text:
\section{Introduction}
Henry Norris Russell was one of the most influential American astronomers of the first half of the 20th
Century \citep{2000hnr..book.....D}. During his most active years, dating
roughly from the eve of the first World War and lasting till the eve of the
second,  his influence was deeply felt not only as a frequent referee and
arbiter of standards for American professional journals relating to astronomy,
but as a spokesman for the profession, reaching popular and technically informed
audiences in a monthly astronomy column for \emph{Scientific American}.  His column
provided news of upcoming celestial events  surrounding a simple star map, but
it also became a bully pulpit for promoting the deeds and discoveries of
astronomers worldwide, as did his two-volume textbook that was an introduction
to the profession for over a generation of astronomers \citep{1938Rus..book.....R}.

Russell's career spanned what Peter van de Kamp, Richard Berendzen and others
have called, first, the ``Galactocentric Revolution"  and then the
``Acentric Revolution" \citep{1965PASP...77..325V, 1975VA.....17...65B}.
History will remember the 20th Century as the period when these revolutions in
the human comprehension of the universe, in conjunction with the establishment
of relativistic cosmology by Einstein and others, were discovered, elaborated and
reinforced.\footnote{An excellent summation of present historical knowledge,
with an extensive bibliography, can be found in \cite{2009JHA....40...71S}.}

Today, these concepts are in place, but how did those who were born and raised
in a static stellar universe react at the time?  Observational astronomers rose
to the challenge, pragmatically conducting observational tests suggested by
Einstein or inferred from his theories.\footnote{There is an extensive literature, from,
for instance, \cite{1966eubg.book.....W} to \cite{1966eubg.book.....C}.}
Those without the means to make the delicate observations,
or without the inclination, however,
had fewer options to participate: among them, either ignore the implications and
continue on studying the stellar universe, or incorporate the implications when
they might be useful.

Russell was in the last category.  The Astrophysics Data System suggests that
Russell invoked the term ``expanding universe" only twice in refereed publications
from 1931 - 1940, less frequently than de Sitter, C.~A. Chant, W.~H. McCrea and
G.~C. McVittie (9 times each), Eddington (4 times) and Hubble
(3 times).\footnote{There were 224 hits total using the Astrophysics Data System's
full-text search (Beta version), searching on refereed papers with synonyms
disabled.}
And distinct from the others (save Chant, who was acting in his capacity as
editor of the \emph{Journal of The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada}),
Russell did not try to contribute to the new dynamics other than to
speculate on its implications for the formation of planetary systems.

For these reasons, recounting how Russell reacted first to V.~M. Slipher's
observations of the extreme velocities of the spiral nebulae and then to their
elaboration and correlation with distance by Hubble and others, will offer
insight into how ``normal" astronomers engaged the new framework. Of course,
following Russell alone will not provide a full historical picture, but
considering his influence, his example is a good place to start, on the occasion
of this celebration of the centennial of Slipher's initial detection of what
ultimately was interpreted as the expansion of the Universe.

\section{First Reactions}

In April 1920, the Dearborn Observatory astronomer Philip Fox wrote his friend V.~M.
Slipher, congratulating him on receiving the 1919 Lalande Prize of the Paris Academy for his
nebular work.  Fox also took the occasion to recall for Slipher how astronomers reacted when, at
the 16th meeting of the American Astronomical Society (AAS) in Atlanta
in December 1913, he read one of Slipher's first
announcements of the great radial velocities of a few bright spiral nebulae.  ``It has been a
matter of very great gratification to me to see the recognition which your splendid work has been
receiving," \cite{Fox-20} began, but then pointedly recalled:

\begin{quote}
I believe you remember that at the time of the Atlanta meeting of the
Astronomical Society I presented your paper on the high velocity of the nebulae,
and it was greeted with some expression of incredulity, especially on the part of
Professor Russell, to which I made a heated rejoinder...  I note that he makes a
confident reference to your work, however, in ``Some Problems of Sidereal
Astronomy," published by the National Research Council.
\end{quote}

In the some four years between Russell's initial reaction to Slipher's work and when he prepared
his influential essay ``Some Problems of Sidereal Astronomy," he came to accept the velocities as
measured quantities.   As his essay was intended to be a referendum on the state of astronomy,
pointing to work that had to be done, he clearly identified the velocities of the spirals as a
problem that needed to be addressed in the context of the ``Sidereal Problem."  He, along with J.
C. Kapteyn, A. Eddington and most mainstream astronomers, regarded the defining problem of
sidereal astronomy as the spatial and kinematic arrangement of stars in the visible universe. The
Sidereal Problem  was then the search for order, trying to understand Kapteyn's two star streams
as the motions of particles in a spiraling vortex \citep{1993mwgs.book.....P}.

What of the spirals then?  Were they part of the stellar system, or external to it?  Russell
was aware of the problem, but to appreciate where they (or any unexpected observation) fit in
his larger scheme of things, we need to appreciate the state of the profession of astronomy at
the time.  This was a time of war, and for some, including Russell, there were questions of what
was critical for the future of the profession after the war.

The most contentious issue for the National Research Council (NRC)\footnote{Of the National Academy
of Sciences}, was what would be the nature of science after the Great War. In George Ellery
Hale's view, would international relations be re-established?  Who was in, and who was
out?\footnote{See \cite{1995.book.....K,kevles1971,kevles1968}.} Hale organized the deliberations around
disciplines, and asked Russell to take the lead for astronomers, concentrating on what the nature
of the discipline should be like.   As \cite{Russ-17} explained his position to Harvard's E.~C. Pickering in
November 1917,

\begin{quote}
[T]here are two sides of astronomical research, one of which has to do with
the collections of facts, and the other with their interpretation.
\end{quote}

The former was routine; the latter was not, and this was why, \cite{Rus-17} claimed, none of
Pickering's Harvard staff had been asked to write reviews for the NRC.  Pickering's own earlier
reports, he pointed out to his old patron, had already covered the routine aspects.  Now the
other side needed airing:

\begin{quote}
[I]t is upon studies of this sort that the future advances of any science must
very largely depend.
\end{quote}

Considering that it had been Pickering who made the vast holdings of Harvard spectra and
magnitudes available to Russell in past years, which led to his landmark study of the relations
between the characteristics of the stars, Russell's views could be thought of as insensitive.

\begin{figure}
\center{\includegraphics[scale=0.5,angle=-90]{devorkinfig01.eps}}
\caption{Starting in the late 1920s, Roger Lowell Putnam, the Observatory Trustee (r), was
receptive to Russell's (l) advice and intellectual patronage. Photograph by Clyde Fisher,
circa late 1920s, Neg. \#280362, courtesy Department Library Services, American Museum
of Natural History.}\label{devorkinfig01}
\end{figure}

Russell indeed gave highest marks to interpretation, but he was always very deferential
to those who collected the most interesting and useful observations, like Pickering, and indeed
like Slipher, for it was upon their work that his career was based.  His patronage of Slipher and
Lowell Observatory needs to be understood in this way (as does his patronage of other observatories like
Mount Wilson).  Russell's essay \citep{1920PA.....28..212R} had to wait till war's end, and there
he expressed his opinion very forcibly:

\begin{quote}
The main object of astronomy, as of all science, is not the collection of facts, but the
development, on the basis of collected facts, of satisfactory theories regarding the nature, mutual
relations, and probable history and evolution of the objects of study.
\end{quote}

When those facts were collected properly, and presented clinically, they had to be dealt with.
Indeed, for Russell, observation guided theory as much as theory informed plans for additional
observations.  This was a very new idea for American astronomers, one that few could assimilate.
In fact, ``Some Problems" was an appeal to observational astronomers to appreciate the power of
actually designing observational programs that answer specific questions.   Very much due to
Percival Lowell's problem-oriented style, the Lowell Observatory staff were more receptive than
most.

Russell's feeling was that one of the most important results of a wider sampling of spiral
radial velocities was to better determine solar motion:  best determined once radial velocities of many
nebulae are secured in all directions.  This was a classical application he shared with most others
who commented at the time.\footnote{See \cite{1982eua..book.....S}.}
So through 1916 to early 1917, at least, he
expressed little interest in the nature of that larger realm, though he was rather open to the
possibility that the nebulae were at great distances, even beyond the Milky Way. In fact, as early
as 1903, in a \emph{Scientific American} column, prior to the rise of the Chamberlin--Moulton encounter
theory and still feeling safe in a planetary system rendered common by the Nebular Hypothesis,
\cite{Rus-03} went so far as to speculate that, viewed from a distance of a million light years,
``our own
Galaxy would appear as a spiral or a ring nebula, something like the Great Nebula...But it must
be clearly borne in mind that the evidence available at present is too scanty to justify us in
making any definite statement..."
Thus for Russell in 1903, at least, the scale of the universe was not an issue.

He maintained this view, more or less.  In a series of lectures in the Princeton Chapel in
1916 and 1917, Russell pondered the ``Scientific Approach to Christianity" mainly to argue that
there need be no antagonism between ``Genesis and Geology" and that those at play were due to
mutual misunderstandings that he hoped his lectures would put to rest.  In one lecture, ``What
Nature itself looks like to the man of science," Russell speculated that some of the fainter spirals
could be upwards of 200,000 light years distant and that there was ``No evidence that we have
met with the limit." Echoing the emerging findings of his former graduate student, Harlow
Shapley, who was now at Mount Wilson, \cite{Rus-16A} wholly accepted that ``We are some 60,000 ly
from the center of the galactic system is now known\dots ."  He saw no inconsistency
between the growing evidence of the nebulae being beyond the Milky Way and of the vastness of
the Milky Way itself.\footnote{Shapley was coming to this distance estimate in late 1917. See
\citet[][p. 48]{1918PASP...30...42S}.}   Nor did he express any concern for divergent time scales in
Genesis and Geology at this time, evidently of a generation for which the ``gap theory" was no
longer necessary.\footnote{On the gap theory, see \cite{Moore-86}.}
But what of the motions of the spirals?

\section{Adjusting to Shifting Evidence}

Indeed, one can easily trace Russell's initial growing acceptance of the extragalactic
status of the spirals through his \emph{Scientific American} articles.   Despite his initial skepticism,
Russell was sufficiently impressed by June 1914 to encourage his \emph{Scientific American} editors to
invite Slipher to state his case for nebular motion and especially rotation, discussing its
importance for ``stellar and nebular evolution."  And by April 1915, \cite{Rus-15} felt that Slipher had
collected enough evidence for the phenomenon to devote most of his column to his work,
opening his discussion saying ``Among the most difficult of the yet unsolved problems of
astronomy is that of the distances, dimensions and nature of the nebulae."

Photography, Russell emphasized, had recently shown that the spectra of the spiral
forms of these objects resembled stellar spectra, wholly unlike the spectra of the brighter ``green"
nebulae.\footnote{At the time, astronomers still called diffuse nebulae, like Orion, green nebulae because
of the visual dominance of a greenish tinge caused by the oxygen emission spectrum.  White
nebulae, like spirals, displayed continuous spectra.  An explanation is given in:
\cite{2011arXiv1108.4864T}. See also \citet[][p. 91]{1932PASP...44...89D}.} This meant they were either
single stars cloaked in gas and dust, or assemblages of stars at vast distances. Russell then
introduced Slipher's accumulating observations of spiral radial velocities,
now confirmed by ``others" that showed them to be in the range
of many hundreds of miles per second.

What was important for Russell was that the average of the radial velocities for the
spirals was some 25 times the average for stars.  If there was such great motion in the line of
sight, one would expect there to be some observable translational motion as well. But \cite{Rus-15}
then noted that none of these nebulae showed any sensible proper motions, none exceeding 0.1
arc second per year, ``though one out of every 4 stars exceeds this limit..."

Taking the planetary nebulae observed by the Lick astronomers, and the spirals observed
by Slipher, as two classes, their measured radial velocities indicated statistically even higher
space velocities, which Russell translated into AUs/year. The planetaries travelled 15 AUs/year
and the ``white spirals"  were travelling an astounding 120 AUs per year or more.   Given this
estimate, and the vanishingly small proper motions of these diffuse objects, or their stellar cores,
they had to be at least 8 to 10 thousand light years away, but more likely in the ten to twenty
thousands of light years.
``The dimensions which the nebulae must have, to appear as big as they do at
such distances, are astounding."

Comparing Ejnar Hertzsprung's recent estimate of the distance to the Small Magellanic Cloud,
some 30,000 light years, \cite{Rus-15} further speculated that the distances to those unresolved
nebulae must be even greater:

\begin{quote}
...it may well be that we are on the brink of an expansion of our conception of the extent of the
universe almost comparable to that which resulted from the first measurements of the distances
of the nearer stars."\footnote{\citet[][p. 204]{1913AN....196..201H} converts a parallax of
0.0001 seconds of arc into a distance of 3000 light years, where it would be closer to 32,600 light
years. \cite{Rus-15} related it as 30,000 light years.}
\end{quote}

In September \cite{Rus-16} hailed V.~M. Slipher's observations of the great velocities of
the spiral nebulae, which, along with the work of the other ``Pacific Coast Observatories...has
so greatly widened, at a single bound, the limits of distance at which our investigations may
operate."

But by late 1917, influenced somewhat by Shapley, who was excitedly reporting Adriaan van
Maanen's provocative conclusions about the rotation of spirals, \cite{Rus-17} started reversing his
views.  Responding to Shapley in November, Russell accepted van Maanen's observations, which
immediately threw doubt on the Island Universe theory:  ``But if they are not star clouds," Russell
mused, ``what the Dickens are they?" \footnote{Also quoted by \citet[][pp. 36-7]{1982eua..book.....S}.}

        Russell never overtly criticized van Maanen's results. Indeed, since 1916 he had gained
high respect for his astrometric abilities, convinced that van Maanen's deft re-analysis and
refinement of stellar parallaxes, especially his analyses of internal errors, was a very strong step
forward in that delicate art.  He looked upon van Maanen as a new breed of astrometrist, more
adept at mathematical analysis than his predecessors, like Benjamin Boss or even J.~C. Kapteyn.

        As much as Russell evidently respected van Maanen's abilities, his early results for
rotation in spirals were so extreme that Russell remained cautious, despite Shapley's promotional
efforts.  However, in October 1920, after van Maanen reported directly to Russell that he had
found much the same rotational properties for another spiral, M 33, Russell expressed both
excitement and great relief:

\begin{quote}
I have been waiting with great interest to see what you would get on additional
spiral nebulae and this confirmation of your early discovery is most gratifying.
\end{quote}

\cite{Rus-20} looked forward to more confirmations from Mount Wilson; in conjunction with
Pease's spectroscopic efforts, he encouraged van Maanen to obtain distances to
these objects, so that they all could proclaim:

\begin{quote}
Good-bye to Island Universidus!
\end{quote}

Privately to van Maanen, he was even willing to play down the nagging question of the
intrinsic brightnesses of various novae events seen in the spirals by Curtis at Lick,
admitting that they were dim compared to galactic novae.  They might well be intrinsically
dim, Russell speculated, which he felt was well within bounds for discounting this odd class of object.

Thus in the two years between the time Russell first drafted the essay for the NRC,
and when it was finally published in October 1919, and reprinted in \emph{Popular Astronomy} in 1920,
van Maanen's rotational proper motions had already raised serious questions about the existence
of a hierarchy beyond the Milky Way, questions Russell was evidently happy to raise.  Russell
clearly wanted van Maanen's results to be confirmed, and so in his essay he went so far as to
suggest, without mentioning de Sitter, that the distances the light had to travel from the
spirals might also be causing the effects Slipher was seeing.

Shapley, of course, was wholly convinced by his own work on the distances to globulars
and their association with the Milky Way, but it was not the deciding factor for Russell.  Even
without the confirmation that would come in October 1920 from van Maanen, Russell exhibited
his enthusiasm in his National Academy essay, concluding for the moment that the distances to
the spirals, and their intrinsic sizes, could not be ``extragalactic" largely owing to van Maanen's
remarkable proper motion measurements.

Russell's rejection of the extragalactic framework came after, as Robert Smith and other
historians have related so well, Slipher's continuing efforts, now bolstered by Pease's spectra with
the 60 inch, had won many astronomers over.  There was strong evidence that spirals were not
solar systems in formation: they were not stars. To Hertzsprung and others these speeds meant
that the spirals could not be bound to the Milky Way.  International acclaim soon followed: In his
Presidential address at the Annual General Meeting of the Societ\'{e} Astronomique de France in
September 1917, even in the depths of war, the Count \cite{1917Obs....40..327D} rejoiced that
much work had been done recently, especially noting Slipher's spiral radial velocities which ``give
a further proof of the independence of the spiral nebulae of our Universe."

In the early 1920s, therefore, Russell remained an agnostic over the meaning of Slipher's
velocities.  He never doubted the observations themselves any more than he doubted van
Maanen's measurements; at every turn, Russell indicated that Slipher's careful work had to be
factored into any discussion, for just as van Maanen had proven to be a pioneer in refining
astrometric technique, Slipher had certainly done so for spectroscopy.  In 1920 Russell became
especially excited by Slipher's recent work on the Orion stars \citep{1919PASP...31..212S},
writing to Adams that it ``looks to
me as if the luminescence of the nebula was due to some influence emanating from the hot stars
within it..."  This was another piece of evidence that ``the nebular lines are produced by known
atoms, under unknown conditions of excitation" \citep{Rus-20b}.
Russell never doubted Slipher's observations, and supported them through speculating about what they
revealed about the stars, something Slipher rarely if ever tried to do.

        Several months before Hubble's revelatory announcement of the distance to M31 based
upon Cepheids of some 285,000 parsecs, Russell gave a series of popular
lectures in February 1924 at the University of
Toronto.  During the 14th and final lecture, on the ``other classes of great nebulae" - those of
spiral and globular forms, he very much followed the evidence van Maanen offered for 7 spirals
showing they were in rapid rotation, throwing off material, very much in line, Russell believed,
with James Jeans' theoretical models. Given all the evidence now at hand, Russell concluded, the
spirals themselves could not be more than some 10,000 light years distant, which was not large
compared to the size of Shapley's galaxy: ``... if [van Maanen's] measurements are right, these
things cannot be anything at all like as big as the Milky Way."  The Andromeda nebula, however,
was for \citet[][p. 259]{Rus-1924} still one of the most
``remarkable objects known to astronomical science."
Given its enormous size and luminosity, and its apparent violent motions throwing off matter, it was a
clue to formative processes in his universe.

        Russell's highly convoluted presentation appears in hindsight to be due to his attempt to
reconcile the wild observations at hand.  But in fact he was most influenced by how, in his mind,
Jeans' evolutionary model provides ``a beautiful picture of the spiral nebulae" as evidence once
again of his cherished nebular hypothesis.  ``It looks as if we have stages of evolution shown"
Russell believed; Jeans could even account for the lumpiness of spiral arms.  But Russell
admitted that a very recent paper by Jeans which ``came out only a week or so ago shows that
when we want to be quantitative it is much more difficult." Jeans' latest model suggested, in fact,
that spirals become more tightly wound
with time.\footnote{\cite{Jeans1923MNRAS..84...60J} discusses the tightening of the arms.}
\citet[][p. 265]{Rus-1924} characteristically reminded his audience that
science was tasked with how spirals ``got into their present shape" but was not
equipped to say: ``...how they got there, because of that we do not know
anything at all. It is no business of
science to explain how matter got into space; only supposing there was matter in space, what
would be the history of it." As \cite{Rus-1924} concluded, ``Only a portion of
Genesis is accessible to the realm of science."

Everything changed, of course, by the end of the year and Hubble's work announcing the
distance to M31.  Russell heard the news first from James Jeans when they happened to meet in
New Haven sometime in the fall, and then later in November. Finally, Hubble reported directly in
December and \cite{Rus-24} responded heartily: ``They are certainly quite convincing...It is a beautiful
piece of work..."; Russell urged Hubble to send his paper to the Washington meetings of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science in February 1925, if for no
other reason than his paper would no doubt ``bang that
\$1000 prize." Russell read Hubble's paper at that
meeting\footnote{\citet[][pp. 111-120]{1982eua..book.....S} and
\citet[][Chapter 5]{1976mdg..book.....B} have explored in some detail the impact
of Hubble's first paper on Cepheids on the acceptance of van Maanen's rotational
measurement work.}
saying nothing of the implications this new result had on van Maanen's measurements.

Jeans and Russell did meet in New Haven in August 1924, presumably because there
were two major meetings starting with the American Astronomical Society, held at Dartmouth
and timed specifically to coincide with the special annual meeting of the British Association for
the Advancement of Science in Toronto.  Russell reported on both in his \emph{Scientific American}
column, highlighting the recent studies of Yale's E.~W. Brown on the osculating orbits of ``particles
composing the arms" in spiral nebulae.   Both Jeans and Russell later acknowledged that they
spoke of Hubble's observations and their implications for Jeans' theory of spirals in New Haven.
And after Jeans returned to England in late October he wrote to Hubble based upon his
conversations with Russell, sending a copy to Russell, setting out points that Jeans believed
supported Hubble's new estimate of the distance to M31.  Jeans made his points rather
dramatically.  Using Hubble's new distance to M31, and F. Pease's spectroscopic observations of
its rotational motion, ``we found a period of rotation of 17,000,000 years."  Then \cite{Jea-24}
speculated to Hubble:
``Suppose that Van Maanen had measured motions in M.31 and had announced
this period.  If I had calculated the parallax by the method I used for M.101 on
p. 217 of my ``Cosmogony" (assuming, as I did there, that the condensations are
3$\arcsec$ of arc apart) the result I should have obtained would be
(17,000,000/85,000) $\times$  5/3 $\times$ 1,000 parsecs = 333,000 parsecs.
Which is near enough (rather too near!) to your estimate."

At first glance, it seems as if Jeans employed Hubble's distance post hoc  but in fact, he found it
by a very independent method: using Eddington's just announced mass/luminosity law for stars.
Using the observed brightnesses of the average condensations in the nebula, their angular
distances apart, and Pease's radial velocities, he found the distance to M31 to be 337,000
parsecs, employing Hubble's estimate of the absolute magnitude for the Cepheids of M = -4.  To
which \cite{Jea-24} again noted: ``which again is near (too near) to your estimate"
\footnote{Also noted in \citep[][p. 120]{1982eua..book.....S}.} and bluntly concluded:
``In view of these calculations, I feel no further suspicions of the period-luminosity
law, or of my physical interpretation of the condensations -- on the other hand, I
fear van Maanen's measures have to go."

Jeans was now able to show that Eddington's mass-luminosity law, as well as the period-
luminosity relation, combined with Hubble's distances, supported his own concept of the nature
of the spirals.\footnote{Jeans described his thinking in greater detail in \cite{1925MNRAS..85..531J}.}
Here \cite{1925MNRAS..85..531J} increased his earlier estimate of the distances to spirals like M31
(originally 5000 light
years), in light of Hubble's and Shapley's work, to some 950,000 light years, and concluded: ``If
the same correlation [Eddington's M/L relation] is assumed to hold for the stellar condensations
in a nebula, we can dispense with v. Maanen's measurements altogether and (in theory at least)
determine the distance of the nebulae from the observed stellar magnitudes of its
condensations." \cite{Rus-24b} agreed, writing Jeans hastily in early
November 1924 that ``the agreement of the new data with your theory is beautiful..."  Russell did
not elaborate, however, saying there was nothing he could add off the top of his head.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\center{\includegraphics[scale=1]{devorkinfig02.eps}}
\caption{Russell and Shapley remained life long colleagues and friends.
Here they are captured aboard a steamer tour at the 1938 International
Astronomical Union General Assembly in Stockholm. Photography by
Dorothy Davis Locanthi, Courtesy E. Segr\`{e} Visual Archives,
American Institute of Physics.}\label{devorkinfig02}
\end{figure}

Throughout 1925, Jeans explored the ramifications of Hubble's distances, clearly
delighted with the new framework.  Russell attended to his solar and stellar spectroscopic
studies, experimenting with the emerging explanatory framework from quantum physics to find
useful links between the laboratory and the stars.  He could not have relished Jeans' enthusiasm
for Eddington's mass-luminosity relation, of course, because it meant that, in Russell's own
words \citep{Rus-26}, it put his theory of stellar evolution ``in a state of chaos."
Later \cite{Rus-28a}
admitted openly that ``[t]he path of this idea is strewn with the wreckage of abandoned theories,"
and that the field was at an impasse. In like manner, even though Russell could not
have been comfortable with the implications of Hubble's vast distances, when he reported on
them for \emph{Scientific American} in March 1925, he also credited Shapley's distances to globulars and
hence his estimate of the size of the Milky Way as having ``expanded our existing ideas of the
universe ten-fold." He did this, evidently, to assert that  Shapley's universe
was still viable (see Figure 2).  He now fully accepted the vast distance
to M31, admitting that it ``leads to conclusions which are
enough to make even a case-hardened astronomer gasp."  M31 was now, at Hubble's distance of
a million light years, at least 35,000 light years in diameter, which would have made it larger
than the Milky Way on Kapteyn's old model. But, \cite{Rus-25} hastened to point out, it was still only
1/10th the size of the Milky Way given Shapley's work.  This lingering attachment to
the idea of the Milky Way as being somehow special provides insight into the nature of Russell's
personal universe.

\section{Russell's Universe}

        In addition to his scientific writings, as noted above, Russell actively wrote and lectured
on science and religion for a widening audience, starting on campus after he attained the status
of a Princeton professorship in 1908, promoted to full professor in 1911 and Director of the
Halsted Observatory in June 1912.   He espoused liberal theological views, reflecting his
upbringing as the eldest son of a New School Presbyterian pastor, and by the 1920s took on the
role of a modernist, intent on arguing that there was much theology could learn from science in,
what he was coming to accept evermore, was an age of relativism.  Russell's efforts to explore
the interface between science and religion thus promises further insight into his reaction to the
concept of an expanding universe.

In 1925 he was invited to Yale to deliver the annual set of Terry Lectures, which he titled
``Fate and Freedom."  Keenly aware that Presbyterian theological orthodoxy was still struggling to
kill the liberalism of New School reformers, Russell asserted his modernism, proclaiming that
``The old hope of finding final and perfect statements of the truth about a simple universe has
fled." In its place was a striving for closer and closer approximations to the truth, ``a steadily
increasing accuracy of approximation in the description and interpretation of an incredibly and
magnificently complex universe." In its constant striving, science had freed itself from absolutes,
whereas theology had not \citep{Rus-27,Lon-91}.

During these years, as he gained prominence, he maintained a lengthy correspondence
with inquirers seeking illumination about God from the world of science.  In late November 1928,
he responded to the inquiries of a reader of ``Fate and Freedom," the Beacon Hill doyenne
Margaret Deland, an American novelist and poet and particularly articulate inquirer. Deland,
inspired by her reading, hoped her views as a ``philosophically uneducated" admirer, in the spirit
of Moliere's ``average mind," might be of some use to the Princeton savant.  The revelation she
wanted to share, without attribution, was ``that in this universe of evident order and purpose,
God is still `becoming'."   Only in this way, she felt, could she understand that ``our imperfections
may be steps in His (I wish I didn't have to use the personal pronoun!) process of
`becoming'"\citep{Del-28}. Although she makes no mention of Alfred North Whitehead's influence
here, especially his widely read 1925 ``Science and the Modern World" there are similarities with
what he later espoused as ``process philosophy."  If there is a connection and insights to be had,
I leave them for others.  Thanks though are due to Matt Stanley for raising this question during
the conference.

\cite{Rus-28b} responded at length, clarifying his position, and his universe:

\begin{quote}
I suppose it is because I am a physicist that I find it hard to think of God as
``becoming." Of course, we can none of us hope for a full understanding of the
Power behind the universe. But those of us who study the universe itself, at least
from the material side, do not find evidence of progress at the heart of things.
There is plenty of development and evolution of individual parts of the universe,
from stars to souls; but these are all particular cases of the operation of
invariable laws of nature.
\end{quote}

Russell took the laws of physics as invariant in a universe that, on the whole, was unchanging,
though the things in it do change. \cite{Rus-28b} thought of his ``God as manifesting Himself rather than
evolving."

Just over a month later, in early January 1929, Russell's unchanging universe was again
challenged.  Soon after he reached Pasadena in what had become a yearly trek cross country to
advise and counsel, he heard the local news about what Hubble was now up to.  In a long letter
to Lowell astronomer Carl Lampland, who was then in residence at Princeton in a scheme Russell
created that hopefully would better acquaint Lampland with mainstream astrophysics,
\cite{Rus-29} reported that Hubble:
\begin{quote}
... has definite evidence, at last, that the radial velocities of non-galactic
nebulae increase with distance ... the explanation ``may" involve a ``de Sitter
Universe" or some new mathematical invention - it is too early to say...
\end{quote}

Russell's expression ``at last" highlights the fact, as Robert Smith has well shown
\citep{1982eua..book.....S}, that the velocity/distance relation was very much in the air in the 1920s.
But he mentioned it only in passing, devoting most of his long letter reporting on stellar
astronomy and new instrumentation at Mount Wilson.

Within a few months, as Russell gathered his thoughts for his \emph{Scientific American} column,
the idea of an expanding universe did not sit too well, although, as usual, the observed facts
were not in question.   It was the implication.  In a column titled  ``The Highest Known Velocity"
Russell made much of Milton Humason's tedious work, taking exposures over several nights, of
between 33 and 45 hours duration, and the resulting ``very pronounced distance-effect."
Regarding it all as very ``strange" Russell asked ``what does all this mean?"  Could this be a
``peculiar form of the theory of relativity suggested by .... de Sitter" or was it something wholly
different.  Conversations with Richard Tolman helped Russell appreciate how a de Sitter universe
could look like a ``now familiar" Einstein universe on small scales, but the two differed, as he
reported to his readers, ``in a larger view, [where] space and time have unexpected properties."
On small scale, two particles at rest would remain at rest save for a mutual Newtonian attraction.
But at vast distances, such as those between the nebulae, they would recede from one another
and scatter ``ever more and more widely and recede from one another faster and faster."  Even
though de Sitter's model literally predicted what Hubble had found, \cite{Rus-29B} concluded that it was
``premature" to adopt de Sitter's ideas: ``The notion that all nebulae were originally close together
is philosophically rather unsatisfactory..."

Russell's reaction was distinct only insofar as he did not question the data.   Others
certainly did.  At about the same time that Russell wrote his column, V.~M. Slipher, along with his
friends at Mount Wilson, notably John C. Duncan and Walter Sydney Adams, questioned the
reality of Hubble's and Humason's observations.  The fact that two nebulae in the Coma group
had velocities differing by some 3000 km/sec made \cite{Dun-29} skeptical; he happily reported to
Slipher that Adams felt this discrepancy was throwing ``doubt on the de Sitter theory and making
the whole situation more interesting."

Hubble's continued confirmation and strengthening of the velocity-distance relation had
to be faced by astronomers, one way or another.  I'll end by discussing briefly how Russell dealt
with it through the rest of his career.

The first edition of Russell, Dugan and Stewart's 2-volume Astronomy textbook was
completed in 1926 and published in 1926 and 1927.  A second edition appeared in 1938
\citep{1938Rus..book.....R}. In the
first edition he outlined Slipher's observations in some detail, and, not questioning the
observations themselves, still asked what it all meant: ``Whether this represents a real scattering
of the nebulae away from this region where the sun happens to be is very doubtful," Russell
asserted in a smaller pitched paragraph (a tactic he used to highlight speculative sections),
adding that some form of ``the generalized theory of relativity" that space is bounded and
``returns into itself"  might explain the spectral shifts.\footnote{\citet[][p. 850]{Rus-27}}
In the second
edition a decade later, Russell voiced this same concern in his chapter on ``Nebulae," but in a
later chapter on the ``Evolution of the Stars" that had been extensively rewritten, he included a
long passage on the problem of reconciling various time scales: the earth, the stars, and the
universe.  Here Russell did mention Hubble's 1929 work in a supplementary section, but it was
highly terse, clinical and with little elaboration.  He made no mention of Lema\^{i}tre.

Russell also wrote popular essays on Einstein's theories of relativity and toyed with the
visible consequences of intense gravitational fields for his \emph{Scientific American} audience.  Even
though Russell never tried to contribute to general relativity or theories of the expanding
universe, he was fully aware of the potential impact both might have on modern
astrophysics, writing about them
with clarity and style, making them accessible to the general reader and
rank-and-file astronomer
alike \citep[][p. 321]{Kaiser1998SHPS...29...321K}.\footnote{As Kaiser and
others discuss, in the 1930s,
Princeton harbored more interest in General Relativity than most American
campuses, yet it was not a central topic in physics until the 1960s.}

Russell's most revealing response to the expanding universe was how he used it to
restore the possibility that we are not alone in the universe.  Even though he initially was
repulsed by the idea of the nebulae being closer together in the distant past, a rather surprisingly
rash statement to make in a \emph{Scientific American} column, once he had the benefit of years and
time for rationalization, he realized that in fact he could see something useful in the framework.

Deprived of the Nebular Hypothesis by the popularity of the Chamberlin--Moulton
encounter theory, Russell always looked for ways to reinstate
the theory (see \cite{1978JHA.....9...77B,1978JHA.....9....1B}).
 On its influence on the ubiquity of planetary systems, see
\cite{2001low..book.....D}. The expanding universe gave him an opportunity.  The solar system
was formed, he argued in his 1935 University of Virginia lectures ``The Solar System and its
Origin," at a time when the universe would have been much smaller than it is now, at a time
when collisions were more probable.  He thought more \citep{1935ssio.book.....R},
in fact, of the idea that the solar system was formed at a time when, some two billion years ago:
\begin{quote}
...a very great event occurred. This would have been the time {\it par excellence} for
encounters of all sorts.  Or it may be that a cosmic New Deal occurred, and that, just afterwards,
matter was distributed more widely, but more thinly, through space, to settle down
into the stars.\footnote{pp. 137-8}
\end{quote}

This was the approximate epoch when the presently observed expansion of the universe had its
start.  It also agreed, he then thought, with the radioactive age dating of rocks, the tidal
evolution of the earth-moon system, and was well within the possible lifetimes of the stars. In
this distant epoch, the probability of encounters may have been far greater than today.  Not only
were stars like the sun larger than at present in his lingering view of the course of stellar
evolution, but the universe was far more compact.  Russell speculated that at this distant epoch,
encounters and collisions could have been a common occurrence.  Following a suggestion he
attributed to Willem de Sitter, he was willing to speculate \citep[][p. 25]{1935ssio.book.....R}
that the stars themselves pre-existed this moment of crisis in the universe, many coming through it
unscathed. Collisions would have been more frequent in the past,
relieving all of the encounter theories of the burden of making mankind feel alone in the
universe.   Envisioning a time when ``all the matter of the Universe was tighly packed together,
perhaps in the one great Atom, which forms the starting point of Lema\^{i}tre's hypothesis,--which
deserves no less respect because of its picturesqueness," \citet[][p. 138]{1935ssio.book.....R}
thus ended his lectures on a hopeful note for the ubiquity of life in the universe. In commentary in
\emph{Scientific American}, popular speeches, and radio talks, Russell harbored a deep desire to believe
that human beings were not an accident in the universe. For a talk at Bowdoin College in Maine
in April 1941, Russell relied on the humor of Gilbert Chesterton, who once defended his belief
that he had been born, even though he had no recollection of it and could not test it.

Russell always remained optimistic that somehow, in time, with effort, discrepancies
would be reduced, and consensus would come, and though consensus would come a deeper
appreciation of the universe we live in.  He delighted in describing the process of science as
building on what was, for him, ``a tissue of approximations," as he described it in his 1937 AAS
Presidential address.\footnote{Quoted in \citet[][p. 246]{2000hnr..book.....D}.}
There was great heuristic value in
the process, as long as physical insight was not lost, and the clues that observational data
provided were faithfully followed up and tested for veracity, but never swept under the rug.
Thus, throughout this period when others looked askance at the disparity in the time scale for
the age of the universe computed from Hubble's recessional velocities, compared to the ages of
all the things in it as derived by radioactive determinations of the age of the earth, the ages of
stars allowed by nuclear energy sources recently uncovered by Bethe and Marshak, the time
scales from dynamical studies of binary stars and star clusters, Russell searched as usual for a
silver lining.  In his May 1940 James Arthur Foundation lecture at New York University, Russell
could at least hope that the inference of Hubble's evidence,  best described, he thought, ``a little
speculatively" by the Abbe Lema\^{i}tre, could make it possible to have a universe filled with
planetary systems:

\begin{quote}
The principal attraction of this scheme is that it pictures a short but tumultuous time in the early
days of our present universe during which all sorts of things which can never happen now might
have occurred, such as the origin of the planetary system and ... the formations of the heavy
radioactive atoms.\footnote{\citet[][p. 16]{Rus-49}. Russell did wonder privately if the heavy
elements were older than the stars, in letters to van Maanen and Shapley in 1939.
See \citet[][p. 254, ref. 83]{2000hnr..book.....D}.
For a contemporary review of time scales, see \cite{1946MNRAS.106...61B}. Good
secondary sources that address one or more aspects of the time scale problem include
\cite{1978JHA.....9...77B,2001low..book.....D,1991esss.book.....H,1975.book.....B}.}
\end{quote}

Russell acknowledged that if this were so, then the ages of everything
had to be limited to less than 2 billion years time.  Even so, in concluding his lecture,
Russell rejoiced that science had at
least succeeded in showing that the time scale of the universe can be measured in billions of
years, not millions, ``and in very few of them" as concluded from ``four independent lines of
evidence." \footnote{\citet[][p. 29]{Rus-49}. Russell identified the ``outstanding difficulties"
remaining as the persistence of giant stars and the premature appearance of white dwarfs.
This was at a time before Baade's populations were articulated, and when giants were
still considered, by Russell at least, to be young stars, in spite of the initial evidence
provided by Str\"{o}mgren, Kuiper and Gamow. See \cite{2006JHA....37..429D}.}

But this was as far as he was willing to go.  He ended his essay acknowledging that there
was a ``widespread desire" that this expanding universe might someday reverse itself and
contract, leading to ``some cyclical restoration of activity."  But he was not in sympathy with this
view, expressing surprise that it had such a ``strong aesthetic hold" on so many people. Here
Russell enjoyed a bit of Eddingtonian wordplay to make his point:
``I am an evolutionist, not a multiplicationist. It seems so tiresome to me doing
the same things over and over again." \footnote{\citet[][p. 30]{Rus-49}}

Indeed, this is the same Russell who in 1914 chided a critic's rejection of his penchant for making
inferences based upon statistical behavior and not direct measurement: ``A hundred years hence
all this work of mine will be utterly superseded: but I am getting the fun of it now"
\citep{Rus-14}.\footnote{Doolittle had rejected Russell's technique of hypothetical parallaxes.}
So even while he could marvel at Slipher's high radial velocities,  van Maanen's proper motions or
Hubble's vast distances, following the observations to see where they lead, he knew only too
well, and was comfortable with the fact, that the implications one might draw from them were fleeting.

Nevertheless, in his last known commentary on the implications of the expanding
universe, in a foreword to the English edition of Lema\^{i}tre's ``The primeval atom,
an essay on cosmogony," Russell kept his distance from the question. Describing
it as an exercise in ``pure intellect;" as an hypothesis and not a theory, he felt
it ``goes far beyond the limits of present proof."  Indeed, not apparently aware
of, nor concerned with, the recent prediction of a redshifted remnant by Ralph
Alpher and Robert Herman in 1948, nor making any effort in his foreword to
explicitly link the theory to the observed redshifts themselves and that the universe must be
expanding, Russell slyly regarded Lema\^{i}tre's retrospective essay as  ``...a
fascinating view of the birth and growth of a noteworthy hypothesis regarding
the origin of the material universe." The only reference Russell made explicitly
to observational evidence dealt with the recent detection of high-energy cosmic
rays which emulated Lema\^{i}tre's ``atom." So as he did throughout much of his career, Russell held highest evidence
from physical observation, whether or not it tested his preconceptions. Just why
he was asked to provide the foreword, and not someone closer to the subject
matter, indicates his prominence in the field of professional astronomy in that
day.\footnote{\citet[][pp. v-vii]{Rus-50}}

\acknowledgements
This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System Bibliographic
Services, and the kindnesses of the U S Naval Observatory Library. The author
has also benefited from comments by Robert Smith, Michael Neufeld and
Joseph Tenn, as well as by the editors.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Rose M. Kavalchuck, MA, MHA, CJCP, CMQOE, CSSBB, CPHRM is the Vice President Governance, Integration, and Compliance & Chief Quality Officer of Heywood Healthcare. Ms. Kavalchuck provides oversight for Heywood Healthcare's quality improvement, risk management, and compliance systems, as well as supporting Heywood Healthcare's Board of Trustees and its Strategic Planning Committee. She also serves as the Administrator for the Heywood Physician Hospital Organization.
Ms. Kavalchuck has spent more than 40 years dedicated to advocating quality care & services and patient safety for those in the North Central region as her professional career started at Heywood as a Clinical Laboratory Manager and subsequently advanced to a number of leadership positions including Vice President of Professional Services, Vice President of Managed Care and Planning, and Vice President of Quality Systems and Managed Care. She has been instrumental in the continued growth and quality improvements to meet the evolving needs of this community.
Ms. Kavalchuck received her Bachelor of Arts degree in Biology from Fitchburg State College and a Master of Arts in Biological Studies from Anna Maria College. In addition, Ms. Kavalchuck holds a Masters in Health Care Administration earned through a joint program between Clark University and the University of Massachusetts Medical Center in Worcester. She is a registered Medical Technologist (ASCP), a Certified Joint Commission Professional, and is also certified by the American Hospital Association in Healthcare Risk Management. She has also earned certifications as a Manager of Quality & Organizational Excellence and a Six Sigma Black Belt from the American Society for Quality (ASQ).
Ms Kavalchuck is a leader in healthcare as a Senior Member of ASQ, currently serving on a team of quality professionals working to develop a Body of Knowledge for a new certification program in Healthcare Quality. She is a member of the American Society for Healthcare Risk Management, MassHealth Hospital Quality Advisory Committee, and MHA's Physician Hospital Integration Collaborative. Ms. Kavalchuck also serves on the Board of Directors for the Winchendon Health Foundation.


text:
About Carers Bucks Web-Clubs Staff 2015-10-28T15:50:04+00:00
Carers Bucks is an independent charity commissioned by Buckinghamshire County Council to support carers throughout the county.
Carers Bucks supports the health and wellbeing of unpaid carers and supports unpaid carers of all ages and in different caring roles. These caring roles include young carers, young adult carers, parents of children with a physical or learning disability, older carers, carers from the black and minority ethnic community and those looking after someone with a mental health condition.
Carers Bucks also provides a number of services for the benefit of carers in Buckinghamshire, including a Caring for Older Carers (75+) service, young adult carers support and a Carers Lounge at Stoke Mandeville Hospital.
All our services are free to carers.
What Carers Bucks Provides:
Up-to-date information & advice on carers' issues
Help with knowing carers' rights & entitlements
Guidance on health & social issues
Help to create an emergency plan
Support groups across Buckinghamshire
Learning development programme
Someone to talk to in confidence
Opportunities to meet other carers
Bi-annual 'Carers News' Newsletter

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


New and used car financing for all Mitsubishis. Stop in today and take advantage of our financing deals for the Mitsubishi Outlander Sport, Eclipse Cross, Outlander, and any other models we sell.
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Acquired qualitative platelet abnormalities, characterized by abnormal platelet function, occur in many disease states ( I.a,b.!.e...2.1..1.:2). When present, functional abnormalities can be associated with excessive bleeding regardless of the platelet count. Ta..b!.e..,.2.1,1:3 outlines some commonly used drugs that can cause platelet dysfunction.


Thank you, Hilda Veronica has reached her due date!
Hilda lives in a rural agricultural community with her husband and his family. She is excited to be a first time mom! She hopes that her baby is born healthy, grows well, and in the future, goes to school and gets a good job. Because she has high blood pressure, Hilda has been going on daily walks with her sisters-in-law to stay healthy. Because of the support she is receiving from Kangu, Hilda is happy that she will receive the care she needs to have a safe birth.
Hilda gave birth to a beautiful baby boy, whom she has named José. Hilda and her husband are overjoyed that José, who they refer to as a gift from God, was born safely and without complications.


text:
« The Final Hours of Tomb Raider – Episode 2 video is live
PlayStation Store Update – NiGHTS, Sonic Adventure 2, Resident Evil 6 »
The Coin Rush continues with New Super Mario Bros. 2 3DS DLC available this week
Nintendo today detailed the upcoming New Super Mario Bros. 2 3DS content that will start trickling out later this week. The new DLC packs will offer additional new Coin Rush Mode levels, each with 3 courses, for $2.50 per pack.
The first trio DLC packs will be available from within the game beginning on October 4th, with the second and third packs hitting in late October and November respectively.
Read on for the details, and join the Coin Rush again.
Players worldwide have collected more than 100 billion gold coins in New Super Mario Bros. 2 for the Nintendo 3DS portable system. That tally is set to skyrocket exponentially as Nintendo offers new Coin Rush Mode levels for the game. Several new downloadable add-on level packs will be made available to game owners, with the first three packs launching on Oct. 4. Each new pack contains three courses and can be purchased from within the game* at a price of $2.50 per pack. Subsequent packs will be on the way, with the next arrivals at the end of October and the end of November.
While normal Coin Rush Mode offers players three levels chosen at random, the ones in the add-on pack are the same three in the same order every time. That gives players the ability to test themselves against one another on an even playing field.
"Nintendo fans have really enjoyed the fun and competition of Coin Rush Mode, recently surpassing more than 100 billion total coins collected worldwide," said Scott Moffitt, Nintendo of America's executive vice president of Sales & Marketing. "These new packs offer completely new levels that fit into the New Super Mario Bros. 2 world, but offer new challenges that will keep players coming back for more."
The packs being released on Oct. 4 include:
Gold Rush Pack: Fun new courses that give novice players the best chance to collect lots of gold, and veterans the chance to set even higher Coin Rush records.
Coin Challenge Pack A: The New Super Mario Bros. 2 website will track the rankings based on the scores for this pack, enabling players to measure their scores against other tallies from around the world in these more open courses.
Nerve-Wrack Pack: Intense new courses designed for veteran players looking for new challenges.
These packs can be purchased with the following procedures: Players who are connected to a wireless Internet connection must first activate SpotPass in the game and receive a notification from New Super Mario Bros. 2.* After receiving the notification, the next time the player enters Coin Rush Mode**, a Shop icon will appear in the game. Players who have accessed the shop can then read information about the packs, including descriptions, difficulty ratings and the required storage space. As long as players have enough funds in their Nintendo eShop balance, they can then tap and purchase the packs they want all within the game.
For more information about New Super Mario Bros. 2, visit http://newsupermariobros2.nintendo.com.
New Super Mario Bros. 2 (Video Game)
Manufacturer: Nintendo
Tags: 3ds, dlc, new super mario bros 2, nintendo


How did that point get there?
Advances in data collectors and wireless technology bring the future to today's surveyors.
Multi-firm team collaborates by sharing design data.
Without education, the tools of our trade may be misused.
Our book reviewer familiarizes us with the "Father of Geology."
Feature: What's Surveying Got to Do with It?
GPS surveying is providing accurate, legal maps for ancestral domain claim projects.
Progressive clients are using point clouds to better perform engineering, analysis, and other tasks.
Two educational tools that assist in educating surveyors are the seminar and the workshop.
Observations on Positions: How High Was that Wire?
For a forensic case, our photogrammetric writer is hired to determine the height of a wire from photographs.


LP Launch event for "The Paralian" which is released Friday 1st February, 2019 through Athens Of The North Records, with special guests including author and previous National Poet of Scotland, Liz Lochhead, Other Lands (Firecracker Records) + Athens Of The North DJs.
Andrew Wasylyk is the alias of Dundonian writer, producer and multi-instrumentalist, Andrew Mitchell.
After the success of his critically acclaimed, "Themes For Buildings And Spaces" album, Andrew will be appearing at the Voodoo Rooms with nine-piece band, to launch his third, most creative album to date - "The Paralian" (a dweller by the sea); a conclusion embued with blue and golden melodies that land in a territory akin to experimentalists such as Robert Wyatt and Brian Eno. Through which, Wasylyk weaves the listener along a modern-classical, ambient and jazz dream of Scotland's east coast.
"The Paralian" is released Friday 1st February, 2019 through Athens Of The North Records.
Special guests, author and previous National Poet of Scotland, Liz Lochhead, Other Lands (Firecracker Records) + Athens Of The North DJs.
Advance tickets £9 stbf from Tickets Scotland, Underground Solushun. Buy online here. Over 18 only.


Faced with daily traffic delays, DWS Automotive's claim assessors were looking for shorter journey times and greater mobility. Compared to the small cars they were using, their fleet of CB500Fs increased productivity nearly twofold with the ability to negotiate congested roads. Purchasing the bikes outright because the OTR price was the same as the car deposit, they have no leasing fees, pay nothing in Congestion Charge, toll fees or parking and use half the fuel. They estimate to be making a 50% cost saving overall.
Using Honda motorcycles as part of a company fleet can deliver considerable financial and business benefits.
Free parking - Most parking is free for motorcyclists. Savings of £1,200 per vehicle can be achieved when based on an annual city centre car park season ticket.
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44.6g/km - Motorcycles are an effective way of meeting company CO2 fleet targets. The average fleet car produces 138-145g/km, whereas the Vision 110 only emits 44.6g/km.
8 out of top 10 - It's essential that fleet vehicles are on the road all of the time. In a reliability survey conducted by bike paper MCN, Honda came out on top as the most reliable with 8 out of the top ten bikes.
20% BIK - Motorcycles are taxed on 20% of their On The Road value (minus first registration fee), rather than on CO2 output, meaning significantly lower Benefit in Kind implications.
ROI value - The exodus of used motorcycles to Europe, due to exchange rates, is driving residual values up, so when it comes to renewing your Honda, you're likely to get a favourable return price and benefit from low life-costs.


The Board of Directors of the EQUUS Foundation is proud to announce that over $250,000 was awarded in grants and scholarships in 2015 to ensure the well-being of horses, improve the quality of life of people through equine-assisted activities and therapies, and foster the horse-human bond.
"Our challenge is to not only come to the rescue of horses in need and to make equine therapy available to more people, it is also to ensure that the charities receiving financial support are operating at the highest standards for the care and use of horses," said Jenny Belknap Kees, the Foundation's Chairman of the Board.
All charities seeking support are required to publicly disclose their horse care and use practices. Modeled like Guidestar, which is a free information service on the general operations of charities in the United States, only charities that make available to the public detailed information on their equine policies and practices are designated as "Messengers" and eligible to apply for an EQUUS Foundation grant.
"We have developed one of the most comprehensive and impartial verification processes to inspire donor confidence in our evaluation and selection process - and immense pride among those charities awarded Messenger Grants each year. It means something to be awarded an EQUUS Foundation grant," said Lynn Coakley, EQUUS Foundation President.
*Amazing Grace Equine Sanctuary, Inc.
*Animal Assisted Therapy Services, Inc.
*Buffalo Therapeutic Riding Center, Inc.
*Charleston Area Therapeutic Riding, Inc.
*Green Chimneys Children's Services, Inc.
*High Hopes Therapeutic Riding, Inc.
*Mitchell Farm Equine Retirement, Inc.
*New Canaan Mounted Troop, Inc.
Ride On St. Louis, Inc.
*Rocking Horse Ranch Therapeutic Riding Program, Inc.
*Small Miracles Therapeutic Equestrian Center, Inc.
*We Will Ride Therapeutic Riding Inc.
*Wings and Hooves Therapeutic Riding, Inc.
All organizations that have received financial support from the EQUUS Foundation for the past 12 years are listed here. You can learn more about the 2015 recipients of EQUUS Foundation Champion of Equine Service Scholarships made possible by Ariat International, the sponsor of the EQUUS Foundation Champions volunteer program here.
Nominations are now being accepted for the EQUUS Foundation's highest honor.


March | 2014 | Andy Spessard Photography. Architectural and Commercial Photography. Columbus, Cleveland, Cincinnati Ohio.
175 On The Park. Columbus, Ohio.
175 On The Park. www.andyspessard.com Copyright © 2014 Andy Spessard Photography.
Arena District. www.andyspessard.com Copyright © 2014 Andy Spessard Photography.
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Leaf and aluminum can. Still life.
Leaf and aluminum can. Still life. Single image capture.
Photo shoot with Juah, the very talented NYC fashion designer.
Photo shoot with the very talented fashion designer, Juah.


text:
ALP president Wayne Swan cautions against Beijing Winter Olympics boycott
By 9News Staff
7:32am Dec 3, 2021
National ALP president Wayne Swan has cautioned against a Beijing Winter Olympics boycott, as concern remains over the safety of tennis star Peng Shuai.
Ms Shuai disappeared from public view for two weeks after accusing former vice-premier Zhang Gaoli of sexual assault.
She has since appeared in video calls expressing her safety.
READ MORE: The country where COVID-19 seems like a curable disease
Tennis star Peng Shuai claimed she was sexually assaulted by a former Chinese vice-premier (Tim Ireland)
Nonetheless, the Women's Tennis Association this week decided to suspend all tournaments in China, with chair Steve Simon saying he could not "in good conscience" ask athletes to compete in the country.
Today, The Australian has reported that Labor has signalled its willingness to work with the government on a potential boycott of the 2022 Winter Olympics, which will be held in Beijing.
Mr Swan told Today that Australia needed to be "consistent" in its approach.
READ MORE: Moment surfer realises large shark is hunting right behind him
Chinese President Xi Jinping speaks with Winter Olympics athletes and coaches. There are some calls to boycott the 2022 Games. (AP)
"We should be calling out the human rights abuses in China, which are truly dreadful," he said.
"Sport is one way to do that, although I would recall that in 1980 there was a call for a boycott of the Moscow Olympics. That didn't end well and it didn't work."
That boycott was launched by the US in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
READ MORE: Accuser's credibility attacked at Ghislaine Maxwell trial
Rare 19th-century images show China at the dawn of photography
In turn, the USSR and its allies boycotted the 1984 Los Angeles Games.
"We need to consistently, at every level, through government and non-government organisations, to be calling out human rights abuses in China," Mr Swan said.
"What's happening in tennis is replicated right across the board in that country. So I think we need to be more consistent as a country in calling out these abuses, and this action by the tennis authorities is welcomed.
"But I don't think we should necessarily be seeing it in the context of athletic participation in the Olympics, for example."
Auto news: Shock new reason behind car delays - drive.com.au
Aussie crashes out after spectacular collapse


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text:
Q: Struggling with regex. Could anybody match using this text based on these rules? The text is:

Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and
 typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scramble'd it to make-shift type specimen book and something [tag]else[/tag].

Essentially what I'm trying to do is extract all of the words above while abiding by these rules:

*

*word can contain dash and apostrophe (scramble'd and make-shift above)

*word cannot be within a link tag

*word cannot be within a block tag - [tag]

*word cannot be part of a tag name or html (class in class=", div, a, tag etc)

My initial thought is to remove tags and content of those tags I don't need like a and such. Even then, however, I am finding it hard to say match everything in between the div above, but not match the word 'div' or 'class' or 'left right'.
Appreciate any help. I currently have:
\s?[a-zA-Z0-9\'\-]+\s?

Which is shameful, I know.

A: This should work:
[^<>\[\]]+(?=[<[])

A: This will work with the .NET regex engine, but that's one of the few that support repetition in a negative look-behind.
(?<!<[^>]*)(?<!<a[^<]*)(?<!\[[^\]]*)(?<!\[tag[^[]*)\w[^\s<[]*

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


First of all, my free trial of Ecto expired and I am a little iffy on purchasing the software. For all the bloggers out there on Macs… what software do you use for blogging? I'm looking for something similar to Windows Live Writer. I just want to explore my options. Thanks.
So anyways back to my big day… errr… Caitlin's Big day. I was so excited going to bed last night I had butterflies in my stomach! I can't even imagine being the bride the night before!
I woke up on my own this morning at 7:00 am and headed downtown for an early run around Lake Eola. It was a beautiful morning and the run was just what I needed to calm me down. I felt great during the run and picked up my speed half way through just to burn off that much more energy. I ended up running 5.49 miles in 50:34.
After my run I went to the downtown Panera and had a Whole Grain Bagel with Reduced Fat Hazelnut Cream Cheese.
I had 2 yummy Mimosas as I sat and chatted.
I left before they started on her hair, so I will be just as surprised as everyone else when she walks down the aisle.
When I returned to my apartment I was ready for lunch.
I had another one of the Quick Indian Meals I picked up before Christmas.
The Spinach Dal was good, but I think I preferred the other one I tried better. I had a Flat Out wrap on the side for dipping.
I also had a nice bowl of fresh fruit on the side since I had missed out on having any for breakfast.
Now it's time to get ready! Only a couple of more hours until I get to watch Caitlin and Kristien say I Do!


Trevor Lamb completed his ninth marathon on 10/04/16 in Rotterdam in a time of 4:56:23.
He got a nice shiny medal for his trouble.
While on the same day Seaparker Alyn McChesney completed the Manchester Marathon in 5:49:40.
31 Seapark AC members took part in the Titanic 10K, which was also on 10/04/16. Ian Cleland was the first club member home with 37:42. Nine achieved a PB. Elisoa Crawford 41:05, Jonathon Bell 45:29, Phil Mone 45:54, Gillian Strudwick 47:40, Andrew Smyth 49:18, Julie Clyde 49:37, Julie Marshall 57:41, Karen McMaster 1:01:20 and Geraldine Kane 1:02:31. Geraldine's time last year was 1:10:11. Plus for Chloe Anderson it was her first ever 10K race with 1:02:39.
Over 300 runners attended the Ballymena Belles 5 Mile Road Race on 12/04/16 and of course Seapark AC was there. Julie Clyde 40:55, Josephine McAlister 47:04, Rebecca Tester 47:26, Alyson Sangster 48:49 and Karen McMaster 49:53 all ran the 5 mile course.
Gillian Cordner was the 1st lady home at the EAMS marathon on 14/04/16 with a time of 3:51.
At the Born 2 Run Castle Ward challenge on 16/04/16 Seapark AC had 7 people do the 10K and 15 do the half marathon, plus Philip Poag did the 10K walk.
The 10K was ran by Bobbie Irvine 44:39, Trevor Lamb 59:14, Carol Woods 1:00:29, Nicola Irivne 1:01:44, Jenny Robinson 1:04:20, Geraldine Kane 1:12:25 & Carol Downey 1:22:03.
While the half marathon was ran by Ian Cleland 1:32:04, Philip Mone 1:51:37, Mark Welsh 2:02:19, Gary Connolly 2:07:15, Gillian Cordner 2:07:15, Karen Poag 2:12:20, Julie Clyde 2:18:17, Karen Hanson 2:25:30, Jacqui Coghlan 2:26:31, Alison Welsh 2:26:32, Sara Johnston 2:26:33, Josephine McAlister 2:32:00, Becki Tester 2:49:13, Caroline Mone 2:49:46 and Helena Perry 2:59:20.
And on 17/04/16 Ruth Hawkins completed the Armagh 10K in 50:36.
Seaparkers were all over the UK & Ireland + mainland Europe over the last few weeks.
Gillian Cordner and Gary Connolly travelled to Wicklow to take park in the Vartry 100. Despite challenging conditions Gillian completed the 100 mile event in 20 hrs 57 mins and was 3rd lady home with a PB by approximately 2 hrs 47 mins. Gary ran the 50K event in 5 hrs 58 mins.
In the Mussenden 10K on 26/03/16 in Castlerock Clive Weatherhead was the 1st Seaparker home, and 9th overall, with 41:26. He was followed by Brendan Rice 42:15, Richard Hetherington 42:52, Aimee Weatherhead 55:03 and Susan Kane 1:10:19.
In the Omagh half marathon on 26/03/16 Charlie McCormick finished in 1:28:50 and was followed by Robert Murray 1:33:26 (PB) and Gillian Strudwick 1:46:13.
Neill Harper and Trevor Lamb travelled to Cardiff for the IAAF/Cardiff University Half Marathon Championships that took place on 26/03/16. Mo Farah may have come 3rd but Neill Harper was 4929th with 1:54:22 while Trevor Lamb was 7232nd with 2:04:34. Technically, since it was an IAAF official race, these are their world rankings.
In a slightly different challenge Ian Cleland completed in the NI Sprint Duathlon in Belfast comprising a 2 mile run, 10 mile cycle and another 2 mile run. Ian completed the course in 1:01.
On Easter Monday 10 Seaparkers took part in the Whitehead 5 mile road race. Ian Cleland was the first Seaparker to finish with a time of 30:35. He was followed by Bobbie Irvine 32:41, Alanah McCombe 35:26, Jonathon Bell 36:45, Lynda Shannon 37:13, Andrew Smith 39:37, Jennifer Jackson 41:35, Allan Grant 42:44, Rosin McConnell 44:07 and Sarah Johnston 45:41.
On Sunday the 03/04/16 a number of Seaparkers competed in the latest EAMS event. Official times haven't been released as yet but Alison Welsh was the 2nd lady home for the half marathon in around 2:08. While in the full marathon Seapark was represented by Charlie McCormick 3:26:46 (PB), Brendan Rice 3:52:04, Gilliam Studwick 3:54 (PB), Gillian Cordner 3:59:25 and Karen Waring 5:15.
Just up the road at Hazelbank at the same time was the 2nd annual Rabbit Run 5K. Gun times are only available. The 5K was attended by Bobbie Irvine 20:31 (6th place finisher), Julie Clyde 25:32, Philip Magill 26:58, Trevor Lamb 27:17, Laura Laverty 28:24, Rebecca Tester 28:25, Lynette Magill 29:06, Josephine McAlister 30:16, Beverley Kernoghan 32:54 and Helena Perry 33:43.
Also on 03/04/16 was the latest RunHer 10K at Delamont. Competing in it where Elisoa Crawford who was 4th overall with 44:31, Jennifer Jackson 56:16, Carol Woods 59:11, Jacqui Coghlan 1:00:21, Julie Kelly 1:03:31, Karen Hanson 1:04:01, Julie Marshall 1:07:44, Nicola Dhunlop 1:08:30, Geraldine Kane 1:17:20 and Carol Downey 1:20:30.
And if that wasn't enough the Waggy Races 5K at Larchfield was also on Sunday 03/04/16. Four Seaparkers attended the event with their K-9 companions. Robert Murray with Cody took 6th place overall with 23:38 and they were followed by Neill Harper with Oska 27:57, Julie-Ann and Harry Mitchell with Sparky 36:17 and Glenda Murray with Bazil 46:25.
A bit further afield Karen Poag 1:57:32 and Philip Poag 2:07:01 attended the Berlin Half Marathon on 03/04/16.


text:
«Несколько хороших парней» () — юридическая драма режиссёра Роба Райнера, экранизация одноимённой пьесы Аарона Соркина 1989 года. Лента получила несколько номинаций на премию «Оскар», включая «Лучший фильм» и «Лучшая мужская роль второго плана» (Джек Николсон).

По версии Американского института кино картина занимает 29-е место в списке 100 киноцитат ("Правда тебе не по зубам") и 5-е место в списке "10 лучших судебных драм"  10 фильмов из 10 жанров.

Описание сюжета
На американской военной базе Гуантанамо на Кубе погибает рядовой Уильям Сантьяго. Арестованы двое: рядовой Дауни и капрал Доусон из взвода Сантьяго. Изучая дело, адвокатура дивизии приходит к выводу, что обвиняемые применили к погибшему «». Их защиту в суде поручают начинающему адвокату, лейтенанту ВМС США Дэниелу Кэффи. Помогают ему дознаватель Джоан Гэллоуэй и адвокат Сэм Уайнберг.

Кэффи до этого вообще ни разу не доводил дела до слушания в суде, все 44 раза приходя к сделкам с обвинением. Вот и на этот раз, поглощённый подготовкой к бейсбольному состязанию, Кэффи предлагает согласиться с приговором в 12 лет. Однако под нажимом Гэллоуэй Кэффи и команда отправляются в часть, где служил погибший и обнаруживают ряд странностей.

Во флешбеке фильма Сантьяго написал письмо конгрессмену с жалобой, что не может выносить физическую нагрузку, даже терял сознание, и попросил перевести его в другую часть, обещая рассказать о проступке со стороны Доусона, который открыл несанкционированную стрельбу через линию разграничения на границе. Письмо попало в руки начальника базы полковника Джессепа. Его заместитель подполковник Маркинсон предложил немедленно перевести Сантьяго, но самоуверенный Джессеп вместо этого приказал командиру взвода лейтенанту Кендрику поднять результаты Сантьяго до отличных.

Джессеп заявляет команде Кэффи, что узнав о письме, подписал приказ о его немедленном переводе, рядовой должен был отправиться первым же утренним рейсом, но не дожил до утра. Лейтенант Кендрик заявляет, что, узнав «о доносе Сантьяго», он приказал солдатам не трогать его. Обвиняемые в свою очередь заверяют, что именно Кендрик приказал им применить к Сантьяго «красный кодекс».

Команда Кэффи понимает, что штаб дивизии желает сделать из ребят козлов отпущения, чтобы оградить от неприятностей Джессепа, которому прочат перевод в Совет национальной безопасности. Единственный шанс снять обвинение с солдат — это доказать присяжным, что они выполняли приказ своих командиров.

Обвинитель, капитан Росс, предлагает своему приятелю Кэффи сделку: обвиняемые признают свою вину, получают два года и освобождаются через полгода. Однако капрал Доусон, помешанный на воинской чести, отвергает сделку. На суде Росс вынужден идти до конца, он обвиняет морских пехотинцев в предумышленном убийстве, сговоре с целью убийства, неподобающем поведении, обвиняемым грозит пожизненное заключение.

На суде происходит эпический поединок между Россом и Кэффи, апофеозом которого становится допрос в качестве свидетеля полковника Джессепа. Бравый ветеран не теряет самообладания, отвечая на каверзные вопросы Кэффи. Однако Кэффи удаётся выбить признание из Джессепа, сыграв на его презрении к себе — молокососу, не нюхавшему пороха — и на непоколебимой уверенности Джессепа в абсолютной правоте своих действий. Полковника берут под стражу прямо в зале суда.

Обвиняемые присяжными признаются невиновными в убийстве и заговоре с целью убийства, но виновными в поведении, неподобающем морской пехоте США и приговариваются к увольнению из вооруженных сил с позором.

В ролях

Награды и номинации

Награды
 1992 — премия Национального совета кинокритиков США за лучшую мужскую роль второго плана (Джек Николсон), а также попадание в десятку лучших фильмов года
 1993 — премия канала «MTV» за лучший фильм

Номинации
 1993 — 4 номинации на премию «Оскар»:
Лучший фильм (, , Роб Райнер)
Лучшая мужская роль второго плана (Джек Николсон)
Лучший звук (Кевин О'Коннелл, Рик Клайн, Роберт Эбер)
Лучший монтаж (Роберт Лейтон)
1993 — 5 номинаций на премию «Золотой глобус»:
Лучший фильм (драма)
Лучший режиссёр (Роб Райнер)
Лучшая мужская роль (драма (Том Круз)
Лучшая мужская роль второго плана (Джек Николсон)
Лучший сценарий (Аарон Соркин)
 1993 — номинация на премию Американского общества кинооператоров за лучшую операторскую работу (Роберт Ричардсон)
 1993 — номинация на премию Гильдии режиссёров США за лучшую режиссуру художественного фильма (Роб Райнер)
 1993 — номинация на премию Эдгара Аллана По за лучший художественный фильм (Аарон Соркин)
 1993 — 5 номинаций на премию канала «MTV»:
Лучшая мужская роль (Том Круз и Джек Николсон)
Лучшая женская роль (Деми Мур)
Лучший злодей (Джек Николсон)
Самый желанный мужчина (Том Круз)

Примечания

 Комментарии

Ссылки

 Обзор и критика фильма сайт Роджера Эберта

Фильмы США 1992 года
Фильмы-драмы США
Детективные фильмы США
Фильмы-триллеры США
Фильмы о законе
Экранизации пьес США
Фильмы, спродюсированные Дэвидом Брауном
Фильмы о Вашингтоне
Фильмы Castle Rock Entertainment
Фильмы по сценариям Аарона Соркина

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The 9 Most Bizarre Computer Peripherals
Check out the quirkiest, weirdest peripherals that ever hit the market.
By K. Thor Jensen
It's hard to believe, but before a touch screen took over as the input device of choice, you used to have to buy a whole bunch of junk for your computer. Not just keyboards and mice but dongles, plug-ins, and peripherals that did all sorts of things.
There's always been a culture of gadget fetishism in computer culture. Software is fun, but buying hardware is where the real endorphin rush gets us. So it's not surprising that enterprising companies pushed out lots of cool junk for us to buy and jam into our USB (or SCSI) ports.
Some of those things became vital parts of our setup, but others faded into obscurity. In this feature, we'll share with you nine of the quirkiest, weirdest peripherals that ever hit the market.
1. Raildriver Train Cab Controller
One of the biggest drivers for the peripheral market is gaming. While you can play just about everything with a keyboard and mouse, some software needs a little something extra for the full experience. And if you're hardcore into train simulations, you want your choo-choo to be as realistic as possible. Enter the Raildriver Train Cab Controller, a deeply insane control device that consists of accurate switch, throttle and brake controls coupled with 34 chunky programmable buttons. It's probably only a matter of time before somebody tries to play Dark Souls with this thing.
2. Alphagrip iGrip
The thing with a good game controller is that it should have only the buttons it needs and nothing more. Think about the classic Nintendo game pad—as more buttons and joysticks got added over time, casual players got less and less comfortable. We can only imagine what they'd say if you showed them the Alphagrip iGrip, easily the most overloaded game controller in recent memory. When the manufacturer of a controller tells you it will take at least 30 hours for you to learn how to use it, you know you're in for something intense. In addition to the trackball and buttons on the front, there are 18 "rocker" switches on the back corresponding to letters of the alphabet so you can type as you game. Throw in six Shift keys and you've got a controller you need a PhD to operate.
3. USB Ghost Radar
The advent of USB ports made the computer peripheral market explode—no longer did devices have to work with individual operating systems. As long as they could tap power from a port, they worked. Some USB devices are essential (we don't know what we'd do without flash drives), but others are just goofy as hell. Meet the USB Ghost Radar, a plastic device with an array of lights and speakers that claims to detect paranormal entities in the vicinity and alert you of their presence. Exactly what technology this thing is using to pinpoint restless spirits is beyond our capacity to understand.
4. CueCat
Sometimes peripheral manufacturers have too much confidence for their own good. The Digital Convergence Corporation brought the CueCat to market in 2000 to fill a need nobody knew they had. The device was a barcode scanner, like the kind they use at grocery stores, but it plugged into your home computer. Users would scan codes on articles or catalogs and be taken to websites, which the inventor heralded as a bold new way to surf the web. Millions of the units were produced and companies like Radio Shack signed on, but nobody bought the weird cat-shaped peripherals and they quickly went out of business. In 2005, one retailer announced they had two million of the things for sale at thirty cents apiece.
5. OCZ Neural Impulse Actuator
Let's be frank: having to use our hands to control our computer is pretty dated. Aren't we living in the future by now? The OCZ Neural Impulse Actuator claims to capture electrical activity in the brain and translate it into digital signals, but really it's picking up a mixture of skin movement, muscle activity and other stuff. The device was sold from 2008 to 2011 and reviews were pretty unforgiving. The promotional materials advertised that the OCZ could cut your reaction time as much as 60 percent, giving you a competitive edge. Remembering the different facial expressions and "mind fingers" you need to do things is a Herculean task.
6. SafeType Keyboard
In general, there's not a lot of room for innovation in the keyboard market. Sure, you'll get a few companies still making Dvorak layouts, and maybe some with extra function keys and weird stuff for video editors, but most typing devices look pretty much the same. And then there's the SafeType, which is basically what would happen if you invented a medieval torture device you could also compose a resume on. Instead of bending your wrists to type, you hold your arms in front of you with palms facing each other to type on the keys on the outside of the two elevated platforms. Sure, you can't see the keys you're pressing, but you'll figure it out eventually.
7. Zalman FPSGun
Gaming mice are a world of their own, coming with a variety of increasingly weird designs and features to give you max fragability. Probably the nuttiest we've seen is the Zalman FPSGun, which has a form factor to make you feel like you're really holding a weapon in your sweaty mits as you shoot and strafe. The FPSGun vaguely resembles a sci-fi laser pistol that you hold upside down, with an optical sensor on the bottom. Apparently it has pretty good horizontal accuracy but bad vertical, so it's better for old-school games like Doom where you don't have to look up or down.
8. Titan Sphere
Let's stay in the gaming world for a little bit with one of the weirdest controllers we've ever seen. The Titans Sphere hit the market in the late 1990s and promised a totally new way to interact with your favorite games. That was probably true, but the Titan Sphere shows that "totally new" isn't always great. The unit took two standard joystick and button inputs and mounted them on either side of a grapefruit-sized cylinder. The handles could be moved freely in six directions, giving you unprecedented 3D control. Needless to say, this revolutionary new control mechanism didn't catch on.
9. DigiScents iSmell
Our electronic devices have typically been pretty good at stimulating the senses of sight and hearing, and occasionally use vibration to attend to the sense of touch as well. But what about the other two? Having a PC you can taste is probably a ways off, but a few years ago one company tried to introduce a peripheral that would let you smell the Web in all its glory. DigiScents raised a staggering $20 million in 1999 to bring the iSmell to market. A curved tower that plugged into your PC, the device contained a "database of smells" that it would mix oils to create and release in response to code from websites and emails. They debuted it at CES but iSmell never made it to market, alas.
CES 2020: The Hottest PC Cases and Modder Gear
Hottest PC Components and Storage at CES 2020: AMD, and SSDs, Still Rising
First Look: All the AMD TRX40 Motherboards for Third-Gen Threadripper
Here's All the AMD X570 Motherboards We Saw at Computex 2019 (and It's a Lot)
More in Components
More Component Reviews
Zotac GeForce GTX 1650 Super Twin Fan
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AMD Ryzen Threadripper 3970X
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More Component Best Picks
The Best Graphics Cards for 2020
The Best Graphics Cards for 4K Gaming in 2020
The Best Graphics Cards for VR in 2020
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The Best Graphics Cards for 1080p Gaming in 2020
About K. Thor Jensen
K. Thor Jensen is a writer and cartoonist living in the Pacific Northwest. He has contributed to dozens of prestigious outlets, including PCMag, Tested, Clickhole, and Game Informer. He is currently finishing his second graphic novel, Cloud Stories, which will be released in 2015. Follow him on Twitter @kthorjensen.
Read the latest from K. Thor Jensen
TV Shows to Watch if You Love Stranger Things
10 Nintendo Hardware Innovations That Totally Flopped
The Biggest Software Flops of All Time
The Greatest Gaming Tournaments in the World
11 Reasons to Stop Looking at Your Smartphone
More from K. Thor Jensen


text:
Internal Services Division
Legal Services & Appeals Division
Local Government Services Division
Research & Policy Division
Tax Management Division
Welcome to the Iowa Department of Revenue!
Kraig Paulsen was appointed Director of the Iowa Department of Revenue on February 25, 2019 by Governor Kim Reynolds.
Previously, he was director of both Supply Chain Initiatives and Business Analytics Initiatives at Iowa State University's Ivy College of Business. He also is a past commissioner at the Iowa Department of Transportation and served in the Iowa legislature as Speaker of the House.
Paulsen received his bachelor's degree from Iowa State University, his Master of Business Administration from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, and a law degree from the University of Iowa.
The mission of the Iowa Department of Revenue is to serve Iowans and support state government by collecting all taxes required by law, but no more.
Iowa will be a state where it is easy to understand and comply with tax obligations.
Goals and Performance
Three-Year Strategic Plan FY 2018 - 2020
Department Annual Reports
The Department has started a project to modernize its technology and processes to better serve Iowa taxpayers.


text:
Phil Sykes (born March 18, 1959) is a former college and professional ice hockey player.  He played college hockey for the University of North Dakota Fighting Sioux helping them win NCAA national championships in 1980 and 1982. He was named to the NCAA Championship all-tournament team in both 1980 and 1982 and the WCHA first all-star team in 1982. He was also named the NCAA's championship tournament MVP in 1982.

His National Hockey League playing career began with the Los Angeles Kings in the 1982–1983 season. He finished his career playing for the Winnipeg Jets following the 1991–1992 season. He played 456 games in the NHL and 212 games in the AHL during his 10-year professional career.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

References

External links

1959 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Los Angeles Kings players
Moncton Hawks players
NCAA men's ice hockey national champions
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Visit a deserted church that's three or four centuries old lying on a hilltop in an isolated area. Accessed from a dirt road 1.5 km from Diafani towards Olympos. Needs a strong car or a long hike after some point.
How to reach the site: About 1.5 kilometers after you leave Diafani and head to Olympos, you will see a stone fence and some construction materials. Take the unpaved road either by car (4-wheel drive preferred) or by foot until you will see a red sign for a short hiking path that will take you for 5-10 minutes up the hill to the little church. Revel in the great views and peaceful aura of this special place.


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29.12.2020 – Time travel | City & History
Who invented the wheel? Historians still debate this point today. And the Zurich region is in the running to claim the honour. Wheels dating from the Neolithic period have been found here.
'Reinventing the wheel' or 'being the third wheel'. Numerous sayings revolve around the wheel. But who invented this simple and yet indispensable tool, without which we would really be stuck? When was it introduced and, most importantly: could it be possible that it was invented more than once?
Some answers to these questions can be found – who would have thought it? – in Zurich where, during excavations in the Seefeldstrasse area in the 1970s, the remains of four wheels and an axle were discovered on the shores of Lake Zurich. All four wheels date from the late Neolithic period. The oldest wheel was made around 3,200 BC, and the three newer ones around 2,700 BC. This means they're among the oldest wheels in Europe!
The Zurich wheels are carefully constructed.
Even though they're so old, we can say a few things about their appearance and construction. All four wheels were made from maple wood planks. A good choice! Maple is both flexible and tough. In addition, it shrinks very little when it dries out. The objects found are solid disc wheels – not spoked wheels as we know them from carriages and coaches. Spoked wheels weren't developed until 2,000 years later, in the late Bronze Age. The Zurich wheels are carefully constructed, and consist of several boards that were fitted together without nails – iron was still unknown at that time. Instead, precisely matched slotted battens were used. The work of a truly accomplished carpenter!
This article originally appeared in the Landesmuseum blog. It regularly covers fascinating stories from the past. For example 'Duel in the National Council'.
The wheels have another special feature. Their axle holes are square. This means the axles were firmly attached to the wheels and turned with them. Quite similar to modern automobiles. This type of construction can be found in the dozen or so wheels that have so far been discovered on the northern and eastern margins of the Alps, in Switzerland, southern Germany and Slovenia.
Original wheel from the Neolithic. It was found in Zurich in 1976. (Photo: Swiss National Museum)
Wooden wheels were being made at around the same date in the Netherlands, northern Germany and Denmark. However, they differ from 'our' Zurich wheels in two essential points: all are constructed in a single piece, and they have round axle holes. That means they turned around the axle, which was affixed to the vehicle body. A completely different concept!
So it's possible there are several winners in this contest.
Also from the same period, towards the end of the 4th millennium BC, we see the first evidence of the use of wheels from Eastern Europe and the Middle East. These are not finds of original wheels; instead, they're clay models of wheeled vehicles or representations of them on cylinder seals. So it's clear, then: the wheel was invented in about 3,500 BC!
But who invented it? This is where opinions differ. Northwest Europe, the Alps region, Southeast Europe and the Middle East are contenders, but all are currently in with an equal chance. So it's possible there are several winners in this contest… despite the well-meaning admonitions of certain clever people that we shouldn't keep re-inventing the wheel…
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Edward Winter (1622-1686) – amministratore reale inglese in India che governò Madras negli anni 1660.
Edward Winter (1937-2001) – attore statunitense.
Edward Winter – giornalista, scrittore e storico degli scacchi britannico.
Edward Winter (1773-1830) – giocatore di cricket inglese.