text:
Dougie's Monday mailbag (you know it was a slow weekend when fans want to debate the Pound-for-Pound)
THE RING'S POUND FOR POUND POLICY
I see that the Boxrec still has Manny Pacquiao among its top ten pound for pound boxers at number 8. The only plausible explanation is that it places more premium on track record than recent results and performance.
Which was the case with the Ring Magazine from the time of Nat Fleischer and until the past stewardship of Nigel Collins.
In fact, track record – not to mention direct lineage – was used by the Ring in keeping Andre Ward in the ranking and in continuing to recognize as then-champions Sergio Martinez and Tyson Fury despite their long inactivity for varying reasons.
It was the same criterion used in justifying Floyd Mayweather's return to its pound for pound ranking upon his first un-retirement in late 2009 after almost two years being out of the sport. Floyd Jr. soon recovered his top spot on the totem pole also based on that same criterion, though helped by Pacquiao's defeats to Tim Bradley and Juan Manuel Marquez who in fairness were pound for pound listers themselves.
It could be said that the jockeying for top pound for pound position was instrumental in eventually making the record-breaking Floyd-Pacquiao fight in 2015.
Makes me wonder given the above why Pacquiao was unceremoniously though subtly booted out of the Ring pound for pound ranking in the aftermath of his controversial fight versus Mayweather and equally questionable loss to Jeff Horn.
Truth to tell, based on track record and lineage, only Canelo Alvarez based on his fight with Floyd and win over Miguel Cotto, Gennady Golovkin due his association with Canelo, Srisaket Sor Rungvusai on account of his two wins over previous top-notcher Roman Gonzales deserve their spots in the pound for pound listing of the Ring. And hence should be rated higher than those ranked ahead of them.
And based on track record which include his previously winning Ring recognition as lineal champion in three weight divisions (could have been four had the Ring likewise confer him it's recognition at welterweight with the retirement of Floyd and his win over Cotto) Pacquiao deserves to also be included, at least in the bottom half of the list.
The Ring cannot be indecisive at one end and whimsical at another if it hopes to bring back credibility to its pound-for-pound ranking.
Fans hardly talk about its pound for pound rankings since it changed its policy from one that put weight more on track record and lineage to one that favors recent results and performance which are at times vague and inconclusive.
Regards from the Philippines. – Teddy Reynoso
Come on, Teddy! I'm the last person you should try to fool into believing that "fans hardly talk about" The Ring Magazine Pound-for-Pound rankings. I get emails like this one at least every week in my Mailbag inbox, and I get queries and debate attempts on our mythical ratings from hardcore heads almost every day via social media (mostly Twitter).
I'm gonna be real with you even though you're not being real with me, I just don't get the pound-for-pound obsession among the diehards. I know it's a slow period in the sport right now, but damn, it's not THAT slow! You guys can come up with some angle of discussion on Friday's Lomachenko-Crolla lightweight title bout. And would it kill you to bring up women's boxing? You mallet heads telling me the Shields-Hammer matchup isn't the least bit intriguing? And have you forgotten about Kid Chocolate and Caleb Truax? That might be a fun scrap!
No? Nothing? OK, let's talk about the pound for pound rankings policy and Pacquiao's placement. Firstly, there is no set "policy" or criterion for the pound-for-pound list. That's why it's referred to as the "mythical" rankings! It comes to down to a variety of things – accomplishments/track record, dominance, athleticism, style and the good ole "eye test." I've said this before in mailbag columns and I'll state it again: I don't really care to get deeply involved in the pound-for-pound rankings. In other words, I usually don't bother arguing with the Ratings Panel's suggestions for the P4P. (For example, I think Errol Spence is rated a little too high at No. 5. I would have both Gennady Golovkin and Naoya Inoue in front of the talented American welterweight.)
Dougie was bummed out when his hero Chocolatito exited the P4P rankings but he got over it. PacMan fans need to do the same. Photo: Naoki Fukuda
The only time I put my foot down in regard to a pound-for-pound rankings decision was back when Michael Rosenthal was still Editor-In-Chief (and maybe the late Chuck Giampa was still our "Ratings Chairman"). It was early 2014, and Roman Gonzalez, 38-0 at the time and a two-division titleholder, was The Ring's No. 1-rated flyweight (after having been the magazine's top-rated strawweight and junior flyweight) but he wasn't in the pound-for-pound top 10. I basically said on one of the Ratings Panel email chains that if Chocolatito doesn't crack our rankings before he challenges Ring/WBC flyweight champ Akira Yaegashi (September 2014) I'm not gonna bother sharing my opinion on the mythical rankings for the magazine. (And I added that if he beats Yaegashi and doesn't get in the top 10, I'm done with the silly pound-for-pound concept altogether. It loses all meaning for me at that point.) He got in the rankings over the summer, and eventually made his way to the top spot, so I was content. (He's STILL the King, by the way.)
But back to the present, and Pacquiao, and The Ring's P4P Top-10. The difference between Ring's rankings and BoxRec.com's is that we have a panel of journalists who help the Editorial Board determine our ratings, while the record-keeping website uses a computerized formula. (Here's how it works, by the way. If it makes sense to you, you might eligible for a scholarship to M.I.T.) I could be wrong, but I think Boxrec's system factor's in every damn fight Pac's ever had. He's a 40-year-old first-ballot hall of famer, arguably the greatest Asian fighter ever. His resume's gonna top everybody else's. But a computer isn't going to have common sense. People are (most of the time). The Ring Rating's Panel doesn't view Pacquiao as an elite boxer anymore. He's good enough to be a top welterweight contender, but he's no longer the world-beater he once was. And we're not the only ones who believe this. Pacquiao is not ranked in ESPN.com's or the Transnational Boxing Rankings' pound-for-pound top 10. Their rankings are determined by a panel (or "board"); not by computers or math formulas.
I think you're glossing over Pacquiao's loss to Jeff Horn, which was his only fight of 2017. Was it controversial? Yes. (I thought he won by a few points.) Was it a robbery? No. And the bottom line is that Pac struggled with an unproven and unrated fighter, who was totally outclassed (and stopped) by Terence Crawford (in Bud's welterweight debut) not long after the upset. Manny has bounced back nicely, but victories over Lucas Matthysse and Adrien Broner aren't enough to get him back into the P4P. At the time Pac faced them, Matthysse was a lower-top-10 welterweight (and obviously faded) and Broner was unrated (having gone 3-2-1 in his previous five bouts).
We haven't seen the peak-P4P-form Pacquiao in more than 10 years. Photo credit: Ed Mulholland/HBO Boxing
I know the realization of Pacquiao no longer being "elite" is a hard pill to swallow for his fans, probably especially so for those of Filipino descent, but it happens to all fighters as they get older. (Hey, look on the bright side, Donnie Nietes is 36 years old and still reppin' the Philippines in The Ring's Pound-for-Pound rankings. Instead of complaining about Manny not being in the top 10, how about giving Donnie some love!? Come on! The man hasn't lost since 2004! He's a 35-bout unbeaten streak and he's a four-division beltholder!)
Makes me wonder given the above why Pacquiao was unceremoniously though subtly booted out of the Ring pound for pound ranking in the aftermath of his controversial fight versus Mayweather and equally questionable loss to Jeff Horn. Dude, your man was "unceremoniously" average in both of those bouts. Don't be mad at the Ratings Panel for that. Be mad at Father Time (and maybe you can save some rancor for Mayweather and his IV, and for the NSAC).
Truth to tell, based on track record and lineage, only Canelo Alvarez based on his fight with Floyd and win over Miguel Cotto, Gennady Golovkin due his association with Canelo, Srisaket Sor Rungvusai on account of his two wins over previous top-notcher Roman Gonzales deserve their spots in the pound for pound listing of the Ring. What!? You don't think your countryman Donnie Nietes has a P4P-worthy track record? You don't think Vasilily Lomachenko, Crawford, Aleksandr Usyk and Naoya Inoue have the track records of elite boxers? I know they haven't accomplished as much as Manny (who has?), but they've built impressive resumes in relatively short (to Pacquiao) periods of time and they're at the peaks of their physical prowess.
CRUISERWEIGHT MARKETABILITY
Hi Dougie,
I love reading your tweets and Mailbag articles, thank you for all of your wonderful insight!
The Cruiserweight division has seemed a bit dead to me over the past few years (few fights, even fewer number of well-known fighters). While Usyk was fighting there it was action-packed for a while, but as an American fan, I just don't see many fighters of note staying at this weight for some reason. As a matter of fact, I can only think of 2 fighters who have recently fought there who are household names or at least known to casual fans (Usyk and Bellew). Actually, many casual US boxing fans don't even know where "Cruiserweight" falls in the spectrum of weight classes. I understand there is a big push to make boxing dominant in the US market again, and a strong heavyweight division typically drives popularity.
So, I have 2 questions:
With so much talent in both the Heavyweight and Light-heavyweight divisions, why don't more well-known fighters fight (or stay) at 175-200 pounds, especially boxers from the Western Hemisphere?
With the emphasis on making the heavyweight division competitive, would there be any advantage to scraping the Cruiserweight division, and mimicking the amateur ranks with Light-heavyweight (175), Heavyweight (200), and Super-heavyweight (+200) divisions in professional boxing?
My friends and I all read your articles and have had a lot of discussion regarding this topic, and we'd love to hear your thoughts. Thanks! – Zachary
Thanks for the kind words, Zachary.
I don't know if it's fair to say the cruiserweight division "seems a bit dead over the past few years" when the undisputed 200-pound champ, Aleksandr Usyk, hasn't even officially left it yet, and his Fighter-of-the-Year-earning victories against Mairis Briedis, Murat Gassiev and Tony Bellew all took place last year. (Gassiev's Fight-of-the-Year candidate against Yunier Dorticos also took place last year as part of the WBSS Cruiserweight tournament.)
If Usyk decides to campaign fulltime as a heavyweight after his May 25 division debut vs. Carlos Takam, the 200-pound ranks still have Gassiev, Dorticos, Briedis, Kryzysztof Glowacki, as well as some undefeated up-and-comers, such as Andrew Tabiti, Kevin Lerena and Arsen Goulamirian. There's a lot of potential at cruiserweight. The right fights just need to happen (the key to success for any division).
With so much talent in both the Heavyweight and Light-heavyweight divisions, why don't more well-known fighters fight (or stay) at 175-200 pounds, especially boxers from the Western Hemisphere? There's just something about the allure of the heavyweights that's hard to resist for any dominant or talented cruiserweight champ – from Evander Holyfield to Juan Carlos Gomez to James Toney to our man Usyk. It's probably more than just the "allure" or prestige of going for the "biggest prize in sports," it's gotta be the money. Nobody makes as much (on average) as the heavyweights. But it's also about competition. Once a cruiserweight has collected all of the major belts, as Holyfield and Usyk did, it's only natural to start looking at the heavyweight titles. Or if a cruiserweight is as tough, experienced and ring savvy as Toney was during his brief stay in the division, he's going to want to test his skill and mettle against the big boys. (Long before there was a cruiserweight division the best light heavyweights, even a few middleweights, dared to challenge the top heavyweights of their eras.)
With the emphasis on making the heavyweight division competitive, would there be any advantage to scraping the Cruiserweight division, and mimicking the amateur ranks with Light-heavyweight (175), Heavyweight (200), and Super-heavyweight (+200) divisions in professional boxing? Perhaps re-naming the cruiserweight division would help its recognition in the U.S. (I don't think there's as much of a stigma in Europe and other parts of the world) But I still think the best 200-pound "heavyweights" would eventually look to "Glamor Division" for more fame and fortune.
HAVE YOU HURD? P4P RANKINGS ARE UNFAIR
Hi Doug,
I pray you and your family are doing well and I pray that all the readers of your mailbag and their families are doing well.
I read your last mailbag and I'm just perplexed by the Jarrett Hurd pd-for-pd. response. I know it is all subjective but usually you come from such a logical place. I was truly shocked. Errol Spence has beaten Chris Algeri, Kell Brook (coming off a loss) and a blown-up Mikey Garcia in a match where he had every advantage and he is being touted as a best fighter in the world.
And even worse example is Canelo Alvarez. Canelo who is high on the pd. for pd. list had life and death struggles with Trout and Lara. Both of those wins are very questionable and he has two debatable results with Triple G and he flat out lost to Mayweather a guy who he is two weight classes heavier then and Mayweather didn't even run from him. He took the fight to Canelo and beat his ass. Canelo was the one backing away. Yet Canelo is treated as some great fighter. Why? Because he was willing to take on tough competition. Well that is not enough. You also need to win decisively and impressively and not controversially to be considered outstanding. There is more to being great then just showing up. Canelo has been very mediocre in comparison to Hurd and has been given more acclaim which he doesn't deserve. Hurd has so far proven to be the better fighter. Hurd defeated Trout, Lara, and Harrison in a very impressive and decisive manner. Those are three ex-champions. He might not be the better-looking guy or the guy who sells the most tickets or gets the most hype and publicity but based on performance and only performance he should be ranked higher then Canelo on any pd. for pd. list I think from a logical and not emotional standpoint. – Blood and Guts in Philly
I gotta disagree with your logic, B&G, because while I agree that those three Hurd victories you mentioned (the only world-class names on his resume) were impressive, others were not as keen on the pressure fighter's performances vs. Harrison and Trout (pointing out his lack of defense and trouble cutting off the ring), and it's debatable if he beat Lara in a "decisive manner" (more than a few observers thought the fight could have been a draw or even for Lara by a point or two).
And even though you're saying your opinion is not emotional, I think it is. It's pretty obvious that you don't like Canelo. That's fine. It's a big group; not quite as big as his Fan Club, but Canelo Haters are definitely loud and very proud in comment sections and on social media.
I disagree with your claim that Canelo has been "very mediocre" in comparison to Hurd and I disagree that he's been "given
Hurd takes it to Harrison during the competitive early rounds of their 2017 fight. Photo / PBC
more acclaim" than he deserves. Alvarez has paid the cost to be the boss. Period. You don't have to like it, but it's a fact. Canelo was headlining major events (televised on HBO, Showtime and PPV) in America in 2011, before Hurd turned pro, and in 2012 (when the Maryland native was still fighting in four-round bouts). Hurd wasn't ready for world-class opposition until 2017, when he took on Tony Harrison and Austin Trout. And whether you want to acknowledge it or not, the fact is that both Harrison and Trout were competitive with Hurd. You could even say that they were outboxing him in the early to middle rounds – before Hurd's greater size, strength and suffocating pressure overwhelmed them in the late rounds.
Major props to Hurd for wearing those two top-10 rated junior middleweights down. Harrison is now a 154-pound beltholder, fresh off an upset (and somewhat controversial) decision over Jermell Charlo. Trout is as tough and crafty as they come. Those wins made Hurd a world-class junior middleweight. The decision over Lara, which took place EXACTLY ONE YEAR AGO (as I write this response), puts him in the "elite fighter" discussion but it's not a slam dunk as far as a pound-for-pound ranking. Victories over Lara and Trout are very good, but he's got to do a little more to get on the pound-for-pound board. Canelo faced Trout and Lara back in 2013 and 2014, before and after the loss to Mayweather, and he's accomplished a lot since those bouts.
Canelo digs a body shot to Lara during their 2014 showdown. Photo by Josh Hedges / Getty Images
He fought Trout when the American junior middleweight titleholder was undefeated and at the peak of his confidence and ring prowess. The Mexican star faced a fresher version of Lara. Did he struggle in those bouts? Of course! They were even-money matchups! But Hurd struggled with a shopworn version of Trout. Hurd ALSO WENT LIFE AND DEATH with Lara, but it was an older version of the Cuban veteran. I had Hurd-Lara even in rounds; he needed that final round knockdown to get the nod my scorecard.
Canelo was facing The Ring's No. 1 Pound-for-Pound rated fighter when he stepped into the ring vs. Mayweather and GGG. Why would anyone – especially those who drink TMT Kool-aide and believe that Floyd is TBE – hold those fights against him? Canelo was only the second fighter to take Golovkin the 12-round distance, and he did so without getting dropped as Daniel Jacobs did. In the rematch, he stood his ground for the duration of the fight. NOBODY had ever been able to do that for more than just a few rounds without getting WRECKED. It should be obvious – even if you f__kin' HATE the guy – that Canelo is an elite boxer. If he wasn't, he wouldn't be the fans/media/odds favorite against Jacobs, who is ridiculously talented.
Email Fischer at dougie@boxingmailbag.com. Follow him on Twitter and IG at @dougiefischer, and watch him on Periscope every Sunday from SMC track.
The post Dougie's Monday mailbag (you know it was a slow weekend when fans want to debate the Pound-for-Pound) appeared first on The Ring.
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WASHINGTON: Security and foreign policy analysts claim that Pakistan and the United States need to work jointly to ensure peaceful democratic process in Afghanistan, and the Trump administration needs to include non-security considerations in to its South Asia strategy as sending more troops on the battlefield will not make terrorism go away, security and foreign policy analysts said, analysts pointed out the increase in violence in recent weeks that posed threat to Afghanistan.
Michael Kugelman, deputy director of the Asia program and senior associates for South Asia at the Woodrow Wilson International Center and Shazar Shafqat, a counterterrorism and security analyst have put their perspective in separate articles for the online magazine The Hill.
Afghanistan has witnessed a series of attacks in recent weeks with Taliban and ISIS militants taken the country by storm, these attacks have claimed the lives of 130 people in Afganistan.
"Despite any rhetoric to the contrary, the United States and Pakistan need to collaborate with each other to ensure peaceful democratic transition in Afghanistan," wrote Mr. Shafqat, underscoring the facts on the ground that necessitate for the two countries to cooperate for a common goal of fighting terrorism.
Referring to the current position of the relationship between Pakistan and the United States, Mr. Safqat noted that the ties "is not the lowest it has ever been", referring to the attack that killed Osama bin Laden and the NATO air strike incident at Salala that killed Pakistani troops.
Mr. Kugelam was of the view that Trump administration needs to include non-security considerations in to its South Asia strategy as sending more troops on the battlefield are unlikely to achieve desired results, adding that Washington needs to include diplomatic and economic components that will address the problems within the Afghan administration and ease the tensions that have struck the territory badly.
Discussing the increasing violence and militants gaining more filed, analysts noted that Taliban group control 40/50 percent of Afghanistan's nearly 400 districts, which is more than ever before.


text:
Q: Hint on proof of convergence of Dedekind zeta function The following is an exercise in a number theory book (by Childress):
Let $K/\mathbb{Q}$ be a number field. Show that there series below representing $\zeta_K(s)$
$$\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\gamma_n}{n^s}\quad \text{where. } \gamma_n=\#\{\text{ideals }\mathfrak{a} \subseteq \mathcal{O}_K: N\mathfrak{a}=n\} $$ is absolutely convergent for $\Re(s)>1$. Are  the $\gamma_n$ bounded?
Here's my attempted write up,
I can show by example that $\gamma_n$ need not be bounded: Take $K=\mathbb{Q}[i]$, and recall that any prime $p\equiv 1 \bmod 4$ splits $p=\mathfrak{p}_1\mathfrak{p}_2$ in $\mathcal{O}_K$. So $g=2, e=1,f=1$ and $N(\mathfrak{p}_i)=p$. Then $N(\mathfrak{p}_1^i\mathfrak{p}_2^{m-i})=p^m$ for $i=0, \ldots m$, and therefore $\gamma_{p^m} = m+1$. Hence letting $m\to \infty$, we see that $\gamma_{p^m}$ is not bounded.
I'm stuck on the initial problem of absolute convergence and the case of a general field $K$. Let $d=[K:\mathbb{Q}]$. The ``worst case'' scenario (i.e. bound on $\gamma_n$) is where all primes $p$ split completely $p=\mathfrak{p}_1\cdots \mathfrak{p}_d$. Then $\gamma_{p^m}$ is the number of solutions $(n_1, \ldots, n_d)$ in nonnegative integers to $n_1 + \cdots n_d =m$, and this is $\binom{m}{d-1}$. Note that $m=\log_p p^m = \frac{\log p^m}{\log p}$ so for $p\geq 3$ we have $m \leq \log(p^m)$. Also, $\binom{m}{d-1} \leq m^{d-1}$. Therefore
    $$\gamma_{p^m} \leq (\log p^m)^{d-1}$$
Now let $n=p_1^{m_1} \cdots p_r^{m_r}$ be the prime factorization of an positive integer $n \in \mathbb{Z}$. Then
$$ \gamma_n = \prod_{i=1}^r \gamma_{p_i^{m_i}} \leq \prod (\log p_i^{m_i})^{d-1} $$
By the AM-GM inequality we have
$$ \prod \log p_i^{m_i} \leq \left( \frac{\sum_i \log p_i^{m_i}}{r} = \right)^r = \left(\frac{\log n}{r} \right) ^r $$
where $r$ is the number of primes dividing $n$.
So our bound on $\gamma_n$ is
$$ \gamma_n \leq \left(\frac{\log n}{r} \right)^{r(d-1)}$$
A calculus exercise shows that $f(r)=(C/r)^r$ is maximized at $r=C/e$ (where $C$ is a constant). Hence
$$ \gamma_n \leq e^{(\log n)(d-1)/e}$$
Hmm, it seems our bound has turned into an exponential function, so that is not good.

A: The right way to think about this is by considering the Euler product.
The $p$-part of this is
$$\prod_{i}\left(1-\frac1{p^{a_is}}\right)^{-1}
=\prod_{i}\left(1+\frac1{p^{a_is}}+\frac1{p^{2a_is}}+\cdots\right)$$
where the $p^{a_i}$ are the norms of the primes in $\mathcal{O}_K$ dividing
$p$. As there are at most $d$ of these, then for $s>1$
$$1+\frac1{p^{a_is}}+\frac1{p^{2a_is}}+\cdots
\le
1+\frac1{p^{s}}+\frac1{p^{2s}}+\cdots=\left(1-\frac1{p^s}\right)^{-1}$$
and so
$$\prod_{i}\left(1+\frac1{p^{a_is}}+\frac1{p^{2a_is}}+\cdots\right)
\le\left(1-\frac1{p^s}\right)^{-d}.$$
For $s>1$ then $\zeta_K(s)\le\zeta(s)^d$.
This inequality holds for the coefficients in the Dirichlet series.
The coefficient of $1/n^s$ in the Dirichlet series of $\zeta(s)^d$
is $c_d(n)$ where this denotes the number of $d$-tuples $(n_1,\ldots,n_d)$
of positive integers with product $n$. You should be able to get this
from your formula for $\gamma_{p^m}$. Once you have the inequality
$\gamma_n\le c_d(n)$, then you win, since even if you didn't know the
Euler product then it's elementary that $\zeta(s)^d=\sum_n c_d(n)/n^s$.
I suspect your estimates on the $\gamma_n$ are a bit too loose to get
a manifestly convergent series.

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The world of smartphones is evolving at an alarming rate. Almost 80% of the world's population is using a smartphone. If we see the evolution of smartphones the size of the phone is growing with their every new model. But it is not compulsory that all smartphone should be big in size. Generally, the new generation smartphones are all above 5 inches. But there are many who does not like this big size. So today we will discuss some of the best smartphones which are below the screen size of 5 inches.
Although being a small screen size these phones are loaded with huge power and higher built-in quality. Not only that we will give a description of the phone with their screen size too. It is said that it is not compulsory for a phone with a big screen will have the maximum powers. Even phones with small screen sizes come with much higher power as compared to that of the larger screen and today we will specifically discuss that.
List of Phones with Screen Size Less than 5 Inches.
Listed below are some of the best phones which are under 5 inches. The phones which I will discuss here are been used extensively and have received good response from different parts of the world.
With a screen size of 4.7 inches, this phone is top on our list. The phones come loaded with all kinds of features like 2GB of RAM followed by an A10 chip which is one of the fastest to date. It gets a 12 MP camera at the rear and 7 MP at the front. The phone is also water resistance. You will even get the choice of storage which is as follows 32,128 and 256GB. A brand like Apple does not need any kinds of special introduction for their built-in quality. Now after this I am sure you got the answer that to be a good phone it is not compulsory to have a big screen.
The I phone SE is another phone from I phone which is well known for its compatibility. This phone is almost the replica of the iPhone 5s. With a screen size of 4.0 inches, this phone turns out to be the best phone in terms of small screen size. The phone with an A9 chip which is a powerful chip followed by 2Gb of RAM and with following storage capacity of 16 and 64 GB. The front camera is 1.2 MP and the rear gets 12 MP which delivers a good Picture. But the most attractive thing about this phone is its screen size followed by a bunch of power loaded into it.
This Samsung phone is widely very famous with a screen size of 4.7 inches this phone has given a competition to other brands. The phone gets 2GB of RAM and runs on Android 6. The rear camera of the phone gets 13 MP and the front camera is of 8MP. The storage capacity of the phone is 16GB. The most attracting thing about the phone is its pricing which is kept quite less as compared to that of its other competitors. Here the highlight is that with a low price point Samsung has provided with a power pack that too in a decent screen size.
If are searching for a power pack then this is the phone which you should choose. The Sony Experia x compact comes loaded with different types of features. The most attractive part of this phone is its screen size which is 4.6 inches and with this size it gets a powerful process which is of Snapdragon 650. The device gets a 3GB of RAM and a ROM of 32GB which is the best in the class. The front camera of the phone is of 5MP and the rear camera of the phone is of 23MP which delivers some of the best of the picture quality. This decent size screen makes you handle the phone very precisely. If we say about the built-in quality then there is no comparison with this phone and other as they use some of the best of the things on their phones.
With a screen size of 4.7 inches, this is one of the most renowned phone which everyone should take a note. I phone 6s is the only phone which got the maximum amount of appreciation in the small screen phone segment. How much we say it will be less for this phone. The phone gets a 3D touchscreen facility which is first introduced in this phone. The phone also gets a 1Gb of RAM and comes with different ROM options like 32GB, 64GB, and 128GB. The screen size of the phone is the most attractive thing about this phone which makes it reach this level. Though this phone is not a new release it still has a huge follower and it is the most used Apple device until now.
Just like other small screen phones this phone to get the maximum benefiteth with its screen size. The screen size of this phone is about 4.7 inches which is quite a decent one. Though this phone is not much good looking many gave good reviews regarding this phone. The other most attracting thing about this phone is its toughness. The phone can easily survive a drop from 6feet and can easily stand working with a water dip of over 16 feet. There are many people who are just fond of this phone for its durability and its handy size. The touchscreen of the phone can work on any circumstance which makes it best in the class.
So these were some of the phones with small screen size which should take a look. There are many people across the globe who are just fond of compact phones. Now it is your turn to choose among one of those and make your work more accessibility with just a decent screen size. All the phones mentioned here are best in class and comes with a decent price point.


text:
The year 1820 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy
  March 10 – Astronomical Society of London is founded.
 October 20 – Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, is founded.

Biology
 Christian Friedrich Nasse formulates Nasse's law: hemophilia occurs only in males and is transmitted by asymptomatic females.
 Ground is set aside for establishment of the United States Botanic Garden in Washington, D.C.

Chemistry
 May – John Herapath draws up a partial account of the kinetic theory of gases.
 Joseph Bienaimé Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier isolate the alkaloids cinchonine and quinine from Cinchona bark.
 Friedrich Accum's A Treatise on Adulterations of Food and Culinary Poisons is published in London.

Computing
 Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar makes his "Arithmometer", the first mass-produced calculator.

Exploration
 January 27 (NS) – The Antarctic ice sheet is sighted for the first time by Imperial Russian Navy captain Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.
 January 30 – Antarctica is sighted for the second time by Irish-born British Royal Navy captain Edward Bransfield in the Williams.
 July – Botanist Edwin James becomes the first recorded person to reach the summit of Pikes Peak in Colorado.
 November 17 – Antarctica is sighted for the third time by United States seal hunter Nathaniel Palmer.

Geology
 May – The Geological Society publishes a Geological Map of England & Wales by G. B. Greenough (dated 1819) as an alternative to William Smith's famous geological map of 1815. Greenough's map is produced from a collaborative effort that is skilfully edited and generally acknowledged to be more accurate than Smith's.

Physics
 April – Hans Christian Ørsted discovers the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
 Laws of electrodynamics are established by André-Marie Ampère.
 Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart demonstrate the Biot–Savart law in electromagnetism.

Technology
 July 26 – Opening of Union Chain Bridge across the River Tweed between England and Scotland, designed by Captain Samuel Brown. Its span of 449 ft (137 metres) is the longest in the Western world at this time, and it is the first wrought iron vehicular suspension bridge of its type in Britain.
 English inventor Thomas Hancock patents the production of fastenings using rubberized fabrics and invents the "pickling machine" (masticator) for recycling rubber scraps.
 French engineer Jean-Victor Poncelet develops an inward-flow water turbine.

Awards
 Copley Medal – Hans Christian Ørsted

Births
 January 20 – Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois (died 1886), French mineralogist.
 March 24 – Edmond Becquerel (died 1891), French physicist.
 April 4 – David Kirkaldy (died 1897), Scottish engineer, pioneer of materials testing.
 April 16 – Victor Puiseux (died 1883), French mathematician.
 May 12 – Florence Nightingale (died 1910), Italian-born English nurse.
 July 5 – William John Macquorn Rankine (died 1872), Scottish physicist.
 August 2 – John Tyndall (died 1893), Irish physicist.
 November 8 – Birdsill Holly (died 1894), American hydraulic engineer.

Deaths
 April 15 – John Bell (born 1763), Scottish-born surgeon.
 June 19 – Joseph Banks (born 1743), English naturalist.
 August – Ralph Smith O'bré, Irish surgeon.
 October 4 – Claudine Picardet (born 1735), French chemist, mineralogist, meteorologist and scientific translator.

References

19th century in science
1820s in science

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text:
Learning article
RB provided financial support in the production of this content. UK/O/1118/0061
The Pharmaceutical Journal retains sole editorial responsibility.
How to prevent common eye problems
The Pharmaceutical Journal15 NOV 2018By Priya Boparai
Priya Boparai
Medicines Information and Ophthalmology Pharmacist, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
, Clare Faulkner
Clare Faulkner
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
There are many modifiable lifestyle factors that contribute to sight loss and pharmacists should be able to advise patients on how to reduce their risk.
Modifiable lifestyle factors, such as alcohol consumption and smoking, can contribute to sight loss
There are more than 200 eye conditions, ranging from common problems (e.g. dry eye disease [DED], cataracts and glaucoma) to rarer diseases (e.g. ocular melanoma and vernal keratoconjunctivitis). Some of these have no symptoms and can cause loss of sight before patients even realise what is happening. There are 1.8 million people in the UK who are living with significant sight loss, 50% of which is avoidable[1]. As such, the government's Public Health Outcomes Framework has highlighted preventable sight loss as a health priority[2].
There are many services that pharmacists and healthcare professionals can signpost patients to that support the aim of reducing the incidence of preventable sight loss. This article describes how to identify patients in at-risk groups and counsel them on lifestyle changes and the treatments that are available. It also outlines the 'red flag' symptoms as well as when and where to refer patients.
1. Reduce alcohol consumption
In addition to increasing the risk of heart disease, liver disease and certain cancers, persistent alcohol misuse can also affect long-term eye health. Alcohol use has been shown to exacerbate the signs and symptoms of DED (also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca)[3], a condition where the eyes do not make enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly, leading to the eyes drying out and becoming red, swollen and irritated (see Box 1). A case–control study in ten patients following ethanol ingestion demonstrated that ethanol was detected in the person's tears and was associated with a decreased tear break-up time (through ethanol acting as a solvent), increasing tear osmolarity and disturbing cytokine production[4].
Box 1: Dry eye disease
The common chronic condition dry eye disease (DED) is estimated to affect between 1 in 3 and 1 in 20 people[5].
Symptoms, which usually affect both eyes, include:
Irritation;
Grittiness (the feeling that there is sand in the eye);
Burning;
Soreness;
Watery eyes;
Visual disturbance.
Patients who present with the following symptoms should be referred to their GP or an eye care specialist:
Severe or sudden pain in one or both eyes;
Sudden onset of symptoms after a certain event;
Mouth dryness in combination with other dry eye symptoms (this can be a sign of Sjögren's disease);
Loss of vision or serious visual disturbance (a symptom of retinal detachment).
For more information on identifying DED and treatment recommendations in the community pharmacy setting, see Wolffsohn et al.'s 'Identification of dry eye conditions in community pharmacy'[3] and Evans & Madden's 'Recommending dry eye treatments in community pharmacy'[6].
Heavy alcohol consumption has also been associated with known causes of blindness, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD; when the cells in the central part of the retina become damaged and central vision is impacted as a result). A meta-analysis of five published studies found that heavy alcohol consumption, defined as an intake of ≥30g of alcohol/day, was associated with an increased risk of early AMD[7]. Alcohol is thought to increase oxidative stress by modifying the mechanisms that protect against it, resulting in AMD[7]. The link with cataracts (clouding of the lens in the eye) is less clear, but an increased prevalence of cataracts has been reported in patients with heavy alcohol consumption[8].
Pharmacists should counsel patients in accordance with current NHS guidance: people should not drink more than 14 units of alcohol (a unit of alcohol is defined as 10mL of pure alcohol, roughly equivalent to 8g) per week and alcohol consumption should be evenly spread over three or more days, with several alcohol-free days each week[9]. Patients can be signposted to organisations that can help provide support alongside the NHS, including Alcohol Concern, Alcoholics Anonymous and Drinkaware.
A history of cigarette smoking has been associated with an increased risk of AMD and is related to both its incidence and progression[10]. Current smokers have been shown to be at an increased risk of developing AMD, compared with ex-smokers and non-smokers who are exposed to second-hand smoke[11]. Cigarette smoke has also been shown to have a dose-related relationship with the formation of cataracts[12]. It has also been linked to diabetic retinopathy (the blockage of blood vessels at the back of the eye), DED and glaucoma (a condition affecting the optic nerve).
A cross-sectional survey of 260 teenagers found that fear of blindness was just as compelling a motivation for smoking cessation as fear of lung cancer, heart disease and stroke[13]. Discussions relating to eye care could, therefore, help motivate patients to quit smoking.
Pharmacists and healthcare professionals should enquire on the smoking status of all patients at least once per year and should discuss it during routine consultations. They can even provide advice to patients outside of smoking cessation services or the provision of nicotine replacement therapy, including during the purchase of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, through medicines use reviews or during local or national campaigns (e.g. No Smoking Day).
3. Protect eyes from the sun
High levels of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) A and B light are known risk factors for numerous eye conditions, including cataracts and cancer[14]. Most brands of prescription glasses now contain a UV filter, but not all sunglasses provide adequate protection. Patients should be counselled to ensure their sunglasses are either CE or BS marked (i.e. proof of conformity with European or British standards, respectively), and are the appropriate filter category for their use (filter categories range from 0 to 4, where 4 is the darkest lens). For further advice, see Box 2.
Box 2: Advice pharmacists can give patients on buying sunglasses
Sunglasses should carry the CE mark and British Standard, which ensures they offer a safe level of ultraviolet (UV) protection;
Sunglasses that will be worn for driving should be in the filter category range of 0–3. A lens carrying a filter category of 4 will be too dark for safe driving;
Unless the glasses carry the British Standard BS EN 1836:1997, the shade of the lenses should not be confused with their ability to filter UV rays. Dark sunglasses may still allow UV rays to enter the eye and can be more harmful than wearing no glasses at all because they cause the pupil of the eye to dilate, allowing more UV rays to enter;
Sunglasses will also absorb high energy visible radiation (blue light). It is recommended that no more than 95% of blue light should be filtered to avoid colour distortion.
Source: The British Standards Institution. Sunglasses - not just about looking cool in the heat. 2002. Available at: https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/about-bsi/media-centre/press-releases/2002/6/Sunglasses—not-just-about-looking-cool-in-the-heat/ (accessed November 2018)
4. Reduce screen time
Increasing reliance on digital devices has led to a rapid increase in computer-related eye symptoms, known as computer vision syndrome (CVS)[15]. Symptoms of CVS can be divided into four categories:
Eye strain (asthenopia);
Dry or painful eyes relating to the ocular surface[3],[16];
Difficulty focusing (visual blur);
Other non-ocular symptoms[15].
For patients experiencing CVS, a range of pharmacy medicines are available over the counter, along with environmental management options, such as:
For symptoms of fatigue, everyone using screens should be advised to follow the 20:20:20 rule (every 20 minutes individuals take a 20-second break and focus on an object 20 feet away)
Modify the screen environment, taking into account lighting and glare, airflow, screen and seating configuration and blue light.
Refering patients with blurred vision to an optometrist
If difficulty focusing is a problem, patients should be advised of the Health and Safety Executive guidance (i.e. that employers have to provide an eye test if an employee habitually uses display screen equipment as a significant part of their normal day-to-day work).
Following advice for mild aqueous-deficient DED
Treat with artificial tears and ocular lubricants;
Although hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (hypromellose) is commonly recommended, a more viscous product, such as carbomer 980, may be helpful for patients with CVS because they can increase the time that moisture is retained;
Moderate-to-severe symptoms may require prescribed topical anti-inflammatory medications (e.g. ciclosporin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops or corticosteroid eye drops);
Sodium hyaluronate is often recommended for treatment of more advanced DED.
Following advice for evaporative DED
Ocular lubricants may ease symptoms.
Modifying the screen environment, taking into account the following factors
Lighting and glare;
Airflow;
Screen and seating configuration;
Exposure to blue light.
For patients with double vision, refer to an orthoptist[15].
OTC treatments for eye conditions are available in a range of formulations, including sprays, drops, gels and ointments. Patients should be advised of the various products, their potential modes of action and administration methods, to allow them to make an informed decision. For further advice, see Barai and Hammond's 'Computer vision syndrome: causes, symptoms and management in the pharmacy'[15].
5. Have regular sight tests
Pharmacists can reinforce the importance of regular sight tests; for the majority of adults, the recommended interval is every two years[17]. However, some higher risk patient groups are recommended to have more frequent sight tests (see Box 3). Some patient groups also have additional risk factors for glaucoma (e.g. Afro–Caribbean or Asian patients, or patients who are aged 40 years and over with a family history, are living with diabetes or high blood pressure, or are taking systemic or topical corticosteroids). These patients should be signposted to their local optician if they have not had a recent sight test or have any vision concerns.
Similarly to exemptions from NHS prescription charges, some patient groups are exempt from paying for sight tests. It is worth checking with patients to see if they qualify[18].
Box 3: Recommended sight test frequency
Test every six months:
People aged under 7 years with binocular vision anomaly or corrected refractive error (i.e. have a squint or require glasses to correct vision);
People aged 7–15 years with binocular vision anomaly or rapidly progressing myopia (i.e. have a squint or are short-sighted).
Test every year:
People up to the age of 16 years who have no binocular vision anomaly or refractive error (i.e. no squint or do not require glasses to correct vision);
People with diabetes who are not part of a diabetic retinopathy monitoring scheme.
Test every two years:
People aged 16 years and over;
People with diabetes who are part of a diabetic retinopathy monitoring scheme.
Source: College of Optometrists. Knowledge skills and performance domain/The routine eye examination. 2017[17]
6. Follow contact lens hygiene advice
Owing to the nature of introducing a foreign item onto the surface of the eye, and the warm and moist environment in the eye, improper use of contact lenses can lead to problems. Pharmacists should be aware of The Association of Optometrists's advice for contact lens wearers in order to counsel patients effectively:
Hands should be washed and dried before handling contact lenses;
Tap water should never be used to clean lenses (Acanthamoeba is found in tap water, which can lead to sight-threatening infections);
A specific type of contact lens solution should be used, as advised by an optometrist;
Contact lens cases should be cleaned weekly with lens solution and replaced monthly when a new bottle of lens solution is opened. The solution in the case should be changed after each lens wear;
Never swim or bathe while wearing contact lenses unless advised by an optometrist or eye care practitioner that it is safe to do so;
Never share or swap lenses;
Apply makeup after putting in lenses and remove once lenses removed;
Never wear lenses for longer than recommended (maximum 16 hours/day) as this increases the risk of microbial keratitis and DED;
Never sleep in lenses unless they are specifically designed for overnight wear;
Go to regular aftercare appointments (at least annually);
Consult an optometrist in the event of redness, pain or loss of vision;
If in doubt, take them out[19].
7. Attend screening
All patients taking hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine should receive regular eye screening owing to the risk of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy, as stipulated by the Royal College of Ophthalmologists[20]. At least 7.5% of patients taking hydroxychloroquine for more than five years will have some retinal damage. Hydroxychloroquine screening schemes are still being developed across the UK; however, it is still important to remind patients about the importance of regular eye screening. The rule of five is a helpful reminder: if patients are taking more than 5mg/kg/day for more than five years, then annual eye screening is required[20].
8. Practise good eye drop compliance and technique
Around 50% of patients with glaucoma are non-compliant with treatment[21]. Given the consequences of treatment failure, pharmacists should consider reasons for this and assist patients to overcome any barriers they may have; this will help prevent poor clinical outcomes and potentially unnecessary polypharmacy. The case study in Box 4 demonstrates how to do this.
Box 4: Eye drop compliance and technique case study
Mrs G comes to collect her repeat medication (metformin and ramipril) from the pharmacy. You note she also has latanoprost eye drops on her repeat medications, but has not requested these for some time. You decide to ask her about her eye drops, she states she no longer needs them as she does not have any symptoms and her glaucoma has "got better".
How to approach the situation
Glaucomatous damage is irreversible so it is important to highlight that glaucoma is a broadly symptomless disease. Intraocular pressure needs to be controlled in the long term, and kept below 24mmHg to prevent visual problems as a result of damage to the optic nerve.
As Mrs G also has diabetes and hypertension, she is at higher risk of glaucoma; therefore, it is important that all three conditions are adequately controlled. Following your discussion, it becomes apparent that Mrs G did not understand the importance of continuing to use the eye drops until her ophthalmologist agrees her intraocular pressure is acceptable or she is no longer at risk of developing visual loss within her lifetime[22].
What else to assess
It is important to check eye drop technique. Consider the wrist–knuckle technique developed by the Moorfields eye hospital #knowyourdrops campaign team[23]:
Check the expiry date on the eye drop bottle and shake if required;
Wash your hands before opening the bottle;
Lie down or sit down and tilt your head back;
Make a fist with one hand and use your knuckles to pull your lower eyelid downwards. Hold the eye drop bottle with your other hand, and place your wrist on your knuckles;
Look up and squeeze one drop into your lower eyelid, making sure the nozzle does not touch your eye, eyelashes or eyelid;
Close your eye and press gently on the inner corner of your eye for 30–60 seconds to ensure the drop is fully absorbed.
When to refer
OTC treatment of common eye problems in the pharmacy is often limited to management of red, sticky, gritty and sore eyes. However, pharmacists should have a good awareness of how to treat DED and bacterial conjunctivitis[6],[24], and recognise red flag symptoms (e.g. visual loss; pain; flashing lights, floaters or halos; headaches; and co-existing diabetes or hypertension).
Where established, minor eye condition schemes (MECS) involve local accredited opticians or optometrists who offer urgent appointments (see Table 1 for an overview). Patients can self-refer or be referred by a pharmacist, GP or NHS 111. Those participating in the MECS can refer patients to eye casualty or hospital eye services if required[25]. Pharmacists are advised to check the details of MECS in their area for a definite list of referral criteria.
Table 1: Which service patients with eye problems should attend
GP Minor eye condition service
Eye casualty
Swollen eye and fever (urgent) Painful eye* Penetrating eye injury/eye trauma
Visual changes linked to headache (e.g. migraine) Foreign body in eye Sudden or dramatic vision changes
Flashing lights* Eye pain interfering with activities of daily living
Floating dots* Eye pain with eye bulging
Ingrowing eyelashes Eye surgery within the past 30 days in the same eye
Painful red eye with reduced vision/light sensitivity
Painful red eye with vision loss and nausea/vomiting
History of uveitis/iritis plus suspicion of a new episode
Vision loss with headaches and scalp/jaw soreness
Painful eye with droopy eyelid/double vision/abnormal pupil
Contact lens wear with red eye/severe pain/reduced vision
Flashers or floaters with veils/curtains/clouds, or reduced central vision
*Recent issue within the past six weeks
Source: Oxfordshire Local Optical Committee. Patient information leaflet for minor eye conditions scheme[26]
Supported by RB
RB provided financial support in the production of this content.
The authors were paid by The Pharmaceutical Journal to write this article and full editorial control was maintained by the journal at all times.
[1] Royal National Institute of Blind People. Sight loss: a public health priority. 2014. Available at: https://www.rnib.org.uk/sites/default/files/Sight_loss_a%20public_health_priority_1401.pdf (accessed November 2018)
[2] Department of Health. Improving outcomes and supporting transparency. Part 2: Summary technical specifications of public health indicators. 2016. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/545605/PHOF_Part_2.pdf (accessed November 2018)
[3] Wolffsohn J, Bilkhu P, Wolffsohn T & Langley C. Identification of dry eye conditions in community pharmacy. Pharm J 2016;297(7892):S7–S10. doi: 10.1211/PJ.2016.20201138
[4] Kim JH, Kim JH, Nam WH et al. Oral alcohol administration disturbs tear film and ocular surface. Ophthalmology 2012;119(5):965–971. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.11.015
[5] Wolffsohn J & Craig JP. Evidence-based understanding of dry eye disease in pharmacy: overview of the TFOS DEWS II report. Pharm J 2017;299(7905):166–170. doi: 10.1211/PJ.2017.20203352
[6] Evans K & Madden L. Recommending dry eye treatments in community pharmacy. Pharm J 2016;297(7892):S11–S14. doi: 10.1211/PJ.2016.20201430
[7] Chong E, Kreis A, Wong T et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of age-related macular degeneration: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol 2008;145(4):707–715. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.12.005
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[9] Department of Health. UK chief medical officers' low risk drinking guidelines. 2016. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/545937/UK_CMOs__report.pdf (accessed November 2018)
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[12] Klein BE, Klein R, Linton KL et al. Cigarette smoking and lens opacities: the Beaver Dam Eye study. Am J Prev Med 1993;9(1):27–30. PMID: 8439434
[13] Moradi P, Thornton J, Edwards R et al. Teenagers' perceptions of blindness related to smoking: a novel message to a vulnerable group. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91(5): 605–607. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2006.108191
[14] Cruickshanks K, Klein B & Klein R. Ultraviolet light exposure and lens opacities: the Beaver Dam Eye study. Am J of Public Health 1992;82(12):1658–1662. PMCID: PMC1694542
[15] Barai J & Hammond C. Computer vision syndrome: causes, symptoms and management in the pharmacy. Pharm J 2017;299(7908):363–366. doi: 10.1211/PJ.2017.20203789
[16] Connelly D. Dry eye: pathology and treatment types. Pharm J 2016;297(7892):S2–S3. doi: 10.1211/PJ.2016.20201582
[17] The College of Optometrists. The routine eye examination. 2017. Available at: http://guidance.college-optometrists.org/guidance-contents/knowledge-skills-and-performance-domain/the-routine-eye-examination/ (accessed November 2018)
[18] Association of Optometrists. NHS sight test eligibility. 2017. Available at: https://www.aop.org.uk/advice-and-support/for-patients/nhs-funded-eye-sight-test-eligibility-and-voucher-guide (accessed November 2018)
[19] Association of Optometrists. Contact lens advice: soft contact lenses. 2017. Available at: https://www.aop.org.uk/advice-and-support/for-patients/contact-lenses/soft-lenses (accessed November 2018)
[20] The Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Clinical guidelines: Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine retinopathy screening guideline recommendations. 2018. Available at: https://www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Hydroxychloroquine-and-Chloroquine-Retinopathy-Screening-Guideline-Recommendations.pdf (accessed November 2018)
[21] National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. #KnowYourDrops eye drop compliance campaign to achieve medicines optimisation in ophthalmology. 2017. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/sharedlearning/knowyourdrops-eye-drop-compliance-campaign-to-achieve-medicines-optimisation-in-ophthalmology (accessed November 2018)
[22] National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Glaucoma: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline [NG81]. 2017. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng81/chapter/Recommendations#treatment (accessed November 2018)
[23] Moorfields Eye Hospital. Patient information general: how to use your eyedrops. 2018. Available at: https://www.moorfields.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/How%20to%20use%20your%20eye%20drops_0.pdf (accessed November 2018)
[24] Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Chloramphenicol 1% ointment/0.5% eyedrops: quick reference guide. 2017. Available at: https://www.rpharms.com/resources/quick-reference-guides/chloramphenicol-05w-v-eye-drops-1w-v-ointment (accessed November 2018)
[25] Local Optical Committee Support Unit. Minor eye conditions service pathway. 2014. Available at: http://www.locsu.co.uk/community-services-pathways/primary-eyecare-assessment-and-referral-pears/ (accessed November 2018)
[26] Oxfordshire Local Optical Committee. Patient information leaflet for minor eye conditions scheme. 2018. Available at: https://www.oxfordshireloc.org.uk/files/2115/3786/8581/Patient_Information_Leaflet_for_MECS_Oxfordshire__A5_Sept18.pdf (accessed November 2018)
Citation: The Pharmaceutical Journal, November 2018, Vol 301, No 7919, online | DOI: 10.1211/PJ.2018.20205702
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ROME (Reuters) – Italy may hold repeat elections as early as July after the man asked to be prime minister failed to secure support from major political parties for even a stop-gap government, sources said on Tuesday, as markets tumbled on the growing political turmoil.
The coffee chain closes all 8,000 cafes in the US for an afternoon of "racial bias" training.
John Lewis will rejuvenate its 40-year-old department store in London's Brent Cross as part of a £1.4bn redevelopment of the shopping centre. Brent Cross, which opened in north London in 1976, will double in size to include 150 new shops, 50 new restaurants and other leisure businesses including a luxury cinema.
John Lewis has signed a new lease as part of the development, which comes despite difficulties on the high street leading to the closure of hundreds of stores as shoppers shift to buying online. A net 1,700 chain stores closed their doors in the top 500 towns and shopping centres last year, according the Local Data Company – the worst figures since 2010.
The post MIB: Bullish or Bearish Markets? appeared first on The Big Picture.
The turmoil over the failed Italian coalition, with the prospect of new elections in the autumn, has revived memories of the crisis which engulfed the eurozone over Greece. Investors have taken fright that Italy might effectively vote to leave the euro, sending markets and bond prices tumbling.
And on top of that, there is concern over Spain, where the government faces a no confidence vote on Friday.
Could this be a slap on the wrist from the President of the European Council for some of the earlier comments from the ECB and EU?
The global market slump in the wake of Italy's latest political problems has spread to the US, with Wall Street opening sharply lower.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average is down 190 points or 0.7% while the S&P 500 fell 0.6% at the start of trading and the Nasdaq Composite losing 0.4%. US Treasury bonds, one of the perceived havens for investors in times of turmoil, have moved higher, with the 10 year yield conversely at the lowest level since April.
At times like this it is worth looking at the VIX index – the so-called fear index which shows investors' expectations of near term market volatility.
So far today it has jumped 17% to 15.49, the highest level since the beginning of May.
The Presidential rejection of a democratically elected coalition government has thrown Italy into a constitutional crisis, one made worse given it was because of the coalition's anti EU beliefs. In echoes of the euro crisis earlier this decade, these events could ultimately threaten the future of the EU, or at the very least, question it in its current form.
Whilst it is no surprise that Italian yields have soared and equities plunged as investors reprice the actual risk of holding Italian assets, this crisis has been on the cards for some time and shows how complacent financial markets have become in the era of quantitative easing. At the same time there has been a noticeable slowdown in growth across the EU this year which will also continue to weigh on sentiment towards both Italian and EU wide assets. Throw in heightened geopolitical risks in other parts of the world such as the US and Asia, rising interest rates and the reduction in central bank support through quantitative easing, then the outlook for financial markets is far less certain than over the past few years.
A deepening political crisis in Italy, the euro zone's third biggest economy, fuelled a heavy selloff in Italian assets and the euro reminiscent of the euro zone debt crisis of 2010-2012.
Short-term Italian bond yields, which move inversely to price, were set for their biggest one-day jump since 1992, while Italian and wider euro zone banking stocks were set to suffer their worst day since August 2016.
Earlier Italy sold €5.5bn worth of six month bonds, but at the highest yield for more than five years.
Amid the turmoil surrounding the country's political future, it sold the expected amount of bonds but at a yield or interest rate of an average 1.213%. At the previous auction for this maturity the yield was negative at -0.421%.
US markets are expected to open lower in the wake of the European declines, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average forecast to lose around 190 points at the start of trading.
Any intervention by the European Central Bank to help Italy in the event of liquidity problems must meet the bank's mandate and "certain conditions", its outgoing Vice-President was quoted as saying on Tuesday.
"Italy knows the rules. They might want to read them again," Vitor Constancio told Spiegel magazine in an interview, according to a pre-release, when asked if the central bank would intervene if needed and rescue Italy from insolvency.
With markets transfixed on affairs in Italy and Spain (amid a vote of no confidence for Rajoy), we are seeing a sharp shift into safe haven assets, driving the Japanese yen and gold prices higher in recent days. FTSE 100-listed gold producers Fresnillo and Randgold are the best performers in the bluechip index in early trade amid a shift into gold. We often see stocks benefit when currencies come under pressure, but the flight to safety this morning means the euro and the pound are also getting another pounding alongside the stock market declines.
Moody's, which recently put Italy's Baa2 credit rating on review for a downgrade, has commented on the latest developments.
It said Italy was likely to be downgraded if the next government pursued fiscal policies which were not sufficient to place the public debt ratio on a sustainable downward trajectory in the coming years.
Moody's: We will conclude the review when we will have better visibility on the policy direction of the country, which means that the time frame for the review may exceed the typical period of up to three months.
We've seen a steep selloff in risk assets as the Italian political troubles deepen, with investors seemingly dumping their exposure to Italy. Whilst a lot has already been written on the topic, the moves this morning warrant attention as we are seeing some incredible price action in Italian bonds with the market moving at speeds not seen since the worst of the Eurozone debt crisis.
The head of Italy's central bank has said the country's economy is recovering and growth is increasingly self sustained, but said any move to weaken the country's public finances could undermine confidence and years of valuable reforms.
Ignazio Visco, speaking to the bank's annual meeting, made the comments amid the political turmoil which is likely to lead to a new election, with euro membership likely to be among the main issues for voters.
The market rout is intensifying, in the wake of the Italian political crisis.
The FTSE 100 is now down nearly 120 points or 1.5%, Germany's Dax is down 1.6% and France's Cac has fallen 1.87%.
It may not have taken in the latest developments, but the recent political uncertainty in Italy has hit consumer confidence.
The confidence index fell to 113.7 in May, the lowest since August last year and below the 116.5 level expected by analysts. The April figure came in at 116.9.
Having rejected the NL/5-star leaders' nomination of Paolo Savona as [Italian] Economy Minister, President Mattarella has called on Carlo Cottarelli to form an interim administration.
His chances of succeeding are slim and elections are likely in September. Which leaves us 3-4 months of uncertainty ahead of a vote that may be seen as a referendum on Euro-membership. The threat of further rating downgrades hangs over the BTP [Italian bond] market (and is largely priced-in), and the European Central Bank's plans for providing forward guidance on policy normalisation are up in the air. Which means that the risk of EUR/USD reaching 1.10 by the end of the summer is significantly higher than the possibility of a recovery to 1.20.
As expected the threat of a new eurozone crisis – this time involving Italy and/or Spain rather than Greece – has sent markets sharply lower in early trading.
The FTSE 100 is down 0.78% at 7670, while Germany's Dax has dropped 0.6% and France's Cac 0.69%.
Pret a Manger, the British sandwich shop chain, is being taken over by the German-controlled company behind Krispy Kreme donuts and Kenco coffee in a deal worth more than £1.5bn.
Bridgepoint, the UK-based private equity firm, has agreed to sell Pret to the investment group JAB Holdings, which has been rapidly acquiring companies linked to the coffee market in recent years.
The unscheduled trading statement from Dixons Carphone shows it now expects profits of around £300m in its next financial year, well below the £387m expected by analysts.
We will correct recent underinvestment in both our colleague and customer proposition. In the coming year we expect to make a cost investment of around £30m in these areas across the UK and Ireland, giving our colleagues the right tools and the customer an improved experience.
Italian bond yields have jumped on the political turmoil engulfing the country, with the two year yields rising above 1% for the first time since 2014.
The euro continues to come under pressure, falling to its lowest level since November 2017 against the dollar.
It is down 4% so far this month at $1.159, and is also at a new six and a half month low against the Swiss franc. It has fallen 0.1% against the pound.
It's been a little while, but the eurozone looks like it could be heading towards another period of turmoil. And it is not Greece this time.
The overriding problem for investors is that these are two of the largest, most important economies in the eurozone. Euro traders are aware that the potential fallout from Italy mainly, but also this Spanish headache, dwarfs the fallout which could have been following the Greek debt saga and as a result the euro has fallen heavily out of favour and has continued to decline overnight. With potential elections just around the corner in both Spain and Italy, a summer of volatility now seems almost a given.
YANGON (Reuters) – Evidence Myanmar police say they obtained from the mobile phones of two Reuters reporters accused of possessing secret documents might be "tainted", a defense lawyer said on Tuesday, because at least one phone was used after it was confiscated.
The post The Gig Economy is Surprisingly Small appeared first on The Big Picture.


Helen is a partner in our corporate finance division as well as banking and funds.
She focuses on corporate and banking transactions and support. Recommended by both Legal 500 and Chambers UK, Helen has a wide range of experience in corporate matters with particular focus on M&A and private equity transactions. Helen acts for both companies and their stakeholders including shareholders, management and private equity institutions.
Described as "standout lawyer" and "highly experienced" in banking and finance practice, Helen acts for corporate borrowers as well as UK and overseas banks seeking to provide finance to UK companies either directly or as part of group facilities to support such transactions, with a particular focus on the oil and gas industry.


One of four new franchises to make their WSB debuts in Season V, the first Venezuela Caciques squad nevertheless included several boxers with first-hand experience of the unique competition for different outfits in previous campaigns. Eight wins from a possible fourteen was an impressive return for the Venezuelans, only narrowly missing out on the Play-Offs, but the team built on that experience in Season VI to finish second in their group behind Russian Boxing Team. A chastening Quarter-Final defeat at the hands of Astana Arlans Kazakhstan won't have dampened the side's spirits as the Caciques head into Season VII determined to go even further.
The Venezuelan Caciques captain is Rio 2016 Olympian Gabriel Maestre, a Welterweight (69kg) with three seasons of WSB action already under his belt. Maestre takes control of a new-look team, selected from the winners of Venezuela's brand new National Boxing League.


Off Season: 10% discount for reservations in April or May.
Service: 10% discount for any active military, police or fire personel.
Senior: 10% discount for any reservation made by someone over 65.
Located above the restaurant in main lodge.
Common area available to all room that has a small kitchenette.


text:
male singers that are actors
Upon relocating to Los Angeles with his family, Baker was immediately cast in the Academy Award winning film L.A. He is a South Korean actor. ... Jake T. Austin was born Jake Austin Szymanski in New York City, to Giny Rodriguez Toranzo and Joe Szymanski. 195 views made by moviewatcher. He's one of the best singers alive, why he is just no5? His recent ancestry includes Polish, English, ... Paul was raised in the Marlboro, New Jersey. Sprouse has acted from the young age of six months and continues to do so out of his new home base of NYC after receiving his bachelors degree from NYU. He died on July 13, 2013 in Vancouver... Eric Mabius was born in Pennsylvania, the second of two sons of Elizabeth (née Dziczek) and Craig Mabius. He is known for his work on The Hunger Games (2012), Let Me In (2010) and The Purge (2013). Justin Drew Bieber, born March 1, 1994) is a Canadian pop/R&B singer, songwriter and actor. After graduating from AMDA in New York he lived and auditioned in the city until landing a lead role in his ... Music_department | Rufus, the son of folk singers, has been called the "master of the contemporary torch song." Or Harry Styles (born February 1, 1994), who recently went viral for leaving a fan a sweet note about feeding her fish...and for becoming the first male celeb to have a solo cover of Vogue. He began studying at the... Jean-Luc Bilodeau was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In the list of the Top 10 Hottest Korean Male Actors Over 40, Song Seung-Heon is at no 4. If regular men have this much pressure, can you imagine how much pressure male celebrities face? Jennifer Hudson. Upon graduating from high school, he attended the ... Justin Randall Timberlake was born on January 31, 1981, in Memphis, Tennessee, to Lynn (Bomar) and Randall Timberlake, whose own father was a Baptist minister. He is an actor, known for House (2004), Uptown Girls (2003) and Chicago Fire (2012). Justin Drew Bieber was born on March 1, 1994 at St. Joseph's Hospital in London, Ontario, Canada and was raised in Stratford, Ontario. He won a string of dance contests throughout the Northeast in his teens and took to dancing professionally. He is also known for his recurring role as Tripp van der Bilt on The CW's teen ... Cameron Jibril Thomaz (born September 8, 1987), known professionally as Wiz Khalifa, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter and actor. The next two years might just make or break Rihanna's acting career, with her first big movie roles — in Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets and Ocean's Eight. His mother, Bonny L., is a retired high school teacher, and the Executive Director of Minot's Downtown Business & Profession Association, and his father, Larry Duhamel, is an advertisement salesman. "Spotlight" singer Jennifer Hudson has appeared in such films as Sex and the City and Dreamgirls, for which she won an Oscar. For Hudson in particular, Dreamgirls marked a huge leap in her career. (previous page) () From "American Idol" castoff to Oscar-winning actress, Jennifer Hudson has proven her powerful command in both acting and singing. He is quoted as saying that originally only the women ... Actor | Sort by: Tag popularity - Top Rated - Top Rated Popular - Recently rated - Date Added Peter Facinelli was born in Queens, New York, the youngest child of Bruna (Reich) and Pierino Facinelli, a waiter. In 1999, he told Rolling Stone that he knew he was gay from very early on. He started his acting career performing the role of Tiny Tim in ... Dean Geyer was born in Johannesburg South Africa, into a family with two sisters. High School Musical 3: Senior Year. Here are 17 singers who actually became successful actors. One Direction heartthrob Harry Styles is currently in the midst of making the transition from singer to actor. Currently in its eight season, NCIS: Los Angeles, has helped LL Cool J become a household name for something other than his skills on the mic. He began acting in high school drama classes, where he also played multiple sports. ... Aww, look at the little "Uptown Funk" singer! Orlando Jonathan Blanchard Copeland Bloom was born on January 13, 1977 in Canterbury, Kent, England. His mother, Sonia Constance Josephine Bloom (née Copeland), was born in Kolkata, India, to an English family then-resident there. The series, about the Mexican singer's rise to international fame premiered on Telemundo and... Asher Monroe is a professional Actor , Singer , Writer and aspiring Director . His sister, Katherine Pine, has also acted. He's written seven albums and a classical opera set to Shakespeare sonnets. At the age of 11, he appeared on the show Star Search (1983), and even though he didn't win, it didn't dampen his ambitions. He has been married to Kimberly Daugherty since June 15, 2019. 30 Most Famous Male Actors & Singers With Long Hair. He has a younger brother, Mark Welling, who is also an ... Joshua Ryan Hutcherson was born on October 12, 1992 in Union, Kentucky to Michelle Fightmaster, who worked for Delta Air Lines, and Chris Hutcherson, an EPA analyst. He has Irish and Scottish ancestry. His parents are Lisa (Goldman), who worked as ... Dulé Hill (whose first name is pronounced due-LAY) was born in East Brunswick, New Jersey; raised in Sayreville; and is the younger of two sons born to his Jamaican parents. He is the son of Leonie (van Os), a teacher of English, and Craig Hemsworth, a social-services counselor. Routh has English, Scottish, and German ancestry. Several male musicians have also made the jump to film. Jennifer Lopez is a unique case because she became a star as both a singer and a dancer pretty much at the same time. He is an actor and producer, known for Gossip Girl (2007), Children of Men (2006) and Chalet Girl (2011). But nowadays, she's better known for her work on the screen than on the stage. He Is the founder and lead singer of the hard rock band Guns N' Roses. He has been acting since he was 8 years old at the suggestion of an actress friend of his family who recognized Felton's theatrical qualities. Harry Connick Jr., like Jennifer Lopez, is one who rose to fame as an actor and a singer almost simultaneously, but, as he might be slightly better known as a singer, we'll put him on the list. Willard Carroll "Will" Smith, Jr. (born September 25, 1968) is an American actor, comedian, producer, rapper, and songwriter. The actor Joey Morgan is one of his siblings.Trevor begin acting at age five working on numerous TV shows and commercials even appearing on a Life cereal box. Then he began taking acting classes at the Lee Strasberg ... Cory Monteith was born on May 11, 1982 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada as Cory Allan Michael Monteith. He is best ... Simon Baker was first recognized in 1992, when he received Australia's prestigious Logie award for Most Popular New Talent. He is an actor, known for Sweet Home Alabama (2002), Dawson's Creek (1998) and Joan of Arcadia (2003). 22 Talented Actor-Singers. He dropped ... Joseph Jason Namakaeha Momoa was born on August 1, 1979, in Honolulu, Hawaii. Here, we are going to take a look at some of these men, what has made them famous, and their cool hairstyles. Each is a bit of a legend in his respective field. He began modeling at age 15 and his first success came with an Abercrombie & Fitch campaign. Here we have gathered the collection of top 100 hottest blue eyes blonde hair celebrity men for you to gauge out your favorite ones. He moved to LA at the age of 19 to study acting at the American ... Adam Rodriguez, best known for his role as Eric Delko on the internationally acclaimed CBS crime drama, CSI: Miami (2002) was just cast as 'Cookies' love interest on Fox's record-breaking series Empire (2015). Justin Bieber: Never Say Never. Cody also danced his way to the "Final Four" on the seventh season of ABC's Dancing With The Stars with partner Julianne Hough, and subsequently appeared on The ... Cody Christianwas born in Maine and lived in Indiana until he moved to Los Angeles at age 9, after hearing a radio ad for a local audition for a commercial using kids who played football. He got his early start at age 6 landing Chip in the first national broadway tour of Beauty and the Beast. When he was 13 he was walking around at the Orange County Fair and was approached by a representative from a background-acting management ... Aaron Kyle Tveit born October 21, 1983 is an American actor and singer. Out your favorite ones to be starring on a popular CBS franchise, NCIS Los... 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