text:
\section{ Introduction}

\vspace{0.5cm}

The modern view of Skyrme's topological soliton model of the baryons \cite
{Sky1} is that represents a chiral symmetric effective mesonic
representation of the approximately chiral symmetric QCD Lagrangian in the
large $N_{c}$ limit, in which the baryons have to be constructed as
topological solitons \cite{Witt}. The mass of the pion, which is the
Goldstone boson of the spontaneously broken mode of chiral symmetry, is
conventionally introduced through an external chiral symmetry breaking term
in the Lagrangian density \cite{Adk}. Skyrme, however, originally suggested
a very different origin for the pion mass as ``a self consistent quantal
effect'' \cite{Sky2}. \newline

We here provide a constructive realization of this conjecture, by
demonstrating that in an ab initio quantum mechanical treatment of the
Skyrme model Lagrangian, a term, which may be interpreted as an
effective pion mass term, automatically arises. Moreover, with typical values
for the parameters in the Skyrme Lagrangian, this mass term takes values
close to that of the physical pion mass, although it is state
dependent as a consequence of the quantization procedure. This effective
pion mass may naturally be combined with the pion mass that may be
introduced by adding an explicitly chiral symmetry breaking pion mass term
to the Lagrangian density of the model.\newline

The effective pion mass appears through an additional term in the
Euler-Lagrange equation of the quantum Skyrme model, the asymptotic
form of which is consistent with a partial conservation
law for the axial current (PCAC). This term restores the stability of
the soliton solutions, which is lost in a
direct variational solution of the Skyrme model, when the rotational energy
introduced by projection onto states of good spin and isospin is included
\cite{Ban,Braa}. The quantum Skyrme model describes the
baryon states with spin larger than $1/2$ as deformed, but only
in representations with larger dimension than the fundamental
one. Finally the
spectrum of states with equal spin and isospin, which appears in the
collective quantization, terminates in the quantum Skyrme
model, and therefore unphysical states with large $I=J$
do not appear. The termination
point in this spectrum depends on the parameters in the model as well as on
the dimension of the representation employed. This representation
dependence is a quantum effect, which is absent in the classical
Skyrme model \cite{Nor1}.%
\newline

The present work builds on the development of the ab initio quantized version
of the Skyrme model in ref. \cite{Nor2}, but goes beyond the treatment of
the quantum corrections as perturbations of the classical Skyrmion. The
method of ab initio treatment of the Skyrme model in $SU(2)$ representations
of arbitrary dimension is that suggested in ref. \cite{Fuji} for the
fundamental representation. The narrow stability constraints of the
fundamental representation \cite{Kost} are avoided by the development of the
model in general representations. The ab initio quantum mechanical
treatment differs from that of ref. \cite{Ceb}, in which the
systematic quantization of the Skyrme model was developed on the
classical Hamiltonian of the model. \newline

The present manuscript falls into 7 sections. In section 2 we review the
basic formalism of the Skyrme model in a representation of arbitrary
dimension. In section 3 we construct the quantum Skyrme model in
representations of arbitrary dimension. In section 4 we derive the equations
of motion and the associated effective pion mass. The Noether currents are
derived in section 5. Numerical results for the baryon observables are
presented in section 6. Section 7 contains a concluding discussion.\newline

\vspace{1cm}

\section{ The classical skyrmion in a general representation.}

\vspace{0.5cm}

The Lagrangian density of the Skyrme model \cite{Sky1} depends on a unitary
field $U(\vec r,t)$, which in a general reducible representation for the $
SU(2)$ group may be expressed as direct sum of Wigner's $D$ matrices
\begin{equation}
U(\vec r, t)=\sum_k \oplus D^{j_k}[\vec\alpha(\vec r,t)].
\end{equation}
Here $\vec\alpha$ represents a triplet of Euler angles $\alpha_1(\vec r,t),$
$\alpha_2(\vec r,t)$, $\alpha_3(\vec r,t)$, which form the set of the
dynamical variables.
The $D^{j_k}$ matrices have dimension $(2j_k+1)\times (2j_k+1)$.

The Lagrangian density has the form \cite{Nap}:
\begin{equation}
{\cal L}[U(\vec r,t)]=-{\frac{f_\pi ^2}4} Tr\{R_\mu R^\mu \}+{\frac 1{32e^2}}
Tr\{[R_\mu ,R_\nu ]^2\},  \label{F2}
\end{equation}
where the ''right'' current $R_\mu $ is defined as
\begin{equation}
R_\mu =(\partial _\mu U)U^{\dagger },  \label{F3}
\end{equation}
and $f_\pi $ (the pion decay constant) and $e$ are parameters.\newline

The trace of a bilinear combination of generators $\hat{J}_{a}
$ of the $SU(2)$ group depends on the representation as
\begin{equation}
Tr\langle j{\cdot }|\hat{J}_{a}\hat{J}_{b}|j{\cdot }\rangle
=(-)^{a}{\frac{1}{6}}\sum_{k}j_{k}(j_{k}+1)(2j_{k}+1)\delta _{a,-b}\equiv
(-)^{a}\frac{1}{4}N\delta _{a,-b}.  \label{F5}
\end{equation}
The commutator relations for these generators are
\begin{equation}
\lbrack \hat{J}_{a},\,\hat{J}_{b}]=\left[
\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 1 & 1 \\
a & b & c
\end{array}
\right] \hat{J}_{c}.  \label{F6}
\end{equation}
The factor in the square brackets on the r.h.s. is the Clebsch-Gordan
coefficient $(1a1b|1c)$, in a more convenient notation. Here we have used
the normalizations $\hat{J}_{\pm }=-J_{\pm 1}/\sqrt{2}$ and $\hat{J}
_{0}=-J_{0}/\sqrt{2}$.\newline

In the classical treatment of the Skyrme model the Lagrangian density
depends on the dimension of the irreducible representation only through
the overall scalar factor $N$ (\ref{F5}) \cite{Nor1}. In the case of a
reducible representation this overall factor is a sum over separate factors
for the different irreducible representations:
\begin{equation}
N=2/3\sum_{k}j_{k}(j_{k}+1)(2j_{k}+1).  \label{F4}
\end{equation}
Because $N$ is an overall factor the equations of motion for
the dynamical variables $\vec{\alpha}$ are independent of the
dimension of the representation.\newline

The static
``spherically symmetric'' hedgehog ansatz in a general representation is
invariant under the combined spatial and isospin rotations:
\begin{equation}
i\left[ \vec{r}\times \nabla \right] _{a}U(\vec{r})+\sqrt{2}\left[ \widehat{J
}_{a},U(\vec{r})\right] =0.  \label{F7}
\end{equation}
Here circular components are used. The solution of (\ref{F7})
is the generalization of the usual hedgehog ansatz
\begin{equation}
e^{i\vec{\tau}\cdot \vec{r}F(r)}\Longrightarrow U_{0}(\vec{r})=exp\{-i\sqrt{2
}\hat{J}_{a}\cdot \hat{r}^{a}F(r)\},  \label{F8}
\end{equation}
where $\hat{r}$ is the unit vector expressed in terms of circular
components.\newline

With the hedgehog ansatz (\ref{F8}) the Lagrangian density (\ref{F2})
reduces to the following simple form
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal L}[F(r)] &=&-N{\cal M}(F(r))=-N\bigg\{{\frac{f_{\pi }^{2}}{2}}
\Bigl(F^{^{\prime }2}+{\frac{2}{r^{2}}}\sin ^{2}\!F\Bigr)  \nonumber \\
&&+{\frac{1}{8e^{2}}}{\frac{\sin ^{2}\!F}{r^{2}}}\Bigl(2F^{^{\prime }2}+{
\frac{\sin ^{2}\!F}{r^{2}}}\Bigr)\bigg\}.  \label{F9}
\end{eqnarray}
The requirement that the soliton mass be stationary yields the same
differential equation for the chiral angle $F(r)$ as in \cite{Nap}:
\begin{equation}
F^{\prime \prime }+2F^{\prime \prime }\frac{\sin ^{2}F}{\widetilde{r}^{2}}
+F^{\prime 2}\frac{\sin 2F}{\widetilde{r}^{2}}+\frac{2}{\widetilde{r}^{2}}
F^{\prime }-\frac{\sin 2F}{\widetilde{r}^{2}}-\frac{\sin 2F\sin ^{2}F}{
\widetilde{r}^{4}}=0. \label{F11}
\end{equation}
Here the dimensionless variable $\widetilde{r}$ is defined as $\widetilde{r}
=ef_{\pi }r$. The boundary conditions for solitons with unit
baryon number are $F(0)=\pi$, $F(\infty )=0$. The classical soliton is
obviously independent of the the representation.
\newline

After the renormalization the hedgehog mass in any representation has the
form:
\begin{eqnarray}
M(F) &=&\int {\rm d}^{3}r{\cal M}(F(r))=\frac{f_{\pi }}{e}\widetilde{M}(F)=
\nonumber \\
&&2\pi \frac{f_{\pi }}{e}\int {\rm d}\tilde{r}\tilde{r}^{2}\left[ F^{\prime
2}+\frac{\sin ^{2}F}{\widetilde{r}^{2}}\left( 2+2F^{\prime 2}+\frac{\sin
^{2}F}{\widetilde{r}^{2}}\right) \right] .  \label{F10}
\end{eqnarray}

For the hedgehog solution the baryon density takes the form
\begin{equation}
B^0=\frac{ \epsilon ^{0\nu \beta \gamma }} {24\pi^2 N} Tr\,R_\nu \,R_\beta
\,R_\gamma =-\frac 1{2\pi ^2}\frac{\sin ^2F}{r^2}F^{\prime }.  \label{F12}
\end{equation}
The renormalization factor $N$ ensures that the lowest nonvanishing baryon
number is $B=1$ for the hedgehog an in arbitrary representation.

\vspace{1cm}

\section{ Quantization in the collective coordinate approach}

\vspace{0.5cm}

The quantization of the Skyrme model in a general
dimension \cite{Nor2} can be achieved by means of
collective rotational coordinates that separate the variables which
depend on the time and spatial coordinates \cite{Nap}:
\begin{equation}
U(\vec r,\vec q (t))=A\left(\vec q(t)\right) U_0(\vec r) A^\dagger \left(
\vec q(t)\right) .  \label{F13}
\end{equation}
The set of three real, independent parameters $\vec
q(t)=(q^1(t),q^2(t),q^3(t))$ are quantum variables (Euler angles
representing rotations of the Skyrmion). In a general representation the
unconstrained variables $\vec q(t)$ are more convenient than the four
constrained Euler-Rodrigues parameters with the constraint used in \cite{Nap}
. When the the Skyrme Lagrangian (2) is considered quantum mechanically ab
initio the generalized coordinates $\vec q(t)$ and velocities $\vec{\dot{q}}
(t)$ satisfy the commutation relations \cite{Fuji}
\begin{equation}
\lbrack \dot q^a,\,q^b]=-if^{ab}(\vec q).  \label{F14}
\end{equation}
Here the tensor $f^{ab}(\vec q)$ is a function of generalized coordinates $
\vec q$ only, the explicit form of which is determined after the
quantization condition has been imposed. The tensor $f^{ab}$ is symmetric
with respect to interchange of the indices $a$ and $b$ as a consequence of
the relation $[q^a,\,q^b]=0$. The commutation relation between a
generalized velocity component $\dot q^a$ and arbitrary function $G(\vec q)$
is given by
\begin{equation}
\lbrack \dot q_a,\,G(\vec q)]=-i\sum_rf^{ar}(\vec q){\frac \partial
{\partial q^r}}G(\vec q).  \label{F15}
\end{equation}

Here Weyl ordering of the operators has been employed:
\begin{equation}
\partial_0 G(q) ={1\over 2}\{\dot q^\alpha,{\partial\over
\partial q^\alpha} G(q)\}.\label{X}
\end{equation}
With this choice of operator ordering no further ordering ambiguity
appears.\\

After making the substitution (\ref{F13}) into the Lagrangian density (\ref
{F2}) the dependence of Lagrangian on the generalized velocities can be
expressed as
\begin{eqnarray}
L(\vec{q},\vec{\dot q},F) &=&\frac{1}{N}\int {\rm d}^{3}r{\cal
L}(\vec{r},\vec{q}(t),F(r))=  \nonumber \\
&&-\frac{1}{4}a(F)\dot{q}^{\alpha }g(\vec{q})_{\alpha \beta }\dot{q}^{\beta
}+{\cal O}(\dot{q}^0). \label{F16}
\end{eqnarray}
Here the soliton moment of inertia $a(F)$ is given as
\begin{eqnarray}
a(F) &=&\int {\rm d}^{3}r{\cal A}(F(r))=\frac{1}{e^{3}f_{\pi }}\tilde{a}(F)=
\nonumber \\
&&\frac{1}{e^{3}f_{\pi }}\frac{8\pi }{3}\int {\rm
d}\tilde{r}\tilde{r}^{2}\sin ^{2}F\left[ 1+F^{\prime 2}+\frac{\sin
^{2}F}{\widetilde{r}^{2}}\right] ,  \label{F17}\end{eqnarray}
where ${\cal A}(F(r))$ is the moment of inertia density.

The 3$\times $3 metric tensor $g(\vec{q})_{\alpha \beta }$ is defined as the
scalar product of a set of functions $C_{\alpha }^{(m)}(\vec{q})$ \cite{Nor1}
\begin{eqnarray}
g(\vec{q})_{\alpha \beta } &=&\sum_{m}(-)^{m}C_{\alpha }^{(m)}C_{\beta
}^{(-m)}=\sum_{m}(-)^{m}C_{\alpha }^{\prime (m)}C_{\beta }^{\prime (-m)}=
\nonumber \\
&&-2\delta _{\alpha \beta }-2(\delta _{\alpha 1}\delta _{\beta 3}+\delta
_{\alpha 3}\delta _{\beta 1})\cos q^{2}.  \label{F18}
\end{eqnarray}
Here the functions $C_{\alpha }^{^{\prime }(m)}$ are defined in \cite{Nor2}
and related with $C_{\alpha }^{(m)}$ as
\begin{equation}
C_{\alpha }^{(m)}(\vec{q})=\sum_{m}D_{m,m^{\prime }}^{1}(\vec{q})C_{\alpha
}^{^{\prime }(m)}(\vec{q}).
\end{equation}
The canonical momentum $p_{\alpha }$, which is conjugate to $q^{\alpha }$,
is defined as
\begin{equation}
p_{\alpha }(\vec{q},\vec{\dot q},F)=\frac{\partial
L(\vec{q},\vec{\dot q},F)}{\partial \dot{q}^{\alpha
}}=-\frac{1}{4}a(F)\{\dot{q}^{\beta },g(\vec{q})_{\beta\alpha }\},
\label{F19}
\end{equation}
where the curly bracket denotes an anticommutator. The canonical commutation
relations
\begin{equation}
\left[ p_{\alpha }(\vec{q},\vec{\dot q},F),q^{\beta }\right] =-i\delta
_{\alpha\beta },  \label{F20}
\end{equation}
then yield the following explicit form for the functions $f^{ab}(\vec{q})$:
\begin{equation}
f^{ab}(\vec{q})=-\frac{2}{a(F)}g_{\alpha \beta }^{-1}(\vec{q}).  \label{F21}
\end{equation}

Because of the nonlinearity of the Skyrme model the canonical momenta
defined in this way do not necessarily satisfy the relation $[p_{\alpha
},p_{\beta }]=0$. As shown in \cite{Fuji}, there exists a local
transformation of the set of variables $\vec{q}$, which makes it possible to
satisfy these relations. Following Fujii et al. \cite{Fuji} we define an
angular momentum operator:
\begin{equation}
\hat{J}_{a}^{\prime }=-\frac{i}{2}\left\{ p_{r},C_{\left( -a\right)
}^{\prime r}(\vec{q})\right\} =(-)^{a}\frac{ia(F)}{4}\left\{ \dot{q}
^{r},C_{r}^{\prime \left( -a\right) }(\vec{q})\right\} ,  \label{F22}
\end{equation}
which satisfies the commutation relation (\ref{F6}). It is readily
verified
that the operator $\hat{J}_{a}^{\prime }$ is a $D^{j}(\vec{q})$ ''right
rotation'' generator. The explicit form for the Lagrangian of the
consistently quantized Skyrme model now takes the form:
\begin{eqnarray}
L(\vec{q},\vec{\dot q},F) &=&-M(F)-\Delta M_{\Sigma j}(F)+\frac{1}{a(F)}\hat{
J^{\prime }}^{2}=  \nonumber \\
&&\ -M(F)-\Delta M_{\Sigma j}(F)+\frac{1}{a(F)}\hat{J}^{2},  \label{F23}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\Delta M_{\Sigma j}(F)=\int {\rm d}^{3}r\Delta {\cal M}_{\Sigma
j}(F(r))=e^{3}f_{\pi }\cdot \Delta \widetilde{M}_{\Sigma j}(F)=-e^{3}f_{\pi }
\frac{2\pi }{15\tilde{a}^{2}(F)}  \nonumber \\
&&\times \int {\rm d}\tilde{r}\tilde{r}^{2}\sin ^{2}F\Bigl\{15+4d_{2}\sin
^{2}F(1-F^{\prime 2})+2d_{3}\frac{\sin ^{2}F}{\tilde{r}^{2}}+2d_{1}F^{\prime
2}\Bigr\}.  \label{F24}
\end{eqnarray}

The coefficients $d_{j}$ in these expressions are given as
\begin{eqnarray}
d_{1} &=&\frac{1}{N}\sum_{k}j_{k}(j_{k}+1)(2j_{k}+1)\left[
8j_{k}(j_{k}+1)-1\right] ,  \label{F24b} \\
d_{2} &=&\frac{1}{N}\sum_{k}j_{k}(j_{k}+1)(2j_{k}+1)(2j_{k}-1)(2j_{k}+3),
\label{F24c} \\
d_{3} &=&\frac{1}{N}\sum_{k}j_{k}(j_{k}+1)(2j_{k}+1)\left[
2j_{k}(j_{k}+1)+1\right] .  \label{F24d}
\end{eqnarray}
The corresponding Hamilton operator is
\begin{equation}
H_{j}(F)=M(F)+\Delta M_{j}(F)+\frac{1}{a(F)}\hat{J^{\prime }}
^{2}=M(F)+\Delta M_{j}(F)+\frac{1}{a(F)}\hat{J}^{2}.  \label{F25}
\end{equation}

This result differs from the semiclassical one in the appearance of the
negative quantum correction $\Delta M_j(F)$ \cite{Fuji}, which depends on
the dimension of the representation of the $SU(2)$ group \cite{Nor2}.\newline

For the Hamiltonian (\ref{F25}) the normalized state vectors with fixed spin
and isospin $\ell $ are
\begin{equation}
\left|
\begin{array}{c}
\ell  \\
{m,m^{\prime }}
\end{array}
\right\rangle =\frac{\sqrt{2\ell +1}}{4\pi }D_{m,m^{\prime }}^{\ell }(\vec{q}
)\left| 0\right\rangle ,  \label{F26}
\end{equation}
with the eigenvalues
\begin{equation}
H(j,\ell ,F)=M(F)+\Delta M_{j}(F)+\frac{\ell (\ell +1)}{2a(F)}.  \label{F27}
\end{equation}

Substitution of the rotated hedgehog (\ref{F13}) into the Lagrangian density
(\ref{F2}) yields the following expression for the
Lagrangian density for the quantum Skyrme model in a
general reducible representation:
\begin{equation}
{\cal L}(\vec{r},\vec{q}(t),F(r))=\frac{3{\cal A}(F(r))}{2\,a^{2}(F)}\left(
\widehat{J}^{\prime 2}-(\widehat{J}^{\prime }\cdot \hat{r})(\widehat{J}
^{\prime }\cdot \hat{r})\right) -\Delta {\cal M}_{\Sigma j}(F(r))-{\cal M}
(F(r)). \label{F41}
\end{equation}
The angular momentum operator on the r.h.s. of (\ref{F41}) can be separated
into scalar and tensor terms in the usual way:
\begin{eqnarray}
\widehat{J}^{\prime 2}-(\widehat{J}^{\prime }\cdot \hat{r})(\widehat{J}
^{\prime }\cdot \hat{r}) &=&\frac{2}{3}\widehat{J}^{\prime
2}-\frac{4\pi }{3}Y_{2,m+m^{\prime }}^*(\vartheta ,\varphi
)  \nonumber \\
&&\times \left[
\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 1 & 2 \\
m & m^{\prime } & m+m^{\prime }
\end{array}
\right] \widehat{J}_{m}^{\prime }\widehat{J}_{m^{\prime }}^{\prime },
\label{F42}
\end{eqnarray}
where $Y_{l,m}(\vartheta ,\varphi )$ is a spherical harmonic.

The volume integral of the Lagrangian density (\ref{F41})
gives the Lagrangian (\ref{F23}).
In the fundamental representation, for which $j=1/2$, the
second rank tensor part of (\ref{F42}) vanishes. This implies that
the quadrupole moment of the
$\Delta_{33}$ resonance cannot be described with the fundamental
representation. \newline

The Hamiltonian density, which corresponds to the quantum Lagrangian (\ref
{F41}) has the following matrix elements for baryon states with spin
and isospin $\ell >1/2$:
\[
\left\langle
\begin{array}{c}
\ell \\
m_{t}m_{s}
\end{array}
\right| {\cal H}(\vec{r},\vec{q}(t),F(r))\left|
\begin{array}{c}
\ell \\
m_{t}m_{s}
\end{array}
\right\rangle ={\cal M}(F(r))+\Delta {\cal M}_{\Sigma j}(F(r))
\]
\begin{equation}
+\frac{{\cal A}(F(r))}{2\,a^{2}(F)}\left( \ell (\ell +1)-\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}
\pi [3m_{s}^{2}-\ell (\ell +1)]Y_{2,0}(\vartheta ,\varphi )\right) .
\label{F43}
\end{equation}
For nucleons $\ell =1/2$ the dependence on angles are absent and the quantum
skyrmion is therefore spherically symmetric as required.

\vspace{1cm}

\section{ The Chiral Angle and the Pion Mass}

\vspace{0.5cm}

The $I=J=\ell =1/2$ and $I=J=\ell =3/2$ skyrmions are to be identified with
the nucleons and the $\Delta _{33}$ resonances. Minimization of the
classical expression for the mass $M(F)$ (\ref{F10}) leads to the
conventional differential equation for the chiral angle $F(r)$ (\ref{F11}
) according to which $F(r)$ falls as $1/{r}^{2}$ at large distances.
\newline

In the semiclassical approach the quantum mass term $\Delta {M}
_{\Sigma j}$ is absent from the mass expression (\ref{F25}). Its
absence has the
consequence that variation of the truncated quantum mass expression
yields no stable solution \cite{Ban,Braa}. The
semiclassical approach describes the skyrmion as a ``rotating'' rigid-body
with fixed $F(r)$ \cite{Nap}. In contrast the full energy expression (\ref
{F25}) that is obtained in the consistent canonical quantization procedure
in collective coordinates approach gives stable solutions.\newline

Minimization of the quantum mass expression (\ref{F25}), leads to the
following integro-differential equation for the chiral angle $F(r)$:
\begin{eqnarray}
&&F^{\prime \prime }\Bigl[-2\tilde{r}^{2}-4\sin ^{2}F+\frac{e^{4}\tilde{r}
^{2}\sin ^{2}F}{15\tilde{a}^{2}(F)}\left\{ 80\tilde{a}(F)\Delta \widetilde{M}
_{\Sigma j}(F)+20\ell (\ell +1)\right.  \nonumber \\
&&\left. +4d_{1}-8d_{2}\sin ^{2}F\right\} \Bigr]+F^{\prime 2}\Bigl[-2\sin 2F+
\frac{e^{4}\tilde{r}^{2}\sin 2F}{15\tilde{a}^{2}(F)}\left\{ 40\tilde{a}
(F)\Delta \widetilde{M}_{\Sigma j}(F)\right.  \nonumber \\
&&\left. \left. +10\ell (\ell +1)+2d_{1}-8d_{2}\sin ^{2}F\right\} \right]
+F^{\prime }\Bigl[-4\tilde{r}+\frac{e^{4}\tilde{r}\sin ^{2}F}{15\tilde{a}
^{2}(F)}  \nonumber \\
&&\left. \times \left\{ 160\tilde{a}(F)\Delta \widetilde{M}_{\Sigma
j}(F)+40\ell (\ell +1)+8d_{1}-16d_{2}\sin ^{2}F\right\} \right] +\sin
2F\Bigl[2  \nonumber \\
&&+2\frac{\sin ^{2}F}{\tilde{r}^{2}}-\frac{e^{4}}{15\tilde{a}^{2}(F)}\left\{
\left( 40\tilde{a}(F)\Delta \widetilde{M}_{\Sigma j}(F)+10\ell (\ell
+1)\right) \left( \tilde{r}^{2}+2\sin ^{2}F\right) \right.  \nonumber \\
&&\left. \left. +15\tilde{r}^{2}+4d_{3}\sin ^{2}F+8d_{2}\tilde{r}^{2}\sin
^{2}F\right\} \right] =0,  \label{f9}
\end{eqnarray}
with the usual boundary conditions $F(0)=\pi $ and $F(\infty )=0$.\newline
The state dependence of this equation of motion is a direct
consequence of the fact that quantization preceeded variation
(cf. ref. \cite{Liu}).

At large distances this equation reduces to the asymptotic form:
\begin{equation}
\tilde{r}^{2}F^{\prime \prime }+2\tilde{r}F^{\prime }-(2+\tilde{m}_{\pi }^{2}
\tilde{r}^{2})F=0,  \label{f10}
\end{equation}
where the quantity $\tilde{m}_{\pi }^{2}$ is defined as
\begin{equation}
\tilde{m}_{\pi }^{2}=-\frac{e^{4}}{3\tilde{a}(F)}\left\{ 8\Delta \widetilde{M
}_{\Sigma j}(F)+\frac{2\ell (\ell +1)+3}{\tilde{a}(F)}\right\} .  \label{f11}
\end{equation}
The corresponding asymptotic solution takes the form
\begin{equation}
F(\tilde{r})=k\left( \frac{\tilde{m}_{\pi }}{\tilde{r}}+\frac{1}{\tilde{r}
^{2}}\right) \exp (-\tilde{m}_{\pi }\tilde{r}).  \label{f12}
\end{equation}
The requirement of stability of the quantum skyrmion is that the integrals
(\ref{F10}), (\ref{F17}) and (\ref{F24}) converge. This requirement is
satisfied only if $\tilde{m}_{\pi }^{2}>0$. For that the presence of the
negative quantum correction $\Delta {M_{j}}(F)$ is necessary. It is
the absence of this term, which leads to the instability of the skyrmion
in the
semiclassical approach \cite{Braa}. Note that in the quantum treatment
the chiral angle
has the asymptotic Yukawa behaviour (\ref{f12}) even in the chiral limit
\cite{Fuji}.
The positive quantity $m_{\pi }=ef_{\pi }\tilde{m}_{\pi }$ should obviously
be interpreted as an effective mass for the pion field in
the Skyrmion mass.\\

In contrast to the classical skyrmion the stability of the quantum
mechanical skyrmion depends on the Lagrangian parameter values $f_{\pi }$
and $e$ \cite{Kost}. Moreover positivity of the pion mass (\ref{f11}),
can obviously only be achieved for states with sufficiently small values of
spin $\ell $. This implies that the spectrum of states with equal spin and
isospin will necessarily terminate at some finite value of the spin
quantum number. As the negative quantum mass correction $\Delta {M}
_{\Sigma j}$ in the expression (\ref{F24}) grows in magnitude with the
dimension of the representation, it is always possible to find a
representation in which the nucleon and the $\Delta _{33}$ resonance are the
only stable particles, as required by experiment. This argument
is more general than
the method of self consistent dynamical truncation of the spectrum
suggested in ref. \cite{Blai}.

\vspace{1cm}

\section{ The Noether currents}

\vspace{0.5cm}

The Lagrangian density of the Skyrme model is invariant under left and right
transformations of the unitary field $U$. The corresponding Noether currents
can be expressed in terms of the collective coordinates (\ref{F13}). The
vector and axial Noether currents that are associated with the
transformations,

\begin{equation}
U(x)\stackrel{V(A)}{\longrightarrow }\left( 1-i2\sqrt{2}\omega ^a\hat
J_a\right) U(x)\left( 1+(-)i2\sqrt{2}\omega ^a\hat J_a\right),  \label{F28}
\end{equation}
are nevertheless simpler and directly related to physical observables. The
factor $-2\sqrt{2}$ before generators is needed in the case $j=1/2$ to match
the transformation (\ref{F28}) with the infinitesimal transformation in \cite
{Nap}. The Noether currents are operators that depend on the generalized
collective coordinates $\vec q$ and the generalized angular momentum
operators $\hat J^{\prime }_a$ (\ref{F22}). \\

The explicit expression for the spatial components of the vector
current density is
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat V_b^a&=&\frac{\partial {\cal L}_V}{\partial \left( \nabla ^b\omega
_a\right) }=2\sqrt{2}\frac{\sin ^2F}r\Biggl(i\biggl\{ f_\pi ^2+\frac
1{e^2}\Bigl(F^{\prime }{}^2  \nonumber \\
&&+\frac{\sin ^2F}{r^2}-\frac{2d_2+5}{4\cdot 5\cdot a^2(F)}\sin ^2F\Bigr)
\biggr\} \left[
\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 1 & 1 \\
u & s & b
\end{array}
\right] D_{a,s}^1(\vec q)\hat x_u  \nonumber \\
&&-\frac{\sin ^2F}{\sqrt{2}\cdot e^2\cdot a^2(F)}(-)^s\Bigl\{\left[ \hat
J^{\prime }\times \hat r\right] _{-s}D_{a,s}^1(\vec q)\left[ \left[ \hat
J^{\prime }\times \hat r\right] \times \hat r \right] _b  \nonumber \\
&&+\left[ \left[ \hat J^{\prime }\times \hat r\right] \times \hat r \right]
_bD_{a,s}^1(\vec q)\left[ \hat J^{\prime }\times \hat r\right] _{-s}\Bigr\}
\Biggr).  \label{F29}
\end{eqnarray}
Here $\nabla ^k$ is a circular component of the gradient operator. The
indices $a$ and $b$ denote isospin and spin components. The time (charge)
component of the vector current density has the expression
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat V_t^a&=&\frac{\partial {\cal L}_V}{\partial \left( \partial _0\omega
_a\right) }=\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{a(F)}\sin ^2F\left[ f_\pi ^2 +\frac
1{e^2}\left( F^{\prime 2}+\frac{\sin ^2F}{r^2}\right) \right]  \nonumber \\
&&\times (-)^s\left\{ D_{a,-s}^1(\vec q)\hat J_s^{\prime }-D_{a,-s}^1(\vec q
)\hat x_s(\hat J^{\prime }\cdot \hat r)\right\}.  \label{F30}
\end{eqnarray}
The explicit expression for the axial current density takes the form
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\hat A_b^a=\frac{\partial {\cal L}_A}{\partial \left( \nabla ^b\omega
_a\right) }=\Biggl( \Biggl\{ f_\pi ^2\frac{\sin 2F}r+\frac 1{e^2}\frac{\sin
2F}r\biggl( F^{\prime }{}^2+\frac{\sin ^2F}{r^2}-\frac{\sin ^2F}{4\cdot
a^2(F)}\biggr) \Biggr\}  \nonumber \\
&&\times D_{a,b}^1(\vec q)+\Biggl\{ f_\pi ^2\Bigl(2F^{\prime }-\frac{ \sin 2F
}r\Bigr)-\frac 1{e^2}\biggl(F^{\prime }{}^2\frac{\sin 2F}r-4F^{\prime }\frac{
\sin ^2F}{r^2}  \nonumber \\
&&+\frac{\sin ^2F\sin 2F}{r^3}-\frac{\sin ^2F\sin 2F}{4\cdot a^2(F)\cdot r}
\Bigr)\Biggr\} (-)^sD_{a,s}^1(\vec q)\hat x_{-s}\hat x_b-\frac{ 2F^{\prime
}\sin ^2F}{e^2\cdot a^2(F)}  \nonumber \\
&&\times (-)^s\left\{ D_{a,s}^1(\vec q)\hat x_{-s}\hat J^{\prime }{}^2+\hat
J^{\prime }{}^2D_{a,s}^1(\vec q)\hat x_{-s}-2D_{a,s}^1(\vec q)\hat
x_{-s}(\hat J^{\prime }\cdot \hat r)(\hat J^{\prime }\cdot \hat r)\right\}
\hat r_b  \nonumber \\
&&-\frac{\sin ^2F\sin 2F}{e^2\cdot a^2(F)\cdot r}(-)^s\left\{ \left[ \left[
\hat J^{\prime }\times \hat r\right] \times \hat r \right]
_{-s}D_{a,s}^1(\vec q)\left[ \left[ \hat J^{\prime }\times \hat r \right]
\times \hat r\right] _b\right.  \nonumber \\
&&\left. +\left[ \left[ \hat J^{\prime }\times \hat r\right] \times \hat
r\right] _bD_{a,s}^1(\vec q)\left[ \left[ \hat J^{\prime }\times \hat
r\right] \times \hat r\right] _{-s}\right\} \Biggr).  \label{F31}
\end{eqnarray}
The operators (\ref{F29})-(\ref{F31}) are well defined for all
representations $j$ of the classical soliton and for fixed spin and isospin $
\ell $ of the quantum skyrmion. The new terms, which are absent in the
corresponding semiclassical expression, are those that have the
factor $a^2(F)$ in the denominator.\\

The conserved topological current density in Skyrme model is the baryon
current density, the components of which are
\begin{equation}
{\cal B}_a(\vec r ,F(r))=\frac 1{\sqrt{2}\pi ^2a(F)\ r}\sin ^2F\cdot
F^{\prime }\left[ \hat J^{\prime }\times \hat r \right] _a.  \label{F32}
\end{equation}

The matrix elements of the third component of the isoscalar
magnetic moment operator have the form
\begin{eqnarray}
\left\langle
\begin{array}{c}
\ell \\
m_tm_s
\end{array}
\right| \left[ \mu _{I=0}\right] _3\left|
\begin{array}{c}
\ell \\
m_tm_s
\end{array}
\right\rangle &=&\left\langle
\begin{array}{c}
\ell \\
m_tm_s
\end{array}
\right| \frac 12\int d^3xr\left[ \hat r\times {\cal B} \right] _0\left|
\begin{array}{c}
\ell \\
m_tm_s
\end{array}
\right\rangle =  \nonumber \\
&&\frac{\left[ \ell (\ell +1)\right] ^{1/2}e}{3\cdot \tilde a(F)f_\pi }
\left\langle \tilde r_{I=0}^2\right\rangle \left[
\begin{array}{ccc}
\ell & 1 & \ell \\
m_s & 0 & m_s
\end{array}
\right] .  \label{F33}
\end{eqnarray}
Here the isoscalar mean square radius is given as
\begin{equation}
\left\langle r_{E,I=0}^2\right\rangle =\frac 1{e^2f_\pi ^2}\left\langle
\tilde r_{I=0}^2\right\rangle =-\frac 1{e^2f_\pi ^2}\frac 2\pi \int \tilde
r^2\sin ^2F\cdot F^{\prime }d\tilde r, \label{F34}
\end{equation}
and the quantity  $\tilde a$ is defined in eq. (\ref{F17}).\\

The matrix elements of the third component of the isovector part of magnetic
moment operator that is obtained from the vector current density (\ref{F29})
have the form
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\left\langle
\begin{array}{c}
\ell \\
m_{t}m_{s}
\end{array}
\right| \left[ \mu _{I=1}\right] _{3}\left|
\begin{array}{c}
\ell \\
m_{t}m_{s}
\end{array}
\right\rangle =\left\langle
\begin{array}{c}
\ell \\
m_{t}m_{s}
\end{array}
\right| \frac{1}{2}\int d^{3}x\cdot r\left[ \hat{r}\times \hat{V}^{3}\right]
_{0}\left|
\begin{array}{c}
\ell \\
m_{t}m_{s}
\end{array}
\right\rangle =  \nonumber \\
&&\ \left[ \frac{\tilde{a}(F)}{e^{3}\cdot f_{\pi }}+\frac{8\pi \cdot e}{
3\cdot f_{\pi }\cdot \tilde{a}^{2}(F)}\int d\tilde{r}\cdot \tilde{r}^{2}\sin
^{4}F\right. \left( 1-\frac{d_{2}}{2\cdot 5}\right. -\frac{\ell (\ell +1)}{3}
\nonumber \\
&&\left. \left. +\frac{(-)^{2\ell }}{2}{\Biggl[\frac{5\ell (\ell +1)(2\ell
-1)(2\ell +1)(2\ell +3)}{2\cdot 3}\Biggr]}^{1/2}\left\{
\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 2 & 1 \\
\ell & \ell & \ell
\end{array}
\right\} \right) \right]  \nonumber \\
&&\times \left[
\begin{array}{ccc}
\ell & 1 & \ell \\
m_{s} & 0 & m_{s}
\end{array}
\right] \left[
\begin{array}{ccc}
\ell & 1 & \ell \\
m_{t} & 0 & m_{t}
\end{array}
\right] .  \label{F35}
\end{eqnarray}
Here the symbol in the curly brackets is a $6j$ coefficient.

The volume integral of the axial current density (42) yields the
axial coupling constant $g_A$
as
\begin{equation}
g_A=-3\left\langle
\begin{array}{c}
1/2 \\
{1/2,1/2}
\end{array}
\right| \int d^3xA_0^0\left|
\begin{array}{c}
1/2 \\
{1/2,1/2}
\end{array}
\right\rangle =\frac 1{e^2}\tilde {g_1}(F)-\frac{\pi ^2e^2}{3\cdot \tilde
a^2(F)}\left\langle \tilde r_{I=0}^2\right\rangle ,  \label{F36}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde g_1(F)&=&\frac{4\pi }3\int d\tilde r(\tilde r^2F^{\prime }+\tilde
r\sin 2F+\tilde r\sin 2F\cdot F^{\prime 2}  \nonumber \\
&&+2\sin ^2F\cdot F^{\prime }+\frac{\sin ^2F}{\tilde r}\sin 2F).  \label{F37}
\end{eqnarray}

For nucleons the the isovector charge mean square radius becomes
\begin{equation}
\left\langle r_{E,I=1}^2\right\rangle =\frac 1{e^2f_\pi ^2}\left\langle
\tilde r_{E,I=0}^2\right\rangle =\frac 1{e^2f_\pi ^2}\frac{\int d \tilde
r\tilde r^4\sin ^2F\left[ 1+F^{\prime 2}+\frac{\sin ^2F}{\tilde r} \right] }{
\int d\tilde r\tilde r^2\sin ^2F\left[ 1+F^{\prime 2}+ \frac{\sin ^2F}{
\tilde r}\right] }.  \label{F38}
\end{equation}

The isoscalar magnetic mean square radius has the
expression
\begin{equation}
\left\langle r_{M,I=0}^2\right\rangle =\frac 1{e^2f_\pi ^2}\left\langle
\tilde r_{M,I=0}^2\right\rangle =-\frac 1{e^2f_\pi ^2}\frac 2\pi \frac{\int
d\tilde r\tilde r^4\sin ^2F\cdot F^{\prime }}{\int d\tilde r\tilde r^2\sin
^2F\cdot F^{\prime }},  \label{F39}
\end{equation}
and the isovector magnetic mean square radius the expression
\begin{eqnarray}
\left\langle r_{M,I=1}^2\right\rangle &=&\frac 1{e^2f_\pi ^2}\left\langle
\tilde r_{M,I=0}^2\right\rangle =  \nonumber \\
&&\frac 1{e^2f_\pi ^2}\frac{\int d\tilde r\tilde r^4\sin ^2F\left[
1+F^{\prime 2}+\frac{\sin ^2F}{\tilde r}+\frac{e^2\sin ^2F}{\tilde a^2(F)}
\left( \frac 34-\frac{d_2}{10}\right) \right] }{\int d\tilde r\tilde r^2\sin
^2F\left[ 1+F^{\prime 2}+\frac{\sin ^2F}{\tilde r}+\frac{ e^2\sin ^2F}{
\tilde a^2(F)}\left( \frac 34-\frac{d_2}{10}\right) \right] }.  \label{F40}
\end{eqnarray}

The matrix element of the divergence of the vector current (\ref{F29})
vanishes:
\begin{equation}
\left\langle
\begin{array}{c}
\ell \\
m_{t}m_{s}
\end{array}
\right| \nabla ^{b}\widehat{V}_{b}^{a}\left|
\begin{array}{c}
\ell \\
m_{t}m_{s}
\end{array}
\right\rangle =0.  \label{f13}
\end{equation}

The the asymptotic equation of motion (\ref{f10}), valid for large r,
is recovered if matrix element of the divergence of the axial
current (\ref{F31}) for the proton is taken to be
\begin{equation}
\left\langle
\begin{array}{c}
\ell \\
m_{t}m_{s}
\end{array}
\right| \nabla ^{b}\widehat{A}_{b}^{a}\left|
\begin{array}{c}
\ell \\
m_{t}m_{s}
\end{array}
\right\rangle =f_{\pi }^{2} m_{\pi }^{2}F(r).  \label{f14}
\end{equation}
This is the usual equation for a ``partially conserved
axial current'' (PCAC), and supports the interpretation of
$m_\pi$ as an effective pion mass.\\

\section{Numerical Results}
The equation of motion for the quantum Skyrme model (\ref{f9})
depends -- in contrast to the classical case -- on the parameter $
e$ and representation. Moreover the differential equation for the
chiral angle is state dependent.\\

For nucleons ($\ell=1/2$) solutions for the chiral
angle, which describe stable solitons with spin $1/2$,
exist when $e<7.5$. The largest value of $e$, for which stable
solutions are obtained, decreases with increasing dimensionality of the
representation. For $\Delta _{33}$ resonances ($\ell=3/2$) there are
no stable soliton solutions in the fundamental representation, nor
in the representation with $j=1$ in the quantum
Skyrme model. In the representations with
$j=3/2$ and $2$ there are only stable soliton solutions for baryons
with spin $\ell=1/2$ and $3/2$. A dimension with $j=5/2$ allows
stable solitons with spin $\ell=1/2$, $3/2$ and $5/2$, and therefore
appears to be empirically contraindicated.\\

The two parameters of the
model, $f_{\pi }$ and $e$, may be determined in the
usual way by fitting two empirical baryon observables.. The procedure
adopted here was to first determine these two parameters
by using the chiral angle of the classical Skyrme model, which
is independent of both the model parameters and the dimension of
the representation \cite{Nor1}, by a fit to the nucleon mass (939 MeV)
and its
isoscalar radius (0.72 fm) for different values of the
dimension $j$ of the representation. These parameters where then used
in a numerical solution of the equation (\ref{f9}). That solution
was subsequently used to determine new values of $f_{\pi }$ and $e$. This
procedure was iterated until a converged solution was obtained. The
numerical results are shown in Table 1. For the irreducible
representation with $j=1$ the proton magnetic moment calculated
in this way is within 10\%  of the empirical value. The
calculated values of both the neutron magnetic moment and the axial
coupling constant agree with the corresponding empirical values
to within 1\%. The $\Delta _{33}$ resonance observables for different
representations as obtained with fixed values for $f_{\pi }$ and $e$
are presented in Table 2.\\

\section{Discussion}

There are two main aspects of the quantum corrections to the Skyrme
model based description of the baryons. One is the treatment of the
dynamical field variables of the Lagrangian density as quantum mechanical
variables ab initio. This very likely formed the basis for
Skyrme's conjecture for the origin of the pion mass \cite{Sky2}.
The development of the ab initio quantum mechanical treatment of
the model was pioneered in ref. \cite{Fuji}, and was developed
above to realize Skyrme's conjecture constructively. The other
main aspect is
the treatment of quantum fluctuations of the pion field as loop
corrections \cite{Mei}.\\

Both types of quantum effects lead to substantial modifications
of the phenomenological description of the baryons based on
the Skyrme model. Both also lead to negative quantum corrections
to the Skyrmion mass. In the present work this negative
mass correction was shown to imply a positive effective mass for
the pion field in the Skyrmion, and to stable variational
solutions for the quantum soliton.\\

The spectrum of states with $I=J$ terminates in the quantum
Skyrme model, because the effective pion mass becomes
negative for sufficiently large spin. Moreover it describes
the states with spin larger than $1/2$ as deformed. That
deformation is inherent in a Skyrmion model with a
terminating spectrum has also been been noted in \cite{Dor},
although in that work the absence of states with large
spin and isospin was achieved by associating very large
decay widths with those states.\\

The systematic quantum mechanical treatment of the Skyrmion was
shown to imply the need to employ representations of larger
dimension than the fundamental one for the description of the nucleon
and the $\Delta_{33}$ resonance as stable solitons with spin and
isospin $1/2$ and $3/2$ respectively in the same representation.
The quantum treatment
implies that the tower of states with $I=J$ terminates, and that
there therefore is no infinite tower of unphysical states as
in the semiclassical approach.

\bibliographystyle{plain}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


We have always worked hard to maintain and enhance the farm environment and landscape. A ten-year conservation plan, drawn up by the local Farming Wildlife Advisory Group (FWAG) included the establishment of a new 'green lane' bounded on both sides by hedges and grassy margins. We are also involved in a range of positive environmental management projects including hedgerow coppicing, the pollarding of willows in fields bordering the River Thames and the thinning of mature woodland to provide a better balance of wildlife habitats.
The land owned by the farm was in Countryside Stewardship Schemes for 20 years to 2014. In December 2014 we entered a 10 year Entry Level Scheme / Higher Level Scheme majoring on farmland birds. Two of the Landowners for who we farm are also in the Entry Level Scheme.
Under the auspices of the ELS / HLS, particular species of birds are being actively encouraged, notably Corn bunting, Yellowhammer, Grey Partridge, Lapwing and Skylark. We hope to encourage numbers through the establishment of suitable nesting and feeding sites. Plots for Stone Curlew and Barn Owl boxes have been on the farm for many years.
For further details of these and other farmland birds visit the RSPB website.
All the farm woodlands have been surveyed and an active management programme is under way. Three hectares of new woodland have been planted with the help of the Farm Woodland Premium Scheme. An extensive programme of hedgerow improvement and establishment including coppicing, laying and replanting with associated grassland margins is being undertaken.
The willow trees on the banks of the River Thames are being pollarded in rotation.
All fields adjacent to water courses are buffered by at least a six meter grass margin, as are many of the hedgerows. Many of these are established by natural regeneration, with many being floristically enhanced.
As part of the ELS / HLS scheme started in 2014 an otter holt was constructed adjacent to the bank of the River Thames. There are also traditional meadows and an orchard on the farm which are managed in a traditional low input way.


text:
{ title: 'About The Big Timber Pioneer (Big Timber, Mont.) 1983-current', download_links: [ { link: 'http://www.loc.gov/rss/ndnp/ndnp.xml', label: 'application/rss+xml', meta: 'News about Chronicling America - RSS Feed', }, { link: '/lccn/sn83002511/marc.xml', label: 'application/marc+xml', meta: 'MARCXML Record for The Big Timber Pioneer', }, { link: '/lccn/sn83002511/feed/', label: 'application/atom+xml', meta: 'Update Feed for The Big Timber Pioneer', }, ] }
The Big Timber Pioneer, January 5, 1983, Image 1
About The Big Timber Pioneer (Big Timber, Mont.) 1983-current
The Big Timber Pioneer Main Page
Jan. 5, 1983-Dec. 26, 2003
1983-current
Big Timber, Sweet Grass, Montana
Carnegie Public Library, Big Timber, Montana
The town of Big Timber in south central Montana was settled when the Northern Pacific Railroad arrived in 1882. By 1892, Big Timber was one of the world's largest exporters of wool, shipping out as much as two million pounds a year. In 1893, Big Timber had a population of 500. The Big Timber Pioneer started in 1889 and is still in print. It has followed the community through its colorful history, including encounters with Indians, the arrival of Chinese and Norwegian immigrants, the fire of March 1908, the decline of the wool industry, the rise of cattle and cowboys, and more.
© Yellowstone Newspaper Group, Livingston, MT. Used with permission.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A military captain and leader of the elite Deep Eyes squadron, Gray confronts enemies and aliens alike - head on. Gray's reputation for loyalty and trustworthiness earns him the unquestioning support of his troops, whom he leads into battle with unhesitating courage and determination. Yet, the biggest challenge he faces may be his devotion to a woman.


text:
// Type definitions for klaw-sync 2.0
// Project: https://github.com/manidlou/node-klaw-sync
// Definitions by: Brendan Forster <https://github.com/shiftkey>
// Definitions: https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped

/// <reference types="node" />

import * as fs from 'fs'
declare namespace klawSync {
    interface Item {
        path: string
        stats: fs.Stats
    }

    type Filter = (item: Item) => boolean

    interface Options {
        /**
         * @description True to only return files (ignore directories).
         *              Defaults to false if not specified.
         * @default false
         */
        nodir?: boolean

        /**
         * @description True to only return directories (ignore files).
         *              Defaults to false if not specified.
         * @default false
         */
        nofile?: boolean

        /**
         * @description when filter function is used, the default behavior is to read all directories even
         *              if they don't pass the filter function (won't be included but still will be traversed).
         *              If you set true, there will be neither inclusion nor traversal for directories that
         *              don't pass the filter function
         * @since v2.0.0
         */
        noRecurseOnFailedFilter?: boolean

        /**
         * @description function that gets one argument fn({path: '', stats: {}}) and returns true to include
         *              or false to exclude the item
         * @since v2.0.0
         */
        filter?: Filter
    }
}

declare function klawSync(
    root: string,
    options?: klawSync.Options,
): ReadonlyArray<klawSync.Item>

export = klawSync

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
HomeIndiaAndhra PradeshBorra Caves: Journey Through India's Natural Marvel
Borra Caves: Journey Through India's Natural Marvel
Borra Caves
Featured PostsGuidesIndiaAndhra Pradesh
Borra Caves, located in the Ananthagiri Hills of the Araku Valley in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, are a breathtaking natural wonder that offers a unique and exciting adventure for visitors. The caves, also known as Borra Guhalu, are known for their impressive stalactite and stalagmite formations, as well as the beautiful and intricate patterns that have been carved into the limestone rock by centuries of erosion.
The name "Borra" means "something that has bored into the ground," which is fitting given the caves' subterranean nature. The caves were discovered in 1807 by British geologist William King, but it is believed that they have been used by human beings for thousands of years. The local tribal people, the Kondh, have long considered the caves to be sacred, and still use them for rituals and ceremonies to this day.
The main attraction of the Borra Caves is the large, cathedral-like chamber that is located deep inside the caves. This chamber, known as the "Shiva Linga," is a massive column of rock that is said to resemble the Hindu god Shiva. The chamber is illuminated by a skylight that allows sunlight to filter down through the cave, casting a beautiful ethereal light on the surrounding rock formations.
In addition to the main chamber, the Borra Caves also feature a number of smaller chambers, each with its own unique features and formations. Some of these chambers are adorned with delicate and intricate rock formations, while others are adorned with beautiful flowstone and stalactites. The caves also feature a number of natural skylights, which allow visitors to see the sky and the surrounding landscape from deep within the cave.
Visiting the Borra Caves is a unique and exciting experience that offers a chance to explore one of India's most beautiful natural wonders. The caves are located in a remote and rugged area of the Araku Valley, which makes them an ideal destination for those who enjoy hiking and outdoor adventure. The caves are open to visitors year-round, but the best time to visit is between October and March when the weather is cooler and the landscape is lush and green.
To reach the caves, you have to take a bus or jeep ride from Araku to the caves which take around 1 hour. The caves are open from 9 am to 5 pm, and the entry fee is INR 20 for Indians and INR 500 for foreign tourists.
In conclusion, the Borra Caves are truly a natural wonder and a must-see destination for anyone visiting the Araku Valley. With their breathtaking rock formations, natural skylights, and rich cultural history, these caves offer a unique and unforgettable experience for visitors. Whether you're a seasoned explorer or just looking for a new and exciting adventure, the Borra Caves are sure to leave you awestruck and inspired.
History of Borra Caves
Borra Caves, also known as Borra Guhalu, are located in the Ananthagiri Hills of the Araku Valley in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The caves have a long and rich history, dating back thousands of years.
The caves were first discovered in 1807 by British geologist William King, who was conducting a survey of the region for the East India Company. However, it is believed that the caves have been used by human beings for much longer than that. The local tribal people, the Kondh, have long considered the caves to be sacred, and they have been used for rituals and ceremonies for centuries.
There are several legends associated with the formation of the caves, one of them being that Lord Shiva, the Hindu god of destruction, had bored into the earth to retrieve the 'Sivalingam', or the phallus, of Lord Vishnu, the Hindu god of preservation.
The caves have been studied by several geologists and speleologists in the past, who have determined that the caves were formed by the action of water on the limestone rock. Over time, the water dissolved the rock, creating underground channels and caverns, and leaving behind the impressive stalactite and stalagmite formations that can be seen today.
In recent years, the Borra Caves have become a popular tourist destination, drawing visitors from all over the world to admire the caves' beautiful rock formations and natural skylights. However, the caves are also an important archaeological site, and several excavations have been conducted in the area in an effort to uncover more information about the caves' history and the people who lived there.
In conclusion, the Borra Caves have a rich and fascinating history that spans thousands of years. From their sacred significance to the local tribes to the geological processes that formed them, the caves are a unique and important part of the region's cultural and natural heritage.
Facts About Borra Caves
Borra Caves, also known as Borra Guhalu, are located in the Ananthagiri Hills of the Araku Valley in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
The caves were first discovered in 1807 by British geologist William King.
Borra Caves are known for their impressive stalactite and stalagmite formations, as well as the intricate patterns that have been carved into the limestone rock by centuries of erosion.
The local tribal people, the Kondh, have long considered the caves to be sacred and still use them for rituals and ceremonies.
The main attraction of the Borra Caves is the large, cathedral-like chamber that is located deep inside the caves, known as the "Shiva Linga", which is said to resemble the Hindu god Shiva.
The caves also feature a number of smaller chambers, each with its own unique features and formations, natural skylights, and beautiful flowstone.
The best time to visit the caves is between October and March when the weather is cooler and the landscape is lush and green.
The caves are open from 9 am to 5 pm, the entry fee is INR 20 for Indians and INR 500 for foreign tourists.
The caves are a popular tourist destination, drawing visitors from all over the world to admire the caves' beautiful rock formations and natural skylights.
The caves are also an important archaeological site, several excavations have been conducted in the area to uncover more information about the caves' history and the people who lived there.
Things to do at Borra Caves
Explore the Caves: One of the main reasons to visit the Borra Caves is to see the impressive stalactite and stalagmite formations, intricate patterns, and the cathedral-like chamber known as the "Shiva Linga". Visitors can take a guided tour of the caves to learn more about the history and geology of the area.
Photography: The caves offer a unique and picturesque setting for photography enthusiasts. Visitors can take beautiful shots of the natural skylights, rock formations, and the surrounding landscape.
Hiking and Trekking: The Ananthagiri Hills surrounding the caves offer a great opportunity for hiking and trekking. Visitors can enjoy the scenic views of the valley and the surrounding hills while taking a hike.
Tribal Village Visit: The local Kondh tribes are an important part of the Borra Caves' history and culture, and visitors can take a guided tour of the nearby tribal villages to learn more about their way of life and customs.
Bird Watching: The caves are located in a diverse ecological area, and visitors can spot a variety of bird species like Hill Myna, Indian Pitta, Golden Oriole, and many more.
Enjoy the Scenic views: Visitors can also take a scenic drive to the caves, and enjoy the beautiful views of the valley and the surrounding hills on the way.
Try Local Cuisine: Visitors can also try local cuisines like bamboo chicken, bamboo fish curry, and other traditional dishes of the tribes, which are not easily available elsewhere.
Shopping: Visitors can also shop for local handicrafts and souvenirs like bamboo products, bell metal crafts, and traditional Kondh jewelry.
Overall, Borra Caves offer a wide range of activities for visitors to enjoy, from exploring the caves and taking in the scenic views, to learning about the local culture and trying local cuisine.
Weather at Borra Caves
The weather at Borra Caves can vary depending on the time of year. The caves are located in the Araku Valley, which has a tropical climate characterized by high humidity and heavy rainfall.
Summer (March-May): The summers are hot and humid, with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (95°F) during the day. Monsoon season starts in June and it could be heavy rainfall and landslides, it's not advisable to visit the caves during this time.
Monsoon (June – September): The monsoon season brings heavy rainfall to the area, making it difficult to visit the caves. The area is prone to landslides and flash floods, so it is not recommended to visit the caves during this time.
Winter (October – February): The winter months are the best time to visit the caves, as the weather is cooler and more comfortable. The temperatures during the day are usually between 20°C (68°F) and 25°C (77°F) and it's pleasant to explore the caves.
Overall, the best time to visit the Borra Caves is between October and March when the weather is cooler and more comfortable. The landscape is also lush and green during this time, making it an ideal time to take in scenic views.
Borra Caves Trekking
Trekking to Borra Caves is a unique and exciting way to experience the natural beauty of the Ananthagiri Hills and the caves themselves. The trek is a moderate to difficult level hike, and it offers visitors the chance to explore the caves and the surrounding hills in a more immersive and adventurous way.
The trek starts from the base of the Ananthagiri Hills and takes visitors through lush green forests and over rocky terrain. The trek passes through several small tribal villages, which offer a glimpse into the local culture and way of life. The trail is well marked and maintained, but it is recommended to do it with a guide, as they can provide information about the history and geology of the area and help navigate the trail.
The trek to the caves takes around 2-3 hours one way, depending on the fitness level of the trekkers. Trekkers should be prepared for a moderate to difficult hike and should wear appropriate clothing and footwear. It's also important to carry enough water and snacks, as there are no facilities along the way.
Once visitors reach the caves, they can explore the cave's chambers, admire the beautiful rock formations, and take in the natural skylights. Visitors can also explore the surrounding area and take in the beautiful views of the valley and the surrounding hills.
Overall, trekking to Borra Caves is a unique and exciting way to experience the natural beauty of the Ananthagiri Hills and the caves themselves. It's a great option for those who enjoy hiking and outdoor adventure, but visitors should be prepared for a moderate to difficult hike and carry the necessary equipment and supplies.
Similar Article – Visakhapatnam: Guide to India's Jewel of the East Coast
Frequently Asked Questions About Borra Caves
Q: How do I get to Borra Caves?
A: The Borra Caves are located in the Ananthagiri Hills of the Araku Valley in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The best way to reach the caves is by taking a bus or jeep ride from Araku, which takes around 1 hour. Visitors can also hire a taxi or drive their own vehicle to the caves.
Q: What is the best time to visit Borra Caves?
A: The best time to visit the Borra Caves is between October and March when the weather is cooler and more comfortable. The landscape is also lush and green during this time, making it an ideal time to take in scenic views.
Q: Is there an entry fee to the Borra Caves?
A: Yes, there is an entry fee to the Borra Caves. The entry fee for Indian citizens is INR 20, and for foreign tourists, it is INR 500.
Q: How long does it take to explore the caves?
A: The time it takes to explore the caves will vary depending on the visitor's interests and pace, but most visitors spend around 1-2 hours exploring the caves.
Q: Are there facilities available at the caves?
A: The facilities at the caves are limited. There are toilets and a small shop selling snacks and souvenirs. Visitors should plan to bring their own food and water as there are no restaurants or other facilities nearby.
Q: Are there any safety precautions to consider when visiting the caves?
A: Visitors should be aware that the caves can be dark and damp, and the paths can be slippery. It's important to wear appropriate clothing and footwear and to bring a flashlight or torch. Visitors should also be aware of the risk of landslides and flash floods during the monsoon season.
Visakhapatnam: Guide to India's Jewel of the East Coast
Submarine Museum in Visakhapatnam


text:
NFL.com – Prospect Profile
Author: Steven R
Published: Dec 10th, 2019
Category: College Football, Ohio State Sports
Miyan Williams From Winton Woods
Tags: Miyan Williams, Ohio State 2020 Class, Ohio State Football
The Buckeyes are getting themselves a new, exciting running back in Miyan Williams. The Winton Woods senior has reached a decision to join the roster for the Buckeyes next season. Miyan Williams is a 3-star recruit based on rivals dot com. With the height of 5'9" and weight of 210 lbs, he has a dynamic combination of both speed and power which will certainly come in handy for Ohio State in the following year.
Who Offered Miyan Williams a Scholarship?
Williams has been an intriguing prospect since he burst on the recruitment scene a year ago. A formerly unranked player he has risen as one of the thirty best running backs in his state. He has a wide variety of offers, 13 in total. Some of those included Kansas, Boston College, Cincinnati, Kent State, Kentucky, and Iowa State. It was that college, Iowa State, to which Williams gave a verbal commitment back in July. But all that changed after a wonderful weekend in Columbus.
What did Williams think of Tony Alford?
Miyan Williams visited the campus and attended the game Ohio State played against Penn State on that faithful weekend. It wouldn't be an exaggeration to say that what Ohio State showed him during that weekend has blown him away. He heaped praise for everyone. But, he did single out running back coach Tony Alford runs his practices. Alford was the man who recruited Williams and is beyond elated that his troubles his on fertile soil. Williams will likely agree that Alford is the man who will make him the best running back he can potentially become.
Ohio State recruiting: Miyan Williams commit, who could follow, Julian Fleming trolls Penn State
Visits to Campus
As we earlier stated, Williams is highly sought after recruit. He has visited numerous schools before committing to Ohio State. He visited Iowa State and was recruited by Tom Manning. The college of his home town Cincinnati was also heavily invested to bring him in. Both Doug Phillips and Marcus Freeman recruited him heavily. Kentucky's Vince Marrow was also trying to get him to commit to his program. But, Tony Alford outclassed and out impressed them all.
What Miyan Williams Offers Ohio State
The running back position has seen its fair share of up and downs during the last few Buckeyes seasons. With Miyan Williams, they should finally have some solid stability on that roster spot. He is one of the 30 best running backs in the country ranked by numerous sources, including 247 sports and Rivals dot com. He has a unique combination of balance and speed. His 210 pounds are more muscle and give him the stability and power he needs to push back pesky defender that will be in his way.
Williams is a decorated played. He has won the Offensive Player of the year for division II prep, according to Ohio Sportswriters. The Buckeyes are going to be a more local team in 2020. Williams is the 6th local player who has committed to play for them next year.
Williams rushed for almost 1000 yards this season and has had 10 touchdowns. His team, the Warriors are 6 and 3. In his entire high school career, he has rushed for over 5,800 yards and has an impressive 68 touchdowns to his name.
Miyan Williams From Winton Woods by Steven R
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Description from product owner: BS2.0 is the upgraded version for Bestscalper EA, which run in Asia session EURUSD&GBPUSD on M15, we specially add USDCHF for the external pair because it can get stable performance in back test and forward test. The SL value has been optimized from historic test data, if there is some modification we will inform all subscribers in first time or browse our website.
The FPA appreciates BestScalper.com sharing their EA performance on a LIVE account with ForexPeaceArmy.com traders community!
Please address ALL questions regarding the settings of this EA to BestScalper.com support. The FPA is monitoring this EA using the investor password and has no access to the settings being used.


text:
This document describes how to install nginx with extra modules in case the simple approach outlined in [170 - Install Nginx](https://github.com/sleepepi/sleepepi/tree/master/virtual-machines/170-install-nginx.md) is not sufficient.

Specifically, `headers-more-nginx-module` will be installed in order to remove server and x-powered-by headers for better security using `more_clear_headers`.

### Make sure development headers are installed to be able to compile nginx

```
sudo yum -y install curl-devel
sudo yum -y install wget
# Optional in case PCRE fails to download or if you get "The PCRE checksum could not be verified" during following passenger installation.
sudo yum -y install pcre-devel
```

\* Note: If compiling nginx fails, make sure to rerun the full yum install mentioned in [130 - Install Ruby Version Manager](https://github.com/sleepepi/sleepepi/tree/master/virtual-machines/130-install-rvm.md)

### Download nginx source code

```
cd /tmp
mkdir nginxplus
cd /tmp/nginxplus
curl -L https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.1.1k.tar.gz --insecure | tar xvz
curl -L http://www.nginx.org/download/nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz | tar xvz
curl -L https://github.com/openresty/headers-more-nginx-module/archive/v0.33.tar.gz --insecure | tar xvz
```

### Start the Passenger Installer

```
rvmsudo passenger-install-nginx-module --auto --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --nginx-source-dir=/tmp/nginxplus/nginx-1.19.9 --extra-configure-flags="--with-openssl=/tmp/nginxplus/openssl-1.1.1k --add-module=/tmp/nginxplus/headers-more-nginx-module-0.33" --languages ruby
```

or manually

```
rvmsudo passenger-install-nginx-module
```

Type `<enter>`

```
Which languages are you interested in?

Use <space> to select.

 ‣ ⬢  Ruby
   ⬡  Python
   ⬡  Node.js
   ⬡  Meteor
```

Deselect Python and Node.js using the `<space>` then type `<enter>`

```console
2. No: I want to customize my Nginx installation. (for advanced users)

Enter your choice (1 or 2) or press Ctrl-C to abort:
```

Type `2`

```console
Where is your Nginx source code located?

Please specify the directory:
```

Type `/tmp/nginxplus/nginx-1.17.10`

```console
Where do you want to install Nginx to?

Please specify a prefix directory [/opt/nginx]:
```

Type `/usr/local/nginx`

```console
Extra Nginx configure options

If you want to pass extra arguments to the Nginx 'configure' script, then
please specify them. If not, then specify nothing and press Enter.

If you specify nothing then the 'configure' script will be run as follows:

  sh ./configure ...

Extra arguments to pass to configure script:
```

Type
```
--with-openssl=/tmp/nginxplus/openssl-1.1.1k --add-module=/tmp/nginxplus/headers-more-nginx-module-0.33
```

```console
Confirm configure flags

The Nginx configure script will be run as follows:

  sh ./configure ...

Is this what you want? (yes/no) [default=yes]:
```

Type `<enter>`

### Next Step

[173 - Nginx Configuration](https://github.com/sleepepi/sleepepi/blob/master/virtual-machines/173-nginx-configuration.md)


text:
Q: How can you combine multiple graphs and control with one range selector with Highcharts? I have multiple graphs one on page. The goal with these charts is to sync the charts up to one range selector (preferably a custom one which allow for predefined time selections ~1day, ~7days, ~30days etc). Something which is similar to that of Grafana and it's layout.
Imagine the following layout
---- Range Selector ----
||||||||||||||||||||||||
------- Graph 1 --------
||||||||||||||||||||||||
------- Graph 2 --------

I have scoured Highcharts forums for an answer and within the documentation and have not found anything other than to make use of master-detail API Reference
If anyone has attempted anything similar, or seen another framework which could better help in the direction I wish to take, it would be appreciated for any input.

A: All you need to do is to connect the navigator range with x-axes extremes by using setExtremes method. The below example is using a navigator from Highstock.
    xAxis: {
        ...,
        events: {
            afterSetExtremes: function(e) {
                chart1.xAxis[0].setExtremes(e.min, e.max, true, false);
                chart2.xAxis[0].setExtremes(e.min, e.max, true, false);
            }
        }
    }

Live demo: http://jsfiddle.net/BlackLabel/4Lfegyqa/
API Reference: https://api.highcharts.com/class-reference/Highcharts.Axis#setExtremes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../spec_helper.rb'

describe 'Yubikey::OTP::Verify' do

  before do
    @otp = 'ccccccbfueddkcnctfkrhdfrbtfutgtididiguttlctr'
    @id  = 8094
    @key = 'NISwCZBQ0gTbuXbRGWAf4km5xXg='
    @nonce = 'cEnCRWOnpFurshnksfcAEZvWoqdXlwbs'
    @response = "t=2012-08-01T16:09:08Z0899\n" +
      "otp=ccccccbfueddkcnctfkrhdfrbtfutgtididiguttlctr\n" +
      "nonce=cEnCRWOnpFurshnksfcAEZvWoqdXlwbs\n"

    @mock_http = double('http')
    @mock_http_get = double('http_get')
    Net::HTTP.stub(:new).with('api.yubico.com', 443).and_return(@mock_http)
    @mock_http.stub(:use_ssl=).with(true).and_return(nil)
    @mock_http.stub(:verify_mode=).with(OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER).and_return(nil)
    @mock_http.stub(:cert_store=)
    @mock_http.stub(:request).with(@mock_http_get).and_return(@mock_http_get)

    Net::HTTP::Get.stub(:new).with(/id=#{@id}&otp=#{@otp}&nonce=[a-zA-Z0-9]{32}/).and_return(@mock_http_get)
  end

  it 'should verify a valid OTP' do
    ok_response = "#{@response}status=OK"
    hmac = Yubikey::OTP::Verify::generate_hmac(ok_response, @key)
    @mock_http_get.should_receive(:body).and_return("h=#{hmac}\n#{ok_response}")
    otp = Yubikey::OTP::Verify.new(:api_id => @id, :api_key => @key, :otp => @otp, :nonce => @nonce)
    otp.valid?.should == true
    otp.replayed?.should == false
  end

  it 'should verify a replayed OTP' do
    replayed_response = "#{@response}status=REPLAYED_OTP"
    hmac = Yubikey::OTP::Verify::generate_hmac(replayed_response, @key)
    @mock_http_get.should_receive(:body).and_return("h=#{hmac}\n#{replayed_response}")
    otp = Yubikey::OTP::Verify.new(:api_id => @id, :api_key => @key, :otp => @otp, :nonce => @nonce)
    otp.valid?.should == false
    otp.replayed?.should == true
  end

  it 'should raise on invalid OTP' do
    bad_response = "#{@response}status=BAD_OTP"
    hmac = Yubikey::OTP::Verify::generate_hmac(bad_response, @key)
    @mock_http_get.should_receive(:body).and_return("h=#{hmac}\n#{bad_response}")
    expect { otp = Yubikey::OTP::Verify.new(:api_id => @id, :api_key => @key, :otp => @otp, :nonce => @nonce) }.to raise_error(Yubikey::OTP::InvalidOTPError)
  end

  it 'should generate a correct hmac' do
    Yubikey::OTP::Verify::generate_hmac(@response, @key).should == 'sZqbbsXL5WIdqLNmr19/eq6acSM='
  end

  it 'should raise on invalid parameters' do
    expect{ Yubikey::OTP::Verify.new({}) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, "Must supply API ID")
    expect{ Yubikey::OTP::Verify.new({:api_id => 'foo'}) }.to raise_error(ArgumentError, "Must supply API Key")
  end

  context "with module configuration" do
    before do
      Yubikey.configure do |config|
        config.api_id  = @id
        config.api_key = @key
      end
    end

    after do
      Yubikey.reset
    end

    it "should verify a valid OTP" do
      ok_response = "#{@response}status=OK"
      hmac = Yubikey::OTP::Verify::generate_hmac(ok_response, @key)
      @mock_http_get.should_receive(:body).and_return("h=#{hmac}\n#{ok_response}")
      otp = Yubikey::OTP::Verify.new(:otp => @otp, :nonce => @nonce)
      otp.valid?.should == true
      otp.replayed?.should == false
    end
  end

end


text:
Vale Christian Houllemare
Tributes are flowing for much-loved Happy Hate Me Nots and former New Christs and Someloves member Christian Houllemare who has passed away.
A long-time Australian resident, the French-born bassist was found at his home in Sydney's inner-west over the weekend.
Read More Comment (1)
Golden Greats No. 1 – The Soundtrack Of Our Lives (Telegram Records)
This is the second retrospective package but the first well-rounded "best of" for the late (1994-2012) but great Swedish psych-rock-pop conglomerate. While the 2 CD "A Present From The Past" focused on outtakes and rare gems, "Golden Greats" is a single disc that's largely what it says on the package.
Feel It Like A Scientist - Chrome (King of Spades)
Written by Robert Brokenmouth on 08 June 2014 .
When Big Black toured UK in 1987, playing their last gig in Europe, they had a few members of Wire come up on stage. Afterwards, having played with his heroes, Steve Albini commented: "Tonight we've walked with giants."
Wire are giants in a world of pygmy bands. Chrome are legends among giants.
Deniz Tek and The Bad Men live in Norway
Written by Pete Craven on 08 June 2014 .
Lady luck must have been looking out for me; I get sent on a last minute work trip to Oslo, and discover Deniz Tek will be in town for the opening night of his 2014 European Tour. The venue turns out to be a leisurely five-minute walk from my hotel. Easy Street.
River Mirrors - Infinity Broke (Come To The Dark Side Luke)
Infinity Broke is the new vehicle for Sydney's Jamie Hutchings and Jared Harrison, post the dissolution of Bluebottle Kiss. They were longtime acerbic indie fixtures on the Australian scene before Hutchings decided to go solo so the air is misty with expectation.
The first thing to say is that the self-released "River Mirrors" sounds superb. It was recorded in a shearing shed on a sheep property with a live ambience and stark glow.
Jim Jones Revue calls it a day
The UK's most rocking outfit, Jim Jones revue, has announced a farewell tour before a planned October break-up. Seven years, three studio albums and a compilation of their singles will culminate in a sweep through France, Spain and Amsterdam before a lap of honour of the UK that winds up at The Forum in London on October 4.
Why? is anyone's guess as the band isn't going into detail. Here's their last single "Where Da Money Go?", from the 2012 album "Savage Grace", to see them out.
Stooge in talks to team with Texas Terri
Ex-Stooge Jimmy Recca (picured at the left in the 1971 photo) continues his return to stages on Friday with a gig at Empire club (formerly JAXX) in Springfield, Virginia, with plans for more US touring and a European visit.
Talks are underway to team Recca with confrontational vocalist Texas Terri and her band in Germany later this year, and a US tour is in the works for October with an ex-member of The Doughboys.
Bob Short's Complete History of Rock and Roll Episode 8: New Christs
Written by Bob Short on 04 June 2014 .
To celebrate the release of their new album "Incantations" and their pending European tour, here's Bob Short's take on some songs the New Christs have played, taught us, reminded us of or otherwise desecrated. In a nice way.
Big Smoke London Town – The Dustaphonics (Dirty Water)
The debut album "Party Girl" made it blatantly apparent that London soul-rockers The Dustaphonics had it all over their competition on a couple of fronts. Not only did they have a killer vocalist in San Franciscan expat Kay Elizabeth but a consummate engine room to drive the songs. Album Number Two finds them with a new singer and an interchangeable rhythm section.
Deux – Hell City Glamours (self released)
Runaways - Kim Salmon and Spencer P. Jones (Incubator Recording)
Do the Crawl - Rocket to Memphis (Off the Hip)
The Meat Puppets at Fowlers Live in Adelaide
The English Beat, Fistful of Trojans at the Governor Hindmarsh, Adelaide
The Out Of This World Sounds Of - Hipbone Slim And The Kneetremblers (Beast Records)
Get Your Rabbit's Foot And Run - One Thousand Years (Off The Hip)
Pink Fairies resume live gigging in the UK
Hugo Race announces Australian solo show tour


There's simply nothing like taking part in a massed assault on an enemy base and coming out on top, or living in a world where an enemy convoy could appear on the horizon at any second. If you need any proof that 'free' doesn't mean uninspired, Planetside 2 will provide it.
It's a bit more slow-paced than your typical multiplayer fragfest, but if you give it time, you may just get addicted to this loot gathering hit – it's really the best free games for Diablo addicts. There are hidden depths that you can uncover after playing for hours and a huge skill tree to slowly progress through. There are no game ruining issues like that short-lived real-money auction house, either.
Instead, even basic loot can be useful because there's always an opportunity to enhance even the simplest weapon with magic. If you got tired of the grind of Diablo III, it's a good one to check out.
Despite being accessible, it's still quite challenging as well, especially if you're up against an opponent that plays their cards right.
What's more, characters can be purchased a la carte as downloadable content, which means you don't have to shell out a wad of cash unnecessarily for characters you'll never play. And, for the Xbox fans out there, this game is essentially Microsoft's equivalent of Super Smash Bros. and PlayStation All-Stars: Battle Royale since you can pick up numerous Xbox mascots. These include Arbiter (Halo), Rash (Battletoads) and General RAAM (Gears of War) in addition to a growing catalog of Killer Instinct-specific characters.
While Killer Instinct isn't as popular with the Fighting Game Community, there is a certain novelty of being able to control these classic Xbox-derived characters, and on PC at that.
Though its future was briefly uncertain after the sale of Sony's online entertainment division in February 2015, Everquest has returned better than ever with new expansion packs and continued support by Daybreak Game Company.
Featuring consistently released expansion packs (quite massive in scale, at least early on) with vast new areas, races and classes, Everquest brings to the table just about everything you would expect from an MMO – plus it's notably better at handling co-op than its alternatives.
We have created this website in order to help you gamble legally and profitably in India. We will provide you with step-by-step guides about everything from choosing the right bookmaker, to setting up an account, to becoming a profitable player.
How do I get started with online gambling?
Which bookmaker is the best for Indian players?
How do I make money with gambling?
How do I withdraw the money I've won in India?
If you're ready to get started gambling in India, then please join us on this journey, as we walk you through the motions of how to gamble in India.
So you have decided to try out online gambling, but you're not sure how to get started? Don't worry, it's really simple, and we'll show you how.
The first thing you have to do is decide which bookmaker you want to sign up with. There are numerous betting sites that accept Indian customers. Most of them also allow you to play with rupees, instead of other foreign currencies.
To make it easy for you, we will only recommend betting sites that accept Indian customers here on Mybetting. We will also write reviews about all the betting sites that accept Indian players and let you choose the best option for your needs. We invite you to read more here about the best betting sites in India before you choose which site you want to sign up with.
By reading our reviews, you can find more information about what services are offered by that specific bookmaker. Do they offer bets on cricket, horse racing, IPL and so on? Is the site language available in English or in Hindi? Do they have friendly and helpful customer support? Can you deposit rupees to your betting account? Those questions and many more will be answered by reading our reviews about specific betting sites in India.
Although cricket is not officially our national sport, it certainly is in the hearts and minds of most Indian people. Cricket is the most popular sport on the subcontinent. Nothing gets the family together like the Indian national cricket team and some homecooked dal makhani.
Watching cricket among friends or family is always cozy and super exciting. But nothing gets the excitement going like a good old-fashioned wager. That's why we love betting on cricket here at Mybetting. Watching your favorite game in good company and winning some money at the same time. What could be better?
Most betting sites even have an online cricket betting app, so you can watch cricket on your mobile device any time that suits you!
If you're wondering how to get started with cricket betting then you have come to the right place. Here at Mybetting, we provide you with all the necessary tools. We will help you set up an account on one of the many great cricket betting sites that accept Indian players. Just click here for more information on cricket betting.
Virat Kohli and his teammates celebrates after winning the ICC Champions Trophy final.
Horse racing is another one of those sports that have always been able to unite the nation. It's arguably the second most popular sport in India. Betting on horses has been a part of the Indian culture for a long time.
I remember when my dad and I used to go down to the Madras Turf Club here in Chennai on Sunday afternoons to watch Storm Again and Piccolina face each other over the Indian derby title. Those were good times!
Betting on horse racing is one of the most intense and breathtaking experiences in sports betting. It's so fast-paced and unpredictable. Becoming successful at horse race betting requires a commitment of time and a good deal of analytical skills. You will need to analyze the history of every horse competing in a given race before placing your bet.
Fortunately, we are here to help you with all the details of becoming a successful horse race punter. It all starts with selecting the right betting site. You should also be sure that this betting site offers live streaming of all the races. If you can't go to the race course, watching it live from your computer screen is just as good and offers plenty of excitement. Please click through here to find more info on how to start betting on horses.
Although football has never reached the kind of popularity that cricket and horse racing has, it's still one of the most popular sports in the world, so naturally, a lot of Indians enjoy watching football as well. It's one of those sports that we enjoy watching more than actually playing. That is probably why the Indian national football team has never won any important tournaments.
Still, football is very popular in India, especially the Shillong Premier League, the Champion's League in Europe as well as the English Premier League. Fortunately, most betting sites offer plenty of opportunities to bet on football, as it's one of the most popular sports worldwide. It's easy to get started on football betting, and it's very easy to get a hang of it.
When choosing a football betting site, first make sure that they accept Indian players. Now make sure that the betting site offers live streaming as well as live betting. These features make it so much more exciting to watch a match that you have invested money in. If you have never tried it, I really recommend that you go check out our informational article on football betting in India.
When it comes to sports that are popular in India, Bet365 has one of the best and most diverse selections on the market. They offer tons of football, plenty of horse racing and of course a good amount of cricket as well. Unfortunately, Bet365 does not offer kabaddi yet, but we are sure it will be added to the selection as more and more Indian players sign up at Bet365!
Once you've chosen the bookmaker that is right for you, you are ready to open your account. By using one of the bookmakers here on our site, you will be guaranteed to also receive a bonus when you sign up for your new account. Most betting sites offer some kind of welcome bonus. As an example, by signing up with Royal Panda, you can receive a welcome bonus which gives you the same amount as your deposit on top.
That means that if you deposit ₹2,000, you will receive an extra ₹2,000 in bonus, so you end up with ₹4,000 in total. If you deposit ₹10,000, you will receive an ad!tional ₹10,000, so you end up with ₹20,000 in total! With a great welcome bonus like this, you get the best possible start to your betting adventure.
By signing up with one of the betting sites here on! Mybetting, we guarantee that you will receive your bonus, and we will be there to help you if you encounter any problems along the way. We invite you to click here if you want to read more about the different betting offers that you can receive from a bookmaker.
Many Indian betting sites also offer a type of bonus called free bets. This means you get the chance to place a wager without putting any money down. It's a great way to make a profit without taking any risk. Many betting sites in India offer free bets as a welcome bonus.
For example, Unibet will give you up to ₹2,500 in free bets when you create a new account. This will allow you to place bets up to ₹2,500 without taking any risk. If you win, you get to keep the money. If you lose, then at least you didn't lose any of your own money.
Many betting sites offer free bets on a regular basis. For example, over at Betway, they give away free bets on a weekly basis if you take part in the Free Bet Club-promotion. Free bets every week. What's not to like about that?
So how do free bets actually work? Well, let's say the betting site gives you a free bet of ₹1,000. You choose to use your free bet by placing a wager on Chennai Super Kings to win outright over Sunrisers Hyderabad in the IPL at odds 1.50.
As you place your bet, the bet slip will appear on your screen and you will have the option to use your own money or use your free bet. You choose your free bet. Now you place the bet and no cash is deducted from your betting account.
Now let's say MS Dhoni was having a really terrific day with some amazing finishes and your team, Chennai Super Kings won this match outright. The winnings are ₹1,500, but because you wagered ₹1,000 at odds 1.50, you only get to keep the ₹500 because the ₹1,000 technically didn't come from you. Makes sense right?
Betway offers all existing customers to participate in the Free Bet Club which gives all players a chance to receive free bets on a regular basis. Betway serves their Indian players very well and allows deposits to be made in rupees.
Create an eWallet account at Neteller or Skrill.
Deposit money into this account using either Federal Bank or ICICI Bank.
Transfer that money from your eWallet to your betting account.
Buy an AstroPay card or a Neosurf card from an online retailer.
Pay for your card using either cash, mobile money or local bank transfer.
Use your new prepaid card to deposit money into your betting site of choice.
These are some of the most common ways to deposit money into a betting site. Many bookmakers have way more options that you can use for depositing money. Some accept local bank transfers in India, most sites accept credit/debit cards and some even accept mobile money.
The most popular option is to use an eWallet because it is fast, secure and it allows you to be anonymous. The most common ones are Neteller and Skrill like mentioned above, but PayPalis also used by plenty of online betting sites.
Neteller and Skrill are often used by betting sites because it is easy to use and comes with low transaction fees. Both eWallet solutions are part of the Paysafe group, which make them very trustworthy and reliable companies. Others may prefer to use PayPal, but not all betting sites offer this solution, so be sure to check with your preferred bookmaker beforehand.
Please click here to read more about payment methods. If you have issues or questions about funding your account, do not hesitate to contact us or the bookmaker in question. We will gladly help you solve the problem of funding your new account.
Which betting site in India has the best deposit options?
We have received a lot of questions from our readers about which betting site is the best and easiest to deposit money into. Many Indian banks will not transfer money overseas, especially not to gambling sites, so it is really crucial that you choose a betting site with deposit methods that work for you.
Fortunately, many betting sites are aware of the problems facing Indian players and have made many accommodations to try and find solutions that could help those of us who want to gamble in India. One of the betting sites with the highest number of different deposit options is 22Bet. There are literally almost a hundred different ways to deposit money onto this betting site.
22Bet allows you to deposit money not only by bank transfer but also by credit card, e-wallet such as Skrill or Neteller and even prepaid cards. The option of using a prepaid card is a great solution because it's something everyone can do. Every Indian player can get their hands on a prepaid card, and it's really not that difficult.
How do I get a prepaid card in India?
There are many different types of prepaid cards available in India, but the two best ones for online betting are AstroPay card and Neosurf card. These two cards will allow you to deposit money into the betting sites that accept them. For example, Royal Panda accepts AstroPay card but not Neosurf card, whereas 22Bet accepts both AstroPay card and Neosurf card. Hopefully, more betting sites in India will start to accept these prepaid cards in the future, but until then we will just have to be happy that at least some of the betting sites accept them.
Both AstroPay cards and Neosurf cards are easy to obtain. They can be bought through online retailers and you can pay in either card, bank transfer or even mobile money. After you have made your purchase, you will get a digital card with money on which can be used to deposit money into a betting site. It's simple, easy and it works for all Indian players. If none of the other deposit methods work for you, we highly recommend that you get a prepaid card.
How do I withdraw money from a betting site?
Withdrawing money from a betting site in India can seem like a daunting task. Many readers have asked us how they actually get the profits from their gambling into their bank account. Fortunately, the best betting sites all make it fairly simple and easy to withdraw money.
If you are having difficulties withdrawing money from a betting site in India, it's probably not a good betting site, but more of a scam than anything else. The withdrawing procedure should be transparent and easy to understand. All the betting sites listed here on Mybetting live up to some very strict demands and we never recommend any betting sites that don't make it easy to withdraw money.
All the betting sites here on Mybetting offer secure and easy withdrawal options for Indian players!
Most betting sites have a procedure where you need to make a withdrawal request. Then your withdrawal request is typically handled within 24 hours. This can seem like a bit of a hassle, but it's actually just a security measure. All betting sites are regulated by some form of government authority which demands that they must keep track of where the money comes and goes. This is in order to reduce money laundering and fraud.
Most betting sites offer the two standard options of withdrawal which are bank transfer and credit/debit card. If those don't work for you, you typically also have the option to withdraw money into an e-wallet like Neteller, Skrill or even Paypal. Many gambling sites also allow you to withdraw money to a prepaid card like an AstroPay card or a Neosurf card if you have something like that.
Before you make your first deposit to a betting site, make sure the withdrawal process is transparent and straightforward. It's good to be one step ahead. If you don't feel comfortable about the withdrawal procedure, simply go and look for a different betting site.
Bet has almost a hundred different ways to deposit and withdraw money which makes it easy and convenient for players to feel secure when transferring money to and from this betting site. They are especially good for Indian players who may not have a bank account, as they also allow deposits in prepaid cards.
The legal situation of gambling in India is a bit of a disputed topic but through our research and interviews with top legal experts in India, we have established that online gambling in India is not an illegal activity. Certainly, no one has ever been prosecuted or convicted for online gambling.
"If an Indian resident decides to place bets on a website hosted outside the country, it would be nearly impossible to hold him guilty of online gambling, if the laws of the country where the website is hosted, permits online gambling," – Vikrant Pachnanda, New Delhi High Court Attorney.
Fortunately, most online gambling providers are not operating on Indian soil. In fact, most of them are headquartered licensed in jurisdictions across Europe. This provides us players with an opportunity to gamble, that we can use without fear of breaking any laws.
It has even been discussed in the media recently, that there is full legalization of gambling underway in India. Betting should be legalized according to the Law Commission, who recently published a 145-page report that recommends legalization of gambling under government regulation. It seems like the government is starting to realize that online gambling could be a very profitable business for them as well.
We have written a very in-depth article about the legal situation of gambling in India, where we post transcripts from our interview with one of the top legal experts on gambling in India. You can read the article here.
We will, of course, give you more information as this story evolves. You can always check back here on Mybetting for the latest news about betting in India.


text:
package templates

import (
	"net/http"
	"strings"

	"github.com/ryanmoran/stack"
)

type UpdateHandler struct {
	updater     templateUpdater
	errorWriter errorWriter
}

func NewUpdateHandler(updater templateUpdater, errWriter errorWriter) UpdateHandler {
	return UpdateHandler{
		updater:     updater,
		errorWriter: errWriter,
	}
}

func (h UpdateHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request, context stack.Context) {
	templateID := strings.Split(req.URL.String(), "/templates/")[1]

	templateParams, err := NewTemplateParams(req.Body)
	if err != nil {
		h.errorWriter.Write(w, err)
		return
	}

	err = h.updater.Update(context.Get("database").(DatabaseInterface), templateID, templateParams.ToModel())
	if err != nil {
		h.errorWriter.Write(w, err)
		return
	}

	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
}


In our slap-happiest episode ever, we tried to squeeze a quick "Riverdale" recap in after our previous recording. But after already doing a full episode, then 45 minutes of political debate, a case of beer, some cold fish and a freezer full of delicious Push 'Ems, it was almost 2 AM by the time we called it quits and the results are a bit... let's say... unhinged. But we do our sleep-deprived best to cover season 2, episodes #6-8, "Death Proof," "Tales from the Darkside" and "House of the Devil" as thoroughly as this terrific show deserves in this one-of-a-kind go-round of Ka-Pow the Pop Cultured Podcast.


text:
H.O.W.L.
OEHS is Helping Our Wolves with Love
In November of 2007, Oswego East High School started the H.O.W.L. program (Helping Our Wolves with Love), a fundraising campaign to support students whose holidays may be afflicted with financial hardship. For some families, the holidays can be overwhelmingly stressful, lonely, and financially taxing. Modeled after the United Way "Forgotten Teens" program, H.O.W.L. is an opportunity for the Oswego East student body, staff and community members to join forces and remember those teens in need. Teens from the ages of 15-19 are typically the age group most forgotten during the holiday season. This includes many students in the District 308 community whose families do not have enough money or resources to provide gifts for the holidays.
Over the past several years, Oswego East has planned various fundraising events. H.O.W.L.'s most longstanding and successful fundraiser has been "Donut Days". Dick's Mini Donuts has been hosting "Donut Days" at Oswego East during times such as early release days, parent/teacher conferences, Open House, and Freshman Preview Night. Dick's Mini Donuts is also at each home football game.
The money raised each year is distributed to Oswego East students in gift card form during the holidays. The number of recipients has varied over the years and has ranged from 53-98 students. Since inception we have been able to gift nearly 500 students! Providing gifts for those students has been an amazing accomplishment, however there are so many more students and families that could benefit from this program with the continued help from the OEHS student body, staff and community.
If you would like more information or to assist with the Oswego East H.O.W.L. program, please feel free to contact Brianne Kalusniak, Oswego East Social Worker, at (630)636-2244 or bkalusniak@sd308.org.


A new report by Ming-Chi Kuo of KGI claims that Apple will refresh the iMac this quarter. The iMac bodies will remain the same, KGI claims, but the internals will see a bump, such as the CPU, along with a new display for improved viewing.
No where in the report is there information about a 21.5 4K Retina iMac, despite the fact that there is 4K artwork hidden in an El Capitan beta's code. But Kuo doesn't say it won't happen, it's just simply not addressed in this report.
9to5Mac states that "the report says it expects Apple to use a phosphor material to significantly improve color saturation on the new iMac panels. Most models of the iMac range have been somewhat stagnating. Aside from the 27 inch Retina models and a cheaper low-end variant in August 2014, the lineup has not been updated since 2013. Hence, it's not really a surprise that an update is reaching release. Kuo says Apple wants to launch the new iMac update in the current quarter."
We'll keep you posted on any news concerning this topic here and on Twitter.