Cascadia Mushrooms Owner, Alex Winstead, turned his childhood fascination for mycology into a full-fledged career. Photo courtesy: Cascadia Mushrooms.
Mushrooms and fungi have fascinated Cascadia Mushrooms founder, Alex Winstead, since his childhood. Growing up near Seattle, his family would vacation on the Olympic Peninsula where they would come across a variety of mushrooms growing along side trails where they would explore. While he was interested in the fungi, his curiosity was met with disclaimers from his parents to be cautious.
After graduating with a mycology degree from The Evergreen State College, Alex started his first mini mushroom farm in the basement and garage of his rental home. Photo courtesy: Cascadia Mushroom.
Alex moved to Bellingham in 2005 after graduating with a degree in mycology from The Evergreen State College. He established his first mini mushroom farm in the basement and garage of his rental home.
What began as a tiny operation at home has since grown into a full-time farming business. In 2009, Alex was able to take advantage of a loan program through the USDA to procure the 2.5-acre property Cascadia Mushrooms now calls home. They produce a mix of fresh mushrooms, mushroom kits, and compost, and offer workshops for the public.
Cascadia Mushrooms has 7,000 square feet of insulated growing space, allowing for year-round efficient production of a variety of mushrooms for markets, CSAs, and restaurants, including Shiitake (their most popular variety), Blue Oyster, Gold Oyster, Lion's Mane and the adorable Pioppino, among others. Alex and his team of five part-time employees harvest mushrooms often — and lots of them.
Alex shows the changes to the sawdust mixture as incubation progresses.
What does indoor mushroom production involve? It all starts with Certified Organic alder sawdust from a local mill, mixed with a bit of organic barley and wheat bran. This mixture is steam sterilized before introducing the mushroom spawn for incubation.
Mushrooms grow from the tops and sides of the sawdust logs, perched on rows of shelves. Once the fungi have been harvested, the logs are broken down and turned into compost. This compost is rich in nutrients and perfect for garden use, but because of their current set-up at the farm, it's not generally available until later in the growing season. Alex hopes to be able to offer compost to the public on a more regular basis in the spring of 2017.
The farm's fresh mushrooms and mushroom growing kits can be found locally at the Community Food Co-Ops in Bellingham and Skagit Food Co-Op in Mount Vernon, Bellingham Farmers Market and Terra Organica. You can taste their delicious mushrooms when you're out for a bite to eat at Mount Bakery, Rock n Rye Oyster House, D'Anna's Cafe Italiano, Boundary Bay Brewery, Adrift Restaurant in Anacortes, The Oyster Bar on Chuckanut Drive, and Cliff House.
Find Cascadia Mushrooms directly from the source, at local grocery stores and farmers markets, and a variety of Bellingham-area restaurants. Photo courtesy: Cascadia Mushrooms.
Cascadia Mushrooms also offers a variety of workshops in the spring and fall, including growers workshops for people who want to learn more about growing the tasty morsels at home, and mushroom foraging classes to learn how to safely find mushrooms in the wild — the skill that inspired Alex to start his business to begin with.
Cascadia Mushrooms is located in North Bellingham. Visit Cascadia Mushroom's website or give them a call at 360-714-8859 to inquire about tours, apply for a wholesale account, or sign-up for one of their seasonal workshops.


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Computer Augmented Modeling of Complexes of L-Phenylalanine and Maleic Acid under Organic Media: Biomimetic Studies ()
Hadgu Hailekiros Belay
Department of Applied Chemistry, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia.
Chemical speciation of ternary complexes of Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) ions with L-Phenylalanine and Maleic acid has been studied by Calvin-Wilson technique at different concentration range of 0 - 50% v/v Organic-water mixture maintaining an ionic strength of 0.16 mol·L-1 at 298.0 K. Alkali metric titrations were carried out in different relative concentrations (M:L:X = 1:2.5:2.5, 1:2.5:5.0, 1:5.0:2.5) of metal (M) to phenylalanine (L) to maleic acid (X). The different values of stability constants of ternary complexes were calculated, and various models were refined with MINIQUAD75. The best fit chemical models containing MLXH, MLX and ML2X for Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) species were arrived based on stability statistical parameters. The chemical speciation is discussed based on distribution diagrams, drawn using HYSS HYPERQUAD. Effect of errors in concentration of ingredients on stability constants was also studied.
Chemical Speciation, Ternary Complexes, Phenylalanine, Maleic Acid, Urea, MINIQUAD75
Belay, H. (2019) Computer Augmented Modeling of Complexes of L-Phenylalanine and Maleic Acid under Organic Media: Biomimetic Studies. Open Access Library Journal, 6, 1-4. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1105739.
L-phenylalanine (F) is an essential non-polar α-amino acid because of the hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain. It is found naturally in the breast milk of mammals. It is used in the manufacture of food and drink products and sold as a nutritional supplement for its reputed analgesic and antidepressant effects. It is a direct precursor to the neuro modulator phenyl ethylamine, F commonly used dietary supplement. It is an antagonist at higher doses; this may play a role in its analgesic and antidepressant properties. It is the starting compound used in the flavonoid biosynthesis. It is converted to cinnamic acid by the action of enzyme phenylalanine ammonialyase [1] .
Maleic acid (Ma) is an organic compound. It is an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, a molecule with two carboxyl groups. It is the cis isomer of butene dioic acid, whereas fumaric acid is the trans-isomer. It is mainly used as a precursor to fumaric acid, and relative to its parent maleic anhydride. It is more soluble in water. Ma and fumaric acid do not spontaneously interconvert because rotation around a carbon-carbon double bond is not energetically favorable. However, conversion of the cis isomer into the trans-isomer is possible by photolysis in the presence of a small amount of bromine [2] .
Urea acts as a denaturant of macromolecules but this action is reversible. The denaturing effect of urea on proteins can occur in two ways: 1) Direct interaction of urea molecules with amide and peptide groups, to destroy intermolecular hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction [3] that are involved in the maintenance of ternary structures, and 2) Urea molecules exert their influence through changes in water structure. [4] The increased solubilities of amino acids [5] and hydrocarbons [6] in presence of urea supports the former mechanism. The negative heat capacities of transfer of certain amino acids [7] from water to aqueous urea solution and the increments in the critical micellar concentration [8] of certain surfactants suggest that urea may reduce the co-operative structure of water.
Urea-water mixture was selected as media to maintain the dielectric properties of the medium in comparable levels to those of the physiological fluids since the polarity at the active site cavities should generally be applicable when it is possible to compare ligand binding to the metal ion as in protein residues and solvent environment [9] . This study is undergoing to investigate chemical speciation of ternary complexes of Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) with L-phenylalanine and maleic acid in aqueous and Urea-water mixtures.
2. Experimental
All the chemicals used were of analytical reagents grade. L-phenylalanine, maleic acid, HCl, methanol, acetone or diethyl ether, triple distilled water, NaOH pellet, hexamethylenetetramine powder, oxalic acid, potassium hydrogen phthalate, borax, Urea, EDTA, acetic acid, 2-amono ethanol, ZnSO4,CoCl2, CuCl2, NiCl2, NaCl, Eriochrome-black. T as indicators, xylenol orange, murexide and sulphone black-F as indicator.
2.1. Experimental Procedure
Preparation of Solutions
All solutions were prepared in boiled out triple distilled water.
1) L-phenylalanine and Maleic acid Solutions
0.05 moldm−3 aqueous solution of L-phenylalanine (GR grade, E-Merck, Germany) and maleic acid (GR grade, E-Merck, Germany) were prepared by dissolving samples in water. To increase the solubility of ligands, 0.05 moldm−3 hydrochloric acid concentration was maintained in the solutions. The probable errors that may creep into the concentrations of the stock solutions of the ligands were determined by the computer program COSWT [10] . The pessimistic errors in the preparation of the ligand solutions by weight method did not exceed 0.1%.
2) EDTA Solution
Disodium salt of EDTA was purified by precipitation from aqueous solution using methanol. The precipitate was washed with acetone, diethyl ether and finally air dried. An 0.1 moldm−3 solution was prepared and standardized complex metrically with a 0.1 moldm−3 standard Zn (II) solution using Eriochrome Black-T as indicator.
3) Metal ion Solutions
0.1 moldm−3 aqueous solutions of cobalt (II), nickel (II) and copper (II) chlorides were prepared by dissolving GR grade (E-Merck, India) salts in triple distilled water. The stock solutions were rendered slightly acidic to repress hydrolysis of the metal ions. The concentrations of the metal ions were determined complex metrically by titrating against a standard solution of EDTA using the xylenol orange, murexide and fast sulphon black-F as indicators and hexamethylenetetramine powder as buffer for cobalt to maintain the pH at 5 - 6. The free hydrogen ion concentration in the stock solution was determined by Gran plot method [11] .
4) Sodium Hydroxide
A stock solution of 1 moldm−3 sodium hydroxide was prepared by dissolving GR grade (E Merck, India) sodium hydroxide pellets in triple distilled water. The solution was further diluted to the required concentration. The strength of the alkali was determined by titrating it against a standard solution of oxalic acid and potassium hydrogen phthalate, while the molarity of hydrochloric acid was determined with sodium hydroxide. So as to assess the errors that might have crept into the determination of the concentrations, the data were subjected to analysis of variance of one way classification (ANOVA) using the computer program COST (concentration of solution by titration). The strength of alkali was determined using the Gran plot method. The errors in the concentration of ligand, metal ions and alkali were subjected to analysis of variance ANOVA [12] .
5) Hydrochloric Acid
The concentration of stock hydrochloric acid (GR grade, Merck, India) solution was calculated from its specifications (specific gravity, purity and molecular weight) and diluted to the required concentration by dissolving in triple distilled water. Its strength was determined by titrating with standard sodium hydroxide solution.
2.2. Solvent
Analargrade (BDH) urea was recrystallized twice from triply distilled water and was dried at 60˚C for 2 h. A stock solution of urea was prepared by dissolving and appropriate quantity of the purified sample in water and stored in frozen state. The solution was not allowed to stand at room temperature continuously for more than 24 h.
GR grade N, Urea (Finar, India) of 99.5% purity was used as a solvent.
2.3. Titration Procedure
The pH measurements of the proton-ligand systems were carried out in aqueous media containing varying compositions of organic solvent (Urea) in the range of 0% - 50% v/v maintaining an ionic strength of 0.16 moldm−3 with sodium chloride at 298 K using a digital pH meter ELICO-LI120 type (readability 0.01). Potassium hydrogen phthalate (0.05 moldm−3) and borax (0.01 moldm−3) solutions were used to calibrate the pH meter. In each titration, the titrand consisted of approximately 1 mmol of nitric acid. The amounts of the L-phenylalanine, maleic acid (ligands) in the titrand are in the range of 0.25 - 0.50 mmol. The glass electrode was equilibrated in a well stirred Urea-water mixture containing inert electrolyte for several days. At regular intervals, the strong acid was titrated against alkali to check the complete equilibration of the glass electrode. In these titrations, the titrand consisted of mineral acid and ligand, in a total volume of 50 mL. Titrations were performed by adding each time 0.1 cm3 portions of 0.4 moldm−3 sodium hydroxide to the titrand. The pH meter reading was recorded only after a constant value was displayed. Typical duplicate titrations showed that equilibration was fast and titration data did not differ by more than 0.02 units [13] .
2.4. Metal-Ligand Equilibria
In each of the titrations, the titrand consisted of approximately 1mmol hydrochloric acid in a total volume of 50 mL and the ionic strength was adjusted to 0.16 mol∙L−1 with sodium chloride. Solutions containing metal ions and ligands (metal to ligand ratios being in the range of 1:2.5:2.5, 1:2.5:5.0, 1:5.0:2.5 were titrated with 0.4 mol∙L−1 sodium hydroxide.
2.5. Modeling Strategy
The approximate protonation constants of L-phenylalanine and maleic acid were calculated with the computer program SCPHD [14] . The best fit chemical model for each system investigated was arrived at using non-linear least squares computer program, MINIQUAD75, which exploits the advantage of constrained least-squares method in the initial refinement and reliable convergence of Marquardt algorithm. The variation of stepwise protonation constants (logK) with the mole fraction of the medium was analyzed on electrostatic grounds for the solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions [15] .
3. Result and Discussion
The results of the final best-fit models that reveal the stoichiometry of the complex species and their overall formation constants along with some of the associated statistical parameters are given in Table 1. Very low-standard deviation in overall stability constants (logβ) signifies the precision of these data. The small values of Ucorr (sum of squares of deviations in concentrations of ingredients at all experimental points) corrected for degrees of freedom, small values of mean, standard deviation and mean deviation for the systems studied are validated by the residual analysis [16] [17] .
The concentrations of the metal, the ligands and the hydrogen ion at all experimental points corrected for degrees of freedom indicate that the models represent the experimental data. Small values of mean, standard deviation and mean deviation for the systems corroborate that the residuals are around a zero
Table 1. Parameters of best fit chemical model of F-M (II)-MA complexes in Urea-water mixtures. Temperature = 298 K, Ionic strength = 0.16 moldm−3.
Ucorr = U/(NP-m) X108, where m = number of species; NP = Number of experimental points; SD = standard deviation.
mean with little dispersion. For an ideal normal distribution, the values of kurtosis and skewness should be three and zero, respectively. The kurtosis values in the present study indicate that most of the residuals are very nearer to leptokurtic and a few form platykurtic pattern whose values are less than 3. The values of skewness recorded in Table 1 are between −1.00 and 0.60 in Urea-water media show that the residuals form a part of normal distribution and hence a least squares method can be applied to the present data. The sufficiency of the model is further evident from the low crystallographic R factor values, which indicate the need for inclusion of additional species in the model. Χ2 is a special case of gama distribution which measures the probability of residuals forming a part of standard normal distribution [18] . All the metal complexes of the form MLX2Hh is rejected by the program MINIQUAD75. This may be because of the instability of these complexes due to the inability of the metal ions to accommodate three bulky ligands. The reasons for the existence of different species are ascribed under the head distribution diagrams.
χ2 test
χ2 is a special case of gamma distribution whose probability density function is an unsymmetrical function. This distribution measures the probability of residuals forming a part of standard normal distribution with zero mean and unit standard deviation.
Crystallographic R-test
In crystallography, the R-factor (sometimes called residual factor or reliability factor) is a measure of the agreement between the crystallographic model and the experimental X-ray diffraction data. The minimum possible value is zero, indicating perfect agreement between experimental observations and the structure factors predicted from the model. There is no theoretical maximum, but in practice, values are considerably less than one even for poor models, provided the model includes a suitable scale factor. Hamilton's R factor ratio test is applied in complex equilibria to decide whether inclusion of more species in the model is necessary or not. In pH metric method the readability of pH meter is taken as the Rlimit, which represents the upper boundary of R beyond which the model bears no significance. When different values are obtained for models containing different numbers of species, models whose values are greater than R-table are rejected. The low crystallographic R values given in Table 1 indicate the sufficiency of the model [19] .
Skewness is a measure of the symmetry in a distribution. Conceptually, skewness describes which side of a distribution has a longer tail. If the long tail is on the right, then the skewness is rightward or positive; if the long tail is on the left, then the skewness is leftward or negative. In otherwise, if the skewness is greater than zero, the peak of the error distribution curve is to the left of mean and the peak is to the right of the mean if skewness is less than zero. The values of skewness recorded in Table 1 are between −0.15 and 0.17 forCo (II), −1.00 and 0.60 for Ni (II) & −0.36 and 0.32 for Cu (II) in Urea-water medium. This data evince that the residuals form a part of normal distribution; hence, least-squares method can be applied to the present data [20] .
Kurtosis is a measure of whether the data are heavy-tailed or light-tailed relative to a normal distribution. For an ideal normal distribution kurtosis value should be three (mesokurtic). If the calculated kurtosis is less than three, the peak of the error distribution curve is flat (platykurtic) and if the kurtosis is greater than three, the distribution shall have sharp peak (leptokurtic). The kurtosis values in the present study indicate that the residuals form leptokurtic pattern.
3.1. Effect of Systematic Errors
In order to rely upon the best-fit model for critical evaluation and application under varied experimental conditions with different accuracies of data acquisition, an investigation was undertaken by introducing pessimistic errors in the influential parameters. The results of effect of pessimistic errors in the concentrations of alkali, mineral acid, ligands and metal are given in Table 2 which
Table 2. Effect of errors in influential parameters on the stability constants of ternary complexes of Ni (II) with F and MA in 10% v/v Urea-water mixture.
emphasize that the errors in alkali and acid affect stability constant more than those in the ligands and metal. Some species are even rejected when errors are introduced in the concentrations. This indicates the appropriateness of the experimental conditions and accuracy of the concentrations.
In order to rely upon the best chemical model for critical evaluation and application under varied experimental conditions with different accuracies of data acquisition, an investigation was made by introducing pessimistic errors in the influential parameters like concentrations of alkali, mineral acid, ligand and metal. The order of the ingredients that influence the magnitudes of stability constants due to incorporation of errors is alkali > acid > MA > Phe > metal (Table 2). Some of the species refined in the absence of errors were even rejected when errors were introduced in the concentrations. One or more of MLXH, MLX and ML2X species were rejected depending upon the magnitude of error as given in Table 2. The rejection of species and increased standard deviations in the stability constants on introduction of errors confirm the appropriateness or correctness of the experimental conditions (concentrations of ingredients) and the choice of the best fit models.
3.2. Stability of Ternary Complexes
The formation of mononuclear unprotonated binary and ternary complexes from a mixture of metal ion (M) and primary (L) and secondary (X) ligands can be shown as the equilibria given in (1).
Reasons for extra stability of ternary complexes
The change in the stability of the ternary complexes as compared to their binary analogues was quantified [21] [22] [23] [24] based on the disproportionation constant (logX) given by Equation (2) corresponding to the equilibrium.
M L 2 + M X 2 ⇌ 2 M L X
log X = 2 log K M L X M − log K M L 2 M − log K M X 2 M (2)
Under these equilibrium conditions one can expect 50% ternary complex and 25% each of the binary complexes to be formed and the value of logX was reported [25] to be 0.6. A value greater than this accounts for the extra stability of MLX. Another approach [26] to quantify the stability of ternary complexes was based on the difference in stability (ΔlogK) for the reactions ML with X and M(aq) with L and X, where L is primary ligand and X is the secondary ligand. It is compared with that calculated purely on statistical grounds. Equation 5.3 can be formulated based on the properties of the cyclic systems reported earlier [27] from which it is clear that both the ligands in the ternary complex influence mutually to the same extent.
Δ log K = log K M L X M − log K M L M − log K M X M (3)
The electrostatic theory of binary complex formation and statistical arguments suggest the additional coordination positions of given multivalent hydrated metal ion available for the first ligand than for the second. Hence, the usual order of stability K M L M > K M L X M L applies. This suggests that ΔlogK should be negative, although several exceptions [28] have been found. The statistical values of ΔlogK for bidentate L and X are −0.4, −0.6 and between −0.9 and −0.3 for octahedral, square planar and distorted octahedral complexes, respectively. Negative values of ΔlogK can be understood as the secondary ligand forms a more stable complex with hydrated metal ion than with ML. Whenever the experimental values of ΔlogK exceed the statistical values, it can be inferred that the ternary complex is formed as a result of interaction of ML with X or MX with L. ΔlogK values of ternary complexes containing bipyridyl as the primary ligand are positive [29] for O-donors (malonic acid, pyrocatechol etc.), negative for N-donors (ethylene diamine) and intermediate or negative for amino acids with both N and O co-ordination sites. However, a very high negative value (−2.3) for Cu (en) (iminodiacetic acid) and a positive value (0.82) for Cu (o-F)-(6, 7-dihydroxynaphthaline-2 sulphonate) was also observed [30] .
4. Effect of Solvent
The variations of stability constants as a function of dielectric constant of the medium are shown in Figures 1(A)-(C). The variation of overall stabilities constant values or change in free energy with co-solvent content depends upon two factors, viz., electrostatic and non-electrostatic contribution to the free energy change. Hence, the logβ values should vary linearly as a function of dielectric constant of the medium, indicates that electrostatic forces and decreasing dielectric constant of the medium [31] [32] are dominating the equilibrium process under present experimental condition. The increase in entropy which is generally observed when the association process is due to electrostatic forces, is caused
Figure 1. Variation of stability constants of ternary complexes with mole fraction of Urea. (A) Co (II), B) Ni (II) and C) Cu (II) (■) logβMLXH, (♦) logβMLX, (▲)logβML2X.
by the negative temperature coefficient of the dielectric constant of the solvent. The greater the electrostriction around the species associating on account of purely electrostatic forces, the more exothermic the reaction will be. The structural changes exerted by a given metal cation on its solvation shell depend not only on its charge and radius, but also on its individuality.
5. Distribution Diagrams
Distribution diagrams were drawn using the formation constants of the best fit model and are shown below.
5.1. Organic Water-Media
A perusal of the distribution diagrams (Figures 2(A)-(F)) reveals that the concentrations of binary species are less compared to ternary species which indicates the existence of more stable ternary complexes. The ternary species exist in the pH range 1.5 - 8.9 for all the metal ions (Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II). The formation of the complex species can be represented by the following equilibria.
M ( II ) + LH 2 + + XH 2 ⇌ MLXH + 3H + (4)
MLH 2 + + XH 2 ⇌ MLXH + 2H + (5)
MXH + + LH 2 + ⇌ MLXH + 2H + (6)
MLXH ⇌ MLX − + H + (7)
Figure 2. Distribution diagrams for ternary complexes of F and MA with (A) Co (II), (B) Ni (II) and (C) Cu (II) in 1.0% w/v and (D) Co (II), (E) Ni (II) and (F) Cu (II) in 2.0% w/v Urea-water mixtures.
ML 2 H + + XH 2 ⇌ ML 2 X 2 − + 3 H + (8)
ML 2 + XH − ⇌ ML 2 X 2 − + H + (9)
MLX − + LH ⇌ ML 2 X 2 − + H + (10)
In the pH range 2.1 - 11.4 and 1.6 - 10.2, F and MA exist as LH 2 + , LH, L− and XH2, XH−, X2 respectively. These protonated ligands interact with the metal ion to form MLXH (Equilibrium 4) which may successfully deprotonated to form MLX− (Equilibria 7). Formation of MLXH species can be explained based on the protonated ligands interact with the metal ion to form MLXH (Equilibrium 4) and also due to interaction of binary species with ligand species (Equilibrium 5 and 6). MLXH2 species has not been detected probably because it is less stable or quickly deprotonated to MLXH at lower pH whereas for the formation of MLX−, Equilibria 7 is relevant because the pH at which the concentration of MLXH decreases, MLX− increases in the pH range of 2.0 - 5.1. ML2X2− is formed by the interaction of metal ion with to XH2, LH species and one XH− species (Equilibrium 8, 9 and 10). The existence of ML2X and the absence of MLX2 may be due to the higher affinity of LH than XH towards the metal ion.
5.2. Structures
In aqueous solutions, Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) are coordinated by six water molecules. Amino nitrogen can associate with a proton at physiological pH. There is often significant competition between proton and metal ion for this donor site, resulting in the formation of protonated species. Depending upon the nature of the ligands and metal ions and based on the basic chemical knowledge, structures of the complexes are shown in Figure 3. The Cu (II) ion forms distorted octahedral or square planar complexes due to Jahn-Teller effect.
1) In this study, species detected as MLXH, MLX and ML2X for Co (II), Ni (II), and Cu (II) where L = F and X = Ma. The active forms of these ligands are: LH 2 + , LH and L− for F and XH2, XH−, X2− for Ma.
2) The ∆logK values indicate that the ternary species have extra stability compared to their binary species, may be due to the interactions outside the coordination sphere, such as the formation of hydrogen bonds between the coordinate ligands, Charge neutralization, chelate effect, stacking interactions and electro static interaction between non-coordinated charge groups of the ligand.
3) The linear increase in conditional stabilities of ternary complexes with decreasing dielectric constant is due to the dominance of electrostatic force.
4) Effect of systematic errors in the influential parameters shows that the errors in the concentration of alkali and mineral acid were found to affect more than that of the ligand did.
5) The study gives an insight in to the metal availability/metal transport in bio fluids and toxicity of these metals. The ternary complexes and more amenable for "metal transport" because of their extra stability and the binary complexes make the "metal available" in biological system due to their decrease conditional stability.
6) The pre dominant species detected at physiological PH is MLX for Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) where L = F and X = Ma.
Figure 3. Proposed structures of ternary complexes of Fand MA with Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II), where Sis either solvent or water molecule.
7) ML2X is expected antidote for Cu (II) around the biological (physiological) PH = 7. Therefore, it recommended justifying the structure of ML2X.
[1] Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M., (2000) Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry. 3rd Edition, Worth Publishing, New York.
[2] Koley, D. and Bard, A.J. (2010) Triton X-100 Concentration Effects on Membrane Permeability of a Single HeLa Cell by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 16783-16787. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011614107
[3] Gordon, J.A. and Warren, J.R. (1968) Denaturation of Globular Proteins I. The Interaction of Urea and Thiourea with Bovine Plasma Albumin. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 243, 5663-5669.
[4] Hammes, G.G. and Swann, J.C. (1967) Influence of Denaturing Agents on Solvent Structure. Biochemistry, 6, 1591-1596. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00858a004
[5] Wetiaufer, D.B., Malic, S.K., Stoller, L. and Coffin, R.L. (1964) Nonpolar Group Participation in the Denaturation of Proteins by Urea and Guanidinium Salts. Model Compound Studies. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 86, 508-514.
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[6] Kresheck, G.C. and Benjamin, L. (1964) Calorimetric Studies of the Hydrophobic Nature of Several Protein Constituents and Ovalbumin in Water and in Aqueous Urea. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 68, 2476-2486.
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[7] Schick, M.J. (1964) Effect of Electrolyte and Urea on Micelle Formation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 68, 3585-3592. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100794a025
[8] Waugh, D.F. (1954) Protein-Protein Interactions. Advances in Protein Chemistry, 9, 325-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3233(08)60210-7
[9] Nageswara, R.C., Ramanaiah, M.M.M. and Sailaja, B.B.V. (2014) Influence of Dielectric Constant on Protonation Equilibria of Maleic Acid and L-Asparagine in Acetonitrile Water-Mixtures. Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability, 26, 266-272.
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[10] Rao, G.N. and Ramakrishna, A. (2005) Speciation Studies of Nickel (II) Complexes of L-Glutamine and Succinic Acid in Urea-Water Mixtures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India, 75, 245-248.
[11] Gran, G. (1988) Equivalence Volumes in Potentiometric Titrations. Analytica Chimica Acta, 206, 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)80835-1
[12] Bates, R.G. and Dinching, G.D. (1951) Acidic Dissociation Constant and Related Thermodynamic Quantities for Monoethanolammonium Ion in Water from 0? to 50?C. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 46, 349-352.
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[13] Latha, M.P., Rao, V.M., Rao, T.S. and Rao, G.N. (2007) Chemical Speciation of Pb (II), Cd (II), Hg (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) Binary Complexes of l-Methionine in 1, 2-Propanediol-Water Mixtures. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 21, 363-372.
[14] Gans, P., Sabatini, A. and Vacca, A. (1976) An Improved Computer Program for the Computation of Formation Constants from Potentiometric Data. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 18, 237-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-1693(00)95610-X
[15] Latha, M.P., Rao, V.M., Rao, T.S. and Rao, G.N. (2007) Determination of Protonation Constants of L-Glutamic Acid and L-Methionine in 1, 2-Propanediol-Water Mixtures. Acta Chimica Slovenica, 54, 160-165.
[16] Ramanaiah, M., Goutham Sri, S. and Sailaja, B.B.V. (2014) Chemical Speciation of PbII, Cd-II and Hg-II Binary Complexes of L-Phenylalanine in CTAB-Water Mixtures. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 91, 351-357.
[17] Ramanaiah, M. and Sailaja, B.B.V. (2014) pH-Metric Investigation on Binary Complexes of Pb-II, Cd-II and Hg-II with Maleic Acid in SLS-Water Mixtures. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 91, 639-645.
[18] Rao, R.S. and Rao, G.N. (2005) Computer Applications in Chemistry. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai, India, 277-352.
[19] Hamilton, W.C. (1965) Significance Tests on the Crystallographic R Factor. Acta Crystallographica, 18, 502-510. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0365110X65001081
[20] Rao, G.N. and Rao, R.S. (2005) Computer Application in Chemistry. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai, 277-351.
[21] Greisser, R. and Sigel, H. (1970) Ternary Complexes in Solution. VIII. Complex Formation between the Copper(II)-2,2'-Bipyridyl 1:1 Complex and Ligands Containing Oxygen and/or Nitrogen Donor Atoms. Inorganic Chemistry, 9, 1238-1243.
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[22] Griesser, R. and Sigel, H. (1971) Ternary Complexes in Solution. XI. Complex Formation between the Cobalt(II)-, Nickel(II)-, Copper(II)-, and Zinc(II)-2,2'-Bipyridyl 1:1 Complexes and Ethylenediamine, Glycinate, or Pyrocatecholate. Inorganic Chemistry, 10, 2229-2232. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50104a028
[23] Griesser, R. and Sigel, H. (1974) Ternary Complexes in Solution. XVI. Influence of the Size of the Chelate Rings on the Stability of Mixed-Ligand Copper(II) Complexes Containing Aliphatic Ligands. Inorganic Chemistry, 13, 462-465.
[24] Sigel, H., Huber, P.R., Greisser, R. and Prijs, B. (1974) Ternary Complexes in Solution. XV. Mixed-Ligand Copper(II) Complexes with 2,2'-Bipyridyl or 1,10-Phenan- throline and Pyrocatecholate or Derivatives thereof. Inorganic Chemistry, 12, 1198- 1200. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50123a047
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[29] Sakurai, T., Yamauchi, O. and Nakahara, A. (1977) Stereoselectivity in Mixed Ligand Copper(II) Complexes with Electrostatic Ligand-Ligand Interactions. Application to Optical Resolution of α-Amino Acids with a Charged Side Chain. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 50, 1776. https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.50.1776
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Final observations from Rams-Chiefs: It's an open tryout in L.A. from here on out
As the injures continue to mount, the losses proceed to pile up
By BrandonHansen@brandonfox28 Nov 29, 2022, 10:01am CST
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For the first time in what feels like forever, I did not expect the Rams to win a game. Matter of fact, I didn't expect them to even compete in this one. Though the scoreboard didn't look as lopsided as many expected, the product on the field for the Rams was predictable. It's become harder and harder to glean anything positive from these games but here are my observations from yet another loss.
Leading up to this game, Rams fans seemed excited about Bryce Perkins starting and playing an entire game as if he were a hidden gem waiting to be found. To me, he's always been a scrambler with a noodle arm and I fully expected the Chiefs to expose him as such with a full week of preparation. I was right and they did. L.A.'s backup QB situation is unacceptable and so incredibly mismanaged.
The backfield has developed into a two-headed attack with a mix of Cam Akers and Kyren Williams. At this point, I know what Akers is. It's Kyren Williams that really has me intrigued. I saw many good things this week from pass blocking to just general elusiveness that this team has been missing. Williams is consistently a rare bright spot since he's returned from injury.
Photo by Cooper Neill/Getty Images
Without Cooper Kupp and Allen Robinson, the receiving core is essentially an open tryout from here on out. For the first time in my life I can say I was impressed with what I saw from Tutu Atwell. He seemed to get some good separation on the routes I watched and made some solid first down grabs. Building his confidence is key. Van Jefferson is mediocre at best as I've frequently stated in these write ups. Nothing he does moves the needle. Lance McCutcheon still hasn't translated his preseason prowess to the field in a meaningful game. Open tryouts continue next week for this group.
Offensive line was par for the 2022 course: largely a chaotic mess. Perkins had free rushers in his face for the majority of the game. This unit was bad at full health. With the cavalcade of injuries in effect, it's a complete horror show. It's been written over and over on this site ad nauseam. It won't change this season but it may still get our QBs hurt.
Offensive play calling was toothless in this one with Sean McVay calling designed runs even when this game was slipping away or a key third down was in order. I understand he was trying to protect a QB who cannot throw an NFL pass but what is there to lose? It was his decision to roll with these backups so he might as well let them loose.
Photo by David Eulitt/Getty Images
For long stretches of this game, it felt like Aaron Donald was the only player on the defensive line. His stats have fallen off but I tend to attribute that to a complete lack of pass rush juice outside of his own making. The Chiefs managed 117 yards on the ground and even more in the screen game.
The secondary remains a mess and I don't believe a single player is absent of blame. I don't need to get into Taylor Rapp again but he continues to add to his highlight reel of missed tackles and blown coverages. Nick Scott had his usual big hit but otherwise disappeared. Derion Kendrick is routinely picked on and every big passing play is usually a direct or indirect result of David Long begin put on spin cycle. Jalen Ramsey was toasted by Travis Kelce on one specific play. It almost seems as if Ramsey has allowed his play to trail off as the motivation for the season has evaporated for a player like him.
What can I say about Raheem Morris' defensive scheme that I haven't already? No matter what any fan or writer says, the soft zone is going nowhere. I hated it last week, I hated it this week, and I'll likely be annoyed again next week. It is what it is. Having said that, the defense did enough to win and managed to contain Patrick Mahomes much more than I ever expected they would.
As I've touched upon a few times in this one, this season has devolved into an open tryout at many positions. The WR group is mixing in and there is ample opportunity for players to show their worth. Offensive line has been an open tryout since Week 1. There likely isn't a starting caliber safety on this roster despite younger players like Russ Yeast getting some snaps. Will any edge rusher make an impact or sniff an opposing QB? Do Robert Rochell and Decobie Durant get some time in the sun? It's a lost season.
It's time to find out who belongs and who doesn't come 2023. And for the sake of Rams fandom, this staff needs to consider bringing in a QB who can throw an NFL pass and give these young receivers a fair shot to put some good things on tape.
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HomeLatest News & PoliticsStay off, UK warns desperate Nigerian women
Stay off, UK warns desperate Nigerian women
April 16, 2019 Yomie Latest News & Politics, Today's Trending.... 0
The United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID) is supporting the Not For Sale campaign launched to curb trafficking of girls and women from Nigeria.
In the campaign that started in March, some women shared their experiences on how they were tempted to travel to Europe but eventually got something doing in Nigeria.
With the UK's backing, posters are to be placed in schools, churches and marketplaces in an attempt to reduce trafficking, sexual exploitation and forced labour.
In a report by the UK Independent, DFID said the campaign focuses on "aspirational stories of women who have established successful careers in Nigeria."
The newspaper quoted Penny Mordaunt, a member of UK parliament, to have described modern slavery as one of the greatest human rights abuses.
"UK aid is working in partnership with the National Crime Agency and Nigerian law enforcement to stop it at its source," she said.
"Together we are tackling the root causes of dangerous migration to prevent vulnerable women and girls from becoming targeted by traffickers.
"The benefits of this will be far-reaching – preventing regional instability and helping us tackle modern slavery here in the UK."
Gift Jonathan, one of the victims featured in the adverts, explained how she was raped and tortured when she tried to move to Europe.
"Things were so hard that when my friend told me about travelling to Germany, guy I moved! We only made it to Libya. I was sold, raped and tortured. I saw many Nigerians die including my friend Iniobong," she had said.
The single mother of two has returned to Nigeria and started her baking business which she said brings her enough money to take care of her family.
Operating in about 12 countries since 2007, the Not For Sale has supported nearly 35,000 survivors and at-risk individuals, providing them long-term care, housing, education, vocational training, and healthcare.
Submit your WAEC certificate to tribunal – PDP tells Buhari
My government never took any foreign loan – Gov. Ambode
Death toll in Las Vegas music festival shooting rises to over 50
October 2, 2017 AdeLove Latest News & Politics, Today's Trending.... 0
More than 50 people are dead and over 200 others injured after a shooting near the Las Vegas Mandalay Bay hotel, Good Morning America is reporting alongside dpa, which quoted a figure of over 20 […]
Governor Ayade locks out SSG and others over lateness
March 30, 2017 AdeLove Latest News & Politics, Today's Trending.... 2
Cross River State Governor, Senator Ben Ayade reportedly locked out the Secretary to the State Government (SSG), Mrs Tina Banku Agbor and other principal political office holders at 7.33am when he resumed work and discovered […]
Governor Udom allegedly ordered the demolition of a thatched house belonging to a 90-year-old man photos
July 5, 2016 AdeLove Celebrities & Upcoming, fashion this week, Latest News & Politics, Today's Trending...., Uncategorized 5
A thatched house belonging to a 90-year-old man in Awa Iman, was allegedly demolished on the order of Akwa Ibom State Governor, Udom Emmanuel. Awa Iman is the countryhome of the governor. According to Ray […]


While Don Knotts is not the prettiest guy you've ever seen, his ability in humor is astounding. You can't help but laugh at how expressive and kooky his faces can be as well as how likable he can make his characters.
Probably one of Knotts' more popular films, The Ghost and Mr. Chicken follows an aspiring reporter into a haunted house where he witnesses horrific supernatural evidences of past murderings in the home. His admired ability to spend the night in the house draw the attention of the town as well as the home's chiseled owner. Things get chaotic when the owner threatens to sue Knotts for libel.
This film has both its comedic and frightening moments and there are times where you wonder if you are supposed to laugh or jump. I think that this film takes full advantage of Don Knotts' comedic genius and he cooks up some hilarious moments for the film. This is a movie that should not be passed up because it's out-dated. I think it's a fun film for Halloween or anytime you want to laugh at a goofball in action.
P.S. - The image in this post is copyrighted by Universal Pictures.


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Patent Policies Relating to Aeronautical and Space Research: Hearings Before the Special Subcommittee on Patents and Scientific Inventions of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Representatives, Eighty-seventh Congress, First Session, on H.R. 1934 and H.R. 6030 ...
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961 - Aeronautics
Statement of
Bannerman Graeme C Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense
Ruttenberg Charles B Deputy General Counsel accompanied
Patent Policies Relating to Aeronautical and Space Research ..., Part 1
Patent Policies Relating to Aeronautical and Space Research: Hearings Before ...
acquired activities actually Administrator agencies ANDERSON application arrangements Atomic Energy authorization award basis believe Board Chairman CHENOWETH clause Commission committee concerned consent consideration contract contractor Corporation correct cost course Court DADDARIO deal Department of Defense determine effect employees evaluation exclusive fact feel field filed Foundation FULTON funds give going Government grant hearings important included industry infringement institution interest inventions involved issued JOHNSON license manufacture matter ment NASA negotiation nonexclusive O'BRIEN obtain Office operation organization particular patent patent policy patent rights performance position possible practice present problem procedures procurement production proposals protect provisions question reason received regulations relating request research and development respect result royalty RUTTENBERG situation Space specific statement submitted technical tion United utilization waiver YEAGER
Page 363 - Stat. 704, 705, amended the act of 1910 to readThat whenever an invention described in and covered by a patent of the United States shall hereafter be used or manufactured by or for the United States...
Page 367 - ... States without license of the owner thereof or lawful right to use or manufacture the same, the owner's remedy shall be by action against the United States in the Court of Claims for the recovery of his reasonable and entire compensation for such use and manufacture.
Page 37 - Made" — when used in relation to any invention or discovery means the conception or first actual reduction to practice of such invention in the course of or under the contract.
Page 174 - Generally, research and development contracts should be awarded to those organizations, including educational organizations, which have the highest competence In the specific field of science or technology Involved.
Page 367 - States, where the invention was related to the official functions of the employee, in cases in which such functions included research and development, or in the making of which Government time, materials or facilities were used.
Page 366 - For the purposes of this section, the use or manufacture of an invention described In and covered by a patent of the United States by a contractor, a subcontractor, or any person, firm, or corporation for the Government and with the authorization or consent of the Government, shall be construed as use or manufacture for the United States.
Page 40 - Invention in each foreign country In which an application has not been filed within the time above specified, subject to the reservation of a nonexclusive and royalty-free license to the Contractor...
Page 39 - ... shall be limited to the extent of the Contractor's right to grant the same without incurring any obligation to pay royalties or other compensation to others solely on account of said grant. Nothing contained in this Patent Rights clause shall be deemed to grant any license under any invention other than a Subject Invention.
Page 363 - And provided further, That the benefits of this Act shall not inure to any patentee, who, when he makes such claim is in the employment or service of the Government of the United States; or the assignee of any such patentee; nor shall this Act apply to any device discovered or invented by such employee during the time of his employment or service.
Page 235 - Commission with complete information thereon; and the Commission shall have the sole power to determine whether or not and where a patent application shall be filed, and to determine the disposition of the title to and rights under any application or patent that may result.
Title Patent Policies Relating to Aeronautical and Space Research: Hearings Before the Special Subcommittee on Patents and Scientific Inventions of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Representatives, Eighty-seventh Congress, First Session, on H.R. 1934 and H.R. 6030 ...
Part 2 of Patent Policies Relating to Aeronautical and Space Research: Hearings Before the Special Subcommittee on Patents and Scientific Inventions of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Representatives, Eighty-seventh Congress, First Session, on H.R. 1934 and H.R. 6030, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics
Author United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics
Publisher U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961


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People of Ukraine
Hybrid War
Peace to Ukraine
The Aftermath of War#2: Stories that need to be told
Serhiy Yushchenko (left), Yuriy Omeliukh (right)
2016/08/04 - 00:17 • Ukraine, War in the Donbas
The war in Ukraine. "Little green men" (aka unmarked Russian soldiers) entered the Crimean peninsula at the end of February 2014. In spring of the same year, Russian troops moved into the Donbas, taking over the main administrations and setting up two puppet states – the "DNR" and "LNR". Despite political negotiations, agreements and truces, the war has not ceased and has penetrated the life of each Ukrainian. Western media have tired of reporting on these battles as daily combats are bland and boring, not spectacular… and this "hybrid conflict" is just too difficult to understand. The war in eastern Ukraine is entering its third year, men are dying, many are maimed or severely injured, others are traumatized for life. Here is but a small chapter of individual lives – soldiers and their personal hopes and fears: of death, of never seeing their family, of the camaraderie, despair – and evil – of war.
SERHIY YUSHCHENKO
Kateryna and Serhiy
Serhiy was born in the town of Uzdytsia, Sumska Oblast on November 8, 1975. Before the Revolution of Dignity and the war, he worked on construction in Kyiv as there was no chance of finding work in his area. Indeed, there was very little work in the nineties, a tough time for Ukraine that was just emerging from the many years of Soviet oppression. So, when Serhiy received his marching orders in 1994, he did not hesitate and went to do his duty. He continued to serve as a border guard in the army until 2005.
Serhiy took part in the Revolution of Dignity whenever he could, but by some stroke of fate he never made it to the Maidan on those "killer days" in February… he got stuck in traffic on the outskirts of Kyiv.
Serhiy was mobilized in March 2015 and underwent military training at the Desna Military Centre for one and a half months. He was then dispatched to Lysychansk with the 24th Separate Mechanical Brigade to hold the defense lines in Luhansk Oblast. It was there that he met Kateryna, and it was love at first sight. She's been with him ever since, never leaving his side, tending to his needs and fighting off inquisitive or invasive persons.
In November 2015, Serhiy was sent to the Yavoriv Military Training Centre where Ukrainian soldiers worked with Canadian paramedics.
"The Canadians were somewhat surprised by our combat readiness. I guess they were expecting a ragtag army, but by that time we'd gained fighting experience and some military skills. It wasn't at all rosy at the beginning of the war, and we survived thanks to volunteers. They provided us with everything! If not for them, our troops would've been wiped out to the very last man! Anyway, the Canadians had little knowledge of tripwire mechanisms and anti-personnel fragmentation mines as these devices have been banned by most countries. I believe both sides learnt a lot from one another."
(1997 Ottawa Treaty, although this treaty has not yet been accepted by a number of countries including the United States, Russia, China, Pakistan, and India-Ed.).
On May 8, 2016, Serhiy and six of his comrades set out on a reconnaissance mission near the village of Krymske. One man triggered a landmine which exploded, killing one soldier and injuring Serhiy and another. He was immediately transported, conscious and bleeding profusely) to Kharkiv Military Hospital where he underwent emergency surgery – fragments in the lungs, the hips, the back and the left side of the face, where doctors inserted a plate. Serhiy has had eight operations in all and still suffers from a contusion of the spinal column. However, he is optimistic as his spinal cord was not damaged, and firmly maintains that he will walk again.
"It will take a lot of time and effort, strong will and discipline, but we'll make it work!"
About the Russian invasion and the war:
"The worst time was in late summer 2014 when the Russians invaded the Donbas region. They placed tripwires and anti-personnel mines everywhere, even in playgrounds and near schools.
We didn't communicate much with the local population. They were very suspicious of us at first, but once we showed them we weren't alcoholics or drug addicts, they accepted our presence. You know… everything depends on the commanding officer and well-trained soldiers. We did a lot in these villages, cleaned up the mess and provided basic day-to-day needs. Army chaplains are also doing a lot, working with children and the local population.
Let me tell you about the OSCE… they're useless! We witnessed Russian proxies withdrawing heavy artillery when everyone knew the OSCE guys were about to arrive… and then they moved everything right back!
What do I want? What all of us want – peace and return to normal life…But, we have to get them off our land first. The boys are sick and tired of just sitting there in those deep trenches, firing and waiting and being shelled. They're getting lazy, restless and depressed. It's wrong! We need to move forward and drive them away… and make sure they never come back!"
YURIY OMELIUKH
Yuriy and his father Leonid
23-year-old blue-eyed Yuriy, fondly referred to as "Yurchyk" hails from the village of Lukiw, Volyn Oblast. Yuriy was enrolled in the local vocational school, an average student who would rather play football and listen to Led Zeppelin, the Rolling Stones or the Beatles rather than bury his nose in a book. There are three boys in the family.
On June 13, 2014, Yuriy and some friends travelled to the local recruitment station and signed up as they felt someone had to go:
"We can't just sit around and wait for them to come to our village. It was a normal decision for all of us."
They underwent one month of military training in Yavoriv and left for Volnovakha in October 2014. So, Yurchyk has been in active duty since the first months of the war. He was first stationed at a checkpoint for several months. He returned home on leave and then was reposted to a military garrison near his home in Lukiw.
On February 21, 2016, Yurchyk was on duty when he walked into the guardhouse, and saw a gun lying on the table, and a drunken lieutenant sitting half asleep on a chair.
"I simply asked him why that weapon was there, in full view, lying on the table. He grabbed the gun and shot me. Then he shouted: "What've I done!"… but what's that gonna change? That lieutenant was never a good man. We knew him well."
The lieutenant was from Luhansk, transferred to serve in the rear in Volyn when the war began. It is obvious that he was not fighting for his country and had chosen to run to a safer and more distant haven, while young boys like Yurchyk and his friends went east to meet the enemy… Yurchyk is bitter about this incident and says that it would be less painful and insulting if he had been wounded in battle or in the Donbas, and not at home… The case is currently under investigation.
Yurchyk suffered severe internal damage as the bullet ripped through his body – the liver, gallbladder rupture, damage to the duodenum, L2 vertebra and the spinal cord at that level. Severe lower paraparesis and blood in the peritoneal cavity. The bullet was removed, but Yurko has no sensation in his left leg. But, the pain is worst of all… a pain that has been with him since that tragic incident. It sometimes hurts so much that he falls asleep only when totally exhausted! Pain killers do not help. Yurko writhes in pain, clasps his hands tightly and turns his face to the wall:
"It's a heavy hammering that never stops. It hurts even when you put your hand near my leg without touching it. I can feel it."
Sometimes the pain is so strong that Yurcyk's body starts convulsing and the young boy cries out in pain.
Yurchyk is never alone. Someone from the family is always by his side. Last week, it was Sasha, his older brother. Today it's his father, Leonid, a simple man who is very proud of his son, but somewhat lost and frustrated in this world of suffering and pain. Yurchyk turns, a fleeting smile brightens his childish face:
"My greatest wish… to walk, run, and dance, like before."
War brings out the best and worst in men…
All photos courtesy of Juan Mora. Juan Mora is a photographer and volunteer with Con Ucrania. He is currently based in Lviv.
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Tags: Donbas war (2014-present), hopes and dreams, Stories from the Front, Ukraine, Ukrainian Army, volunteers
Christine Chraibi
Christine Chraibi is an editor and translator at Euromaidan Press.
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Derkach's seven: the Russian-linked Ukrainians sanctioned by US over election interference
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30 years of "color revolutions": historical revisionism of Russian propaganda
New report documents structure of Russian military invasion force fighting against Ukraine
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YG is taking a page out of Nipsey Hussle's Proud 2 Pay playbook. The Compton rapper announced that he will be selling a $100 CD version of his Red Friday mixtape. 1,400 copies are going to be sold at a signing at a pop-up shop in Oakland, which is taking place on the release date (Nov. 25).
"THE WORLDS 2ND $100 CD," he wrote on Twitter. "SUPER FANS & SUPER SUPPORTERS ONLY. Mixtape in - store and signing In #OAKLAND."
The tape will also be available on digital platforms, in case you can't cough up the dough.
YG's music has been a source of catharsis in the aftermath of Donald Trump's election, yet it got a few college football players in trouble. Four University of Louisiana at Lafayette players were disciplined for playing YG's "FDT" in the locker room.
Punishing players for listening to music is pretty ridiculous, but ULL was likely wary of upsetting Trump supporters in their fan base - particularly any donors.


text:
MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries review
I'm a maniacal mech
MechWarrior 5 Mercenaries mechs guide
She's a beauty!
MechWarrior 5 guide - 25 tips that beginners need to know
Getting back in the saddle.
Article Type All PC Game News PC Game Reviews Guides PC Game Hardware Features
Date Year 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 Month January February March April May June July August September October November December
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MechWarrior 5 DLC delayed to avoid Cyberpunk 2077
Alice O'Connor • 2 months ago	• 12
When CD Projekt Red announce a Cyberpunk 2077 release date, they plant a neon battle banner on the calendar and shouting "FIGHT ME, COWARDS" at other developers. Most, sensibly, decline to. The makers of MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries had planned to launch its first DLC on December 10th but, well, that's the date Cyberpunk is now due. So rather than fight a colossal mech built of…
Tagged with delay, DLC, Cyberpunk 2077, MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries.
MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries trailer finally gives us some smashing spreadsheets
Natalie Clayton • 1 year ago	• 31
There are less than three weeks left 'til Father Battlemech's big steel arse comes down the chimney, kids. A mere two decades after Mechwarrior 4 left off, Mechwarrior 5: Mercenaries arrives next month. While there's plenty of big robot fights to look forward to, developers Pirhana Games released a new trailer showing off what would-be space pirates will be doing all that smashing and crashing.…
Tagged with Pirhana Games, MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries.
MechWarrior 5 delayed to December, confined to Epic Store
Alice O'Connor • 1 year ago	• 102
After a decade of waiting, a delay of another three months for MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries is but a blink of the eye. Wait! Don't blink just ye- aw for. Now you've done it. You've blinked a fly into your eye and now its six legs are tickling your sclera and its wings buzzing against your eyelid. You'll be fine once it's out, I'm sure, but…
Tagged with Epic Games Store, Piranha Games, MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries.
MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries shows off four-player co-op
Alice O'Connor • 2 years ago	• 20
We still have 997 years to go until we're stomping around inside honking great mechs in the style of MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries, but we don't have to way quiiite as long for the simulation of our future by Piranha Games, makers of the free-to-play MechWarrior Online. Yesterday they announced MW5 is due to finally launch on September 10th, 2019 - a good ten years after…
Tagged with Piranha Games, MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries.
MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries delayed until 2019
Fraser Brown • 3 years ago	• 14
MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries and BattleTech launching in the same year was obviously just too much mech for this world. The latter came out in April, giving us control over a bunch of planet-hopping mercs, but its first-person cousin, originally slated for December this year, is now stomp stomp stomping its way into 2019.
Tagged with delay, Piranha Games, Mechwarrior, MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries.
MechWarrior 5 would like to show you how much you get to smash
Alec Meer • 3 years ago	• 40
The summer of Mech, they'll call this in years to come, when they've stopped caring about strict definitions of when a season is. Later this month we get Harebrained Schemes' healthily-Kickstarted XCOM-meets-Mechwarrior affair Battletech, and then towards the end of 2018 we return to a first-person, real-time view of that big, stompy world, with MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries. It's a bit of an unknown quantity right…
Tagged with Piranha Games, BattleTech, Mechwarrior, MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries.
MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries will have four-player co-op and full mod support
Vic Hood • 3 years ago	• 31
This time last year Piranha Games announced MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries would release in 2018, but we haven't heard much about the game since. Until now. At last weekend's Mech_Con, developer Piranha Games revealed MechWarrior 5 will feature four-player co-op as well as full modding and Steam Workshop support. They also revealed MW5 is due to launch in December 2018. Only a full year to wait!The…
Tagged with Co-op, Piranha Games, MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries.
MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries stomping towards 2018
Those rock 'em sock 'em rompin' stompin' MechWarriors will return in 2018 with an actual proper MechWarrior game what does the good stuff I want. MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries [official site] will be a singleplayer game with a campaign mode about fighting robots for money. It's being made by Piranha Games, the folks behind the free-to-play multiplayer MechWarrior Online. They announced the game over the weekend…
Tagged with mechs, Piranha Games, Mechwarrior, MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries.


The Commission published its report "Our Common Interest" on 11 March 2005. It recognised that everyone would benefit from – and has a role in creating – a strong and prosperous Africa. It put forward a coherent package of measures to achieve this goal … (about 1/2).
About 2/2: … Many of its recommendations were taken forward by the G8 when they met in Gleneagles in July 2005 and in other major African and international commitments made in 2005.


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[Antioxidant properties of lactic acid bacteria--probiotic and yogurt strains].
Antioxidant properties of 14 strains of lactic acid bacteria were evaluated in vitro using FRAP assay, inhibition of luminol oxidation in Hb-H2O2 system and inhibition of NADPH-Fe2+ induced microsomal lipid peroxidation. All strains demonstrated high reducing properties, but only L. casei spp. (including L. casei 114001) and L. fermentum ME-3 revealed pronounced ability to suppress oxidation of luminol (by 43-65,8%) and microsomal lipid peroxidation (by 57,9-89,5%). Either L. casei 114001 (10(8) CFU suspended in physiological solution) or fermented dairy drink containing equivalent amount of L. casei 114001 were daily administered orally to male Wistar rats. Antioxidant capacity of blood plasma, liver and intestines of animals elevated while MDA content in blood plasma decreased.


This statistic presents retail sales figures for fresh meat in the United States in 2017, by kind of meat. Chicken was the second most important fresh meat category according to this source with sales of 10,167 U.S. dollars per store/week.
Total U.S. sales for the 52 weeks ended October 29, 2016.
Everything On "Beef market in the U.S." in One Document: Edited and Divided into Handy Chapters. Including Detailed References.
Statistics on "Beef market in the U.S."


In the second chapter of IN THE DOGHOUSE'S HOT WATER, you'll meet a bird by the name of Witleast. Despite his penguinlike appearance, he's no penguin; if you want to know, he's a Black Phoebe, a small flycatcher. Witleast is also a flubphrase; that is, he has a bad habit of flubbing common expressions that we almost always use right. These nutty mistakes can be called Witleastisms, and they seemingly occur whenever he opens his beak.
If you want to, every time Witleast appears, pay close attention to what he says; when you find one of his many bungled expressions (there are 80 plus 1 of them!), keep track of it.
As soon as you're done, take a look at the full list below.


text:
Geography of projects
Borschiv
Borshchiv Site # 1
Burshtyn
Burshtyn Site #1
Chortkiv
Chortkiv Site # 1
Dolyna
Dolyna Site # 1
Dubno Site # 1
Dubno Site # 10
Khotyn
Khotyn Site # 1
Mostyska
Mostyska Site # 1
Slavuta Site # 1
Truskavets Site # 1
Volodymyr Volynskyy
Volodymyr Volynskyy Site # 1
Yavoriv
Yavoriv Site # 1
Zhovkva
Zhovkva Site #1
Investment proposals of Western Ukraine
The town of Mostyska is located in south-west part of Lviv region.
It is one of the most ancient towns in the region.
Back in the Middle Ages, the town was a significant trade and craft centre at Western-Ukrainian lands; an important way from Western Europe to Rus ran through it.
In 1404 Mostyska received Magdeburg right to government. The town had a typical medieval building.
Home » Geography of projects » Mostyska
1. Basic information about town
The town of Mostyska (Lviv region) is an administrative centre of Mostyska district. It is located in south-west part of Lviv region. It is one of the most ancient towns in the region.
Area – 13.9 km².
Population – 9.3 thousand.
Mostyska is one of the most ancient towns in Ukrainian Subcarpathia. This is evidenced by archaeological data and the Galician–Volynian Chronicle. The first written notice about Mostyska dates from 1392. The town's name is connected with bridges (mosty in Ukrainian) which surround it from four sides till now.
St. John the Baptist Church
Back in the Middle Ages, the town was a significant trade and craft centre at Western-Ukrainian lands; an important way from Western Europe to Rus ran through it. In 1404 Mostyska received Magdeburg right to government. The town had a typical medieval building: the market with the town hall was situated in the center and straight streets ran from it to all four sides. In the Middle Ages the town was well fortified, had ditches around it, walls, that protected the population from enemy attacks. The traces of these buildings can be seen today in the northeastern part of the town and the center has retained its historical planning.
The Main European Watershed runs along Mostyska district area.
Urban development master plan(s)
Urban master plan was developed in 1994. Today the up-date master plan is at its final stage.
2. Infrastructure availability in the town
Water supply & Sewage discharge
Water supply network was put into operation in 1965. Its length is 16 km. The water supply system is in normal operating conditions.
The town sewage network was put into operation in 1982. Its length is 12 km. the sewage network is in normal operating conditions.
The town electrification is in average operating conditions. The area of electricity supply in Mostyska district equals 845 km2. The overhead power lines length within the district is 1 364.3 km.
The town gas supply is in average operating conditions. The gas production increases each year. The gas supply level in the region is more than 74%.
Telecommunications (incl. Internet)
The high-speed Internet connection is available in the town (services are provided by a private enterprise and JSC "Ukrtelecom"). Connection to the local telephone network is also available.
3. Transport accessibility
Mostyska location
The distance to Kyiv is 607 km. The distance to Lviv, the regional centre, is 65 km. The distance to the nearest border crossing is 18 km.
The motor road E40, which is included into the list of international roads, and local road T1415 Mostyska-Sadkovychi-Sambir go through the town.
Air & Railway service
The nearest airport is Danylo Halytskyi International Airport "Lviv", which is located 65 km far from the town.
The town has a railway station. Two international trains Lviv–Wroclaw and Lviv–Przemysl, and regional electric trains run through it. Since October 12, 2010 train routes #6105/6106, #6109/6116, #6117/6122 Lviv–Mostyska-2 have been extended to the state border with Poland.
Mostyska town council
Serhii Storozhuk, the town mayor
6 Hryshevskoho st., Mostyska, Lviv region, 81300, Ukraine
Tel./fax: +38 (03-234) 4-14-87
http://mostyska-miska-rada.lviv.ua
e-mail: mostRada@i.ua
Investment policy issues
Lyubomyr Koretskyy, the town deputy mayor
Tel./fax: +38 (03-234) 4-14-92;
5. Restaurants and hotels base
Leisure complex "Skyrta"
Mostyska, 327 Shevchenka st.,
tel.: +38 (03234) 2-51-77,
mob.: +38 (067) 314-64-46,
http://skyrta.com.ua
Leisure complex "Myslywec"
Mostyska, 49b Hrushevskoho st.,
mob.: +38 (098) 901-54-24
Hotel "Ariadna"
Mostyska, 3 Kostiushka st.,
tel.: +38 (03234) 4-15-86
Hotel "Korona"
Hotel "Mirazh"
Sudova Vyshnia, 205 Zagorody st.,
tel.: +38 (03234) 37-967
Services are provided by motels: a motel near the petrol station "Igvol", and motel "Mriya".
Food and beverage facilities
Auto-grill "Myslyvets"
auto-grill "Myslyvets",
restaurant "Papilon",
leisure complex "Tsytadel",
restaurant "Mriya",
pizzeria "Gold".
6. Social and cultural base
Stadium "Karpaty",
Children and youth sports school.
Mostyska central district hospital,
Mostyska district polyclinic,
Veterinary laboratory,
Employment Center.
School in the Strachocki's palace
In the town there are:
Mostyska preschool,
secondary schools #1, #2,
secondary school #3 with Polish language learning,
a base secondary school,
a children art school,
a children and youth sports school.
The nearest educational institutions, which conduct trade programme trainings, are:
Sudova Vyshnya vocational lyceum (Mostyska district, Sudova Vyshnya),
Nyzhankovychi vocational lyceum (Staryy Sambir district, Nyzhankovychi).
The nearest big educational centre is the city of Lviv (65 km far). There are 8 national higher educational institutions, more than 20 other higher educational institutions, more than 20 specialized secondary educational institutions.
People's House in Mostyska, where all celebrations, cultural and educational events, concerts and performances are held. Folk groups, children's dance and theater studios are working here and entertain the audience with their creativity.
Historical museum "Mostyshchyna". Its collection numbers 1855 units. Among them there are sites of archaeology, ancient furniture, things, paintings, 300 books of rare editions, weapon and so on.
The central district library with the area of over 410 sq.m. has large reading hall, library fund of 40 thousand books. The club for the elderly "Nadvechirya" works in the library. The school age children are served by the district library for children with the library fund of 25 thousand books.
Annual Easter fair, sports football cups.
Gradually Mostyska becomes the jazz town. In 2014 the concert in format of "Lviv Jazz Fest" Project was conducted for the fist time. The next concert took place in December 2015 in the framework of Winter "Jazz Bez" Festival.
7. Economic potential of the town
In the town there are enterprises producing plastics materials, manufacturing monuments, forged products, concrete products.
There are trade complexes, shops, shopping centre, supermarkets in the town.
The following services are provided to the inhabitants: customs brokerage services, automobile transportation services, dental, pharmacy, consumer services, and cosmetic services.
Institutions of business environment
Credit union "Shchedrist" holds it activity within the territory of the town.
There are JSC "Privat bank" branch, JSC "Credit Agricole Bank", Mostyska branch of "AVAL", Mostyska branch of "Saving Bank of Ukraine", "INDEX BANK" branch, "Bank Lviv" branch.
8. Investment incentives
Reducing the land tax rate, immovable estate tax other than land.
Reducing the interest rate for the payments of share participation in the engineering, transport and social infrastructure development.
Assistance in finding and attracting of qualified personnel.
Assistance in the utilitieslaying, and infrastructure improvement.
Assistance in the preparation of documents on land sales.
Investment sites on map
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Q: How to use dataannotation validation in asp.net mvc I need your help, I have wrote this class to hold the data, here in my example I used the DataAnnotation for validation, unfortunately I entered in invalid email address but it did not object so I am confused about what is the correct way to use the DataAnnotations
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
namespace workflow.DataHolders
{
    public class NewCompany
    {
        [Required]
        [StringLength(200, MinimumLength = 3, ErrorMessage="Length Should  Be More Than Three Letters")]
        public string CompanyName { get; set; }

        [Required]
        [EmailAddress(ErrorMessage="Invalid Email Address")]
        public string Email { get; set; }

        [Required]
        [StringLength(200, MinimumLength = 2, ErrorMessage = "Length Should  Be More Than Two Letters")]
        public string Country { get; set; }

        public string Description { get; set; }
    }
}

A: We have two way to do this
1st Way
[RegularExpression(@"\A(?:[a-z0-9!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{|}~-]+(?:\.[a-z0-9!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{|}~-]+)*@(?:[a-z0-9](?:[a-z0-9-]*[a-z0-9])?\.)+[a-z0-9](?:[a-z0-9-]*[a-z0-9])?)\Z", ErrorMessage = "Invalid Email Address")]
public string email { get; set; }

2nd Way
 [DataType(DataType.EmailAddress)]
 [Email]
 public string email { get; set; }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Send Flowers for Helene
Helene L. "Toni" Bond
January 24, 1926 ~ January 10, 2020 (age 93)
On Friday, January 10, 2020, Helene L. Bond, known as "Toni" by her friends, passed away at the age of 93 years at Apple Valley Center in Ayer, Massachusetts. She will be lovingly remembered by her children, David and Nancy (Roy), her grandchildren, Peter (Jessica), Molly, Kyle (Kinsey) and Samantha (Perry), her four great-grandchildren, Austin, Morgan, Gavin and Haley, and her many cousins and extended family and dear friends. Toni was predeceased by her parents, Ralph B. Livingston and Mildred P. Livingston (Harrison), and her husband of 59 years, Frederick C. Bond.
Toni was passionate about sharing her life with her family, friends, and community. After graduating from Ayer High School in 1943, and from Westbrook Jr. College in 1945, she was employed as a medical secretary/lab tech at Mount Holyoke College from 1945-1948, Harvard-Devens Pediatric Clinic from 1948-1949, and Harvard Business School from 1949 until her marriage to Frederick in 1953, where her energies then shifted to raising an active family. Even with two young children at home, she joined the Groton Women's Club in 1955, serving as Treasurer for 15 years, was a member of the Church Fellowship and Circle Group, and served on the Board of Trustees for the Union Congregational Church in Groton for six years. She was also frequently spotted at the Nashoba Valley Medical Center, working for over 20 years, first, in the gift shop, and more recently in the hospital pharmacy. She left the pharmacy last March, citing "It's time to retire." … at 93 years old! It was her boundless energy and involvement in the community that made her a loved and respected resident of Groton for 67 years. Though she had always been an active golfer, and a Red Sox fan, her "retirement" allowed her to watch every Red Sox game, from the first in April to the last in October!
The family would like to thank so many of you for your continuous support and the genuine care you showed Toni and her family. Cards, visits, and phone calls, were so appreciated and will be forever remembered.
BOND – Helene L., "Toni", a longtime Groton resident. January 10, 2020. A Celebration of Toni's Life will be held at the Union Congregational Church, 218 Main St. Groton, MA on Saturday, January 18 at 11 AM. Relatives and friends respectfully invited. In lieu of flowers, food and gifts, the family would ask for contributions be made to two of Toni's passions: the Union Congregational Church (Elevator Fund), 218 Main St., Groton, MA 01450 and the Groton Public Library, 99 Main St. Groton, MA 01450. Please see www.mcgaffiganfuneral.com
To send flowers to Helene's family, please visit our floral section.
Union Congregational Church
Union Congregational Church (Elevator Fund)
218 Main St., Groton MA 01450
Groton Public Library
99 Main St., Groton MA 01450