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EP01: Why You're Self-Sabotaging
Many people know what they need to do to reach their goals, they just don't do it. Why?
Coach Suzanne introduces the concept of secondary gain: that there's a benefit you get by NOT reaching your goal.
Suzanne helps her clients reach their goals by addressing their mindsets to create lasting change. She has a Bachelor of Medical Science, Certificate 3 & 4 in Fitness, and personally experienced her own incredible transformation.
In this episode, Suzanne breaks down why the benefits of secondary gain are often fleeting, and why dreaming big but acting small is a winning strategy for success.
Victoria: A lot of us think that to reach a goal, we have to give up behaviour that we actually enjoy often the thought of having to sacrifice things that we actually do like doing to achieve our goals could be subconsciously holding us back, sabotaging our commitment and our motivation, which slows us down or stops us dead in our tracks and offers.
And in some extreme cases, such thoughts can even stop us from getting started in the first place. So in today's show, we are actually going to be talking about secondary gain. That's right. Secondary gain the surprising barrier that can be holding you back from really, truly reaching your goals and to find out if it is possible to have that amazing cake and eat it too.
So with me today to explain this very interesting concept is one of our extraordinary coaches, coach Suzanne. Suzanne is a mind and body transformational expert. Who's had great success in helping clients deal with negative patterns of behaviour. Building confidence, and creating lasting change in their lives and also careers.
In addition to her years of experience and qualifications as a coach, she also has a bachelor of medical science and a certificate three and four in fitness, so you can guess she is no stranger to achieving some incredible goals herself. And in fact, it was while working with a mindset coach on achieving her own goals that she became inspired to train as a coach and now share what she's learnt to help others.
I always love having you on our show. Welcome. Suzanne!
Suzanne: Thank you Victoria.
Victoria: So I'm very curious. What is this secondary gain? It's a concept in all my years of coaching. I actually have not come across it. So I am personally intrigued at what this is what the definition is and how we can actually unpack it and find some solutions around it.
Suzanne: I'm excited to talk about something you haven't come across before. So, the majority of clients that I work with, come to me and say, I know what to do, but I just don't do it in whatever way, shape or goal that they're working towards. And the secondary gain is there is a benefit that you're getting from not doing it and it's not comfortable and it's not conscious because.
You know, consciously, as everyone says, they know what to do, but they just don't do it. So it's about looking at the behaviours that, are, in some way, serving you and you're getting your needs met by like a lot of my clients overeating is the thing or emotional eating and consciously. they don't enjoy it. They feel guilty.
They feel shame. They hated the result of it with the excess kilos. But in the moment that they do it, they gained something from it because otherwise, they wouldn't do it. But the thing is it's often so instant and so fast, slowing it down to be present when it happens. Isn't actually possible in the beginning.
And a lot of people will beat themselves up because they don't actually know how to stop in the moment
Victoria: So that's really interesting. I'm going to probably flip this on its head. When you talk about secondary gain, what comes to mind for me? And this is purely just based on the years of coaching that sometimes when we go after a goal, what can happen is when we do reach that goal. What fears may actually surface as a result of reaching that goal?
Suzanne: Oh, yes.
Victoria: So it's not so much a secondary gain. It's a secondary fear. That can then surface, I'll give you totally off-the-cuff example because clearly our show is not scripted and it's, and it's live. So an example would be for those who are listening, something like totally thinking on the spot here. I want to, okay. Let's move away from body stuff and weight loss right now. And you're in a loving relationship. And again, this is just a made-up example. You're at home, you're raising children. And then you decide that one of your goals is that you would like to go back to work or you'd like to create a business.
And your family dynamic is used to you playing a certain role and. Even though your heart is singing out for something more, you know, the kids may be back at school and you've got all this time on your hands and maybe you might've had an extraordinary career as a artist or a, you know, amazing corporate, whatever you were doing.
And now it's your time and space to now thinking around, okay, what next for me? And then when you make that decision, Fi suddenly comes up to then sitting down with the
family and saying, these are the decisions, or this is a decision. And this is what I would now like to explore as a, whether it's getting at that new job or starting a business idea, and suddenly the goalposts change in that family unit.
And you may experience some pushback because you're breaking. Expectations that are either nonverbal or verbal and you're completely changing the rules. So therefore it's interesting when you say secondary guy and out almost challenged that a little bit and say sometimes that can be a blocker to actually going after that first gain, which is the goal of the outcome.
Because then other fears come up that could stop you dead in your tracks for fear of what others will think and how that will change your life and the lives of others. When you decide that you want to be able to express more of who you are in that moment.
Suzanne: Yes.
Victoria: That's interesting.
Suzanne: There's so much in that because also too, like the business or going back to work or starting a new career example is awesome because so many clients and so many people, and even myself, once it had the children and they started school and you have more time, you think you have more time, but the changing the family dynamic because the children are used to you being home all the time. perhaps the thing that you're exploring. haven't done it before. So there's a little bit of fear of like, what if I'm not good enough or what if I don't have enough education? And then, so you might go and get some more education, but then there's the thing of like the age there's this so much, so many layers to this that sometimes we.
We dream big and then we think we need to act big. So then we don't act at all rather than dreaming big and acting small. Like what's the next little breadcrumb, the next little step that we can take, rather than because we can't leap, we just get stuck in inaction.
Victoria: It's a very good analogy that, and it's something that encouraging, we all know these, that coaching. Coaching creates the conversation to help you create tiny steps forward. And it's in those tiny steps that then ultimately the giant leaps appeared, but you don't start leaping.
That's not the way forward.
It's taking bite-size little actions every single day to help build up tiny wins that then help build your confidence and your courageousness to then. Be able to say in your world, I can do this. I'd love to go back to the secondary gain. And let's explore that a little bit more because I know that we can go off into a multitude of areas in this particular conversation.
So, I'd love to hear some examples of clients that you work with currently that are dealing with this issue and the secondary gain is actually a blocker.
Suzanne: Yes
Victoria: And how you help them through that.
Suzanne: So an example, like a tool or a strategy that I've used with clients before is when people say I know what to do, but I just don't do it. What is the distractions that currently come up for you? So say they were going to write a blog and suddenly you need to check the fridge or suddenly you have to vacuum the floor or hang out the washing or do something it's been there for however long, but it comes to mind that you need to action on it. And sometimes it's not productive. Things like cleaning. It could just be watching Netflix and eating. Um, we'll be honest. The thing that is the distraction. The two questions I encourage people to ask themselves is it good for me now? And is it good for me later? Because eating chocolate, when you should be writing a blog may very well be good for you right now, because in the moment it's a distraction, it's fun.
It's freedom. But then later you're going to have the. Calories. I don't like to use the term calories, but you know, excess food that you've eaten surplus to requirements and the blogs still not done. So it's not something that's, you know, good for you now. Good for you later. So even something that, you know, like. Doing the washing or housework. Good for me now. Yes. It's a break. Good for me later. Well, then I don't need to do it later. So it's a sideways step. It's still not actually getting the thing done that you want to do, but it's not actually taking you backward into the dark playground of eating or social media scrolling or something.
It's totally in the opposite direction of your goal. And then once you've done that, the little distracting thing, it's good for you now and good for you later. Coming back to, rather than getting stuck in this spiral you know, I've eaten the entire pantry from left to right. I've cleaned the entire house and I still haven't done the thing.
And I think back to what you were saying before, often we try and make leaps rather than we just count The amazing little steps. Like if people are going to launch a podcast, seems to be the lockdown thing. Everyone wants to launch a podcast. It's amazing. I'm not knocking it. They're great. But that's not something you do in a day. Like, do you have the equipment, the audio like, do you even know what you're going to talk? Like there's so many steps to this that we just kind of then go, well, I failed at it after like a week. If we're honest, we're really, really hard on ourselves. so it's like breaking it down.
And then looking at the distractions, if they're serving you now and later, not just now.
Victoria: So that's really interesting. I am listening to what you are saying and to avoid the big leaps take the small steps. And break it down even further and plan really what it is that you're wanting to achieve. And then there's a second question beyond just is it good for me now? And is it good for me later, but I think there's an opportunity as well, to be able to look at, okay, this is my goal.
Let's use the blog article as an example. So the goal is you need to write a blog article by Friday at six o'clock.
there's an opportunity there as well to ask yourself, what's the benefit, what's the reward from completing this task or completing this goal. So that helps you stay focused on moving away from procrastination, into doing. So it's almost like you need to have a couple of different motivators that you need to be clear on.
So if I wrote this blog article, what does that mean? Is it good for me? Yes. Clearly we're not talking about food right now. People were talking about writing a blog. So, um, by writing this blog, by sharing this blog, what's the impact that it's going to have on others that have. And so they fold that becomes a much higher motivator and moving it away from self to others, which help you then get the task done. now.
I would see that as also a secondary gain.
Suzanne: Yes. But sometimes the secondary gain can be if the client or the person says to themselves, what's the potential impact? And, Somebody could read it and misinterpret what I've said. Somebody could read it and think I was having a go, like a lot of the fears can come up and that's the things to work through with your coach because just because we think it doesn't mean it's true, but like this, sometimes that the secondary guy and the reason we know what to do, and we just don't do it.
It's not because we're not capable or not motivated or lazy. All that stories we tell ourselves. Is there some fear under there about, you know, being visible, being seen, we've talked before about, you know, imposter syndrome. That's actually the real sticking point under there. It's never really a fear of failure so much as fear of success.
And that's something to work through. and then the thing for that I say to people is, you know, what's the worst case scenario. So like, you know, really go there the most worst thing that could happen, what's the best case scenario. So you've, you've got your, you know, away from and you're towards, and then what's the most likely.
Because we tend to like, vary between these poles of what if this happens or what if this happens and then get stuck in inaction. But we kind of know where the actual, most likely thing is, but then we've kind of explored the range. And I think that allows us to calm our nervous system a bit like, for me often the worst case scenario what if, I forget to pick the kids up from school and, you know, they're left there on their own.
And then someone else like terrible things or what's the best case scenario, what's the most likely scenario. So it's just, it's, it seems really simple, so simple that people won't do it, but it's really profound because it lets you identify the poles of the fear and then really realizing what's the actual likelihood of that happening.
Very, very, very low. ,
Victoria: So what's your process. That you take clients through to help them understand and label, which sometimes gives us a little bit of extra awareness that they are dealing with a secondary gain issue.
Is that a parent, when someone comes to you in a, in a session with reasons that they think why they're not achieving their goal, But when you then suspect, ah, we've got a secondary gain issue going on here. Let's dive in a little bit.
Suzanne: it's apparent to me usually. and it's just a matter of asking the right question to have the person come to the insight, because we've all been told something before, go do this. And then we're like, no, that's not it. And then we go and do all these other things. And then we go back to the person going, did you know it was this?
And you could just see the exasperated look in their eyes. Like I've been telling you this for ages, but there's so many things that we need to uncover on our own.so like with a lot of the clients I work with who struggle with their weight. They think I didn't get the job because I'm fat or I, they didn't pick me because I'm heavy or I can't do this because of my weight.
There are very few things that are things like when I was at my biggest, I couldn't go on a rollercoaster, one of the most shameful experiences of my life, but, you know, because of my weight, like, but most of the things. It isn't actually about their physical appearance at all. But then when we don't have that way to security blanket, we kind of have to face it.
You know, maybe they didn't pick me because of me. And that's a lot more scary like that. It's because of you then, as opposed to it's my way. It's because I'm a mom. It's because I'm too old, too young to feel too unfair to, you know, so often when people are.putting why they can't do something onto something else or someone else.
It's a matter of asking questions. Like, you know, is it true? Is there people in the world who are your age or your weight or your gender who have achieved this?Well, yes. So it's just creating awareness where perhaps before there wasn't any.
Victoria: That's really interesting. How many, I'm just curious, how many of your clients on a percentage level since you've started coaching. Have had to deal with the secondary gain conversation.
Suzanne: At least 90%
Victoria: That's really high.
Suzanne: In some way or shape or form. I still deal with this all the time. It can be like, oh, I'll have to wait till the kids are at school. And then the kids go to school and you're like, well, that wasn't it. I have to wait till school holidays. And that comes to like, well, that wasn't it. Um, and like, I know the number of clients and be in the dozens of people who've been like, where do I get a dog?
Then I'll have no excuse not to exercise. So they get a dog. That wasn't it. So, you know, we often put things off until we've achieved something until something ha has happened. Um, not consciously. And then we realized that that wasn't actually the thing.
Victoria: That's really interesting. I mean when, when we set goals, I think lists is deviate for a moment when we set goals. I do believe that. And I'm certainly not a dream squasher I am all about the impossible. And sometimes it's as simple as having the right strategies in place to create and achieve those outcomes. But I do know that.
We also want to set ourselves up for success and not failure when reaching our outcomes, secondary gain or not.
Suzanne: Um, And sometimes when you're starting out on the coaching journey, the very beginning, I, do know that it's from my world. It's important to be able to create outcomes that you absolutely align with.
Victoria: And. They feel true for you rather than someone else's opinions or expectations of what you should or shouldn't be doing with your life. And I know this is not necessarily related to secondary gain. However, maybe Suzanne, you can help link it together where it does it does connect, but I know that many people often have such louder voices in their world.
And their journey also is being able to trust their voice and what they really want to give themselves the opportunity to uncover. How do you deal with, or how do you coach people through that scenario when clients present that challenge?
Suzanne: I, when you were speaking, just then the analogy that came to mind for me is these seminars. And I'm not knocking them. I am all for personal development, but some of them you go to and they get everyone all, ramped up, can take on the world, you can change everything. All you need to do is give us another $10,000, but that's a story for another day and then you leave and you're so excited and you're riding the high and then you get out.
But now what do I do? what's the actual, tangible next step? And I think, you know, my passion for working with people is yes, dream big, have the vision. Let's, you know, let's not squash the dreams as you said, but let's also marry that with, you know, the possibility and the predictability. so we can actually start taking steps today and that you can feel that sense of achievement.
Each day and not just at the end, because you know, some of these goals that people are wanting to create a years in the making and that's not to like often, I think that's why we ended up in the secondary game behaviours of scrolling, eating, just zoning out playing games because it seems so big. And so far away that we think we need to be in that motivational high thing.
you know, if I'm not achieving big, then I'm a failure, but it's marrying th, possible with the predictable. So like, cause basically for anything, our past behaviours is predictive of future, but doesn't mean it's set in stone. It's just looking at okay .How can we, I'm probably not articulating as well, not coming out of my mouth, how it is in my mind, but it's like how to go, okay. You know, this is what I want to do. This is what I'm you know capable of doing. And because often when we go to an event or a seminar or watch something inspirational ,we then we'll use our life as an excuse. Like, well, I can't do that because I'm a mom, or I can't do that because I have a job or I can't do that because, but instead it's.how can I work with the things that I have, and see these other things as a superpower, rather than the thing that holds us back. And we just wait for the next hit of inspiration. That's maybe getting more line up because then when that happens, it's like, well, I can't do that because they already have.
Suzanne: So we looked for people who were like us to be inspired by, but then we find them and we often are like, well, it's already been done. So it's, it's a fascinating concept.
Victoria: It's really interesting. Isn't it? It's really interesting. There are so many complexities when it just comes to creating a plan or a path or outcomes that you want to create. And gosh, Most of the journey sometimes is being able to give yourself permission to have a voice.
Like if I'm just drilling down at conversation with any, any client that I've worked with, and I know you have worked with as many Suzanne and often it's just giving ourselves permission.
And then at tackles yes, the secondary gain issues or the impostor syndrome or any of the other mindset blockers that then come into the mix. And the first place to start is really okay, what do I want, what do I really want to create for the journey ahead? And for my life, then tackle that the roadblock is whether it's imposter or whether it's secondary gain.
And that's what I, you know, we love about coaching is that it's not about the rare weekends away, a personal development. It is about let's work through this methodically. Let's work through this with a clear, tangible plan of approach. It's like when you, you, know, if you're driving across country, you just wouldn't.
necessarily just jump in your car and start driving across the country without a map,
Suzanne: Or checking your tires and making a seatbelt, and you've got water in your windscreen and you've got fuel for yourself and you have money to buy and you know, where the petrol stations are like. And that's, I think the magic of coaching, um, is people who have often gone from event to event, when they first hire there or come to their one-on-one coach, they sometimes feel like they've had to have done all these things between sessions.
it's been a week let's like, bring this into the tangible, what can you do in a week? And even if you didn't do it, you haven't failed. I actually, it's goingto sound really weird, but I get more excited when people don't do stuff then when they do not, because I don't want people to take action, but because I don't want them to pay lip service and know what they should do.
Suzanne: And then just, you know, try and like I'm not attached to people's outcome. I totally want them to have every success. But we all know what it's like to read the book, attend a thing, make the plan, do nothing, throw it out, and look for the next one. But when you have an actual coach in your corner, who, can say to you, okay, so, you know what happened? Well, this happened and then, okay. So, you know, how can we go around it, go under it, go over it. Or, or is this actually a thing that you want to do? Because sometimes the goal that the person has said, isn't the right goal, but we're not going to get any of this data until you actually give it a go and try and tweak rather than, you know, going from big dream to big dream and always feeling like you're not enough to even start.
Victoria: Small tiny steps will get you there. And it's not about the sprint. It's about the marathon
Suzanne: Mm.
Victoria: and it's preparing yourself for the journey and having the right equipment, the right mindset, the right strategies, the right solutions, the right support around you to ensure that you. Move over the finishing line. I was about to say, move effortlessly over the finishing line.
But a lot of the time when you are wanting to create change in your life, you do need to put in effort. You do need to take that next level of commitment, and sometimes you need to rally every day and remind yourself of, okay, where am I headed?
Victoria: Reminding yourself, whether it's a note on the fridge or a vision board or something, right on, you know, over the years when I've been wanting to create different things in my world, I'd get out a lipstick and I'd write on my glass of my bathroom mirror
Suzanne: Yes!.
Victoria: You know, a mindset that I wanted to shift or really, you know, change, or it would be a post-it note. I mean, there are so many, lots of fun visual cues that you can, it's like preparing for that journey, you know, pumping up the tires and getting your food ready. It's part of the preparation of the journey of when you are starting out coaching and using all the resources that you have to ensure that you get over the finishing line and.
The secondary gains and the imposter syndrome. And all of that is part of the journey of allowing that to come to the surface to then absolutely annihilate in the best possible way, because they're the blockers. They're the flat tires
Suzanne: Yeah. And if you have a flat tire, Victoria, what do you do? You go and change it. If, if your mindset's not kind of online, what you tend to do is go slash the other three. I've had this flat, oh, I can't do this. And, you know, go and slash the other three tires. But, you know, logically if you're on the road and your car got a flat tire, then you would change it or call roadside assist. But you know, so when the moments happen that the recommitment, you know, it's like, why am I doing this? What was I thinking to have the slow down and reattach that tire pump it back up, you know, replace it, get some help as opposed to like the whole full-on sabotage, which we all have done. Um, because then we end up even further behind them often when we began.
Victoria: And that's the importance of planning. It's the importance of the little steps and celebrating the little wins along the way. And it's wonderful to have big dreams. I'm all for them, but you also need to be able to set yourself up for success and break it down and celebrate and acknowledge the journey.
And. Set yourself up to manage your own expectations that this, this is a journey that you're going on and to be kind and compassionate and not beat yourself up. If you didn't quite get over the pass mark that particular day, because tomorrow's always another day. And that was interesting that you said before, when you do have a flat tire, essentially.
Okay. If you're like me, you don't like changing tires, you call for help. It's called NMA and it's no different with. You call it, you call your coach. Like essentially, that is the beautiful thing that we love to do as coaches and. Part building part of that support tribe around you to their like, your it reminds me of another analogy. If you're a race car and you pull off to the side of the pits and they quickly come in and reboot you and get your zip back up, you know, and then bang, you're back out on the racetrack again. And I know it seems a silly analogy, but it does remind me of the beautiful space that as coaches we offer, we offer that. And anyway, that's what I've certainly loved about being a coach for so long.
Suzanne: And I think that's the magic of the platform. Hello coach with a coach on demand, there is the ability to reach out and book in with someone,to get that kind of, you know, this is pit stop break, reminder, back out there because you know, it can be. It can just be that one thing or really just to be heard, like, because sometimes it's all about choosing your audience.
You might go to your partner and if they've got any niggles or doubts of their own, that then be like, of course, what did you think? And so they can contribute to the thing. So it's like choosing the support or asking for the support that's going to help in that moment. Like, Came to the pitstop crew and asked me to change a tire.
There's going to be a problem. But so it's like when, in the moment that you need help identifying, which is the best resource to reach out to,
Victoria: you've actually made a really really valuable point. To be very mindful. I've learned this along the way to be very mindful, who you share your dreams with,
Suzanne: mmm,
Victoria: because not necessarily everyone is in support of your dreams because therefore that can sometimes mean change.
Victoria: There are a lot of people that are fearful of change, so they're not the ones.
To share your goals with, and I'm just saying that not to be a negative, but be protective over your dream space. Be protective over your goals and aspirations and be mindful and wise who you share and voice that journey with and surround yourself with your tribe that will champion new forward in leaps and bounds.
Suzanne: Reminds me of that saying like they say the average of the five people you spend most time with and that, so if you're spending a lot of time with people who are like, are
Not goal getters, like a one day kind of people, then you kind of become a one day kind of person. Whereas if you like. Actually, and it doesn't have to be physical time.
Like the actual time I spend with most people, two of them are six and eight, my children. But the, the thing, the podcasts that you listened to, the books, you read, the things you look at on social media, look at things that are inspiring or, encouraging, or, you know, overcoming and not people who are things that constantly look for the barriers or the reasons that you can't do it.
Victoria: I love that. I love talking to you. It's been so nice again to have you back on the show, Suzanne. And if you would like to. Find Suzanne and book Suzanne, she's an absolute superstar. Just pop over to hellocoach.com and you'll find Suzanne on our platform. Suzanne, thank you again. I look forward to having you back to have many more enjoyable conversations and it's been lovely to have you here today.
Suzanne: Thank you. Victoria. Thanks Everyone.
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Lovely set of four framed French Art Nouveau "Seasons" allegories by Elisabeth Sonrel, 1890. Elisabeth Sonrel (1874-1953) was the daughter of Niclolas Stephane Sonrel, a painter from Tours, and although her training began with him, she went on to study at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris under Jules Lefebvre. She showed at the Salon des Artistes Francais in Paris from 1893 to 1941. In her early years she produced posters, postcards, and illustrations in the Art Nouveau style, and she is known for large watercolors in a Pre-Raphaelite manner, and was influenced significantly by Botticelli and other Renaissance painters. She was awarded the bronze medal at the Exposition Universelle of 1900 for her painting 'Le Sommeil de la Vierge' (Sleep of the Virgin).


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The Duke DVD or Blu-ray
Set in 1961 when Kempton Bunton, a 60-year old taxi driver, stole Goya's portrait of the Duke of Wellington from the National Gallery in London. It was the first (and remains the only) theft in the Gallery's history. Kempton sent ransom notes saying that he would return the painting on condition that the government agreed to provide television for free ... More
Set in 1961 when Kempton Bunton, a 60-year old taxi driver, stole Goya's portrait of the Duke of Wellington from the National Gallery in London. It was the first (and remains the only) theft in the Gallery's history. Kempton sent ransom notes saying that he would return the painting on condition that the government agreed to provide television for free to the elderly. Based on a true story. 1½ hrs, 1 DVD or Blu-ray disc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Supported Routers
Changing servers
StrongVPN uses different VPN protocols to establish a VPN connection. If you want to know more about the protocols we use, then this guide can help you.
What are VPN protocols?
VPN protocols refer to the set of instructions VPN providers use to enable stable and secure VPN client, and VPN server communications. It determines how your data is transferred through the VPN tunnel. There are different ways to encrypt your internet communications. Each VPN protocol has its own specification and you can select them based on your custom needs.
WireGuard®
(Please refer to the article Here for more comprehensive information about this protocol)
WireGuard is a next-generation VPN protocol designed to be a simpler and faster VPN protocol that also provides state-of-the-art encryption. In general, WireGuard outperforms OpenVPN on speed and does not have the overhead that IKEv2 does. WireGuard is able to increase performance, requiring less memory and CPU resources. WireGuard uses state-of-the-art cryptography, like the Noise protocol framework, Curve25519, ChaCha20, Poly1305, BLAKE2, SipHash24, HKDF, and secure trusted constructions.
OpenVPN is an open-source commercial software that enables multiple types of authentication methods. It implements virtual private network (VPN) techniques to create secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections in routed or bridged configurations and remote access facilities. It uses a custom security protocol that utilizes SSL/TLS for key exchange. OpenVPN protocol in StrongVPN application uses 53, 123, 443, 1194 and 8293 in its Android and MacOS applications and port 1195 in its Windows application. OpenVPN is a preferred choice of those who are concerned about performance and security.
Internet Key Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2) is a protocol that handles request and response encryption. It is a stable and secure protocol which is easy to set up. IKEv2 is more stable, secure and faster when compared to traditional VPN protocols such as L2TP. IKEv2 runs on UDP port 500.
Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP) is a secure VPN tunneling protocol. It offers high level security through AES-256 SSL certificate for encryption. SSTP uses SSL over TCP port 443 which circumvents various types of firewalls and proxy servers.
StrongVPN relies on L2TP and IPSec protocols for backward compatibility on legacy operating systems and devices.
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) depends on an encryption protocol that passes within the tunnel to provide anonymity. It is often paired up with IPSec to secure the data payload. L2TP requires UDP ports 500, 1701 and 4500 and the IP-ESP protocol, which is IP protocol 50.
Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) is a network protocol that verifies the internet protocol communication session and encrypts data packets sent over an IP network. It encrypts traffic and hide it from the end point application. IPSec uses UDP port 500 to allow traffic to be forwarded through the firewalls.
"WireGuard" is a registered trademark of Jason A. Donenfeld.


"A new full-range driver and speaker system!"
When you buy a small radio it has just one speaker in it. That speaker has to deal with all frequencies in music - and understandably it deals with quite a few by simply ignoring them. Your little MP3 speaker may have many tricks to make it sound 'bassy' but in reality it's nothing but illusion and you'll have no bass response at all. Of course as the speaker cabinet gets larger and the cone of that speaker gets a bigger diameter it will be able to shift more and more air at lower frequencies and thus produce increasingly deep bass - helped of course by the size of the box and tricks like port, or 'reflex' loading. All good so far, but as the speaker cone gets larger it also inevitably gets heavier and relatively less stiff so that it starts to struggle to move fast enough to produce the higher frequencies.
Now the designer has a choice. With a bigger box there is now space to fit another smaller driver and rather than ask the one driver to handle all frequencies you split the signal using a crossover and send the high frequencies to the small driver (tweeter) and mid-low frequencies to the larger speaker (woofer). It's an added complication, you have to pay for an extra speaker, a crossover and design them to match as best you can - though as the two speakers are completely different and the affect of the crossover never totally benign there begins a battle of compromise and design to produce the best sound for the budget and size available.
But if the designer is after keeping costs down he/she can choose a 'cheat' and that is to add a small cone to the centre of the main cone (a 'whizzer cone' - don't you love these names:-). Because the main cone is driven back and forth by a coil at its centre and there is a certain flexibility to that cone it happens that the centre of the large cone moves back and forth independently at high frequencies. Attaching a small 'whizzer' increases the affect and so can boost the high frequencies. No crossover, no extra speaker driver, just a little paper cone and job done. If you look at a lot of car speakers you'll see that the combination of cheapness and compactness makes this almost universal. A great low-cost solution.
But look further into this and maybe there's more than just a cheap solution for cars and portable speakers. By eliminating extra drivers with different characteristics and their accompanying crossovers we could, in theory end up with a far less corrupted sound.
But there's a snag - a cheap idea is not cheap when pushed to the limits... In order to really reach those high frequencies the cone has to be very stiff, and very light, and the magnet has to be very powerful, and the clearance between the magnet and the coil (the 'air gap') has to be very, very small so that the Magnetic Flux Density (sounds like something from 'Back to the Future') is as high as possible. This means precision engineering, high quality magnets, great care on assembly (tight clearances remember) and careful choice of the material and design of cone and whizzer. In affect these parameters are the equivalent to trying to match the drivers in a multiway system to their crossover - effectively the designer has to mechanically achieve a smooth transition between main cone and whizzer and make sure the frequency response then extends to the upper reaches of our hearing. To get that to work properly requires a lot of prototyping which in turn makes the result even more expensive.
Because the full-range driver, if done correctly can have some serious advantages. Firstly is that a conventional multi-driver loudspeaker employs a crossover in order to split the sound frequencies for the two (or more) drivers. Putting inductors, resistors and capacitors in your fragile sound-path does nothing for the purity of signal, and that's assuming it's well designed. Then those two drivers are inevitably quite different (generally one or more cones matched with a dome tweeter) and to expect them to dovetail across two frequency ranges is asking a lot. A theoretically perfect full-range driver would eliminate all this.
Then there's the 'point-source' argument. When music is recorded it goes into a point-receiver - the microphone (or pick-up) - if we can reproduce the music using a point source all the phase information will be preserved. It also means that as we move around a room (or just sit in different places) the sound will not alter as we move relatively closer to one drive unit than another. That should give a very stable and convincing sound 'image' - especially when listened to off-axis.
I mentioned the 'age of cheap transistor Watts' - well lets go back before then - and even before high-powered valve amps to the pre-WW2 era when a 10 Watt amp was powerful indeed and most likely only used in your local cinema. At home (and here we're only talking about the very well off) you might have had a system producing well under 10 Watts and so to produce serious volume speaker efficiency was king. Looking back to those days we'll see speaker designs that today would seem seriously high end, most notably various horn enclosures as big as a wardrobe and sporting Voight/Lowther drivers very similar to those in production today.
What was the point? Well remember that this was well before the advent of magnetic tape and the best performances were live radio broadcasts where there was no recording - just a direct feed from microphone to transmitter. This would then be transmitted via long-wave radio, but in those days the lack of radio stations meant that a wide bandwidth was available. I have no doubt that sitting in a large room with a hulking Voigt corner-horn listening to the BBC's 'Last Night of the Proms' in the 1930's would have been a magnificent experience.
So as always "necessity was the mother of invention" and the engineering of both high-end full-range drivers and the various cabinets to optimise them (and incidentally the valve amp circuits to drive them) was brought to a head 80 years ago. Although we like to think we are always at the cutting edge, much of the equipment made in the 1930's is very much hi-fi and what designers and manufacturers have been doing ever since is fine tuning the principles established by our great-grandfathers.
You'll note the names Lowther and Voigt above and these two Englishmen (Voigt's parents were German) are amongst the most important of the age. You can still buy Lowther drivers very similar to those made 60 years ago and the principles of things like Tractrix horns, Voigt pipes and TQWT (Tapered Quarter Wave Tube) speakers were established by them. Many hifi enthusiasts would kill for a pair of Voigt corner-horns and reproductions are still manufactured.
Which brings us (at last) to the subject of this review - Cube Audio's 'Bliss A' speaker and the driver it contains - the FA8 driver.
Straight off it's obvious that Grzegorz Rulka of Cube Audio worships at the same alter as the masters of yesteryear.
At a glance we have a classic 'Lowtheresque' speaker - a lightweight paper cone and whizzer, a foam surround and with an aluminium basket. The faceplate is a rounded-off square and it's the classic 8" size though a wider than usual foam surround reduces the radiating surface a little. Looking more closely at the cone it is obvious that there's considerable coating on the paper to give an almost 'glittery' appearance and this is apparently to completely seal the paper against moisture. Everything you can see is immaculately put together, and although that shouldn't really matter, knowing how critical assembly and precision is on such a driver, that quality does give confidence.
This basket supports the drive magnet which is large without being the pineapple size of the Alnico magnet of my Loth-x drivers (out of production for 15 years). Size isn't everything though, and the combination of ferrite and neodymium magnets gives a flux-density of 1.9 Tesla - about what Lowther achieved in 1949 (which is a compliment by the way;-). The coil is under-hung through-out its operating range (so the coil never moves out of the magnetic field) and the x-max (how far the cone can travel) is +/- 2mm - not a lot for a conventional driver but twice what you'd get from most Lowthers - that alone means they are better able to work cabinets like a ported box (if not ideal). Efficiency was said to be 92 dbl and the impedance curve ideal for low-powered valve-amps never dropping below 10 ohms.
This all adds up to a beautifully made alternative to Lowthers and various similar speakers (though the field is a small one) and at a very competitive price. They also look to be a little more compatible with cabinets other than true horns - but more on that later.
These slipped out of their packing case - gloss white and like the drivers powering them they looked immaculate. White isn't an easy colour to get right, but they looked superb. In size they were what I'd call 'medium floorstander' which meant that they were dwarfed by my own Loth-x Polaris.
I was told to excuse the finish as they were pre-production and had done a fair bit of travelling - I can't imagine how they could be improved. The binding posts were excellent and in my mind I priced them around 5000 Euro (I had no idea of their cost) from a material point of view.
But that's not a criticism - as I've intimated, a speaker of this size is better off being a TQWT and they have some very interesting characteristics of their own. Generally they are a little less efficient than the equivalent horn and produce bass that rolls off earlier but much more gently - whereas a horn can be built to measure reasonably flat to the point where the horn reaches its lower limit then plunges like a buzzard shot with an Uzi a TQWT will gently lose bass so that there is still decent output at 40 Hz.
Theory is all well and good, but in the case of the Bliss they fulfilled exactly what I would expect from a perfectly executed TQWT... The Polaris exhibited the expected lead in bass speed and punch that the horn gives, and it just sounded bigger. But in every other respect the Bliss sounded very similar - similar detail, fabulous imaging and so-on. Efficiency was well below the Polaris' 103 dbl but that's to be expected - I would guess it to be mid 90's at best. But most important of all I sat for night after night listening to the Bliss without desperately wanting to go back to my Polaris - they really were that good.
Some ported speakers will kid you that they've got good bass by having a hump around 80 Hz or so- which is all well-and-good unless that bump coincides with some room resonance or a weakness in your system (like a resonance in the turntable or support). Having such a clean bass roll-off means that you are less likely to have room problems, and if your room is plagued with resonances then it can make them much more bearable and the bass-light presentation is soon adapted to. Small box speakers - especially sealed - will also pull this trick but they lack big box dynamics.
My room is relatively 'dead' acoustically and so now I started playing with positioning. Again the smooth roll-off means that you can start using wall or even corner placement to boost bass with less chance of producing a boomy swamp monster.
And so it proved. In the end I compromised and found that having the Bliss placed 50 cm from the corners of the room lifted the bass considerably without sacrificing the excellent imaging. I also toed them in to cross-over 1m in front of the listening position and this kept the response very even and allowed a special trick only good single-driver speakers seem to pull off.
Because the treble is more directional than a conventional speaker, by crossing them in front of the listening position you lose a little treble. Now if you move to your right say 1m, the output of the left-hand speaker will increase (as it's now pointing right at you) and the right-hand speaker (which you've moved towards) will actually lower treble output. If you've got the crossing point right (and you need to experiment) this produces the amazing illusion that the image remains dead centre of the speakers even as you move off centre. Not only that but it seems like you are looking into a 3d image from the side - it's quite striking and I often prefer this off-centre position. That the Bliss pull this trick is high praise especially as it shows such good control of phase.
In my living-room system I use a subwoofer set to low level and rolled off quickly above 50 Hz just to bolster the Polaris' output. Again the Bliss clean bass roll-off made it very easy to integrate the sub (with the cut-off a little higher and slightly higher output) and this really worked well.
But for various reasons (not least domestic) pulling apart the living room system for every review is 'unpopular' so now the Bliss were taken into our 'music room'.
A glance at the picture will show that once again the Bliss were up against a hulking great floorstander, in this case the Opera M-15 - large and classic looking speakers sporting a 15" bass driver and a beautiful flared horn loading a compression driver - a rather 'pro' set-up but one which has been used in many, often vintage, domestic speakers.
Of course again the Bliss were in a large room - this time not only bigger than the living room and 6x8m but lacking a flat ceiling - rather rising up to the peak of the roof. This is a lot of air to move and most speakers sound lost in it, the Acuhorn, a speaker with similar pretension being just one that didn't work.
And yes, back-to-back the Bliss did initially sound small and a bit 'lost' in the room. But as I became acclimatised I began to appreciate that the Bliss wasn't 'lost' at all. It's not designed for such a volume and will never give the dynamics of a 15" driver, but once again I fell for it's excellent detail and an imaging that whilst less bold and brassy than the M-15 nevertheless managed to produce an extremely stable 'hear-through' soundstage without a hint of artificiality.
The bass was again fast and tuneful so long as you didn't expect it to rattle your fillings. And - once again - bringing in a small subwoofer made up for much of this without destroying the integrity of the sound.
This is where the Bliss, and speakers like it start to show why some enthusiasts champion their design compromises above all others. The M-15 are wonderful full-blooded speakers, but despite the fact that their compression driver covers a far bigger range than most drivers the difference in presentation between the horn and 15" driver was plain for all to hear. The Bliss exposed this most dramatically in female vocal - where they simply produced an utterly convincing portrayal of a human voice the M-15's had a 'shout' in the mid-range and a relative wallow in the bass. Woodwind like jazz clarinette and especially piano further demonstrated just how good the Bliss was. Cranking up the volume really got the TQWT working so that at times it made the M-15's sound a little laboured though obviously their dynamic headroom and ultimate volume were greater.
The amplifier used was the Opera 300b PP and there was of course masses of power in reserve, but swapping to the little 2 Watt Yamamoto running 45's in single-ended mode still gave decent volume. In a more conventionally sized room the Yamamoto + Bliss would be a fine pairing for normal (non-hearing damaging) levels.
So with two very different rooms and systems how can I pin down what they do? In a way it's easier to pin down what they don't do. They are extremely even across the frequency range. Once you get past the slight bass lightness they lack the mid-range peak that plagues some full-range drivers and the treble then extends smoothly and evenly right up to the limits of hearing. Subjectively there are no 'humps' to destroy the illusion of real music. It's the case that the human ear quickly adjusts to a tilted balance (bass-light for example) but that it cannot for unevenness.
The use of the single driver gives a seamless tonal transition from low to high - you don't feel that you can hear a tweeter kicking in, or that high percussion (cymbals etc) are coming from a different place to the rest of the music. Dynamics are good and improve with volume (dynamics and volume aren't the same thing;-) - the box seemingly needing a little volume to really come to life, but this is at a level that most of us would call reasonably gentle listening, at background levels it inevitably collapses into the box a little but that's hardly a problem for music lovers. At higher levels the speaker copes well up to the point where compression rears its head, but it does this gracefully without causing offence.
This all round ability is most obvious with the human voice because we all know exactly what it should sound like. Nothing tests a speaker system like female vocal, many simply sounding artificial or just 'odd' - the Bliss is right up with the very best in this respect. Natural, unforced and producing an image that is 'human sized'. Taking something that is relatively un-processed - Norah Jones is something most of you will have - is quite an eye opener, and of course the Bliss will show where her voice isn't just closely harmonised, but also which of the harmonic voices have been overdubbed and even how many times;-) it's this sort of insight that often gets lost in more conventional speakers and which gives a real texture to a performance that means you want to listen over and over to catch tiny nuances.
Would it be the first speaker for heavy-metal? No. Nor would it be my first choice for Wagner at high levels, but it will do a reasonable job of both especially if subtly backed by a quality subwoofer. All in all it's a fine all-rounder, but some things it will do exceptionally as I've pointed out. Such an ability in one or more areas, with no real weaknesses makes them a stand-out for me.
The Cube audio Bliss is the finest small (ish) single-driver speaker I've heard and by a comfortable margin. It vindicates the use of the TQWT and offers all the advantages of the single-driver layout with very few of the disadvantages. It worked very well in my two listening rooms although both are larger than ideal - in a smaller room, where something like the Polaris is both impractical and probably overblown - the result would have been even better. For music I actually preferred them the the M-15's even in my barn of a living room. For those already wedded to the idea of valves and full-range driver they offer more confirmation of the abilities of the concept and many with smaller rooms (say 5x5m and down) will find little at any price to better them.
Compared to conventional speakers conclusions are more difficult. 5000 Euro can buy a lot of conventional speaker - both extremely large with multiple drivers, or smaller with very high quality drivers and crossovers like the Trivox I tested a while back. Personally the smaller speakers offer nothing that the Cube can't do better and because the Bliss is happy relatively close to a wall it can actually take up less space than a small stand-mount. Larger multi-way speakers are a different kettle of fish and will offer power handling, sheer volume and 'slam' well beyond that of the Bliss, but at the cost of being well behind when it actually comes to making music - in particular if you plan to spend hours listening rather than just having a 30-minute party. As I mentioned above the design also works really well with a subwoofer as its very smooth bass roll-off allows you to integrate a quality sub without humps and resonances. The caveat being that the sub needs to be high quality and very 'fast' - some refugee from a cheap home-cinema will sound like Barry White and destroy what you are trying to do, which is merely to tickle the lowest frequencies up a little. Something like my REL Stadium might seem overkill, but the flexibility of its crossover settings made it ideal.
Lots of companies buy in high-quality drivers from people like Lowther, Fostex, AER and the like and of course nothing wrong with that. But what Cube Audio have done is not only release a new speaker system but a new driver which is available to other manufacturers and the home builder. That it has characteristics that make it more widely applicable than the Lowther (greater x-max being just one) will be exciting readers who have a jig-saw and a bit of time on their hands. In fact I've long pondered making a large full-range horn and the Cube FA8 driver would be ideal. Not only that but Cube Audio have ambitious plans for other drivers and already produce a second driver - the FC8 which is supposed to be even better and I hope to have a pair for comparison soon (watch this space). With that in mind a more technical review of both drivers will follow.


text:
Q: When trying to print pascals triangle 13th iteration prints wrong answer I'm writing a script in C to print out pascals triangle, so I wrote a function for factorial, then made the variable c = to the binomial expansion equation, this works up until line n = 13 where it produces the output:
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1
1 11 55 165 330 462 462 330 165 55 11 1
1 12 66 220 495 792 924 792 495 220 66 12 1
0 4 24 88 221 399 532 532 399 221 88 24 4 0

With the last line being n = 13. I originally thought it was breaking because the factorials would be to big for 32bit integers but the error is still present with 64bit integers...
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <inttypes.h>

int64_t factorial(int k);

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    int c, n, r, i;

    if (argc < 2) {
        printf("[function]:  %s [number of lines to print]", argv[0]);
        return -1;
    }

    n = atoi(argv[1]);

    for (i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
        for (r = 0; r <= i; r++) {
            c = (int) factorial(i) / (factorial(r) * factorial((i - r)));
            printf("%d ", c);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
    return 1;

}

int64_t factorial(int k)
{
    int64_t j;

    if (k == 0 || k == 1)
        return 1;

    int n = k;

    for (j = k; n > 1;)
        j = j * --n;
    return j;
}

I would greatly appreciate some help with this...

A: Your computation fails even in 64-bit because you shoot yourself in the foot with a cast (it hurts):
c = (int) factorial(i) / (factorial(r) * factorial((i - r)));

is parsed as
c = ((int)factorial(i)) / (factorial(r) * factorial((i - r)));

Just remove the cast or place it on the result:
c = (int)(factorial(i) / (factorial(r) * factorial(i - r)));

Note that your factorial function is too complicated, here is a simpler version:
int64_t factorial(int n) {
    int64_t x;
    for (x = 1; n > 1; n--) {
        x *= n;
    }
    return x;
}

Note also that you do not need to compute the full factorial, this version goes to 29, and can be further improved with some work:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

long long binomial(int n, int p) {
    int q;
    long long x;

    if (p < n - p)
        p = n - p;
    q = n - p;
    for (x = 1; n > p; n--)
        x *= n;
    for (; q > 1; q--)
        x /= q;
    return x;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    int n, r, i;

    if (argc < 2) {
        printf("[function]:  %s [number of lines to print]", argv[0]);
        return -1;
    }

    n = atoi(argv[1]);

    for (i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
        for (r = 0; r <= i; r++) {
            printf("%lld ", binomial(i, r));
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
    return 0;
}

Finally, if you are allowed to use arrays, computing the Pascal triangle can be further simplified as each coefficient is the sum of the one above it and the one to the left of that one:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    int n, r, i;

    if (argc < 2) {
        printf("[function]:  %s [number of lines to print]", argv[0]);
        return -1;
    }

    n = atoi(argv[1]);
    long long coeff[n + 1];

    coeff[0] = 1;
    for (r = 1; r <= n; r++) {
        coeff[r] = 0;
    }
    for (i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
        for (r = i; r > 0; r--) {
            coeff[r] += coeff[r - 1];
        }
        for (r = 0; r <= i; r++) {
            printf("%lld ", coeff[r]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
    return 0;
}

A:         c = (int) factorial(i) / (factorial(r) * factorial((i - r)));

This doesn't do what you think it does. Try
        c = (int) (factorial(i) / (factorial(r) * factorial((i - r))));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Scott Sumner asked (in comments on his post on AD) if the information transfer model (ITM) was better at predicting inflation (gray line in the graph above) than TIPS spreads (the difference between inflation indexed treasuries and ordinary treasuries of the same maturity, red jagged line in the graph above). The TIPS spread on a given day represents the market's future expected average inflation over the maturity of the treasury (we'll use the 10-year).
Well, the ITM is better -- about 5 times better. Actually, the ITM was better at predicting inflation even though the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression intervened!
I fit the ITM model to 1960-2006 Q4 data and then did a log-linear extrapolation of NGDP and M0 (currency in circulation) starting in 2007 to predict inflation from 2007 to 2014 Q1. That's the blue line in the graph above.
The 10-year TIPS spread from Q1 2007 represents the market's best guess at the average inflation rate over the next 10 years, and so should also represent the average inflation rate from 2007 to 2014 Q1. That's the red straight line.
The ITM model average difference from 2007 to 2014 was -12 basis points, while the TIPS model was on average off by +66 bp.
The ITM prediction from 2007 was a better predictor of inflation in 2013 than the TIPS spreads from 2013! The ITM model falls apart in the last couple months, but then the past couple months only represent a couple CPI data points. The ITM model represents a long run trend, so its predictions will have a higher error over short runs of data. The market random guess TIPS spread is better at short runs because in the short run, inflation this month is about what inflation was last month.
PS It seems the TIPS spread is a good predictor of the TIPS spread though.
Nice... and fast turn around too!
Jason O/T, I'm always confused about how to think about the kappa=1 scenario.
Trying to imagine the theoretical sequence of events that get's an economy there breaks down at kappa = 1 for me. I can perhaps think about it in terms of a discrete time system, with noise or quantization errors, and assuming the implicit market based targeting CB realizes the difference between kappa < 1 and kappa > 1 (i.e. that when kappa > 1, they need to sell securities to raise P, since dP/dM0 < 0). Is that implicit in your endogenous solution? That the CB realizes the sign of dP/dM0? If that's the case then I see a normal inflation targeting CB moving, say from kappa < 1 up closer to 1, and all the while the size of their OMPs need to get bigger and bigger to keep on target. Because of the discretization in time and noise, they may cross over to kappa > 1 and then need to implement large OMSs... but they'll tend to converge to kappa=1, won't they? All the while the size of their OMPs and OMSs get large and stay large (or continue to get larger) as they converge to a narrow locus of points on either side of kappa = 1.
1. CB's don't realize when dP/dM0 < 0? But if that were the case it seems like they could very well start a process of rapid deflation (as P shrinks, they increase M0 more, causing P to shrink further). That doesn't happen, right?
2. Economies don't really cross the kappa=1 boundary, or if they do, then NGDP changes tend to automatically throw them back before the CB has a chance to cause accelerating deflation (assuming again that the CB doesn't realize that dP/dM0 could ever be < 0).
I think situation #3 is likely. In Japan, they actually gave up and set their inflation target at 1% for awhile. Only economists worry about low inflation, so there isn't going to be a big public outcry.
As you get towards kappa ~ 1, the inflation you see is almost entirely due to NGDP growth, not base growth. The P(M0) curve is actually really flat past the point where dP/dM0 = 0, that is to say when dP/dM0 is really small. It looks like a bell curve, but in log space. In linear space, the front edge of the bell is really steep, but the back edge is really flat.
That means rapid deflation won't happen (#1) -- it's just gradual.
Regarding #2, I've been considering the idea that when economies reach dP/dM0 = 0, economic shocks suddenly have no monetary policy to buffer them. They just hurt the economy more and more until the economy collapses or something intervenes.
The US went over the dP/dM0 = 0 line, and what resulted was the Great Depression and WWII.
Also, the dP/dM0 isn't always at kappa = 1; it is actually a curve with different values of kappa and sigma (in the link above).
"that is to say dP/dM0 is really small"
... leaving out the when.


text:
label/Canada May 2011
Top 10 Best-Selling SUVs In Canada – April 2011
Wait, that's a 2012 Fiat Freemont, not a Dodge Journey. What's goin' on? ——— Jeep Wrangler sales shot up 48.2% from March...
Top 5 Best-Selling Trucks In Canada – April 2011
Ford's F-Series pickup line remained atop the truck leaderboard in April on 5% gains that took the F-150 and its heavy-duty...
Top 20 Best-Selling Cars In Canada – April 2011
For a special car, couldn't we make special exceptions and turn April 2011's 20 Best-Selling Cars In Canada list into a Top...
Canada Auto Sales By Brand – April 2011
*updated 5/12/2011 with Bentley, Jaguar, Land Rover, and Maserati* New vehicle sales in Canada grew 6.9% in April. "Light truck"...
Small SUV Sales, Midsize SUV Sales, Large SUV Sales In Canada – March 2011
Thrown into a fire that's already flaming with the surprisingly popular Mitsubishi RVR, rather successful Nissan Juke, and most of...
Auto Sales By Brand
Canada Auto Sales By Brand – February 2011
The Canadian new vehicle market dropped by 4.2% in February 2011, a slide reflected quite apparently in sales of Ford,...
Small Luxury SUV Sales
Small Luxury SUV Sales And Midsize Luxury SUV Sales In Canada – January 2011
Selling midsize luxury SUVs and crossovers in Canada wasn't quite as easy for some automakers last month as it was...
Midsize Luxury Car Sales
MIDSIZE LUXURY CAR SALES AND LARGE LUXURY CAR SALES IN CANADA – MAY 2010
Canada's May 2010 auto sales picture comes to a close with this picture, about six weeks after May 2010 came...
CANADIAN SALES OF SMALL SUVs, MIDSIZE SUVs, LARGE SUVs – MAY 2010
As a result of the onset of summer and a much busier schedule for The Good Car Guy, July 5th...
TOP 10 BEST-SELLING CARS IN CANADA – MAY 2010
Before reading any further, keep minivan sales in mind, annoying as that may sound. In Canada combined sales of the...
Minivan Sales
MINIVAN SALES IN THE USA – MAY 2010
There was quite a bit of good news for Chrysler, Dodge, and Jeep in May 2010's Sales Stats. In the...
GCBC's Most Popular Auto Sales Figures – April 2017
The Ford F-Series continued its reign as the most commonly search vehicle at GoodCarBadCar in April 2017. Usual favourites –...
GCBC's Most Popular Auto Sales Figures – July 2016
Not only did North America's best-selling line of vehicle, the Ford F-Series, feature the most commonly researched sales figures at...
Compact Car Sales
Small Car Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
Canadian compact car sales fell 4% in June 2016, the final month in a first-half which saw Canadian compact car...
Small And Midsize Luxury Car Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
Sharp declines are the order of the day for luxury automakers selling cars in Canada. In June 2016, Audi, BMW,...
Small And Midsize Luxury SUV Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
An explosion in Canadian sales of the smallest luxury SUVs was powered by a trio of German rivals. Audi Q3...
Midsize SUV Sales
Midsize SUV Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
Reviewed by GCBC late last month, the new, second-generation Mazda CX-9 recorded 389 Canadian sales in June 2016, its first full...
Small SUV Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
Canadian sales of nearly every small SUV/crossover increased in June 2016, driving not only the small SUV categories but the...
Large Car Sales
Large Car Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
Though Canadian sales of conventional midsize cars bucked their own trend to report an 11% year-over-year sales increase in June...
Midsize Car Sales
Midsize Car Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
Out of sync with recent results, Canadian sales of midsize cars jumped 11% in June 2016 thanks to a huge...
Sporty Car Sales
Sporty Car Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
Midst all the turmoil at Volkswagen around the world, second-quarter Canadian sales of Volkswagen's best product, the Golf GTI, rose...
GCBC's Most Popular Auto Sales Figures – June 2016
The best-selling new vehicle in North America, Ford's F-Series line of pickup trucks, owned the most popular sales tracking page...
As U.S. sales of the BMW 3-Series plunged 34% in March 2016, the BMW 3-Series' sales tracking page became the...
Large Luxury Car Sales
Large Luxury Car Sales In Canada – November 2015 YTD
Year-over-year, Canadian sales of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class tumbled 28% in November 2015, a loss of 41 units compared with November...
Midsize Car Sales In Canada – October 2015 YTD
Kia Canada produced a 51% year-over-year October sales increase with its Optima midsize sedan. With 605 October sales, the Optima...
During the month in which GCBC published a review of the 2015 Ford Mustang EcoBoost Convertible, the most popular review...
As goes the market, so go the pageviews at GoodCarBadCar. The Ford F-Series is North America's best-selling new vehicle line,...
Extra attention paid to the Audi A3 during the month of April by way of news that the RS3 variant would...
Small SUV Sales In Canada – January 2015
January 2015 went against the grain. After a year in which the core Ford Escape-led small SUV/crossover segment shot up...
Sporty Car Sales In Canada – January 2015
Not surprisingly, the Dodge Challenger (recently refreshed) and Ford Mustang (all-new for 2015) reported big year-over-year Canadian sales improvements in...


EARLIER this year we headed down south for a trip to Tassie Nats 2019, and when Benny Burk hit the pad for the first time on Friday we knew something was up; it definitely didn't sound like a V8 or even a 202 under the bonnet of his VK Commodore.
And lo and behold, it turns out the TREASON plates fitted to the Blue Meanie replica are justified, as under the bonnet is a Blue-blooded Barra.
Benny's owned the car for around 11 years, but after the old Holden 186 went rods-out, he decided it was time for a change. That change came in the form of a $280 aspirated Barra and computer from a BA Falcon, and the donk is still completely unchanged bar a retune of the factory ECU to yield 225hp.
The car was originally red, but being a former panel beater, Benny decided to give the VK a makeover in the HDT guise, doing all the bodywork and paint himself at his work in his spare time.
"It wasn't too bad when it was red, but I decided to step it up a bit this year with the Blue Meanie style," Benny says. "It'd probably make Peter Brock roll in his grave a little bit.
"The car did get quite a bit of hate on the internet, but a lot of people like it too; it's a bit of a love-hate relationship," he says.
The rest of the driveline is made up of an EL Falcon four-speed auto, with a modified two-piece VL tailshaft and a VR rear diff with 3.45:1 gears. The set-up took a little bit of time for Benny to refine in order to keep the engine singing just how he wants to get to the maximum 230km/h wheelspeed needed to send the tyres in less than a minute and a half.
The combo has proved to be a hugely successful one for him, winning the Tasmanian Burnout Championship outright in 2018 as well as the Four/Six-Cylinder class at Tassie Nats in 2018. Things were on track at Tassie Nats 2019 too, until one of the rear axles let go during the Top 30 final shootout on Sunday, meaning he wasn't able to get both tyres off. He still finished second in the Four/Six-Cylinder class, while also running a PB of 13.95 in the drags on Saturday to cap off a solid weekend.
Benny's already flagged the possibility of heading over to the mainland for a couple of events, saying his first hit-out could be at LOO5ENATS later in the year. If he does, he'll no doubt ruffle a few more feathers in the process, but we're keen to see it in action and see if he can add any more silverware to the trophy cabinet.


text:
Svenska mästerskapet i fotboll 1920 vanns av Djurgårdens IF efter en finalseger mot IK Sleipner med 1-0 på Stockholms stadion den 24 oktober 1920. Detta var Djurgårdens IF:s fjärde SM-guld.

Spelträd

Kval

Kvalomgång 1

Kvalomgång 2

Kvalomgång 3

Slutomgång

Slutspel

Kvartsfinaler

Semifinaler

Final

Källor

Noter

1920 i Sverige
Fotbollssäsongen 1920
1920

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>

    <string name="app_name">pdfragment-native sample</string>
    <string name="hello_world">Hello world!</string>
    <string name="action_refresh">Refresh</string>
    <string name="empty">No Data</string>
    <string name="name">New Saikai Bridge Park</string>
    <string name="description">
        The arch bridge across one of Japan\'s three stormiest currents in Hario Seto was opened in March, 2006.
        It runs parallel to Saikaibashi Bridge, which was built in 1955, and you can enjoy the view of the two arch bridges.
        The whirlpools of Seto and the cherry blossoms in the area are spectacular in the springtime.
    </string>

</resources>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Perth wedding industry assists with over twelve thousand weddings each year. The majority of these weddings are held on Saturdays from September through to the following June. Finding and securing quality suppliers for your wedding is a matter of starting the search as early as possible and formally registering your booking, often with a deposit and agreement, when you find the right business.
When driving and discussing transport arrangements for weddings the chauffeurs and limousine operators get the inside edge on reputable industry suppliers who are easy to work with. The links provided on these pages are dedicated to those suppliers. If you should receive less than satisfactory service from a listed supplier please email your concern so that the link may be reconsidered.


All languages of subtitles for It's a Boy Girl Thing movie at Justsubtitles.com.
Subtitle for movie It's a Boy Girl Thing are avaliable in these languages, select preferred language by flag bellow.
Or you can search more related It's a Boy Girl Thing subtitles for free download.
Do you find subtitles ? You can find more It's a Boy Girl Thing subtitles at Justsubtitles.com search engine.


Body trajectory dictates bar trajectory. To allow the barbell to continue to travel back over the base of support, the shoulders must finish back and out of the way.
In coaching, we want to try and provide cues that will address multiple issues at one time. Being that there are 1,001+ things to remember, simplification of technical processes will free up mental and physical capacities resulting in improved performance.
The flip side is that cues are just that — cues — and should address technicalities from a foundation of understanding bridged between the coach and athlete. I would yell "magic unicorns" if it got my athletes moving the way I want to see them move.
Thank you CrossFit Proper (@crossfitproper, @charisseskye) for inviting me down. Great seminar with great folks and PRs all around!


Today, we're going to draw little pixels together.
Now you can place pixels on the screen by clicking somewhere. You can move around using the arrow keys and zoom in and out using the scroll wheel.
In firefox, you can open the console using Ctrl + Shift + K or open a "scratchpad" by pressing Shift + F4. The console is ok for shorter commands, but for defining functions and little programs the scratchpad is better suited.
A small warning: don't try to draw your masterpiece in here without saving the code for it. I wrote the server in a day and it breaks easily and doesn't save the pixels across restart.
pixl.color: the default color. you can specify any css color value you want, though starting with red, green or yellow might be easiest. if you want a special color, try the css color picker and set the color to the value it gives you.


West Bengal Board of Higher Secondary Education Has Declared 2016 Uchha Madhyamik (Class 12th / Higher Secondary) Result on 10th May 2016.
WBCHSE Also Announced Date sheet of Next Year's 2017 West Bengal Class 12th (Uchha Madhyamik) examinations.
1. This List is Completely Based On Various News Channels and Websites. If We Missed Anyone Please Comment Below or Contact Us With Marks Proof.


text:
Dmanisi (, Dmanisis munitsip'alit'et'i) is a municipality in Georgia's southern region of Kvemo Kartli, covering an area of . As of 2021 it had a population of 20,922 people. The city of Dmanisi is its administrative centre.

Administrative divisions
Dmanisi municipality is administratively divided into 15 communities (თემი, temi) with 57 villages (სოფელი, sopeli) and one city (Dmanisi).

Population
The population of Dmanisi Municipality is 20,922 according to the 2021 estimate, which is a slight increase from the last census of 2014 (19,141). The ethnic composition is 31.2% Georgian, 65.5% Azerbaijani. The population density is 17.5 people per square kilometer.

Politics
Dmanisi Municipal Assembly (Georgian: დმანისის საკრებულო, Dmanisi Sakrebulo) is the representative body in Dmanisi Municipality, consisting of 30 members which are elected every four years. The last election was held in October 2021. Koba Muradashvili of Georgian Dream was elected mayor.

Gallery

See also
 List of municipalities in Georgia (country)

References

External links

 Website Municipality

Municipalities of Kvemo Kartli


I can help you learn how to use your camera, look at light and composition and up your photography game! I have taught photography at Digital Photo Academy in Newburgh, NY since 2017. Now I am offering one-on-one teaching sessions.
Come individually or come as a group! Limit of group size is five people so that I can give everyone as much individual attention as possible.
The Moodna Viaduct with train light trail and the Milky Way behind.
Join me for a morning, afternoon or full day tour! Night-time photo tutorials on light trails and Milky Way photography, too! As I am a full-time high school chemistry teacher as well as a photographer, lesson dates must be individually discussed, weekends or vacation days.
-Instruction manual for camera. Can be in digital format on phone.
-Their own transportation. I will not be taking passengers in my car. We will meet on location and then reposition in separate cars as needed.


text:
Q: Magento: Change Theme via Controller As the title says, is there a way to load a Magento theme from the Controller without switching store? Thanks.

A: You should be able to call Mage::getDesign()->setTheme();. The getDesign function returns an instance of Mage_Core_Model_Design_Package if you need a reference for the expected arguments of setTheme.


Epic battles against bosses: beat jerome, the huge chicken, and other different characters.
Make unbelievable matches with boosters such as bullet breaker, space displacer, the kitty crossbow.
Complete more than one hundred sixty difficult levels with your loved characters and entertaining moments from this popular show.
Works well on many mobile gadgets from smartphones to tablet computers.
Use Family Guy Freakin Mobile Game mod to get unlimited coins and lives.
Unlock new family guy storylines, boosters, coins, iconic character costumes, and other.
Four insanely exciting game modes: uncover make-up for meg, get condoms for quagmire, fill alcoholic drinks for peter, and other!
Instructions: Download Family Guy Freakin Mobile Game mod and install as usual APK.


Note: Since the last post, Betsy deVoss, a billionaire product of private schooling, has been made Secretary of Education. The abandonment of public schooling is confirmed by this knife in its back.
There are many reasons parents decide to homeschool their children. Safety, religion, prejudice, and finances are some. There are teachers who homeschool after they get home. Some reasons are more valid than others.
But ultimate danger is the state's abdication of their responsibility for education outlined in the Constitution. By not monitoring, structuring or providing any means of accountability for the level of instruction given in home schooling, they are creating a vast wasteland that is divisive and destructive to our nation.
There are many aspects to how homeschooling is used in our country. Three of them are discussed in Part II. For this section, the predominant use is Greed.


It so happened that in the works by Andre Kutscherauer objects from some materials are recreated: glass, metal and plastic. And they are recreated aesthetically. All the pictures are done in 3D, and you can see for yourself that Andre is a rather professional 3D designer (he worked with Siemens). And this Mr. Lamp has been on the covers of design magazines.
It's the Weekend, Girls. Let's Have Some Fun!


text:
Q: Interactive cursor to know coordinates (latitude and longitude) in boundary layer in QGIS Is there a way of knowing the coordinates in a specific point of a shapefile (boundary layer/map of the country) in QGIS?
Similar to what is done on Google Earth. As the cursor moves, the coordinates are changed at the bottom of the screen

A: QGIS already shows the coordinates at the bottom of the screen when the cursor moves.

See for more details: https://docs.qgis.org/testing/en/docs/user_manual/introduction/qgis_gui.html#control-the-map-canvas


Unless otherwise stated, all content on the pages of nwnature.net are the property of Michael R. Clapp/nwnature.net. Unauthorized commerical use and/or duplication of this material without prior written permission is prohibited. I am happy to share my images for non-commercial and/or education uses, provided that it is for limited distribution and represents a limited part of the final product (such as, images used in student projects or classroom presentations). I also ask that credit be given to Michael R. Clapp/nwnature.net as the source of the images.
While I hope the information and images on this website are helpful and interesting to the visitors of this website, I also ask that you keep in mind that considerable time and expense has gone into the aquisition of the the contents and development of this website. Whenever possible, contributions to nwnature.net for the support of this website would be greatly appreciated.
Welcome to nwnature.net. I hope you enjoy what's here and that you check back regularly to see what's been added.
Categorized images of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Most of the specimens were collected from SW Washington (Clark & Cowlitz Counties). The rest of the macros were collected from other locations in Western Oregon and Washington. Expect future updates and additions to this portion of the website as I continue to collect, photograph, and research local macroinvertebrates.
Link to an exciting citizen (volunteer) science program in Clark & Cowlitz Counties, WA. The 2013 amphibian egg mass monitoring will be starting soon.
A great opportunity for teachers and students to help scientists. Patrick Edwards (Portland State University instructor and Stream Insects of the Pacific Northwest field guide author) is coordinating the Cascades to Coast GK-12 Stonefly Search project.
Pictures from hike to Comet Falls in Mount Rainier Nation Park. Includes scenes, plants, and animals found along the trail.
Pictures from trips to Saddle Mountain (Oregon) State Natural Area. Includes forest and subalpine plants found along the trail in the park.
Pictures from trips to Paradise and Sunrise in Mount Rainier Nation Park. Includes forest and subalpine plants found along the road and trails in the park.
Pictures of plants, animals, lichens and fungi taken in a SW Washington lowland/riparian forest. The Wake Robin Learning Center property was donated to the Longview School District for use as an environmental study center. A number of experiments are being conducted by students involving the forest and stream (Coal Creek) running through the property.
This part of the website contains images of birds from the Pacific Northwest. Most of the birds were photographed in SW Washington (Clark & Cowlitz Counties). Many of the pictures were taken in my own yard. Expect future updates and additions to this portion of the website.
A collection of images from the Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium in Tacoma, WA. The photos were taken during a "Celebrating Washington's Wildflowers and Wildlife" workshop for teachers, sponsored by the Woodland Park Zoo (Seattle), North Cascades Institute, and U.S. Forest Service, with resources from the Washington Native Plant Society, and hosted by the Point Defiance Zoo.
Contains images of Lake Crescent and the lowland forest at Barnes Point. Additional images where taken along the Elwha River, above Lake Mills. The pictures were taken while participating in a teacher's workshop at the Olympic Parks Institute (OPI) in July 2006.
Michael Clapp was recognized with a 2007 Sammy Award (.pdf) for the work he's done in compiling this website, the development of a freshwater macros field guide (shown above), and water quality monitoring of the East Fork of the Lewis River with students at CAM Academy in Battle Ground, WA. The Sammy Award recognizes individuals, groups, or projects for their outstanding contributions to salmon recovery in Clark County.


In both cases a 72 hour period (in case of complicated trade to be appropriately prolonged) of anonymous bidding takes place; competition of suppliers resulting in reduction of price of contract subject.
Evaluation of bidding followed by generation of business relationship through contract agreement with the winner of the bidding is performed by the information system, without the possibility of personal interaction.
The participants of the trade are publically disclosed after the expiration of bidding period following evaluation of the bidding, when the results are available and contract agreement is generated, which is automatically created from the placement information, winning bid and general contract terms specified in the business terms of electronic market place.
The contract agreement is published in central register of contracts; the course of trading is recorded, archived and publically disclosed in full extent within the period of five years.
Contracting authority as stipulated by § 7 and person as stipulated by § 8 of the Act on public procurement.
c) where a contracting authority pursuant to paragraph 1 letters a) to d) appoints or elects more than half of the members of its executing organ or supervisory organ.
c) Article 117 paragraphs 1, 3 and 4, if the estimated contract value is lower than the financial limit set out in subparagraph b).
b) Article 117 paragraphs 1, 3 and 4, if the estimated contract value is lower than the financial limit set out in subparagraph a).
(3) Obligations set out in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to a person that is neither a contracting authority, nor contracting entity and obtained funds within the measures of a common organisation of agricultural markets28) or funds determined for the support for rural development, agricultural primary production, food, forestry and fisheries sectors according to special provisions;29) this shall not apply to a building works contract or service contract related to such building works, the estimated value of which exceeds the financial limit pursuant to Article 5 paragraph 2 and for which a contracting authority provides over 50 % of funds.
(5) Where a contracting authority provides a contracting entity with funds for the supply of products, the execution of building works or the provision of services related to the activity pursuant to Article 9 paragraphs 3 to 9 and the estimated value of which is lower than the financial limit set out for the award of contracts above the limit by the contracting entity or in case of supplies, building works or services not related to the activity pursuant to Article 9 paragraphs 3 to 9, the contracting entity shall be obliged to comply with the same rules as the contracting authority according to this Act.
28) For instance REGULATION (EU) No 1305/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 17 December 2013 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005 (Official Journal of the European Union, L 347, 20.12.2013) as amended, REGULATION (EU) No 1308/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 17 December 2013 establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 922/72, (EEC) No 234/79, (EC) No 1037/2001 and (EC) No 1234/2007 (Official Journal of the European Union, L 347, 20.12.2013) as amended.
29) For instance REGULATION (EU) No 1305/2013 as amended, REGULATION (EU) No 508/2014 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 15 May 2014 on the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund and repealing Council Regulations (EC) No 2328/2003, (EC) No 861/2006, (EC) No 1198/2006 and (EC) No 791/2007 and Regulation (EU) No 1255/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Official Journal of the European Union, L 149, 20.5.2014) as amended.
29a) Act No. 561/2007 Coll. on investment aid and amendments to certain acts as amended.


Interests: Enjoys Hiking in the McDowell Sonoran Preserve, also volunteers as a trail steward at the Preserve.
Family: Two school aged children.
On the weekends, Dr. Jones enjoys hiking and other outdoor activities. She volunteers as a trail steward in the McDowell Sonoran Preserve.


text:
It's Never Too Late to Pursue Your Goals
By Crystal Tate
Could you imagine going back to school at age 30? Definitely. How about 60? Maybe. Or what about 90? For Clyde Wagnon of Idaho, it's possible. The 90-year-old is pursuing a master's degree in business administration at Stevens-Henager College. He started class two weeks ago, and he's already raised the bar: he's the oldest student to attend the college. To read more about Wagnon, click here.
It's Never Too Late For Divorce
Not too Shabby!
It's in the Bag
Have You Seen Your Values Lately?
It's Kathy's world