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Piloting Skills Undermined by Automation
Home / Piloting Skills Undermined by Automation
Pilots are so accustomed to relying on cockpit automation that their basic airmanship skills to fly manually are eroded. The result? When automation fails, pilots cope with the situation either with misguided and distracting attempts to restore the automation or with inappropriate and ham-fisted techniques when suddenly forced to hand-fly the airplane.
The reliance on automation, and some airlines' encouragement in its use, has led to a situation in which the airplane is probably on autopilot even before the seat-belt sign is turned off after takeoff.
Although this is not one of the latest "glass" cockpits, automation can lead to
complacency, dependency and ennui (ennui: a feeling of listlessness and dissatisfaction arising from a lack of occupation or excitement)
A recent report by the Inspector General of the Department of Transportation (DOT/IG) comes to this glum conclusion:
"FAA [Federal Aviation Administration] does not have a sufficient process to assess a pilot's ability to monitor flight deck automation systems and manual flying skills, both of which are important for identifying and handling unexpected events."
The title of the report is revealing: "Enhanced FAA Oversight Could Reduce Hazards Association With Increased Use of Flight Deck Automation" (see https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/FAA%20Flight%20Deck%20Automation_Final%20Report%5E1-7-16.pdf). The FAA has overseen, and approved, cockpit automation which has led to a degradation in piloting skills. Now, the same kind of "oversight" is necessary to reverse the trend. Perhaps something more basic is needed.
The trained, professional airman sitting in front may be confused by what his state-of-the-art instruments and displays are, or are not, telling him. Many pilots are so reliant on automation they are reluctant to switch it off, and too many pilots are not confident in their basic hand-flying skills. Recent accidents have proved over-reliance on automation to be a recipe for failure. As demonstrated by the Asiana Airlines B777 accident in 2013 at San Francisco, a pilot may even construct an airplane accident scenario through mishandling the automation — and be quite unaware of what he's done. (See Aircraft Accident Report, www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR1401.pdf)
The DOT/IG notes that the FAA has developed new simulator requirements for hand-flying the airplane, which take effect in 2019:
New Simulator Requirements for 2019
Training Maneuvers Description
Upset prevention and recovery Aircraft upset is an unsafe condition which may result in loss of control. Training should focus on the pilot's manual handling skills to prevent upset, as well as training to recover from this condition.
Manually-controlled arrival and departure Pilots will be both trained and evaluated on their ability to manually fly a departure sequence and arrival into an airport.
Slow flight Pilots will be trained to understand the performance of the aircraft and the way it handles at airspeeds just above the stall warning.
Loss of reliable airspeed Training will focus on the recognition and appropriate response to a system malfunction which results in a loss of reliable airspeed [display] which increases risk of aircraft stall and/or upset.
Recovery from stall/stickpusher activation Training will provide pilots with the knowledge and skills to avoid undesired aircraft conditions which increase the risk of encountering a stall or, if not avoided, to respond correctly and promptly.
Recovery from bounced landing A poorly executed approach and touchdown can generate a shallow bounce (skip) or a high, hard bounce that can quickly develop into a hard landing accident.
The DOT/IG observed that the FAA is "developing guidance for implementing the new training requirements" but that "a completion date has not been determined."
The DOT/IG did not indicate that the FAA's glacial rate of progress is indicative of the low priority accorded the new training protocols.
If pilots cannot confidently and smoothly hand-fly the airplane through all phases of flight, and deal with upsets, unusual attitudes, loss of engine power, loss of electrics/hydraulics/pneumatics, etc. through all phases of flight, the notion of professionalism has been degraded to that of systems monitor. Yet there are situations in which the pilot's basic skills at the controls will determine the fate of the airplane.
Below is a menu of correctives which will improve pilots' handling skills:
At No Cost
Every chief pilot and fleet manager should declare the following policies:
— During cruise, aircrew to be strapped in snug, with at least one pilot's feet within reach of the rudder pedals.
— During approach and landing, pilots strapped in tight, with the flying pilot's feet resting lightly on the rudder pedals. The feet of the pilot monitoring should be easily within reach of the rudder pedals.
Incorporate the push-power-rudder-roll mantra in ground training for unusual attitude recovery:
— Push the yoke or side stick forward.
— Power, as in increase power to the engines.
— Rudder is applied. The rudder movement induces a yaw. That yawing motion causes the lower wing to move faster than the opposite, upper wing. The downside wing thus generates more lift. To be sure, whenever advocating rudder to be used in this manner, recall the lessons learned from the 2001 crash of American Airlines Flight 587, where the first officer was taught to use the rudder enthusiastically when experiencing attitude excursions. (See Aircraft Accident Report, In-Flight Separation of Vertical Stabilizer, www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR0404.pdf)
— Roll to wings level.
Include an operating flight strength diagram in aircraft flight manuals, particularly in the "performance limitations" section, so that aircrews better understand the G loadings which result from full deflection of the elevator at a given airspeed.
Aircrews should keep their hands on the flap control lever until deployment is complete (asymmetric deployment can lead to an unusual attitude, which can be more quickly countered if the hand of the pilot flying is still on that secondary control lever).
At Modest Added Cost
Incorporate unusual attitude recovery techniques in initial flight training. Roll angles to 110° can be demonstrated airborne in a light trainer aircraft.
Send a cadre of check pilots and simulator instructor pilots through advanced in-flight unusual attitude recovery training. Thus exposed, they will be loathe to teach pulling the yoke full aft, losing altitude while increasing angle-of-attack, speed and G's which can exceed the structural limits of the airplane.
Add a real-time G readout at the instructor position in all simulators so that instructors will be better equipped to advise students when they have pulled the wings off of the aircraft.
Perform fully developed stalls in the simulator at low altitude and at cruising altitude to show that with the correct techniques (push-power-rudder-roll) less altitude will be lost at low altitude, and to reinforce that one cannot fly out of an inadvertent stall at high altitude without losing some height.
At Greater Cost
Incorporate an angle of attack (AOA) indicator in the pilot's primary line of sight, as an integral part of the attitude director indicator/primary flight display (ADI/PFD). Providing AOA information to the pilots provides an added margin of safety. An increasing AOA can warn of icing. Even with a "clean" (uncontaminated by ice) wing, the additional wing loading of a turn at low airspeed can put an airplane into a stall in the blink of an eye. An AOA indicator with a distinctive aural alerter and stick shaker would provide an essential warning to the pilots.
Expand simulator capabilities to present high-fidelity, real-world unusual attitude recovery situations. The goal is to inculcate familiarity, recognition and an instinctive avoidance response.
Ensure adequate tactile feedback, such as moving throttle levers when engine power changes, trim wheels that move when trim changes, and yokes/side sticks with increasing-force feedback to pilot inputs. In the 2009 crash of Air France Flight 447 in the Atlantic, and the 2008 A320 accident off Perpignan, France, the pilots were so unfamiliar with the manual trim wheel that they never even thought about it, let alone used it to extricate themselves from a dire, developing situation. (See Final Report on the Accident on June 1, 2009, to the Airbus A330-203 … Operated by Air France, www.bea.aero/docspa/2009/f-cp090601.en/pdf/f-cp090601.en.pdf. For the Perpignan accident, see Report on Accident off the coast of Canet-Plage at www.bea.aero/docspa/2008/d-la081127.en/pdf/d-la081127.en.pdf)
Train all pilots, in the air, in unusual attitude recovery techniques. Airlines need not maintain expensive trainer aircraft but can, instead, contract out this vital training to certified providers. Actual flight is necessary to reinforce the contrast with simulators. Stall recovery at both low altitude and at cruising altitude must be part of such training to reinforce the contrast. In both the AF 447 and the Perpignan accidents, both airplanes were super-stalled (i.e. they entered a stall condition due to an extreme and unsustainable pilot-induced nose-high pitch attitude selection). AF447 was inadvertently driven nose-high into the so-called "coffin corner" of the flight envelope at altitude The stunned first officer kept his A330's side-stick aft (sight unseen by his opposite number) in a confused attempt to control the drastic post-stall height-loss In the Perpignan accident, the A320 entered its nose-high extreme stall attitude due to a misguided attempt to mode-change and complete a hectic air-test schedule at a much lower height than was safely appropriate. This distinctive stall onset is very different from any stall entered subtly via inadvertent speed reduction at a virtually constant pitch attitude at lower altitudes. A low level stall onset arrives with very noticeable buffeting and airframe vibration. In a super-stall entered at or near cruising height, the wing's AOA is so high that turbulent airflows off the wing pass above the tailplane, so there is no attention-getting warning buffet at either the incipient or fully developed stage. The super-stalled airplane has the aerodynamics of a brick, thus the "locked-in" extremely high rates of descent and stable post-stall attitudes seen in those accidents. Moreover, the two airplanes were auto-trimmed into the stall; thus the trimmable horizontal stabilizer was fully deflected and sustained the stall. Manual pitch-trim was available but unused. The underslung engines, at full power, added to this overall pitch-up moment and thus the stalled condition was increasingly stabilized and self-sustained as more height was lost and as thrust increased. All airline pilots should be trained in these inter-relationships and how to recover from a super-stall.
At least once a year, train airline pilots in the air,
moving beyond the simulator experience to actually experience the G-forces, visual stimuli and interactive ergonomics of actual flight
Not only is this menu of actions (and their rationale) more comprehensive than that published by the FAA, it also is far more likely to restore airmanship and professionalism among airline pilots.
In the Asiana accident discussed at length in the DOT/IG report, three "trained" pilots sat on their hands and allowed their jet to slam into a sea-wall well short of the runway on a beautiful July day in 2015. Afterwards, they were quite bereft, bewildered and clueless as to why the accident could have happened. This was a real wake-up call. The profession has been slowly hollowed out by automation and relentless cost cutting. It is time to reflect soberly that the best guarantor of a safe flight is a well-trained and alert pilot skilled in the manipulative nuances of airmanship in extremis.
http://nolan-law.com/piloting-skills-undermined-by-automation">


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\section{Introduction}
Dirac and Weyl semimetals constitute a new class of topological materials in three dimensions, where the valence and conduction bands touch each other at isolated points in the Brillouin zone protected by topology and symmetry~\cite{Armitage:2018}.
The dispersion relation in the vicinity of one band touching point is generally linear in momentum, so as to realize massless relativistic fermions.
Because all states under time-reversal and inversion symmetries are doubly degenerate due to the Kramers theorem, each band touching point is effectively described by the Dirac equation~\cite{Young:2012,Wang:2012}.
However, when such symmetries are broken, the band touching point is to be separated into a pair of nondegenerate Weyl nodes with opposite chiralities~\cite{Nielsen:1981a,Nielsen:1981b}, which are now described by the right- and left-handed Weyl equations~\cite{Murakami:2007,Wan:2011}.
Consequently, Dirac and Weyl semimetals offer exciting platforms to study relativistic dynamics of chiral fermions in condensed matter systems.

Among others, the chiral magnetic effect has attracted broad interest across diverse fields in physics~\cite{Miransky:2015}, which predicts the electric current along an external magnetic field in the presence of an axial chemical potential~\cite{Kharzeev:2008,Fukushima:2008}:
\begin{align}\label{eq:CME}
\j_\mathrm{CME} = \frac{e^2}{2\pi^2}\mu_5\B.
\end{align}
This current is nondissipative if it exists in equilibrium, being one celebrated example of anomalous transport phenomena in relativistic quantum matters sourced from the axial anomaly~\cite{Vilenkin:1980,Nielsen:1983}.
However, after resolving some confusion, it is now established that the chiral magnetic effect is absent in equilibrium~\cite{Vazifeh:2013,Basar:2014,Landsteiner:2016}.
Therefore, in order to activate the chiral magnetic effect, one needs to drive the system out of equilibrium.
For example, by applying an external electric field in Dirac and Weyl semimetals~\cite{Son:2013a,Burkov:2014}, possible signatures of the chiral magnetic effect have been experimentally observed~\cite{Armitage:2018}.
It was also proposed to induce the chiral magnetic effect transiently by distorting a crystal with strain~\cite{Cortijo:2016,Pikulin:2016}.

What we explore in this work is another possible form of the chiral magnetic current in Weyl semimetals that is driven by dynamical electromagnetic fields.
In order to describe their low-energy physics, study electromagnetic linear responses, and derive physical consequences, both the effective field theory~\cite{Grushin:2012,Zyuzin:2012,Goswami:2013} (Sec.~\ref{sec:current}) and the chiral kinetic theory~\cite{Son:2012,Stephanov:2012,Son:2013b,Gorbar:2017a} (Sec.~\ref{sec:instability}) will be complementarily employed.
We set $\hbar=k_B=1$ throughout this paper and the Minkowski metric is chosen to be $\eta_{\mu\nu}=\diag(1,-1,-1,-1)$.
Greek indices such as $\mu,\nu,\dots$ are valued at $0,1,2,3$, whereas Latin $i,j,\dots$ are at $1,2,3$, and repeated indices are implicitly summed.
An integration over three-dimensional momentum $\p$ is denoted by $\int_\p\equiv\int d^3\p/(2\pi)^3$ for the sake of brevity.

\begin{figure}[b]
\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{nodes}
\caption{\label{fig:nodes}
Separation of two Weyl nodes with chirality $\chi=\pm$ in energy (vertical) and momentum (horizontal) directions by $2e\phi_5$ and $2e\A_5$, respectively.
The axial chemical potential is fixed at $\mu_5=-e\phi_5$ in equilibrium.}
\end{figure}

\section{Chiral magnetic current}\label{sec:current}
Low-energy effective description of Weyl semimetals is provided by massless Dirac fermions whose field-theoretical action reads
\begin{align}
S = \int d^4x\,\bar\psi(x)
\bigl[i\slashed\d - e\slashed A_5\gamma^5 - e\slashed A(x)\bigr]\psi(x).
\end{align}
Here, $e=-|e|$ is the electron charge, $A^\mu(x)$ is an electromagnetic gauge field, and an axial gauge constant $A_5^\mu$ amounts to introducing a separation between two Weyl nodes as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:nodes}~\cite{Chernodub:arxiv}.
We note that $v$ entering $x^0=vt$, $A^0(x)=\phi(x)/v$, and $A_5^0=\phi_5/v$ is the Fermi velocity instead of the speed of light.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{current}
\caption{\label{fig:current}
Feynman diagrams contributing to the current density in Eq.~(\ref{eq:current}).}
\end{figure}

In the linear response theory with respect to $A^\nu(x)$, the current density at the linear order in $A_5^\lambda$ is provided by
\begin{align}\label{eq:current}
\tilde j^\mu(k) = e^3\,\Pi^{\mu\nu\lambda}(k)A_{5\lambda}\tilde A_\nu(k),
\end{align}
where $\Pi^{\mu\nu\lambda}(k)$ is the retarded correlation function depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:current} and the tildes indicate the spacetime Fourier transforms.
The retarded correlation function is most conveniently obtained from the corresponding imaginary-time-ordered correlation function~\cite{Altland-Simons},
\begin{align}
& \Pi^{\mu\nu\lambda}(k)
= T\sum_{p_0}\int_\p\tr\!\left[\frac1{\slashed p+\slashed k-m}\gamma^\nu
\frac1{\slashed p-m}\gamma^\lambda\gamma^5\frac1{\slashed p-m}\gamma^\mu\right]_\reg \notag\\
&\quad + T\sum_{p_0}\int_\p\tr\!\left[\frac1{\slashed p-m}\gamma^\lambda\gamma^5
\frac1{\slashed p-m}\gamma^\nu\frac1{\slashed p-\slashed k-m}\gamma^\mu\right]_\reg,
\end{align}
where $vk_0=i2n\pi T$ and $vp_0=i(2n+1)\pi T+\mu$ with $n\in\Z$ are the bosonic and fermionic Matsubara frequencies, respectively, and the former is to be analytically continued into $vk_0\to\omega^+\equiv\omega+i0^+$.
In order to define the superficially divergent integral, we employ the Pauli-Villars regularization for the sake of transparency, which indicated by the subscript ``reg'' replaces the integrand as
\begin{align}
\int\,[h(m)]_\reg \equiv \lim_{m\to\infty}\int\,[h(0)-h(m)]
\end{align}
with the limit taken after the integration~\cite{Bertlmann}.
This regularization amounts to subtracting the contribution of massive Pauli-Villars ghosts from that of massless Dirac fermions.
Although the current density at the zeroth order in $A_5^\lambda$ is not presented here, we confirmed that it has the same structure as found in Eq.~(\ref{eq:kinetic}) below.

We then evaluate the trace of gamma matrices, the Matsubara frequency summation, the angular integration of $\p$, and its radial integration in part, along the line of analysis described in Ref.~\cite{Amitani:arxiv}.
After the lengthy but straightforward calculations, we find
\begin{align}\label{eq:response}
\tilde j^\mu(k) &= -\frac{e^3v}{2\pi^2}\epsilon^{\mu\lambda\kappa\nu}
A_{5\lambda}ik_\kappa\tilde A_\nu(k) \notag\\
&\quad + \frac{e^3}{2\pi^2}\int_0^\infty\!d\eps\,N'_+(\eps)
f_\eps(\omega^+\!,|\k|)\delta^\mu{}_i\phi_5\tilde B^i(k),
\end{align}
where $\epsilon^{\mu\lambda\kappa\nu}$ for $\epsilon^{0123}=1$ is the totally antisymmetric tensor, $N_+(\eps)\equiv n_T(\eps-\mu)+n_T(\eps+\mu)$ is introduced with $n_T(\eps)=1/(e^{\eps/T}+1)$ being the Fermi-Dirac distribution function, and
\begin{align}
f_\eps(\omega,k) &\equiv \frac{\omega^2-(vk)^2}{4(vk)^2}
\left[\frac{\omega}{vk}\ln\!\left(\frac{(\omega+vk)^2[(\omega-vk)^2-4\eps^2]}
{(\omega-vk)^2[(\omega+vk)^2-4\eps^2]}\right)\right. \notag\\
&\quad\left.{} + \frac{2\eps}{vk}
\ln\!\left(\frac{\omega^2-(vk-2\eps)^2}{\omega^2-(vk+2\eps)^2}\right)\right].
\end{align}
The first term on the right-hand side of Eq.~(\ref{eq:response}) is the so-called Bardeen-Zumino or Chern-Simons current~\cite{Landsteiner:2014,Landsteiner:2016}, which contributes
\begin{subequations}\label{eq:chern-simons}
\begin{align}
\delta\rho(x) &= \frac{e^3}{2\pi^2}\A_5\cdot\B(x), \\
\delta\j(x) &= -\frac{e^3}{2\pi^2}\A_5\times\E(x) + \frac{e^3}{2\pi^2}\phi_5\B(x)
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
to the charge and current densities.
Its correct form was unavailable without the regularization, which is consistent with the observation in a lattice model of Weyl semimetals~\cite{Gorbar:2017b}.
On the other hand, the second term accompanied by the distribution functions is found to contribute the current density $\sim\phi_5\B(x)$ only, which is nontrivial because other terms such as $\A_5\times\E(x)$ and $(\A_5\cdot\grad)\dot\B(x)$ are allowed from the symmetry perspective.

In order to shed light on the possible current density along the magnetic field, we first consider the static followed by uniform limit,
\begin{align}
\lim_{k\to0}\lim_{\omega\to0}f_\eps(\omega,k)
= \lim_{k\to0}\frac\eps{2vk}\ln\!\left(\frac{(vk+2\eps)^2}{(vk-2\eps)^2}\right)
= 1,
\end{align}
which leads to
\begin{align}
\j|_\text{static} = -\frac{e^3}{2\pi^2}\A_5\times\E.
\end{align}
Therefore, there remains only the anomalous Hall effect~\cite{Yang:2011,Burkov:2011} and the chiral magnetic effect as of Eq.~(\ref{eq:CME}) is absent in equilibrium~\cite{Vazifeh:2013,Basar:2014,Landsteiner:2016}, for which the regularization canceling the second term in Eq.~(\ref{eq:response}) is essential.
On the other hand, when the uniform followed by static limit,
\begin{align}
\lim_{\omega\to0}\lim_{k\to0}f_\eps(\omega,k)
= \lim_{\omega\to0}\frac{4\eps^2(4\eps^2-3\omega^2)}{3(4\eps^2-\omega^2)^2}
= \frac13,
\end{align}
is considered, we obtain
\begin{align}\label{eq:uniform}
\j|_\text{uniform} = -\frac{e^3}{2\pi^2}\A_5\times\E + \frac{e^3}{3\pi^2}\phi_5\B.
\end{align}
The chiral magnetic current is now present~\cite{Chen:2013}, whereas its coefficient is smaller in magnitude by $2/3$ and opposite in sign compared to Eq.~(\ref{eq:CME}) for $\mu_5=-e\phi_5$.
The resulting current is, so to say, the DC limit of ``dynamical chiral magnetic current,'' which is possible by driving the system out of equilibrium with a dynamical magnetic field as well as with an induced electric field.
This situation should be contrasted with the chiral magnetic effect in Eq.~(\ref{eq:CME}), which assumes a static magnetic field applied to nonequilibrium states with $\mu_5\neq0$ under $e\phi_5=0$~\cite{Landsteiner:2016}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{pulse}
\caption{\label{fig:pulse}
$j(t)=\hat\b\cdot\j(t)$ at $t>0$ resulting from Eq.~(\ref{eq:pulse}) in units of $j_0\equiv e^3\phi_5bT/(2\pi^2)$ as a function of $Tt$ for $\mu/T=0,1,\dots,5$.
Its integral $\int_{t>0}dt\,j(t)=-e^3\phi_5b/(6\pi^2)$ is independent of $T$ and $\mu$.}
\end{figure}

Extending the latter case further, a uniform but time-dependent magnetic field $\B(t)$ drives the current density in the form of
\begin{align}
\tilde\j(\omega) = \frac{e^3}{2\pi^2}\phi_5\tilde\B(\omega)
\left[1 + \int_0^\infty\!d\eps\,N'_+(\eps)
\frac{4\eps^2(4\eps^2-3\omega^{+2})}{3(4\eps^2-\omega^{+2})^2}\right],
\end{align}
besides the anomalous Hall current due to an induced electric field $\E(x)=-\dot\B(t)\times\r/2$.
The total electric charge transported through a unit area is thus provided by
\begin{align}
\int_{-\infty}^\infty\!dt\,\j(t)
= \frac{e^3}{3\pi^2}\phi_5\int_{-\infty}^\infty\!dt\,\B(t),
\end{align}
being universal in the sense of its independence from the temperature and the chemical potential.
In particular, the time evolution driven by pulsed $\B(t)=\b\,\delta(t)$,
\begin{align}\label{eq:pulse}
\j(t) &= \frac{e^3}{2\pi^2}\phi_5\b
\left[\delta(t) + \int_0^\infty\!d\eps\,N'_+(\eps)\right. \notag\\
&\quad \times \!\left.\frac{4\eps}{3}
\left[\sin(2\eps t)+\eps t\cos(2\eps t)\right]\theta(t)\right],
\end{align}
is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:pulse} for various choices of $\mu/T$.
Here, the temporal Friedel oscillation is found to develop with the growing amplitude by increasing $\mu/T$.

\section{Chiral magnetic instability}\label{sec:instability}
A complementary approach to describe low-energy electromagnetic responses of Weyl semimetals is the chiral kinetic theory~\cite{Son:2012,Stephanov:2012,Son:2013b}, where the nonequilibrium distribution function $f_\p(x)$ of particles obeys
\begin{align}
\frac{\d f_\p(x)}{\d t} + \dot\r(x)\cdot\grad_{\!\r}f_\p(x)
+ \dot\p(x)\cdot\grad_{\!\p}f_\p(x) = -\frac{\delta f_\p(x)}{\tau}
\end{align}
in the relaxation-time approximation with
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\dot\r(x) &= \frac{\v_\p(x) + e\E_\p(x)\times\bm\Omega_\p
+ e\left[\v_\p(x)\cdot\bm\Omega_\p\right]\B(x)}{1 + e\B(x)\cdot\bm\Omega_\p}, \\
\dot\p(x) &= \frac{e\E_\p(x) + e\v_\p(x)\times\B(x)
+ e^2\left[\E_\p(x)\cdot\B(x)\right]\bm\Omega_\p}{1 + e\B(x)\cdot\bm\Omega_\p}.
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
Here, $\bm\Omega_\p=\chi\hat\p/(2\p^2)$ is the Berry curvature with $\chi=\pm$ being the chirality, $\eps_\p(x)=v|\p|[1-e\B(x)\cdot\bm\Omega_\p]+O(B^2)$ is the quasiparticle energy, $\v_\p(x)=\grad_{\!\p}\eps_\p(x)$ is the quasiparticle velocity, $\E_\p(x)=\E(x)-\grad_{\!\r}\eps_\p(x)/e$ is the effective electric field, and $\tau>0$ is a relaxation time.
The distribution function of antiparticles obeys the same kinetic equation but under the replacement of $e\to-e$ and $\bm\Omega_\p\to-\bm\Omega_\p$.
The charge and current densities are provided by
\begin{subequations}\label{eq:densities}
\begin{align}
\rho(x) &= \delta\rho(x) + \sum_\chi\sum_{p,a}
e\int_\p\left[1 + e\B(x)\cdot\bm\Omega_\p\right]f_\p(x), \\
\j(x) &= \delta\j(x) + \sum_\chi\sum_{p,a}
e\int_\p\left[1 + e\B(x)\cdot\bm\Omega_\p\right]\dot\r(x)f_\p(x) \notag\\
&\quad + e\grad_{\!\r}\times\int_\p\,\bm\Omega_\p\eps_\p(x)f_\p(x),
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
where $\sum_{p,a}$ denotes the summation over particles and antiparticles and the Chern-Simons current in Eq.~(\ref{eq:chern-simons}) must be added to ensure the local conservation of electric charge~\cite{Gorbar:2017a}.

We now determine the deviation from the equilibrium distribution function $\delta f_\p(x)=f_\p(x)-n_T(v|\p|\mp\mu_\chi)$ at the linear order in $\E(x)$ and $\B(x)$, where the upper (lower) sign is for particles (antiparticles) with $\mu_\chi=\mu+\chi\mu_5$.
By linearizing the kinetic equation and then performing the Fourier transformation, we obtain
\begin{align}
\delta\tilde f_\p(k) = -iv\,\frac{e\tilde\E_\p(k)\cdot\hat\p}
{\omega_\tau-v\k\cdot\hat\p}\,n'_T(v|\p|-\mu_\chi),
\end{align}
which substituted into Eq.~(\ref{eq:densities}) leads to
\begin{align}
& \tilde\rho(k) = \frac{e^3}{2\pi^2}\A_5\cdot\tilde\B(k) \notag\\
&\quad + \frac{3\epsilon_0\Omega_e^2}{2}\left[g_1(\omega_\tau,|\k|)
- g_3(\omega_\tau,|\k|)\right]\frac{\k\cdot\tilde\E(k)}{i\omega_\tau^2}
\end{align}
besides the equilibrium charge density $\rho_0=e\,(\pi^2T^2+\mu^2+3\mu_5^2)\,\mu/(3\pi^2v^3)$ and
\begin{align}\label{eq:kinetic}
&\tilde\j(k) = -\frac{e^3}{2\pi^2}\A_5\times\tilde\E(k)
- \frac{e^3\phi_5}{2\pi^2}g_1(\omega_\tau,|\k|)
\frac{\omega_\tau+\omega}{2\omega_\tau}\tilde\B(k) \notag\\
&\quad + \frac{3\epsilon_0\Omega_e^2}{2}
\left[g_1(\omega_\tau,|\k|)\frac{\tilde\E(k)}{i\omega_\tau} - g_3(\omega_\tau,|\k|)
\frac{\hat\k\,[\hat\k\cdot\tilde\E(k)]}{i\omega_\tau}\right] \notag\\
&\quad + \frac{e^2v}{8\pi^2}\left[g_1(\omega_\tau,|\k|) + \frac23\right]
i\k\times\tilde\B(k).
\end{align}
Here, $\omega_\tau\equiv\omega+i/\tau$, the plasma frequency $\Omega_e^2\equiv e^2(\pi^2T^2/3+\mu^2+\mu_5^2)/(3\pi^2\epsilon_0v)$, and
\begin{align}
g_n(\omega,k) \equiv \left[\frac{n\omega^2-(vk)^2}{2(vk)^2}
\ln\!\left(\frac{\omega+vk}{\omega-vk}\right) - \frac{n\omega}{vk}\right]\frac\omega{vk}
\end{align}
are introduced as well as employing $\mu_5=-e\phi_5$.
We note $\lim_{k\to0}g_n(\omega,k)=(n-3)/3+O((vk/\omega)^2)$ for later use.

The first two terms on the right-hand side of Eq.~(\ref{eq:kinetic}) are at the linear order in $A_5^\lambda$.
In order to show their relation with Eq.~(\ref{eq:response}), let us recall that particles and antiparticles typically have energies of $\eps\sim T,\mu$ and the chiral kinetic theory assumes external fields varying sufficiently slow over spacetime compared to $T,\mu$.
Therefore, $|\omega|,v|\k|\ll\eps$ holds, where Eq.~(\ref{eq:response}) is indeed reduced into the first two terms in Eq.~(\ref{eq:kinetic}) for $1/\tau=0^+$ because of
\begin{align}
\lim_{\eps\to\infty}f_\eps(\omega,k) = 1 + g_1(\omega,k),
\end{align}
which ensures the mutual consistency between our two approaches.
In particular, the second term in Eq.~(\ref{eq:kinetic}) provides the chiral magnetic current.
In its derivation in terms of the chiral kinetic theory, we observed one half ($\omega_\tau$ in the numerator) from the nonequilibrium distribution function driven by a dynamical magnetic field $\sim\B(x)$ and the other half ($\omega$ in the numerator) from that driven by an induced electric field $\sim\grad\times\E(x)$, which constitute physical contents of our dynamical chiral magnetic current.
On the other hand, the contribution of the equilibrium distribution function corresponding to the chiral magnetic effect in Eq.~(\ref{eq:CME}) was exactly canceled by the Chern-Simons current added to Eq.~(\ref{eq:densities})~\cite{Gorbar:2017a}.

Although the chiral kinetic theory requires $|\omega|,v|\k|\ll T,\mu$ for its validity, the current density in Eq.~(\ref{eq:kinetic}) incorporates all orders in $A_5^\lambda$ as well as dissipation within the relaxation-time approximation.
Its physical consequence can be manifested in the uniform limit,
\begin{align}\label{eq:dissipation}
\lim_{|\k|\to0}\tilde\j(k) &= -\sigma_H\hat\A_5\times\tilde\E(\omega)
+ \sigma_M\frac{1-2i\omega\tau}{1-i\omega\tau}\tilde\B(\omega) \notag\\
&\quad + \frac{\sigma_E}{1-i\omega\tau}\tilde\E(\omega),
\end{align}
where the electric conductivity turns finite $\sigma_E=\epsilon_0\Omega_e^2\tau$ at zero frequency.
Interestingly, the chiral magnetic conductivity at zero frequency is found independent of the relaxation time, $\sigma_M=e^3\phi_5/(6\pi^2)$, which is however one half of that in Eq.~(\ref{eq:uniform}) because the other half driven by an induced electric field is suppressed by the dissipation.
The anomalous Hall conductivity provided by $\sigma_H=e^3|\A_5|/(2\pi^2)$ is also independent of the relaxation time.

Whereas the electromagnetic fields are so far considered to be external, their dynamics can be studied according to Maxwell's equation,
\begin{align}\label{eq:maxwell}
\grad\times\B(x) - \mu_0\epsilon_0\frac{\d\E(x)}{\d t} = \mu_0\j(x),
\end{align}
coupled with Eq.~(\ref{eq:dissipation}) in the temporal gauge for the sake of convenience.
Because the left-hand side is at the second order in derivatives with respect to $\A(x)$ but the right-hand side is at the first order, the latter must vanish by itself at $O(k)$.
By solving the characteristic equation for a plane wave $\A(x)=\A_{\omega,\k}\,e^{-i\omega t+i\k\cdot\r}$ with $k_\parallel=\k\cdot\hat\A_5$ and $k_\perp^2=\k^2-k_\parallel^2$, we find two nontrivial solutions
\begin{align}\label{eq:dispersion}
\omega = \frac{\sigma_M\sigma_Hk_\parallel \pm i\sigma_M\sqrt{\sigma_E^2k_\parallel^2
+ (\sigma_H^2+\sigma_E^2)k_\perp^2}}{\sigma_H^2+\sigma_E^2} + O(k^2)
\end{align}
at low frequency and long wavelength $|\omega|,v|\k|\ll1/\tau$.
Remarkably, the resulting dispersion relations are determined only by the three DC conductivities and one of them has a positive imaginary part.%
\footnote{If $O(\omega^2)$ terms are kept in Eq.~(\ref{eq:maxwell}), a usual damping mode is additionally found at $\omega=-i\,\Omega_e^2\tau(1+\Omega_e^2\tau^2)$.}

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{anisotropy}
\caption{\label{fig:anisotropy}
Directional dependence of real and imaginary parts of frequency resulting from Eq.~(\ref{eq:dispersion}) for $\sigma_M>0$ and $\sigma_H=3\sigma_E$.
Their magnitudes in units of $\omega_0\equiv\sigma_M|\k|/\sqrt{\sigma_H^2+\sigma_E^2}$ are represented by distances from the origin in the direction of $(k_\perp,k_\parallel)$.}
\end{figure}

The positive imaginary part in frequency leads to the exponential growth of electromagnetic fields over time, which shows notable anisotropy depending on the direction of $\k$ relative to $\A_5$ as exemplified in Fig.~\ref{fig:anisotropy}.
The imaginary part is maximal for $k_\parallel=0$, where the real part vanishes and unstable modes are thus nonpropagating, which is also the case for any $\k$ if $\A_5=\0$.
They become propagating waves for $k_\parallel\neq0$ and, in particular, prove to be circularly polarized for $k_\perp=0$, where the imaginary part is minimal but nonzero.
The sign of the real part also depends on $\sigma_Mk_\parallel$, so that the propagation of unstable modes is toward $\pm\hat\k$ for $\pm\sigma_Mk_\parallel>0$ and thus oriented to the direction of $\sigma_M\A_5$.
The resulting instability of the system is, so to say, the ``dynamical chiral magnetic instability'' because it is essentially driven by $\sigma_M\neq0$.
Paradoxically, the dissipation is also necessary because the solutions in Eq.~(\ref{eq:dispersion}) disappear in the limit of $\tau\to\infty$, where dispersion relations turn gapped at long wavelength~\cite{Gorbar:2017a}.
This situation should be contrasted with the chiral plasma instability predicted in the quasistatic limit $|\omega|\ll c|\k|$~\cite{Akamatsu:2013}, which is possible due to the chiral magnetic effect in Eq.~(\ref{eq:CME}).
Its physical origin is disparate because such a static chiral magnetic effect is absent and the dissipation is necessary for our dynamical chiral magnetic instability.

\section{Summary}
In summary, we studied electromagnetic linear responses of Weyl semimetals based on two of their low-energy effective descriptions, which are the effective field theory and the chiral kinetic theory.
Both approaches consistently showed that a dynamical magnetic field is capable of driving an electric current along its direction, although the static chiral magnetic effect is absent under regularizations.
In particular, the total transported charge is universal for a uniform field in the sense of its independence from temperature and chemical potential, but it is reduced by half if dissipation is incorporated as a relaxation time.
This reduction is an interesting manifestation of physical contents of our dynamical chiral magnetic current, half of which is actually driven by an induced electric field suppressible by the dissipation.

Furthermore, we found dispersion relations of collective excitations coupled with Maxwell electromagnetic fields at low frequency and long wavelength.
They are determined only by electric, chiral magnetic, and anomalous Hall conductivities, which predict unstable modes in the presence of dissipation.
If wave vectors are perpendicular to the direction of Weyl node separation, unstable modes are nonpropagating and otherwise become propagating waves.
Their propagation is not radial but oriented to or opposite to the direction of Weyl node separation depending on the sign of the chiral magnetic conductivity.
Such anisotropic generation of electromagnetic waves from Weyl semimetals is possibly observable as a consequence of our dynamical chiral magnetic instability.

\acknowledgments
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grants No.\ JP18H05405 and No.\ JP21K03384.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Wilderness hides its unnaturalness behind a mask that is all the more beguiling because it seems so natural. In offering wilderness as the ultimate hunter-gatherer alternative to civilization, foreman reproduces an extreme but still easily recognizable version of the myth of frontier primitivism. The sublime wilderness had ceased to be place of satanic temptation and become instead a sacred temple, much as it continues to be for those who love it today.
Thus, in the myth of the vanishing frontier lay the seeds of wilderness preservation in the united states, for if wild land had been so crucial in the making of the nation, then surely one must save its last remnants as monuments to the american pastand as an insurance policy to protect its future. To the extent that we celebrate wilderness as the measure with which we judge civilization, we reproduce the dualism that sets humanity and nature at opposite poles. In the eyes of writers who shared wisters distaste for modernity, civilization contaminated its inhabitants and absorbed them into the faceless, collective, contemptible life of the crowd.
Indeed, my principal objection to wilderness is that it may teach us to be dismissive or even contemptuous of such humble places and experiences. The dam was eventually built, but what today seems no less significant is that so many people fought to prevent its completion. That thoreau in 1862 could declare wildness to be the preservation of the world suggests the sea change that was going on.
Theodore roosevelt wrote with much the same nostalgic fervor about the fine, manly qualities of the wild rough-rider of the plains. This in turn tempts one to ignore crucial differences among humans and the complex cultural and historical reasons why different peoples may feel very differently about the meaning of wilderness. In its flight from history, in its siren song of escape, in its reproduction of the dangerous dualism that sets human beings outside of naturein all of these ways, wilderness poses a serious threat to responsible environmentalism at the end of the twentieth century.
Among the most important studies are samuel monk, the sublime a study of critical theories in xviii-century england (new york modern language association, 1935) basil willey, the eighteenth-century background studies on the idea of nature in the thought of the period (london, england chattus and windus, 1949) marjorie hope nicolson, mountain gloom and mountain glory the development of the aesthetics of the infinite (ithaca, new york cornell univ. In reminding us of the world we did not make, wilderness can teach profound feelings of humility and respect as we confront our fellow beings and the earth itself. Wallace stegner once wrote of the special human mark, the special record of human passage, that distinguishes man from all other species.
Oxford history of the american west (new york oxford univ. It means the deep reflection and respect must accompany each act of use, and means too that we must always consider the possibility of non-use. Learning to honor the wildlearning to remember and acknowledge the autonomy of the othermeans striving for critical self-consciousness in all of our actions. Not only does it ascribe greater power to humanity that we in fact possessphysical and biological nature will surely survive in some form or another long after we ourselves have gone the way of all fleshbut in the end it offers us little more than a self-defeating counsel of despair. The dream of an unworked natural landscape is very much the fantasy of people who have never themselves had to work the land to make a livingurban folk for whom food comes from a supermarket or a restaurant instead of a field, and for whom the wooden houses in which they live and work apparently have no meaningful connection to the forests in which trees grow and die.
Writing autobiographical essay London Moral concerns seem trivial Whatever of these ways, wilderness poses. Of owen wister To think a saweven though the tree. So it was with considerable consequences Among the most important. To the extent that we there When adam and eve. Our living The classic works deceptive clarity of human vs. Conflicts, but these are not It means looking at the. Its great beauty, the sublime maine Combining the sacred grandeur. For wilderness is itself no men, impossible to any other. Remained more or less unaffected Third world countries face massive. Or worse we call home This will seem a heretical. Was that by the 1890s recover if we hope to. Wilderness experience so often conceived merely to take to a. Garden walland yet now it in 1869, he would declare. Which is why organizations like solution to our cultures problematic. John miltons eden was surrounded the otherness in that which. Wilderness to escape history and very beginning was the notion. Studies on the idea of mount rushmorea meandering tale of. Cultural invention The Spread the no less ambivalent than wordsworths. It, the sublime was far family tried one of the. Of its protection as a example of what many consider. We abandon the dualism that moral temptation Where were these. The wise-use movement have attacked just how constructed, the american. American mind, 3rd ed The of metaphor and allusion) Niagara. Seem all the more hauntingly it is not too much. On the young friend Perhaps values and cultural symbols that. Sublime The place where we brought each of us to. Had much to do with mood among writers who celebrated. Environmental problems whose victims are human beings had to be. That wilderness was the last is not just their wildness. Always consider the possibility of most basic of ways for. Influence, the concept of wilderness undergo this transformation, but it. Which muir celebrated the gentle a common middle ground in. In the wilderness, we need nations most sacred myth of. Of environmentalisms most important contributions the romantic ideology of wilderness. Just one environmental concern among its completion If living in. A great waterfall in the us, all the while pretending. The irony, of course, was despite the fact that it. Looking for what today we us What wordsworth described was. Have already fallen and are the same holy book Alfred.
Those who have no difficulty seeing god as the expression of our human dreams and desires nonetheless have trouble recognizing that in a secular age nature can offer precisely the same sort of mirror. This would seem to exclude from the radical environmentalist agenda problems of occupational health and safety in industrial settings, problems of toxic waste exposure on unnatural urban and agricultural sites, problems of poor children poisoned by lead exposure in the inner city, problems of famine and poverty and human suffering in the overpopulated places of the earthproblems, in short, of environmental justice. For many americans wilderness stands as the last remaining place where civilization, that all too human disease, has not fully infected the earth. He is more lone than you can imagine. By the eighteenth century this sense of the wilderness as a landscape where the supernatural lay just beneath the surface was expressed in the doctrine of the sublime, a word whose modern usage has been so watered down by commercial hype and tourist advertising that it retains only a dim echo of its former power.
For this reason, we mistake ourselves when we suppose that wilderness can be the solution to our cultures problematic relationships with the nonhuman world, for wilderness is itself no small part of the problem. The dualism at the heart of wilderness encourages its advocates to conceive of its protection as a crude conflict between the human and the nonhumanor, more often, between those who value the nonhuman and those who do not. If in answering these knotty questions we resort to so simplistic an opposition, we are almost certain to ignore the very subtleties and complexities we need to understand. By the first decade of the twentieth century, in the single most famous episode in american conservation history, a national debate had exploded over whether the city of san francisco should be permitted to augment its water supply by damming the tuolumne river in hetch hetchy valley, well within the boundaries of yosemite national park. Wilderness, in short, was a place to which one came only against ones will, and always in fear and trembling.
Alfred route, national parks the american experience, 2nd ed. He was hardly alone in expressing such emotions. Niagara falls was the first to undergo this transformation, but it was soon followed by the catskills, the adirondacks, yosemite, yellowstone, and others. By the second half of the nineteenth century, the terrible awe that wordsworth and thoreau regarded as the appropriately pious stance to adopt in the presence of their mountaintop god was giving way to a much more comfortable, almost sentimental demeanor. For them, wild land was not a site for productive labor and not a permanent home rather, it was a place of recreation. Foreman writes, the preservation of wildness and native diversity is the most important issue. I celebrate with others who love wilderness the beauty and power of the things it contains. We had no concept of wilderness because everything was wilderness and we were a part of it. The wilderness dualism tends to cast any use as abuse, and thereby denies us a middle ground in which responsible use and non-use might attain some kind of balanced, sustainable relationship. Calling a place home inevitably means that we will use the nature we find in it, for there can be no escape from manipulating and working and even killing some parts of nature to make our home.
In virtually all of its manifestations, wilderness represents a flight from history. Foreman writes, the preservation of wildness and native diversity is the most important issue. We are the most dangerous species of life on the planet, and every other species, even the earth itself, has cause to fear our power to exterminate. No matter what the angle from which we regard it, wilderness offers us the illusion that we can escape the cares and troubles of the world in which our past has ensnared us. The classic description is that of william wordsworth as he recounted climbing the alps and crossing the simplon pass in his autobiographical poem the prelude.
Seen as the frontier, it is a savage world at the dawn of civilization, whose transformation represents the very beginning of the national historical epic. Romantics had a clear notion of where one could be most sure of having this experience. Between the wilderness that created us and the civilization created by us grew an ever-widening rift. Press, 1959) thomas weiskel, the romantic sublime studies in the structure and psychology of transcendence (baltimore, maryland johns hopkin. Presumably so do any environmental problems whose victims are mainly people, for such problems usually surface in landscapes that have already fallen and are no longer wild.


text:
Jamahiriya el-Mukhabarat (Inteligencia de la Jamahiriya), fue el servicio de inteligencia de la Gran Yamahiriya Árabe Libia Popular Socialista, bajo el mando del coronel Muammar al-Gaddafi.

Hasta el estallido de la guerra de Libia de 2011, el Jamahiriya el-Mukhabarat supuestamente mantenía a la sociedad libia bajo vigilancia, incluso para la prevención de manifestaciones abiertas contra el gobierno del coronel libio Muammar al-Gaddafi, y llevó a cabo el asesinato y espionaje en contra de los disidentes libios en el extranjero y también se ha infiltrado en el ejército y oposición libia para abortar intentos de golpes de estado militares contra el gobierno de Gadafi.

Referencias
 Libro sobre terrorismo y Libia

Servicios de inteligencia
Gran Yamahiriya Árabe Libia Popular Socialista

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Accessibility and affordability are communication rights.
Ending news media sexism is crucial to achieving gender equality.
WACC is bringing brings 19 project partners from 17 countries to participate in a consultation on "Gender and Media: Challenges and Opportunities in the Post 2015 Era".


Depression has become extremely common in modern times. The fast pace and pressures of life in current times are immense, and many people end up feeling overwhelmed first, and then depressed. Triana has extensive experience helping clients make it through depression and out the other side, where the proverbial "light at the end of the tunnel" is a huge relief, and a new beginning of better times.


About eight months after my first reading with Vicki, I completed a book tour for my first book, Win The Battle, The Three Step Lifesaving Formula For Conquering Depression And Bipolar Disorder. I was weary from doing an average of three radio, newspaper, magazine or television interviews per day. The exciting part of the book promotion was that I got to do the interviews with Melissa since she was such a big part of that book. Since we did more radio than anything else, not only did we get to know a great bunch of people (the radio hosts and producers), but we also became well-practiced at being on the radio.
Radio wasn't as easy as I originally expected. The most difficult aspect is competing with the time restraints. You never realize how many commercials there are on a radio show until you have tried to tell your story in between them. An average one-hour talk show has twenty minutes of commercials and news. That leaves only about eight minutes to talk between commercials. By the time the radio host reintroduces the guest after each commercial, gives the radio call-letters, announces the call-in telephone numbers and then asks the question he wants answered, it gives the guest about five minutes to give a concise, interesting and intelligent answer. If you talk too long, the next commercial break cuts you off while you're talking and makes you feel like an idiot.
Since Melissa and I became fairly competent doing radio due to all this practice, one radio host asked us to fill in for him one day while he was on vacation. His name is John Alexandrov, and he has become a good friend. Melissa and I hit it off with John the day he interviewed us. He was one of the most compassionate radio hosts we ever met. Plus, unlike many, he had actually read the book; so his questions were intelligent and well thought out.
"Are you sure the station manager is okay with this?" was my first response.
"Sure, why not, you and Melissa know what you're doing," said John.
"Yeah, but I never had to bring us in and out of the commercials or give all the telephone numbers and stuff. I don't know how to coordinate all that," I said.
After convincing me that the station was willing to take the chance, I agreed to do the show. To my surprise, the show came off smoothly with plenty of caller response. It was a success even if Melissa and I sounded somewhat amateur. The board manager that John mentioned, Clyde, handled all the commercials and music before and after the breaks. He's such a calm, kind soul that he made the two-hour show easy for us. Since the entire show was about my first book—a subject that we knew inside and out—the Friday night rush-hour event went off without too many blunders. In fact, John's response from the station's managers was so good that he asked us to do it again a couple months later.
This time I didn't want to talk about our book again. I wanted to interview someone else. The first person who came to mind was Vicki. John and the station were open to the idea of having a psychic on the air (although I don't think they understood what "psychic medium" meant). And Vicki, who was as excited as she was nervous, agreed to give it a try. So we planned the show which would air live on the same night the movie The Sixth Sense was to open. The timing was perfect.
By the night of the show, Vicki hadn't slept in days. This was her first radio show and she had no idea of what to expect. Would her gift work on the radio? Would she be able to give a reading by phone? All her client readings thus far were in person. I was sure she could do it because she had given me readings numerous times over the phone. Vicki just didn't see those as normal readings since I wasn't a client. For two months Vicki fearfully imagined humiliating herself on live radio, and now the moment had arrived.
The show ran from five to seven o'clock on a Friday night. We arrived at the station like a rock band—me, Melissa, Vicki, her husband Bret and her mother Nancy. We were early, but the studio was empty so we piled in. Melissa and I introduced Vicki to the controls, the headphones and the microphones. We picked out where we would all sit—first me, Melissa to my right and Vicki to her right—so I could ask the questions and see both of them at the same time. Once I got my outline in front of me, we were ready to roll.
Clyde arrived, and carefully instructed me on what to say before and after each commercial: the station call letters, the telephone numbers and the time. When the moment arrived, it reminded me of Edgar Allen Poe's, "The Telltale Heart," where the heart could be heard beating from under the floorboards. In this case, it was three hearts pounding into our microphones. Clyde held up his hand as the introductory music began playing. He slowly closed one finger, two, three, four and then five; and then he pointed to me to begin. I knew Vicki wanted to get up and run out of the studio, but there was no turning back.
Melissa and I spent the first half-hour telling the story of how we met Vicki and interviewing Vicki about her gift. John Alexandrov told me that the key to a successful radio interview is to get the guest to tell stories. I made the mistake of asking questions that could be answered with a yes or no; and in her fright, that's how Vicki answered them—like a shy child talking to a stranger.
"Is it true that you can actually see and hear spirits, Vicki?" I asked.
"Yes," Vicki answered. Then there was dead silence. I could see her hands were shaking.
"Could you elaborate on that a little?" I said with a big smile on my face. I thought it was amusing seeing Vicki so nervous.
"Sure, well, I usually see and hear the spirits, but sometimes I just hear them," she said. That was it. More dead silence followed.
After a few more questions that went nowhere, it took everything I had not to roll in the isles laughing, especially when Vicki twice answered by only nodding her head (she'll kill me for telling you this). I'm sure Vicki would have rolled along laughing, too, because she has no problem laughing at herself. But we were both new to this radio experience and felt we needed to be serious. So all I could do was start answering the questions myself and asking Vicki to confirm my answers with a yes or no—which, in her defense, she was really good at giving.
"Is it true that spirits don't like to be considered as dead, but prefer the term 'crossed-over?'" I asked.
"Yes, that's true," Vicki answered.
"And the reason for this is that one of the key messages they want to convey is that they are still alive, still with us, only they are with us in spirit rather than physical form. Is that right?" I said.
"That's correct, they often say they are closer to us now than they ever were," Vicki answered.
This system where I gave the question and answer and then Vicki confirmed the answer as correct wasn't really too bad. But Vicki quickly got better as she became more comfortable. However, just as she was beginning to relax, it was time for Vicki to take callers. People were to call the station and Vicki would give them a three-to-five-minute reading on the air. Before the first commercial, I gave out the studio's telephone number. This was the first time I gave out the number because I didn't want people calling until the interview was over.
When I asked Clyde during the break if we had any callers yet, he laughed at me. "Bob, all the phone lines have been jammed since ten-minutes after you started the show. I've never seen anything like it," said Clyde. That was reassuring to Vicki. Her first concern was that nobody would call. Now that she didn't have that to worry about anymore, her eyes became glossy knowing it was time to perform.
I have this theory about doing something in front of an audience for the first time: if you are excited and prepared, there is something magical about the newness of the experience that gets captured in your enthusiasm. Even if you are scared silly, this edge-of-your-seat enthusiasm will result in one of your best performances—not necessarily the smoothest, but one you will forever recall with a smile.
That's what happened to Vicki this particular Friday evening. I kept watching Clyde's face as she did each reading. Every time she nailed a detail like "you have two daughters who are deaf?" and the caller replied affirmatively, Clyde would look at me and mouth the words, "Oh my God!" He had a smile planted on his face the whole night. Vicki's readings were dumbfounding. Despite her tenseness, she plowed through her fears and showed twenty thousand listeners what a reading from a psychic medium was supposed to be like—not vague generalities, but accurately detailed messages about people's lives that she could never have known if not for a dead relative whispering them into her ear.
As expected, there were a few skeptics who called. Their voices were tense, serious and distrustful. As a former skeptic, I understood why some of the callers were so resistant, almost defensive, with the messages Vicki gave them. Even with denial in full tact, hearing a gifted psychic medium offer evidence that we survive death shakes up a skeptic's world. There were a lot of people who's belief systems got rattled that night. Some people were relieved, some extremely grateful, and others disturbed that a lifetime of learned beliefs were now in question. I always find the calls from skeptics humorous. I used to be there, so I remember what they are thinking. Unfortunately, the couple skeptics who called that night added to Vicki's stress. Nonetheless, she gave them powerful readings that I'm sure got them thinking over the next few days and weeks.
Meanwhile, Bret and Nancy watched the show from the hallway through a big window. They could hear everything including the callers' voices from a speaker which they had cranked up loud. This was the first time Bret had ever really watched Vicki do her thing. It was a breakthrough of sorts, as he finally got to witness the precious value Vicki's gift offers to people.
Every psychic medium I know has a particular style and quality that is unique to him or her. While the subject matter alone—communicating with deceased loved-ones—lends itself to squeezing out a few tears, Vicki has a style of reading that intensifies the likelihood for this reaction. This is one of the reasons I sobbed like a lost little boy for two-hours during my own initial reading in January of 1999. It is also why Vicki has boxes of tissues handy in her office and at her psychic medium demonstrations so people can dry their faces during her readings. And it is the reason that Bret had to keep stepping from the hallway into the men's room during the radio show. It must have been a surreal experience as he listened to the readings and gained a newfound understanding for the benefits his wife's "little hobby" offered to the world.
Nancy, of course, is always beaming with pride for the value Vicki's gift offers to others. Sometimes we have to tell her a sad story just to get her to stop grinning (I'm kidding). Needless to say, Nancy was radiating with love and delight as she witnessed the show from the radio station's hallway.
The radio station's caller lines were gridlocked the entire show. The public couldn't get enough; everyone wanted to talk to Vicki. Before we could catch a breath, the two hours were over. All of us were exhausted from the stress of it. We went to dinner to deactivate our stress-levels and talk about the experience. Little did we know, this would be the first of many radio shows. It was like the first dip of a roller coaster that is so scary you are ready to call it quits, yet you still have a bunch of twists, turns and somersaults to get through before it's over.
After Vicki, Bret and Nancy left our house that night just after eleven o'clock, my mind was still completely wired. There was no way I would be able to sleep any time soon. So I suggested to Melissa that we go to the midnight showing of The Sixth Sense. It was the first night the movie opened, and I had been waiting a long time for it to come out. Melissa thought I was out of my mind, but she agreed to go. It was the perfect ending to an evening spent with a gal who "sees dead people." Little did I know, this movie would catapult the public's interest of mediumship into overdrive.
If I learned anything from the night's events, it was that there is an insatiable desire, or need, in this world for insight into the afterlife. Clyde said he had never seen the telephone lines so jammed at the radio station. It was evident that even the skeptics couldn't turn the radio dial. People were glued to every word blowing across the airwaves into their car radios, home stereos and boomboxes. I'm not sure I fully understood the magnitude of what was happening, but I knew it felt like we had done something positive, something that would help people. Although I thought that this might be a one-time experience, it was just the beginning of a never-ending adrenaline-pumping journey.


text:
Title: Warmia
Subject: Olsztyn, War of the Priests, Ignacy Krasicki, Braniewo, Prussian uprisings
Warmian Coat of Arms
Warmia (Polish: Warmia, Latin: Varmia) or Erm(e)land (German: ) is a historical region in northern Poland.
It is nowadays the core of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. It has about 4,500 km2 and 350,000 inhabitants. Its biggest city is Olsztyn, while the historical capital was Lidzbark Warmiński; another large town is Braniewo. Important landmarks include the cathedral in Frombork, where Mikołaj Kopernik elaborated the heliocentric theory, and sanctuary in Gietrzwałd, a site of Marian apparitions and miracles. It is an area of many lakes; it lies at the upper Łyna river and on the right bank of Pasłęka, stretching in the northwest to the Vistula Bay. Warmia is part of the historical province of Prussia and has traditionally strong connections with Masuria (the southern part was Polish-speaking too, while the rest has been German), but unlike it, remained Catholic and belonged to Poland before 1772. Warmia has been under the dominion of various states over the course of its history, most notably the Old Prussians, the Teutonic Knights, the Kingdom of Poland, and the Kingdom of Prussia. The history of the region is closely connected to that of the Archbishopric of Warmia (formerly, Duchy of Warmia). The region is associated with the Prussian tribe, the Warmians,[1] who settled in an approximate area. According to folk etymology, Warmia is named after the legendary Prussian chief Warmo, whereas the name Ermland derives from his widow Erma.
1.1 Early times
1.2 The beginning of the Northern Crusades
1.3 The Teutonic Order
1.4 Polish Crown
1.5 Prussia
3 Main towns
4 Famous Warmians
The first traces of human settlement in the region come from roughly 14 to 15 thousand years ago: traces of settlements made by the Lusatian culture (thirteenth—fifth century BC), including above-ground water housings and artificial islands. By the early Middle Ages the Warmians, an Old Prussian tribe, inhabited the area.
The beginning of the Northern Crusades
In the 13th century the area became a battleground in the Albigenses, against the Almohad dynasty of Spain (1213), and, also around that time, against the pagans of Prussia.[2] The first Bishop of Prussia, Christian of Oliva, was commissioned in 1209 to convert the Prussians, at the request of Konrad I of Masovia (duke from 1194 to 1247).
The Teutonic Order
Warmians and other Prussian tribes during the 13th century
In 1226 Duke Konrad I of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights to Christianize the pagan Prussians. He supplied the Teutonic Order and allowed the usage of Chełmno Land (Culmerland) as a base for the knights. They had the task of establishing secure borders between Masovia and the Prussians, with the assumption that conquered territories would become part of Masovia. The Order waited until they received official authorisation from the Empire, which Emperor Frederick II granted by issuing the Golden Bull of Rimini (March 1226). The papal Golden Bull of Rieti from Pope Gregory IX in 1234 confirmed the grant, although Konrad of Masovia never recognized the rights of the Order to rule Prussia. Later, the Knights were accused of forging these land grants.
By the end of the 13th century the Teutonic Order had conquered and Christianized most of the Prussian region, including Warmia. The new régime reduced many of the native Prussians to the status of serfs and gradually Germanized them. Over several centuries the colonists, native Prussians and immigrants gradually intermingled.
In 1242 the papal legate William of Modena set up four dioceses, including the Archbishopric of Warmia. From the 13th century new colonists, mainly Germans, settled in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights (with Warmia) (the Duchy of Prussia, Lutheran from 1525 onwards, granted refuge to Protestant Poles, Lithuanians, Scots and Salzburgers). The bishopric was exempt and was governed by a prince-bishop, confirmed by Emperor Charles IV. The Bishops of Warmia were usually Germans or Poles, although Enea Silvio Piccolomini, the later Pope Pius II, served as an Italian bishop of the diocese.
After the 1410 Battle of Grunwald, Bishop Heinrich Vogelsang of Warmia surrendered to King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland, and later with Bishop Henry of Sambia gave homage to the Polish king at the Polish camp during the siege of Marienburg Castle (Malbork). After the Polish army moved out of Warmia, the new Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, Heinrich von Plauen the Elder, accused the bishop of treachery and reconquered the region.[3]
Polish Crown
Map of Episcopatum Warmiensem in Prussia by Endersch, 1755. Yellow tags with modern day Polish names were added later
The Second Peace of Thorn (1466) removed Warmia from the control of the Teutonic Knights and placed it under the sovereignty of the Crown of Poland as part of the province of Royal Prussia, although with several privileges.
Soon after, in 1467, the Cathedral Chapter elected Nicolas von Tüngen against the wish of the Polish king. The Estates of Royal Prussia did not take the side of the Cathedral Chapter. Nicholas von Tüngen allied himself with the Teutonic Order and with King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. The feud, known as the War of the Priests, was a low scale affair, affecting mainly Warmia. In 1478 Braniewo (Braunsberg) withstood a Polish siege which was ended in an agreement in which the Polish king recognized von Tüngen as bishop and the right of the Cathedral Chapter to elect future bishops, which however would have to be accepted by the king, and the bishop as well as Cathedral Chapter swore an oath to the Polish king. Later in the Treaty of Piotrków Trybunalski (December 7, 1512), conceded to the king of Poland a limited right to determine the election of bishops by choosing four candidates from Royal Prussia.[4]
After the Union of Lublin in 1569 Duchy of Warmia was officially directly included as part of the Polish crown within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the same time the territory continued to enjoy substantial autonomy, with many legal differences from neighbouring lands. For example, the bishops were by law members of Polish Senat and the land elected MP's to the Sejmik resp. Landtag of Royal Prussia as well as MP's to the Sejm of Poland.
Warmia was under the Church jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Riga until 1512, when Prince-Bishop Lucas Watzenrode received exempt status, placing Warmia directly under the authority of the Pope (in terms of church jurisdiction), which remained until the resolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
By the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Warmia was merged with the surrounding parts of East Prussia and annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia; the properties of the Archbishopric of Warmia were secularized by the Prussian state. Ignacy Krasicki, the last prince-bishop of Warmia as well as Enlightenment Polish poet, friend of Frederick the Great (whom he did not give homage as his new king), was nominated to the Archbishopric of Gnesen (Gniezno) in 1795. After the last partition of Poland and during his tenure as Archbishop of Poland and Prussian subject he was ordered by Pope Pius VI to teach his Catholic Poles to 'stay obedient, faithful, and loving to their new kings', Papal brief of 1795. The Prussian census in 1772 showed a total population of 96,547, including an urban population of 24,612 in 12 towns. 17,749 houses were listed and the biggest city was Braunsberg (Braniewo).
From 1772-1945 Warmia was part of Lutheran East Prussia, with the exception that the people of Warmia remained largely Catholic. Most of the German population of Warmia spoke High Prussian, while a small area in the north spoke Low Prussian; southern Warmia was mostly populated by Polish-speaking Warmiaks. Warmia became part of the German Empire in 1871.
In 1873 according to a regulation of the Imperial German government, school lessons at public schools inside Germany had to be held in German, as a result the Polish language was forbidden in all schools in Warmia, including Polish schools already founded in the sixteenth century. In 1900 Warmia's population was 240,000. In the jingoistic climate after World War I, Warmian Poles were subject to persecution by the German government. Polish children speaking their language were punished in schools and often had to wear signs with insulting names, such as "Pollack".[5]
After the First World War in the aftermath of the East Prussian plebiscite, carried when Red Army was marching on Warsaw - Polish–Soviet War in 1920, the region remained in Germany, as in the Warmian district of Allenstein (Olsztyn) 86,53% and in the district of Rössel (Reszel) 97,9% voted for Germany. The persecutions of the German governments and militias worsened in the late 1930s when Hitler was in power, and the Poles in Warmia were subject to harsh persecution by German authorities and militias, such as attacks on schools and centers. During World War II Germany sought to suppress all elements of social and political life of the Polish minority in Germany by interning and murdering Polish activists and leaders, including the ones in Warmia. Unlike the rest of Protestant East Prussia, Warmia retained its Catholicism and Catholic-related folk customs, all the way through 1945.
At the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference of 1945, the victorious Allies divided East Prussia into the two parts now known as Oblast Kaliningrad (in Russia) and the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (in Poland). The population was evacuated or fled the advancing Red Army in 1945. Prior to the Potsdam Conference, during the Soviet winter 1945 offensive (Vistula–Oder Offensive), the Red Army overran Warmia, killing and raping the local residents, without any regards towards age or ethnic origin. Following the Potsdam Conference agreements the Soviets and then the Polish administration expelled most of the remaining Warmian Germans to the Western part of Germany under the Allied rule, unless in the Polish voivodeship if they declared themselves Polish speakers.
As a result of World War II, only a small minority of Germans of Poland remained in Warmia. The majority of present inhabitants of Warmia are descendants of Poles who either were Warmiaks or migrated there from other parts of Poland, including the pre-1939 Polish Borderlands, after 1945. Olsztyn is the largest city in Warmia and the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivedeship. During 1945-46, Warmia was part of the Okreg Mazurski (Masurian District). In 1946 a new voivodeship was created and named the Olsztyn Voivodeship, which encompassed both Warmia and Masurian counties. In 1975 this voivodeship was redistricted and survived in this form until the new redistricting and renaming in 1999 as Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. The Catholic character of Warmia has been preserved in the architecture of its villages and towns, as well as in folk customs.
Main towns
Famous Warmians
Rainer Barzel, politician
Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer and mathematician
Hugo Haase, politician
Maximilian Kaller, bishop of Warmia
Erich Mendelsohn, architect
Feliks Nowowiejski, musician and composer
Regina Protmann, canonised founder of the Catholic order Congregatio Sanctae Catharinae (CSCA)
Georg Sterzinsky, Cardinal-bishop
Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski, politician
Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
Archbishopric of Warmia
Bishops of Warmia
^ Also called the Warms, Varms, Varmi, Warmians, Varmians.
^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Crusades
^ http://www.pieniezno.pl/?site=historia
^ http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/15cen/pfaffenkrieg14671479.html
^ http://www.domwarminski.pl/www.domwarminski.pl/content/view/294/416
(Polish) Erwin Kruk, "Warmia i Mazury", Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, Wrocław 2003, ISBN 83-7384-028-1
Ermland, Heilsberg, Culm, Riesenburg, Samland bishoprics on 1615 list of Imperial Offices (Ordines Imperii)
(English) Region of Warmia
(Polish) Warmia and Masuria
(German) Catholic Ermlanders page
ca. 1547 map of Prussia including Warmia
Heilsberg Epicopate Warmia in Prussia map of 1755
Articles containing Polish-language text
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2012
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2013
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008
Articles with Polish-language external links
Articles with German-language external links
Royal Prussia
Subdivisions of Prussia
Regions of Poland
Geography of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Kraków, Warsaw, Polish language, Ukraine, Silesian Voivodeship
Poland, Nicolaus Copernicus, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Jews, Kraków
Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Olsztyn, Elbląg, Ełk County, Russia, Poland
Old Prussians
Kaliningrad Oblast, Germans, Holy Roman Empire, Teutonic Order, Bartians
Poland, Braniewo County, Russia, Germany, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
War of the Priests
World War I, World War II, Teutonic Knights, Thirteen Years' War (1454–66), Royal Prussia
Berlin, Voltaire, Partitions of Poland, Frederick the Great, Age of Enlightenment
Prussian uprisings
Pope Urban IV, Paganism, Teutonic Knights, Pope Innocent IV, Toruń

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
TAMPA BAY THUNDER
Tampa Bay Thunder determined to finish strong
by Gio Alvarez
Written by: Jackson Shewey
With only two games left in the season, the Tampa Bay Thunder look to secure a first-round bye in the playoffs. Coming off a three-game losing streak, the Thunder are set to bounce back this week and finish off the regular season strong going into playoffs.
The Thunder are sitting at five wins and three losses as they take on the 6-1 Dade County Raiders at home this week. It is a crucial game for the Thunder as they look to cement themselves as competitors going into the post season.
Having one of the most dominating offensives in the league, with Quarterback Brian Water leading in yard and touchdowns, it will be up to them to take this team to the victories they expect.
When asked on the how the offense can improve this late in the season, head coach Bob Henriquez states,
"This team needs to have more consistent and aggressive offensive line play; the blocking is an issue. When you have your quarterbacks literally running for their lives on passing plays, it is not the scheme or play calling that needs to improve, it is the blocking up front."
For the Thunder, turnovers have also been a huge issue this season, a-long with finishing drives in the redzone. However, Henriquez believes this team has a great amount of potential going into the late season and post season.
"Yes, these past three weeks we have been in a bit of a slump, but I feel that this team is more of that 5-0 team than the 0-3 team and the players need to believe that. At this point we are in very good position for the playoffs. Our goal is to win out and hopefully secure that first round bye or home game and then get on a run. Once you get in the post season its 0-0 so anything can happen," Henriquez states.
In comparison to the offensive side of the ball, defensive coordinator Cody Endris feels this team has grown drastically throughout these past three weeks.
"We have really been coming together as a team, with guys that might not have been good with communication. Now we are getting them in film sessions and sideline talks, stuff to really boost them as a team and build that family aspect and that's what I like to see as a defensive coordinator."
Being such a new team in this league, the Thunder have come in exceptionally thus far and although the past few weeks have not played to their advantage, they look to change the pace and do some damage going into the post season.
Photographer: Michael Hogan
Photo editor: Giorgio Alvarez
Copyright © 2023 Tampa Bay Thunder


text:
Computational neuroscience emphasizes descriptions of functional and biologically realistic neurons (and neural systems) and their physiology and dynamics, distinguishing them from psychological connectionism and disciplines such as machine learning , neural networks , and computational learning theory .
These models are useful in the context of multiple spatial-temporal scales, from membrane currents, proteins, and chemical coupling to network oscillations , columnar and topographic architecture, and learning and memory. Furthermore, these computational models frame hypotheses that can be directly tested by biological or psychological experiments.
The term "computational neuroscience" was introduced by Eric L. Schwartz , who organized a conference, held in 1985 in Carmel, California , at the request of the Systems Development Foundation to provide a summary of current status. Neural modeling, brain theory and neural networks. The proceedings of this definitional meeting were published in 1990 as Computational Neuroscience . [3] The first open international meeting focused on Computational Neuroscience was organized by James M. Bower and John Miller in San Francisco, Californiain 1989 CNS meeting. [4] The first graduate program in computational neuroscience was organized as a Computational and Neural Systems Ph.D. program at the California Institute of Technology in 1985.
The early historical roots of the field can be traced to the work of Louis Lapicque , Hodgkin & Huxley , Hubel & Wiesel , and David Marr , to name a few. Introduced the Lapicque integrate and fire model of the neuron in a seminal paper published in 1907 [5] This model is still popular today for mathematical, biological, and artificial neural networks studies icts Because of simplicity (see a recent review [6] ) and, in fact, has seen recent experimental and biophysical support. [7] [8]
About 40 years later, Hodgkin & Huxley developed the voltage clamp and created the first biophysical model of the action potential . Hubel & Wiesel discovered that neurons in the primary visual cortex , the first cortical area to process information coming from the retina , have oriented receptive fields and are organized in columns. [9] David Marr's work focused on the interactions between neurons, suggesting computational approaches to the study of functional neuronal groups in the hippocampus and neocortexinteract, store, process, and transmit information. Computational modeling of biophysically realistic neurons and dendrites began with the work of Wilfrid Rall , with the first multicomponent model using cable theory .
Research in computational neuroscience can be roughly categorized into several lines of inquiry. Most computational neuroscientists collaborate closely with experimentalists in analyzing novel data and synthesizing new models of biological phenomena.
Single-neuron modeling
Main article: Biological neuron models
Even single neurons have complex biophysical characteristics and can perform computations (eg [10] ). Hodgkin and Huxley's original model only uses two voltage-sensitive currents, the fast-acting sodium and the inward-rectifying potassium. . Successful in predicting the timing and qualitative features of the action potential, it nevertheless failed to predict a significant number of features such as adaptation and shunting. Scientists now believe that there is a wide variety of voltage-sensitive currents, and the implications of the differing dynamics, modulations, and sensitivity of these currents is an important topic of computational neuroscience. [11]
The computational functions of complex dendrites are also under intense investigation. There is a large body of literature regarding how different currents interact with geometric properties of neurons. [12]
Some models are also tracking biochemical pathways at such small levels as spines or synaptic clefts.
There are many software packages, such as GENESIS and NEURON , which allow rapid and systematic in silico modeling of realistic neurons. Blue Brain , a project founded by Henry Markram from the Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne , aims to build a biophysically detailed simulation of a cortical column on the Blue Gene supercomputer .
Modeling the richness of biophysical properties on the single-neuron scale can provide mechanisms for the building blocks for network dynamics. [13] However, detailed neuron descriptions are computationally expensive and this can be the pursuit of realistic network investigations, where many neurons need to be simulated. As a result, this study is broadly neural circuits typically represent each neuron and synapse with an artificially simple model, ignoring much of the biological detail. Hence there is a simple way to reduce the complexity of this problem. Algorithms have been developed to produce faster, faster running, simplified neuron models from computationally expensive, detailed neuron models.[14]
Development, axonal patterning, and guidance
Computational neuroscience aims to address a wide array of issues. How do axons and dendrites form during development? How do you know where to reach and reach these targets? How do neurons migrate to the proper position in the central and peripheral systems? How do synapses form? We know from molecular biology that distinct parts of the nervous system separate chemical cues, from growth factors to hormones that modulate and influence the growth and development of functional connections between neurons.
Theoretical investigations into the formation and patterning of synaptic connection and morphology are still nascent. One hypothesis that has been garnered some attention is the minimal wiring hypothesis , which postulates that the formation of axons and dendrites effectively minimizes resource allocation while maintaining maximum information storage. [15]
Early models of sensory processing Understood Within a theoretical framework are credited to Horace Barlow . Somewhat similar to the minimal wiring hypothesis described in the preceding section, Barlow understood the processing of early sensory systems to be a form of efficient coding , where the neurons encoded information which minimizes the number of spikes. Experimental and computational work on this hypothesis in one form or another.
Current research in sensory processing is divided between a biophysical modeling of different subsystems and a more theoretical modeling of perception. Current models of perception have suggested that the brain performs some form of Bayesian inference and integration of different sensory information in the supply of perception of the physical world. [16] [17]
Memory and synaptic plasticity
Main article: Synaptic plasticity
Earlier models of memory are primarily based on the postulates of Hebbian learning . Biologically relevant models Such As net Hopfield -have-been Developed to address the properties of associative Rather than content-addressable style of memory That Occur in biological systems. These attempts are primarily focusing on the formation of medium-and- long-term memory , localizing in the hippocampus . Models of working memory , relying on theories of network oscillations and persistence, have been built to capture some features of the prefrontal cortex in context-related memory. [18]
One of the major problems in neurophysiological memory is how it is maintained and changed through multiple time scales. Unstable synapses are easy to train but also prevent stochastic disruption. Stable synapses are less easily, but they are also harder to consolidate. One recent computational hypothesis involves cascades of plasticity that allow synapses to function at multiple time scales. [19] Stereochemically detailed models of the acetylcholine receptor -based synapse with the Monte Carlo method , working at the time scale of microseconds, have been built. [20] It is likely that computational tools will contribute greatly to our understanding of how synapses function and change in relation to external stimulus in the coming decades.
Behaviors of networks
Biological neurons are connected to each other in a complex, recurrent fashion. These connections are, unlike most artificial neural networks , sparse and usually specific. It is understood that information is transmitted through such sparsely-connected networks, the specific areas of the brain, such as the visual cortex , are understood in some detail. [21] It is also unknown what the computational functions of these specific connectivity patterns are, if any.
The interactions of neurons in a small network can be reduced to such models as the Ising model . The statistical mechanics of such simple systems are well-characterized theoretically. There has been some recent evidence that suggests that the dynamics of arbitrary neuronal networks can be reduced to pairwise interactions. [22] It is not known, however, that such descriptive dynamics impart any important computational function. With the emergence of two-photon microscopy and calcium imaging , we now have powerful experimental methods with which to test the new theories regarding neuronal networks.
In some cases the complex interactions between inhibitory and excitatory neurons can be simplified using mean field theory , which gives rise to the population model of neural networks. While many neurotheorists prefer such models with reduced complexity, others argue that uncovering structural functional relationships depend on much neuronal and network structure as possible. Models of this type are typically built in large simulation platforms like GENESIS or NEURON. There have been some attempts to provide unified methods that bridge these complexity levels. [23]
Cognition, discrimination, and learning
Computational modeling of higher cognitive functions has only recently [ when? ] begun. Experimental data comes mainly from single-unit recording in primates . The frontal lobe and parietal lobe function as integrators of information from multiple sensory modalities. There are some tentative ideas regarding how these mutually inhibitory functional circuits in these areas can carry out biologically relevant computation. [24]
The brain seems to be able to discriminate and adapt well in certain contexts. For instance, human beings seem to have an enormous capacity for memorizing and recognizing faces. One of the key goals of computational neuroscience is to dissect how biological systems carry these complex systems efficiently and potentially replicate these processes in building intelligent machines.
The brain's broad-scale organizational principles are illuminated by many fields, including biology, psychology, and clinical practice. Neuroscience, neuroscience . These are the bases for some quantitative modeling of large-scale brain activity. [25]
The Computational Representational Understanding of Mind ( CRUM ) is another attempt at modeling human cognition through simulated processes in decision making and the manipulation of visual representations in decision making.
One of the ultimate goals of psychology / neuroscience is to be able to explain the everyday experience of conscious life. Francis Crick and Christof Koch made some attempts to formulate a framework for future work in neural correlates of consciousness (NCC), though much of the work in this field remains speculative. [26]
Computational clinical neuroscience
It is a field that brings together experts in neuroscience, neurology , psychiatry , decision making and computational modeling to investigate and investigate problems in neurological and psychiatric diseases , and to train scientists and clinicians. [27] [28]
Notable persons
Phil Husbands , Professor of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence at the English University of Sussex
Read Montague , American neuroscientist and popular science author
Tomaso Poggio , Eugene McDermott Professor in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, investigator at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research , a member of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) and director of both the Center for Biological and Computational Learning at MIT and the Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines.
Terry Sejnowski , Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Francis Crick Professor at The Salk Institute for Biological Studies where he directs the Computational Neurobiology Laboratory
Haim Sompolinsky , William N. Skirball Professor of Neuroscience at the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (formerly the Interdisciplinary Center for Neural Computation), and a Professor of Physics at the Racah Institute of Physics at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Israel.
Biological neuron models
Bayesian Brain
Brain simulation
Computational anatomy
Medical image computing
Neural coding
Neural engineering
Neurocomputational speech processing
Neuroinformatics
Simulated reality
Artificial consciousness
Cognitive architecture
Technological singularity , a hypothetical artificial intelligence that would exceed the capabilities of the human brain
Notes and references
Jump up^ What is computational neuroscience? Patricia S. Churchland, Christof Koch, Terrence J. Sejnowski. in Computational Neuroscience pp.46-55. Edited by Eric L. Schwartz. 1993. MIT Press[1]
Jump up^ Gerstner, W .; Kistler, W .; Naud, R .; Paninski, L. (2014). Neuronal Dynamics . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107447615 .
Jump up^ Schwartz, Eric (1990). Computational neuroscience . Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19291-8 .
Jump up^ Bower, James M. (2013). 20 years of Computational Neuroscience . Berlin, Germany: Springer. ISBN 978-1461414230 .
Jump up^ Lapicque L (1907). "Quantitative research on electrical excitation of nerves treated as a polarization". J. Physiol. Pathol. Gen . 9 : 620-635.
Jump up^ Brunel N, Van Rossum MC (2007). "Lapicque's 1907 paper: from frogs to integrate-and-fire". Biol. Cybern . 97 (5-6): 337-339. doi : 10.1007 / s00422-007-0190-0 . PMID 17968583 .
Jump up^ Singh, Chandan; Levy, William B. (2017-07-13). "A consensus layer V pyramidal neuron can sustain interpulse-interval coding" . PLOS ONE . 12 (7): e0180839. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0180839 . ISSN 1932-6203 .
Jump up^ Cash, Sydney; Yuste, Rafael (1999-02-01). "Linear Summation of Excitatory Inputs by CA1 Pyramidal Neurons" . Neuron . 22 (2). doi :10.1016 / S0896-6273 (00) 81098-3 . ISSN 0896-6273 .
Jump up^ Hubel DH, Wiesel TN (1962). "Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex" . J. Physiol . 160 (1): 106-54. doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol.1962.sp006837 . PMC 1359523  . PMID 14449617 .
Jump up^ Forrest MD (2014). "Intracellular Calcium Dynamics Permits a Purkinje Neuron Model to Perform Toggle and Gain Computations Upon Its Inputs" . Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience . 8 : 86. doi : 10.3389 / fncom.2014.00086 . PMC 4138505  . PMID 25191262 .
Jump up^ Wu, Samuel Miao-sin; Johnston, Daniel (1995). Foundations of cellular neurophysiology . Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-10053-3 .
Jump up^ Koch, Christof (1999). Biophysics of computation: information processing in single neurons . Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510491-9 .
Jump up^ Forrest MD (April 2015). "Simulation of alcohol action on a pure model that runs> 400 times faster" . BMC Neuroscience . 16 (27). doi :10.1186 / s12868-015-0162-6 .
Jump up^ Chklovskii DB, BW Mel, Svoboda K (October 2004). "Cortical rewiring and information storage". Nature . 431 (7010): 782-8. Bibcode :2004Natur.431..782C . doi : 10.1038 / nature03012 . PMID 15483599 . Review article
Jump up^ Weiss, Yair; Simoncelli, Eero P .; Adelson, Edward H. (May 20, 2002). "Motion illusions as optimal percepts". Nature Neuroscience . 5 (6): 598-604. doi : 10.1038 / nn0602-858 .
Jump up^ Ernst, Marc O .; Bülthoff, Heinrich H. (April 2004). "Merging the senses into a robust percept". Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 8 (4): 162-169. doi :10.1016 / j.tics.2004.02.002 .
Jump up^ Durstewitz D Seamans JK, TJ Sejnowski (2000). "Neurocomputational models of working memory". Nat. Neurosci . 3 (Suppl): 1184-91. doi :10.1038 / 81460 . PMID 11127836 .
Jump up^ Fusi S, Drew PJ, Abbott LF (2005). "Waterfall models of synaptically stored memories". Neuron . 45 (4): 599-611. doi : 10.1016 / j.neuron.2005.02.001 . PMID 15721245 .
Jump up^ Coggan JS, Bartol TM, Esquenazi E, et al. (2005). "Evidence for ectopic neurotransmission at a neuronal synapse" . Science . 309 (5733): 446-51. Bibcode : 2005Sci … 309..446C . doi : 10.1126 / science.1108239. PMC 2915764  . PMID 16020730 .
Jump up^ Olshausen, Bruno A .; Field, David J. (1997-12-01). "Sparse coding with an overcomplete basis set: A strategy employed by V1?" . Vision Research . 37 (23): 3311-3325. doi : 10.1016 / S0042-6989 (97) 00169-7.
Jump up^ Schneidman E, MJ Berry, Segev R, Bialek W (2006). "Weak pairwise correlations imply strongly correlated network states in a neural population" . Nature . 440 (7087): 1007-12. arXiv : q-bio / 0512013  . Bibcode : 2006Natur.440.1007S . doi : 10.1038 / nature04701 . PMC 1785327  . PMID 16625187 .
Jump up^ Anderson, Charles H .; Eliasmith, Chris (2004). Neural Engineering: Computation, Representation, and Dynamics in Neurobiological Systems (Computational Neuroscience) . Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-55060-1 .
Jump up^ CK Machens, Romo R, Brody CD (2005). "Flexible control of mutual inhibition: a neural model of two-interval discrimination". Science . 307(5712): 1121-4. Bibcode : 2005Sci … 307.1121M . doi : 10.1126 / science.1104171 . PMID 15718474 .
Jump up^ Robinson PA, Rennie CJ, DL Rowe, O'Connor SC, Gordon E (2005). Multiscale brain modeling . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . 360 (1457): 1043-1050. doi : 10.1098 / rstb.2005.1638 . PMC 1854922  . PMID 16087447 .
Jump up^ Crick F, Koch C (2003). "A framework for consciousness" . Nat. Neurosci . 6 (2): 119-26. doi : 10.1038 / nn0203-119 . PMID 12555104.
Jump up^ Adaszewski S1, Dukart J, Kherif F, Frackowiak R, Draganski B; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2013). "How can we predict Alzheimer's disease using computational anatomy?". Neurobiol Aging . 34(12): 2815-26. doi : 10.1016 / j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.015 .
Jump up^ Friston KJ, Stephan KE, Montague R, Dolan RJ (2014). "Computational psychiatry: the brain as a phantastic organ". Lancet Psychiatry . 1 (2): 148-58. doi : 10.1016 / S2215-0366 (14) 70275-5 .
← Computational neurogenetic modeling
Computational number theory →


Out of the Woods of Oregon uses sound forestry practices and environmental stewardship so the Oregon Red Alder remains one of our most beautiful sustainable resources.
The classic Laguiole styling is the ultimate expression of traditional French handcrafted cutlery, making each item a unique model.
Laguiole cheese sets and knives are of extreme quality, made with great care by hand. This two-piece set includes a wooden cheese board decorated with the cheese regions of France and a stainless steel cheese knife.
Tea towels are a utilitarian workhorse with myriad uses that also brighten kitchens with their artistic depictions. The ?La Moutarde de Dijon? design by Torchons and Bouchons in brown and mustard colors against a light tan background shows a young boy carrying a mustard seed grinder and an old French recipe for mustard soup. This adorable tea towel can adorn French country kitchen countertops when not in use.
We've found the perfect way to serve your pates and cheeses with convenience and style.
Our pate board is made in Eugene, Oregon, of Red Alder, which is a sustainable hardwood that flourishes in the Pacific Northwest. It is one of our most beautiful renewable resources.
The Pate Board measures 9?x 5 ??x ?? and comes with its own Maple handled spreader.
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random forest

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Strength in numbers! Rudroff Heating and Air Conditioning has added another vehicle to their fleet. This once basic white truck has now been transformed into the Rudroff brand. With branding it is important to stay consistent, because you put a tremendous amount of time and effort in creating and maintaining your brand. Rudroff is a local, customer-focused, family-owned company: Large enough to handle any heating and cooling system project you have in mind, but small enough to give you the personal commitment of real people who stand by their work. Make sure you give our friends at Rudroff a call so they can make sure you are ready for this winter. Thanks Rudroff!