text:
Christopher T Green, Ph.D.
Research Hydrologist
USGS Water Resources Mission Area
Email: ctgreen@usgs.gov
Flow and reactive transport in complex geological media
Nitrogen cycling and fluxes in groundwater in agricultural areas
Flow and solute transport in the unsaturated zone
Gas transport in the unsaturated zone
Effects of biofuels crops on groundwater quality
Refereed Publications
Koh, E.H., Lee, E., Kaown, D., Green, C.T., Koh, D.C., Lee, K.K. and Lee, S.H., 2018. Comparison of groundwater age models for assessing nitrate loading, transport pathways, and management options in a complex aquifer system. Hydrological Processes, 32(7), 923-938, doi: 10.1002/hyp.11465.
Nolan, B.T., Green, C.T., Juckem, P.F., Liao, L. and Reddy, J.E., 2018. Metamodeling and mapping of nitrate flux in the unsaturated zone and groundwater, Wisconsin, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 559, pp.428-441, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.02.029.
Nolan, B.T., Green, C.T., Juckem, P.F., Liao, Lixia, and Reddy, J.E., 2018, Data Release for Metamodeling and Mapping of Nitrate Flux in the Unsaturated Zone and Groundwater, Wisconsin, USA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, doi:10.5066/F7ZC81VR.
Conaway, C.H., Walvoord, M.A., Thomas, R.B., Green, C.T., Baker, R.J., Thordsen, J.J., Stonestrom, D.A., and Andraski, B.J., 2018. Unsaturated zone CO2, CH4, and δ13C-CO2 at an arid region low-level radioactive waste disposal site. Vadose Zone Journal, 17(1), doi: 10.2136/vzj2017.11.0200.
Lu, B., Zhang, Y., Zheng, C., Green, C.T., O'Neill, C., Sun, H.G. and Qian, J., 2018. Comparison of Time Nonlocal Transport Models for Characterizing Non-Fickian Transport: From Mathematical Interpretation to Laboratory Application. Water,10(6), 778, doi: 10.3390/w10060778.
Green, C. T., Liao, L., Nolan, B. T., Juckem, P. F., Shope, C. L., Tesoriero, A. J., & Jurgens, B. C. (2018). Regional variability of nitrate fluxes in the unsaturated zone and groundwater, Wisconsin, USA. Water Resources Research, 54. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR022012
Zhang, Y., C. T. Green, E. M. LaBolle, R. M. Neupauer, and H.G. Sun (2016), Bounded fractional diffusion in geological media: Definition and Lagrangian approximation, Water Resour. Res., 52, 8561–8577, doi:10.1002/2016WR019178.
Green, C.T., Jurgens, B.C., Zhang, Y., Starn, J.J., Singelton, M.J., Esser, B.K., (2016), Regional oxygen reduction and denitrification rates in groundwater from multi-model residence time distributions, San Joaquin Valley, USA. Journal of Hydrology, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.018.
Starn, J. J., A. C. Bagtzoglou, and C. T. Green (2015), The effects of numerical-model complexity and observation type on estimated porosity values, Hydrogeology Journal, DOI: 10.1007/s10040-015-1289-3.
Green, C. T., M. A. Walvoord, B. J.Andraski, R. G. Striegl, and D. A.Stonestrom (2015), Multimodel analysis of anisotropic diffusive tracer-gas transport in a deep arid unsaturated zone, Water Resour. Res., 51, doi:10.1002/2014WR016055.
Zhang, Y., C. T. Green, and G. T. Tick (2015), Peclet number as affected by molecular diffusion controls transient anomalous transport in alluvial aquifer-aquitard complexes. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 177: 220-238.
Walvoord, M. A., B. J. Andraski, C. T. Green, D. A. Stonestrom, and R. G. Striegl (2014), Field-scale SF6 tracer experiment to understand long distance gas transport in the deep unsaturated zone, Vadose Zone Journal. doi:10.2136/vzj2014.04.0045.
Shiyin, L., Jiangpeng, Z., Guoxiang, W. Lixiao, N. Zhang, Y., and Green, C.T. (2014), Rapid removal of nitrobenzene in a three-phase ozone loaded system with gas-liquid-liquid. Chemical Engineering Communications, doi:10.1080/00986445.2013.867259.
Green, C. T., Y. Zhang, B. C. Jurgens, J. J. Starn, and M. K. Landon (2014). Accuracy of travel time distribution (TTD) models as affected by TTD complexity, observation errors, and model and tracer selection, Water Resources Research, 50, 6191–6213, doi:10.1002/2014WR015625.
Starn, J.J., Green, C.T., Hinkle, S.R., Bagtzoglou, A., and Stolp, B.J. (2014), Simulating water-quality trends in public-supply wells in transient flow systems. Groundwater. doi: 10.1111/gwat.12230.
Green, C.T., Bekins, B.A., Kalkhoff, S.J., Hirsch, R. M., Liao, L., and Barnes, K.K. (2014), Decadal surface water quality trends under variable climate, land use, and hydrogeochemical setting in Iowa, USA. Water Resources Research, 50, doi:10.1002/2013WR014829.
Zhang, Y., Green, C.T., and Baeumer, B., (2014), Linking aquifer spatial properties and non-Fickian transport in mobile-immobile like alluvial settings, Journal of Hydrology, 512 (2014) 315–331, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.064.
Tiedeman, C.R., and Green, C.T. (2013), Effect of correlated observation error on parameters, predictions, and uncertainty. Water Resources Research, 49: 6339–6355, doi: 10.1002/wrcr.20499.
Zhang, Y., Green, C.T., and Fogg, G.E. (2013), The impact of medium architecture of alluvial settings on non-Fickian transport. Advances in Water Resources, 54: 78–99, doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2013.01.004.
Liao, L., Green, C.T., Bekins, B.A., and Böhlke, J.K. (2012), Factors controlling nitrate fluxes in groundwater in agricultural areas. Water Resources Research, 48, W00L09, doi:10.1029/2011WR011008.
Nolan, B.T., Malone, R.W., Ma, L., Green, C.T., Jaynes, D.B. (2011), Inverse modeling with RZWQM2 to predict water quality. in Ahuja, L., and Ma, L., eds., Methods of Introducing Systems Models into Agricultural Research: ASA series on Advances in Agricultural Systems Modeling.
Landon, M.K., Green, C.T., Belitz, K., Singleton, M.J., and Esser, B.K. (2011), Relations of hydrogeologic factors, groundwater reduction-oxidation conditions, and temporal and spatial distributions of nitrate, Central-Eastside San Joaquin Valley, California, USA, Hydrogeology Journal. DOI: 0.1007/s10040-011-0750-1.
Welch, H.L., Green, C.T., and Coupe, R.H. (2011), The fate and transport of nitrate in shallow groundwater in northwestern Mississippi, USA, Hydrogeology Journal, DOI: 10.1007/s10040-011-0748-8.
Green, C. T., Böhlke, J.K., Bekins, B.A., and Phillips, S.P. (2010), Mixing effects on apparent reaction rates and isotope fractionation during denitrification in a heterogeneous aquifer, Water Resources Research, doi:10.1029/2009WR008903.
Nolan, B.T., Puckett, L.J., Ma, L., Green, C.T., Bayless, E.R., and Malone, R.W. (2010), Predicting Unsaturated Zone Nitrogen Mass Balances in Agricultural Settings of the United States, Journal of Environmental Quality, 39: 1051-1065.
Green, C.T.; Fisher, L.H., and Bekins, B.A., 2008a, Nitrogen fluxes through unsaturated zones in five agricultural settings across the United States. Journal of Environmental Quality. 37: 1073-1085.
Green, C.T., Pucket, L.J., Böhlke, J.K., Bekins, B.A., Phillips, S.P., Kauffman, L.J., Denver, J.M., and Johnson, H.M., 2008, Fate and transport of nitrate in four shallow aquifers in agricultural areas of the USA, Journal of Environmental Quality, 37: 994-1009.
Basagaoglu, H., Meakin, P., Green, C.T., and Mathew, M. 2006. Multiphase flow in geometrically simple fracture intersections, Physica A, 362(1): 17-22.
Green, C.T., Stonestrom, D.A., Bekins, B.A., Akstin, K.C., and Schulz, M.S., 2005, Recharge and transport processes in a sandy soil in the San Joaquin Valley, California, Water Resources Research, 41(10): W10414 10.1029/2005WR004061.
Basagaoglu, H., Green, C.T., Meakin, P., and McCoy, B.J., 2004, Lattice-Boltzmann simulation of coalescence driven island coarsening, Journal of Chemical Physics, 121(16): 7987-7995.
Basagaoglu, H., Ginn, T.R., Green, C.T., and McCoy, B.J., 2002, Transport in heterogeneous media: tracer dynamics in complex flow networks, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Journal, 48: 1121-1131.
Fogg, G.E., Carle, S., and Green, C.T., 2001, A connected network paradigm for the alluvial aquifer system. In: Dongxiao Zhang and C. Larry Winter (eds.). Theory, Modeling and Field Investigation in Hydrogeology: A Special Volume in Honor of Shlomo P. Neuman's 60th Birthday, Geological Society of America Special Publication, 252p.
Green, C.T., and Scow, K.M., 2000, Use of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) to characterize microbial communities in aquifers, Hydrogeology Journal, 8: 126-141.
Reports and proceedings papers
Green, C.T. and Starn, J.J. Simulated Travel Time Distributions and Water Quality Trends, 2011, Proceedings, Modflow and More Conference, Golden CO, 6 p.
Green, CT; and Bekins, BA. 2010. Sustainability of natural attenuation of nitrate in agricultural aquifers: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3077, 4 p.
Welch, HL, Green, CT, Rebich, RA, Barlow, JRB, and Hicks, MB, 2010, Unintended consequences of biofuels production—The effects of large-scale crop conversion on water quality and quantity: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010–1229, 6 p.
Green, CT; and Bekins, BA. 2008. Comparison of simulated travel time distributions and age tracer concentrations in samples from an alluvial fan aquifer, San Joaquin Valley, CA. Proceedings of the Central Valley Modeling Conference. July 11. University of California, Berkeley, CA
Burow, KR; Green, CT. 2008. Spatial and temporal trends in nitrate concentrations in the Eastern San Joaquin Valley Regional Aquifer and implications for fertilizer management. Proceedings of the 2008 Plant & Soil Conference. February 5-6, Visalia, CA.
Phillips, SP; Green, CT; Burow, KR; Shelton, JL; and Rewis, DL. 2007. Simulation of Multiscale Ground-Water Flow in Part of the Northeastern San Joaquin Valley, California. U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5009.
Nolan, BT; Bayless, ER; Green, CT; Garg, S; Voss, FD; Lampe, DC; Barbash, JE; Capel, P; and Bekins, B. 2005. Evaluation of unsaturated-zone solute-transport models for studies of agricultural chemicals, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File report #2005-1196.
Green, CT; LaBolle, EM; and Fogg, GE. 2002. Random walk particle tracking for simulating reactive transport in heterogeneous aquifers: effects of concentration averaging. Proceedings of the International Groundwater Symposium. International Association of Hydraulic Research and American Geophysical Union. March, Berkeley, CA.
Seeboonruang, U; Ginn, TR; and Green, CT. 2002. Quantifying the effects of chemical heterogeneity by combining Lagrangean transport and the exposure-time concept. Proceedings of the International Groundwater Symposium. International Association of Hydraulic Research and American Geophysical Union. March, Berkeley, CA.
Hovorka, SD; Doughty, C; Knox, PR; Green, CT; Pruess, K; and Benson, SM. 2001. Evaluation of brine bearing sands of the Frio formation, upper Texas Gulf Coast for geological sequestration of CO2. Proceedings of First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration. May 14-17, Washington, DC. Sponsored by National Energy Technology Laboratory, 13pp.
Doughty, C; Pruess, K; Benson, SM; Hovorka, SD; Knox, PR; and Green, CT. 2001. Capacity investigation of brine-bearing sands of the Frio formation for geologic sequestration of CO2. Proceedings of First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration. May 14-17, Washington, DC. Sponsored by National Energy Technology Laboratory, 16pp.
Fogg, GE; Meays, ME; Trask, J; Green, CT; LaBolle, EM; Shenk, T; and Rolston, DE. 1998. Impacts of MTBE on California groundwater. Hydrologic Sciences, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis. Senate Bill 521 Report. 100pp.
logstash-usgs-pw:palladium_root_topics
Select TopicsEnvironmental Health (1)Water (1)
Select Year2019 (1)2018 (4)2016 (2)2015 (4)2014 (5)2013 (2)2012 (1)2011 (3)2010 (4)2009 (1)2008 (2)2007 (1)2006 (1)2005 (2)2004 (1)
Select TypeArticle (29)Report (4)Book chapter (1)
Accuracy of travel time distribution (TTD) models as affected by TTD complexity, observation errors, and model and tracer selection
Analytical models of the travel time distribution (TTD) from a source area to a sample location are often used to estimate groundwater ages and solute concentration trends. The accuracies of these models are not well known for geologically complex aquifers. In this study, synthetic datasets were used to quantify the accuracy of four analytical TTD...
Green, Christopher T.; Zhang, Yong; Jurgens, Bryant C.; Starn, J. Jeffrey; Landon, Matthew K.
Attribution: California Water Science Center, Water Resources,
Accuracy of travel time distribution (TTD) models as affected by TTD complexity, observation errors, and model and tracer selection; 2014; Article; Journal; Water Resources Research; Green, Christopher T.; Zhang, Yong; Jurgens, Bryant C.; Starn, J. Jeffrey; Landon, Matthew K.
Field-scale sulfur hexafluoride tracer experiment to understand long distance gas transport in the deep unsaturated zone
A gas-tracer test in a deep arid unsaturated zone demonstrates that standard estimates of effective diffusivity from sediment properties allow a reasonable first-cut assessment of gas contaminant transport. Apparent anomalies in historic transport behavior at this and other waste disposal sites may result from factors other than nonreactive gas...
Walvoord, Michelle Ann; Andraski, Brian J.; Green, Christopher T.; Stonestrom, David A.; Striegl, Robert G.
Attribution: Nevada Water Science Center, Water Resources, Environmental Health, , Toxic Substances Hydrology Program
Walvoord, M.A., Andraski, B., Green, C.T., Stonestrom, D., Striegl, R. (2014) Field-scale sulfur hexafluoride tracer experiment to understand long distance gas transport in the deep unsaturated zone, Vadose Zone Journal, 13, (8) doi:10.2136/vzj2014.04.0045.
Linking aquifer spatial properties and non-Fickian transport in mobile-immobile like alluvial settings
Time-nonlocal transport models can describe non-Fickian diffusion observed in geological media, but the physical meaning of parameters can be ambiguous, and most applications are limited to curve-fitting. This study explores methods for predicting the parameters of a temporally tempered Lévy motion (TTLM) model for transient sub-diffusion in...
Zhang, Yong; Green, Christopher T.; Baeumer, Boris
Attribution: Water Resources,
Linking aquifer spatial properties and non-Fickian transport in mobile-immobile like alluvial settings; 2014; Article; Journal; Journal of Hydrology; Zhang, Yong; Green, Christopher T.; Baeumer, Boris
Decadal surface water quality trends under variable climate, land use, and hydrogeochemical setting in Iowa, USA
Understanding how nitrogen fluxes respond to changes in agriculture and climate is important for improving water quality. In the midwestern United States, expansion of corn cropping for ethanol production led to increasing N application rates in the 2000s during a period of extreme variability of annual precipitation. To examine the effects of...
Green, Christopher T.; Bekins, Barbara A.; Kalkhoff, Stephen J.; Hirsch, Robert M.; Liao, Lixia; Barnes, Kimberlee K.
Attribution: Water Resources, Environmental Health, , Toxic Substances Hydrology Program
Decadal surface water quality trends under variable climate, land use, and hydrogeochemical setting in Iowa, USA; 2014; Article; Journal; Water Resources Research; Green, Christopher T.; Bekins, Barbara A.; Kalkhoff, Stephen J.; Hirsch, Robert M.; Liao, Lixia; Barnes, Kimberlee K.
Effect of correlated observation error on parameters, predictions, and uncertainty
Correlations among observation errors are typically omitted when calculating observation weights for model calibration by inverse methods. We explore the effects of omitting these correlations on estimates of parameters, predictions, and uncertainties. First, we develop a new analytical expression for the difference in parameter variance estimated...
Tiedeman, Claire; Green, Christopher T.
Effect of correlated observation error on parameters, predictions, and uncertainty; 2013; Article; Journal; Water Resources Research; Tiedeman, Claire R.; Green, Christopher T.
The impact of medium architecture of alluvial settings on non-Fickian transport
The influence of heterogeneous architecture of alluvial aquifers on non-Fickian transport is explored using the Monte Carlo approach. More than two thousand high-resolution hydrofacies models representing seven groups of alluvial settings are built to test the effects of varying facies proportions, mean length and its anisotropy ratio,...
Zhang, Yong; Green, Christopher T.; Fogg, Graham E.
Attribution: Water Resources
The impact of medium architecture of alluvial settings on non-Fickian transport; 2013; Article; Journal; Advances in Water Resources; Zhang, Yong; Green, Christopher T.; Fogg, Graham E.
Factors controlling nitrate fluxes in groundwater in agricultural areas
The impact of agricultural chemicals on groundwater quality depends on the interactions of biogeochemical and hydrologic factors. To identify key processes affecting distribution of agricultural nitrate in groundwater, a parsimonious transport model was applied at 14 sites across the U.S. Simulated vertical profiles of NO3-, N2 from...
Liao, Lixia; Green, Christopher T.; Bekins, Barbara A.; Böhlke, J.K.
Factors controlling nitrate fluxes in groundwater in agricultural areas; 2012; Article; Journal; Water Resources Research; Liao, Lixia ; Green, Christopher T.; Bekins, Barbara A.; Bohlke, J. K.
Relations of hydrogeologic factors, groundwater reduction-oxidation conditions, and temporal and spatial distributions of nitrate, Central-Eastside San Joaquin Valley, California, USA
In a 2,700-km2 area in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California (USA), data from multiple sources were used to determine interrelations among hydrogeologic factors, reduction-oxidation (redox) conditions, and temporal and spatial distributions of nitrate (NO3), a widely detected groundwater contaminant. Groundwater is predominantly modern, or...
Landon, Matthew K.; Green, Christopher T.; Belitz, Kenneth; Singleton, Michael J.; Esser, Bradley K.
Attribution: , California Water Science Center, Water Resources
Relations of hydrogeologic factors, groundwater reduction-oxidation conditions, and temporal and spatial distributions of nitrate, Central-Eastside San Joaquin Valley, California, USA; 2011; Article; Journal; Hydrogeology Journal; Landon, Matthew K.; Green, Christopher T.; Belitz, Kenneth ; Singleton, Michael J.; Esser, Bradley K.
The fate and transport of nitrate in shallow groundwater in northwestern Mississippi, USA
Agricultural contamination of groundwater in northwestern Mississippi, USA, has not been studied extensively, and subsurface fluxes of agricultural chemicals have been presumed minimal. To determine the factors controlling transport of nitrate-N into the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, a study was conducted from 2006 to 2008 to estimate...
Welch, Heather L.; Green, Christopher T.; Coupe, Richard H.
Attribution: , Water Resources
The fate and transport of nitrate in shallow groundwater in northwestern Mississippi, USA; 2011; Article; Journal; Hydrogeology Journal; Welch, Heather L.; Green, Christopher T.; Coupe, Richard H.
Inverse modeling with RZWQM2 to predict water quality
This chapter presents guidelines for autocalibration of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2) by inverse modeling using PEST parameter estimation software (Doherty, 2010). Two sites with diverse climate and management were considered for simulation of N losses by leaching and in drain flow: an almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb]...
Nolan, Bernard T.; Malone, Robert W.; Ma, Liwang; Green, Christopher T.; Fienen, Michael N.; Jaynes, Dan B.
Nolan, Bernard T., Malone, Robert W., Ma, Liwang, Green, Christopher T., Fienen, Michael N., and Jaynes, Dan B., 2010, Inverse Modeling with RZWQM2 to Predict Water Quality: Methods of Introducing System Models into Agricultural Research, v. advancesinagric, no. methodsofintrod, p. 327-363
Unintended consequences of biofuels production?The effects of large-scale crop conversion on water quality and quantity
In the search for renewable fuel alternatives, biofuels have gained strong political momentum. In the last decade, extensive mandates, policies, and subsidies have been adopted to foster the development of a biofuels industry in the United States. The Biofuels Initiative in the Mississippi Delta resulted in a 47-percent decrease in cotton acreage...
Welch, Heather L.; Green, Christopher T.; Rebich, Richard A.; Barlow, Jeannie R.B.; Hicks, Matthew B.
Unintended consequences of biofuels production?The effects of large-scale crop conversion on water quality and quantity; 2010; OFR; 2010-1229; Welch, H.L., Green, C.T., and Coupe, R.H., 2009. The fate and transport of nitrate through the unsaturated zone at a site in northwestern Mississippi in Geological Society of America 2009 Annual Meeting, Proceedings: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, volume 41, number 7, p. 29. Green, C.T., Welch, H., and Coupe, R., 2009. Multi-tracer analysis of vertical nitrate fluxes in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, in Eos Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 90 (52), Fall meeting, Abstract H31C-0799.; Welch, Heather L.; Green, Christopher T.; Rebich, Richard A.; Barlow, Jeannie R. B.; Hicks, Matthew B.
Distribution of reduction-oxidation conditions and relation to trends in nitrate in groundwater, Central-Eastside San Joaquin Valley, California
A 2,700 km2 study area in the eastern San Joaquin Valley near Modesto, California, was investigated to: describe three-dimensional reduction-oxidation (redox) conditions by using water chemistry data compiled from multiple sources; analyze relations of redox conditions to explanatory factors; and determine relations between nitrate (NO3) trends...
Landon, Matthew K.; Belitz, Kenneth; Green, Christopher T.
Attribution: California Water Science Center, Water Resources


The Brazilian is a form of bikini wax that ensures a neat, tidy finish and keeps you ready for swimsuit season at all times. Brazilian addicts say that once they try this type of wax, they never go back and it's now one of the most popular hair removal treatments across the UK and Ireland.
Brazilian waxing was first introduced to New York in the late 1980's by seven South American born sisters who specialised in the technique. It quickly caught on and as fashion and lingerie styles changed, the Brazilian soared in popularity and went from a boutique treatment to becoming totally mainstream. Now everybody is at it!
A thorough Brazilian wax should last you 3-4 weeks. The first time that you have your intimate areas waxed it is likely to hurt a bit, but only very briefly. Do tell your beautician if you're a waxing virgin and don't be shy about asking for a break if things become too painful. Your therapist may tell to breathe out as the hair is removed or use shorter strips on smaller patches to help you work your way up from a bikini wax if you want to. The second time around is much easier you'll be pleased to know! Your hair is likely to be shorter and will get thinner and weaker with regular treatments. Don't let any of this put you off, an experienced Brazilian waxing practitioner will get the job over and done within minutes.
The Brazilian waxing process itself is fairly straightforward and should take no more than 30 minutes.
The Brazilian waxing process itself is fairly straightforward and should take no more than 30 minutes. You'll be taken to a private room and asked to strip off from the waist down. You may be offered a disposable g-string in place of you => your normal knickers which, whilst providing limited coverage, may make you feel more comfortable. Do remember, though, that whilst you might feel awkward, the person doing the waxing has seen this view thousands of time and will conduct your treatment in a professional and methodical manner.
How can you prepare for a Brazilian? For starters you do a little home-tidy before you turn up for your appointment, trimming in advance can make matters easier for your therapist. Pop a painkiller before the treatment to help you relax and numb the sensation. Regulars will advise you to avoid waxing around the time of your period, due to increased sensitivity. You can also pick a salon which offers hard wax as this attaches to individual hairs so is gentler and cools as it solidifies, being removed by hand, rather than with strips as soft wax is. A little research goes a long way.


Dormann, F. C., McPherson, J. M., Araújo, M. B., Bivand, R., Bolliger, J., Carl, G., Davies, R. G., Hirzel, A., Jetz, W., Kissling, W. D., Kühn, I., Ohlemüller, R., Peres-Neto, P. R., Reineking, B., Schröder, B., Schurr, F. M. and Wilson, R. 2007. Methods to account for spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of species distributional data: a review. – Ecography 30: 609–628.


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(787-8-GEnx) 02:19:19 01:25:50
(ac130) 02:10:51 02:03:30
(DH8D) 02:03:12 01:04:40
(787-8-Trent1000) 01:59:55 01:46:10
(A320-211) 01:49:17 00:00:00
Pilatus PC-21 01:44:00 01:17:20
Robin DR400 Dauphin 01:40:17 00:47:00
(F-15D) 01:31:21 01:07:40
(cap10c) 01:30:44 01:05:30
(metroliner) 01:30:06 01:18:40
(tu154b-model) 01:23:30 00:27:20
(c130e) 01:16:54 01:16:30
Schleicher ASK 21 01:10:28 00:35:30
(m2000-5) 00:58:08 00:39:50
(C-17-GlobemasterIII) 00:57:51 00:44:00
(mp-nimitz) 00:56:24 00:51:50
(212-TwinHuey) 00:49:04 00:28:50
Piper PA-24 Comanche 00:42:20 00:14:00
(Bell-412-cop) 00:39:22 00:13:10
(MD-11F) 00:35:07 00:05:50
Cessna Citation X 00:34:44 00:11:50
(ch53e) 00:33:22 00:13:00
(G91-R1B) 00:30:35 00:18:40
Total flight time
Effective flight rate
133 days 15:48:11
2 days 22:48:50
Summary on departures/arrivals by airport (top 100 at most)
Departure airports [TOP ↑]
MMMX Licenciado Benito Juarez International Airport 1788
MMUN Cancún International Airport 649
EDDF Frankfurt am Main Airport 323
MMCU General Roberto Fierro Villalobos International Airport 360
MMAA General Juan N Alvarez International Airport 199
MMMY General Mariano Escobedo International Airport 245
MMZH Ixtapa Zihuatanejo International Airport 126
MMCZ Cozumel International Airport 167
SKBO El Dorado International Airport 86
MMTM General Francisco Javier Mina International Airport 92
MMTJ General Abelardo L. Rodríguez International Airport 68
KSFO San Francisco International Airport 85
MHTG Toncontín International Airport 58
SVMI Simón Bolívar International Airport 65
SKRG Jose Maria Córdova International Airport 55
MMGL Don Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla International Airport 58
MSLP Monseñor Óscar Arnulfo Romero International Airport 47
MDSD Las Américas International Airport 53
MMSP Ponciano Arriaga International Airport 44
TNCM Princess Juliana International Airport 45
VNLK Lukla Airport 41
SPJC Jorge Chávez International Airport 42
VNKT Tribhuvan International Airport 40
KMIA Miami International Airport 40
MMIM Isla Mujeres Airport 39
KOAK Metropolitan Oakland International Airport 39
LEPA Palma De Mallorca Airport 36
MMPY Playacar 37
MMZP Zapopan Airport 33
SBGR Guarulhos - Governador André Franco Montoro International Airport 34
RJTT Tokyo Haneda International Airport 29
MMLP Manuel Márquez de León International Airport 29
PHNL Daniel K Inouye International Airport 28
CYYZ Lester B. Pearson International Airport 28
MPTO Tocumen International Airport 27
SACO Ingeniero Ambrosio Taravella Airport 28
MMAS Jesús Terán Paredo International Airport 26
LOWI Innsbruck Airport 26
VHXX [X] CLOSED Kai Tak 26
MMPC Ingeniero Juan Guillermo Villasana Airport 26
SAEZ Ministro Pistarini International Airport 25
EGLL London Heathrow Airport 25
LEBL Barcelona International Airport 24
SCEL Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport 25
SAWH Malvinas Argentinas Airport 24
MMMD Licenciado Manuel Crescencio Rejon Int Airport 24
VQPR Paro Airport 23
MM41 Leon Gonzales Pie de la Cuesta Airport 23
MMVR General Heriberto Jara International Airport 21
MMCS Abraham González International Airport 21
KSEA Seattle Tacoma International Airport 19
FMEE Roland Garros Airport 20
RJAA Narita International Airport 19
LFPG Charles de Gaulle International Airport 19
ENSB Svalbard Airport, Longyear 18
EGBB Birmingham International Airport 18
SEQM Mariscal Sucre International Airport 18
MMCB General Mariano Matamoros (Cuernavaca) Airport 18
LEMD Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport 17
YSSY Sydney Kingsford Smith International Airport 18
VHHH Hong Kong International Airport 17
MMTG Angel Albino Corzo International Airport 17
LSZH Zürich Airport 16
HECA Cairo International Airport 16
MMSD Los Cabos International Airport 15
UHMM Sokol Airport 16
KLAX Los Angeles International Airport 14
SBRF Guararapes - Gilberto Freyre International Airport 15
MMLT Loreto International Airport 14
MMHO General Ignacio P. Garcia International Airport 14
MMZO Playa De Oro International Airport 14
MMPS Puerto Escondido International Airport 14
KLAS McCarran International Airport 13
EDDH Hamburg Helmut Schmidt Airport 13
MMQT Querétaro Intercontinental Airport 12
MMCM Chetumal International Airport 13
SBRJ Santos Dumont Airport 12
PHNG Kaneohe Bay MCAS (Marion E. Carl Field) Airport 12
FAOR OR Tambo International Airport 11
EDDM Flughafen München-Riem 11
KTTS NASA Shuttle Landing Facility Airport 11
KMCO Orlando International Airport 11
PALH Lake Hood Airport 11
MMCL Bachigualato Federal International Airport 11
EIDW Dublin Airport 10
TGPY Point Salines International Airport 11
KSNA John Wayne Airport-Orange County Airport 10
ENGM Oslo Gardermoen Airport 10
SAME El Plumerillo Airport 10
LIPS Istrana Air Base 10
LFKB Bastia-Poretta Airport 9
SBBR Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek International Airport 10
RJBB Kansai International Airport 9
MMTO Licenciado Adolfo Lopez Mateos International Airport 9
SPIM JORGE CHAVEZ INTL 9
SKIP San Luis Airport 9
VEPU Purnea Airport 9
TTPP Piarco International Airport 9
Arrival airports [TOP ↑]
---- 1433
MMMZ General Rafael Buelna International Airport 10
KSAN San Diego International Airport 9
EDDH Hamburg Helmut Schmidt Airport 9
LIPS Istrana Air Base 9
LFMN Nice-Côte d'Azur Airport 9
MMQT Querétaro Intercontinental Airport 9
EIDW Dublin Airport 8
KTUS Tucson International Airport / Morris Air National Guard Base 8
MMRX General Lucio Blanco International Airport 8
MMOX Xoxocotlán International Airport 8
Detailed flight log of XA-777B (Click here for flights on or before 2020-12-03) [TOP ↑]
Go to page: of 28
Page 2>>>
2745. Aerostar Super 700 2022-01-18 15:58:46-05 2022-01-18 18:43:17-05 02:44:31 988
2744. Aerostar Super 700 2022-01-18 15:46:36-05 2022-01-18 15:55:26-05 00:08:50 54
2741. Aerostar Super 700 2022-01-14 17:41:03-05 2022-01-14 17:41:04-05 00:00:01 1
2729. UFO 2022-01-09 22:33:10-05 2022-01-09 22:38:43-05 00:05:33 34
2728. UFO 2022-01-09 22:30:12-05 2022-01-09 22:32:23-05 00:02:11 1
2723. UFO 2022-01-09 21:35:12-05 2022-01-09 22:00:04-05 00:24:52 141
2717. Boeing 737-300 2022-01-07 22:56:47-05 2022-01-08 00:42:00-05 01:45:13 623
2715. Aerostar Super 700 2022-01-07 17:19:30-05 2022-01-07 20:34:50-05 03:15:20 1173
2713. Grumman F-14 Tomcat 2022-01-06 23:23:30-05 2022-01-07 00:02:56-05 00:39:26 237
2712. Grumman F-14 Tomcat 2022-01-06 23:23:14-05 2022-01-06 23:23:14-05 00:00:00 1
2692. Airbus A320-200 with IAE engines 2022-01-05 14:30:47-05 2022-01-05 14:33:50-05 00:03:03 20
2691. Airbus A320-200 with IAE engines 2022-01-05 14:30:36-05 2022-01-05 14:30:36-05 00:00:00 1
2689. (727-200ADV) 2022-01-04 22:53:09-05 2022-01-04 22:58:22-05 00:05:13 32
2688. (727-200ADV) 2022-01-04 22:51:45-05 2022-01-04 22:52:52-05 00:01:07 1
2687. (727-200ADV) 2022-01-04 20:54:54-05 2022-01-04 22:36:39-05 01:41:45 612
2680. Cessna 172P 2022-01-03 22:26:43-05 2022-01-03 22:27:19-05 00:00:36 5
2679. Cessna 172P 2022-01-03 21:03:31-05 2022-01-03 22:26:22-05 01:22:51 497
2678. Airbus A320-200 with IAE engines 2022-01-02 22:00:35-05 2022-01-03 00:50:11-05 02:49:36 1019
2677. Airbus A320-200 with IAE engines 2022-01-02 21:39:31-05 2022-01-02 21:59:59-05 00:20:28 124
2672. (A330-203-GE) 2021-12-31 13:23:52-05 2021-12-31 16:07:52-05 02:44:00 985
2671. (A330-203-GE) 2021-12-31 13:07:27-05 2021-12-31 13:22:27-05 00:15:00 91
2670. (A330-203-GE) 2021-12-31 13:06:44-05 2021-12-31 13:06:44-05 00:00:00 1
2648. Boeing 777-200 2021-12-29 18:00:51-05 2021-12-29 18:02:42-05 00:01:51 2
2647. Boeing 777-300 2021-12-29 16:07:18-05 2021-12-29 16:20:48-05 00:13:30 82
Recent data changes (top 100 by time descent) [TOP ↑]
Modified by
Extra note
2022-01-18 16:49:38.146-05 Auto merge flight 7513802 to 7513791 FGTracker MPSERVER01
2021-12-31 00:14:18.13-05 Auto merge flight 7507545 to 7507537 FGTracker MPSERVER01
Registration status: Activated [TOP ↑]
Copyright @ 2010-2017 Oishii-subs & Hazuki Amamiya

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Dynamic audit table creation via Migrations Using .Net Core 2.1 and Audit.NET EF 12.1.10, I'm trying to add a migration that includes the audit tables but when invoking Add-Migration, no audit tables are generated in the migration.  I assumed that using the "dynamic" audit will do this automagically.  I don't have any audit interfaces-- I am leaving this up to Audit.NET.  Below is in my Startup:
var serviceProvider = services.BuildServiceProvider();

        Audit.EntityFramework.Configuration.Setup()
            .ForContext<MainDbContext>(config => config
                .IncludeEntityObjects()
                .AuditEventType("{context}:{database}"))
            .UseOptOut()
            .IgnoreAny(entity => entity.Name.StartsWith("AspNet") && entity.Name.StartsWith("OI"));

        Audit.Core.Configuration.Setup()
            .UseEntityFramework(ef => ef
                .AuditTypeNameMapper(typeName => "Audit_" + typeName)
                .AuditEntityAction((evt, entry, auditEntity) =>
                {
                    // Get the current HttpContext
                    var httpContext = serviceProvider.GetService<IHttpContextAccessor>().HttpContext;

                    // Store the identity name on the "UserName" property of the audit entity
                    ((dynamic)auditEntity).UserName = httpContext.User?.Identity.Name;
                    ((dynamic)auditEntity).AuditDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
                    ((dynamic)auditEntity).AuditAction = entry.Action;
                }));

My DbContext extending from AuditIdentityDbContext:
public class MainDbContext : AuditIdentityDbContext<User, Role, string>

I only have one entity so far, called Activity, just to test this out and I would expect Add-Migrations to include an Audit_Activity table as well as the Activity table, but I only got the latter.  Not sure what I'm doing wrong here.

A: I tried Auditing Identity Roles just because it was easiest to test at the moment
public class ApplicationRole : IdentityRole
{
}

public class Audit_ApplicationRole : IAudit
{
    [Key]
    public string Id { get; set; }
    [Column(TypeName = "NVARCHAR(256)")]
    public string Name { get; set; }
    [Column(TypeName = "NVARCHAR(256)")]
    public string NormalizedName { get; set; }
    public string ConcurrencyStamp { get; set; }
    public ApplicationRole Role { get; set; }
    public string RoleId  { get; set; }
    [Column(TypeName = "VARCHAR(100)")]
    public string AuditUser { get; set; }
    public DateTime AuditDate { get; set; }
    [Column(TypeName = "VARCHAR(7)")]
    public string Action { get; set; } // "Insert", "Update" or "Delete"
}

public interface IAudit
{
    string AuditUser { get; set; }
    DateTime AuditDate { get; set; }
    string Action { get; set; }
}

Then I used your code in StartUp.cs
        Audit.EntityFramework.Configuration.Setup()
            .ForContext<ApplicationDbContext>(config => config
                .IncludeEntityObjects()
                .AuditEventType("{context}:{database}"));

        Audit.Core.Configuration.Setup()
            .UseEntityFramework(x => x
                .AuditTypeNameMapper(typeName => "Audit_" + typeName)
                .AuditEntityAction<IAudit>((ev, ent, auditEntity) =>
                {
                    auditEntity.AuditDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
                    auditEntity.AuditUser = ev.Environment.UserName;
                    auditEntity.Action = ent.Action;
                }));

What I found out is that the Id had to be string for some reason, it could not be int.
Screenshot from the link shows that the changes in data have saved.
enter image description here
On the side note, I wanted to save the user logged in via Identity, so in case anyone wondering, this post helped me achieve it.
https://entityframeworkcore.com/knowledge-base/49799223/asp-net-core-entity-changing-history

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: TFS 2012 Product Backlog ordering per team Here is my current project/team setup in TFS 2012:
Project:MyProject
Teams: Team1, Team2
So that means I have 2 separate backlogs - 1 per team - each accessible via their appropriate team area path ("MyProject/Team1" and "MyProject/Team2").  This also means I have a sort of "master" product backlog, accessible at the "MyProject" level; a place where there is no delineation of task-by-team.
What I'm trying to do is have a setup where project managers/execs/etc. can see the "master" version, and each team has their own granular details.  This is all well and good as it stands, until you try to do any backlog sorting at the team level.  Let's say you have following backlog:
Order - TaskName - Team
1 - Task1 - Team1
2 - Task2 - Team2
3 - Task3 - Team1
4 - Task4 - Team2
What I'm seeing happening in my setup is if you try to do any re-prioritizing in the "MyProject/Team2" backlog, you could end up putting "Task4" higher than "Task1" in the "MyProject" backlog, which would be wrong at that macro level.
I completely realize why this can happen, what I'm wondering is if anyone can give a better idea for a setup/solution?

A: I may not be understanding your question, but is the order you provided actually chronological? If so, why is it split between teams? If you reorder task4 to be team2's first priority, is it actually dependent upon the completion of task1 by team1? I would assume not, and if that is the case then when viewing tasks at the project level, I would suggest sorting by teams, and then tasks. That would seem to preserve chronological ordering, by teams.

A: IMO: Team backlog is just a VIEW(filtering) on the PBL.
 The PBL order is a property of the project PBL and NOT of the Team PBL.
You must always re-order at PBL level, never at Team Level.


This local pub is throwing quite the party to ring in the New Year - live music from the Gnarboots crew, champagne at midnight, party favours and appetizers are all included in the $30 ticket.
Dance the night (and 2009) away to top 40 and '80s hits, house and R&B bangers courtesy of DJ Tim Livingstone and JT. On top of the dance floor action, expect an evening of champagne, hors d'oeuvres and studio photos in the club. Tickets are $75 in advance. Party starts at 9 p.m. and goes until 3 a.m.
The folks at the Fish are throwing quite the shindig in honour of 2010: music by JT James and Roxy DJ, plus champagne, appies and party favours in a totally decked-out club. Tickets are $65.
A longtime Whistler watering hole is going all out for the big night, offering up a three-course dinner, appetizers, party favours and a midnight champagne toast, plus live music with Brother Twang. Tickets are $75.
Garf's annual NYE party has been sold out 16 years in a row, so you know there must be a secret to their success. DJ Rosco and Andreas Morel are on the decks pumping out top 40 dance, hip hop and retro club hits, and each person will receive a personal bottle of champagne, appetizers and party favours with their ticket. General admission tickets are $100 in advance. High rollers can book into the Dom Perignon private room, as well. Party starts at 9 p.m. and goes until 3 a.m.
Come along on a journey through the classics of dance music, starting with disco and ending with today's top 40 and house hits from DJ Raw Baanks. The $75 tickets include a personal bottle of champagne, appetizers and party favours. Party starts at 9 p.m. and ends at 3 a.m.
Calling all stars: come out for a very special Hollywood-themed bash. Tickets to this ultimate party in the mountains are $75, which includes hors d'oeurves, a dessert table, champagne toast and coat check. A DJ will be spinning all night and people are welcome to come after midnight, when admission is $25. Party starts at 9 p.m. and ends at 3 a.m. Order tickets from www.longhornsaloon.ca or pick them up in person.
DJ Peacefrog spins a special year-end set starting at midnight, while guests are treated to party favours and more when the doors open at 8 p.m. Early bird tickets are $35, or $45 at the door.
This New Year's extravaganza features beats from Dr. Awesome (a.k.a. Chili Thom) and DJ Age, plus a welcome drink on arrival and Freixenet Flutes at midnight. White dress code in effect. Tickets are $75. Doors open at 9 p.m.
Think hip hop, dance, electro, funk, R&B, mashups and more to ring the New Year in properly, courtesy of DJs Praiz and Golden Child. Two DJs on four turntables means the dance floor will be rocking until the early morning and the club will be unrecognizable thanks to a transformation by Shits & Giggles, a local décor company! Locals' tickets are $30 in advance, or $50 at Clubzone.com until after Christmas. Tickets include hors d'oeuvres, party favours and a champagne toast at midnight.
Whistler's beloved Hairfarmers play the afternoon, evening and ultimately, the year away in this never-ending après session that starts at 3 p.m. Cover charge starts at $15 at 7 p.m., then increases starting at 9 p.m., so show up early!
Resident DJ Peacefrog spins his usual mix that packs the dance floor, but tonight's party is particularly special. The $85 ticket includes a champagne toast at midnight, party favours, appetizers and a complimentary photo at the door. Doors open at 8 p.m. Plus, there are industry tickets available for $25, which give you admission after midnight.


text:
Meticulous Markings
By Elizabeth Volpé Bligh on	 January 1, 2014 Sounding Board
The Good… Neat, tidy, and clear, the markings in this excerpt make it easy for any harpist to know exactly what to do.
The Bad… The markings in this excerpt are enough to make your skin crawl. It's better to get an unmarked part than a part with confusing and messy markings like these.
Save yourself and your colleagues headaches from rental parts.
"We're all on the same team here, and leaving an unintelligible mess for the next harpist will come back to haunt you eventually," says Elizabeth Volpe Bligh.
When you rent—whether it's a car, a beach house, or even a harp—you are at the mercy of the previous renters. What you have to work with can be less than ideal—beat up, messy, poorly maintained. The same is true when it comes to rental music.
Rental parts comprise much of the music we play in large ensembles. Often the parts are marked so poorly that the beleaguered harpist has to cast about for a good eraser and a handkerchief into which to sob—but it doesn't have to be that way.
We're all on the same team here, and leaving an unintelligible mess for the next harpist will come back to haunt you eventually. The next person who gets that mess of a part might be you, your student, or even your appalled teacher.
So for the common good, I offer some guidelines for marking rental parts.
Elizabeth Volpé Bligh
Elizabeth has been the Principal Harpist of the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra since 1982, after 6 years as harpist with the National Ballet of Canada. She teaches at UBC, the VSO School of Music, the VSO Institute at Whistler and privately. In 2011, she was the Chair of the Host Committee for the World Harp Congress in Vancouver, and currently is President of the West Coast Harp Society and the BC Chapter of the AHS.
A family Affair
Fleisher Family Tree
Musical Comfort Food
Five Easy Fixes
Arranger Profile—Darhon Rees-Rohrbacher
Playing for Students' Weddings
CD Review—Les Amis
CD Review—Dance


text:
African bishops demand independence in deciding United Methodist Church's future
The conflict over acceptance of LGBTQ persons in The United Methodist Church has become a three-way fight — with even more contenders likely waiting to turn the bout into a battle royal between opposing American forces and the rest of…
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This year's electorate is different — and fewer are white Christians
The United States electorate — defined as those who are eligible to vote and registered to vote — changes some from year to year but changed significantly over the span of a few years. A compilation of data from Pew…
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The ethical issues surrounding development of a COVID-19 vaccine are complex but pale in comparison to the deaths that would be necessary to reach so-called "herd immunity" in the United States. Questions get raised about the feared use of fetal tissue from…
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Before the pandemic, 1 in 3 families across the U.S. struggled to afford diapers. Now, with more than 56 million families with children losing their household income since March of this year, diaper banks trying desperately to assuage escalating demands…
AnalysisJesse Jackson Sr. and Grace Ji-Sun Kim
My journey from being a young-earth Creationist, Dispensationalist Republican to seeing my neighbor as worthy of my vote
My body was tense as I sat in the white-walled classroom of my Baptist high school in Middle Georgia. With the sounds of pretend canons firing at the Civil War reenactment across the street, I listened to my teacher tell…
AnalysisRick Pidcock
This will be on the test: What's the difference between 'sacred' and 'secular' education?
"Secularism" often functions as a catch-all bugaboo for religious circles in the United States, and concerns that culture is becoming increasingly secular raise fears among American Christians in particular. In the case of public education, there remains a myth that…
AnalysisAndrew Gardner
The complicated story of Trump's COVID treatment, stem cells and abortion politics
The irony cannot be missed: A Rose Garden event to announce the nomination of a Supreme Court justice widely expected to tilt the court toward limiting access to abortion became a super-spreader event for coronavirus, which infected many of the…


text:
Ian Toll's Final Volume About The War In The Pacific
The final volume of Ian Toll's definitive history of the Pacific War, "Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944-1945," comes on the 75th…
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Joe Donahue: Steve Shenkin's book "Bomb: The Race to Build-and Steal- The World's Most Dangerous Weapon" was a National Book Award finalist, a Newbery…
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"Kimono! The Artistry of Itchiku Kubota," a spectacular exhibition of 48 kimono, will be on view at the Museum of Art, Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts…
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Sarah LaDuke
Manitoga is the house, studio, and 75-acre woodland garden of American industrial designer Russel Wright. Its Artist Residency program began in 2014. This…
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text:
Home > Alumni Stories / Interviews / People
Viet Thanh Nguyen: Going Public
Published date April 6, 2018
The author, scholar, and MLA member Viet Thanh Nguyen spoke with the MLA's executive director, Paula Krebs, in October 2017, after he had been awarded a MacArthur Foundation fellowship. His debut novel, The Sympathizer, won the 2016 Pulitzer Prize in fiction.
PAULA KREBS: Congratulations on winning a MacArthur. Do you have plans?
VIET THANH NGUYEN: I run a blog called Diacritics, which is the leading online source for Vietnamese and diasporic arts, culture, and politics. I started that on my own, run it on my own. So I'm going to use some of the funds to hire an editor and to figure out a way to make that editor self-sustaining.
PK: You've got the creative, you've got the traditional scholarly-critical, and then you've got this public outreach. Could you talk about how they inform one another?
VTN: I came out of an undergraduate background of activism and ethnic studies in addition to English. And the only reason I went to graduate school was because I was convinced, along with many academic people of my academic generation, that literary and cultural criticism had a political dimension to it. Certainly I was deeply influenced by Marxist traditions and anticolonial national traditions. And part of that was the idea that writers and intellectuals could serve a political purpose and could be organic, or public, figures. All these things are interrelated. They inform my scholarly work and give me a theoretical foundation for trying to figure out how to write fiction in a way that was different from how I perceived most of contemporary American fiction.
And doing the blog and my other work with community arts organizations was part of my sense of obligation that writers and academics need to be working outside the academy, or trying to figure out ways that their writing and scholarship can interact with the world outside literature and academia. Through the blog I was writing for a nonacademic audience out of this conviction that what I thought about in my theoretical thinking could also reach a larger audience. And, conversely, writing for the blog was actually very helpful for me because in writing for nonacademics I could deploy colloquialism and satire and humor that I never dared to use in academic writing.
And so ultimately, when it came time to write The Sympathizer, all of that blog writing actually really helped me, because my fiction writing before The Sympathizer didn't really have that much humor in it. And so when I sat down to write The Sympathizer, I thought, What if I tried to write a satirical novel? And if I tried to write a satirical novel? And lo and behold the blog writing had actually provided some of the inspiration for that.
PK: What is it about advanced study in the humanities that works its way into your popular writing?
VTN: It goes both ways. It's not simply a case of translating academic thinking for the public. Writing for a public outside academia also works in reverse to help me shape my academic thinking.
So the first part is my conviction that scholarly and theoretical thinking have insights that are applicable outside academia. Now if we insist on writing for a particular guild or profession, then of course the impact of those kinds of thinking is very muted because people generally don't want to read these kinds of things. We have to make an effort to figure out how to translate.
Doing all that while also writing fiction had an impact on my academic writing too. I wrote a book called Nothing Ever Dies after I wrote The Sympathizer. And the research for Nothing Ever Dies was carried out before The Sympathizer. I'd written a bunch of academic articles for academic journals. But when it came time to write the book, I had a choice between just collecting all those essays and putting an introduction and conclusion on them-and, presto, I'd have a book-or starting from scratch and writing a narrative. I chose the latter. After writing The Sympathizer and writing The Refugees, I just couldn't go back to conventional academic writing. And I thought, what I'm arguing in this book about war and memory, forgiveness, justice-all these things have wide applicability outside academia, and I just have to find a way to convey that. The choice, though, was not between "sophisticated" academic thinking and "writing for the masses." There's a whole spectrum of difference in between. In this case I chose a writing style that would be criticism for an informed general public, and I wrote the book as a narrative.
PK: I don't see defensiveness about the humanities in any of your work. It's a shameless promotion of the humanities.
VTN: I think that's a good way of putting it. I started off as a humanist; that's one of the reasons I became an academic, a graduate student, and a writer. A lot of Nothing Ever Dies was about trying to get over the sentimentality that's often attached to humanism, at least in the way we as academics pitch it. I coin the term the inhumanities to describe what I do.
I think that undergraduates and graduate students are enthusiastic about all these ideas about trying to reach broader audiences and are willing to be experimental with blogs, digital humanities, and many other kinds of things. And so even if the MLA is going to run into difficulty trying to get tenure reviews to allow for blogs, it is good that PMLA is creating space for things besides academic articles and reviews, for things like excerpts from blogs or profiles of scholars who are doing interesting things-people who have all the credentials of respected scholars but are also doing something else.
PK: You talk in an LA Times article about the "burden of uselessness falling with greater weight" on the arts and humanities, where everybody has to prove that their major is going to lead to a job in finance.
VTN: The work that we do within our own disciplines is not enough. I could write a novel, but, although it may change something, it's not necessarily going to change the world. You still need social movements to take place. It doesn't help the academic cause that a lot of academics can't speak outside academia, and even the ones who want to speak outside academia are ill-practiced at it. People have to be willing to take risks with their careers and with their intellectual and professional progress.
Our work could be more relevant if more people could read us, but if more people could read us, our work could actually be more threatening. It could make things more problematic if people who are already skeptical of the humanities could actually hear the things that are being said. But that could also mobilize more people on our behalf, when they really can understand some of the relevance of scholarly projects. There is potential for the scholarly humanities to actually move people and give them new insights into really important issues.
Part of the problem is that scholars don't think of themselves as activists. They generally tend to be individuals, and they want to do their own work. If people keep on just doing their own books, they'll be standing on islands that get smaller and smaller.
The path that I chose was a very difficult one personally and professionally. But outside the question of "reward" the MacArthur or whatever-it's been fun being able to write for a larger audience, being able to reach people who are not academics. Knowing that my work, that my writing, has been able to move people emotionally (and I'm speaking not just of the fiction but also of Nothing Ever Dies)-that's enormously rewarding. I would never have continued in academia if I had written my second academic book like my first one. So turning myself into a more public writer has been a lifesaver for me, but it's also been enormously fun.
Reprinted by permission of the Modern Language Association. Originally published in the MLA Newsletter, vol. 50, no.1, Spring 2018, pages 4-5. Copyright © 2018 Modern Language Association. All rights reserved.
Categories:Alumni StoriesInterviewsPeople


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Was very impressed with how responsive and courteous the office staff and workers were.


"I'm my own worst critic," we might say in a sudden moment of insight. It is very true that most of us are hard on ourselves, particularly if we get even the slightest hint that we don't 'match up' in some way – in our achievements, career or study, social standing, relationships, appearance, body image, financial status, etc. If we make even the smallest mistake, then we have a tendency to berate ourselves, and if we make a genuine medium or large mistake, then look out!
Why Do I Feel Shame and Guilt?


Kimela is a member of Oxera's Transport, Modelling and Litigation teams. Her work involves applying quantitative techniques to a range of areas, and developing analytical models, for example to analyse the economic contribution of organisations, policies and regulations. Kimela has significant experience in providing economic analysis in the context of litigation and arbitration, in particular in taxation disputes. She is heavily involved in Oxera's wider involvement in the ports and maritime sector, and the freight and logistics sector. Prior to joining Oxera, Kimela worked in the Government Economic Service. She worked at HM Revenue & Customs for a number of years, leading the team producing forecasts of tax receipts, providing litigation support for VAT and impact assessments for policy costings for indirect taxes. Projects included estimating the VAT gap, and estimating behavioural responses to changes in prices of alcohol duties and fuel duties. She also worked at the Office for Budget Responsibility, in the team responsible for producing the macroeconomic forecasts.


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text:
Disney Cruise Line to return to P.R. with Disney Wonder in '20
Contributor October 4, 2018
The Disney Wonder (Credit: Todd Anderson)
Disney Cruise Line announced its itinerary for the 2020 travel season, which includes a return to Puerto Rico for limited cruises that year aboard the "Disney Wonder."
Disney Cruise Line will launch two cruises from Puerto Rico in January to the Caribbean, followed by a cruise to the Bahamas.
This is the first few cruises to be offered by the cruise line from Puerto Rico since the devastation caused by Hurricane María.
"Disney Cruise Line returns to our port, which demonstrates everyone's commitment to the development of our economy, through tourism, in the short and long term," Carla Campos, executive director of the Puerto Rico Tourism Co.
"Besides, it gives the local traveler the opportunity to have a different alternative, mostly aimed at the enjoyment of the whole family," she said.
"Likewise, it draws travelers interested in boarding this type of vessel to arrive at our airports and, before and after their voyage, enjoy the attractions the island offers," said Campos.
Bookings for the departures from San Juan can be made starting today, through the cruise line's web page, or through an authorized travel agent.
Virgin Voyages postpones launch of Resilient Lady, which was to homeport in SJ
300+ cruise industry execs. meet in Puerto Rico for FCCA conference
Virgin Voyages' Resilient Lady to use San Juan as homeport in '22
Michelle Kantrow-Vázquez June 10, 2021
Tourism Alliance for P.R. blasts 'lack of activity on P3 for San Juan docks


text:
<?php

namespace Google\Service\Contentwarehouse;

class GeostorePriceRangeProto extends \Google\Model
{
  /**
   * @var string
   */
  public $currency;
  public $lowerPrice;
  /**
   * @var string
   */
  public $units;
  public $upperPrice;

  /**
   * @param string
   */
  public function setCurrency($currency)
  {
    $this->currency = $currency;
  }
  /**
   * @return string
   */
  public function getCurrency()
  {
    return $this->currency;
  }
  public function setLowerPrice($lowerPrice)
  {
    $this->lowerPrice = $lowerPrice;
  }
  public function getLowerPrice()
  {
    return $this->lowerPrice;
  }
  /**
   * @param string
   */
  public function setUnits($units)
  {
    $this->units = $units;
  }
  /**
   * @return string
   */
  public function getUnits()
  {
    return $this->units;
  }
  public function setUpperPrice($upperPrice)
  {
    $this->upperPrice = $upperPrice;
  }
  public function getUpperPrice()
  {
    return $this->upperPrice;
  }
}

// Adding a class alias for backwards compatibility with the previous class name.
class_alias(GeostorePriceRangeProto::class, 'Google_Service_Contentwarehouse_GeostorePriceRangeProto');

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Yes, it turns out Disney can make dreams come true.
The team connected eight controllers to a classic Nintendo Entertainment System and fed the video to an upscaler. The feed was then and uploaded to a computer that stitched the frames into panoramas to project onto the walls of the nightclub in real time.
Sadly, there is no word on whether the team will bring their super sized retro experience elsewhere, but we'd sure like them to. Until then, there's always the internet.


text:
The Battle of Alcatraz
Dec 2, 2013 - by Robert Walsh - 0 Comments
The Battle of Alcatraz, a desperate attempt to break out of the most penal prison in the United States, raged for four days in 1946. The Marines had to be called in to quell the riot that resulted.
by Robert Walsh
Its official title was the United States Penitentiary, Alcatraz, but it was better known as "America's Devil's Island," "Hellcatraz," or just simple "The Rock." Whatever people called it, it was the most infamous penal institution in U.S. history.
Alcatraz wasn't simply America's first "supermax" prison. It was born of the legendary "Crime Wave" of the 1930s when racketeers like Al Capone ruled U.S. cities like their personal property and when the likes of John Dillinger and Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd went on interstate crime sprees robbing banks, kidnapping wealthy citizens for ransom and shooting their way from one tight spot to another. It was the era of Prohibition, Bonnie and Clyde, the "Public Enemies" and the formation of their nemesis the FBI.
To contain the worst of the Depression-era desperadoes the Federal Bureau of Prisons decided it needed something different to existing state and federal prisons and penitentiaries. The bureau decided on one particularly strict, secure prison to warehouse the worst of the worst, the inmates with records so bad and sentences so long that they were never likely to be released. With the opening of Alcatraz in 1934, wardens all over the country now had somewhere to ship inmates with particular reputations for violence, repeated escape attempts, inciting riots, bribing prison staff and general trouble-making. As the warden in the Clint Eastwood movie Escape from Alcatraz put it: "If you disobey the rules of society, they send you to prison. If you disobey the rules of prison, they send you to Alcatraz."
Right from the start the Alcatraz regime was expressly designed to be punitive, to break even the most stubborn inmates and deflate the largest egos. Within federal prison rules and the Constitution, every effort was made to constantly break inmates down, forcing them to accept that while they may have been media darlings on the outside, but at Alcatraz they were simply a name, a number and a mug shot. Nothing more. Even the most notorious inmates such as Al Capone, George "Machine Gun" Kelly, Robert "Birdman" Stroud, Harvey Bailey and Alvin "Old Creepy" Karpis arrived as big-shot gangsters and left as relative nobodies, barely remembered by the time their sentences were served.
The Rule of Silence
There were no "trustee" jobs. Warden Olin Blackwell said that any Alcatraz inmate deserving trustee status didn't belong on the island. Knowledge of the world outside the island was strictly censored. Any visitors or letter-writers were subject to an FBI background check. If they didn't pass they were allowed no contact with an inmate. For the first four years since its opening Alcatraz had a "rule of silence" where inmates were barred from making any more conversation than was absolutely necessary. If they were overheard having what guards considered unnecessary chatter then they went to solitary confinement for a minimum of 10 days. Even a prison job such as working in the laundry, normally handed out as standard at other prisons, was a privilege at Alcatraz that an inmate had to earn by good behavior.
Discipline (official and unofficial) was equally repressive. Solitary confinement was regularly imposed on inmates for such minor offences as talking, not eating all their food at mealtimes, keeping an extra pair of socks in their cells, not keeping their cells clean and tidy enough to pass inspection and a whole host of things that even other prisons wouldn't consider deserving of punishment. If ordinary solitary didn't suffice then there was the "Dark Hole," individual cells with no bed, toilet, chair or even light because the doors were solid steel instead of ordinary bars. The Dark Hole cells were cold, draughty, often damp (according to a number of former prisoners) These were the cells where guards liked to administer a little extra punishment often involving blackjacks, brass knuckles, rubber hoses, belts and billy clubs. There were no incentives or bonuses for inmates who abided by the rules, only maximum misery for those who broke them. It was this policy of maximum repression and minimum comfort that spawnedwhat became known as the "Battle of Alcatraz" or the "Alcatraz Blast-Out."
The Alcatraz Blast-Out
Ringleader and plotter Bernard Coy
The main players were a motley crew. Joseph "Dutch" Cretzer made the FBI's "Ten Most Wanted" list before being shipped to Alcatraz to serve out 25 years for armed robbery, five years for escaping from McNeil Island and life for killing a U.S. marshal while attempting to escape again. Marvin Hubbard was serving life for armed robbery, kidnapping, stealing firearms, escaping from a county jail, driving a stolen vehicle across a state line and inciting a mutiny at Atlanta Federal Penitentiary. Miran "Buddy" Thompson was serving life plus 99 years for escapes, kidnapping, robberies and murdering a detective. Sam Shockley was an armed robber, kidnapper and also mentally impaired, a man of 36 with a mental age of 8, prone to fits of manic rage often accompanied by extreme violence. The baby of the bunch was Clarence Carnes, aka the "Choctaw Kid." Carnes was only 19 but arrived at Alcatraz serving life plus 99 years for murder, robbery, kidnapping and various assaults on guards and inmates, plus a lengthy juvenile record.
The real ringleader was Bernard Coy, serving life for armed robbery committed in Kentucky. It was Coy who spotted previously unseen weaknesses in the outwardly impregnable security set-up. Coy worked as a janitor with greater access around the prison than most inmates. He spotted that Guard Burch habitually left his post on the gun gallery overlooking C Block at the same time every day and was gone for a couple of minutes at a time checking D Block. Burch had a Springfield rifle, a .45 pistol and, most importantly, the vital key giving him access to D Block where the solitary cells and "Dark Hole" were located. Coy could use Burch's regular absence to climb up the bars protecting the gun gallery, force a man-sized gap in the bars using a convict-made bar spreader, enter the gallery and overpower Burch as he returned from D Block.
He also noticed that Guard Miller, usually posted at the entrance to C Block from the prison kitchen, had the key to the door opening onto the exercise yard and, from there, down to the island dock where a prison launch made daily runs between the island and the mainland. Miller was supposed to send that key up to the gun gallery before entering C Block via a length of rope pulled up by Burch, but Coy noticed he often didn't bother. If kitchen orderly Marvin Hubbard could help him deal with Miller and Coy could overpower Burch then the escapers would have weapons, ammunition and the keys needed to open the right doors, knock out the armed guards in the guard towers using Burch's rifle, reach the dock, hijack the prison launch and then head for the mainland and freedom.
To put it mildly it was a somewhat desperate plan and almost certainly doomed even before it began. But escapers are a strange breed. What seems desperate (or even outright insane) to people who have never served time can seem somehow plausible to people destined to spend the rest of their lives in prison and probably die there of old age. Inmates of that kind often decide they have nothing to lose. Whether they die in prison of old age or are shot down during a desperate escape attempt makes little difference to them. Death is death, it's just a matter of what kind of death they choose.
Coy knew he needed extra muscle if the plan were to have even the tiniest chance of success. Having recruited Hubbard out of necessity he also recruited Thompson, Carnes and Cretzer as extra muscle. Cretzer, however, demanded that his friend Sam Shockley be included as well. It was a demand that everybody involved would later come to regret. Shockley's sudden mood swings and violent tendencies made him difficult to handle at the best of times and his inclusion was partly responsible for the violence that followed. Cretzer also wanted the inmates confined in D Block (home of the solitary cells and the "Dark Hole") freed as one of them, Rufus "Whitey" Franklin, was a personal friend and had a talent for lock-picking that Cretzer felt might well be useful.
Executing the Escape Plan
It was on May 2, 1946 that Coy and his accomplices made their move. Months had been spent casing the routines of Guards Burch and Miller. A bar spreader had been secretly obtained to force a gap in the gun gallery bars so Coy could attack Burch. Coy himself had been dieting for several months, making himself as slim as possible. He would have only a couple of minutes to climb the gun gallery bars, spread them, squeeze into the gallery itself and jump Burch as he came through the door from D Block. Hubbard had been casing Miller's routine to judge exactly when to jump him and steal the key that Miller carelessly kept on his person instead of delivering to Burch according to prison rules. Cretzer, Shockley, Thompson and Carnes were available as extra muscle and there was always a chance that other inmates might decide to tag along. The "Battle of Alcatraz" was about to begin.
Hubbard approached Miller. Miller knew that Hubbard had finished his kitchen duties and was headed back to his cell. Miller unlocked the door intending to make a brief pat down search for stolen food or cutlery. He didn't know Coy was behind him or that Hubbard had a carving knife up his left sleeve. As Miller opened the door, Hubbard shoved it open as hard as possible while Coy slugged Miller over the head. They stole his keys and his "gas billy" (a combination truncheon and tear gas dispenser) before shoving him into Cell 403. Miller wouldn't be alone for long but he as he was being dragged to the cell he managed to slip the unauthorised key off his key ring and into his pocket. The escape was already in dire jeopardy.
Coy and Hubbard released Cretzer and Carnes from their cells. Using Miller's keys they opened the utility corridor running parallel to C Block, retrieving a pair of pliers and the bar-spreader. A bar spreader is simply two threaded brass pipes and a threaded nut that can be placed between two bars. When the nut is turned using the pliers the bars are forced apart until they either crack or bend wide enough for an inmate to squeeze between them. Once the gun gallery bars were spread and Coy was through he could tackle Burch.
Burch now took his habitual stroll into D Block. In the two minutes between Burch leaving his post and returning, Coy had shinned up the bars, forced them apart, squeezed himself through and was waiting when Burch came back. Burch barely knew what hit him. Coy attacked Burch the second he opened the door. Burch's rifle was wrenched from his hands and blows rained down from Miller's gas billy. Coy wrestled him to the floor, choking him unconscious with his own necktie. Coy now had the key to D Block, a .45 pistol, a Springfield rifle and spare ammunition for both weapons. Coy stripped Burch of his uniform, snatched the key cord from its wall peg and used it to tie Burch securely before dropping the .45 and twenty cartridges down to Cretzer. Cretzer also received the key to the main cellhouse while Carnes got the gas billy and the pliers. Coy kept the rifle and 50 cartridges. As far as the inmates knew the escape was going to plan and on schedule.
Next to fall was Guard Corwin. Corwin was on duty in D Block and realized something was wrong when he heard the key unexpectedly thrust into the lock. He went to jam the lock when he realised Coy was aiming Burch's rifle straight at him. Corwin backed away from the door and Cretzer, Carnes and Hubbard barged in. Cretzer demanded that "Whitey" Franklin's dark cell be unlocked. Carnes asked Corwin whether that would trip any alarms. Corwin told them that if the door were unlocked that an alarm would sound. Cretzer decided Franklin would have to be left behind as the escapers were already pressed for time. Franklin probably didn't realize it at the time, but Cretzer's change of mind probably saved his life. Other D Block inmates were freed, however and, while most of them sensibly stayed inside D Block, "Big" Sam Shockley and Miran "Buddy" Thompson didn't.
Corwin ended up in Cell 403 with Miller. Two men crammed into a cell designed for one was crowded enough as it was, but Cell 403 would soon become a temporary home for several more guards as events unfolded. Burch had regained consciousness and freed himself. He peered over the edge of the gun gallery straight at a startled Joe Cretzer who promptly fired two .45 pistol rounds straight at him. Any thoughts Burch had of using the gun gallery phone to alert the prison control center (known as "The Armory") vanished when the bullets whizzed within inches of Burch's head.
Guard Burdett was next to be overpowered. He saw Coy running down the main C Block corridor (known to inmates as "Broadway") and tried to chase him down. What he actually achieved was to be beaten and thrown into Cell 403. It was now that the escape failed. Burdett asked Carnes if he could untie Miller. Carnes unwisely agreed. While the inmates were distracted Burdett and Miller managed to hide the key Miller had removed from his key ring while being dragged into Cell 403. It was the key to the exercise yard door and, without it, there was no way for the inmates to get from the cellhouse to the dock, hijack the launch and head for the mainland. In that small moment of kindness Carnes had foiled the whole escape. At his trial later in the year, Carnes' kindness would also save his own life.
Cretzer and Coy took turns trying every key they had in the cellhouse door. None worked. What they didn't know was that the locks at Alcatraz were designed in such a way that repeatedly trying different keys caused them to jam solid so that, even if they had found the right key, no key at all would have opened the lock. It was a simple security measure expressly intended to make it more difficult for anybody with either stolen keys or copied keys to simply unlock the right doors and head off to freedom. They turned their attentions to Miller, searched him again and beat him to a pulp when the right key wasn't found. Now they all knew their escape had failed and that it was now a hostage situation. It wasn't about escape any more, simply whether they surrendered meekly or went down fighting.
They chose to go down fighting. Steward Robert Bristow was returning to the kitchen via C Block when Carnes grabbed him, threatening to cut his throat with the pliers. Bristow was next into Cell 403. Guard Ernest Lageson came back from lunch, walked down through C Block, was grabbed from behind and tossed into Cell 403. An inmate coming back from a work detail noticed there was no guard to check him into the cellhouse. He reported this to Officer Stucker who spent a couple of minutes looking through the gate before realizing that something was very, very wrong. Stucker phoned the Armory. The Armory despatched Captain Weinhold, Lieutenant Simpson, and Guards Sundstrom and Baker to investigate. None of them returned or reported back. They had been ambushed, disarmed at gunpoint, beaten and were dragged off to join their colleagues.
Cell 403 being full, Weinhold, Simpson, Sundstrom and Baker were crammed into Cell 402. Baker was chief mail censor and instantly took a beating from Shockley for being a "Goddam mail thief." Sundstrom's wallet was stolen by Cretzer and Captain Weinhold was made to strip and hand his uniform over to Coy.
Escape was now completely impossible but Coy decided to try shooting the tower guards anyway. The inmates had decided that, if they couldn't actually escape, they could at least take some guards with them when the prison authorities tried to retake the main cellhouse. Coy headed to the mess hall and kitchen to use their windows to snipe the guards in the three towers overlooking the exercise yard and the dock.
Having heard nothing from Weinhold's group and suspecting that something had gone very wrong the Armory phoned the west gun gallery. No reply. With no report from Weinhold and no reply from the gun gallery the Armory set up a conference call between all guard posts. When the call came Officer Comerford and Associate Warden Miller discussed the situation. At that instant a bullet crashed through the window of Comerford's tower. Miller responded, leaping into a nearby truck and speeding away to warn his boss, Warden James A. Johnston. Coy fired a second shot, this time towards the hill tower. The bullet struck the metal tower and shattered, crippling Guard Best with dozens of metal splinters in both legs. Then Coy aimed for the third tower overlooking the road linking the dock and the cellhouse, occupied by Guard Levison. He missed Levison's head by mere inches.
The Armory called Johnston, reporting the trouble just as Miller staggered out of the cellhouse. Miller had gone in with a gas billy to assess the trouble and Coy had fired at him twice, missing Miller but exploding the gas billy in his face. Miller staggered out to Johnston dazed, coughing and gasping for breath. He told Johnston that Coy was loose in the cellhouse and had tried to kill him.
Inside, the inmates were starting to lose their composure. They hauled Guard Miller out of Cell 403 and delivered another severe beating without finding the yard door key. They shouted, screamed, cursed and raged as the prison siren blew, alerting anybody within earshot (which was as far away as San Francisco itself) that there was serious trouble on Alcatraz. Weinhold told the inmates in so many words that they had no chance and they'd be killed if they didn't surrender. Cretzer's response was that the hostages would die as well. Weinhold (very foolishly) said that they could only die once. Cretzer roared:
"Then go ahead and die!"
Two bullets struck Weinhold in the belly. Shockley, by now in one of the feared rages he was well known for, started shouting for all the hostages to be killed. Cretzer then shot Corwin in the head as Shockley bellowed:
"Kill every one of the yellow-bellied bastards! We won't have any testimony against us!"
Cretzer emptied the remaining five .45 caliber rounds into Cell 403, hitting Miller in the chest. The other hostages hit the floor and played dead, hoping that Cretzer or the others wouldn't be thorough in finishing the job. Having emptied his pistol Cretzer dropped the empty clip, slipped in a full one, cocked the pistol, headed for the hostages in neighboring Cell 402. He emptied another clip of seven rounds into the cell. Lieutenant Simpson stopped two slugs in the chest. Baker was hit in both legs. Burdett was seriously wounded. Sundstrom was unhurt but hit the floor anyway and also played dead. Cretzer returned to Cell 402 to inspect his handiwork and noticed that Guard Lageson was still alive. Cretzer didn't want to shoot Lageson as Lageson had always treated him well, but Shockley's rage persuaded him otherwise. He aimed and squeezed the trigger, on an empty chamber. Lageson looked up at Cretzer and said:
"Take it easy, Joe…"
Cretzer's response was a bullet that wounded Lageson's cheek and mangled his ear as well. Lageson had the presence of mind to lie there and hold his breath, hoping Cretzer would have had enough.
Retaking Alcatraz
Warden Johnston had hoped to settle the trouble without too much publicity, but soon had to inform the Federal Bureau of Prisons in Washington D.C. Bureau Director James Bennett promised immediate help, summoning available officers from prisons all over the country. Further help came from the United States Marine Corps, who sent a platoon to Alcatraz fully armed and equipped. Coast Guard cutters now circled the island and military aircraft circled overhead. At every vantage point on land it seemed as though most of San Francisco had taken time off to watch the action.
Later that afternoon Johnston sent in a strong force of armed guards to try to retake the cellhouse. They failed. Guard Stites died fighting a pistol duel with Cretzer who also wounded three other guards as they tried to enter the cellhouse. The three wounded guards were taken to Johnston's office which served as a first aid post. Stites was brought there later. The guard force did manage to locate and free the hostages, sprinting into the cellhouse as Cretzer and his accomplices were kept pinned down by withering machine gun fire.
The rioters didn't know it, but that list would prove fatal for two of them after the battle was over.
Searchlights were played constantly over the cellhouse windows all night and military aircraft dived low over the island until dawn in a form of psychological warfare. Guards spent much of the night shooting tear gas grenades through the ventilators where the rioters were thought to be pinned down. While the battle raged, Lageson managed to scrawl a list of names on the cell wall: "Cretzer, Coy, Hubbard, Carnes, Shockley, Thompson."
By morning the prison was a mess. The cellhouse exterior was pockmarked with thousands of bullet holes, the water pipes had ruptured, the windows shattered, clouds of smoke and tear gas wafted in and around the inside and outside of the prison. And it was about to become a great deal worse.
Calling in the Marines
Enter Warrant Officer Buckner of the United States Marine Corps. Buckner was a decorated veteran of World War II and, after discussing the situation with Johnston, was cleared to start dealing with the problem leatherneck-style. Buckner started by climbing up on the cellhouse roof and drilling holes. Through the holes he began dropping modified anti-tank shells onto the top of the utility corridor where the rioters were thought to be hiding before going down to ground level and examining the cellhouse windows. The bars on the windows made simply throwing hand grenades too dangerous, so Buckner spread the exterior bars on one of the windows and fired three boxes of rifle grenades into the cellhouse. This completed, he climbed back up to the roof and dropped 150 hand grenades, some tied on string to explode at different heights, through the holes he'd left in the roof.
The rest of San Francisco Bay was in chaos as well. Navy warships and Army boats enforced an exclusion zone that a dozen boatloads of reporters did their best to breach hoping for better photographs and newsreel footage. Military aircraft still dived over Alcatraz, their screaming engines deafening and terrifying the convicts trapped in their cells and workplaces all over the island. Suddenly at around noon the shooting stopped. The rioters had managed to reach a phone and had called asking about a deal. Warden Johnston's deal was simple:
"The only possible deal is this: Throw out your weapons."
The ceasefire held long enough for Johnston to move convicts secured in the prison yard and discuss progress with two distinguished visitors, General Frank Merrill (of "Merrill's Marauders" fame) and General Joseph "Vinegar Joe" Stilwell (famed for his seemingly permanently sour personality). They agreed that the situation for the rioters looked bleak and that the siege was unlikely to last much longer. The water supply was cut, the rioters had no food, presumably very little rest and no chance whatever of ending things on their own terms. Or so Johnston, Merrill and Stilwell thought.
The final contact between the rioters and the authorities came on the afternoon of May 5, 1946, when a single shot whizzed by the head of a guard sent to reconnoitre C Block. It was the rioters' answer to Johnston's demand for unconditional surrender. The location of the shot, fired down the utility corridor, also indicated that the rioters had moved from the cut-off tunnel between C and D Block. Dusk fell and still no surrender. The siege was destined to go into one final day of bloodletting. Fusillades of rifle and machine gun fire peppered the cellhouse until 9 p.m. when Johnston ordered a ceasefire and stationed sentries to watch for any movement overnight.
It was 8 a.m. on Saturday, May 6, 1946 when some of Warrant Officer Buckner's Marines went to take a cautious look into C Block. They set a ladder by a cellhouse window and carefully looked through. A prison guard fired a single shot into the cellhouse to test for any reaction from the rioters. Nothing.
At 9:20 a.m. the comparative silence was shattered. A burst of a dozen gunshots came from inside C Block before silence resumed at 10:40 a.m. when three more shots rang out. They were the last shots of the Battle of Alcatraz. One of America's most violent prison disturbances was over. The dozen shots in C Block had come from guards raking the utility corridor with rifle fire. The three other shots, the last shots of the battle, had been fired by the convicts. Not at the guards or the Marines or the reporters, but into themselves.
It was Guard Mowery who found them as he waded through the waterlogged, pitch-dark utility corridor. Coy sat on the ground in Captain Weinhold's uniform, Burch's Springfield rifle still in his hands. Cretzer was found wearing Burch's jacket and holster, still clutching Burch's .45. Between them lay Hubbard, still holding the carving knife he'd stolen from the kitchen when the original escape plan started. They had all found their final, permanent release from "The Rock."
Clarence Carnes, Miran Thompson and Sam Shockley hadn't found release. They'd gone back to their cells hoping Cretzer's shoddy marksmanship had left no witnesses to testify against them. They were wrong. All three were dragged from their cells and identified by the surviving hostages. All three would stand trial for capital murder. All three would be convicted and sentenced to death.
Carnes was lucky. His having shown some small mercy to the hostages and being only 19 years old softened the sentencing judge just enough to see him avoid the death sentence, although an extra life sentence was tacked onto the life plus 99 years he was already serving. Carnes eventually earned parole in 1973 aged only 46. However, it wasn't to be his last acquaintance with prison life. His parole was revoked due to violations and he finally ended his days in the Medical Centre for Federal Prisoners at Springfield, Missouri on October 3, 1988. He was buried in a pauper's grave. In November 1988 a former fellow inmate of Alcatraz paid for his body to be exhumed and reburied on land in the Choctaw Nation in his native Oklahoma in an expensive casket with a car to transport him on his final journey. The former fellow inmate was none other than notorious Boston crime lord James "Whitey" Bulger.
For Sam Shockley and Miran Thompson legal justice moved rather more swiftly than natural justice. Like Carnes they were convicted of capital murder in the deaths of Guards Stites and Miller. Unlike Carnes, the trial judge and appeals courts showed them no mercy. They were condemned to die in the gas chamber at San Quentin, only a few miles from Alcatraz. At 10 a.m. on the morning of December 3, 1948 they were taken from the so-called "Ready Room" on Death Row and escorted to the octagonal, green-painted steel capsule inmates called the "coughing box" or "the little green room." As guards strapped them into the two steel chairs in the chamber Thompson looked through an observation window at Captain Philip Bergin, commander of the Alcatraz guard force, who was there as a witness. Thompson said nothing, giving Bergin a weak, wan smile as the straps were tightened. Shockley was strapped in beside him as both men were given San Quentin's traditional gas chamber farewell. Both men received a pat on the shoulder and the traditional advice:
"When you hear the pellets drop count ten, breathe deep, don't fight the gas. It's quicker that way. Good luck."
Gas chamber at San Quentin
Thompson said nothing. Shockley spat in the guard's face before the airtight door was sealed and the cyanide pellets and acid mixed to form the gas. Thompson and Shockley were dead within 10 minutes.
And that was where the Battle of Alcatraz ended. Two dead guards, eleven wounded guards and inmates, three convict suicides and two executions. Warden Johnston retired in 1948 and died in 1954. Associate Warden Miller was later promoted to Warden at Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary. Captain Philip Bergin remained at Alcatraz until 1957.
As time passed Alcatraz itself began to decay and not just physically. While the buildings began to crumble and rust due to age, salt water, fog and general use, the rationale behind its very existence as a penal concept of maximum discipline for minimum comforts became increasingly unpopular and discredited. Finally, on March 21, 1963, the last inmates of "The Rock" filed out of the old cellhouse onto a launch to be shipped to the mainland and onward to other, less discredited penal institutions. Today, despite suffering the ravages of vandalism, occupation, arson, the weather and time itself, Alcatraz has successfully been turned into a major tourist attraction under the auspices of the National Park Service, drawing over a million visitors each year.


Preheat Pellet Pro grill grates over the direct zone I start with a medley of citrus infused olive oils…Blood Orange, Tangerine, Lemon, and Lime. Then I drizzle some champagne citrus vinegar in the oil mix to bring is alive. Then I put the swordfish in the bowl with the oil/vinegar and coat with lemon pepper and garlic salt. The lemon pepper is available on line is has added onion and garlic and is great. Turnover and repeat the seasoning. Place on the grill for three minutes turn diagonally and cook for 3 more minutes…..Flip over and cook for three minutes and then turn diagonally and cook for two more minutes… dig in!