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Home // Barristers // Roger ter Haar QC
Roger ter Haar QC
"Brilliant at cross-examination." "He's very good in court and clearly understands what judges and arbitrators want to hear."
(Chambers UK 2017)
Richard Lynagh QC
Andrew Bartlett QC
terhaar@crownofficechambers.com
Roger's practice as an international arbitrator covers Construction, Engineering, Insurance, re-insurance, Energy, Shipbuilding and Professional Negligence.
In June 2020 he ceased to accept new instructions to act as counsel in order to concentrate on work as an arbitrator. During a career spanning over 40 years as an advocate, he appeared as leading counsel in many cases in these areas before trial and appellate courts and arbitral tribunals, including a number of high-value international arbitrations in London, Paris, Geneva, Muscat, Dubai, Qatar, Hong Kong, Singapore, Perth, New York and Washington D.C., and included claims where the amounts at stake were in billions of dollars..
He has vast expertise in the areas of major infrastructure works, Energy (including notable experience including wind farm and Oil & Gas disputes), contracts for the sale of oil, claims related to waste disposal plants and claims relating to contracts for the construction and maintenance of power stations. Additionally, his experience covers allegations of negligence against financial service advisors, insurance brokers, underwriting agents, doctors, solicitors, barristers, surveyors and valuers, architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, patent agents, educational psychologists, teachers and others
Roger's appointments include presiding arbitrator, tribunal member and sole arbitrator, principally (though by no means exclusively) in ICC, LCIA, DIAC and SIAC. Arbitral seats have included London, Dubai, Oman, Singapore, and the Caribbean. His appointments have involved a wide variety of governing laws, including the laws of England, Hong Kong, Australia, and India as well as Sharia law.
His common law expertise is complemented by a wide experience of civil law systems, including UAE, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait Egypt and the Philippines.
Roger's International practice spans the globe. He has acted in or arbitrated disputes arising from projects in: Afghanistan, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei, Bulgaria, China, Dubai, Egypt, Eire, Hong Kong, Gibraltar, India, Indonesia, India, Isle of Man, Israel, Jersey, Kuwait, Libya, Oman, Panama, Pakistan, the Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sudan, Taiwan, Tanzania, the USA, Venezuela and, of course, in the UK.
Roger is a member of the HKIAC Panel of Arbitrators, the Panel of KCAB International Arbitrators and of the FIDIC President's List of Adjudicators. Additionally, he formerly sat as a Chairman of a Lloyd's Disciplinary Committee.
He sits as a Deputy High Court Judge in the Technology and Construction Court, Administrative Court and the Queen's Bench Division of the English High Court of Justice.
Roger has extensive experience of arbitrating acting as counsel in construction and engineering disputes both within the UK and internationally. Cases in which he has been involved as arbitrator or counsel include disputes relating to projects in Afghanistan, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Eire, Dubai, Bulgaria, Gibraltar, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Jersey, Kuwait, Qatar, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Tanzania and the United States of America.
He has been appointed as sole arbitrator or chairman of arbitral tribunals by the LCIA, the ICC and DIAC.
As counsel, his clients have included Governments, Local Authorities, other Employers, Contractors, Sub-Contractors and professionals. He has acted as Counsel for Claimants and Defendants in numerous professional negligence cases arising out of allegations of negligence against architects, engineers and quantity surveyors.
(As party appointed arbitrator) A claim for US $50M plus arising out of a project in Sudan. The issues involved the effect of sanctions upon payment of Bills of Exchange. (ICC)
(As Chair) A claim for US $215M in respect of an oil pipe line dispute in Africa. (Ad hoc under UNCITRAL rules)
(As party appointed Arbitrator) A claim for US $600M arising out of an LNG project in Australia. (ICC)
(As party appointed arbitrator) A claim for the equivalent of £200M arising out of a construction project in Dubai. (DIAC)
(As sole arbitrator): A claim for a sum to be defined in respect of a power station project in the Dominican Republic. (Ad hoc)
(As party appointed arbitrator): A claim for US $40 million in respect of a power station in Jordan. (SIAC)
(As party appointed arbitrator): A claim and cross-claim totalling £540m arising out of a software system for the UK Government (sitting with two retired High Court Judges). (LCIA)
(As sole arbitrator): Claim upon a cheque. (ICC)
(As party appointed arbitrator) US $245M Share Agreement dispute. (LCIA)
(As Chair): Shipbuilding dispute. (LCIA)
(As Chair) A dispute between a South Korean Corporation and an Algerian company concerning a refinery in Algeria. (LCIA)
(As sole arbitrator) Dispute as to barrister's negligence. (UK Bar Council scheme)
(As sole arbitrator) HK $100M dispute as to solicitor's indemnity coverage. (HK Solicitors' scheme)
(As sole arbitrator) Dispute as to reliability of rolling stock. (RIDR)
As chair) OMR 7.7M dispute as to a hotel project in Oman. (Ad Hoc)
Dispute Adjudication Board
(DAB member) Acted as part of a three man panel in disputes arising out of a dredging contract at an East African port.
Acted as Sole Adjudication Board member in a dispute between Contractor and Employer arising out of the design, construction and outfitting of 3 Police stations in the Caribbean. (FIDIC Yellow book)
Acted as Adjudicator in a dispute regarding delay in design and construction of a PFI waste to energy facility.
Acted as Adjudicator on multiple related disputes relating to a new motorway.
Appointed Adjudicator in substantial defects dispute in respect of a major PFI hospital project.
Roger ter Haar QC, David Sears QC and Kim Franklin QC appointed to ADGM Arbitration Centre – Panel of Arbitrators
Roger ter Haar Q.C. has decided in future to focus solely upon work as arbitrator and adjudicator
Felsted,
Magdalen College, Oxford
BA Jurisprudence 1973
Became Bencher of Inner Temple 1993
(1995-1999: Chairman, Inner Temple Estates Committee)
Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre Panel of Arbitrators (2013)
The Korean Commercial Arbitration Board Panel of International Arbitrators (2013)
Chairman, Inner Temple Estates Committee (1995 – 1999)
Former Chairman Lloyds Disciplinary Committee
"He is one of the finest cross-examiners practising at the English Bar."; "Remains at the top of his game – conducted himself at hearings with a poise and eloquence that few others possess in my experience."; "Hardworking and always a pleasure to deal with, he is more inclined to be one of the team than many senior barristers."; "Has an ability to cut through and focus on the important issues. Hard-working and always a pleasure to deal with."
"He offers a good mix of commercial and construction expertise in addition to being very strong on his feet. He's just a pro in a courtroom."; "He is consistently excellent to deal with."
"His instincts in understanding how to present disputed issues to a tribunal are brilliant. "
Legal 500 EMEA, 2020
"Very detailed and exceptionally well prepared." "A masterful advocate." "He provides clear, thoughtful and well-considered advice."
"Has a wealth of experience, and is an impressive advocate who can quickly get the measure of a witness or tribunal."
"An impressive advocate who can quickly get the measure of a witness or tribunal and tailor his cross-examination accordingly."
"Formidable in court, and his ability to absorb an argument that is made, digest it and articulate a response while on his feet is really impressive."
"He is very experienced, very charming and a real leader in the field."
"He makes complex matters look easy. He's relaxed but devastating at cross-examination. It is a pleasure to listen to him and to work with him. His memory is virtually photographic, and he's so lovely."
"A very experienced, persuasive and effective advocate, who is popular with clients….an absolutely excellent strategist and one of the best on his feet."
"Well respected, with a badge of quality…outstanding experience…A popular choice for construction disputes and international arbitration."
"His ability to quickly grasp the relevant facts and get involved in the strategy of a case is excellent."


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Understanding the Language of the Sweet Science.
has captured and revealed to you, the reader. – Buy Now! | Give Feedback!
The Boxing Dictionary… the next best thing to being ringside.
A simple, heartfelt tale inspired by a true story. It's the story of a man who moves his wife and young family to the depths of the northern woods of Colebrook, New Hampshire, to escape the madness of the suburbs of New York City. He befriends a reclusive, old dowser who becomes his guide and mentor as he teaches him about the vagaries of nature, the old customs of a forgone culture and lifestyle and, most importantly, about himself. This is a book that is intended to touch one's heart and soul and bridge the gap between people's differences–broaching generations, cultures and lifestyles by reaffirming the goodness often forgotten in others. This is a book that quietly celebrates the eternal bond of true friendship. – Buy Now! | Give Feedback!


There are 8 top-rated general health & medicine in your area and 103 to avoid.
They have been good with working with me. It started with one side and got better and after 6 months it came back in the other side. I have been many times in the past year. My insurance has paid for my visits.
I've been using Carilion Family Medicine for about five years. I don't have anything negative to say about them. I've always been able to get appointments. The care that I've received, I couldn't have asked for better.
We have been using them for 2 years. It is convenient, it is only about 4 miles away. I use them for the after school program. My experience with them has been great. They are good to work with. They are not standing around talking with each other they are interacting with the children. The daycare is in a church but they take everybody, it is not just for the church.
I have a very good experience with them. They are very friendly and professional. Scheduling appointments is easy, and the doctors and the nursing staffs are very nice to work with.
I was very pleased with the doctor's knowledge and bedside manner. She will continue to be my doctor for the foreseeable future.


That one episode of Storyological where we discussed "Brokeback Mountain" by Annie Proulx and the tire iron contained therein.
An example of an intoxicating story by Adam Johnson: "Trauma Plate" from The Barcelona Review.
That one episode of Storyological where we discussed "Pet Milk" by Stuart Dybek.


The TED-Ed BETA website has seen over two million unique visitors since its launch in late April of last year. In hundreds of thousands of instances, visitors have opted to activate one of TED-Ed's most powerful features: the ability to track and measure various forms of engagement within each TED-Ed Lesson over time. This post explores the Lesson-tracking features in depth, but first know that….
TED-Ed's operating philosophy is that every person is simultaneously learning from AND educating the people they encounter in life. Though the educational experience is certainly very pronounced in traditional school settings, learning is by no means exclusive to the classroom. Education is a constant. It's human nature to be curious, to pursue and learn from things that interest you, and to want to share what you learn with others.
For these reasons, the TED-Ed website, as a platform, provides all users with free and equal access to both its Lesson creation and its Lesson consumption tools. This allows teachers to create Lessons for their students or for fellow teachers but also for students to create lessons for each other or even for their teachers. We've also seen businesses create TED-Ed Lessons for their employees, artists create Lessons for their fans, authors create Lessons for their readers…and one guy (TED Fellow Eric Berlow) even created an intelligent Lesson on the flatulent nature of hippopotami.
The point is: The tool is flexible. Any visitor can use the site as both a teacher and a student, at anytime….because no matter who we are, or where we are in life, we always have something to learn and something to teach.
So, how can TED-Ed be used to track your educational experiences on the site across time?
Depending on how you choose to use the site, your progress can be tracked in the two ways explored below. All tracked progress is reflected in the "You" section of the site, which is only activated when you create a free TED-Ed account using a valid email address, or a Facebook account.
Note: All visitors may engage in TED-Ed Lessons anonymously, but, in order to track your progress, you must be logged into your TED-Ed account as you engage with the Lesson.
As a learner, you can track all of the multiple choice answers, written responses, or discussion topic responses that you save to any Lesson that you have viewed, started, or completed on ed.ted.com (including Lessons you create).
Simply click a lesson that you've started or completed. Your saved answers will always be present on the Lesson page.
If the Lesson you engage in as a learner was created by someone else, that Lesson creator will be able to see the answers that you provide (you can see their view of the exchange below). The Lesson creator can give you private feedback on any answers provided in the "Think" section, and you can also privately respond to that feedback directly on the Lesson page. Any comments made in the "Discuss" section are visible to anyone with access to the Lesson.
On a more general level, you may always return to the "You" section to see which Lessons you have viewed, which Lessons are in progress, and a list of all the Lessons you have completed while logged into TED-Ed.
The "You" section, which is activated when you create a free TED-Ed account, also keeps track of any Lesson you have started creating or that you have completed and distributed to your learners. TED-Ed is constantly saving your work, so if you started creating a Lesson but didn't have time to polish and publish it, you will find it waiting for you in the "Flips in Progress" section the next time you log in.
If you check the "Flips Created" tab, you can see how many learners have engaged with any given Lesson that you've created and shared. Click Lesson stats and….
…you'll see which learners took the Lesson, how many multiple choice (m/c) questions each student completed, how many they got correct on the first attempt, and the total number of attempts across all m/c questions. You can also see how many open answer questions were completed. If you would like to see the actual m/c or open answer responses, either click "Review" or download the student responses in .csv format.
As you are reviewing student answers on ed.ted.com, you can provide feedback directly on the TED-Ed Lesson page. When you click "Give Feedback," the student is sent an email that contains a link to your feedback. If they follow the link, there is a space provided for them to respond to your feedback, in which case you will receive an email letting you know that they have responded. Only the Lesson creator and the learner have access to this exchange.
To edit, or to re-distribute an existing Lesson, click the button on the bottom right corner of the flip you've created. The button looks like a small gear.
Clicking the gear will bring up your lesson settings and sharing options, any of which can be edited, toggled, or utilized. That's it!
If you're interested in using TED-Ed to track your own progress or your student's progress through the TED-Ed library, simply log in, or create a free TED-Ed account.
Do students need to have their own email accounts? How do I link those to my account?
I am unable to publish a lesson in TED ED platform. What might be the issue?


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Effect of different storage conditions on quality of White-Scar oyster (Crassostrea belcheri)
Songsaeng, S1, Sophanodora, P2, Kaewsrithong, J3, Ohshima, T4.
International Food Research Journal (Volume 17, No. 2, 2010, Pages 491 to 500)
Changes in some chemical, microbiological and sensory qualities of white-scar oyster (Crassostrea belcheri) during different storage conditions were studied. Lower changes in chemical and microbiological qualities were found in chilled shell-on oysters when compared with those stored at ambient temperature. Shell-on oyster packed in 2.5% brine showed a slower decrease in pH but increased in total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), total viable count (TVC) and psychrotrophic bacteria at a faster rate than those stored in air. Escherichia coli and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were less than 1.8 and 3 MPN/g, respectively. Irrespective of packing medium and storage temperature, sensory scores for every parameter decreased while microorganisms increased with the storage duration. Therefore, with respect to microbiological and sensory qualities, shellon oyster could be kept in air at chilled temperature for 9 days. Shucked oyster packed in 4% brine showed a decrease in pH and increases in TVB-N, TVC and psychrotroph at a slower rate than those packed in 2.5% brine and water. Whereas E. coli and V. parahaemolyticus were less than 1.8 and 3 MPN/g, respectively in every packing medium and stored at chilled temperature for 12 days. The decreased in sensory score of all attributes with the increase in TVC was found in shucked oyster packed in different salt concentrations. Therefore, shucked oysters could be kept for 10 days in 4% brine at chilled temperature.
Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Facebook advertising as a product at GMD has received an increased number of sales and interests in the last year. With its large user base and unique interest and demographic targeting, Facebook advertising is undoubtedly the most powerful advertising tool for Brand Awareness and E-Commerce. 1.4 billion monthly users contribute to the success of Facebook advertising. As 2018 is coming to a close, let's do a recap on some key stats and milestone Facebook Advertising has accomplished this year.
Facebook users watch 8 billion videos daily, and the number keeps on growing. Video has a 135% increase in organic reach over a single image.
Images account for 75-90% of Facebook Ad performance.
Facebook reported advertising revenue of $9.16 billion in the second quarter of 2017, a 47% year-over-year increase.
People are 1.5 times more likely to watch video daily on a smartphone than on desktop.
Facebook is the top platform for both B2B and B2C businesses.
Find any of the above interesting? Click through the link to read the more extensive study of each fact. To read our Facebook Advertising case study, click here. Let me know if you have any interesting statistics on Facebook Advertising too!


Courtroom trial events are substantially the same in both civil and criminal cases. In all criminal cases, the plaintiff is the State of Indiana and the plaintiff's lawyer is the Prosecuting Attorney or a Deputy Prosecuting Attorney.
The opening statements and closing arguments are optional, so if they should not be made during the trial, such fact should not be considered a sign of weakness or held against the party.
The information in this section has been provided courtesy of the Indiana State Bar Association.


so she can buy propane for her cooking stove.
When did the insanity start?
never satisfying the deep needs within.
in order to serve that 150 well.
that day we can feed up to 300 hungry mouths.
onto all I come in contact with.
Your heart for the broken is truly reflective of the heart of Jesus - who challenged us to do something when we see the need.
So sad, tears well up here...thanks so much for sharing Cat, your mission and your hope.
Love Lissie, hadn't seen the video before, love..
So did the story of the girl. Who is to blame for the dreadful deed?!
I blow you owl feathers through the northern plains to add to your mallard bouquet.
Can you accept $Orders? Who do I make it out to?
Email me. At this point yer almost up to eight hundred bucks! Yeah, baby!!!!


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Woody Allen Slapped With Rape Joke at Cannes Opening Night Ceremony
"You've shot so many of your films here in Europe and yet in the U.S. you haven't even been convicted of rape," said Laurent Lafitte
Matt Donnelly | May 11, 2016 @ 11:04 AM	Last Updated: May 11, 2016 @ 7:55 PM
French comic Laurent Lafitte helped the 2016 Cannes Film Festival kick off to an awkward start — cracking a rape joke about Woody Allen, the director of the opening night gala screening "Cafe Society."
"You've shot so many of your films here in Europe and yet in the U.S. you haven't even been convicted of rape," Lafitte told the black-tie crowd at the Grand Palais, his joke translated to English and projected on a massive screen.
The jab presumably references fellow director Roman Polanski, who has been living in exile following a 1977 L.A. County court indictment for the rape of a 13-year-old girl.
Also Read: How Amazon Studios Became the New Star of Cannes
Allen was joined at the kick-off by "Cafe Society" stars Kristen Stewart, Jesse Eisenberg and Blake Lively.
It's been a rough promo tour for the 80-year-old director. In the process of hyping his throwback to Hollywood's golden era, he raised eyebrows with rare comments about wife Soon-Yi Previn.
Remarking on the achievements of his wife — the adopted daughter of former Allen partner Mia Farrow — whom he married in 1997 amidst a firestorm of controversy, Allen drew contrasts between the higher education and world travel she's enjoyed at his side with her impoverished upbringing in South Korea.
'Woody Allen is the definition of white savior complex, he's literal garbage," one social media critic said of his comments.
Lucky for Allen, "Cafe Society" premiered out of competition and he's done his heavy lifting in France. The film will hit U.S. theaters on July 15, courtesy of Lionsgate.
Get TheWrap's complete Cannes 2016 coverage here.
The Scene at Cannes 2016: Red Carpet Arrivals and Beyond (Photos)
Oscar winner and L'Oreal brand ambassador Julianne Moore leads a pack of glamorous arrivals at the opening night ceremony for the 2016 Cannes Film Festival
Actress Eva Longoria snags a selfie with model Doutzen Kroes
Naomi Watts and Susan Sarandon share a moment on the Croisette
Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo reps the City of Light in the French Riviera
Actress Gong Li dazzles in a dramatic gown and jewels
Victoria Beckham cuts her usual modern, dramatic figure on the red carept
Donald Sutherland arrives in glasses, ready to screen "Cafe Society"
Woody Allen stands flanked by the glamorous Blake Lively, Kristen Stewart and actor Jesse Eisenberg for the premiere screening of his film "Cafe Society"
Actor Vincent London ecsorts a gorgeous Jessica Chastain up the stairs of the Grand Palais.
Actor Corey Stoll, Blake Lively, director Woody Allen, Kristen Stewart, Jesse Eisenberg and the President of the Festival Pierre Lescure pose for one last photo before the "Cafe Society" screenign
Anna Kendrick is anything but trollish hit the red carpet in support of her DreamWorks Animation film "Trolls"
"Trolls" voice star Justin Timberlake brings his suit and tie to Cannes.
TheWrap has tabs on the movie stars, filmmakers and executives populating the Croisette
'Cafe Society' Cannes Review: Woody Allen's Latest Nostalgi-Comedy Is Perfectly Enjoyable, Forgettable
By Ben Croll | May 11, 2016 @ 6:49 AM
25 Buzziest Movies at Cannes 2016, From Woody Allen's 'Cafe Society' to 'Purple Rain'
By Steve Pond | May 9, 2016 @ 11:31 PM


As a kind of popular poker playing cards, the plastic Fournier 2818 marked playing cards were made in Spain. Because of their popularity, many players around the world are inclined to use them. Made of 100% finest plastic, they supply unparalleled comfort with players. Enjoying good durability, they are not bent and can be fold with 360 degree. Of course, those cards can stand the test of recycling use and washing. Thus, most of poker playing people can not refuse to them.
There are two colors of the Spain plastic Fournier 2818 playing cards: red color and blue one. In poker playing cheating, they can be utilized well to support a useful way for those people who would like to do something in poker gambling filed. Those cards can be specially processed into marked playing cards which can be designed into three types: Spain plastic Fournier 2818 back marked playing cards read by IR / UV contact lenses, IR / UV sunglasses, Spain plastic Fournier 2818 back marked playing for spy camera lenses reading, and Spain plastic Fournier 2818 bar codes marked playing cards for poker analyzers. The same as the common Fournier 2818 poker cards, they have 54 playing cards (including two jokers) whose faces are Jumbo Index.
Printed with luminous ink on back, the Spain plastic Fournier 2818 back marked playing cards can be marked with a big front in the middle or a small number in four corners. There is no doubt that we can accept your special customization in line with your reasonable requirements. With the purpose operating a secret cheating, you need choose one pair of IR/ UV contact lenses to see the invisible marks on the back of marked cards clearly so that you will have prior ability to know the poker face of next card and play the following steps with huge confidence. In the whole sections, nobody will find any clue from your actions as long as you keep calm.
This kind of marked playing cards are marked with invisible mark on the back. Different from the marked cards for contact lenses reading, the Fournier 2818 back marked playing cards are specially read by the spy camera lenses that can be concealable for cheating. Thus, other readers fail to read them. For the sake of convenience, it supports WIFI to send the signal to a TV showing the marks on the screen. There are three levels of definition of spy camera lenses for your consideration: 360P, 720P and 1080P. The higher level it is, the more clear you can see on screen. By taking this good chance to know the poker face in advance, you will get more opportunities to make a big bet without loss.
Another Fournier 2818 bar codes marked playing cards are designed to be recognized by the poker analyzers reading. The poker analyzers is a powerful device that can decode the bar codes and report the final poker result to you within 0.3S through the mini earpiece. The bar codes on edge of cards ware unreadable from our naked eyes but accurately read by the camera lens. By meas of this good way to cheating, you are capable of knowing the poker results in a very effective way. The results can be illustrated by the poker analyzer in different forms, such as the biggest winner hand, the second winner hand or each poker player' poker hand ranking. In the end, winning will become very reliable and easy.
From the above mentioned description, I believe you have a little knowledge of Spain plastic Fournier 2818 marked playing cards. If you have an interest in knowing further information of them, please contact us at any your spare time!


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Rupert Murdoch: 'American Idol' will be better next season
Media mogul Rupert Murdoch says that the coming season of American Idol will be "better," according to The Hollywood Reporter. At an earnings conference for News Corp (the parent company of network Fox), the CEO told a reporter, "[American Idol] will be better, the music will certainly be better. And we got great expectations for it." The show is reportedly undergoing extensive changes for its tenth season after last year's ratings dip.


[MV]How can I alter a formula so it would 'add a percentage'?
First off, I'm very new to coding business. Really sorry for the noob question.. So in a game I'm currently working on for the sake of making the luck stat useful as well as clarity, I intend to make my debuff rate more or less works with a formula like "Debuff total chance = Fixed % from skill + (user.luk - target.agi)%" I've looked up the forums and suspect that 'target.debuffRate(effect.dataId) * this.lukEffectRate(target)' in the rpg_object.js would be my go to script to change. But when I change target.debuffRate(effect.dataId) * this.lukEffectRate(target) into target.debuffRate(effect.dataId) + this.lukEffectRate(target) there seems to be no change of percentage to the debuff rates in my playtesting, (even when after I set the difference between luk and agi into '100' or '(100)*001'). Am I looking at the wrong script? or is there anything else I need to do for that '+' to work?


The American Cancer Society presented the 2015 Luther L Terry Awards for Exemplary Leadership in Tobacco Control at a ceremony on 19 March in Abu Dhabi at the 16th World Conference on Tobacco or Health.
Jonathan Samet, MD, MS, from the United States received the Distinguished Career award.
The United Kingdom Department of Health's Tobacco Program received the award for Exemplary Leadership by a Government Ministry.
Eduardo Bianco, MD, from Uruguay received the award for Outstanding Individual Leadership.
The Smoke Free Partnership, located in Belgium, received the Outstanding Organization award.
Geoffrey Fong, PhD, from Canada and Frank Chaloupka, PhD, from the United States received awards for Outstanding Research Contributions.
Patti White, from the United Kingdom, and Tariana Turia, from New Zealand, received awards for Outstanding Community Service.
The Terry awards are presented triennially at the World Conference on Tobacco or Health. The initial awards were presented in 2000. Information on previous recipients is available at cancer.org/lutherterry.
In 2015, the award nominations were reviewed by an international selection committee of previous Luther L Terry Award winners, including: Dileep G. Bal, MD, MS, MPH, United States; Beatriz M. Champagne, PhD, Mexico; Hatai Chitanondh, MD, FICS, FRCS, Thailand; Michael Cummings, PhD, MPH, United States; Stanton A. Glantz, PhD, United States; Professor Mike Daube, Australia; Deborah Arnott, MBA, United Kingdom; Martin Raw, PhD, United Kingdom, Yussuf Saloojee, PhD, South Africa; Prabhat Jha, MD, DPhil, Canada; Melanie Wakefield, PhD, Australia; Mira Aghi, PhD, India; and Stan Shatenstein, Canada. The effort was chaired by Jacqui Drope, and Andrea Lancaster, MPH, as executive director.


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on Monday, April 25, 2016 at 12:17:26 am
In a post-Mobile World Congress briefing, Head of Ericsson Malaysia and Sri Lanka Todd Ashton said, "We are already working closely with various industries to create a truly Networked Society here in Malaysia through collaborations with our local 5G and IoT (Internet of Things) partners with whom we are working on building a 5G roadmap and connecting industries such as agriculture."
Notably, two of these initiatives are the Connected Mangroves project by Lumeiwah. Lumeiwah's Managing Director Shamry Mubdi said, "Innovative IoT applications are increasing the quality, quantity, sustainability and cost effectiveness of agriculture. It allows is to leverage ICT for livestock tracking, detecting soil moisture, air temperatures and much more, and adapt our practices accordingly to increase yield."
The second notable initiative involves working with Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) on a 5G rodmap, in the area of antenna and propagation. Besides researching and developing antenna technology that will allow mobile users to enjoy high throughput when on-the-move, UTM and Ericsson are also researching characteristics of new frequencies, in anticipation of a future spectrum crunch.
Ashton explained that there is not enough spectrum in the lower frequencies, so the work is to research the viability of higher frequencies like 100GHz in Malaysia and other similar tropical countries that have high rain rate and abundant flora and fauna.
Ashton described how the event has grown over the years. "It used to be only an industry event, but now it is attended by so many different companies that are trying to tap into what's happening in the world of connectivity."
He also shared major announcements that Ericsson made at the recently ended Mobile World Congress (MWC) in Barcelona. These were divided into three broad categories, namely 5G, IoT and Cloud.
In the area of 5G, Ericsson has agreements with over 20 major operators to work on 5G. It is also actively aligning industry time plans like 3GPP and ITU-R, research for 5G pre-standardisation, as well as improving current 4G networks by delivering 5G concepts like Ericsson Lean Carrier, Elastic RAN and Massive IoT.
For IoT, Ericsson announced a collaboration with AT&T to bring the latter's Digital Life solution to service providers outside of US, while in the area of cloud the Swedish company plans to form business, tech and services alliance with public cloud provider Amazon Web Services (AWS), to accelerate cloud adoption for telcos. This would see Ericsson helping AWS identify telco-based apps that can be moved to the public cloud.
Ericsson Launches AI-Powered Telco Offerings
Keysight Technologies Joins Ericsson Industry 4.0 Partner…
Ericsson to support Malaysia's digital transformation…
Digital Nasional Berhad On Track to Launch Nation's 5G…
National Budget 2021: Ericsson's commentary
5GCloudEricssonIoTLumeiwahservice providersTelcosTodd Ashton
Maxis upgrades over a million customers: 5x more data, new ways of data usage
Akamai Tackles Key Mobile Performance Challenges with Latest Version of Ion


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Congestion, Safety, Economic, and Environmental Challenges of Vehicle Automation in Transport Systems
By Elena Psyllou on June 18th, 2019 in Editorial & Opinion, Entries, Magazine Articles, Robotics, Societal Impact
The role of driverless cars in future transport systems remains debatable, in terms of their potential to replace other transport modes or have a novel, unique, and complementary functionality.
Driverless cars are expected to have the advantage of lifting requirements for driver's license ownership and fitness to drive. As such they may offer improved accessibility and mobility for those currently unable to drive, e.g., the elderly and disabled [1], [2]. Despite the postulated benefits, the role of driverless cars in future transport systems remains debatable, in terms of their potential to replace other transport modes or have a novel, unique, and complementary functionality.
New York City would need to serve the current 1.7 billion annual trips made by the subway with access to driverless vehicles.
Wiseman in his article "Driverless Cars will Make Passenger Rails Obsolete," (this issue, p. 22), makes a number of very bold statements concerning the future of transport systems. In particular, he suggests that driverless vehicles will soon replace railway systems as well as, presumably, other public transport. Following this hypothesis, he suggests that driverless vehicles should and can be facilitated through expanding car-friendly infrastructure. Yet those working in the field of transport systems, whether in modeling, policy, engineering, or economics, are well aware of such transport systems' notoriety in not following the trajectories of any long-term predictions, whether utopian or dystopian. In particular, consider a pair of past bold conjectures related to transport systems:
"In 50 years, every street in London will be buried under nine feet of manure" (The Times, 1984, quoted in [3]).
"Telework and telecommuting are likely to increase at an accelerating pace over the next decade" (Nills, 1985, quoted in [4]).
The commonality between those two statements is their boldness and incorrectness, even though they represent two extreme stances on the role of technological progress in transport systems: ignorance and over-optimism. Rather than debate the nature and causes of the "Great horse manure crisis of 1894" (see [5]), we observe that with his perspective, Wiseman might be falling into the same trap as authors of the statements above. Thus, we propose to treat Wiseman's article as a starting point for a more critical discussion of the role of driverless cars in relation to rail, or indeed other modes of transport, as those have to be considered in any such deliberations. We cannot offer, unfortunately, an exhaustive review and exposition of what is already a very substantial research field. Instead, we highlight some of the specific discourse and arguments that relate to the conjectures made by Wiseman, and allow the reader to obtain a more complete perspective on the issues.
"Driveless Cars Will Make Passenger Rails Obsolete"
Wiseman's article concludes that:
"…a means of transportation that takes many people from one central station to another central station has lost the justification of its existence….train stations are not often in a close proximity of the passenger, so the passenger should use another means of transport to arrive at a train station whereas when using driverless cars there is no need for the hassle of these connections" (p. 26).
This vision can be true, but it embodies a number of implicit, but fundamental assumptions. Therefore, let us spell out these assumptions and evaluate them in light of current knowledge, as part of the accepted best practice to appraise decisions concerning transport systems.
Assumption 1) Every traveler has access to a driverless vehicle that can serve his or her mobility needs at least as well as current rail and other public transport services
This requirement stems from the need to serve those previously traveling by rail and possibly other public transport with a similar or better level of service (generalized cost) in order to maintain a similar level of social welfare. To meet those needs, for example, New York City would need to serve the current 1.7 billion annual trips made by the subway [6] with access to driverless vehicles. For simplicity, assume a homogenous demand across days of the year and a vehicle occupancy of 3 persons per vehicle (seen typically only in high occupancy lanes). Under those, very favorable circumstances, the city would need to cope with about 1.5 million additional vehicle trips per day, i.e., an increase by a third from the present 4.5 million [7]. The question remains where the vehicles (and resources to maintain them) would come from in order to serve all the commuters who currently rely on cheaper means of transport, including those working in lower-paid occupations, which are essential for the urban economy. Furthermore, the lack of affordable transport would restrict employment opportunities, especially for the less affluent or for youth, further hampering the economy [8]. Overall, this situation could point towards the need for subsidies, that is, the situation to which Wiseman objected in the first place.
Assumption 2) There is enough road capacity to meet the surge in demand from modal shift due to the Assumption 1)
This assumption concerns the ability of the road infrastructure to accommodate the additional vehicle trips resulting from the removal of rail and public transport. To maintain a similar level of social welfare, i.e., to not make travelers worse off, this would imply a comparable generalized cost of travel, including travel duration, monetary costs, or waiting time. Considering the prevalent saturation of road networks across cities, especially during peak times, this would require a substantial increase in road capacity. To meet this requirement, it would be necessary to combine a set of far-reaching measures that include:
Ensuring rapid take-up of and penetration of traffic flows by driverless vehicles. This requirement rests on extensive simulation efforts, e.g., [9], proving that a high penetration rate of driverless vehicles is crucial for achieving higher traffic throughput, given the substantial differences between driving logic in human-controlled and driverless vehicles.
Cooperative operation of the vehicles and their controllers. This property would ensure smoothness in traffic flows and at intersections to achieve the capacity gains, especially within urban areas [10]. Fundamentally, drivers exhibit different values of time (VoT), i.e., willingness to trade-off money for ability to travel faster, including crossing a junction sooner or drive at higher speeds. VoT itself is driven by broader time use and budget (income) considerations [11]. Allowing vehicle controllers to reflect those heterogeneous VoT in driving style could limit stability of the vehicle platoons, which in turn is key to the postulated traffic capacity gains [8]. There are emerging ideas that seek to accommodate this heterogeneity, e.g., via peer-to-peer trading [12]. Those still require, however, suitable technologies and protocols, especially if the benefits are to be realized at the system level. Alternatively, an externally imposed regime of travel behaviors would deprive travelers of mobility choices that they can currently match to broader life circumstances, thus almost surely making the users worse off.
Broader economic justification and social acceptance of road expansion projects, especially in dense urban areas. Substantial physical road infrastructure expansion might need to complement the solutions above, especially in situations where there simply is no physical space for additional vehicles. In the most problematic, densely populated urban areas, where land prices tend to be the highest, e.g., [13], [14], allocating further space to roads would simply be economically unfeasible. The proposed alternative, i.e., multi-level (elevated) roads, could solve capacity issues at arterial roads in some contexts but would be virtually impossible in protected townscapes and landscape environments or local streets and collector roads due to effects on property values of increased traffic intensity or pollution [15]. Inability to do so would make Wiseman's statement "no need for the hassle of these connections" invalid.
Assumption 3) The kinematic properties of the vehicle allow realization of traffic capacity gains but also ensure that the environment is productive/enjoyable
One of the greatest postulated benefits of driverless vehicles involves transformation of "wasted driving time" into productive and enjoyable time. The phenomenon has been extensively modeled in the context of rail, e.g., [16] and other public transport. For driverless vehicles, however, there exists a subtle interaction between the traveler's experience and ability to realize the postulated traffic gains via more dynamic velocity and acceleration profiles [17]. The fact that the latter are responsible for motion sickness remains one of the most problematic issues for enabling driverless vehicles to become productive and enjoyable environments (the issue is less prevalent in rail due to different acceleration profiles).
Assumption 4) Distribution of activity duration at the destination allows enough time for vehicles to be parked and returned, or extensive sharing (vehicle, ride) are available and used
This assumption reflects the need for driverless vehicles to have sufficient time to travel to parking facilities and return on time when required. Alternatively, they would need to remain in local circulation, effectively inflating not only fuel consumption but also traffic, and thus road capacity requirements. Otherwise, there would need to be a sufficient pool of vehicles available to use, e.g., via sharing services, in order to avoid lengthy waiting times, affecting the generalized cost and thus service level. It is not clear from either Wiseman's paper or current knowledge how either of those objectives could be met in reality.
Assumption 5) Driverless vehicles do not emit air and light pollution
This assumption is made by Wiseman to achieve postulated air pollution gains, which in addition to CO2, NOx, and particulate emissions need to also include noise and light pollution [18]. While there is an ongoing progress towards cleaner vehicles, especially those using sustainably generated electricity, the issues of charging or storing electricity and associated infrastructure requirements (charging, transmission, distribution) are not trivial.
With respect to the environmental impact of transport and the resulting health impacts, Wiseman focused on exhaust emission control but such benefits should be expected by both manned and unmanned vehicles. Wiseman could have argued that autonomous vehicles could enable steady travel speeds that can reduce emissions. Again, this requires non-congested roads in order to prevent vehicles from accelerating and decelerating; however, as explained in Assumptions 2 and 4, traffic capacity is expected to be an issue. Evidence of air pollution produced by trains was not provided in the article and thus, comparison could not be made. Furthermore, there is progress in terms of reduction in noise and light (from headlights and street lamps at night; however, there is still a way to achieve "silent and dark" vehicles, which would be necessary to limit nuisance to adjacent areas (assuming no need for unwelcome physical barriers and separation). The light aspect is especially difficult as today's technologies enabling driverless vehicles' operation often rely on visible light, e.g., cameras, computer vision [19].
Assumption 6) Driverless cars improve health and safety
The key safety benefit of driverless cars is that accidents related to the presence of the human driver will potentially be prevented from occurring as drivers who are not fit to drive, e.g., those who have consumed alcohol [20] or are fatigued [21], will not have to drive. However, this argument was not presented by Wiseman. Furthermore, as explained in Assumption 1, mixed traffic could be expected and thus, autonomous cars will essentially interact with other types of road space users including cyclists and pedestrians [22]. Until conclusively proven otherwise, the potential of a collision between autonomous cars and cyclists or pedestrians should be part of the discussions of the future application of driverless cars.
Finally, it was assumed that the autonomous systems will not fail in that they will continuously operate as designed. It is worth mentioning that autonomous systems rely on the capabilities of technological advancements [23], e.g., sensors will operate in all weather conditions. Technology-related failures are inevitable [24], and their contribution to potential safety issues should not be ignored.
Furthermore, the selection of safety data in the article is, at most, circumstantial. Only data from the U.S. were used and presented in absolute numbers, without taking into account travel distance and travel time by each mode of transport. As a result, cities that possess a railway system that is of vital importance to their transport networks, e.g., European and Asian cities, were ignored, leading to incomplete data selection and subsequently, inconclusive arguments.
As outlined above, there is progress in terms of enabling presence and benefits from driverless vehicles as part of transport systems. However, there remain a number of fundamental issues that, from the point of view of transport systems' planning and operation, make Wiseman's vision not a credible scenario for the near future.
Lack of Evidence to Justify Projections
Wiseman claims that the first autonomous vehicle will be available in June 2018. Almost a year after that day, only those in the experimental phase exist. The term autonomous vehicles used in the article can be described as misleading as it can be assumed that the author refers to fully autonomous vehicles due to the repeated use of the term "driverless cars," indicating that a human being present in the vehicle does not control the trajectory of the vehicle. According to the Department for Transport in the U.K. [2], fully autonomous vehicles refer to vehicles where a driver does not need to be present, while driver assistance systems refer to vehicles where the driver should be engaged or in the loop at all times. Consequently, it was unclear in the article as to what concepts or business models will be used for fully autonomous vehicles in urban systems. It was also implicitly assumed that these vehicles will be used to transport small numbers of people, similar to the way conventional human driven cars are used.
A Bold Vision Based on Some Crude Assumptions
Wiseman in his paper presents a very bold vision of the future of driverless cars, making rather controversial recommendations concerning transport policies in relation to rail. As with any futuristic vision, however, his approach is based on a number of assumptions. The explicit assumptions are rather crude, based on extrapolations of limited pieces of evidence or their incomplete interpretation. There are also a number of implicit assumptions, some of which we have spelled out and reflected on with our existing knowledge in transport systems operations. Based on this approach, we do not see a credible basis for accepting Wiseman's recommendations. We see the need for continuing efforts towards understanding how driverless vehicles, with their expected capabilities, can complement the broader socio-economic role of dynamic transport systems. We make this recommendation, bearing in mind that even driverless vehicles themselves can be subject to competition from other, also futuristic modes, e.g., autonomous passenger air vehicles (e.g., proposed by Boeing and Airbus), air-resistance-free transport (e.g., Hyperloop), or improved participation in services via digital means (e.g., virtual or augmented reality). In conclusion, we argue that an evolutionary approach to planning and management of transport systems is needed. Such an approach should explore emerging technologies and their application to transport, while leveraging extensive existing knowledge about travel behavior, safety, and environments, and of the socio-economic role of transport.
Elena Psyllou is with Lloyd's Register Foundation Transport Risk Management Centre, Centre for Transport Studies, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K. Email: elena.psyllou11@imperial.ac.uk.
Jacek Pawlak is with the Urban Systems Lab, Centre for Transport Studies, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K. Email: jacek.pawlak@imperial.ac.uk.
To view this full article, including references, click HERE.
Tags: Driverless cars, infrastructure, June 2019, predictions, Showcase


An orthodontic treatment has the objects of moving and reorienting teeth for both functional or aesthetic purposes. In such a treatment, the orthodont places a variety of orthodontic components on the teeth including brackets, which are firmly fixed to the teeth, and other components including wires, tensioning springs, etc., which apply forces and moments on the teeth, through the brackets, thereby causing the teeth to move. A major problem facing the orthodont is to predict the final outcome of the orthodontic treatment. Another problem to focus is to define the proper placement of the brackets and to select the proper force-inducing components to best yield the desired outcome. Currently, the design and predicting of orthodontic treatment based mainly on the orthodont's personal "look and feel" and prior experience skills. This approach is not only error prone but also varies from one individual to the other, which is obviously undesired.
In the context of the present description and the appended claims, the term "movement" or "moving" refers to repositioning teeth, reorientating teeth, or both. The term "orthodontic treatment" refers to a treatment intended to move at least one tooth; namely, an orthodontic treatment should be understood as encompassing a procedure where all or only part of the teeth (e.g. teeth of one jaw, a group of teeth in a section of a jaw, etc.) are moved. Furthermore, the term "orthodontic treatment" refers both to a treatment intended to yield movement to reach a final, close to ideal outcome of the treatment as well as to an interim treatment yielding an interim position and orientation of the teeth. In other words the term "orthodontic treatment" mentioned herein encompasses both a treatment from an initial stage, i.e. before the treatment began, through to a final stage; a treatment from an initial stage to an interim stage; as well as to a treatment from an interim stage to another interim or final stage.
The term "virtual treatment" (referred to also, occasionally as virtual orthodontic treatment) as used herein means an orthodontic treatment as simulated on a computer. A virtual treatment may use components (i.e. 'component' in the virtual computer environment) such as brackets, wires, tensioning springs or rubber bands, corresponding to real components as used in a real life orthodontic treatment, but may also use components which are not normally used in real-life treatment; and also components used in real-life treatment but are used in the virtual treatment in a different manner. Thus, for example, a virtual orthodontic treatment may use wires which are not normally used in a real life orthodontic treatment; may use wires of a cross-section other than such used in a real-life orthodontic treatment; may combine wires and brackets in a manner whereby the brackets are biased towards a rotational movement around the axis of the wire which is usually not performed in a real-life orthodontic treatment; etc. It will therefore be understood that the result of virtual treatment is not necessarily the same as the actual real treatment.
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the set of components includes brackets and a wire and the rule dictates that eventually all slots which receive the wire will be aligned with the wire where the latter is arranged as a splined curve indicative of the desired result of the virtual treatment. In other words, in this case the wire represents the desired results of alignment of all slots following the virtual treatment. Thus, by such an embodiment a component which represents a real-life component, i.e. a wire, is used in a different manner than in a real-life treatment in that it dictates the result of the treatment. This embodiment thus illustrates a general principle in some embodiments of the invention that while in a real-life treatment components act in combination to apply forces on teeth ad the movement is a result of such applied forces, in a virtual treatment of the invention, the components may also dictate the final result. However, this does not exclude a possibility, in accordance with some other embodiments of the invention, where the movement of the teeth is dictated by forces and moments, which in this case are the set of rules, which act on the teeth under influence of the different components.
The set of rules may also allow, for example, the removal of the tooth in certain circumstances. For example, in the case, of crowdness, i.e. insufficient space for all teeth to assume an ideal position and orientation (a position and orientation such that the apex of all teeth are essentially on one splined curve), an interfering tooth may be removed. The removal may, by one embodiment, be automatic; by another embodiment, the user may decide in such a case which tooth is to be removed.
In accordance with one example, where the teeth are such that they do not fill the entire space in a jaw (namely with an edge of one tooth being in proximity to a neighboring tooth), the set of rules may also allow the addition of a tooth, which may, in the case of a child's jaw, represent a tooth which has not yet grown or, in the case of an adult's jaw, a crown which may be implanted in a real-life treatment.
The 3D teeth model may be of all teeth in a jaw, may be a model of teeth of both jaws, may be a model of part of the teeth of one or both jaws.
The term "associating" as used herein denotes the entire range of combining orthodontic components with teeth and to typically (but not necessarily) in a manner that stimulates combination thereof in real life treatment. Typical, but not exclusive examples, being: attaching brackets to teeth at different positions or orientations; fixing a wire into the brackets wire-receiving slot; sliding the bracket and the wire one with respect to another, changing the angle of the wire-receiving slot within the bracket so as to change the torque or moment between the wire and the bracket; fixing a tensioning spring or band around two adjacent teeth; etc. The wire chosen within the framework of the virtual treatment may have various geometries, e.g. straight or spline cured, and various cross-sectional shapes, e.g. circular, oval, rectangular, etc. (usually to track the ideal curvature of the teeth arrangement in a jaw).
By a still further aspect the present invention provides an apparatus having a memory which contains a digital image representing a three-dimensional teeth model following a orthodontic treatment, which image was generated by any of the above methods.
By a further aspect there is provided a memory for storing data for access by an application program, implementing the steps (b)-(c) according to a method of each of the above aspects; the application program being executed on a data processing system; the data representing a first virtual three-dimensional image, indicative of the three-dimensional model of teeth of one jaw. Also provided is a memory for storing data representing a second three-dimensional image, obtained by implementing the above method.
Teeth movement in a virtual computerized 3D environment for the purpose of planning an orthodontic treatment or for any other purpose, is a complicated task if this is being performed using hitherto known techniques. The use of techniques known to the orthodont from a real orthodontic treatment, simplifies this virtual orthodontic treatment.
The virtual treatment may be required at times, to allow the orthodont to determine a potential outcome of orthodontic treatment. For such a purpose, the virtual treatment need not necessarily follow a course to be followed by the real orthodontic treatment since the focus may be only on the final outcome, namely on the final position and orientation of the teeth following the treatment. In such a treatment, the orthodont may utilize orthodontic components and combination between such components, even such not used in real life orthodontic treatment. Examples are a selection of a wire with a different geometry than that used in real life or, change id the slot angle within the brackets so as to yield an angular moment on the teeth about the axis of the wire (see FIG. 3).
In a typical yet not exclusive sequence of operation in treatment, the user selects brackets and places them at appropriate positions on the surface of selected teeth, usually all teeth of the jaw. In most cases brackets are placed on the buckal teeth surface; however, occasionally, in the virtual treatment brackets may alternatively or additionally be placed on lingual surfaces of the teeth (this may also be followed at times in real life orthodontic treatment).
At a next step, the user may define the final desired distance between the teeth (the default is usually zero) and then selects an arch-wire from a library of such wires. The library may include wires of different widths, different cross-sectional shapes, and different geometries. Optionally, it is possible also to change the geometry of the selected wire, e.g to make it to follow a tortous path in a vertical and/or a horizontal plane, etc.
Thereafter, the wire may be associated with the teeth model, for example, by combining them with brackets fitted on the teeth surface or by attaching them first to virtual anchoring molars, and then to virtual brackets, etc. The effect of the components on each tooth is thereafter computed by the system, based on the set of rules to determine the outcome of the virtual treatment.
If the virtual treatment uses components which simulate real-life components, once an optimal result of virtual treatment is reached, the parameters, namely the type of components which were used and the manner they were combined with one another and with the teeth model, may be recorded and this may then used to generate a prescription for the orthodontic treatment. Such a prescription may specify the type of components used, the exact position of each component, e.g. the position of the bracket on each tooth, etc.
FIG. 4 shows an example of an embodiment of one out of many possible variants of a user interface for realizing the initial component selection steps. The user can select the brackets from a library, of brackets, and similarly can select wires, bands etc. from corresponding libraries. In addition, the user has the ability to determine the type of forces and their direction which will act on each tooth.
FIG. 5A illustrates the manner of defining a bracket for use in subsequent virtual treatment steps. In this process, the bracket is defined with respect to a relative; coordinate system to allow its subsequent association with the wire, thus defining a "SLOT" frame of reference; (illustrated graphically in FIGS. 5B and 5C) as well as to define another coordinate system to facilitate attachment of the bracket to the teeth, thus defining the "BOND" reference frame (illustrated graphically in FIG. 5D).
FIG. 6A illustrates the steps of choosing a wire and defining it such that it can be subsequently used in the framework of virtual treatment. A wire is selected, its initial curve is defined (illustrated graphically in FIG. 6B) and then the wire is placed in a relative coordinate system (illustrated graphically in FIG. 6C), so as to define a "WIRE" frame of reference, for subsequent use. Obviously, as will be appreciated, the x-y-z coordinate system of the "WIRE" frame of reference should correspond to the x-y-z coordinate system of the "SLOT" reference frame.
FIG. 7 illustrates the steps of attachment of a bracket onto a tooth. A teeth model is: acquired, brackets are selected from the library and each bracket is placed on a tooth using the "BOND" reference frame, such that the z axis of the BOND frame of reference is perpendicular to the surface. Once the bracket is placed at the desired location, it is both fixed in this location and then the process is repeated a plurality of times in accordance with the number of brackets to be placed on the teeth.
In this specific embodiment, the orientation and position of the wire dictates the final result, i.e. final alignment of all slots in the bracket. In other words, in this specific embodiment a set of rules applied in the treatment includes, at minimum, a requirement for vertical realignment of the slots, and hence of the teeth to which they are attached, so that all slots will arrive to the wire. The set of rules also dictate how to accomplish this result. Put differently, as a result of the virtual treatment, in the orientation which will be accomplished in the resulting teeth model, the wire will remain at the same position and the teeth displaced such that the wire snaps into the slots of the bracket. This procedure is illustrated in FIG. 8, where the set of rules is dictated in blocks 81 and 82.
Another set of rules which can be applied in case of collision between the teeth, i.e. in case of crowdness. This is illustrated in FIG. 9 where the teeth are moved horizontally by sliding along the wire, to avoid such collision. The manner in which the treatment is performed may allow also some user intervention. For example, the user can define some teeth which may have to remain stationary, and others which are allowed to move. Alternatively, the system may have a wider degree of freedom, to allow sideways movement of all teeth. As also illustrated in FIG. 9, it is possible in this process to provide the user with an additional degree of freedom, which involves changing the position and/or orientation of the bracket on the tooth surface.
(e) changing at least one bracket or the manner of associating a bracket with a tooth and repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times until the teeth model of said third image represents a desired outcome of the orthodontic treatment.
10. A method according to claim 9, comprising providing a user interface and wherein said selecting comprises using the user interface for selecting the virtual set of orthodontic components.
11. A method according to claim 9, wherein said associating comprises manually associating the selected brackets with the teeth of said first image.
12. A method according to claim 9, wherein said associating comprises automatically associating the selected brackets with the teeth of said first image.
13. A method according to claim 9, wherein said first image is a virtual representation of a three-dimensional (3D) model of the individual's teeth at interim treatment stage and said third image is a virtual representation of an interim or a final treatment stage.
14. A method according to claim 9, wherein the virtual orthodontic components are represented by an image which is similar to the image of a real life component.
15. A method according to claim 9, wherein the virtual orthodontic components are represented graphically in a manner not resembling the image of a real life component.
16. A method according to claim 9, wherein said set of rules is extracted from a dynamic learning database holding an adjustable rule base.
17. A method according to claim 16, wherein the adjustment of the database is based on characteristics of the individual undergoing the orthodontic treatment.
18. A method according to claim 9, comprising virtually extracting one or more teeth from the teeth model of said first image.
19. A method according to claim 18, wherein said set of rules includes a rule that defines movement of teeth to occupy space previously occupied by an extracted tooth.
20. A method according to claim 18, wherein the virtually extracting is performed manually by a user.
21. A method according to claim 18, wherein the virtually extracting is performed automatically in case of teeth crowdness.
22. A method according to claim 9, comprising virtually adding a tooth to the model of said first image.
23. A method according to claim 22, wherein the added tooth represents one that has not yet grown.
24. A method according to claim 22, wherein the added tooth represents a crown that may be added or implanted in a real-life treatment.
25. A method according to claim 9, wherein in at least one of said repetitions of steps (c) and (d), a position and/or orientation of at least one said orthodontic components with respect to the tooth it is associated with is changed with respect to a position and/or orientation, respectively, previously held.
26. A method according to claim 9, wherein in at least one of said repetitions of steps (c) and (d), the type of orthodontic component associated with at least one tooth is changed with respect to the orthodontic component previously associated with said tooth.
27. A method according to claim 26, wherein in at least one of said repetitions of steps (c) and (d), a position and/or orientation of at least one said orthodontic components with respect to the tooth it is associated with is changed with respect to a position and/or orientation, respectively, previously held.


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Home News Saudi Crown Prince Launches Zero-carbon City
Saudi Crown Prince Launches Zero-carbon City
Saudi Arabia's crown prince disclosed plans on Sunday to build a zero-carbon city at NEOM. It is the first major construction project for the $500 billion flagship business zone, NEOM. The project's objective is to diversify the economy of the world's largest oil exporter.
Prince Mohammed bin Salman said the city, known as The Line, would extend over 170 km (105 miles). Moreover, it would be able to house a million residents in carbon-positive urban developments powered by 100% clean energy.
He also mentioned the need to transform the concept of a conventional city into a futuristic one.
It was the conclusion of three years of preparation. Its infrastructure would cost $100 billion to $200 billion, he added.
The cornerstone investor in NEOM is the kingdom's sovereign wealth fund, which is the Public Investment Fund. That is a 26,500-square-km high-tech development on the Red Sea with several zones. It includes industrial and logistics areas, planned for completion in 2025.
There have been few reports about NEOM since its announcement in 2017. That was by de facto ruler Prince Mohammed to much fanfare that year as a pillar of his Vision 2030. This was his plan to rid Saudi Arabia of its reliance on crude oil revenues.
A Saudi statement said construction would start in Q1 of 2021. Furthermore, the city was expected to contribute $48 billion to the kingdom's gross domestic product and create 380,000 jobs.
Prince Charles Tells Business to Put Planet and People First
Prince Charles of Great Britain will urge businesses on Monday to put the planet and its people first. He is launching a new charter of sustainability backed by some major global companies.
The new "Terra Carta" evokes England's ancient Magna Carta that defined citizens' rights eight centuries ago. Notably, it comprises nearly 100 actions that signatory firms must take for a sustainable future.
The prince will make an appeal to leaders to bring prosperity into harmony with nature, people and planet.
At age 72, Prince Charles has championed environmental causes for decades now. He has warned that global warming and climate change are the greatest threats to humanity.
He will encourage those in industry and finance to provide practical leadership to this common project.
Bank of America, AstraZeneca, HSBC, and BP are some of the companies backing Terra Carta. It was designed by Apple Inc's former chief designer Jony Ive and his company LoveFrom.
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Harry Ruilton Watson (August 31, 1921 – June 8, 2001) was an American child actor, a U.S. Coast Guard combat photographer in World War II, and a pioneer in television journalism.

Early life
Watson was a member of the Watson Family, famous in the early days of Hollywood as being a family of child actors. Brother to Coy Watson Jr., Delmar, Bobs, Garry, Billy, Vivian, Gloria and Louise. The family lived by Echo Park area of Los Angeles and Harry attended Belmont High School. His high school yearbook the Campanile talked about his photography: "His magnificent sport action shots are the embodiment of perfection. His coach? Big brother Coy, of course."

Career
Watson performed supporting roles in many early Hollywood movies including, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Penrod and Sam, A Damsel in Distress as little "Albert", as well as many others.

During WWII, his career in Hollywood was interrupted, and he served on a tour of the Pacific Theater as a combat photographer.

After the war, he became a pioneer in television journalism, contributing to bringing same-day coverage to the KTTV evening news.

The Watson family were honored by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce by placing the Watson family star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6674 Hollywood Blvd., Hollywood, California.

Partial filmography

Taxi 13 (1928) - Mactavish Child (uncredited)
Blue Skies (1929)
Love, Live and Laugh (1929) - Little Boy (uncredited)
Indiscreet (1931) - Baseball Captain (uncredited)
Too Many Cooks (1931) - Cousin Harry Cook (uncredited)
The Star Witness (1931) - Boy Baseball Player (uncredited)
The Sport Parade (1932) - Kendricks' Boy (uncredited)
Man's Castle (1933) - Baseball Team Captain (uncredited)
Call It Luck (1934) - Child (uncredited)
Life Begins at 40 (1935) - Meriwether Son (uncredited)
Silk Hat Kid (1935) - Child (uncredited)
Magnificent Obsession (1935) - Boy (uncredited)
Paddy O'Day (1936) - Street Boy (uncredited)
Under Proof (1936) - (uncredited)
Let's Sing Again (1936) - Orphan washing dishes (uncredited)
Show Boat (1936) - Boy (uncredited)
Bullets or Ballots (1936) - Kid Playing Pinball (uncredited)
Old Hutch (1936) - Freddie Hutchins
King of Hockey (1936) - Boy Locating Dugan (uncredited)
Time Out for Romance (1937) - Messenger (uncredited)
Love Is News (1937) - Newsboy (uncredited)
Penrod and Sam (1937) - Sam
The Road Back (1937) - Boy (uncredited)
Hot Water (1937) - Newsboy (uncredited)
A Damsel in Distress (1937) - Albert
Kidnapped (1938) - Sandy - an Urchin (uncredited)
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1939) - Ben Donaldson (uncredited)
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) - Hopper Boy #3
I Take This Woman (1940) - Oldest Murphy Kid (scenes deleted) (final film role)

See also
Watson family

References

Bibliography
 John Holmstrom, The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 105-106.

External links

1921 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male child actors
American male film actors
Belmont High School (Los Angeles) alumni
Male actors from Los Angeles
United States Coast Guard personnel of World War II
Harry

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Bertie Ahern: Someone sent me a rope with a noose
Former Taoseach Bertie Ahern answers questions on Miriam O'Callaghan's 'Sunday with Miriam' show. Photo: Maxwell's
Bertie Ahern
Indepedent.ie Newsdesk
FORMER Taoiseach Bertie Ahern has said he has been the subject of "vicious" hatemail and threatening calls since leaving office in the run-up to Ireland's economic crash.
https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/bertie-ahern-someone-sent-me-a-rope-with-a-noose-31387558.html
https://www.independent.ie/incoming/article31387585.ece/0587b/AUTOCROP/h342/BERTIE%20AHERN%20LIVE%20M227320C%201.jpg
But, in a wide-ranging interview on RTE Radio this morning, he repeatedly refused to take responsibility for the failings of the Central Bank or Financial Regulator – arguing that overseeing these institutions was "not in my remit", and both were entirely independent.
Despite persistent questioning from Miriam O'Callaghan, Mr Ahern disagreed that – as Taoiseach and leader of the country – he was responsible for what when on in the two authorities, which have since been lambasted for being asleep at the wheel before the recession.
"We were totally detached," he said.
"The Central Bank and Regulator are entirely independent from the political system."
Read more: How Bertie hammered a nail into the Inquiry's coffin
Former Taoseach Bertie Ahern answers questions on Miriam O Callaghan's 'Sunday with Miriam' show. Photo: Maxwell's
Mr Ahern had made similar statements during his appearance in front of the Banking Inquiry.
Speaking today, he insisted that he takes full responsibility for the decisions taken by his government – but that regulation of the banking system was not his area, despite his Cabinet being responsible for bringing in the legislation under which the Financial Regulator operated.
He admitted to making mistakes while in government – but focused the error in allowing revenue from property-related taxes to become too important to the national finances, and not maintaining the country's competitiveness.
"I was as horrified as anyone else at the small level of regulation within AIB and Bank of Ireland," he added.
He says he very much took the responsibility of the trust people gave him.
"We did extraordinarily good job on bringing up income - we lost a lot, but we didn't lose everything.," he said
Much of what he said echoed his statements at the Banking Inquiry last week – but he said he had not received any coaching on what to say for that appearance.
Read more: What did Bertie do with the surpluses?
Mr Ahern also came out fighting when the findings of the Mahon report – that he 'failed to truthfully account for the origin of £165,000' lodged to bank accounts connected to him.
Judge Alan Mahon, had, he said, got it wrong.
"That's his problem, he's wrong," he said.
"I hope he feels happy … They were wrong then, they were wrong now, they'll be wrong til the day I die."
Mr Ahern – who again pointed out that he was going through marriage difficulties during some of the time being looked at – did admit that some of his financial arrangements were unorthodox.
"Some of the things I did were fairly bizarre... I don't deny that. But it had nothing to do with [property developer Owen] O'Callaghan," he said.
Had he had any regrets about his own behaviour?
"I was sorry I ever met Mr O'Callaghan or [Tom] Gilmartin," he said.
After dancing around the questions of whether he would rejoin Fianna Fail if he was asked, or whether he would voluntarily return a planned pension increase to the state, Mr Ahern was a little more forthcoming on the work he is doing now – helping in various conflict resolution processes in a number of regions, including the Ukraine and Spain.
He also denied that he has been booed a number of times at Croke Park – saying it only happened once, and that was when the country was going well in 2002 – but admitted he has received some hate mail since leaving office. .
"I got some horrendous mail and threatening calls, but gardaí got the bottom of it," he said.
"One individual sent me a rope with a noose, which wasn't too nice."
He added that it was only from a small minority, and had eased off more recently. .
How Bertie hammered a nail into the Inquiry's coffin
What did Bertie do with the surpluses?
James Downey: This was a different Bertie - this was Bertie the statesman
Cormac McQuinn The Green Party is set to oppose Ursula von der Leyen's ratification as the next European Commission president accusing her of "lacking ambition on climate change".
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David Perry's just released book, No 3 Putts: What the Pros Really Want you to Know to Improve Your Putting, is now available at Amazon in print format.
The just released book, No 3 Putts, is now available at Amazon.
In the book, "No 3 Putts", Perry compiles the putting knowledge, experiences and lessons learned from top rated golf instructors and club fitters. The insights from these professionals can be applied immediately by golfers of all skills levels. The forward to the book is by Mark Sweeney, CEO AimPoint Golf.
The book contains real world information, such as how well golfers really aim their putters, which will open the eyes of many golfers to the reality and challenge of the putting experience. This is a must read for golfers of all levels who want to better understand the putting environment and improve their game.
For more information, go to http://www.no3puttsbook.com. A free excerpt is available.


text:
Oreodytes abbreviatus is a species of predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It is found in North America.

References

Further reading

Dytiscidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1923


I used to work with a guy who did something really abnormal. By "abnormal" I don't mean weird or that he might be psychotic. He did something that no one else does.
I noticed this right away, but it didn't sink in until we got lunch together at some soup/sandwich chain.
That looks like a boring conversation, but it was fascinating to watch.
The cashier looked almost offended when my coworker asked how he was doing.
Because when he asked the question, you could tell by his tone that he cared about the answer.
Does the cashier at Target really care if I found everything I was looking for? I almost never do find everything I'm looking for, but I causally lie every time I'm asked this. I know they don't care and people behind me would get upset if I actually told the cashier I couldn't find what I wanted. It would then force the cashier to send out a search team for the hand towels I was looking for.
Does Spotify care that I wanted to be removed from their mailing list? Of course not. They just want me to download their app on my phone. They don't care that I'm trying to unsubscribe from their mailing list. I tried the app. Sorry, I love Rdio.
Does anyone who has ever said "have a good one" actually mean it? It's absurd. Have a good what? Have a good time? Have a good weekend? Have a good life? That would actually be meant as an insult. "Have a good one" is a conversational exit. Nothing more.
Does the generic "Business in the Cloud" company care that I'm upset they whored out my email address from a webinar I forgot to attend? Nope. Five companies have emailed with me "following up" about services I never expressed interest in.
Does your server really care how the first few bites are? Or are they just hoping you have the standard, "It's great!" response when the food is mediocre?
Does the cashier at the coffee shop I go to really care if I order something from the bakery? Does she think it will improve my morning? That I really wanted it, but forgot to order it? No, she cares about her manager seeing her ask for the up-sell.
Does any man care that a razors have 5 different blades that are strong enough to shave a yak? No, and that's part of the reason Dollar Shave Club is successful.
Gary Vanerchuk is unique because of how much he cares. Himself personally and WineLibrary. I received a personal email from Gary and wine recommendations from the Vice President at WineLibrary, as well as a thank you call from the "Thank You Department" after ordering.
Mark Cuban is more likely to write back quicker to your email than your friends. He's written back to a few of my emails in less than 5 minutes. It seems insane, but maybe that's why he's a billionaire.
MediaTemple answer my tweeted support questions within a few minutes. And they just mailed me a t-shirt.
Half the reason people love Apple products is because they feel the company really cares about making a good product.
While writing this, the creator of TimeDoctor sent me an email asking for feedback (with the promise of an actual response) as I'm in the trial stage.
The easiest way to be different, to separate yourself from everyone else, is to care.
The world craves people who care. People who are passionate about what they do.
Because nobody cares, you should.


Always great working with my good friend, Sean Hyson, at Men's Fitness on article and interview collaborations. His recent interview with me on STRONG for Men's Fitness did not disappoint. Click here for the article.


text:
Low-cost train plan
Date: 2015, 24 March
A 'CUT-PRICE' version of the Valencia-Alicante train via a Dénia-Gandia link has been put forward by the regional government.
Rather than a high-speed AVE line travelling at up to 220 kilometres per hour, the stretch between Dénia and Benidorm will remain as it is - with a few minor improvements - and a top speed of 84 kilometres per hour.
Trains would run on electricity, tracks would be widened and defects patched up, a far cry from the state-of-the-art cross-national network originally on the cards.
The only AVE line would be from Benidorm to Madrid, although a direct connection from the former to Alicante airport would be included in the plans meaning travellers could at last get there without having to take the car.
It would also mean getting from Benidorm to the capital would take less than two-and-a-half hours - and if enough trains ran at the right times, day trips from the Costa Blanca to Madrid would be very feasible.
Published in Costa Blanca News


E. LoneTree singled, advanced to second on an error by rf.
E. LoneTree advanced to third on a passed ball.
H. Weaver singled, RBI; E. LoneTree scored, unearned.
S. Featherst struck out looking, reached first on a passed ball; H. Weaver advanced to second.
J. Salas walked; S. Featherst advanced to second; H. Weaver advanced to third.
K. Whitten walked, RBI; J. Salas advanced to second; S. Featherst advanced to third; H. Weaver scored.
K. Diaz reached first on an error by 2b; K. Whitten advanced to second; J. Salas scored, unearned; S. Featherst scored, unearned.
J. Cory reached first on an error by ss.
J. Villegas singled; J. Cory advanced to second.
S. Featherst singled, RBI; S. Yanes scored.
J. Salas singled; S. Featherst advanced to second.
C. Dunckley reached first on an error by c; J. Salas advanced to second; S. Featherst advanced to third.
K. Whitten hit by pitch, RBI; C. Dunckley advanced to second; J. Salas advanced to third; S. Featherst scored, unearned.
K. Diaz walked, RBI; K. Whitten advanced to second; C. Dunckley advanced to third; J. Salas scored, unearned.
M. Carranza walked, RBI; K. Diaz advanced to second; K. Whitten advanced to third; C. Dunckley scored, unearned.
F. Canales reached first on an error by 1b.
H. Weaver reached first on an error by ss.
S. Featherst reached first on an error by 2b, advanced to second; H. Weaver advanced to third.
J. Salas singled, 2 RBI; S. Featherst scored, unearned; H. Weaver scored, unearned.
C. Dunckley reached first on an error by 2b, advanced to second; J. Salas advanced to third.
H. Campos reached first on an error by 2b.
M. Carranza reached first on an error by 1b.
S. Yanes reached first on an error by ss; M. Carranza advanced to second.
H. Weaver reached first on an error by 2b; S. Yanes advanced to second.


text:
Backpacking United Kingdom | Tours| Travel Guide
United Kingdom Backpacking blogs and guides, see who is also travelling and cheap hostels!
Visiting London with a Loved One? How to Find Reasonably Priced Restaurants in London Hot
London is the romantic's ultimate delight. Despite its modern image as a bustling financial power center, it carries a long tradition of places where one could soak up in...
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Brighton is one of the most popular destinations in the world of tourism. There are several spots from which tourists can choose and fulfil their dream of an amazing...
Jennings Castle Brewery Cockermouth Hot
Jennings Castle Brewery
Cockermouth
Jennings Brewery was established 1828 in the village of Lorton, between Keswick and Cockermouth. The brewery was started by John Jennings. Jennings moved to its present home, the Castle...
Lake Haweswater in the Lake District, Cumbria, England Hot
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Lake Haweswater
Haweswater is a reservoir in the English Lake District, built in the valley of Mardale in the county of Cumbria. The controversial construction of the Haweswater dam started in...
Victoria and Albert Museum Hot
The Victoria and Albert Museum is the world's greatest museum of art and design, representing over three thousand years of human creativity, with collections unrivalled in their scope and...
Cornwall - England Hot
Cornwall is a very popular holiday destination in the UK. It was the first place for surfing to exist at least get popular and this has kept it a...
Windsor Castle - The Royal Family's Weekend Bolt Hole Hot
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Royal residence
Windsor is an easy train journey from London. The castle, a short walk from the station, dominates the town. The building itself (not including grounds) covers 13 acres and...
Oxford UK destination guide Hot
The town of Oxford, renown across the world for its educational meliority, is also a great tourist destination, owing to its museums, libraries and other attractions. Whatever the reason...
Destination guide London Hot
When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life-Samuel Johnson London, the vibrant city where Big Ben keeps time, is a city of...
Cambridge UK destination guide Hot
The town of Cambridge has been a seat for learning for many centuries. Over the years of learning, Cambridge town has witnessed the greatest minds of the...
London Airport Executive Private Departure Transfer Hot
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Travel from your London City accommodation to London Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted or Luton Airport in style. Executive Transfer services are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This...
London Airport to Airport Private Transfer Hot
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I ended up getting my best World Cup result ever in Les Contamines, France! The course was our first real ski cross course on the circuit. It consisted of bigger jumps with great transitions to land on, off camber floater doubles, and features that you had to nail to gain acceleration. It was a course I wanted to ski over and over again.
My qualification run was smooth and felt easy. I came out of the day with a 2nd place finish, 15 hundredths of a second off of Ophelie David. On race day I had first lane pick all through my heats except for the finals. Each heat I was following one person down the course. I followed Karin Huttery (Austrian) twice and saw that she made the exact same mistake off of the same jump. Once in the finals, Karin and I were fighting for the 3rd position for the first few features. She ended up getting out in front of me. I was patient and waited for the right time to make my move. Ophelie ended up crashing on some rollers as she was trying to make a pass on Ashleigh. I then made my move over a jump and passed Karin before her the spot that she had troubles with in the past two rounds. Ashleigh and I were in 1st and 2nd!
We are now in Alpe D'Huez, France. We had training on another great course yesterday and had qualification runs today. The course is a lot of fun with plenty of big features. I came in 4th place. We had 4 canadian girls in the top 5! We all work together and know that when one of us does well, then we all can. We all take turns winning when we train together, so we know we can beat each other when it comes to competition as well.


WinBeta exclusively revealed not too long ago that a Notification Center, along with many other features would be arriving with Windows 9 (Threshold) in 2015. Today, more details regarding the Notification Center have been revealed courtesy of Neowin, who explain how the Notification Center will work on desktops.
According to Neowin, the Notification Center (in most recent builds) is a fixed window which is displayed in the bottom right hand side of the screen, and works like you'd expect it to. When an app has a notification for you, it'll be present in the Notification Center until tapped on or dismissed, much like Windows Phone.
Considering this info focuses on the desktop side of things, the Notification Center can be accessed from the System Tray. We're still not sure how the Notification Center will be accessed with tablets, we're guessing it'll most likely be a swipe down from the top of the screen.
In the most recent builds of Threshold, the Notification Center is very simple, offering no real features other than being a home for notifications, unlike its Windows Phone counterpart which includes an Action Center. We assume Microsoft will add more features to the Notification Center in good time, but at least we're finally seeing the beginnings of what will be a fantastic way to organize notifications.


text:
Snowstorm adds to woes of Syrian refugees in Lebanon
Biggest worry is water leaking into tents
BEIRUT - A snowstorm hit Lebanon on Friday, local media reported, stranding motorists and adding to the woes of tens of thousands of Syrian refugees living in makeshift shelters.
Emergency services deployed bulldozers to try to clear roads in mountainous inland areas in the north and south, but efforts were hampered by continuing snowfall later in the day, the National News Agency said.
Roads were closed in some areas and many vehicles trapped, it said.
Many refugees, living in tents and huts in the eastern Bekaa Valley, only came briefly out of their shelters on Friday to clear the snow so their dwellings would not collapse.
Elsewhere, Syrian children were seen tossing snowballs at one another and playing in the snow. A child ran around in flip-flops, unfazed by the cold.
In the eastern town of Al-Marj near the Syrian border, the refugees said their biggest worry was the water, from rain or snow, leaking into the tents.
"We don't know when the tent will collapse on us," said a Syrian woman, who identified herself as Um Abdou. "When it's windy, we cannot sleep because we are scared that the tent will be blown away."
The storm, dubbed Vladimir, started on Thursday afternoon and by Friday morning many mountains roads were closed, including the highway linking Beirut with the Syrian capital of Damascus.
"Life is difficult inside the tent when it's raining and cold," said Jubair, another Syrian refugee who only gave his first name, fearing for his safety.
Police called on people to avoid mountain roads, citing the closures and bad visibility.
State-run National News Agency said dozens of cars were stuck on the road leading to the mountain resort of Ehden, adding that people were calling on the army to help them.
More than half of Lebanon's 1 million Syrian refugees live in tented settlements, garages or abandoned buildings.


text:
Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the putative heart of Louis XVII, son of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette
Eur J Hum Genet. 2001 Mar;9(3):185-90. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200602.
E Jehaes 1 , H Pfeiffer, K Toprak, R Decorte, B Brinkmann, J J Cassiman
1 Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Belgium. Els.Jehaes@med.kuleuven.ac.be
DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200602
According to official historiography, the 10-year-old Louis XVII died in the Temple of Paris on June 8, 1795. However, public rumour spread the theory that Louis XVII escaped and that his descendants would be alive today. One such putative 'Louis XVII' was Carl Wilhelm Naundorff, who died in 1845 in Delft (the Netherlands). Comparative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis gave evidence that his remains could not be identified as those of Louis XVII. In the present study, mtDNA analysis was performed on the heart of the young boy who died in the prison of Paris in 1795. In order to obtain the strongest evidence possible, two laboratories independently analysed the heart. The results showed that the consensus mtDNA sequence of the heart was identical to that of the maternal relatives of Louis XVII.
DNA, Mitochondrial / genetics*
Famous Persons*
Forensic Anthropology*
Myocardium / metabolism*
DNA, Mitochondrial