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text:
Q: ifelse function accepts the output of an if-statement as a returned vector Let's assume two dataframes: A and B containing data like the following one:
Dataframe: A              Dataframe: B
 ColA1   ColA2             ColB1      ColB2
  | Dog   | Lion              | Lion     | Lion
  | Lion  | Dog               | Cat      | NA
  | Zebra | Tiger             | Tiger    | Tiger
  | Bat   | Parrot            | Dog      | Dog

If an animal of ColB1 exists either in ColA1 or ColA2, then insert into ColB2 the name of this animal from 'ColB2', else insert NA.
Instead of running twice the ifelse function twice:
B$ColB2<- ifelse((B$ColB1 %in% A$ColA1 | B$ColB1 %in% AColA2), "animal from ColA1" , NA)

How could this become shorter? By applying an apply function, can it become faster?

A: The use of indexes is also option:
i <- dfB$ColB1 %in% unlist(dfA)
dfB$ColB2[i] <- as.character(dfB$ColB2[i])

The result:
> dfB
  ColB1 ColB2
1  Lion  Lion
2   Cat    NA
3 Tiger Tiger
4   Dog   Dog

A: you can try with dplyr:
library(dplyr)

dfB %>%
  mutate(colB3 = if_else(ColB1 %in% unlist(dfA), ColB1, NULL))

which gives:
   ColB1  ColB2  colB3
1   Lion   Lion   Lion
2    Cat     NA     NA
3  Tiger  Tiger  Tiger
4    Dog    Dog    Dog

inputs :
 dput(dfA)
structure(list(ColA1 = structure(c(2L, 3L, 4L, 1L), .Label = c("Bat",
"Dog", "Lion", "Zebra"), class = "factor"), ColA2 = structure(c(2L,
1L, 4L, 3L), .Label = c("Dog", "Lion", "Parrot", "Tiger"), class = "factor")), class = "data.frame", row.names = c(NA,
-4L), .Names = c("ColA1", "ColA2"))

dput(dfB)
structure(list(ColB1 = structure(c(3L, 1L, 4L, 2L), .Label = c("Cat",
"Dog", "Lion", "Tiger"), class = "factor"), ColB2 = structure(c(2L,
3L, 4L, 1L), .Label = c("Dog", "Lion", "NA", "Tiger"), class = "factor")), class = "data.frame", row.names = c(NA,
-4L), .Names = c("ColB1", "ColB2"))

A: This might be the simplest:
df_B$ColB2 <- ifelse(df_B$ColB1 %in% unlist(df_A[,c(1:2)]), df_B$ColB1, NA)

Output:
  ColB1 ColB2
1  Lion  Lion
2   Cat  <NA>
3 Tiger Tiger
4   Dog   Dog

To find the individual index in each column of df_A that matches the value in df_B$ColB1, you can use something like:
x<-apply(df_A[,c(1:2)],2,function(x) sapply(df_B$ColB1, function(i) grep(i,x)))

Output of str(x):
List of 2
$ ColA1:List of 4
 ..$ Lion : int 2
 ..$ Cat  : int(0)
 ..$ Tiger: int(0)
 ..$ Dog  : int 1
$ ColA2:List of 4
 ..$ Lion : int 1
 ..$ Cat  : int(0)
 ..$ Tiger: int 3
 ..$ Dog  : int 2

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <title>Example: Request XML data from Yahoo! Weather</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../build/cssgrids/cssgrids-min.css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/css/main.css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/vendor/prettify/prettify-min.css">
    <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../assets/favicon.png">

Example: Request XML data from Yahoo! Weather

This example demonstrates how to use IO to make a cross-domain request to http://weather.yahooapis.com/forecastrss.  To try out the example, fill in your five-digit US zip code, or Location ID.

Notes:

For Security reasons, YUI has removed all Flash files from the repository. As a result, this example will not function as it relies on Flash for the cross-domain transport. The code for this example will work if you compile and host the io.swf file. Necessary source files for compilation are available in the yui3-swfs repository.

 This example will not function on iOS devices due to the usage of Flash as the cross-domain transport.  This example may not work on older Android devices, as well.

<form id="wForm">
<fieldset>
    Zip Code or Location ID <input type="text" id="zip" value="94089">

Please enter a U.S. Zip Code or a Location ID to get the current temperature.  The default is Zip Code 94089 for Sunnyvale, California; its location ID is: USCA1116.

</fieldset>

Weather RSS data will appear here.

<input type="button" value="Get Weather RSS" id="getWeather" disabled="disabled">
</form>

Exploring the Code for This Example

Create a YUI instance, using IO, for this example:

//Create a YUI instance including support for cross-domain IO:
YUI().use("io-xdr", "node", function(Y) {
    // Y is the YUI instance.
    // The rest of the following code is encapsulated in this
    // anonymous function.
} );

//Configure the cross-domain transport:
var xdrConfig = {
    id:'flash', //We'll reference this id in the xdr configuration of our transaction.
    src:'io.swf' //Relative path to the .swf file from the current page.
};
Y.io.transport(xdrConfig);

Callback Object and the Weather RSS

Yahoo! Weather RSS will return an XML document if the transaction is successful. The following success callback handlers is used to process the response.

//Define a function to handle a successful response from
//Yahoo! Weather.  The success handler will find the response
//object in its second argument:
function successHandler(id, o){
    Y.log("Success handler called; handler will parse the retrieved XML and insert into DOM.", "info", "example");
    var root = o.responseXML.documentElement;
    var oTitle = root.getElementsByTagName('description')[0].firstChild.nodeValue;
    var oDateTime = root.getElementsByTagName('lastBuildDate')[0].firstChild.nodeValue;
    var descriptionNode = root.getElementsByTagName('description')[1].firstChild.nodeValue;

    div.set("innerHTML", "<p>" + oTitle + "</p>" + "<p>" + oDateTime + "</p>" + descriptionNode);

    Y.log("Success handler is complete.", "info", "example");
}

Assemble the Querystring and Initiate the Transaction

The Yahoo! Weather RSS feed requires a simple HTTP GET request with a base URL and a querystring containing the required information as a name-value pair.  In this example, we will use the following parameter:

p — location as U.S. Zip Code or Location ID

The following are some example Location IDs (do not include the city name):

Beijing: CHXX0008

Helsinki: FIXX0002

London: UKXX0085

Moscow: RSXX0063

Munich: GMXX0087

Paris: FRXX0076

Riyadh: SAXX0017

Tokyo: JAXX0085

For more details on the Yahoo! Weather RSS feed and other location IDs, please visit http://developer.yahoo.com/weather/index.html.

Function getModule retrieves the input values for location and creates a querystring:

//When the Get RSS button is clicked, this function will fire
//and compose/dispatch the IO request:
function getModule(){
    //Get the input value:
    var iZip = Y.one('#zip').get("value");

    //Create a querystring from the input value:
    var queryString = encodeURI('?p=' + iZip);

    //The Yahoo! Weather feed.
    var entryPoint = 'http://weather.yahooapis.com/forecastrss';

    //Compile the full URI for the request:
    var sUrl = entryPoint + queryString;

    Y.log("Submitting request; zip code: " + iZip, "info", "example");

    //Make the reqeust:
    var request = Y.io(sUrl, {
        method:"GET",
        on:
            {
                success:successHandler,
                failure:failureHandler
            }
        }
    );
}

//Add the click handler to the Get Weather RSS button as soon
//as the Flash transport has loaded, indicated by the firing
//of event "io:xdrReady".
Y.on('io:xdrReady', function() {
    var btn = Y.one("#getWeather");
    btn.set("disabled", false);
    //Use the Event Utility to wire the Get RSS button
    //to the getModule function.
    Y.on("click", getModule, "#getWeather");
});

Full Script Source

Here is the full JavaScript source for this example:

<form id="wForm">
<fieldset>
    <label>Zip Code or Location ID</label> <input type="text" id="zip" value="94089">
    <p>Please enter a U.S. Zip Code or a Location ID to get the current temperature.  The default is Zip Code 94089 for Sunnyvale, California; its location ID is: USCA1116.</p>
</fieldset>
<div id="weatherModule">
    <li>Weather RSS data will appear here.</li>
</div>
<input type="button" value="Get Weather RSS" id="getWeather" disabled="disabled">
</form>

<script language="javascript">

YUI({ filter:'raw' }).use("io-xdr", "node",

    function(Y) {

        //Get a Node reference to the div we'll use for displaying
        //results:
        var div = Y.one('#weatherModule');

        //Configure the cross-domain transport:
        var xdrConfig = {
            id:'flash', //We'll reference this id in the xdr configuration of our transaction.
            src:'io.swf' //Relative path to the .swf file from the current page.
        };
        Y.io.transport(xdrConfig);

        //Define a function to handle a successful response from
        //Yahoo! Weather.  The success handler will find the response
        //object in its second argument:
        function successHandler(id, o){
            Y.log("Success handler called; handler will parse the retrieved XML and insert into DOM.", "info", "example");
            var root = o.responseXML.documentElement;
            var oTitle = root.getElementsByTagName('description')[0].firstChild.nodeValue;
            var oDateTime = root.getElementsByTagName('lastBuildDate')[0].firstChild.nodeValue;
            var descriptionNode = root.getElementsByTagName('description')[1].firstChild.nodeValue;

            div.set("innerHTML", "<p>" + oTitle + "</p>" + "<p>" + oDateTime + "</p>" + descriptionNode);

            Y.log("Success handler is complete.", "info", "example");
        }

        //Provide a function that can help debug failed
        //requests:
        function failureHandler(id, o){
            Y.log("Failure handler called; http status: " + o.status, "info", "example");
            div.set("innerHTML", o.status + " " + o.statusText);
        }

        //When the Get RSS button is clicked, this function will fire
        //and compose/dispatch the IO request:
        function getModule(){
            //Get the input value:
            var iZip = Y.one('#zip').get("value");

            //Create a querystring from the input value:
            var queryString = encodeURI('?p=' + iZip);

            //The Yahoo! Weather feed.
            var entryPoint = 'http://weather.yahooapis.com/forecastrss';

            //Compile the full URI for the request:
            var sUrl = entryPoint + queryString;

            Y.log("Submitting request; zip code: " + iZip, "info", "example");

            //Make the request:
            var request = Y.io(sUrl, {
                method:"GET",
                xdr: {
                    use:'flash', //This is the xdrConfig id we referenced above.
                    dataType:'xml' //Indicate the data are XML, not string.
                },
                on:
                    {
                        success:successHandler,
                        failure:failureHandler
                    }
                }
            );
        }

        //Add the click handler to the Get Weather RSS button as soon
        //as the Flash transport has loaded:
        Y.on('io:xdrReady', function() {
            var btn = Y.one("#getWeather");
            btn.set("disabled", false);
            //Use the Event Utility to wire the Get RSS button
            //to the getModule function.
            Y.on("click", getModule, "#getWeather");
        });

        Y.log("When you retrieve weather RSS data, relevant steps in the process will be reported here in the logger/console.", "info", "example");
    }
);
</script>

Examples

                                            HTTP GET to request data

                                            Request XML data from Yahoo! Weather

                                            Request JSON using Yahoo! Pipes

Examples That Use This Component

                                            IO Plugin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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text:
Experience entrepreneurship and learn by doing!
Participants of the JA Company Program offered by JA Finland establish, on their own or as part of a team, a JA company that operates using real money. Running a company develops entrepreneurship, working life, and financial skills in a fun and practical manner.
Whether or not you already have a potential business idea, you can take part in the JA Company Program. Ask your teacher for more information.
Learning Outcomes of the Program
The student recognizes the requirements of entrepreneurship and is able to evaluate their own strengths and areas that require development
The student develops their entrepreneurship skills, which include sales, teamwork, problem solution, communication, and public speaking, among others
The student builds cooperation networks that can further their business operations
The student recognizes and evaluates their operation within the company as part of a team
The student is able to plan the business operation of the company
The student is able to use tools related to the planning of business operations and to draw up the documents related to establishing a company
The student can create a business model and plan to support their idea, as well as develop them during the operation
The student understands the basic principles of business and develops the operation of the company
Program Phases
Introduction to entrepreneurship, skills, and business idea
Launching your company and refining your business idea
Monitoring, developing, and reporting your business operations
Winding up your company, evaluations, and the future
I learned how to take responsibility 82 %
Importance of an entrepreneurial attitude 77 %
My own initiative increased 74 %
My teamwork skills improved 68 %
The program provided a realistic experience of entrepreneurship 59 %
I understood the value of my work 58 %
Strengthened my employability skills 54 %
Extracts from the program's primary and secondary feedback survey averages from 2013 to 2018 (N: 2962).
Uskalla Yrittää!
Uskalla Yrittää is the Finnish Championship for the companies in the JA Company Program organized by JA Finland. Each year, the best Finnish JA companies from the regional semi-finals are invited to participate in the final. The Uskalla Yrittää final is the largest entrepreneurship competition for young people in Finland, and the winners get the chance to represent their country in the European Championship. The website for the Uskalla Yrittää competition can be found at www.uskallayrittaa.fi.
Best in Middle School: Avot NY
"We bag people's groceries and help carry heavy bags to the customer's car. Avot NY exemplifies Finnish customer service at its best."
Best on Secondary Level: Belle Maison NY
"We produce home decor products from concrete and wood. Some of the materials we use come as surplus from construction sites."
Best in Higher Education: Cuitu NY
"We want to create a detour from the self-destructive textile industry to more conscious consuming. We offer customers high-end design products that are made from new sustainable material innovations."
Companies that began their operation in the JA Company Program
Entis
Entis NY was established during the JA Company Program in 2017 and won the Uskalla Yrittää final for higher education institutions. The company sells house crickets farmed in Kurikka for consumption. The company's Entis cricket chocolate was the first widely available commercial foodstuff made with Finnish house crickets.
Today, products from Entis' expanded cricket product range are available at the largest Prisma supermarkets, the eco-store Ruohonjuuri, and their own webstore.
"All in all, the program was a very educational experience! Even good ideas in themselves are not enough but doing things and realizing your ideas are the most important things. The best parts of the program were doing things together, the excitement of the team and the new possibilities and opportunities provided by the program."
www.entis.fi
Tihkuna
"How to recycle broken umbrellas?"
This problem gave birth to a company run by two dressmaking students. A solution was found, and the company's first product was in fact the Tihkuna jacket made from broken umbrellas. In the spring of 2019, the company's range has expanded to include such products as trendy hair scrunchies, which are also made from surplus materials.
"Tihkuna is run by two dressmaking students who are concerned about the environmental impact of the fashion industry. Our company's most important values are environmental friendliness, quality, and functionality. We design the products, create the patterns, and sew them ourselves here in Helsinki. We manufacture our products on a zero-waste principal, which means that nothing is thrown in the trash."
In the Uskalla Yrittää final, Tihkuna was awarded the prize for the best company presentation at the upper secondary level, as well as the Taaleri Special Award.
As part of the JA Company Program organized by JA Finland, four students from Kajaani University of Applied Sciences developed and created an escape room, which proved highly successful. Even at an early stage the escape room had attracted more than one hundred visiting groups.
The Great Escape was named the best higher education company in the Uskalla Yrittää Finnish Championship finals in the spring of 2016. This year, the company is expanding its operation by doubling the area of its escape room in Kajaani and by opening a new branch in Vuokatti.
"You really get the chance to try everything. We have seen so many things from different areas of business and learnt so much. Teamwork skills are the most important thing, as well as working together dynamically. There have been some tough times as well, but we have always gotten past them together. Each of us has become braver."
www.thegreatescape.fi
Puuroboi
After some hiccups, the overnight oats company Puuroboi was established by upper secondary school students who participated in the JA Company Program in 2016 inspired by the Finland 100 event. After all, oatmeal is a very typical Finnish food. After a few unsuccessful test batches, things began to fall in place both in the kitchen and outside of it.
The business took off with the help of social media marketing. The young entrepreneurs advertised on Instagram and Facebook and shared their story on their website. In the spring of 2017, the company gained more exposure and sales through JA Finland's Uskalla Yrittää competition and events.
"With Puuroboi, we participated in various business events that always opened new opportunities for us. We took part in such events as Slush and the Job Shadow Day organized by JA Finland, both of which were really amazing experiences with regard to the contacts provided and the general entrepreneurial atmosphere."
Kiffel
Jenni Parpala established her cleaning company Kiffel when she took part in the JA Company Program in 2013. At Kiffel, the employees come first, and the company promises, among other things, to halve domestic disagreements, as 45% of couples argue about cleaning the house. The company aims to ensure that the employees have the chance to complete their work properly, with sufficient time, and with pride.
"My company was conceived in JA Finland's program in 2013, which culminated in being awarded the prizes for the Best Seller and the Best Service. Since then I have continued to develop my company further."
www.kiffel.fi
Boordigolf
Viljami Virta took part in the JA Company Program at his school in Harjavalta with the business idea of selling reclaimed lake balls. This refers to golf balls lost by golfers in water hazards or other places around the course. Viljami pays divers to retrieve the balls from water hazards and sells them at an affordable price in his online store.
During their first year of operations, Boordigolf sold approximately 70,000–80,000 golf balls and in the spring of 2019 had received reservations for approximately 70,000 balls. Demand for the service exists throughout Europe.
www.boordigolf.fi
Noted JA Company Program alumni in Finland and around the world
Jyri Lindén: The founder of the Nordic Business Forum
Sanni Kurkisuo: Singer, songwriter, musician
Enni Rukajärvi: Snowboarder
Mark Cuban: Investor, the founder of Broadcast.com, the owner of Dallas Mavericks
Frederick A. Deluca: The founder and CEO of Subway
Christina Aguilera: Singer, songwriter, actor
Gene Simmons: Musician and lead figure of the rock group Kiss, actor, businessman
JA Finland (Nuori Yrittäjyys ry, NY) is part of the international Junior Achievement (JA) network.
Today, the umbrella organization operates in 113 countries of six continents.
Each year, its programs reach more than 10,000,000 children and youths around the world.
Junior Achievement celebrates its centenary in 2019.
Some comments on the JA Company Program
"I just wish that something like this had existed when I was at that age."
– Ilkka Paananen, Supercell
"This is the reason I became a teacher.
To see young people succeed and surpass themselves."
– Heini Pennanen, Gradia, Jyväskylä
"I have probably learned most about the financial side.
I have learned to present and challenge myself more. Now I am better prepared to act in these situations.
– Milla Tölli, student, Nivala upper secondary school
"Today, entrepreneurship education is included in all degrees, at all levels of education, at least to some extent. But is it sufficient? Not necessarily, it could always be increased and improved. This [JA Company Program] is just one good example and method that should be spread throughout the country."
– Sanni Grahn-Laasonen, Minister of Education
Below, we have gathered answers to some frequently asked questions regarding the practical implementation of the program.
What is the JA Company Program?
The JA Company Program is an entrepreneurship education program intended for pupils in upper comprehensive school and students in upper secondary and higher education. In the program, the participants establish JA companies that operate using real money, and run them for a semester, a school year, a calendar year or a period of 12 months.
The program is always made part of the education provided by the school and the teacher is in charge of its practical implementation.
Who is the program intended for? At which levels of education can the program be completed?
The program is available to upper comprehensive schools, secondary education establishments, and higher education institutions. The program can be completed at any time if it is offered by the school.
How can I participate in the program?
The program is part of the teaching provided by your educational establishment, which means that you have to take part in the JA Company Program course offered by your school. If your school does not yet offer the course, you can request it from your teacher.
JA companies cannot be established on your own time.
Does the income received from a JA company affect financial aid?
Income from a JA company is included in your personal annual income. If you receive revenue from your JA company, it must be accounted for in your annual income. The income from a JA company may affect the amount of financial aid you receive. Check the income limits on the Kela website.
Can I establish a JA company on my own?
Yes. We recommend that each JA company has 2–8 members, but if you wish, it is also possible to establish a JA company alone.
Can I take part in the program more than once?
Generally, the program can only be participated in once during comprehensive school, upper secondary school, vocational education or higher education.
However, JA Finland does allow participants to take part in the program again with a new business idea, which is demonstrably different from the previous idea. In addition, the name of the JA company must be different than the name used previously. In its instructions, the Finnish Tax Administration states that the operating period of a JA company is limited to a maximum of 12 months.
The final decision regarding participation in the program is made by the educational institution, as the JA activities must be part of the education provided by said institution.
Can I join the program with an already existing company?
No. The business idea or field of business of a JA company cannot be the same as those of an existing company. The business idea of a JA company cannot be related to a field, which an actual existing company has reported as their line of business in the Trade Register. Additionally, the name of a JA company cannot be the name of an already existing company.
What type of companies are the JA companies?
The JA companies are not officially considered companies, and therefore do not have business IDs. The operation of the JA company is not considered an economic activity. If the JA company sells products or services during the program, the generated income is considered personal to the participants.
Are the JA companies registered into official business registers?
The JA companies are not officially considered companies. Thus, the JA companies are not registered with the Finnish Patent and Registration Office (PRH) and are instead only registered into the register maintained by the program.
How are the JA companies taxed?
The JA company in itself does not pay taxes, and instead the revenue generated by the company is divided amongst the members of the company as the operation is wound down. The divided revenue constitutes taxable income for the members, which must be reported on the personal tax return under other income. Additional information is available in the toolbox.
Is there a limit for the turnover of a JA company?
The turnover of a JA company is limited to 10,000 euros. If turnover exceeds 10,000 euros, the JA company is liable to pay VAT on the entire amount, which means that the operation of a JA company must be wound down if approaching the limit.
Are the JA companies taxable for VAT purposes?
If the turnover of a company remains below 10,000 euros for the year, it is not liable to pay VAT.
The JA companies are not allowed to make VAT deductions, which means that they cannot, for example, deduct the VAT of any purchased materials. The prices with which products or services of JA companies are sold to customers do not include VAT.
What is the initial equity of a JA company?
The initial equity of a JA company consists of the money invested by the founders of the company. Each founder is allowed to invest 10–100 euros in the company. The maximum initial equity of a JA company is limited to 1000 euros.
Do the JA companies have insurance coverage?
During registration, JA Finland acquires a liability insurance policy for each JA company from Keskinäinen Vakuutusyhtiö Fennia, which includes coverage for both business and product liability. The liability insurance applies throughout the operation of the JA company.
These policies provide cover for personal injury and property damage to third parties during the course of business, for which the company is legally liable. The deductible for the policies is either 600 euros or 1,000 euros. More information about the insurance policies is available in the toolbox.
JA Finland provides programs that support the objectives of curriculums for reinforcing the entrepreneurial attitudes, working life skills, and personal financial management of children and young people from pre-primary to higher education – learning by doing. www.nuoriyrittajyys.fi.
Uskalla Yrittää


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Kieron Burgess etched his name into the Alberta Colleges Athletic Conference (ACAC) record books, as he and his Medicine Hat College Rattlers dominated the Ambrose University Lions with the best rebounding performance in League history.
Burgess grabbed 31 Rebounds, 24 of the Rebounds came on the Defensive boards against the Lions, setting a pair of ACAC records while also exploding for 41 points to help the Medicine Hat College Rattlers to a 109-61 win.
Easily the biggest game of Burgess' career since returning to the Rattlers this semester, he now sits sixth in the ACAC with 126 rebounds in just seven games.
As for the rest of the Rattlers, they controlled the pace of play against Ambrose over the first half and took a 51-26 lead into the break.
Rookie Arthur Rosa led the way in the second half alongside Burgess, scoring 15 of his 26 points over the final 20 minutes of play.
Jevon Fray-Woodbine meanwhile had 12 points off the bench for Medicine Hat, as the team earned their first victory in two weeks to close out their six-game home stand.


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Sonoma County houses veterans in tiny homes
By Charlie Ban Apr. 1, 2019
Tags: Veterans Affairs
The Michael Wolff/John Zane Veterans Village in Sonoma County, Calif. houses 15 formerly homeless veterans in 14 tiny homes on county property. Photo courtesy of Community Housing of Sonoma County
Throughout their lives, during their service and after, Sonoma County Calif.'s veterans demonstrated their resilience. It's what kept them alive in the field, and for those who wound up homeless, kept them alive on the streets.
It was appropriate that when Sonoma County's pilot project to build tiny homes for more than a dozen homeless veterans ran into one, then two, then three major roadblocks, it was fitting that the response was to just work around it and get the job done.
Already thrown off course by a location change and the devastating wildfires in 2017, the final work on the set of 14 tiny homes was due for December 2018. Then the rain started.
"It rained most of the month, but Michael was out there working through most of it," said Supervisor Shirlee Zane. "He knew if people were sleeping in that, he could work through it to give them a home."
Contractor Michael Wolff, a Marine veteran who served in Iraq, had already underbid to ensure his firm got this job. And he wasn't going to let anyone down now.
In January, Community Housing of Sonoma County named the set of 14 tiny homes after Wolff and John Zane, Shirlee Zane's father, himself an enlisted Marine who fought in World War II. On March 20, the final veteran selected by the Veterans Administration picked up the keys to his home. Thanks to the HUD-VASH (VA Supportive Housing) program, 15 formerly homeless veterans, including one couple, will have rental assistance and case management on a plot of county-owned land.
"The beauty of it is that the VASH vouchers come with service providers, where a straight Section 8 voucher does not," said Paula Cook, executive director of Community Housing. "That's a much better recipe for success."
Sonoma County had been considering using tiny homes, 250-square foot minimalist structures, to house the homeless since 2014, and in 2015, Zane was pushing for an application to aid veterans, and to use county-owned land.
"There was an overwhelming consensus, not just in our community but across the country, that it was something people wanted to see," she said. "It's horrible for anyone to be homeless, but when I think of a veteran, someone who signed up to help their country, I know that they'd be willing to die for their country, but they come home and don't have a place to live… we have to do something."
Community Housing won a competitive bidding process to oversee the project.
After picking out a plot between the sheriff's office and the human services department and designing the homes for that land, it became clear that office space needs would force the project to move, between the jail and a hospital.
"It ended up being symbolic," Zane said. "So many veterans wind up in either place, we hope that this community shows that there's another option out there."
Even after the challenge of changing design specs, going all the way back to the drawing board, as Cook termed it, the highest hurdle had yet to even appear. The 2017 Tubbs Fire devastated the county seat of Santa Rosa, burning hundreds of homes and increasing the building material costs.
"We had to face how we were going to create new housing simultaneously with the rehousing effort," Zane said. "There were only so many resources, and I thought for a while it wasn't going to happen. Fire like that just comes out of nowhere, and nobody expected anything like that would ever happen."
She was able to persuade the rest of the Board of Supervisors to make up the difference in costs.
"Logically, when you house people at any income, you create more open spaces for housing, there's a domino effect that opens up more housing," she said. "And it was hard to vote against housing these veterans."
All homes are compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act, sporting ramps, sliding doors on bathrooms, with a bedroom, shelves, desks, closets and a kitchenette. A communal space offers more room, a larger kitchen and laundry facilities. Community Housing is close to securing a donation of solar panels, which will allow the tiny homes to be carbon neutral. Two formerly homeless veterans live on site and serve as peer house managers, in addition to the HUD-VASH-supplied case workers.
"It's hard when the veterans move in off the street, they need a lot of privacy and support about changing their life so radically," Zane said. "We're trying to be sensitive, but I hope to meet them all."
She also wants to present them with housewarming gifts. Word from the peer house managers was that they wanted a flagpole, so that is what Zane plans to bring them.
About Charlie Ban (Full Bio)
County News Digital Editor & Senior Writer
Charlie Ban is the County News digital editor and senior writer.
More from Charlie Ban
cban@naco.org
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In 1954, President Eisenhower signed a bill proclaiming Nov.
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On October 17, President Donald Trump signed the Commander John Scott Hannon Veterans Mental Health Care Improvement Act (Hannon Act, PL 116-171) into law.
The Implications of COVID-19 on Mental Health and Substance Abuse
County leaders, federal officials and experts focus on behavioral health and mental health trends during the pandemic, underscoring services and resources for vulnerable populations such as veterans and people living in rural counties.
Counties and Military Installations 101: Leveraging the Farm Bill to Promote Compatible Land Use and Community Development
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The Honorable David J. Shulkin was nominated by President Trump to serve as the ninth Secretary of Veterans Affairs (VA) and was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 13, 2017. Prior to his confirmation as Secretary, Dr. Shulkin served as VA's Under Secretary for Health for 18 months, leading the Nation's largest integrated health care system, with over 1,700 sites of care serving nearly nine million Veterans.


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CelebrityMusicians
Anneliese Van Der Pol's Life after 'That's so Raven' Ended
https://news.amomama.com/196639-anneliese-van-der-pols-life-thats-raven.html
While the actress has never found the same mainstream success she had co-starring in the Disney series, her career is everything but over, and she has continued devoted herself to acting in other spaces.
When "Raven's Home" debuted in 2017, the fans of the original series, which ended in 2007, were delighted to see the 35-year-old Dutch-American actress Anneliese Van der Pol return to reprise the role of Chelsea Daniels.
While for many it meant the first time they saw her since "That's So Raven" arrived at its finale, but the fact is that Van der Pol hasn't wasted a second when it comes to continuing to pursue her life passion as a profession. This is where she's been.
In 2010, three years after "Raven" wrapped, Van der Pol returned to the spotlight with a big-screen role in the parody film "Vampires Suck," which channels the teenage romance "Twilight" film franchise.
The actress landed the role of Jennifer, based on Anna Kendrick's Jessica, thanks to her over-the-top recreation of Kendrick's performance in "Up in the Air" (2009), which earned her the role even though she had never seen a "Twilight" movie.
"One night while we were filming, I invited some of my friends and people from the cast and we watched the movies on demand in our hotel room. Not really into the vampire craze, let alone chick-flick led story like that. Not my thing," she said.
SHALOM SESAME
But 2010 also gave Van der Pol the opportunity to take part in a much more meaningful project, by becoming the host of the puppet show "Shalom Sesame," that went on for 12 episodes.
A practicing Jew, the actress was happy to help children explore their Jewish identity while they discover Israel in this series developed as a collaboration between Sesame Workshop and Israel's Channel HOP!
"I think it's really important to educate children in a fun way and a not too confusing way," van der Pol told Hartford Courant in 2009, when she was getting ready to travel to Israel for the first time in her life to work on the show.
STAGE WORK
Way before she became known in the mainstream by playing Chelsea in "That's So Raven," Van der Pol started her stage career, and she admits that it is in the theater where she enjoys performing the most.
"Nothing is like the live audience aspect. I always feel a bit more challenged, if I'm being perfectly honest, in the theater than I ever do in television."
-Anneliese van der Pol, East Valley Tribune, 2018.
Since the ending of "That's So Raven," Van der Pol has appeared in several plays around the US, including "Meet Me in St. Louis," Oscar Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest," and Jane Austen's "Emma."
In 2007, Van der Pol was cast as the last Belle in her Broadway debut with the Disney musical "Beauty and the Beast," followed by the Off-Broadway musical "Vanities." More recently, in 2018, she starred in the play "Annie."
REPRISING HER MOST FAMOUS ROLE
In 2017, ten years after the final season of "That's So Raven," fans of the TV show learned the exciting news that a spinoff series named "Raven's Home" was going to bring back original cast members Raven-Symoné and Van der Pol.
The show features Raven and Chelsea as two single mothers that decide to raise their children together in a shared household.
"I'm really proud to be doing this with Ray. I think it is very rare that you see two mothers on a show, leading a half-hour sitcom with children, and that's it," Van der Pol told Bustle about sharing the screen with Symoné once again.
"You don't have a guy, you know, coming in saving the day with all the funny lines. It's me and Ray and I think that's enough," the actress shared.
In October 2019, Disney Channel renewed "Raven's Home" for a fourth season, to be aired in 2020.
REAL-LIFE FRIENDSHIP
2017 saw Symoné and Van der Pol get back together in the small screen, but in real life, the two have continued seeing each other and in touch since the two share a friendship of many years.
Van der Pol is not shy to admit that she can get very emotional just to talk about her lifelong friendship with her on-screen and off-screen best friend, and she shared that their relationship also works wonders in the workplace.
GettyImages/GlobalImagesUkraine
Raven-Symoné from 'That's So Raven' Debuts New Hairstyle on Social Media and Jaleel White, Fans React
GettyImages // Wikimedia Commons
Larry Mathews' Life after 'Dick Van Dyke Show' Ended
Destiny of the 'Family Matters' Cast After the Show Finale
"Raven and I have always really respected each other's talent, and that goes a long way. And if somebody can make you better in your job, and you can make them better, I mean, you better stick together," the actress told "Today" in 2019.
Having dedicated most of her life to show business, Van der Pol came to the point when she felt she was ready to share her knowledge, talents, and experience with a new generation of aspiring performers as a mentor of the youth.
The "That's So Raven" star is among the several celebrities that are taking part in the program Actors Giving Back, founded by actor David DeLuise, expecting to make the talent development industry more ethical and accessible.
Apart from Van der Pol, other celebrity mentors include Jennifer Stone, Paris Berelc, Nathan Arenas, Amber Montana, and Bill Chott.
Bus Driver Notices Siblings Approach a Disabled Boy, Writes Note to Their Parents


I spent some time today fiddling around with getting Pivot to automatically support Technorati tags via the built in keywords field that every Pivot entry already has. I ran into some problems early on because the way Pivot handles snippets changed slightly since the last time I experimented with them (each snippet has its own file that resides in a snippets subfolder now) . Once I figured that out I was able to make fairly quick progress despite my lack of php knowledge. I also discovered a similar Technorati snippet had already been whipped up on one of the Pivot forums, but in the end I went with my own custom snippet because it's a little bit more flexible with optional label and seperator arguments. The end result is now visible at the bottom of all the entries that I've assigned keywords to.
Now that I have built in tags support, I think I'm probably less likely to use multiple categories to refer to entries as it ends up being redundant. I doubt I will go back and change too many past entries either, but at least it's relatively painless if I should choose to. The really nice thing about keyword/tag support is that I can instantly add new tags when I think of them; categories require an additional step to create and at a certain point start to get unwieldy to deal with.


in lifestyle, costumes, Language Carry expensive objects like cameras, bags etc. By claiming that ideas are the only things humans have epistemic access to, and by claiming that knowledge relates only to our ideas, Locke seems to rule out the claim that we can ever know about the external world. Volition and Agency In Book 2, Chapter 21 of the Essay Locke explores the topic of the will. A classic in Locke studies. Second, Locke thinks that to determine whether or not something is divinely revealed we have to exercise our reason. If you like my article, please do leave a comment or like. Company Top level Authorities should or should not take employees suggestions or ideas to take any decisions. For example, knowing that 7 is greater than 3 consists in perceiving that there is a size relation of bigger and smaller between the two ideas. This carved out important room for certain individual rights or liberties. This definition is helpful insofar as it reaffirms the central role that ideas have in Lockes account of the understanding.
The first and most important step is to only use words when we have clear ideas attached to them. Gilbert Ryles memorable assessment is that nearly every youthful student of philosophy both can and does in his second essay refute Lockes entire Theory of Knowledge. Because transitional words and phrases show logical relationships between sentences and ideas, they are often organized according to the kinds of relationships that they convey, as they are below. Choose which position you most agree with and discuss why you chose that position. John Locke was among the most famous philosophers and political theorists of the 17th century. . The reason is that the connection between ideas and external world objects is built right into the definition of an idea. Do u support it or not? Property Lockes Second Treatise on government contains an influential account of the nature of private property. Locke defines a person as a thinking intelligent Being, that has reason and reflection, and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing in different times and places; which it does only by that consciousness, which is inseparable from thinking, and as it seems. If the world was left to us in common by God, it would be wrong of me to appropriate more than my fair share and fail to leave sufficient resources for others.


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any state i can take NCLEX after 6 years of grad w/o retaking the whole nursing prog?
Hello... this is my 1st thread/post in here... i always read posts but dont share information but now i really need some advice or help.... i graduated nursing in the philippines(2007) but didnt take the board. after graduation i migrated here in the US and didnt take nclex...(stupid of me). i pick the wrong direction and joined the army instead.. now im out of the army and want to continue my nursing... i applied nclex in california but got denied... they want me to take 1 course to be able to take the exam... ive asked some school if i can take that subj but nobody wont let me... now we moved here in Kansas and tried applying for the board but they said i need to retake the whole nursing program for me to take nclex because its been 5 years... anybody know any state with different rules from kansas?
I heard about the issue regarding the nclex application in California, I was planning to apply for it but fortunately I have clue from my friends who wasn't able to take it, we'll what I heard, you can't apply for nclex in another state while you have pending application in California, well for me it's better to do that 1 course than go back to school or if you have enough funds then go back to school since your out from nursing for 5 years.
i wanted to take that 1 course but i cant find any school that will allow me to take just that 1 course... when i was stationed in alaska, ive asked University of alaska if i can take it but they wont allow me... and when we got here in kansas, i asked washburn university if i can take it but they said no too..
What particular subject they want you to take?I graduated from the Philippines too way back 2009 and same as yours,got denied and they want me to take MS and OB to qualify for the NCLEX-RN exAm.
and yeah im like trying to go back to school... to start nursing all over again (coz i really want to be a nurse but i blew it off (() but my problem now is i want to use my post GI bill... im enrolled in washburn university spring 2013 but the dean of nursing told me that my GI bill will not pay for the same degree i already have... i dont know if she is right about that.
As dragon_lady mentioned, you can try to have your NCLEX-RN exam in HI or NY, just need to go thru most English and transcripts evaluation.
Just remember that if you do pass the NCLEX-RN in any state AND you want to endorse (transfer) the license to another state, you still must meet that "new" state's minimum eduational requirements and any other English or transcripts review.
So if you pass in HI or NY and want to move your license over to CA (or in about 14 other States), there's a very high chance, the license transfer will be denied as it will not meet the same requirements asked of you in the first place. That being said, if you pass in HI or NY or wherever, you must decide to stay and work at that state for some time.
i know it is an old thread, a quick question though-- so did anyone find out if New York board allows foreign nurses to take nclex after 10 years of graduation? If anybody knows a definite answer, i would be grateful.
so did new york let you sit for NCLEX? please let me know...and did you pass your nclex?
Did you contact NY BoN or check their website?


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Home>News>Workshop focuses on New Solid Waste Management Strategy and Action Plan
Workshop focuses on New Solid Waste Management Strategy and Action Plan
Domain:Environment; Sustainable Development
Persona: Business; Citizen; Government; Non-Citizen
GIS – 22 May, 2017: The second Workshop on The Strategy and Action Plan for a Solid Waste Management and Resource Recovery System for Mauritius kicked off this morning at Labourdonnais Hotel, Port Louis. This initiative of the Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity, and Environment and Sustainable Development in collaboration with the Agence Française de Developpement (AFD) aims at enabling consultants to present the New Solid Waste Management Strategy and Action Plan to various stakeholders.
Speaking at the opening ceremony, the Minister of Social Security, National Solidarity, and Environment and Sustainable Development, Mr Etienne Sinatambou, stated that for the last 20 years, solid waste management has been viewed as merely a collection, transfer and disposal exercise, which amounts to billions of rupees each year.
"The Strategy and Action Plan for a Solid Waste Management and Resource Recovery System for Mauritius will bring about meaningful change in our strategy and provide well-defined tasks and approaches for solid waste management in the years to come", he underlined.
He also highlighted that as the Mare Chicose Landfill will reach saturation in 2019, there is a need to adopt a mixed waste management strategy and increase the focus on waste recycling. He also pointed out that concerned authorities must tap the potential of energy recovery from waste.
The AFD has been approached to conduct a feasibility study on the Strategy and Action Plan, pointed out Mr Sinatambou. He also added that the entire study is being financed by the AFD to the tune of around 200 000 Euros, and is being carried out by a consultancy firm from Belgium, Ecorem, in collaboration with Luxconsult (Mauritius) Ltd.
The consultancy services consist of two phases. Phase one includes the preparation of the Strategy and Action plan, including a baseline review, and an analysis of strategic options and recommendations; and Phase two, comprises a feasibility study of the selected options which will be implemented after approval from Government.
Furthermore, the Minister pointed out that Phase one is expected to be completed by July 2017 and that Phase two will start in September 2017.
Government Information Service, Prime Minister's Office, Level 6, New Government Centre, Port Louis, Mauritius. Email: gis@govmu.org Website:http://gis.govmu.org
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Samsung SGH P930, adopts horizontal LCD screen for optimal mobile TV watching and supports stereo speaker for best sound quality.
The P930 has wide 2.3 inch (240x320) LCD and supports Picture in Picture (PIP) function to watch two TV channels simultaneously. It adopts a 2 megapixel camera for high-quality photo shooting and a VGA camera for convenient video telephony. It also supports a microSD external memory slot for better storage.
Posted On : February 2, 2012 how come the phone only has the English language, how to get the Chinese language?
Posted On : July 23, 2010 knp xblh nk intol cd dy 2 ae??


It is helpful to have some insight into the values and customs of the first Christians, and some appreciation of how they organised their meetings and ministries, if we are to have a better understanding of the setting, context, and meaning of the New Testament letters. In this article, I provide a brief overview of church life in the first century, and I highlight the participation of women.
For the first two hundred years of the Christian movement, most meetings were held in homes. This custom of meeting in homes is well attested in the New Testament. Wayne Meeks observes that "In four places in the Pauline letters specific congregations are designated by the phrase hē kat' oikon (+ possessive pronoun) ekklēsia, which we may tentatively translate 'the assembly at N's household'." Women were involved in each of these four house churches. Prisca, with Aquila, hosted and led a house church in Ephesus (1 Cor. 16:19), and later in Rome (Rom. 16:3-5). Apphia was a prominent member of a house church in Colossae, and is one of three people greeted individually in Philemon 1:1-2. Nympha hosted a church in her home in Laodicea and is greeted in Colossians 4:15.
In house churches, the public sphere (the traditional domain of men) and the more private, domestic sphere (the traditional domain of women) overlapped, and women—especially the wealthy women who hosted churches in their own homes—had equal opportunities to minister.
. . . in ancient Mediterranean society, among both Jews and non-Jews, women often played quite powerful social and political leadership roles. Such roles were rooted in these women's authority at the household level. Much business and commerce centered around households of the wealthy. These households could be sizable domestic communities including immediate family, extended family members, servants/slaves, and employees. In the ancient world, both men and women could be householders and patrons. Women's experience as managers of these households, their "social authority, economic power, and political influence", established their leadership in other domains in Greco-Roman society and even synagogue leadership in Jewish society.
"The kat' oikon ekklēsia was "'the "basic cell' of the Christian movement, and its nucleus was often an existing household." At first, almost all the Christian assemblies were small, some consisting of only one or two extended households. In large cities such as Rome, Corinth, and Ephesus there were several house churches with some kind of network which connected the house churches within each city together. Paul probably used the expression kat' oikon to distinguish the individual house churches "from 'the whole church' (holē hē ekklēsia) which could assemble on occasion (1 Cor. 14:23; Rom. 16:23; cf. 1 Cor. 11:20)." By the end of the first century, each network of churches was overseen by a minister sometimes referred to as a bishop (episkopos).
Congregations would gather in homes for weekly communion suppers. During these meetings, there would be a time for recitations or readings from memorised or written Old Testament scripture, or readings from letters sent from other churches or prominent Christians such as apostles or bishops. Plus there would be some kind of exhortation, the expression of worship, and the exercise of charismatic ministries. How these house churches were led or organised, however, is not known with certainty, and there seems to have been variety in how ministries were exercised. Different congregations, guided by different leaders and teachers, determined their own practices and boundaries.
Some house churches may have borrowed elements from synagogues services. All of the first Christians were Jewish and it is likely that in some synagogues all the members converted to Christianity. These communities would have continued with their familiar practices but modified them to encourage the Christian faith and the worship of Jesus Christ. Other assemblies may have functioned more like the many voluntary associations and trade guilds that flourished in the first century.
Church life in the apostolic age was "dynamic and fluid". Churches responded to the pressures from within and without the Christian community, and adapted to arising needs and other changing situations. From the beginning, some people stood out as leaders. The householder would naturally assume prominence and patronage of the assembly that met in his or her home. The first overseers (episkopoi) were such householders (cf. 1 Tim. 3:1ff). Other members with leadership ability, ministry skills, and certain charismata, might also function in some leadership capacity. If the examples of the churches founded by Paul are indicative of church life in general, all members could participate in the meetings, however, not just the leaders (e.g., 1 Cor. 14:26).
People sometimes ministered on their own initiative. Stephanas of Corinth is an example of this. He devoted himself and his household to ministry (1 Cor. 16:15ff). He probably had seen a need and had the means to meet that need. Titus is said to have ministered of his own initiative. Or, as Paul put it, God put the concern in the heart of Titus (2 Cor. 8:16-17). Paul began ministering after being commissioned by Jesus, but without official approval from apostles or elders—something he seems to be proud of (Gal. 1:11-12, 17-20; 2:1-2, 6-7). In the primitive church, people did not need to go through some sort of official channel in order to begin ministering. However, at other times people were commissioned by their church for ministry (e.g., Acts 6:3; 13:2-3).
Kevin Giles comments on this passage and writes, "These words clearly exclude any kind of hierarchy or authoritarian-type leadership within the church." In Pauline communities, hierarchies and distinctions of ethnicity, gender, and social status were minimised, and a sense of family and equality was encouraged. In fostering this dynamic of equality, Paul avoided the use of leadership titles and descriptions that might suggest a hierarchy among believers. In his earliest letters, Paul addresses certain people whom he recognises as leaders but he gives them no title at all (e.g., 1 Thess. 5:12-13; 1 Cor. 16:15-18). However, as the church grew and governing principles became formalised, leaders were given official titles such as "bishop" (episkopoi) or "priest" which were increasingly associated with both clout and prestige. These titles were typically not given to women.
Wayne Meeks observes that the number of women ministers in the Pauline movement is "nearly equal to that of men." In Romans chapter 16, twenty-nine people are mentioned; at least ten of these are women. Moreover, two women—Phoebe and Prisca—head the list. Of the five named Christians in the church at Philippi, a church founded by Paul, three are women, and two are men. Considering what the New Testament shows us about Pauline churches, it seems that, as a general statement, Meeks is correct: women were actively involved in churches and ventures associated with the apostle Paul in numbers that were "nearly equal to that of men".
Many women ministers are mentioned in the New Testament and feature in most of Paul's letters. In the post-apostolic writings, however, women ministers are mentioned much less frequently and they almost disappear. Furthermore, in some of the post-apostolic writings, women are rarely addressed directly and seem excluded from even general instructions. First Clement, a letter written by the Roman Christians to the Corinthians in around 95-97, seems to be primarily written to a male audience who are addressed several times as andres adelphoi. Women are "others." On the other hand, the anonymous epistle of Barnabas, possibly written around the same time, is addressed to both "sons and daughters" (huioi kai thugateres) (Barn. 1:1). In Second Clement, a pseudonymous letter written in around 140-160, men and women are also addressed together. Towards the end of Second Clement this becomes explicit as both "brothers and sisters" (adelphoi kai adelphai) are implored to heed the same instructions (2 Clem. 19:1; 20:2).
Chapter 12 of Second Clement contains a profound message of gender equality and indicates that gender discrimination has no place in the body of Christ. First Clement, the Didache, and other post-apostolic writings, however, indicate that only men could be leaders in the church. The Didache (a church manual dating from the late first or early second century) speaks of leaders as priests, high priests in fact, in a "priesthood" that is restricted to men. This new priestly dynamic, that was absent in many first Christian churches, caused a growing distinction and separation between church leaders and other church members, as well as between men and women in the church.
Church life in the first century was quite unlike church life today. We need to remember this when we read the New Testament letters and be careful to not read back into the text our modern understandings of ministry and Sunday services. There is one thing we share in common with the early Christians, though: their views on women in ministry, as in today's church, were not uniform. Tragically, in the following centuries, the attitudes towards women in ministry became unjustly restrictive, and these attitudes were turned into church rules. In some churches today these unwarranted restrictions continue.
Several scholars have investigated the patterns of fellowship, worship, ministry, and leadership in first-century churches. Here is a small sample of these investigations: Valeriy Alexandrovich Alikin, The Earliest History of the Christian Gathering: Origin, Development and Content of the Christian Gathering in the First to Third Centuries (Leiden 2009); Robert Banks, Paul's Idea of Community: The Early House Churches in their Cultural Setting (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1994); Andrew D. Clark, Serve the Community of the Church: Christians as Leaders and Ministers (Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2000); Kevin Giles, Patterns of Ministry Among the First Christians (Sydney: Collins Dove Publishers, 1989); Philip Harland, Associations, Synagogues and Congregations: Claiming a Place in Ancient Mediterranean Society (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Press, 2003); Wayne Meeks, The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003); James Tunstead Burtchaell, From Synagogue to Church: Public Service and Offices in the Earliest Communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
 Romans 16:4-5, 1 Corinthians 16:19, Philemon 1:1-2, and Colossians 4:15.
 Wayne Meeks, The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003) 75.
 Other New Testament women who hosted church meetings in their homes include Mary of Jerusalem (Acts 12:12), Lydia (Acts 16:40), the Chosen Lady (2 John 1), and possibly Chloe of Corinth (1 Cor. 1:11).
 Elizabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, "Missionaries, Apostles, Coworkers: Romans 16 and the Reconstruction of Women's Early Christian History", Word & World 6.4 (1986) 432. Kate Cooper argues, however, "The notion of a 'private' sphere divested of 'public' significance would have seemed impossible (and undesirable) to the ancient mind. The domus [home], along with its aspects of family, and dynasty, was the primary unit of cultural identity, political significance, and economic production." The Virgin and the Bride: Idealized Womanhood in Late Antiquity (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1966), 14.
 Meeks, First Urban Christians, 75.
 The house church was the basic cell of the church, but Christians did meet in other places. The first Christians in Jerusalem met daily in the Temple courts (e.g. Luke 24:53; Acts 2:46a) as well as in homes (Acts 2:46b cf. Acts 12:12). According to the accounts in Acts, Paul taught in synagogues wherever he went in the course of his missionary travels. When he was in Ephesus for the first time, Paul spoke in the synagogue every Sabbath for three months (Acts 19:8); but then, for two years, he spoke daily in the School of Tyrannus (Acts 19:9-10). Paul also spoke to Christian assemblies in homes, such as Lydia's home (Acts 16:40) The Acts of Paul 11.1 mentions a rented warehouse, and Celsus 3.55 mentions rented buildings. However, Christians would continue to meet mainly in homes during the second century.
 The first episkopoi, in around 40–80 CE, were probably house church leaders rather than bishops with oversight of churches in the one city. More on these early episkopoi (overseers/supervisors) here.
 Paul and Mark refer to one eucharistic tradition; John and the Didache refer to a different eucharistic tradition. More on this here.
 See Christine Trevett, Christian Women and the Time of the Apostolic Fathers (AD c. 80-160): Corinth, Rome and Asia Minor (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2006), 9.
 Andrew D. Clarke writes that leadership in these groups was not just the province of the elite.
The voluntary associations, professional guilds and trade unions were highly popular in the early [Roman] empire. For the most part they had highly developed constitutions with an established pattern of selecting and appointing leading officials. Many of these groups included non-citizens or slave members who earned positions of leadership within this limited context. The Roman family or household was a further context in which leadership was exercised or experienced by both rich and poor, citizen and non-citizen, slave and free.
The "rich and poor, citizen and non-citizen, slave and free" may not have included women, however, as there is no clear evidence of women holding leadership positions in voluntary associations.
 Kevin Giles, Patterns of Ministry Among the First Christians (Sydney: Collins Dove Publishers, 1989), 8.
 Giles, Patterns of Ministry, 53.
 Giles, Patterns of Ministry, 9.
 Meeks, First Urban Christians, 81.
 The three women are Lydia (Acts 16:14-15, 40), Euodia, and Syntyche (Phil. 4:2-3). The two men are Clement (Phil. 4:3) and Epaphroditus (Phil. 3:25).
Epiphanius of Salamis, in Panarion 49.2.5 (c. 375), spoke disparagingly about the Montanists, a late second century heterodox Christian group, and wrote: "They have women bishops, presbyters, and the rest; they say that none of this makes any difference because 'In Christ there is neither male nor female' (Gal. 3:28)." Quoted by Patricia Cox Miller (ed.), Women in Early Christianity: Translations from the Greek Texts (Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2005), 40.
 The exclusion of women from many ministries in later centuries may be due to the formalising of ministries and to the increasing acceptability, respectability and conformity of the church to the broader patriarchal society.
This article is adapted from chapter one of a forthcoming paper entitled "The Roles of Diakonoi, Male and Female, in the Apostolic and Post-Apostolic Church (c. 40-120) with Special Reference to Phoebe of Cenchrea". More posts from this paper can be found here.
This image is an extract of a mural of a first-century family in Pompeii having a feast. The image is taken from Theodore H. Feder's book, Great Treasures of Pompeii and Herculaneum (Abbeville, 1978), 24-25 (Source) Some first-century church meetings may have looked like this. Compare the image of the Pompeian family with "Fractio Panis" here.
I am delighted to see Meeks referenced here. I also commend to you Ramond Brown's succinct treatise: The Churches the Apostles Left Behind. The two books Truly stirred my heart & imagination in graduate school.
I'm going to my university's library tomorrow so I'll see if I can find Raymond Brown's book. The title makes it sound very interesting.
Excellent again marg, its so simple to realize women in ministry when reading the bible, but apparently deceivers as "Christans" twist the names of these women with their role by 3 popular verses that mention women. If they could only come on your website and get a revelation on how God use both genders to win all genders….they'll see how the Gospel shouldnt have us christians divided like the jewish tradition on women.
You may also want to check endnote 7 in this article to see why the King James Bible has "Nymphas": Stephanas or Stephana?
The information in the section entitled House Churches is biblically sound. Check the scriptures quoted in this section, and the scriptures quoted in endnotes 1 and 3.
Your presumption that this article has been written by someone who does not read the Bible is strange considering the amount of scripture references included in the article.
One thing that stands out about Chloe is that Paul says she has people, as in the sense of people who are responsible to her. Since he mentions this in the context of spiritual matters it's hard not to glean that she's probably a spiritual leader.
I think Chloe was most likely the leader of a house church in Corinth. She was the one who sent Paul a verbal or written message, via her people (lit. "those of Chloe") that prompts Paul to write 1 Corinthians.
Did Chloe tell Paul that some Corinthians were telling her, "Women should keep silent in the churches . . ."?


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