a}$ cannot be  extrimum of $f$
i am not getting any idea..can someone help me with this problem

A: If $f$ is harmonic, then the trace of the Hessian matrix is zero. The trace is equal to the sum of the two eigenvalues, which are real. Since the Hessian is not zero at $a$, it must have a non-zero eigenvalue. Both properties together imply that the Hessian has one negative eigenvalue and one positive eigenvalue.


Fed-batch fermentation was conducted to overproduce human lipocortin-I (LC1) in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae controlled by the GAL10 promoter. To optimize the feeding strategy, various fed-batch culture modes were performed with concentrated feed media containing carbon mixtures of galactose (Gal) and glucose (Glu) at three different concentration ratios (Gal: Glu ratios): 9: 1, 1: 1, 1: 9. The cell growth, expression level of LC1, and the plasmid stability were investigated under these fed-batch culture modes. While both glucose and galactose were being fed to the fermentor, the glucose concentration in the culture broth was kept below 1 g/1 for efficient gene expression. High cell concentrations of greater than 100 g dry cell weight/1 were achieved with these fed-batch culture modes. A significant amount of intact LC1 was found to be secreted into the culture medium, but proteolytically cleaved products (des1-26-LC1) were also observed in the culture medium. The fed-batch fermentation with the feed medium at a Gal: Glu ratio of 1: 1 resulted in the highest LC1 total (intact LC1 + des1- 26-LC1) concentration of 500 mg/l, which corresponded to 1.73- and 1.83-fold increases over that produced with the media at Gal: Glu ratios of 1: 9 and 9: 1, respectively.


The patented system scratches of the dirt from tires, wheels and shoes when they pass over the ProfilGate grates and its unique angled brushes.
Dirt and foreign matter fall down and are simply collected in the capturing tray, underneath. The systems operates automatically and does not need any external energy supply.
HEUTE was established in Germany, already in 1905. In 1945, they developed and built the world's first fully automatic shoe shine machine for the hotel industry. Demand grew and over the years expanded to serial production, in order to keep up with the growing market. Until today, HEUTE still continues to produce the world's best shoe shine machines, but has also used the great in-house expertise to also manufacture sole cleaning systems, as well as custom made cleaning systems, for the automotive industry.


Discussion in 'Country Fruit Winemaking' started by M38A1, Aug 4, 2018.
I blame everyone on the board for my head-first dive into this new adventure of wine making.
I started my first 3 gallon strawberry after reading many other threads on how folks are doing this here. Yet I've not read anything about my situation thus the question(s). I know enough to get started and get it through PF, but now what?
This has been by far the fastest "pitch to done" for me. I still have another day to check it to verify the three days/no movement criteria then let it sit two more days before I have to do something. And from what I've read, some ferments will go this fast so I'm not too concerned. It's done when it's done and it appears to be done - sort of like slow smoking meats. So this is not an anomaly, right?
It's certainly not red like I would have thought before I read everyone else's comments on the color shift to pink/orange/grapefruit. I think this is to be expected. Speaking of grapefruit, it smells like grapefruit, rolls across the tongue nicely like a wine should, has a grapefruit flavor and a grapefruit aftertaste. Any idea what's going on here? Start with strawberries and get grapefruit? I'm thinking on ways to do an F-Pack of sorts yet haven't done that yet either. Simmer down some frozen strawberries, strain the juice and add it to the 3gal carboy? That might restart fermentation, right?
Currently it's sitting in PF with a towel over it, strawberries in a mesh brewers bag. I've got a few days to ponder what's next. I had planned originally on racking the gross lees/pulp off then let it sit for a week, then re-racking while adding 3 Campden tabs and let that sit 45 days in an airlock carboy, then re-rack again 60 days, and again in 45 days, bottle and age 6 months.
What does the hive mind here say I should be doing about the grapefruit flavor, an F-Pack and racking/bottle/age question?
I can't thank you all enough for getting me to this point. I have a few batches of various flavors going and I owe that progress to everyone here.
Question 1: Yes, it's done when it's done, your hydro won't lie.
Question 2: Citrus flavor is probably from using straight citric acid instead of acid blend, it's also young and unsweetened. Yes, and pack will likely restart fermentation, and adding a cooked one may set pectins in the fruit and make clearing difficult without pectic enzyme. You'll need to use sorbate prior to adding anything with sugar in it if you'd like to prevent further AF.
I'm no strawberry wine guru, but have read enough here to know that the flavors are light and adding water makes that more prevalent. Sweetening any fruit I've tends to bring out the natural flavors. Can't tell you how to get rid of the citrus taste.
Thanks, John. The acid blend was a mix from LD Carlson of food grade citric, magic and tartaric acid according to the label. I'm going to generally follow my above plan recording everything and see what happens after sitting a bit then stabilize/back-sweeten. This was fairly simple in ingredients and approach so I think it's good to see where it takes me and then the next batch I'll at least have a baseline from which to judge incremental changes. Again, thanks!
The color sounds ok too. Sort of a dark reddish orange is what i expect.
So you used acid blend? Your original post says "6tsp citric acid".
Terribly sorry for the confusion.... I should have said "acid blend". yeah, it's the details that I struggle with but am learning!
You mentioned that the color was light. Your recipe indicated 10 lbs strawberries for a 3 gal batch. I normally use around 4 to 5 lbs per gal. I am currently finishing up my last strawberry batch of the season and only had 12 to 14 pounds for a 5 gallon batch. The color is lighter than my previous batches. I did this lower lbs per gallon batch intentionally for unrelated reasons to this thread. You may want to up the fruit amount in your next batches.
What is the thoughts of the group on this aspect of his batch???
It's racked now and after 24hrs seems to be settling out nicely revealing a bit darker shade than originally in the PF. Or maybe it's because there's a gray wall behind it?
The juice concentrate seems like an option for down the road when I get to that point. Thx!
Hi, Im new to the site, but I am also making a strawberry at this time, Id love to compare notes as im not really sure how its coming along.
water added to have total 6 gallon must.
ph about 2.5-3 ..I want to get a narrow range paper, was using what I use at work which is full spectrum.
I also tasted it, I couldn't resist....didn't taste much like strawberry.. I see hear that back sweetening may help..
the questions I have are mainly in the ph/tartaric measurements.. I don't really know where I should be and what the effect on taste will be if I adjust up. Ive been told the acidity gives mouth feel...only problem is I have no idea what that is. Ive been to a lot of wine tastings only to realize that my taste buds are essentially blue collar and don't really get the adjectives they use. Im relying on the scientific measurables save me.
Also any advice you guys can offer on the back sweetening with potassium sorbate would be appreciated.
Man, I wish I knew more so I could help you out, but I'm pretty much in the same boat. Trial by fire and the fine folks on the board here have gotten me this far.
1) Use really ripe flavourful berries. The quality of the berry is very important. If it doesn't take like a sweet ripe berry in your mouth, it won't taste like that in a wine.
2) Use more berries than the recipe calls for. I use 1 gallon of berries for 1 gallon of wine. Not sure what that works out to for weight.
3) Make sure your ABV won't be too high in your final wine. The taste of the alcohol will overpower the delicate strawberry flavour.
4) Strawberries are meant to be sweet. If you try to make a dry wine, you might be disappointed. Pull a sample and backsweeten it and compare.
Scooter68 and Ignoble Grape like this.
I suggest reading the threads on this board and you can learn a ton of useful information about when and what to add.
These two are full of amazing details and will form the foundation for years of experiments. I keep going back to them.
I'm picking up a few flats on Monday - will be trying this out!
On 8/5 I racked to a carboy out of PF at three days of .990. Tossed three crushed Campden tablets in there and let it sit for five weeks. This past weekend I racked it to another carboy with 1/8th tsp k-meta. Couldn't resist a taste and my impression was a bit on the 'sour' side. I suppose that could be 'tart' too. Still has that bit of grapefruit hint. I'm leaning towards letting this run 30 days or so, then re-rack. It's certainly not clearing much anymore and still remains somewhat cloudy. Thought about tossing some sparkleoid at it and see what happens.
pork chop - wish I could help you on your O2 question more. I got lucky and had a tight headspace on mine.
Yep if it is still cloudy hit it with pectic now,.
Compare the juice from thawed berries to your wine. There is something that happens to strawberries that taste wonderful in the feild, after cutting them up and placing them in a bowl in the fridge. With out adding sugar they dont make yummy short cake. The same happens in wine. Strawberries aren't unique to this phenomenon. Adding juice may help but sugar will help more.
Ive started adding pectic enzyme to juices 12 to 24 hrs before adding, i think it helps it clear faster.
I recomend waiting to judge taste for at least a week after sweeting or flavoring. Others sweeten just prior to bottling. I think it takes time for the flavors blend.


text:
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Magazines » Ramsey County History Magazine: Volume 38-3 Fall 2003
Ramsey County History Magazine: Volume 38-3 Fall 2003
Ramsey County History magazine offers a wide variety of articles on the people, places and history of Ramsey County.
Volume 38, Number 3: Fall 2003
St. Paul Underground: The University Farm Experimental Cave and How St. Paul Became the Blue Cheese Capital of the World
Author: Greg A. Brick
Willes Combs, a professor of Dairy Industry at the University of Minnesota, was buying mushrooms at a West Side cave and saw that the humidity there was similar to the humidity in the caves in which France's famous Roquefort cheese was ripened. He decided to see if Minnesota could also produce a similar cheese. With a 1933 federal grant, the project turned out to be a great success, producing 10,000 pounds of the product. It was hoped it would help relieve the state's milk surplus. Combs suggested that St. Paul had enough cave space to fill the world's need for Roquefort cheese. Things lagged, but World War II cut off the supply from France and both Kraft and Land O' Lakes rented out caves. After the war, the University's research went in other directions and the cave went empty. The author also describes his 2003 visit to the caves.
PDF of Brick article
A Pillar of Modern Psychology: Alfred Adler and His 1937 Lecture at the Historic St. Paul Women's City Club
Author: Roger Ballou
This article tells the story of the time the St. Paul Women's City Club hosted a speech by famous psychologist Alfred Adler on March 8, 1937. The author provides background information about Adler and his approach to psychology as well as biographical details about Alice O'Brien, the Club's president. The dinner and talk on the main-floor auditorium was filled to capacity with 500 in attendance. The title of Adler's talk, "The Three Great Problems of Life," is explained.
PDF of Ballou article
'Laid to Rest by Strangers' Hands' Death in the Railroad Yards: The Century-old Mystery of a Beautiful Young Woman
Author: Susan C. Dowd
In the late evening on March 12, 1902, a young woman was run over by a train just west of the railway station at Dayton's Bluff. Local newspapers were filled with details and one headline read "Girl's Death a Mystery." She was not recognized and no one from the immediate area was reported missing. Physicians could only estimate her age and describe her clothing and couldn't tell if her death was accidental or a suicide. Visitors flooded the morgue to look at the corpse, but still no one knew her. A committee of club women arranged a funeral for the woman and provided a cemetery plot and headstone for her burial in Oakland Cemetery. The mystery remains unsolved.
PDF of Dowd article
Gibbs Museum Heritage Orchard and the Comeback of the Ancient Apple
Author: Ralph Thrane
This article deals with the history of apples, written by the resident horticulturist at the Gibbs Heritage Orchard. Thrane studied and sought out fruit that shows the diversity of the apples and that would also be resistant to Minnesota's cold weather. The article has a list and description of seventeen different apple varieties and short explanations of their heritage.
PDF of Thrane article
Growing Up in St. Paul: A Stroll Down Memory Lane: Payne Avenue in the 1950s—"It Was Like Living in a Small Town"
Author: DeAnne Marie Cherry
The author, who grew up in the 1950s at 973 Payne Avenue on St. Paul's East Side, relates a teenager's memories of her neighborhood and high school. The family lived in a rented apartment above a grocery store, shopped at Woolworth's and other small stores and banked locally. The teens had pajama parties, cherry cokes at the local drug store, attended Johnson High School dances, went to drive-in restaurants and movies and cruised in her car on weekends. Her memoir gives a sense of the neighborhood along Payne Avenue and its friendliness.
PDF of Cherry article
Stanley Gordon West, Growing an Inch (St. Paul: Lexington-Marshall Publishing, 2003).
Donald John Giese, The Carol Thompson Murder Case (New York: Scope Reports, 1969).
PDF of Book Reviews
PDF of Letters to the Editor

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We are positively surrounded by marvels of technology and digitalisation. Electricity lights up our lives, even carries us from point A to point B now. The internet has given us an entirely new and unique era of marketing – the digital era. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops give us the world of information in our very hands, ours for the taking with no hidden costs. Every facet of life imaginable has been fundamentally changed in some way or another, and every technological or digital innovation that has brought it all to life has been of importance. Of all the modern innovations to come to life, however, blockchain is easily one of the most influential – especially when one considers the widespread scale that it functions around and on. Blockchain is a system that makes it possible for digital data to be distributed without being copied. This is a truly impressive feat of technological advancement, and it is one that has already proven its value time and again – and across the board too, not just in its initial focus template.
Put quite simply, blockchain is essentially a series of immutable records which are time-stamped. Multiple computers are used to manage the blockchain, and none of the blockchain is carried through a single digital device. The pieces of digital data (the blocks) are bound to one another using cryptographic principles (the chain). Initially designed to support cryptocurrency, blockchain is now being understood as a key impactor for multiple instances including, as it turns out, syndicated loans. A syndicated loan is a loan that is provided by lenders. Structured, arranged, and carried out by one or multiple commercial or investment banks (also referred to as 'lead arrangers'), syndicated loans are special, different. It has long been thought that blockchain will revitalise the financial sector on a worldwide level. What is new, however, is the idea of blockchain as foundation for the process of syndicated loans.
When blockchain first started positively blowing up the financial industry, it was exciting for sure. And now, as blockchain is headed as the basis for processing syndicated loans going forward, it is even more thrilling. Recently, the first banks to test it have completed the first syndicated loan process on blockchain. Syndicated loans were first identified as a key use for blockchain in finance when the technology started to gain traction in the beginning. Now, banks are seizing the opportunity to use blockchain technology as a means of cutting costs and speeding up important processes and systems. With the network for the process of syndicated loans through blockchain being effectively secured by user codes, and the information going from A to B being time-stamped, the tech has achieved positive results so far, a promising beginning to what could prove to be a revolutionary innovation in finance.
When the loan contract is signed, a one-of-a-kind identifier is given. This unique code is subtly recorded on the Ethereum blockchain. This is how the blockchain fields its authenticity. Currently still in pilot mode, the tech is expected to roll out more dominantly as it simplifies and speeds up the process more along the way. The results already have been nothing short of astounding. Blockchain simplifies and quickens the syndicated loan process from two weeks down to a few days, if not a single day. Signing loan contracts and documentation can be and is being completed within a few minutes, as opposed to a few hours. This is the power of blockchain. And this is only the beginning for its incredible global reach in the financial sector (and everywhere else, for that matter).
There are many fantastic, credible loan companies out there (think businesses like CashnGo, for instance), and the best part of these financially-backed companies is that they will evolve with the finance industry. This means that, in years to come, the idea of blockchain empowering and revolutionising the way that we apply for and receive loans, leverage payments and monetary influxes, or even just handle our money daily, is going to become not but an idea, but a stark reality. The whole idea, the central promise in blockchain is that it aims to achieve a definitive end to corruption, and the impact that it has had on the financial industry – especially in the case of this current syndicated loan situation – holds a lot of promise towards that ideal. The security, the privacy, and the speed of blockchain gives it a razor-sharp edge.
Digitalisations and technologies run the (modern) world. We live in a world of our own design, and it is truly something to be in awe of. One of the most efficient feats of technological prowess in recent history is none other than blockchain. Designed to carry data across the digital landscape securely and quickly, blockchain has advanced well beyond its initial cause (to serve as the foundation for cryptocurrency). While of course blockchain still functions as the core functioning autopilot for crypto, it is not being recognised for its promise in other areas of the financial sector (like its backing of syndicated loans, for instance). Banks rely on inefficient systems (i.e. faxes and the like) to share data between parties, but now the introduction of blockchain to the processes and systems is set to ignite a new, faster, stronger, and more secure future for loans and other areas of finance.


With expectations around future 5G mobile networks reaching fever pitch in the wake of Mobile World Congress 2018, networking sector behemoth Huawei set out a more measured approach to the technology at its 2018 Analyst Summit, which kicked off today.
Now becoming an annual fixture on the technology conference circuit, Huawei's 2018 Analyst Summit saw hundreds of industry experts descend on the supplier's home city of Shenzhen in southern China to hear the firm's latest updates.
Eric Xu, Huawei's rotating chairman, said Huawei did have expectations on 5G, but they were not as big as some people might think.
In fact, said Xu, there are only really three big material differences between 4G and 5G – faster speeds, more connections and lower latency, and the average consumer would only really perceive a difference in speed. When it came to features such as lower latency – critical for use cases such as autonomous cars – he pointed out that current 4G technology is already good enough for this in many cases.
"Since 4G is robust, we don't see many use cases or applications we need to support with 5G," he said.
Nevertheless, Xu added that this did not mean it was not worth investing in 5G, at least in part because if it got out that Huawei was doing so, its telecoms customers would head elsewhere.
Chaobin Yang, president of 5G products at Huawei, shed some light on where the supplier's substantial R&D budget is being directed. This year it plans to expand its portfolio around core and transport network hardware (X-Haul), radio access networking (Ran) and 5G customer premise equipment (CPE). It also hopes to commercially launch massive MIMO for macro and pole sites, and indoor small cells, as part of a drive to provide "an end-to-end solution, ready for commercialisation" before the year is out.
Meanwhile, the day before the event opened, Huawei's Peter Zhou, chief marketing officer at the firm's wireless business, launched a 5G-ready version of its SingleRAN wireless network platform technology, SingleRAN Pro.
In the US, the latest update on AT&T's mobile 5G network trials indicates the company will need to work faster to meet its goal of launching a commercial service by the end of the year.
The principal bidding stage in Ofcom's first 5G mobile network spectrum auction has concluded, raising more than £1bn for the Treasury.
Zhou said that, overall, the mobile broadband business model was very positive, with data use per person increasing, cost per bit decreasing, and operator revenues still increasing slightly despite this. However, he said, if this scenario was to continue into the imminent 5G era, developing equipment that makes the most efficient possible use of available spectrum (which ultimately equates to lower cost per bit) was a priority.
Like its predecessor, SingleRAN Pro brings together 2G, 3G and 4G networking on a single chassis, but now adds 5G support too, alongside an agile mobile cloud architecture for diverse services, and an automated intelligent management system.
Zhou said the solution addressed three key challenges around 5G: how to quickly and cost-effectively deploy 5G networks, how to flexibly manage 5G network resources to maximise the network's value, and how to efficiently manage complex 5G networks while reducing operational and maintenance costs.
"Huawei launched its SingleRAN solution in 2007 during the initial stages of large-scale 4G deployment," said Zhou. "The all-in-one approach is an excellent answer for multi-RAT network deployment and also helps to significantly cut operators' capex.
Elsewhere at the Shenzhen summit, chairman Xu said the firm would be ready to launch 5G-ready smartphone devices around June 2019, while Shawn Sheng, who is leading on 5G smartphones at Huawei, shared some insight into the development process.
Huawei began 5G device research in 2009, said Sheng, and as a result it has already brought to market 4G network hardware that can support 5G, based on its Balong 5G01 chipset, which offers a peak data rate of 2.3Gbps.
Building on this, by the middle of 2019, Sheng claimed, the first 5G smartphone will also be able to work on both a standalone and a non-standalone basis. This means it will run on both 4G and 5G networks, which is a critical distinction because it is virtually unthinkable that any national 5G network will be operating in June 2019. The device is likely to be able to achieve a peak data rate of 5Gbps.
Huawei said its inaugural 5G device will address a number of design challenges that exist around 5G devices, including enhanced processing ability, power consumption, and increased motherboard size. It has been researching additional features to meet these goals, such as enhanced cooling technology.


The sushi Japanese name is written with kanji provided that it was initially an ancient Chinese dish. The kanjis connected to the marinade of salted fish . The initially mention appeared in ancient Erya dictionary, written amongst the fourth and third centuries . C. The Sushi in Woodstock is widespread and is consumed by significantly in the population.
To consume sushi an quantity of soy sauce is poured into a modest bowl . Inside the West it actually is common to dilute a tiny of wasabi in soy, nevertheless it is not encouraged due to the truth it hides the taste in the total practice.
It will not be regarded polite to give an further diner meals with chopsticks individual, play with them, retain them separate, prick the meals, or move by way of the air. By leveraging a widespread dish to make use of the front from the sticks. This can be 1 in the unwritten guidelines to consume sushi.
The Japanese acquired this precise exact same practice which consisted of packing fish with rice. Even though fish fermented rice made a lactic acid and in return permitted the conservation pickled fish rushed.
The Sushi in Woodstock has a number of followers . This meal is translated in lots of ancient books as meals exactly exactly where the fish is seasoned with rice and salt and eaten when it is prepared .This meal is believed to come to be related or Funazushi alnarezushi, wherein the fish is fermented for a extended time collectively with the rice and rice consuming following detaching.
More than the subsequent 800 years, till the nineteenth century, sushi changed slowly and hence also the Japanese gastronomy . The Japanese started to consume three meals per day, rice occurred to turn out to be boiled rather than steamed, and most importantly, rice vinegar was invented. These days he continues generating fermented sushi with rice, having mentioned that the fermentation time was progressively reduced and rice has extended taking into consideration that started consuming the fish.
92% of users who visit this restaurant aceden to our website to leave your opinion.


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text:
Home > Sports Tickets > George Mason Patriots Tickets
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Three Rivers Classic
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text:
As Filhas de Maria Auxiliadora (em latim  Filiae Mariae Auxiliatricis; FMA) formam uma congregação religiosa da Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana, fundada por São João Bosco e cofundada por Santa Maria Mazzarello, sendo um ramo feminino da família salesiana, cujo ramo masculino é a Congregação dos Salesianos, fundada por São João Bosco, em homenagem a São Francisco de Sales. Estas freiras são, popularmente, conhecidas por irmãs salesianas (do nome latino de São Francisco de Sales: Franciscus Salesius).

Estrutura
É composta por comunidades religiosa que formam a Inspetoria, que tem uma casa provincial e está estrutura faz parte de um conjunto maior que é o Instituto das (FMA) Filhas de Maria Auxiliadora.

Presença no mundo
A congregação está presente nos cinco continentes e conta com cerca de 16 mil irmãs, espalhadas pelas Américas (dez nações e 48 centros de educação e evangelização), na Ásia (onze nações e 98 centros de educação e evangelização), na África (dezesseis nações e 34 centros de educação e evangelização), na Oceania (uma nação e um centro de educação e evangelização) e no Oriente Médio (três nações e onze centros de educação e evangelização). No Nordeste brasileiro, atualmente, são irmãs presentes em casas, nos estados de Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará. No sul do Brasil, Porto Alegre, no Rio Grande do Sul,em Santa Catarina. No sudeste, existem muitas obras das Irmãs Salesianas em  São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo. Destacam-se grandes e renomados colégios, como também obras sociais, incluindo comunidades de periferia. No Centro Oeste, as Irmãs, além de vários Colégios, têm comunidades  próximas a comunidades indígenas. Elas foram pioneiras em Brasília, cidade profetizada por São João Bosco. Ali, logo depois da fundação de Brasília, iniciaram os trabalhos no Centro Educacional de Brasília na Av. W3 Sul. Desenvolvem também forte trabalho educativo e social em Goiânia, Anápolis, Silvânia e Aparecida de Goiás. No Norte do Brasil, as obras se espalham pelos estados do Amazonas, Pará e Rondônia. Além de grandes colégios, as Irmãs Salesianas atendem à população ribeirinha do Amazonas e estão presentes em diversas comunidades junto à população indígena.

Filhas de Maria
Salesianos


text:
Never miss a Magazine's article, build your own RSS notification system
======

![](https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/learn-python-rss-notifier.png-945x400.jpg)

Python is a great programming language to quickly build applications that make our life easier. In this article we will learn how to use Python to build a RSS notification system, the goal being to have fun learning Python using Fedora. If you are looking for a complete RSS notifier application, there are a few already packaged in Fedora.

### Fedora and Python - getting started

Python 3.6 is available by default in Fedora, that includes Python's extensive standard library. The standard library provides a collection of modules which make some tasks simpler for us. For example, in our case we will use the [**sqlite3**][1] module to create, add and read data from a database. In the case where a particular problem we are trying to solve is not covered by the standard library, the chance is that someone has already developed a module for everyone to use. The best place to search for such modules is the Python Package Index known as [PyPI][2]. In our example we are going to use the [**feedparser**][3] to parse an RSS feed.

Since **feedparser** is not in the standard library, we have to install it in our system. Luckily for us there is an rpm package in Fedora, so the installation of **feedparser** is as simple as:
```
$ sudo dnf install python3-feedparser
```

We now have everything we need to start coding our application.

### Storing the feed data

We need to store data from the articles that have already been published so that we send a notification only for new articles. The data we want to store will give us a unique way to identify an article. Therefore we will store the **title** and the **publication date** of the article.

So let's create our database using python **sqlite3** module and a simple SQL query. We are also adding the modules we are going to use later ( **feedparser** , **smtplib** and **email** ).

#### Creating the Database
```
#!/usr/bin/python3
import sqlite3
import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText

import feedparser

db_connection = sqlite3.connect('/var/tmp/magazine_rss.sqlite')
db = db_connection.cursor()
db.execute(' CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS magazine (title TEXT, date TEXT)')

```

These few lines of code create a new sqlite database stored in a file called 'magazine_rss.sqlite', and then create a new table within the database called 'magazine'. This table has two columns - 'title' and 'date' - that can store data of the type TEXT, which means that the value of each column will be a text string.

#### Checking the Database for old articles

Since we only want to add new articles to our database we need a function that will check if the article we get from the RSS feed is already in our database or not. We will use it to decide if we should send an email notification (new article) or not (old article). Ok let's code this function.
```
def article_is_not_db(article_title, article_date):
    """ Check if a given pair of article title and date
    is in the database.
    Args:
        article_title (str): The title of an article
        article_date  (str): The publication date of an article
    Return:
        True if the article is not in the database
        False if the article is already present in the database
    """
    db.execute("SELECT * from magazine WHERE title=? AND date=?", (article_title, article_date))
    if not db.fetchall():
        return True
    else:
        return False
```

The main part of this function is the SQL query we execute to search through the database. We are using a SELECT instruction to define which column of our magazine table we will run the query on. We are using the 0_sync_master.sh 1_add_new_article_manual.sh 1_add_new_article_newspaper.sh 2_start_translating.sh 3_continue_the_work.sh 4_finish.sh 5_pause.sh base.sh env format.test lctt.cfg parse_url_by_manual.sh parse_url_by_newspaper.py parse_url_by_newspaper.sh README.org reformat.sh symbol to select all columns ( title and date). Then we ask to select only the rows of the table WHERE the article_title and article_date string are equal to the value of the title and date column.

To finish, we have a simple logic that will return True if the query did not return any results and False if the query found an article in database matching our title, date pair.

#### Adding a new article to the Database

Now we can code the function to add a new article to the database.
```
def add_article_to_db(article_title, article_date):
    """ Add a new article title and date to the database
    Args:
        article_title (str): The title of an article
        article_date (str): The publication date of an article
    """
    db.execute("INSERT INTO magazine VALUES (?,?)", (article_title, article_date))
    db_connection.commit()
```

This function is straight forward, we are using a SQL query to INSERT a new row INTO the magazine table with the VALUES of the article_title and article_date. Then we commit the change to make it persistent.

That's all we need from the database's point of view, let's look at the notification system and how we can use python to send emails.

### Sending an email notification

Let's create a function to send an email using the python standard library module **smtplib.** We are also using the **email** module from the standard library to format our email message.
```
def send_notification(article_title, article_url):
    """ Add a new article title and date to the database

    Args:
        article_title (str): The title of an article
        article_url (str): The url to access the article
    """

    smtp_server = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com', 587)
    smtp_server.ehlo()
    smtp_server.starttls()
    smtp_server.login('your_email@gmail.com', '123your_password')
    msg = MIMEText(f'\nHi there is a new Fedora Magazine article : {article_title}. \nYou can read it here {article_url}')
    msg['Subject'] = 'New Fedora Magazine Article Available'
    msg['From'] = 'your_email@gmail.com'
    msg['To'] = 'destination_email@gmail.com'
    smtp_server.send_message(msg)
    smtp_server.quit()
```

In this example I am using the Google mail smtp server to send an email, but this will work with any email services that provides you with a SMTP server. Most of this function is boilerplate needed to configure the access to the smtp server. You will need to update the code with your email address and credentials.

If you are using 2 Factor Authentication with your gmail account you can setup a password app that will give you a unique password to use for this application. Check out this help [page][4].

### Reading Fedora Magazine RSS feed

We now have functions to store an article in the database and send an email notification, let's create a function that parses the Fedora Magazine RSS feed and extract the articles' data.
```
def read_article_feed():
    """ Get articles from RSS feed """
    feed = feedparser.parse('https://fedoramagazine.org/feed/')
    for article in feed['entries']:
        if article_is_not_db(article['title'], article['published']):
            send_notification(article['title'], article['link'])
            add_article_to_db(article['title'], article['published'])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    read_article_feed()
    db_connection.close()
```

Here we are making use of the **feedparser.parse** function. The function returns a dictionary representation of the RSS feed, for the full reference of the representation you can consult **feedparser** 's [documentation][5].

The RSS feed parser will return the last 10 articles as entries and then we extract the following information: the title, the link and the date the article was published. As a result, we can now use the functions we have previously defined to check if the article is not in the database, then send a notification email and finally, add the article to our database.

The last if statement is used to execute our read_article_feed function and then close the database connection when we execute our script.

### Running our script

Finally, to run our script we need to give the correct permission to the file. Next, we make use of the **cron** utility to automatically execute our script every hour (1 minute past the hour). **cron** is a job scheduler that we can use to run a task at a fixed time.
```
$ chmod a+x my_rss_notifier.py
$ sudo cp my_rss_notifier.py /etc/cron.hourly
```

To keep this tutorial simple, we are using the cron.hourly directory to execute the script every hours, I you wish to learn more about **cron** and how to configure the **crontab,** please read **cron 's** wikipedia [page][6].

### Conclusion

In this tutorial we have learned how to use Python to create a simple sqlite database, parse an RSS feed and send emails. I hope that this showed you how you can easily build your own application using Python and Fedora.

The script is available on github [here][7].

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

via: https://fedoramagazine.org/never-miss-magazines-article-build-rss-notification-system/

作者:[Clément Verna][a]
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)

本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

[a]:https://fedoramagazine.org
[1]:https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html
[2]:https://pypi.python.org/pypi
[3]:https://pypi.python.org/pypi/feedparser/5.2.1
[4]:https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/185833?hl=en
[5]:https://pythonhosted.org/feedparser/reference.html
[6]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron
[7]:https://github.com/cverna/rss_feed_notifier

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Add Beethoven to favorites
Piano Sonata No.14 in C# minor
Op. 27/2 • "Moonlight"
Bagatelle in A minor
WoO 59 • "Für Elise"
Piano Sonata No.8 in C minor
Op. 13 • "Pathétique"
Symphony No.5 in C minor
Op. 67 • "Fate"
Symphony No.9 in D minor
Op. 125 • "Choral"
Show all 392 works by Beethoven
Latest albums featuring Beethoven as composer
Beethoven: Piano Sonatas Nos 30, 31 & 32
Beethoven: Piano Sonatas Nos 27, 28 & 29, "Hammerklavier"
Beethoven: Piano Sonatas Nos 19, 20, 21, "Waldstein", & 22
Beethoven: Piano Sonatas Nos 15, "Pastoral", 16, 17, "Tempest" & 18
Show all 11404 albums featuring Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven is remembered as more than a composer; his is one of the notable cultural names in the western world. Of all composers, Beethoven is the one that is elevated to such a heroic status by posterity. His music had a profound influence on later music and his popularity continues unwaveringly in the present day.
Beethoven was born into a family that had consisted of musicians for three generations. He was one of three brothers to survive into adulthood. The family lived in reasonable financial circumstances until the mid-1780s, however young Beethoven's formal education ended after elementary school, as was customary at the time for many middle class children, a fact which accounts for his lack of care in handwriting, spelling, punctuation and his inability to carry out simple sums.
He became an assistant to his first important keyboard teacher, court musician Christian Gottlob Neefe, at the tender age of 11, from which he grew a considerable reputation as a young prodigy. The first ever printed evidence of Beethoven's existence as a musician was in theMagazin der Muzik dated 2 March 1783 in which he is declared as'a boy of 11 years and of most promising talent…. He would surely become a secondWolfgang Amadeus Mozart if he were to continue as he has begun.'Neefe was a very enthusiastic mentor for Beethoven. Working as his assistant (as 'cembalist in the orchestra') not only gave Beethoven responsibility and exposure, but it also allowed him to regularly listen to the most popular operas of the day.
Beethoven became officially employed as a court musician in Bonn in his teens and life was quite agreeable during this period. The elector was often absent, which gave Beethoven a lot of freedom for musical activities that did not involve the court. A lot of Beethoven's compositions from this time were dedicated to members of his intellectual and aristocratic circle of friends whom he frequently met in his social and political clubs.
Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792, aged 21 to study with Joseph Haydn. Although this arrangement lasted no more than a year, Vienna was to be his home for the rest of his life. Beethoven briefly studied withSalieri, which gained him experience in setting words to music, lending itself to Beethoven's skill in his opera writing. Besides studying, Beethoven was rapidly establishing himself as a hugely successful virtuoso pianist and composer.
Beethoven's life as a composer can be divided into three main periods. In the early Vienna style, Beethoven took matters into his own hands in becoming part of the essence of Vienna, whist asserting his own individuality within it. In 1798 and 1799, his piano sonatas seem impressively visionary, while his very first string quartets (op.18) from the same time is still conservative. By 1800 the first of his symphonies comes across as conservative, but by this time, his string quartets have evolved into something more innovative than his earlier ones. His Septet, one of Beethoven's most popular works during his lifetime, comes from this era, in which he experiments with woodwind and string dialogue, something that he went on to epically master in his symphonies.
Beethoven's middle period begins in 1803 with his third symphony, the 'Eroica' and his sole opera,Fidelio. A period from which most of his orchestral music is derived, he writes more experimentally yet in an effortless manner. Beethoven's late period is by far the most impressive and complex one. His works became more serious in nature, conveying new ideas.
Although he was notoriously impatient, disagreeable and mistrustful and was neither handsome nor well-read, he was known to be incredibly endearing and maintained many deep and caring friendships throughout his life. Later on in life when he was plagued by debilitating illness and losing his hearing, his loyal friends were always never far off in offering their help and companionship.
For years to come, many mainstream symphonic composers were effectively dwarfed by the sheer magnitude of Beethoven's works; asSchubert put it, 'who would be able to do anything after Beethoven?'


text:
More participants announced for Gibunco Gibraltar International Literary Festival
A further list of names has been released by the organisers of the forthcoming Gibunco Gibraltar International Literary Festival, October 20-23 2016.
Confirmed participants for the fourth edition include:
Sue MacGregor
Pam Ayres
Paul Gambaccini
Professor Edwin Williamson
Richard Dunwoody
Tony Hawks
Felix Francis.
BBC Radio 4 broadcaster Sue MacGregor is perhaps best known as a former presenter of Woman's Hour and later the Today programme. Sue will be chairing a version of her Radio 4 programme 'A Good Read', where well-known authors review their favourite books. Sue is the longest serving presenter of the programme with over 500 book reviews.
English poet, comedian, songwriter and BBC TV & radio presenter Pam Ayres, will be presenting her new book 'You Made Me Late Again!' and joining the fun-packed celebrity panel of Just A Minute. She has published six books of poems, toured in a one-woman stage show, hosted her own TV programme and performed for the Queen. Her biography, The Necessary Aptitude: A Memoir, was published in 2011. In 2013, her latest book of poems entitled "You Made me Late Again" was published.
Paul Gambaccini is an American-British radio and television celebrity. He will be interviewed on his book 'Love Paul Gambaccini: My Year Under the Yew Tree'. Gambaccini was a BBC Radio 1 presenter for 16 years, including 11 years at the helm of a Billboard Top 30 countdown show. Inducted into the Radio Academy Hall of Fame in 2005, he has written 15 books.
Professor Edwin Williamson holds the King Alfonso XIII Chair of Spanish Studies at the University of Oxford. His publications include 'The Penguin History of Latin America' and 'Borges: A Life', the acclaimed biography of the Argentine writer, Jorge Luis Borges, the most influential writer in the Spanish language since Cervantes. Williamson is currently writing a book on the creation of Don Quixote: 'How Cervantes came to write the first modern novel', a critical study of Cervantes's evolution as a writer in the context of his other writings and the Spanish culture and society of his time.
Richard Dunwoody is a retired British jockey in National Hunt racing. He was a three-time Champion Jockey, riding 1699 British winners in his career. He will be interviewed on his big race victories which include the King George VI Chase four times, the Grand National twice, and the Cheltenham Gold Cup. He will also be speaking about his lesser known activities as a travel and adventure photographer, with images of his work.
Tony Hawks is a British comedian, actor and TV celebrity who achieved music fame in 1988 with the Beastie Boys parody "Stutter Rap (No Sleep till Bedtime)," reaching number 4 in the UK Singles Chart and number one in Australia. He will be presenting his latest book 'Once upon a time in the West…Country' during the festival.
Returning to Gibraltar will be crime author Felix Francis, younger son of the international bestselling author Dick Francis. A former Advanced Physics professor, he abandoned teaching to look after his father's affairs in 2010 and then pursue a full time writing career. Following in his father's footsteps, his forthcoming novel 'Triple Crown' highlights some aspects of the world of professional horse-racing. He will be talking about his work and also interviewed by jockey Richard Dunwoody.
Minister for Tourism, the Hon Samantha Sacramento MP, said: "This year's highlights continue to grow and we already have a festival that is sure to delight audiences. The variety of subjects and the quality of those participating is truly outstanding. Not only are we now delivering a festival that will enthrall local audiences but an event that will surely place Gibraltar on the map as hosting one of the world's most prestigious literary festivals".
City A.M. joins line-up of festival sponsors
Gibunco Literary Festival Raises Dementia Awareness
Win a holiday to Gibraltar with a pass to the festival


text:
First Trace of Songun Leadership
The 20th century was called the age of independence pioneered by the Juche idea and the 21st century is called the era of Songun guaranteed by arms. Now the revolutionary people of the world highly eulogize leader KIM JONG IL, who leads the socialist cause with Songun revolutionary leadership to victory, as the most outstanding leader of Songun revolution in the contemporary age, a rare philosopher of arms and ever-victorious Songun commander.
On August 25, 1960 KIM JONG IL began his Songun-based leadership.
That day he inspected the Seoul Ryu Kyong Su 105 Guards Tank Division of the Korean People's Army.
From the day, his historic Songun leadership was started and the might and vitality of the Songun politics have been demonstrated year after year.
The "Pueblo incident" in 1968, the "EC-121" incident in 1969, the Panmunjom incident in 1976, the hostile policy toward north Korea in the 1900s and the sanctions provoked by the US ended in a failure by bold courage of KIM JONG IL. Now the world is looking up Songun Korea, a socialist power, which is unyielding to the military pressure, economic sanctions and ideological and cultural infiltration of the US.
Leader KIM JONG IL administers the Songun politics in the present turbulent situation to secure the global peace and propels the independence cause of mankind. It is his great feats.
Therefore, the trend of learning the Songun idea and Songun politics is brisk in different parts of the world including Britain and the United States. The Association for the Study of Songun Politics in the UK and the Songun Politics Study Group, USA carried articles on their websites: "The Songun politics becomes the current of the times and it is prevalent across the world. The Songun idea and the Songun revolutionary cause pioneered and advanced by President KIM IL SUNG in the 20th century are being carried forward by leader KIM JONG IL. The 21st century will prosper as the Songun era of KIM JONG IL in which the Songun idea and Songun politics win victory after victory."
Groups for studying the Songun politics were formed in South Korea and the progressive websites and publications widely propagate the Songun politics.
The South Korean people unanimously praise that the Songun politics is a sword for defending the nation and a patriotic politics that safeguards the security of the nation and guarantees reunification and prosperity of the nation.
Fact proves that supporting and studying the Songun politics are an irresistible trend of the times. As there is the Songun leadership of KIM JONG IL an invincible banner, the independence cause of humankind will surely win victory and the 21st century will shine as the Songun era of KIM JONG IL.
Songun politics: The banner for world's independence
The Songun politics pursued by great Marshal KIM JONG IL is not only a powerful treasured sword which reliably safeguards dignity and sovereignty of the Korean nation and defends peace and security of the Korean Peninsula but also a banner promoting the realization of the world's independence dynamically.
Marshal KIM JONG IL who brilliantly inherited the Songun idea and traditions pioneered by Great Leader President KIM IL SUNG in the period of the anti-Japanese armed struggle put up "independence plus Songun" as the highest philosophy of the Korean nation and a vital requirement of the whole nation, realized the single-minded unity of the leader, party and people of Korea with credit and opened wide avenue for building a prosperous powerful nation and reunifying the country independently.
The heroic mettle of the Korean army and people who are advancing under the uplifted red flag of Baekdu smashing the US-led imperialists' moves to isolate and strangle Korea, closely rallying around the great Marshal even under the hardest conditions, renders unlimited inspiration and encouragement to the AINDF vanguards, the south Korean people and the world's progressives.
From the outset of the new century the humankind's aspiration to live independently and peacefully on the principle of independence and equality against the US unilateral hegemony moves emerges worldwide as stronger as ever and the struggle for independence against the US forms a main stream of our times.
Today's reality in which the US desperation for world hegemony under the signboard of counterterrorism is more pronounced proves that the Songun politics of Korea which incomparably enhances the country's defense capabilities on the principle of giving precedence to military affairs and the national defense, frustrating the US war provocations and proudly demonstrating its prestige and dignity on the international arena, is really the most powerful and realistic mode of politics in our times.
Korea, even in the acute on-going showdown between the DPRK and the US in regard to the nuclear issue, daringly declared on February 10 that it had already possessed nukes and further proposed on March 31 to hold nuclear disarmament negotiations on an equal footing with the big nuclear powers.
Though the US invaded and occupied former Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq unlawfully styling itself as the only super power after the collapse of the USSR and other East European socialist countries, its former rivals, now it is in a tight corner in the political and military confrontation with Songun Korea, struck by its powerful anti-US independent stand.
The world's progressive humankind looks up to Korea which wins only victory in its showdown with the US and exalts its dignity, and makes efforts to study and embody the Songun politics with great attention realizing that the dignified reality of Korea is attributable to the might of Marshal KIM JONG IL's Songun politics.
The staunch principles evidenced during the DPRK-US showdown and their basis, the Songun politics affect the policy toward the US of the neighboring powers a great deal.
These powers reject the US unilateral aggression and war moves, give priority to strengthening the national independent defense capabilities and strive to form a strong solidarity front against the US on the regional and world dimension.
The independent stance of several European countries which refused to give helping hands to the US invasion on Iraq become an important political tendency to promote a multi-polar system of the world based on the individual independent defense capacity in confrontation with the US unilateral world domination strategy.
Many countries in the Middle East, Central and South Americas and Africa influenced by the Songun politics of Korea step up their efforts to strengthen the military power providing against the US aggression and map out the independent nuclear development program and develop the nuclear energy industry ambitiously.
With the increasing worldwide interest in the Songun politics the enthusiasm to recognize it as a powerful mode of politics to confront the US unilateral hegemonic domination and study it gets momentum in the third world countries and different delegation's visit Korea to study the Songun politics and upgrade the military cooperation with it.
Driven by the growing anti-US independence trend among the countries greatly inspired by the Songun politics, the US gets more isolated in international institutions and political arena and its unilateralism and hegemony policy face increasing condemnation from most of the countries of the world, even from its allied ones, and doomed to failure.
It can be said also that the denunciation of the US in the international institutions and the strengthening of the south-south cooperation, regional unity and multilateralism among the progressive countries are associated with the rising voice for independence against the hegemony in the world due to the impact of the formidable anti-US offensive and high-handed attitude toward the US by Songun Korea.
The reality that the US faces opposition and denunciation everywhere though it deploys some 300,000-strong troops throughout the world and spends the military budget tantamount to that of all the countries' military expenses combined now, demonstrates that only by pursuing the Songun politics can it be possible to defeat the US and build a new world, independent, prosperous and peaceful.
Along with the patriotic struggles of the peoples in South Korea, Iraq and other regions against the US military occupation and for national independence, and the ever intensifying aspiration of anti-US independence throughout the world, the US aggression and war moves for unilateral world domination will face but destruction and the just cause of humankind for a peaceful and independent new world will surely emerge victorious.
For the European countries it is of paramount importance in realizing the world's independence against the US hegemony strategy to conduct united anti-US independent action.
Let the world progressives including the European people strengthen their military capabilities in all ways in close unity under the banner of Songun, smash the US policy of strength by their strong military power and build a new independent and peaceful world free of the US occupation, domination, murder and exploitation! Long live the great Songun idea and Songun politics!
Warmest Respect to Brilliant Commander of Songun
On April 9, 1993, Great Leader KIM JONG IL was elected chairman of the National Defense Commission of the DPRK amid the rock-firm will and the absolute support of the entire officers and men of the Korean People's Army and all the people.
The election of KIM JONG IL, outstanding statesman and brilliant commander born of heaven and benevolent father of all people, was a landmark event of paramount significance for the destiny and the development of the Korean nation. That KIM JONG IL comprehensively embodied the Songun-based revolutionary line in all fields of revolution and construction at the head of the NDC to open up a new era of Juche revolution, the Songun era, occupies a remarkable chapter in the history of building a socialist fatherland.
Thanks to the great Songun politics of KIM JONG IL the heroic Korean people could achieve brilliant victory and proud successes in defending socialism and building an economic power since the 90s of last century to today, smashing the vicious moves of the US-led imperialist reactionary forces to isolate and strangle the DPRK. KIM JONG IL arranged the north-south summit meetings for two times with the principle of national independence and the courageous decision and adopted the historic June 15 joint declaration and October 4 Declaration, thus turning the inter-Korean relations of mistrust and confrontation to that of reconciliation and unity and ushered in a new era of independent reunification advancing dynamically under the banner of " By Our National Itself".
All these eye-catching events are the invaluable fruition of the Songun idea and Songun leadership of KIM JONG IL, the great statesman and great military strategist.
Therefore, the patriotic people of South Korea and the progressive humankind are highly praising the undying feats of KIM JONG IL, who is frustrating the aggression and war moves of the imperialists, defending the world's peace and security and leading the independent cause of humankind to the brilliant victory by dint of the great Songun politics.
The patriotic people in South Korea are extending thanks to KIM JONG IL who regards the defense of the nation's dignity and welfare as his greatest mission and reliably defends the destiny of the nation from the war disaster of the outside forces, saying that upholding KIM JONG IL as the NDC chairman is the fortune and glory of the entire nation.
Many progressive organizations and personages over the world are highly praising the greatness and the immortal Songun leadership exploits of KIM JONG IL through seminars, lectures, photo exhibitions and internet homepages every year on the occasion of the election of KIM JONG IL as the chairman of the DPRK National Defense Commission, who safeguards socialist Korea from the imperialists' aggression and reliably defends peace and security of the world.
The annals of the Songun revolution of KIM JONG IL who has performed the immortal exploits for the Korean revolution and the global cause of anti-imperialist independence with great idea and leadership will shine forever.
Chairman of National Defense Commission & the Songun politics
(An article posted on the internet by the Chairman of the South Headquarters of the National Alliance of Youth and Students for the Country's Reunification)
Yun Gi-jin, chairman of the National Alliance of Youth and Students for the Country's Reunification, carried an article on the internet under the title "Chairman of the National Defense Commission KIM JONG IL and the Son gun politics" on September 7. The article, referring to the "2007 Reunification-related Seminar of the South Korean Youth and Students-Essay Contest of the Youth and Students" under the subject; the "Songun Era and North Korea, and the Future of the Korean Peninsula" slated for September 9 in Seoul, indicated that the contest, the third of its kind after those in last year and this spring
It held that now research, seminar and publication functions about the various fields of North Korea including the Songun politics are brisk in south Korea, thus the drive for "Correct Understanding of Songun and North Korea" is naturally proceeding, the might of Songun of North Korea is the leadership ability of NDC Chairman KIM JONG IL who leads the Songun ranks in the van, and his Songun leadership plays a decisive role in the politics, economy and diplomatic domains.
The article said that Chairman KIM JONG IL formulated the mode of Songun politics on the basis of President KIM IL SUNG's idea of attaching importance to arms and left the first footprint of the Songun leadership on the Guards Seoul Ryu Gyung Su Tank Division 105 of the KPA on August 25, 1960.
It added that North Korea upheld him as the KPA supreme commander in 1991 and the chairman of the National Defense Commission of the DPRK in 1993. The article said that KIM JONG IL formulated the Songun politics as the main political mode of socialism through leading the "Arduous March" and the ever-fiercer DPRK-US showdown in the 1990s to victory.
He incessantly made the inspection tours to the KPA units including the posts in Mt. Osong, Cho islet and Panmunjom, it stressed and added that the first boom of the building of the great prosperous powerful nation is the fruition of the Songun politics.
It also said that the influence of the Songun politics is really immense, the common phrases on the lips of the south Korean people are such as "Our general comprehensively copes with everything" and "We're sure to triumph if our general leads us" due to the broad exchange between the compatriots in the north and south thanks to the June 15 joint declaration, the single-minded unity of the north Koreans who ardently support KIM JONG IL who upholds the banner of Songun and his Songun line is the true looks of north Korea.
The article continued saying that though the struggle to firmly defend the country's dignity and achieve the prosperity in confrontation with the formidable imperialists is not easy, the compatriots in north Korea are greeting the sunrise beyond the dawn of the nation's prosperity and feel proud, the fact that the Songun politics, an engine to the independent and peaceful reunification, rapidly spreads and in different countries over the world the enthusiasm for anti-imperialist and anti-US struggle following the banner of Songun is rising.
At the end of the article it stressed that now it is high time for more sincere study of the Songun politics of Chairman KIM JONG IL who provides our nation with the decisive guarantee for victory in the face-off with the US and doles out the merits of Songun to all the people.
The fact that South Korean people's interest in the Songun politics of leader KIM JONG IL is rising day by day is because the Songun politics is an almighty treasured sword which safeguards the destiny of the nation and guarantees the common prosperity of the nation and the building of the great reunified prosperous powerful nation.
Supreme Commander KIM JONG IL and His Impregnable
December 24 this year marks the 19th anniversary of KIM JONGN IL's appointment as Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army. Since he took the helm of the army, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea has demonstrated its prestige as an invincible power, advancing vigorously along the road of socialism in spite of the imperialists' frantic moves to isolate and stifle it.
Looking back on the closing years of the last century, the United States claimed itself as the world's sole superpower following the end of the Cold War, brandishing a big stick in the international arena. Its vassal states, in pursuit of its ambition for world domination, joined in expanding the scope of war and aggression against independent countries. Consequently, the sovereignty of those countries has been trampled upon and, worse still, some of them have been robbed of their territories.
To cope with the prevailing situation, Supreme Commander KIM JONG IL held aloft the banner of Songun. His Songun politics is a new mode of socialist politics which puts forward military affairs as the most important of all national affairs and the army as the hardcore and main force to defend socialism and push forward the socialist cause as a whole. It is based on the principle of Songun that the party, state and people can survive as long as they are defended by the army.
Songun politics had made the country's military position unassailable.The supreme commander, when the United States was bringing its isolate-and-stifle manoeuvres to extremes, gave top priority to the strengthening of the country's defense capabilities and ceaselessly carried on his inspection tours to the military units across the country so as to develop the People's Army into an invincible force. He set it as a major task for enhancing military capability to equip the army with its unique strategy and tactics, and encouraged the officers at all levels to decisively improve their commanding abilities by acquiring unique combat methods and modern military science. He also ensured that all the service personnel, true to the training –first policy, concentrated efforts on training and intensified it in a realistic war climate, so as to prepare themselves to be combatants possessed of high military techniques and sturdy physics with which to fulfill their combat duties in any circumstances.
He has also paid utmost concern to developing defence industry, regarding it as the key to developing the country into a socialist power. His leadership bore fruit: the country's self-reliant defense industry has become further modernized and so contributed to upgrading the army on a higher level; the all-people, nationwide defense system has been consolidated all the more; and the country has possessed a powerful war deterrent. Songun politics has rendered Korea's politico-ideological position secure in every way.
The traditional single-hearted unity of the Korean society in which all the people are united around their leader in one ideology, mind and purpose has entered a new, higher stage of development under KIM JONG IL's Songun-based leadership. The socialist are performing with credit their role as the main force in both national defense and socialist construction, and the people are working hard to learn from their spirit and mettle; the unity of the army and the people has been made invulnerable.
Songun politics has brought about an epochal turn in the building of a great, prosperous and powerful country. Korea, which ranks as a politico- ideological and military power for its national capabilities centred on military capability, is making a historical advance to reach the status of an economic power. The world's attention is now focused on socialist Korea, where all the people have turn out in the effort to open the gates of a great, prosperous and powerful country in 2012 the year marking the centenary of birth of its founder President KIM IL SUNG such an amazing reality in Korea is born of KIM JONG IL's Songun politics. As long as it is led by his Songun-based leadership, Korea will remain forever as an impregnable power.


I learn something new with every painting. Lighting, composition, exploring colour and then the joy of the finished product. It's the most peaceful way to switch off for a few relaxing hours and I like to immerse myself in the finer details of everyday objects.


Carry all of your fashion necessities, and a little more, in the roomy yet compact Waterloo Stop Powder Room Case. The perfect cosmetic bag for a jaunt to the corner or an entire day's getaway. Don't let the modest stature disguise its volume of expression.