Council of Economic Advisers (U.S.) ,	United States. Congress. Joint Committee on the Economic Report, 1946-1956 and United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee, 1956-.	"May 1996," Economic Indicators (May 1996). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/1/item/774, accessed on April 23, 2019.


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Renewable Fuels Assoc Hopeful Wheeler's EPA Confirmation will Accelerate an End to E15 Barriers
Last week, the US Senate approved the nomination of Andrew Wheeler to be the 14th Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. Wheeler has served as Acting Administrator since his predecessor Scott Pruitt resigned in July of last year from the office amid pressure from critics bringing his ethical conduct into question. The Renewable Fuels Association, which regularly criticized Pruitt for his enabling of oil refineries to skirt their legal obligations under the Renewable Fuels Standard, applauded the Senate's decision to approve Wheeler. Geoff Cooper, RFA chief executive officer, confirmed that during the 2019 Commodity Classic held this past week in Orlando while speaking with Radio Oklahoma Ag Network Associate Farm Director Carson Horn. You can listen to their complete conversation by clicking or tapping the LISTEN BAR below.
"We're looking forward to continuing to work with Administrator Wheeler. We have found Mr. Wheeler more open, more transparent, more willing to have conversations with our industry and hear our concerns and opinions on things than certainly his predecessor was," Cooper said, adding that Pruitt did "an enormous amount of damage" to the renewable fuels industry by letting numerous refineries out of their RFS obligations. "We're hoping, with Administrator Wheeler now officially in the saddle that we're going to have somebody at EPA we can work with and get the RFS back on track."
In addition, Cooper is optimistic that Wheeler will also prioritize finishing the ongoing rulemaking process to allow year-round sales of E15 blend fuels before this summer driving season officially starts, June 1st.
Currently, two-thirds of the nation are legally not permitted to offer E15 fuels for purchase between June 1 through September 15, the busiest driving period of the year. Cooper characterized this as a major barrier that has significantly hindered continued growth in the industry, despite the massive consumer demand that has accumulated both domestically and internationally. Recent reports indicated that finalizing the rule may once again be placed on the back-burner, but Wheeler has adamantly suggested otherwise.
"There was some activity and statements made recently where Secretary Perdue was saying that it's looking less likely that the E15 rule is going to get done in time for summer," Cooper said. "Administrator Wheeler came back and said, 'no, we're going to get it done,' so we're encouraged to hear that and we hope it is right because there isn't a lot of time left between now and June 1st for that to happen."
Cooper accuses oil-patch advocates as the reason behind any delays that have already occurred. He explained that President Trump promised ethanol producers that E15 blends would be granted year-round availability and charged his EPA to carry out those orders. However, Cooper says opponents of this have slowed that process by insisting reforms be made to how RFS compliance credits or "RINs" are used.
"We've been encouraging the EPA to split these two things apart, deal with the E15 issue now and set aside the so-called RIN reforms separately at a later date," he said. "But, it sounds like the EPA and White House are resolute in doing this all at once."
In the meantime, Cooper reports that demand for US renewable fuels continues to grow here at home and around the world. He hopes to see that market potential tapped soon once the E15 barrier is overcome, a deal is struck with China and progress is made to allow the sale of E25 and E30 blends.
Hear Cooper and Horn discuss these issues and others concerning the renewable fuels industry, by clicking or tapping the LISTEN BAR below.
Hear Cooper and Horn discuss these issues and others concerning the renewable fuels industry below

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


At accredited beauty schools in New Jersey, students receive specialized training to help launch their careers in the beauty industry. This training is the first step towards a rewarding and in-demand career with almost limitless growth opportunities, whether someone dreams of becoming a salon stylist, a salon owner or a theatrical makeup artist.
When looking at beauty schools in New Jersey, it's important to select a school that meets the state's stringent accreditation standards. These standards ensure that each beauty school in the state provides students with ample preparation to pass the state licensing exam and begin their careers as licensed professionals after graduation.
Both the beauty school in Turnersville and the beauty school in Northfield are accredited beauty schools in the state. Depending on the campus location, students at these schools can study for careers as cosmetologists, skin care specialists and cosmetology instructors. All of these programs are designed to meet or exceed state accreditation guidelines to give students the most comprehensive training possible for their new careers.
At each of these Jolie Academy locations, students learn through a combination of hands-on and practical experience. In the beginning, students will spend much of their training in the classroom learning the fundamentals of their specialty. This training will include a thorough education in sanitation, hygiene, infection control and basic anatomy and physiology. This is all necessary information for every aspiring beauty professional and will be tested for heavily on the state licensing exam.
Here in the classroom, students can also expect to begin their hands-on training, which they'll conduct on both classmates and mannequins. This early practice helps students at accredited beauty schools develop their skills, so that they're better prepared to work in the student clinic during the next phase of their training. The student clinic is a professional salon located right at the school, where students provide hair, skin and nail services to clients under the watchful eye of an experienced instructor. This experience is incredibly valuable for the professional in training, as it provides them with ample opportunities to hone their craft before graduation.


With support from CreateSmart Initiative (CSI) a government funding under "CreateHK", The Hong Kong Exporters' Association (HKEA) successfully initiated the Hong Kong Smart Gifts Design Awards (HKSGDA) for the third year.
The Hong Kong Smart Gifts Design Awards is now calling for entries. The purpose of the awards is not only to facilitate creativity and drive innovations among design talents, it seek to inspire designers to consolidate the necessary skillsets involved with design and business to enhance their competitiveness in the evolving market. On the other hand, the Awards encourage Hong Kong giftware manufacturers and exporters to create their own designs by making use of advanced technology and groundbreaking techniques integrated with marketing and business strategies. It recognizes local companies' ability to adapt and create original designs into a commercial success through "smart" business planning, thereof, as a result, successfully transformed the industry. Besides, the Awards nurture new talents in various academies and provides guidance on developing well-rounded skills and strategies to benefit the HK economy as well as exports & manufacturing industry in the long-term.
The deadline for online registration is 16 March 2014. Please visit http://www.smartgiftsdesignawards.org.hk/ for details of the Awards. Should you have any enquiries, please contact HKEA at 2730 2029.


This is the most accurate wristwatch you can buy - the hour hand reads "remember", the minute hand "you will die".
The Accurate is a link to the tradition of the memento mori - an object designed to remind us that life is brief and that we should seize the moment while we are here.
The watch comes in a MJW presentation box with a specially commissioned illustration by Nadine Faye-James. Inside the box you'll find the guarantee card - each watch is guaranteed for 12 months from the date of purchase against any original manufacturing defect.
Any more questions regarding The Accurate?


I'm Easy Weddings' Development Manager, so I work in IT. This means that I look after the IT team and the technologies used through Easy Weddings internally and externally. So, everything from the computers used by our staff to overseeing the site's recent relaunch, as well as development of new products.
I've always wanted to work in IT. I decided that I would when I was seven and visited my uncle's work. He was a Systems Analyst and he let me play with a programmable keyboard that had lights on it. When I pressed certain buttons, the computer did things. I was hooked and from that moment, I knew I'd work with computers.
I graduated with a double degree in Computer Science and Communications Systems Engineering, I've worked for more than a dozen companies across the globe, doing everything from database optimisation to rebuilding Easy Weddings' planning tools.
Why can't I log into my advertisers' login?
– We get this question from suppliers quite regularly and, when prompted, it's usually that they're trying to log onto their profiles at http://www.easyweddings.co.uk and not http://advertisers.easyweddings.co.uk/login.aspx.
Why are my images stretched or pixelated since the relaunch of the site?
In the old system, we didn't require high resolution images, however, since the site relaunch everything has been optimised for both mobile, tablets and PCs. This means that images will automatically resize according to what device the bride is using to access Easy Weddings and, since most of the images on the old site were too small, when we flicked over, those images automatically resizied.
Why do I get a blank page when trying to edit my EW profile in the advertisers' login?You've probably got an ad-blocker or similar plugin installed with your browser. You need to add http://advertisers.easyweddings.co.uk/) to your ad-blocker's white list. In addition, please ensure, any pop-up blockers are also turned off for the same URL.
I love the diversity of the work we do here. One day I could be working on optimising the site's speed and the next on a future version of our iPad planning app. Also, the atmosphere is really encouraging and fun. We work really hard and do lots of cool tech stuff, but we also really enjoy working together as a team.


Pompeo was born in Everett, Massachusetts and is the youngest of six siblings in her Catholic family, where all of them are at least eight years older than her. .
Like a lot of great actors, especially those who live in New York City, the 49-year-old made her television acting debut in Law & Order back in 1996. .


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Home Game Reviews Gravwell: Escape From the 9th Dimension Review
Gravwell: Escape From the 9th Dimension Review
Review of: Gravwell: Escape From the 9th Dimension
Board Game Review By:
Last modified:Jan 21, 2015
We review the scifi race game, Gravwell: Escape From the 9th Dimension. Gravwell features some really unique mechanics all packaged up in a racing game that's both easy to learn and highly accessible. It's hard not to have a lot of fun with this chaotic space ship game.
I recently watched the new Sci-Fi movie Interstellar. Despite what my fellow reviewer Brian B says, it's actually a really good movie. At the risk of minor spoilers, some of the main plot revolves around a spaceship crew dealing with the effects of a black hole and singularity. I won't get into specifics, but a lot of sciencey terms are thrown around and I realized that a black hole would make for an intriguing theme for a board game.
Lucky for me I don't have to invent one because designer Corey Young already did that with Gravwell: Escape From the 9th Dimension. Now published by Renegade Games, Gravwell tasks players with being the first to escape from a singularity that's constantly trying to suck them back in. Does nothing escape a black hole? Let's find out!
Gravewell is a card drafting and simultaneous action selection game for 2-4 players that takes about 20-30 minute to play. Gravwell plays best with 3-4 players.
There you were, minding your own business, when you got sucked into a black hole. On the plus side, you're not dead. Unfortunately, you've been dumped into the 9th dimension and are low on fuel. You and your fellow players must each take the reins of your spaceship and try to be the first to reach the warp gate out of here.
In Gravwell, you have 6 rounds to make it to the warp gate. Each round you will be drafting fuel cards to play during the round. To move your ship, you must use the gravity of other nearby ships to slingshot yourself around the board. Be the first to make it out of the warp gate (or the farthest along after 6 rounds) and you win, trapping your friends in the 9th dimension forever.
Game Components:
Each player gets an emergency stop card and a plastic spaceship. The objective: to reach the warp gate first.
Despite some rumblings I heard online about the quality of components in Gravwell, I had no issues with the game. The components are fairly simple, but that wasn't surprising as the game isn't overly complex.
Gravwell comes with 6 plastic spaceships, 4 in player colors and 2 grey derelict ships. While painted ships would have been cool, these worked fine. I do want to note that 2 of my ships had come apart from their stand during shipping, but I was able to fix them with a little bit of super glue.
The only other components in the game are a stack of fuel cards and the game board. The cards are printed on glossy stock and have large "element" letters in the center. These help decide turn order and ship speed. The game board itself features space-themed artwork and a giant spiral that acts as the ship track. As a nice touch, the spiral is numbered ever 5 spaces to help players quickly count movement in the game. Overall the components feel of good quality and worked well with the game.
While the gameplay in Gravwell is fairly simple, explaining it always isn't. I have found the best way to teach this game is just to have players try a few turns. Once you actually get into it, it's fairly intuitive.
Anyway, each player chooses a color and places their ship into the Singularity in the center of the board. The fuel cards are shuffled and a number of cards are dealt out (face down) equal to the amount of players times 3 (so 9 cards in a 3 player game for example). Then you deal out another set of cards on top of the first, but face up this time.
To begin the game, players take turns drafting piles of cards. If you dealt everything out correctly, each player should finish drafting with 6 cards in their hand.
There are three types of fuel cards in Gravwell: Standard, Repulsor, and Tractor Beam.
Now, everyone secretly chooses a fuel card to play and places it face down in front of them. When everyone is ready you reveal the cards. Each fuel card has an element symbol in the center along with a number in the corner. The number determines how far your ship will move this turn. The element symbol helps decide turn order. When everyone has flipped their card over, the player whose element is highest in the alphabet goes first, followed by the player with the next highest (and so on). Depending on which type of card is played, up three things can happen:
Standard Fuel Card: Move that many spaces towards the closest ship to you. If you reach the closest ship and still have move points remaining, pass them by.
Repulsor: Move that many spaces AWAY from the closest ship.
Tractor Beam: Move the closest ship that many spaces towards you.
After each player has moved their ship, players choose another card from their hand and repeat. Players keep doing this until all 6 cards have been played that round, in which case the round ends.
I should note that each player has an emergency stop card. This card can be used once per round and will let players discard their chosen fuel card and just not move on a turn. This is useful in those situations where a fellow player chose an unexpected fuel card and you would have been rocketing 8 spaces in the wrong direction.
At the end of the round, players shuffle all the fuel cards and then deal out a new set of draft piles. A new round begins as above. The first player to make it to the warp gate wins. If no one has made it there by the end of the sixth round, the player that is farthest along wins.
You will need to use the gravity of other spaceships to slingshot yourself around the board. The closest ship to you is always the ship that affects you.
As I said above, Gravwell isn't a complex game, but its unique mechanics can make teaching the game a big rougher than it should be. After explaining the game to quite a few people, I've found that Gravewell doesn't really click with people until after the first turn or two. But once they get a turn under their belt, expect to see the "ah-ha" moment as things just make sense.
The crux of Gravwell is the "nearest ship" mechanic combined with the simultaneous action selection. This is, coincidentally, one of the reasons I really enjoy Gravwell. There is a chaotic nature to the game that is just so enjoyable. Fuel cards move you towards the nearest ship. However, the nearest ship can change from the time you choose you card to the time you actually get to go, thanks to the clever alphabet turn order system. More than once, I've chosen to move 8 spaces, only to have the board layout change by the time I get to move, and find myself rocketing past the other ships going in the wrong direction.
It's this use of other ships gravity that helps make Gravwell a unique and thematic game. No, there are not quotes or adventure cards; it's definitely a game where the mechanics really tie to the theme. Much like Bruce Willis did in Armageddon when he used the moon's gravity to slingshot his spaceship to the asteroid, so too will you in Gravwell. The only difference is that the other ships gravity will be moving around the board, sometimes messing up your well laid plans.
Each round you can slam on the brakes one time. This can stop you from playing a card that didn't work out how you planned.
It's this mechanic that also helps to make sure Gravwell doesn't suffer from a runaway leader problem. You might be able to shoot yourself 10 spaces ahead of the nearest ship and end right next to the warp gate, but then what do you do next round? Unless you are lucky enough to still have a repulsor card, the nearest ship is going to be behind you. That means that you'll be moving backwards away from your goal. Gravwell features a great game of a cat and mouse where you are trying to play all the optimal cards, but also trying to guess what you're opponents will be doing. Since half the cards drafted are known, you can make educated guesses as to what your opponents will be playing if you are good with memorization. Myself, I usually just shoot from the hip and hope for the best.
While Gravwell is actually a really fun game, I don't think it's one that's going to be played over and over again in one night. Don't get me wrong, I really enjoy it, but eventually turns will start feeling the same. Each round is very similar to the previous as you are moving forward and backwards along the track. I think at its playing time of about 20-30 minutes, is really the sweet spot for Gravwell. Anything longer and it might felt a little drawn out as the turns would probably get too repetitive. So kudos to the game designer for finding the perfect length to use for Gravwell.
But it's also these simple turns that help make Gravwell a great gateway game. It's easy to learn nature help make it incredibly accessible. The rules take about 5 minutes to explain and after a turn or two, everyone will be right at home. I've played it with gamers and non-gamers alike and everyone picked it up with no issues and found it to be a really fun and unique game.
Finally, I want to mention that I do think Gravwell plays much better at three and four players than at 2. While the game does work just fine with only two, part of the fun for me is in the chaotic nature of not always knowing which ship will be the closest when it's your time to move. With only 2 players, it's a lot easy to plan your moves and figure out which ship is closest. For someone who is looking for a supremely tactical game, then 2 ships might be your sweet spot, but for me, I love the chaos. When you get up to 3 and 4 players, there is a higher chance your plans could be messed up, which is part of the charm of Gravwell.
I must say, I was pleasantly surprised with Gravwell. When I first checked out the game online, I thought it looked just OK and the track reminded me of a dreaded "roll and move" game. But I heard some good things so I figured I'd give it a shot. Let me tell you, I'm really glad I did. My initial thoughts on Gravwell were really off base as the game ended up being way more fun than I expected. I know see what others have known for a while. That Gravwell is a superb, creative and unique board game that's easy to get just about anyone to jump in and play.
While Gravwell isn't the deepest of games, I do think it's a lot of fun and makes a fantastic family game. The theme, the easy to learn rules and the perfect mechanic to stop a run-away leader make it an easy choice to grab for a game night with the family. For myself, I think Gravwell makes a great filler game when I'm looking for something on the meatier side of the spectrum. I'll be keeping this one on my gaming shelf for a long time. Go get yourself a copy; it's a win in my book.
If you'd like to grab a copy of Gravwell for yourself, you can pick it up for about $35.
Final Score: 4 Stars – A really clever game that's both easy to learn and accessible to just about everyone. Gravwell makes a great game when you are looking for something on the lighter side.
• Unique mechanics
• Very accessible – makes a great family game
• Chaotic nature with more players makes it really fun
• Not a game you'll play over and over in one night
• 2 Player version not as fun as 3-4 players.
Action Programming
Gateway Game
Race Game
Sci-Fi Game


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Jervis makes Wildcats comeback
Three time Perth Wildcats championship winner Tom Jervis will come out of NBL retirement to play for his old club in NBL21.
Jervis played three seasons for the Wildcats from 2013 to 2016, and a fourth in 2018/19, winning titles in 2014, 2016 and 2019.
After the 2018/19 season he announced his retirement, but the 211cm centre has taken the opportunity to return to his home town club to fill a much-needed role.
"It's a pretty amazing situation, I didn't really expect to get another crack at the NBL and all of a sudden I'm sitting here in quarantine with one of my teammates," Jervis said.
"I'm expecting to play a similar role to what I have previously with the 'Cats; be a big body, run the floor, set some good screens and get guys like Bryce (Cotton), Todd (Blanchfield) and Clint (Steindl) open.
"Knowing the system really well, as well as the guys, there shouldn't be any teething issues which is a big advantage when coming in."
Jervis completes the Wildcats 10-man roster for the 2020/21 season.
The 33-year-old has joined the team's quarantining training group.
The Perth Wildcats open their season on Sunday 24 January against the South East Melbourne Phoenix at RAC Arena.
IMAGE: Perth Wildcats website.


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Home>Physical Science>Chemistry
Interesting Facts about Boron
By: D. Vogt
D. Vogt's image for:
"Interesting Facts about Boron"
Boron (B) is the fifth chemical on the periodic table of elements, located on the top right next to carbon. It occurs naturally in several forms, including both powders and crystals, and is a necessary nutrient for all plant species.
- Chemical Composition -
Boron, to a slightly lesser extent than carbon, is capable of forming complex molecular chains. This means that it can occur naturally both as a brownish-coloured powder as well as in crystalline form. Boron crystals are produced through a combination of high heat and high pressure.
Chemically, however, boron is largely inert; therefore, these molecular chains do not tend to form the rich variety of organic compounds which can be formed with carbon or, to a slightly lesser extent, the also-nearby silicon. It can form covalent compounds by surrendering three ions to gain a positive charge, such as boron oxide (with oxygen), boron trifluoride (with fluorine), and several compounds with hydrogen and carbon.
In nature boron comes in two stable isotopes: boron-11, with five neutrons in its atomic nucleus, and boron-10, with just four. There are also a number of highly radioactive isotopes which can be created artificially, but are not found in nature.
- Sources and Discovery -
Boron is rare on Earth, representing only a tiny fraction of a percent of the rock beneath our feet. Those mineral deposits from which it can be extracted are difficult to find, and boron production is currently dominated by just two countries, the United States and Turkey. In both cases, pure boron has never been found; instead, it is extracted from minerals such as colemanite, tincal, and kernite (also known as rasorite).
Despite its rarity, boron has been known for thousands of years in Asia and Arabia, from which it was first introduced to Europe by the cultural explorer Marco Polo in the 1200s. It was subsequently found in trace amounts as an acid in Italy's Florentine hot springs and Sasso mineral deposits, which allowed a low level of production during the 1800s until larger deposits were found in the United States. Currently, production of boron is increasing to record levels.
- Applications and Uses -
Most households have some boron in them somewhere. If it's not in the fibreglass insulation (because you don't have fiberglass insulation), it will probably be found in your laundry soap and bleach.
There are several industrial uses for boron. Because boron-10 is capable of absorbing neutrons relatively harmlessly, it can play an important role in radiation shielding in the nuclear industry and, although this is still largely theoretical, in spacecraft, where it would play the same role. The vast majority of boron production actually goes into the glass and ceramic manufacturing sectors however, because it is especially useful in making materials that can withstand high heat. Well-known brand names like Pyrex got where they are by using boron.
In addition, there are some more esoteric uses as well. Boron is one of the materials used in constructing solid lightweight structural materials, for everything from golf clubs to aircraft. One of its compounds, boron carbide, is also an important component in bullet-proof vests and other types of modern armour. More unusual boron compounds are used in building MRI machines for hospitals, mixing sanitation treatments for swimming pools, and even in jet engine ignitors.
All plants use boron as a basic component of their cell structure. This means human beings (and all other animals) regularly take in boron in their daily diets. Although it does not seem to have vital nutritional benefits, it is also non-toxic.
More about this author: D. Vogt
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http://www.helium.com/items/1740369-definition-of-isotopes


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Home > Issues > Issue 85 > Review: Museum of Ligurian Archaeology
Review: Museum of Ligurian Archaeology
Issue 85, Issues, Italy, Museum
Ancient, Archaeology, Arene Candide, burial, Genoa, Genova, Liguria, museum, Pegli
Inside the Museum of Ligurian Archaeology. Grave goods from Tomb 84 of Genoa's pre-Roman necropolis include fine Greek pottery and Etruscan vases.
Stretching down from France between the sea and the mountains, the Italian region of Liguria is home to a wide variety of historic sites. At one villa, in Pegli on the outskirts of Genoa, the recently renovated Museum of Ligurian Archaeology explores ancient activity in the area, from the first inhabitants to the Romans.
The 'prince' of Arene Candide. This 15-year-old was buried with an ornate cap of shells.
A look at burials from different parts of the region offers an insight into numerous periods, encompassing important aspects of Liguria's archaeology and some highlights from the museum. Set in the villa's lofty rooms with painted ceilings, the prehistory collections feature burials from the cave of Arene Candide (White Sands) in Finale Ligure. The most impressive is an Upper Palaeolithic burial of a tall and seemingly strong young man, presumably a hunter, about 15 years old. The presentation of the skeleton – with a cap of shells, mammoth ivory pendants, and a 23cm-long flint blade, among other items – has earned him the nickname 'Il Principe' (the prince). The person who buried Il Principe in a bed of red ochre about 24,000 years ago also attempted to mask the fatal wound on his face with yellow ochre. Other human remains discovered at the cave, including from the Neolithic, are also on display, accompanied by their accessories.
The city of Genoa, in comparison to Arene Candide, is relatively young, and grave goods give a glimpse of the lives of the city's first inhabitants. Construction work in 1898 on the Via XX Settembre, Piazza de Ferrari, and Via Dante revealed 121 graves from Genoa's pre-Roman necropolis (500 BC). Some of these were reburied, and sadly most have since been destroyed, but artefacts from some of the burials survive in the museum's collections.
These grave goods reveal an interesting mix of local Ligurian and slightly further afield Etruscan cultures. Buried weapons, for example, include Ligurian spears and Etruscan helmets and swords. Other items, such as imported Etruscan bronzes, painted Greek vases, perfumes from the eastern Mediterranean, and gold, amber, and coral jewellery, make up effective displays of wealth. Cultural exchanges can also be seen in Roman Genoa. A sculpture of Cerberus, found at the Roman entrance to the city, depicts the three-headed dog resting its paw on a severed human head: this has been interpreted as a product of Celtic influence.
The sarcophagus of the Egyptian priest Pasherienaset.
As well as showcasing the archaeology of Liguria, the museum houses collections of artefacts from elsewhere in Roman Italy, including Pompeii and Cumae, and a small but striking gallery devoted to ancient Egypt. Here, the mummy, painted wooden sarcophagus, and funerary statue of the priest Pasherienaset (7th-6th century BC) are on display. He was buried with the tools of his trade, and his face on the sarcophagus has been painted green, a colour associated with resurrection, highlighting the priest's link with Osiris, god of vegetation and the afterlife. Just like those of the museum's ancient Ligurians, the life of Pasherienaset is not forgotten.
Museo di Archeologia Ligure
Address: Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini, Via Ignazio Pallavicini 13, 16155 Genova, Italy
Open: Tuesday-Friday 9am-7pm (summer) and 9am-6.30pm (winter). Saturday & Sunday 10am-7.30pm (summer) and 9.30am-6.30pm (winter). Closed Mondays.
Admission: €5 (or €12 with entrance to the Parco di Villa Pallavicini). Concessions available.
Website: www.museidigenova.it/it/content/museo-di-archeologia
Images: courtesy of Museo di Archeologia Ligure and Soprintendenza Regionale della Liguria
Previous Travel: The Arch of Malborghetto, Italy Next Review: Cave Art


First Annual Rise Above Plastics Day celebration in Cardiff and Ocean Beach on Wednesday 6/30. The two special events will be from 4-6pm at Patagonia in Cardiff (2185 San Elijo Ave.) and the Ocean Beach People's Organic Food Market (4765 Voltaire St. – please do not use the Co Op parking lot for this event).
At each location, Surfrider volunteers will be giving out reusable canvas shopping bags and rallying support for the RAP campaign. To volunteer simply show up and look for us on the Patagonia patio or OB People's Community Room. All volunteers get an organic cotton t-shirt and a pair of San Diego Fair tickets!
YOU can help us wave signs, hand out bags, possibly suit up as the bag monster or just swing by to pick up a high-quality recycled cotton beach/grocery bag at no charge!


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AC/DC's 'Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap' Inspired By Cartoon
Angus Young got the title of one of AC/DC's most beloved classics "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap" from a television cartoon series, according to a new Professor Of Rock video covering the legendary song.
Adam Reader shared the latest episode of his YouTube video series "Professor Of Rock" and he covers the song in-depth for an episode that he has called "Hard Rock Legends Couldn't Get This Song Released for 5 YEARS."
In the clip he shares that "When 'Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap' was finished their American label actually refused to release it stateside" and he had this to say in the video's description:
"An anthem by one of the greatest iconic bands of the Rock Era was actually inspired by a cartoon character on the tell the story of AC/DC's blazing rocker, 'Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap' sung masterfully by Bon Scott and written by brothers Angus and Malcom Young." Check out the video below:
AC/DC Scored Three Grammy Nominations 2021 In Review
AC/DC's 'Thunderstruck' Video Passes One Billion YouTube Views 2021 In Review
Bon Scott's Family Launched Official Website For Late AC/DC Legend 2021 In Review
AC/DC Star Was Surprised First Time Playing With Axl Rose 2021 In Review
AC/DC's Bon Scott Got Unusual First Impression Of Brian Johnson 2021 In Review
News > AC/DC


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About hazardous substances and health
Hazardous substances-related deaths reported to the coroner in New Zealand
Hazardous substances-related deaths registered in New Zealand
Unintentional hazardous substances-related hospitalisations
Occupational lead absorption notifications
Non-occupational/unknown source of lead absorption notifications
Hazardous substances notifications
Unintentional hazardous substances exposures in children (0–14 years)
This section presents information on hospital discharge events from unintentional hazardous substances-related injuries in Aotearoa New Zealand. This factsheet uses data from the National Minimum Dataset from 2001 to 2021.
Each year, many people in New Zealand are injured from exposures to hazardous substances, which are often preventable (World Health Organisation 2004). Chemical contamination of the environment can harm people's health and the environment. For example, misusing pesticides and aerial spraying with insecticides can damage the ecosystem. Hazardous substances can be widely and unsafely used, such as petrol being inappropriately stored in unlabelled drinking water bottles. Industrial workers may poorly handle large volumes of chemicals, which can be extremely dangerous. A growing number of chemicals are used around the home. If they are not used or stored properly, this could lead to hazardous substances-related injuries.
Acute health effects from exposure to a hazardous substance are diverse and include headache, nausea and vomiting, skin corrosion and burns. Chronic health effects include asthma, dermatitis, nerve damage, and cancer (MBIE 2013).
Factsheet: Unintentional hazardous substances-related hospitalisations (Nov 2022) View interactive report Download report PDF
Metadata: Unintentional hazardous substances-related hospitalisations ( Nov 2022) Download report PDF
Key facts from 2021
Petrol and diesel were the most common hazardous substances, causing the majority of hospitalisation relating to flammable materials, smoke and flames, and organic solvents/hydrocarbons, in 2020–2021.
Household cleaning products and bleach were the most common substances implicated within X49, other and unspecified chemicals and noxious substances, in 2020–2021.
Children aged 0–4 years continue to have roughly three times the hospitalisation rate of the rest of the population.
Males have consistently had 2–3 times the hospitalisation rate of females, since 2001.
Fireworks resulted in 38 hospitalisations in 2020-2021.
West Coast, Whanganui and Taranaki districts had high hospitalisation rates compared to the national rate in 2019–2021.
To view more information about occupational lead in Aotearoa New Zealand, as well as downloadable figures and data, access the interactive factsheet at the top of this page.
This indicator reports unintentional hazardous substances-related hospital discharges using data from 2001 onwards. This indicator is an analysis of the most recent data available from the National Minimum Dataset, provided to EHINZ by the Ministry of Health in August 2021. Data has been pooled to give sufficient numbers for analysis where appropriate. For more information on the list of ICD-10 that are covered in this analysis, see metadata.
Most hazardous substances injuries are considered acute (short-term, intense exposure) rather than chronic (prolonged low intensity exposure) events. Chronic harm from hazardous substances is hard to measure because it is often difficult to determine what caused the harm. This means that data on chronic harm is hard to find and likely to underestimate the number of people affected.
1. Ministry for Business, Innovation, and Employment. 2013. Work-related disease in New Zealand. Wellington. New Zealand.
2. ESR. 2013. World Health Organisation. 2004. Guidelines on the prevention of toxic exposures. URL: https://www.who.int/ipcs/features/prevention_guidelines.pdf (Accessed November 2021)
Notifiable and other diseases in New Zealand Annual reports about notifiable diseases in New Zealand, by ESR.
National Poisons Centre New Zealand's National Poisons Centre's website.


Percent daily values are listed in the right-hand column in percentages. They tell how much of a nutrient a person will get from eating one serving of that food. If a serving has 18% iron, then that food is providing 18% of your daily iron needs based on 2,000 calories per day.
A food with 5% or less of a nutrient is considered to be low in that nutrient.
A food with 10%–19% of a nutrient is considered a good source of that nutrient.
A food with 20% or more of a nutrient is considered high in that nutrient.
Cholesterol, usually measured in milligrams, is listed under the fat information. Cholesterol is important in producing vitamin D, some hormones, and in building many other important substances in the body.
Cholesterol can become a problem if the amount in the blood is too high, though, which can increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis, a blockage and hardening of arteries that can lead to a heart attack or stroke.
Most of the cholesterol a person needs is manufactured by the liver. However, dietary sources such as meat and poultry, eggs, and whole-milk dairy products also contribute to cholesterol level.
Sodium, a component of salt, is listed on the Nutrition Facts label in milligrams. Small amounts of sodium are necessary for keeping proper body fluid balance, but too much can contribute to high blood pressure. Almost all foods naturally contain small amounts of sodium but many processed foods contain greater amounts.
This number, listed in grams, combines several types of carbohydrates: dietary fibers, sugars, and other carbohydrates. Carbs are the most abundant source of calories. Up to 60% of a child's total calories should come from carbohydrates. The best sources are fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Food labels must also include the ingredients that are in the product, listed according to how much of the ingredient the food contains.
Reading the ingredient list is especially important if someone in your family has a food allergy. Since 2006, food-makers have been required to clearly state on food labels (after or next to the list of ingredients) whether the products contain common food allergens.
In some cases, it's easy to identify what's safe to eat by checking the listed ingredients on a label. However, some ingredients that could trigger an allergic reaction may be listed under an unfamiliar name. A dietitian can provide suggestions on what foods to avoid and hidden ingredients to beware of.
Use your food label smarts to create a healthy, well-balanced diet. It might seem complicated at first, but it can help you make good choices when shopping for your family.


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GTA V Officially Announced For PC And Next-Gen Consoles
Ushna Arshad Khan
It's official! After a year of staying in the dark about GTA V making its way to PC, Xbox One and PS4, Rockstar have officially announced that their highly acclaimed, yet controversial game will be making it's way on the three platforms. This was confirmed at E3 2014 and according to the official blog post, Rockstar is "proud to announce that the critically-acclaimed and record-breaking Grand Theft Auto V" will be making it's way this fall.
The PC fanbase was desperately waiting to play this game and some leaks and drivers pointed towards the PC version but this is the first time Rockstar have broken this silence on this issue. As stated on the official post,
Grand Theft Auto V will take full advantage of the power of the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC with across-the-board graphical and technical improvements to deliver a stunning new level of detail. Increased draw distances, finer texture details, denser traffic, and enhanced resolutions all work together to bring new life to the cities, towns, deserts and oceans of Rockstar North's epic reimagining of Southern California.
GTA online will also be making its way and the players would be able to transfer their progress from the older consoles
All new content and gameplay created since the launch of Grand Theft Auto Online, including an extensive array of new Jobs, an arsenal of new weapons, scores of new vehicles, new properties and player customizations will also be available for the PlayStation 4 system, Xbox One and PC with much more to come. In addition, the current community of players will have the ability to transfer their Grand Theft Auto Online characters and progression to their choice of PlayStation 4, Xbox One or PC.
Moreover, the PC version will also feature an exclusive video editor designed for advanced movie-making.
This is a big news for the gaming community and if you want to be one of the first people to play the game on the new platforms, then just head over here to pre-order the game.
So, i guess that puts an end to the console fans favorite argument against PCs that there is no GTA V on the 'Master race'. Only time will tell if quality of the final product would be an answer for all those comments or not! Do you already own GTA V or you were waiting for the next-gen version? Let us know in the comments!
E3 2014 GTA V Rockstar
Rockstar Game Services unavailable, under suspected DDOS attack as GTA V and Red Dead Online services go down
GTA V Update Version 1.32 Full Patch Notes (PS4, Xbox One, PC)
GTA V Update Version 1.30 (PS4) Patch Notes Title 1.46 (PC, Xbox One)
GTA V's New Update Version 3175281 Improves Rockstar Games Social Club Layout
Red Dead Redemption 2 will allow you to turn off HUD, multiple settings
Will Red Dead Redemption 2 come to the PS4 on 2 Blu-ray discs? [Rumor]


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Home / Progressive Economics Forum / Teaching macroeconomics as though Lehmans didn't happen
Teaching macroeconomics as though Lehmans didn't happen
David Pringle September 17, 2018	Progressive Economics Forum
David Pringle
September 15th marked the tenth anniversary of the fall of Lehman Brothers, destabilizing Western economies at levels not seen since the 1930s. It also marked the second week of fall classes, with many economics graduate students cranking through equations that define the discipline's conventional macroeconomic models. With such names as New Classical, Real Business Cycle and New Keynesian, these models can all be traced to the rational expectations revolution of the 1970s, which sought to explain stagflation when the conventional Keynesian framework could not. The rational expectations approach attempted to provide more precise behavioral microfoundations than the Keynesian model by positing that economic actors can form expectations of future economic values, say inflation, such that on
David Pringle considers the following as important: economic crisis, Financial Crisis, macroeconomics, post-secondary education
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September 15th marked the tenth anniversary of the fall of Lehman Brothers, destabilizing Western economies at levels not seen since the 1930s. It also marked the second week of fall classes, with many economics graduate students cranking through equations that define the discipline's conventional macroeconomic models. With such names as New Classical, Real Business Cycle and New Keynesian, these models can all be traced to the rational expectations revolution of the 1970s, which sought to explain stagflation when the conventional Keynesian framework could not. The rational expectations approach attempted to provide more precise behavioral microfoundations than the Keynesian model by positing that economic actors can form expectations of future economic values, say inflation, such that on average, their predictions of future values tend to be correct. This assumes the actors share the same understanding of the structure of the economy and past economic data. This research program would come to dominate macroeconomic scholarship and strongly influence policy makers, culminating in the creation of the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, a popular forecasting and policy analysis tool used in central banks and finance departments.
This approach to macroeconomic modeling came under scrutiny following the 2008 crisis, with Nobel laureate Paul Krugman asserting that most of the macroeconomics over the past 30 years was "spectacularly useless at best, and positively harmful at worst". While this did spark some soul-searching within the discipline, the debate has been inconclusive. Several policy-making bodies are taking seriously the limitations of 1970s macroeconomics. In its recent Medium-term Research Plan, the Bank of Canada recognises that the crisis has challenged its reliance on New Keynesian DSGE models, encouraging the exploration of alternative modeling paradigms, such as agent-based and stock-flow consistent models.
On Canadian campuses, however, where the next generation of macroeconomists are being trained, there is no clear signal that similar changes are being made in the curriculum of grad-level macroeconomics. A recent panel discussion among academic economists featured the admission that the 2008 crisis was the most embarrassing empirical failure of the profession since the Great Inflation of the 1970. Yet, in the same breath, that professor said he wouldn't change a thing in his teaching. Indeed, a glance at the macroeconomics syllabuses of several top Canadian grad schools find little evidence of a shift away from teaching the rational expectations-grounded macro models that have come under criticism.
Professors tend to teach what they are taught. With the sunk cost of prepping for PhD macroeconomic comprehensive exams, they have little incentive to develop a new course involving subject matter in which they are not trained. Further reinforcing the status quo is the tendency to teach what you research. Working in a climate of publish or perish, macroeconomic profs have good reason to not deviate from the dominant research agenda, which remains wedded to 1970s macro. In the absence of strong leadership for change or a mandate from either the dean or the premier to sit down with one another and re-design the curriculum, teaching macro in the post-crisis era will continue to be business as usual.
Yet this is not in the public interest. Given the acute financial stress experienced ten years ago, we have a stake in knowing that the policy makers of tomorrow are well prepared to confront episodes of economic downturn and instability. Learning to use a larger modeling toolbox is part of such preparation.
So, what are Canada's economics students to do in the meantime as they are grind through the math describing a DSGE model? As befitting any college course where critical thinking is one of the learning outcomes, here are some questions students may ask about the models they are taught:
1. Who is in the model? The basic models tend to have a single agent representing all consumers who are assumed to be sufficiently alike as autonomous rational optimizers sharing common knowledge. Can the model accommodate multiple actors who may differ by age, preference, belief, resources and class?
2. Is there room for "black swans"? The 2008 crisis was precipitated by the collapse of the U.S. subprime mortgage market, an event deemed of low risk but of high impact. How does the model address this and other examples of fundamental uncertainty?
3. What kind of markets are modelled? Models with perfect competition behave very differently from more realistic models with imperfect competition, information asymmetries, price rigidities and institutional constraints.
4. Is there a financial sector? Perhaps the strongest criticism of the 1970s macro models was the reduction of complex financial plumbing to a single interest rate variable. Can these models feature lenders and borrowers? Are there banks? How does money fit in?
5. Does the model have to move to equilibrium? Following an economic shock, standard models tend to instantaneously jump to a new equilibrium path. However, observations of macroeconomic variables as they unfold over time suggest that such adjustment may be a much slower, sequential process. Understanding this path of adjustment may be of greater importance than the equilibrium destination.
6. How are these models empirically tested? A model's usefulness should be judged by how it explains actual economic history.
With these and other critical questions about the core macro teaching models, tomorrow's dismal scientists should be better prepared to confront challenging economics times.
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economic crisis Financial Crisis macroeconomics post-secondary education	2018-09-17
Tags economic crisis Financial Crisis macroeconomics post-secondary education
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Justia Patents US Patent for Chip attached to actuator arm having heat conducting fibers Patent (Patent # 5,956,211)
Chip attached to actuator arm having heat conducting fibers
Oct 31, 1997 - Questek Innovations, Inc.
A disk drive system includes a base, a disk rotatably attached to the base, and an actuator assembly movably attached to the base. The actuator assembly moves the transducer to selected areas of the disk where information representative of data is to be written or read. The actuator assembly maintains the transducer in a transducing relationship with the disk. The first embodiment of the actuator assembly also includes an arm which has a first layer of material including a plurality of elongated fibers orientated in a first direction, and a second layer of material including a plurality of elongated fibers orientated in a second direction. The first and second layers are part of a composite material. The second embodiment of the actuator assembly also includes an arm made of a ceramic material. The transducer is attached to the arm. The resulting actuator arm is long and stable. A preamplifier chip is attached to the arm near the end carrying the transducer. The material of the arm is able to conduct heat away from the arm by moving it from the preamplifier chip to the surface of the arm in the airstream between the disk and the arm. The arm may also include signal-carrying wires which are positioned between the layers of the composite arm and heat conductive fibers to remove heat from a heat producing source, such as from a chip on the arm.
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The present invention relates to the field of mass storage devices called disk drives. More particularly, this invention relates to a method and apparatus for placing an electronics chip on the actuator arm of a disk drive in close proximity to the end of the actuator arm to which the transducer is attached.
One of the key components of any computer system is a place to store data. Computer systems have many different places where data can be stored. One common place for storing massive amounts of data in a computer system is on a disk drive. The most basic parts of a disk drive are a disk that is rotated, an actuator that moves a transducer to various locations over the disk, and electrical circuitry that is used to write and read data to and from the disk. The disk drive also includes circuitry for encoding data so that it can be successfully retrieved and written to the disk surface. A microprocessor controls most of the operations of the disk drive as well as passing the data back to the requesting computer and taking data from a requesting computer for storing to the disk.
The transducer is typically housed within a small ceramic block. The small ceramic block is passed over the disk in a transducing relationship with the disk. The transducer can be used to read information representing data from the disk or write information representing data to the disk. When the disk is operating, the disk is usually spinning at relatively high RPM. These days common rotational speeds are 5100 and 7200 RPM. Rotational speeds of 10,000 RPM and higher are contemplated for the future. At such speeds, the very small ceramic block flies on a very thin layer of gas or air. In operation, the distance between the small ceramic block and the disk is very small. Currently "fly" heights are about 0.0003 mm. In some disk drives, the ceramic block does not fly on a cushion of air but rather passes through a layer of lubricant on the disk.
Information representative of data is stored on the surface of the memory disk. Disk drive systems read and write information stored on tracks on memory disks. Transducers, in the form of read/write heads, located on both sides of the memory disk, read and write information on the memory disks when the transducers are accurately positioned over one of the designated tracks on the surface of the memory disk. The transducer is also said to be moved to a target track. As the memory disk spins and the read/write head is accurately positioned above a target track, the read/write head can store data onto a track by writing information representative of data onto the memory disk. Similarly, reading data on a memory disk is accomplished by positioning the read/write head above a target track and reading the stored material on the memory disk. To write on or read from different tracks, the read/write head is moved radially across the tracks to a selected target track. The data is divided or grouped together on the tracks. In some disk drives, the tracks are a multiplicity of concentric circular tracks. In other disk drives, a continuous spiral is one track on one side of a disk drive. Servo feedback information is used to accurately locate the transducer. The actuator assembly is moved to the required position and held very accurately during a read or write operation using the servo information.
The actuator assembly is composed of many parts that contribute to the performance required to accurately hold the read/write head in the proper position. An actuator includes a pivot assembly, an arm, a voice coil yoke assembly and a head gimbal suspension assembly. A suspension or load beam is part of the head gimbal suspension assembly.
One end of the suspension is attached to the actuator arm. The read/write head is found attached to the other end of the suspension. One end of the actuator arm is coupled to a pivot assembly. The pivot assembly is in turn connected to a servo motor system through the voice coil yoke. The other end is attached to the head gimbal suspension assembly. The head gimbal suspension assembly allows the read/write head to gimbal for pitch and roll to follow the topography of the imperfect memory disk surface. The head gimbal assembly also restricts motion with respect to the radial and circumferential directions of the memory disk. The suspension is coupled to the actuator arm as part of the mounting support holding the pivot support and coupled to the servo motor. Currently, the pivot assembly is mounted within an opening in a unitized E-block. The E-block includes arms for mounting the suspension on one end and a voice coil yoke on the other end. U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,704 issued to Reidenbach illustrates another actuator system composed of individual components instead of the unitized E-block. This actuator system is "built up" from an actuator arm, spacer rings, a separate voice coil yoke frame assembly, and a separate bearing cartridge. A voice coil is located on the voice coil yoke. The voice coil and magnets attached to the housing of the disk drive form a voice coil motor. The disk drive includes a feedback control loop to enable accurate positioning of the transducer. The disk drive system sends control signals to the voice coil motor to move the actuator arm and the suspension supporting the read/write head across the memory disk in a radial direction to the target track. The control signals indicate to the motor the magnitude and direction of the displacement. The control signals can also be used to maintain the position of the read/write head or transducer over a particular track.
To minimize noise and the inductance of the leads, the preamplifier and write-current sources are usually placed near the actuator arms. Wires or leads are typically strung over the surface of the actuator arm and pass to the preamplifier attached near the actuator arm. The wires are typically twisted in pairs to minimize cross talk between the wires. Cross talk results in noise in the wires which may produce inaccurate readback signals sent to the preamplifier. Minimizing noise from the preamplifier is critical since noise from the preamplifier may produce dominating noise in the amplifiers which follow in the channel circuitry. Moving the preamplifier as close to the transducer as possible minimizes noise in the leads and noise produced in the channel circuit. In addition, moving the chip closer to the transducer improves the frequency response of the head and the preamplifier chip as a function of the interconnect impedance.
In the past, various industry pundits determined that it would be very advantageous to place a preamplifier or channel chip on the actuator arm in a rotary actuator disk drive. Chips have been placed on the arms of some linear actuators where interdisk spacing, and the weight of the arm were not concerns. Placing the chip on the thin stainless steel arms or suspension load beams associated with today's disk drives with rotary actuators could not be done since the heat produced cannot be dissipated by a thin, stainless steel actuator arm or suspension. A chip could be placed on thick aluminum arms or E blocks, but the benefit would be minimal since the head and transducer would still be 25 mm or more away. Some current disk drive designs have the chip mounted in the flex cable attaching to the base of the arm, so moving the chip to the end of the arm using conventional arm and suspension lengths would produce minimal benefit.
There were also problems with spacing between the arms of a disk drive. When a preamplifier chip in conventional packaging and flex circuits was added to the arm, the spacing between the disks would have to be increased to accommodate the thickness of the chip package. Pockets could not be formed in the stainless steel arm since the material is too thin to dissipate the heat generated by the chips.
There is always a need for channels with less noise. Channels with less noise have lower read error rates. In addition, if the signal is easier to read, the data retrieval process may be able to be conducted more quickly with lesser need for error correction codes and error correction procedures. Consequently, there is always a need for a more noise free signal to increase the reliability of the channel and increase the integrity of the data stored on the disk.
A disk drive system includes a base, a disk rotatably attached to the base, and an actuator assembly movably attached to the base. The actuator assembly moves the transducer to selected areas of the disk where information representative of data is to be written or read. The actuator assembly maintains the transducer in a transducing relationship with the disk. The actuator assembly also includes an arm which has a first layer of material including a plurality of elongated fibers orientated in a first direction, and a second layer of material including a plurality of elongated fibers orientated in a second direction. The first and second layers are composed of a composite material. The transducer is attached to said arm. The transducer may be attached to the arm through the head gimbal suspension assembly. The resulting actuator arm has vibrational modes with a movable or shiftable resonant frequency. The resonant frequency can be varied or shifted by varying the direction of the elongated fibers in the second layer with respect to the direction of the elongated fibers in the first layer. The resonant frequency is varied so that it is at a different frequency than the resonant frequencies of other components of the disk drive, such as the resonance frequency of the disk stack (the disk or disks of the drive). The arm may also include signal carrying wires which are positioned between the layers of the composite arm or within a single layer of the composite arm.
The invention teaches an actuator arm made of a material that allows the preamplifier chip to be directly attached to the arm. In addition, a long arm and short suspension are used and taught. This places the preamplifier chip in close proximity to the transducer within the slider. The slider and transducer may also be called the head. Placing the preamplifier function near the read/write transducer increases the head signal frequency response of the transducer/chip/interconnect system by reducing the interconnect inductance, resistance, and capacitance. The short leads from the head to the preamplifier provide a lower impedance and less noise pickup than previous wiring schemes. The mounting of the chip on a long arm made possible by light, stiff materials to within 7 mm of the head transducer results in substantial circuit frequency improvement. As the lead length approaches zero, only the head and preamplifier electrical characteristics determine the frequency response. Future data storage will require much higher frequency chip/head designs so that the interconnect electrical performance will become more critical in the future.
Head/write chips generate considerable amounts of heat, particularly when writing data. Actuator arms made of fiber composite and including high heat conducting fibers, such as Amoco K1100 graphite fibers, can dissipate the heat. The heat conducting fibers conduct heat away from the chip at a rate three times faster than copper. Unlike conventional suspensions made of stainless steel and approximately 0.0025" thick, the arm is usually 0.030" or greater in thickness and can provide the necessary thermal conduction to cool a chip or die mounted directly onto the arm. Actuator arms made of ceramic materials, such as Dow Chemical, Midland, Mich., AlB.sub.4 C cermet, can also conduct and dissipate heat from a preamplifier chip attached to the actuator arm. The materials used to form the long, light, stiff actuator arms not only allow placement of a chip close to the head and transducer, but can be designed to safely conduct the heat away from the chip.
In addition, the long arm provides a stable mounting position for the chip. The slider and suspension must track the disk media surface very accurately. Vibration can be a considerable problem. Vibration may cause electrical junction reliability problems since the chip will require from 11 to 19 electrical wire connections. Wires can be firmly attached to the arm. Wires may also be embedded if using a fiber composite arm. The chip may also be embedded so that there is no relative motion possible between the chip and the input wiring when both are mounted on the rigid arm.
Advantageously, the resulting actuator arm has the preamplifier mounted very closely to the transducer and the slider carrying the head. As a result, the signal produced has less noise and also features a higher frequency response. The material of the arm is capable of conducting heat away from the chip. In addition, a composite material is conductive and reduces stray field pickup and prevents cross talk in the signal carrying leads. The material is strong enough to withstand the weight of the chip. The chip and the signal carrying wires can also be placed or embedded in the arm to prevent relative motion and an eventual open connection between the signal carrying wire and the preamplifier chip. The stiffness of the arm can also be controlled in various directions so that the resonances can be changed to frequencies other than the resonant frequencies of other components of the disk drive. An additional advantage is that the lighter actuator arm has increased shock resistance. The increased shock resistance yields a more robust drive.
FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a disk drive having a rotating disk, an actuator, and an arm made of a composite material.
FIG. 2 is an exploded isometric view of a disk drive having a rotating disk, an actuator, and an arm made of a composite material.
FIG. 3 is an exploded isometric view of an actuator assembly.
FIG. 4A is a top view of the actuator arm.
FIG. 4B is a cutaway view showing reinforcing lay-up for a swage opening.
FIG. 5 is a cutaway perspective view of the actuator arm showing the directions of the fibers in the various layers of the arm.
FIG. 6 is an isometric view of an arm mounted chip.
FIG. 7 is a bottom view of the arm mounted chip.
FIG. 8 is a side view of the arm mounted chip.
FIG. 9 is a side view of an arm having two heads and suspensions and a preamplifier chip.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the principal electrical and mechanical components of a disk drive constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention are illustrated. The disk drive includes a head/disk assembly ("HDA") 120 which includes a base 122 and a cover 210 (shown in FIG. 2). Attached to the base 122 is a spindle with an attached hub 126. Attached to the spindle with an attached hub 126 is a disk 128. Also attached to the base is a spindle motor for rotating the spindle with an attached hub 126 and the disk 128. Spindle motor driver circuitry 220 controls the current passing through the spindle motor to produce a torque and controllably rotate the hub and disk 128 attached to the spindle. An actuator assembly 132 is also attached to the base 122. The actuator assembly 132 includes arms 134 and suspensions 150 which carry transducers 136 in transducing relation to the disk 128. The arms 134 are attached to a pivot apparatus, such as a bearing cartridge 140. Attached to the arms 134 are the suspensions 150. The transducers 136 are encapsulated within or supported by a slider or small ceramic block mounted to the suspension. The slider carries the transducer over the disk. The other end of the actuator assembly 132 includes a portion of an actuator motor 130. The portion of the actuator motor shown attached to the actuator assembly 132 is the voice coil. The actuator motor, formed of the voice coil and magnets 220 and 222 (shown in phantom), is used to move the actuator assembly 132 and, more specifically, the transducers 136, also commonly referred to as read/write heads, to different radial positions relative to one or more surfaces of the disk 128.
FIG. 3 is an exploded isometric view of an actuator assembly 132. The actuator assembly 132 includes a number of arms 134 having suspensions 150 attached to each of the arms. Attached to each of the suspensions 150 is a transducer 136. Although four arms are shown in FIG. 3, only one is labeled with reference numerals since they are all substantially identical. The arm 134 has an opening 305 therein. The opening 305 fits over the outside diameter of the bearing cartridge 140. Several spacers 310 and 312 are also included in the actuator assembly 132. The spacers 310 and 312 space adjacent arms 134 away from each other such that the arms can pass between the disks 128. The actuator assembly 132 also includes a yoke 300 which holds the voice coil 130 of the voice coil motor. The yoke includes an opening 303 which also fits over the bearing cartridge 140. Also included are several retainers 330 and 332. The retainers 330 and 332 fit over the top of the bearing cartridge and maintain the actuator assembly 132 in an assembled position. The yoke 300 also serves as a spacer. During assembly, an arm 134 is formed and a suspension 150 is attached to one end of the arm 134. The suspension 150 typically carries the transducer 136. The first arm 134 is placed over the bearing cartridge such that the transducer faces upwardly or can read the bottom surface of one of the disks 128. A spacer 312 is then placed atop the first arm, a subsequent arm is then added to the bearing cartridge. The yoke 300 is then added as are another arm, another spacer 310 and a final arm. The entire assembly is held in place by the retainers 330 and 332. The actuator assembly 132 is usually assembled in a jig which includes an alignment mechanism. Each of the arms 134 includes an opening which can receive a rod or other withdrawable tool that can be used for alignment of the various components of the actuator assembly 132.
FIG. 4A is a top view of an actuator arm 134. The actuator arm 134 has an opening 305 at one end for attaching to a bearing cartridge (shown in FIG. 3). The other end is a suspension-attach region 400 and includes a swage opening 420 so that a suspension (shown in FIG. 3) can be attached to the arm 134 using a swaging technique. The arm 134 also includes an alignment hole 410 and an alignment hole 412 which accommodate alignment tools from a jig used to form the actuator assembly. The alignment holes 410 and 412 maintain the alignment of the various arms as the actuator assembly is assembled. The use of a swaging technique on a composite arm would require a cylindrical fiber lay-up 405 to handle the radial stress generated from a swage mount as shown in FIG. 4B. A metal insert could be substituted for the cylindrical fiber lay-up 405 that handles the radial stress generated by the swage but the thermal expansion mismatch between the composite and metal could cause temperature cycling problems. Other attachment methods may be needed to attach the stainless steel suspension to the light and stiff arm material, such as those presented in patent application Ser. No. 08/938,621 entitled "Hot Crimp Attachment Technique and Apparatus for Attaching Suspension" filed Sep. 25, 1997, and Ser. No. 08/938,620 entitled "Banded Suspension Attachment Technique and Apparatus for Attaching Suspension" filed Sep. 25, 1997. The arm 134 also includes a longitudinal axis 430 which is shown in FIG. 4A as a dotted line.
Now turning to FIG. 5, a cutaway view of the actuator arm 134 showing the various layers of the composite material is shown. The arm 134 is comprised of five layers, 510, 520, 530, 540 and 550 of elongated fibers. The elongated fibers can be of carbon or boron or a similar material which has high tensile strength. Each layer 510, 520, 530, 540 and 550 includes a multiplicity of the elongated fibers placed substantially parallel to one another. The elongated fibers stiffen the arm 134 in one direction and are sometimes referred to as stiffening fibers. This material is available from many sources such as Hexel of San Francisco, Calif. and is commonly referred to by the trade name IM7. The middle layer 530 of the arm 134 is placed so that the elongated fibers within the layer 530 are substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 430 of the arm 134 (.gamma..about.0). The elongated fibers in the remaining layers 510, 520, 540 and 550 are orientated at specific angles (.theta., .beta., .phi., .tau., respectively) both with respect to the longitudinal axis 430 as well as to each other to stiffen the torsional and sway modes of resonance and to also stiffen the bending modes of the arm 134. By varying the various angles shown, the resonant frequency of the arm 134 can be selected. In other words, by varying the various angles, the various resonant modes can be varied to resonate at a different frequency. Layer 510 is laid at an angle .theta. with respect to the longitudinal axis 430. As shown in FIG. 5, the longitudinal axis 430 has been also placed on the top of the arm 134 and is labeled as 430'. The longitudinal fibers of the second layer 520 make an angle .beta. with respect to the longitudinal axis 430. The elongated fibers in layer 510 make an angle .psi. (.psi.=.theta.+.beta.) with respect to the elongated fibers of layer 520. Generally, .psi. will be an angle of 90.degree. if maximum strength is wanted between the two layers 510 and 520. However, the angle .psi. can be varied to vary the resonance of the actuator arm. Positioned between the layer 520 and the layer 530 are a pair of conductors or electrical signal-carrying wires 560 and 562. Advantageously, the signal-carrying wires 560 and 562 are formed between two layers 520 and 530 so that they do not have to be attached to the exterior portion of the arm 134. The elongated fibers in layer 540 make an angle .phi. with respect to the longitudinal axis 430 of the arm 134 and the elongated fibers of layer 550 make an angle .tau. with respect to the longitudinal axis 430 of the arm 134. The elongated fibers in layer 540 make an angle .alpha. with respect to the elongated fibers in layer 550. Once again, the angle .alpha. would be approximately 90.degree. to obtain the maximum amount of strength and stiffness between the layers 540 and 550, however, the angle .alpha. can be varied to vary the resonant frequency of the arm 134.
Basically, the angular relationship is computed by initializing .theta., .beta., .phi. and .tau. at 45.degree. and .gamma. at 0.degree.. The basic form factor of the arm is then determined from the available space and geometrical requirements of the specific disk drive design. Using the initial angles, and form factor (including tooling holes), the arm is computer modeled and the frequency of the natural resonance modes are calculated and compared to the disk stack resonance frequencies and the head/suspension resonance frequency. Vibrational modes of the arm that are frequency co-incident to significant vibrational modes of the disk stack or the suspension are then targeted for change. Bending mode frequencies are affected by changing the relative thickness of layer 530 with respect to the other four layers 510, 520, 540, and 550. The bending mode frequency is affected by the number of elongated fibers which are substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 430 of the arm 134. Torsion or sway modes are affected by the angles .theta., .beta., .phi., and .tau.. Decreasing the angles .theta., .beta., .phi., and .tau. will move the torsion modes down in frequency. Increasing the angles .theta., .beta., .phi., and .tau. will increase the torsion mode frequencies, and lower the frequency of the bending modes.
The light, stiff arm 134 allows a new configuration of the read/write head and the preamplifier chip. Referring to FIG. 6, the light, stiff arm 134 of fiber composite or ceramic allows the use of a short suspension 150 to maintain the read/write head or transducer 136 on the recording media disk. A single channel preamplifier chip 600 is mounted near the suspension attachment end of the long actuator arm 134. The preamplifier chip 600 is not packaged. The chip is the actual chip or die. The arm 134 is used as the packaging for the chip 600. The chip or die can have a series of pads to which the wires bond. The chip 600 can also be a flip-chip with solder balls on the outer perimeter of the chip. Other techniques such as a ball grid array or pin grid array can be used. The arm 134 includes a mating connector or set of pads. The chip or die 600 is positioned and then bonded to the arm 134 with conductive epoxy. A lead-frame or direct wire electrical attachment 610 is used to connect the power supply, control, and data electrical line inputs to the chip 600. For purposes of illustration, the chip 600 shown has pads to which leads attach. Short wire leads from the head 620 are wire bonded to the chip output pads as required for either inductive or magnetoresistive ("MR") heads. The wires 620 from the transducer 136 are routed either over or along side of the head flexure region in as short a route as possible to the preamplifier chip 600. Two wires are required for thin-film inductive heads and 4 or 5 wires are required for MR or giant magnetoresistive ("GMR") heads.
The wires from the transducing head 620 are wire bonded to the pads on the chip or die 600 mounted directly on the arm 134. Alternatively, any other means to electrically connect the head to its associated circuitry could be used to connect to the chip on the arm. One such way to electrically connect the head and associated circuitry is the TSA.TM. product made by HTI of Hutchinson, Minn. The short electrical interconnect between the short suspension and long arm provides reduced impedance regardless of the interconnect technology used. The short electrical interconnect may be even more advantageous when using technologies other than wires. In addition, the automation used to connect the wires, or other interconnection can be used with the chip or without the chip, facilitating an efficient manufacturing process.
Use of a fiber composite actuator arm allows incorporation of very high conductance fibers, such as K1100 graphite fibers made by Amoco of Chicago, Ill. Heat conducting fibers 800 can be embedded within the arm 134, either as one full layer or as a portion of a layer of the composite arm. In addition the wires carry the signals between the chip 600 near the opening 305 and an electrical connector 630 near the pivot end of the arm 134. The electrical connector 630 connects to the disk drive electronics 640, shown in schematic form in FIG. 6.
The K1100 graphite fibers have a conductance of 100 w/cm.sup.2 /i, which is three times that of copper. These fibers conduct the heat away from the chip, particularly during the write operation. The heat is dissipated into the air, flowing over the arm 134 along the length of the arm 134. A ceramic arm can also conduct the heat away from the chip 600 and into the air stream, moving over the arm 600. Considerable heat can be dissipated by the arm 134 because of the large surface area of the long actuator arm 134 and high air flow rate associated with the disk media rotation. The actuator arm 134 has a thermal mass and thermal capabilities to dissipate the heat produced by the chip 600. Thin suspensions do not have the capability to dissipate heat.
The actuator arm 134 may have an opening or pocket 650 therein. The pocket 650 is dimensioned so that it will receive the chip 600 and a lead frame or other chip connecting device. Another option is to embed the chip 600 into the arm 134. The chip 600 can be partially or wholly embedded within the arm 134. Embedding the chip 600 either partially or wholly within the arm 134 provides for an advantage in that the wires 700 (shown in FIG. 7) do not move with relation to the chip 600. Therefore, the connection points or pads 710 are not stressed by relative motion between the wires 700 and the chip 600. This provides for a much more reliable connection between the wires 700 and the chip 600 and, therefore, provides for a much more reliable arm. Embedding the wires 700 in the arm 134 is also advantageous in that when the arm 134 is formed of a composite material, the carbon layers used are electrically conductive and hence can shield against electromagnetic fields. The embedded wires 700 are, therefore, wrapped in layers of carbon and are not subject to stray noise or cross talk between the various wires.
FIGS. 7 and 8 show a bottom view and a side view of the arm 134 carrying a chip 600 near the transducer 136. The wires 700 are shown embedded within the arm 134. As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, the chip 600 fits within a pocket 650. The pocket 650 is dimensioned so that the chip 600 as well as the lead frame 610 can fit within the pocket 650. The chip 600, the transducer 136, the wires 620 and wires 700, as well as the connector 630 and disk drive electronics 640, all form part of a data channel which is used to either write data to a disk or read data from a disk. The chip 600 is typically a preamplifier which preamplifies the signals from the transducer during the read operation. A preamplifier, such as the chip 600, can be set up to receive one channel or the information from one surface of a disk, or the preamplifier chip 600 can be set up to receive two or more channels from two or more transducers 136. A multi-channel chip 600 which could receive and amplify the data from two data surfaces and two transducers 136 would be advantageous when the arm 136 is going to be inserted between two disks of a disk drive. In the event of the arm 134 being inserted between two disks, the two transducers 136 will read two separate surfaces. Therefore, each transducer 136 would have a set of wires 620 which attach to the preamplifier chip 600. The preamplifier 600 would determine which channel is being read and would send the appropriate signals down the wires 700 to the rest of the data channel after processing by the chip 600.
Also shown in FIG. 7 are the heat conducting fibers. The heat conducting fibers can be several individual fibers or can be a layer of fibers such as shown in FIG. 5. The heat conducting fibers transfer the heat from the preamplifier chip 600 to the surface of the arm 134 through the conductive bonding epoxy. The relative motion between the actuator arm 134 and the rotating disk 128 produces an air movement over the arm or over the surface of the arm 134. Passing the air over the surface of the arm 134 removes the heat from the surface of the arm and places it into the environment or disk enclosure of the disk drive. The heat conducting fibers are designed to remove the heat from the chip and place it over the various portions of the surface of the arm 134. It should be noted that a sufficient number of heat conducting fibers are needed to transfer heat from the chip to the large surface of the arm 134. The heat conductance of the fibers as well as the total heat produced by the chip 600 is known so an appropriate number of fibers can be used to carry the heat away from the chip. The heat conducting fibers and the electrical signal carrying wires 700 can be embedded in either a composite arm or in a ceramic arm. The arm can be made of a ceramic such as AlB.sub.4 C cermet, available from Dow Chemical of Midland, Mich., and have the wire or flex cable attached to the surface of the arm. The amount of air passing over the arm 134 can also be determined based upon the air flow within the disk enclosure.
FIG. 9 shows a side view of an arm 134 which includes a first transducer 136 and a second transducer 936. The second transducer 936 is carried by, or attached to, suspension 956. Suspension 956 is attached to the arm 134 at one end and carries the transducer 936 at the other. A set of signal-carrying wires 920 is attached to the head or transducer 936 at one end and attached to the chip 600 at the other end. The signal-carrying wires 920 pass through openings in the suspension 956 and suspension 156 and are then routed along the arm to the chip 600 within the arm 134. Several more wires 700 must be imbedded within the arm 134 and the actuator apparatus shown in FIG. 9. One of the additional wires 700 allows selection of signals from either the transducer 936 or the transducer 136 when they are reading or writing to or from a respective disk surface. The enable line will allow selection of signals to or from one of these transducers. The preamplifier chip 600 or die fits within the pocket 650 of the arm 134. It should be noted that the chip 600 is not within a traditional package but is the actual die. The chip 600 is then placed within the arm 134 which can be thought of as replacing the normal packaging.
Advantageously, the resulting actuator arm has the preamplifier mounted very closely to the transducer and the slider carrying the head. Basically, as the preamplifier is moved or placed in a closer proximity to the transducer, the interconnect impedance goes down and the frequency response of the data channel comprising the preamplifier chip, the lead wires 620 and the transducer 136 will go up. As higher and higher data rates are achieved and desired, it will be necessary to have all portions of the data channel operating at high frequencies. As a result, the signal produced has less noise and also features a higher frequency response. The material of the arm is capable of conducting heat away from the arm. In addition, a composite material conducts stray fields and prevents cross talk in the signal carrying leads. The material is strong enough to withstand the weight of the chip. The chip and the signal carrying wires can also be placed or embedded in the arm to prevent relative motion and an eventual open connection between the signal carrying wire and the preamplifier chip. The stiffness of the arm can also be controlled in various directions so that the resonances can be changed to frequencies other than the resonant frequencies of other components of the disk. An additional advantage is that the lighter actuator arm has increased shock resistance. The increased shock resistance yields a more robust drive.
It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
1. An actuator arm for a disk drive comprising:
a pivot end;
a transducer end;
a layer of material including a plurality of elongated fibers for conducting heat associated with said arm; and
a chip attached to said arm near said transducer end, wherein the layer of material for conducting heat is embedded within said actuator arm, said layer sufficient to prevent the chip from overheating.
2. The actuator arm of claim 1 wherein the actuator arm is made of a composite material having one or more layers of elongated fibers.
3. The actuator arm of claim 2 wherein the elongated fibers are comprised of carbon.
4. The actuator arm of claim 1 wherein the actuator arm is made of a ceramic material.
4789914 December 6, 1988 Ainslie et al.
4891723 January 2, 1990 Zak
5168185 December 1, 1992 Umehara et al.
5245489 September 14, 1993 Kimura et al.
5283704 February 1, 1994 Reidenbach
5384675 January 24, 1995 Crawforth et al.
5465186 November 7, 1995 Bajorek et al.
5560097 October 1, 1996 Bajorek et al.
5729399 March 17, 1998 Albrecht et al.
5805382 September 8, 1998 Lee et al.
0318228 May 1989 EPX
59-168968 September 1984 JPX
3-025717 February 1991 JPX
3-187295 August 1991 JPX
3-272015 December 1991 JPX
Filed: Oct 31, 1997
Date of Patent: Sep 21, 1999
Assignee: Questek Innovations, Inc. (Waconia, MI)
Inventor: James M. Adley (Hutchinson, MN)
Primary Examiner: Jefferson Evans
Law Firm: Schwegman, Lundberg, Woessner & Kluth, P.A.
International Classification: G11B 554;


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Q: Tile-Base Movement I tried to make a Tile-Base Movement in XNA but I don't know how.  My tiles are 32x32, and sprite is the same size.
This is the code I use to move sprite:
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... and the same with the other 2 keys.
I want my sprite moves smooth, one exact tile at the time, but not "jump" to the tile.
Sorry for my bad English, and thanks.

A: You need to change the position of your sprite based on the amount of time that has elapsed.
So if your speed is 32px per second, and the elapsed time is 60th second (60fps), then you need to only move the sprite 32 * (1/60) pixels per update.
Use the Update(GameTime gameTime) parameter to get how much time has elapsed since the last update.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: activating color picking eyedropper in javascript I want to activate color picking eyedropper in javascript on clicking a button, and here is my code
Here i targeted the button by its classname, and then im trying to add an event on clicking it. the function is not working properly.

And here is the error
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Q: How to get the trending topics of twitter with php? Can you give me a php script who return the firts 3 trending topic of twitter? thanks

A: I'm not sure you should be asking people to write code for you, but anyway, here you are.
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(Sarasota, FL)— Florida Studio Theatre is gearing up for all new sessions of Youth, Teen, and Adult performing arts workshops for the 2015-16 season. The FST Theatre School offers 36 courses, varying in length and discipline, for creative development, advanced education, and performing opportunities. All classes are held in FST's professional rehearsal studios. Class start dates vary, with Youth and Adult Session I beginning on September 21. Reservations can be made by contacting FST's Education department at 941.366.1350 or by visiting www.floridastudiotheatre.org.
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All classes are held in FST's professional rehearsal studios in the heart of downtown Sarasota at 1241 North Palm Avenue. Class start dates vary with Youth and Adult Session I beginning on September 21. Reservations can be made by contacting FST's Education department at 941.366.1350 or by visiting Floridastudiotheatre.org.
To view a full list of classes please visit Floridastudiotheatre.org.
Known as Sarasota's contemporary theatre, Florida Studio Theatre was founded in 1973 by Jon Spelman. Starting out as a small touring company, FST traveled to places such as migrant camps and prisons. The company eventually settled down into a permanent home, acquiring the former Woman's Club building – now renamed the Keating Theatre. In the years that followed, Florida Studio Theatre established itself as a major force in American theatre, presenting contemporary theatre in its five theatre venues: the Keating Theatre, the newly renovated Gompertz Theatre, the Goldstein Cabaret, the John C. Court Cabaret, and Bowne's Lab Theatre.
Even with its growth, Florida Studio Theatre remains firmly committed to making the arts accessible and affordable to a broad-based audience. Under Richard Hopkins, Producing Artistic Director and CEO, FST develops theatre that speaks to our living, evolving and dynamically changing world. As FST grows and expands, it continues to provide audiences with challenging, contemporary drama and innovative programs.


The Queen of Daytime television appeared on an episode of 'CBS This Morning' and had nothing but high regards for the American Princess, describing her as 'graceful and dynamic'.
Meghan Markle has been a widely-discussed topic ever since the public found out about her involvement with the royal family. The recently-inducted royal has been openly attacked by the media several times and the tabloids honestly don't get enough of the controversy that surrounds her. But the Duchess of Cambridge has been unbelievably calm with all the media's harassment and that's something Oprah Winfrey praised.
The Queen of Daytime television appeared on an episode of 'CBS This Morning' and had nothing but high regards for the American Princess, describing her as 'graceful and dynamic' while holding such a tough position. Oprah told the hosts that she was more than what the public was perceiving her as. She said: "She just has a wonderful, warm, giving, loving heart."
Gayle King, one of the hosts of 'CBS This Morning', also confirmed the fact that Meghan Markle was more than just what the press was painting her to be."She's very kind. She doesn't seem to buy into [her bad press] though," confirmed Gayle. Oprah echoed the same thoughts, telling the show hosts that the Duchess of Sussex did not read any of her press. "She actually does not read anything, which I find, you know remarkable," said Oprah."I think that's remarkable in spite of all that's going on, she doesn't read anything."
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Prince Harry has always been open about the personal struggles he faces following the death of his mother. "As you know, he's spoken about his own issues and what he went through after his mother died and how being able to talk about it has benefited him," Oprah said. "So it's a passion of his and, at the end of the conversation, I said, 'Oh, I'm going to be doing this thing with Apple. It's a big concern of mine too and I want to try to erase the stigma.' And he said at the end of the conversation, 'If there's anything I can do to help...'"
Oprah took this as an opportunity to pitch her show's idea to the British royal and asked if he would be interested in building the television series. According to Oprah, Harry was immediately struck by the project and has had a hands-on approach to the docuseries. "He's co-creating and executive producing," she said. "We've had several meetings, secret meetings in London. I've flown there with the crew, sitting in sessions, talking about the directions we're going to take."
However, the Duchess of Sussex will not be involved in the Apple documentary project. The royal couple is expecting their first child in the coming weeks.