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text:
Educational magazines
Göring, Hermann
Born January 12, 1893
Rosenheim, Germany
Died October 15, 1946
Nuremberg, Germany
Nazi political leader and commander of the
Luftwaffe, the German air force; second in
command to Adolf Hitler
In the years leading up to World War II, Hermann Göring achieved a position of great power in Germany because of his relationship with Adolf Hitler (1889-1945; see entry), Germany's dictator from 1933 through 1945. Hitler put Göring in charge of such important matters as the organization of the police force and rebuilding Germany's air power. Although he had held fairly liberal beliefs as a young man, Göring adopted Hitler's views on the superiority of the German people and the need to eliminate their enemies. He played an active role in carrying out the horrors of the Holocaust (the period between 1933 and 1945 when Nazi Germany systematically murdered millions of Jews, Roma, homosexuals, and other innocent people).
Dreams of greatness
Born in Rosenheim, Bavaria (a state in the southeastern part of Germany), a little town located south of Munich, Göring was the son of a German government official. He was the youngest of four children born to his father's second wife (he had five siblings from his father's first marriage). When Göring was three months old, his parents went to live in Haiti, where his father was to serve as consul general. They left their new baby in the care of family friends for three years, a period that was very difficult and unhappy for him.
As a young boy Göring was sent to live with his godfather, an Austrian physician named Hermann von Epstein, who had been born Jewish but had converted to Christianity. When Göring wrote a school essay praising his godfather, his teacher scolded him because it was not considered proper to think well of Jewish people. This disturbed Göring so much that he left the school.
Next Göring attended two military academies where he proved an excellent student and a self-confident, athletic boy who enjoyed mountain climbing and horseback riding. One day he hoped to become a great German hero. He graduated at the top of his class in 1912.
A World War I hero
Göring joined the military after graduation. During World War I (1914-18; a war that started as a conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia and escalated into a global war involving thirty-two nations) he proved to be an exceptionally brave pilot who won his country's highest military honor, the Pour le Merite or "Blue Max." In July 1918 he was made commander of the Richthofen Squadron, a famous and daring group of aviators that was also known as the "Flying Circus."
Discouraged after the war
When World War I ended, many Germans resented the outcome of the war and its aftermath. They had been led to believe that their country would win, but they had lost. Now the German people were being punished by the victorious Allies (including Great Britain, the United States, France, and Russia), who insisted Germany pay reparations (huge sums of money) for the damages incurred during the war.
Germany also faced a terrible depression (an economic downturn that causes many businesses to close and people to lose their jobs) that started around 1930. Although this depression began in the United States, it soon spread to all of the industrial countries in Europe. Germany was hit harder than any other major European country. Germany relied heavily on exports and the countries that had been buying its goods could no longer buy them. There were few jobs available—one out of every three Germans was out of work—which led to widespread poverty and dissatisfaction with the government.
Like many former soldiers, Göring felt that he had no future in Germany. He went to Sweden and became a pilot and salesman for a Swedish airline. There he met a Swedish baroness, Carin von Lock-Kantzoa, a delicate beauty with an interest in mysticism. Even though she was already married, Carin and Göring fell in love. Carin soon divorced her husband. She married Göring in 1923, and the couple returned to Germany.
Becoming Hitler's follower
Meanwhile, an ambitious politician named Adolf Hitler took advantage of the widespread dissatisfaction in Germany. He formed the National Socialist German Workers' Party, better known as the Nazis. Hitler's party was based on the belief that the Germans were a superior race whose purity was threatened by the harmful presence of Jews and other people they considered undesirable. In particular, the Nazis blamed Jews for their country's defeat in World War I.
Even though Göring had not previously been anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish), he was so impressed by Hitler that he became a devoted follower, gradually dropping all of his more liberal views and adopting the Nazi philosophy. Recognizing his potential, Hitler put Göring in charge of the SA or Sturmabteilung —also called Storm Troopers and Brown Shirts— an organized group of men who terrorized anyone who opposed the Nazis. And it was in Göring's hometown— Munich—where the Nazis planned to take over the German government. Their attempt, called the Munich Beer Hall Putsch (1923), failed and led to the arrest and imprisonment of Hitler and other Nazi leaders.
Göring was badly wounded but managed to escape to Austria, finally making his way to Switzerland. In severe pain, he was given morphine (a strong pain medication related to opium) and quickly became addicted, a condition that led to stints in several psychiatric institutions. He was off drugs by 1926, but his addiction would continue to plague him throughout the rest of his life. Göring had also become obese, and over the next two decades his enemies would often make fun of him, nicknaming him "der Dicke" (the fat one).
Returning to success in Germany
In 1927, Germany's president pardoned all political prisoners, including Hitler and the other Nazi leaders arrested after the Munich Beer Hall Putsch. Göring no longer had to fear being arrested and punished for his involvement in the Putsch and returned to his country. He and his wife settled in Berlin, where Göring became successful selling BMW cars. He again got involved with Hitler, who realized that Göring's many social, business, and military connections could be helpful to the Nazi party.
Running on the Nazi ticket, Göring was elected to the Reichstag (Germany's legislative or law-making body) in 1928 and became its president in 1932 (the top office in the Reichstag, but not the same as president of a country). Hitler was also gaining power during this period, and in January 1933 he was made chancellor (chief executive or top leader) of Germany. In only a few months, Hitler took control of the government and outlawed all political parties except the Nazis. He made himself not only Germany's head of state but also its military commander. In other words, Hitler had become a dictator (a ruler with absolute authority).
A prominent role in Hitler's government
Hitler gave Göring the job of interior minister to Prussia (a large state within Germany that ceased to exist after July 1945). Later that year, acting as commandant of police, Göring replaced the regular police force with the Secret State Police. This ruthless group became known as the Gestapo and quickly gained a reputation for brutality. They carried on a reign of terror against Jews and Catholics and members of other minority groups as well as anyone who disagreed with Hitler. So many arrests were made that the jails overflowed, so Göring constructed concentration camps where large numbers of these so-called "enemies of the state" could be confined. Ironically, Göring did not have the stomach for violence and soon turned his Gestapo and concentration camp duties over to others.
In 1931, Göring's beloved wife Carin died. Now verywealthy (due to income from his various political offices, investments, and business interests), he built a grand estate that he named Carin Hall in his dead wife's memory. He furnished this home with fine art and spent much of his time there. In 1935 Göring married a German actress, Emmy Sonnemann, and the couple's daughter Edda was born three years later. Over the next few years the Görings entertained many famous visitors from all over the world at their lavish estate.
The Luftwaffe leads the war effort
The terms of the treaty signed at the end of World War I prohibited Germany from having an air force, but Göring— who had been named reichminster of aviation in 1933—built one anyway, in secret. By 1936, his Luftwaffe (the name by which the German air force was known) was ready, just as Hitler's plans to wage war began to take shape. Hitler's stated goal at this time was to make sure that all of the German-speaking people in the world were under Nazi rule; later it would become clear that he also wanted to acquire more territory for Germany. At the same time, he was restricting the freedom of ordinary Germans while totally eliminating that of the Jews who lived in Germany.
Germany launched World War II in September 1939 by invading Poland. Much of the credit for this successful attack was given to the air force, and as head of the Luftwaffe Göring became a hero. When Holland, Belgium, and France also surrendered to the Germans he received even more attention and praise. In these first few years of the war, the German air force was considered the best in the world. Pleased with his second-in-command and with the progress of the war, Hitler made Göring a field marshal—the highest rank in the German army—and even spoke of him as his successor (the person who would take over his position when he left office).
Out of favor with "der Führer"
As the war continued, though, Göring fell out of favor with Hitler even though he never stopped idolizing "der Führer" (the leader). The main cause for Hitler's displeasure was the failure of the air force on three occasions. The first was the Battle of Britain, at which the Germans were defeated. On the second occasion, the Luftwaffe was unable to defend Germany against air raids by the Allies. The third was when the air force could not rescue the German Sixth Army when they were stranded in Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. Hitler blamed Göring for these disasters and began treating him with scorn, and leaving him out of important military decisions.
Disillusioned with the way things were going, Göring began taking drugs again. He retreated into the fantasy world he had created for himself, neglecting his official duties while traveling around Europe in his private train. He was notorious for stealing priceless works of art from the countries Germany had conquered and decorating his various homes with them.
As the war drew to a close, Soviet troops invaded Germany and made their way toward Berlin, where Hitler had gone into hiding in an underground bunker. Having fled (and destroyed) Carin Hall, Göring was convinced—quite logically—that Hitler might soon be captured. He sent his leader a message that he was prepared to take over: "If I should receive no reply by 10 P. M., I shall assume that you have been deprived of your freedom of action and shall act in the best interests of our country and people."
Hitler was enraged by Göring's assumption, and on April 23 he ordered him charged with treason and arrested. By April 30, Hitler knew that the war was lost, and he committed suicide in his bunker.
On May 9, having been freed by his Nazi captors, Göring surrendered to the American troops who had occupied Germany. He was pleased with the special treatment he received at first, when he was given good food and wine. But this had just been a trick to make him offer up information about the Nazis, and he soon became an ordinary prisoner of war.
Tried and convicted at Nuremberg
The Allies (the countries that had joined together to fight Germany) tried the surviving Nazi leaders for their war crimes in a series of famous trials held in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1946. This well-publicized event exposed the full horror of Nazi Germany, in particular the Holocaust. After months in prison, Göring was drug-free and much slimmer. Observers agreed that he gave a brilliant performance at the trial, speaking with intelligence and confidence as he tried to justify what he and others had done. He argued that government officials could not be judged by the same standards as ordinary citizens.
Nevertheless, Göring was found guilty of conspiracy to wage war, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. He was sentenced to death by hanging, and his request to be executed by firing squad, in the military tradition, was denied. Just two hours before he was to be executed, Göring took poison (it is still not known how he got it) and died. The next day, his body was cremated and the ashes thrown away, along with those of others who had been executed that night.
Where to Learn More
Butler, Ewan, and Gordon Young. The Life and Death of Hermann Göring.San Bernardino, CA: Borgo Press, 1990.
Hoyt, Edwin P. Angels of Death: Göring's Luftwaffe. New York: Forge, 1994.
Irving, David. Göring: A Biography. New York: William Morrow, 1989.
Mosley, Leonard. The Reich Marshal: A Biography of Hermann Göring. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974.
Skipper, G.C. Göring and the Luftwaffe. Chicago: Children's Press, 1980.
Sauer, Wolfgang. "Hermann W. Goering." [Online] Available http:/www.grolier.com/wwii/wwii_goering.html (January 21, 1999).
The Chief of the SS
Members of the SS—which stood for Schutzstaffel or security squad—served as Hitler's bodyguards and also worked as guards in the various concentration camps. They were involved in many cruel acts against those in the camps, and they murdered millions of innocent victims. The man who commanded the SS was Heinrich Himmler, a weak, dull person who had once dreamed of becoming a soldier.
Born in Munich, Germany, in 1900, Himmler was the son of a poor soldier who taught his children to develop ties to the upper classes; he also advised his son to keep a daily diary, in which Himmler would later record all of his murderous activities.
Himmler wanted very much to serve in Germany's army during World War I but he had only just completed officer training when the war ended. He spent a brief period as a farmer, then entered the University of Munich. Giving up his dream of military glory, Himmler studied agriculture. It was during his years at college that he became an anti-semite (person who hates Jews) and was drawn toward politics.
Graduating from college in 1922, Himmler got a job with a fertilizer company. The next year, he joined Adolf Hitler's (1889-1945; see entry) National Socialist German Workers' Party (the Nazis). Later he moved with his new wife Marga to a chicken farm. He continued to work for the Nazis and proved himself efficient and alert to details, even if he did have a very dull personality. In 1929, Himmler was promoted to the rank of Reichsfuhrer (equivalent to a general in the U.S. Army) of the SS.
Himmler remained in charge of the SS for the next 16 years. Although the organization had originally been intended to provide protection for Hitler and other high-ranking Nazis, Himmler expanded it to include 50,000 soldiers who could carry out anything Hitler ordered, including the punishment and murder of those the Nazis considered "enemies of the state."
The Nazi idea of "racial purity" made Germans the highest form of humanity, and the ideal German was tall, blonde, and blue-eyed. Those considered racially impure included Roma (commonly known as Gypsies), handicapped people, homosexuals, and others but especially Jews, who were blamed for all of Germany's troubles. Since the SS was to provide the leaders of a new German race, Himmler ruled that SS soldiers who wanted to marry had to prove that their fiancees were of pure blood and not "contaminated" by that of other, lesser races. At the SS Bride School, women were taught how to be good Nazi wives.
Much more alarmingly, though, Himmler began to set up concentration camps where those arrested by the Nazis were sent to be imprisoned, interrogated, tortured, and often murdered. Himmler himself stayed in the background while gangs of crisply uniformed SS soldiers in shiny black boots terrorized the Jewish population, rounding up and killing thousands of people.
In May 1945, several weeks after Germany had surrendered to the Allies, Himmler was caught by British soldiers while—disguised as a low-ranking soldier— he was trying to flee the country. Several days later, Himmler realized that he was not going to receive any special treatment from the Allies, and he bit into a cyanide capsule he had managed to conceal in his mouth. He died almost immediately.
World War II Reference Library
"Göring, Hermann ." World War II Reference Library. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
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Hermann Wilhelm Goring , Hermann Wilhelm Göring The German politician and air force commander Hermann Wilhelm Göring (1893-1946) was second in command to Adolf Hitler in Nazi… Heinrich Himmler , Himmler, Heinrich BORN: October 7, 1900 • Munich, Germany German administrator, military commander German military commander Heinrich Himmler became… Adolf Hitler , Hitler, Adolf Hitler, Adolf 1889-1945 As the leader of Germany's Third Reich in the 1930s and 1940s, Adolf Hitler developed a totalitarian fascist st… Erwin Rommel , Rommel, Erwin Born November 15, 1891 Heidenheim, Germany near Herrlingen, Germany German field marshal known as the "Desert Fox" Erwin Rommel is know… Albert Speer , Albert Speer Albert Speer Albert Speer (1905-1081) may have known of the atrocities committed in Germany during the Nazi era, but claimed he did not.… Reinhard Heydrich , Reinhard Heydrich Known as "The Hangman" and "The Blond Beast," Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942) was the chief lieutenant of the German secret police du…
German Workers Freedom Party
Hitler's Propaganda Machine
Alfred Jodl
National Socialist German Workers Party
Sender, Ruth Minsky
Background to War
Göring, Matthias Heinrich (1879-1945)
Gorin, Natalio 1940-
Gorin, Igor
Gorin, Bernard
Gorillas in the Mist
Gorilla, My Love by Toni Cade Bambara, 1972
Gorilla, My Love
Goria, Giovanni
Gorham, Nathaniel (1738–1796)
Gorham, Nathaniel
Gorham, Kathleen (1932–1983)
Gorham, Deborah 1937-
Gorham, Deborah
Gorham, Christopher 1974–
Gorham judgment
gorgonin
gorgonian
Gorgonia, St.
Gorgonacea
Gorgio
Goring, Sonia (1940–)
Gorini, Catherine A. 1949-
Gorini, Gino
Gorinsotoba
Goritz, Otto
Gorjanovic-Kramberger, Dragutin (Karl)
Gorka (fl. 920s)
Gorka, John
Gorki, Maxim°
Gorkum
Gorkum, Martyrs of
Gorky, Maxim (1868–1936)
Gorky's Zygotic Mynci
Görlach, Manfred
Gorlaeus (Van Goorle, Van Gooirle), David
Gorlin, Alexander
Görlitzer Neisse
Gorman, Arthur Pue
Gorman, Carol (Jane Ballard, a pseudonym)
Gorman, Dave 1971-
Gorman, Edward 1941–
Gorman, Jacqueline Laks 1955-

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Historic Doheny House saved from demolition
The Doheny House on Camino Capistrano in Dana Point was saved from demolition after the Planning Commission upheld the home's position on the city's historic register.
By Orange County Register
The Doheny House has been saved from demolition after a 4-0 vote by the Dana Point Planning Commission on Monday night.
The commission had to make a yea-or-nay decision on an application to raze the home on Camino Capistrano in Capistrano Beach, and opted not to demolish it. The decision elicited cheers and applause in the packed council chambers.
Now Dana Point city staff will return to the Planning Commission on March 16 with a final resolution to deny the demolition request and to work out the next steps with the property owner.
"This is not a victory," Dana Point Historical Society President Carlos Olvera said of the commission's decision. "The staff will bring this back. There appeared to be a consensus on the commission to work things out. The Doheny House is an icon of Capistrano Beach we all would like to see saved. We're not done."
The Spanish Colonial Revival house was built in 1928 for the Doheny family, which developed Capistrano Beach and donated the land to the state for what is now Doheny State Beach.
More than two hours of public commentary followed a report from staff, leaving planning commissioners in the position of determining the future of the home.
On one side, commissioners defended the rights of property owners to determine the use of their property. On the other side, members of the public demanded protection for an iconic piece of Dana Point history. Both sides tossed veiled threats of lawsuits against the city if the Planning Commission didn't take their side.
"Important decisions are hard to make," said Commissioner Liz Fitzgerald. "But we have to remember we are stewards of the land. We have a responsibility to make land-use decisions that will last well beyond all of us."
The home, listed on the city's historic register since 2001, was purchased in 2005. In early 2007, Paul Douglas, a managing owner of the home, approached the city in hopes of demolishing, modifying and/or moving the Doheny House. A full environmental impact report was ordered.
Two years later, the application to raze the house went before the Planning Commission.
Attorney John Erskine, representing Douglas, said the house should have never been listed on the historic register because the owner never asked for it to be put there. After 3 1/2 years of exhaustive and time-consuming efforts with the city, coupled with hundreds of thousands of dollars for the environmental impact report and property expenses, it was time to approve the bid to demolish the home, Erskine said.
Before the commission voted, Douglas said he would no longer work toward any alternative other than demolition. He said he had tried several times to work things out years ago.
Planning Commissioner Norm Denton said he felt like Solomon, the biblical character who offered to split a child in half to settle a custody dispute. Denton compared the Doheny House decision to taking a classic 1929 Ford and choosing whether to leave it stock or turn it into a dragster with protruding engine parts. Ultimately he called the house a jewel.
"This is what California history feels like to me," Denton said. "If I'm forced, I've got to save it."
Commissioners Michael Dec and Ed Conway said they want to determine win-win situations for both parties.
The staff report presented to the commission Monday night had four separate alternatives for the Doheny House, but the vote could not consider anything but the effort to demolish the home, despite repeated questions to the staff and to Douglas about a reconciliation without demolition.
Contact the writer: 949-491-5235 or cdaines@ocregister.com


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Home / Editorial / #BTEditorial – Are we truly in this thing together?
#BTEditorial – Are we truly in this thing together?
Prime Minister Mia Mottley's recent indication that layoffs in the public service are imminent should come as no surprise to the Barbadian populace.
Trimming recognised fat in the public service was a decision on which the former Democratic Labour Party administration dawdled though knowing that such a strategy was inevitable. Perhaps, cognizant that they were arguably the country's most unpopular post-independence government, the Freundel Stuart administration practised advanced inertia on the issue for fear of falling even further below zero on their popularity chart. Admittedly, there had been previous "trimming" of the public service but whispered suggestions since that time have suggested that a number of these made their way back into the public service.
Whenever the cuts come – and they will come – Barbadians ought not to waste their energies moaning and groaning about a situation over which they have no say or control. The involvement of the International Monetary Fund in Barbados' recovery plan always meant that many public service workers would be going home. The International Monetary Fund relates directly to facts, figures, trends and statistics, and not explicitly flesh and bones. Only the very naïve would have expected that a change of government would have translated into a quick fix of the economy or a relaxing of inevitable stringent measures.
During the early 1990s under the Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford administration, Barbadians were faced with job and salary cuts in the public service. It was a credit to the people's resilience and ingenuity that hundreds, if not thousands, went into entrepreneurship of various kinds or found other private sector means of providing for themselves and their families. Barbadians did not recline and play dead. We do not expect them to do so now whenever the inevitable occurs.
But the Mia Mottley administration must be very mindful of the examples it sets. The country's political boss must lead by direct example. History has shown that she is keenly aware of optics. Her hands-on approach, her frequent engagement with the media and a propensity to speak to issues before they fester are indicative of an astute individual who is sensitive to the type of public over which she lords. It is within this context with public sector layoffs imminent that Miss Mottley leads by trimming the girth which currently surrounds her. She has gone on record as stating that the burden of Barbados' recovery must be shared by all and thus from her own mouth she must guard against her bloated Cabinet, her high-paid consultants and political stringers being exempted from the bitter medicine to be administered to the Barbadian public.
A cursory look at the make-up of Prime Minister Mottley's team reveals some interesting facts. Drawing salaries from the public purse in the area of communications are Charles Jong as Government's communications consultant, Pat Parris as director of public affairs in the office of the Prime Minister and Senator Lucille Moe as Minister of Information, Broadcasting and Public Affairs. Add to this the fact that there is an established and fully staffed Government Information Service acting as the conduit between the people and the Government and one cannot but observe that there is overlap in some of these positions, and as some would suggest, actual 'unemployment' in some of these jobs.
Another cursory look at the management of Barbados' finance and economic affairs reveals a similar situation. Miss Mottley is Minister of Finance, Economic Affairs and Investment, Mr Ryan Straughan is Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance, Miss Marsha Caddle is Minister of State in the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Investment, Ambassador Dr Clyde Mascoll is chief economic counselor to the Minister of Economic Affairs and Investment and Professor Avinash Persaud is economic advisor to the Government. Surely, a country with a small, struggling economy, and unable to pay its debts, cannot afford such bloat simply to provide political employment. And within the context of what is soon to befall the Barbadian public the Mia Mottley-led Government must do the right thing and lead by example.
Every indicator suggests that Barbados and Barbadians must be fiscally prudent. Politicians have turned "it cannot be business as usual" into a cliché but yet business continues in Barbados as usual from one administration to another. Miss Mottley has been swift to speak to inherited debt, and the need to change the system of doing things in the island. Looking back and apportioning blame for Barbados' economic situation does not help the country. The blame goes beyond 2008. Bellowing "political corruption" does not help Barbados' current economic situation. Apolitical observation and investigation are almost certain to find the smell of corruption in both the Democratic Labour Party and the Barbados Labour Party and among public servants serving under both administrations. The time for sitting back and pointing accusatorial fingers has passed and does not get Barbados out of the mess that both the DLP and BLP have placed it.
Miss Mottley has correctly sought to address our economic problems and has warned us that some bitter medicine is on its way. She must be keenly aware, though, that the medicine will go down the palates of the average Barbadian a lot faster and smoother if he or she observes others in high office swallowing and perhaps grimacing at the taste of the substance.
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12 thoughts on "#BTEditorial – Are we truly in this thing together? "
John Everatt
Total;y agree. Lead by example.
I support this one million percent !!!!!
Why is it necessary to have such a hugely impregnated Government, and poor people jobs on the line.???
Mark Adamson
I would have given this editorial an A, had it projected that it was sensitive to the pre and post termination plight of those public sector workers who are now being asked to go home.
But the editorial has
not projecting such.
It will get a B, from me.
Also, one has to be
sensitive to the wretchedness where this government has proceeded to
increase public servants transfers by 5 %, yet are going to
sending home under 4 000 workers soon.
Who is this
government trying to fool with such wretched
ignorance???
Indeed, this is not the way to treat human social capital which must be placed higher than
any other forms of capital.
Barbados is going to be the biggest loser when – with these workers having to be sent home – there is a tremendous waste and non-use of such capital for however long. One set of human social capital existing in such a state of abandonment, neglect is one too many.
Instead, it would
have been wiser to
do so many other things – including an across the board cut in transfers to public servants.
Another: the presiding over a process where a
system of PARTNERSHIPS is put in place in the government sector and where those who now are
workers will become PART-
OWNERS – essentially running on their own and making decisions on who will ENTER the PARTNERSHIPS or EXIT, and under what conditions – essentially operating the entire government sector and different areas therein
commercially.
Some other very
important steps would be the necessary and phased ABOLITION
of TAXATION and the removal of import costs into Barbados
(not export costs though from Barbados) vis a vis the ABOLITION of so-
called Exchange Rate Parities with the Barbados Dollar, and
instead the allowing of local people and markets to determine what
individuals will give to one another – as receipts – when
receiving imported resources, goods and services.
Surely there are
alternatives to simply looking at sending home any body in this country.
It is amazing hiw so many can be fooled by the smoke and mirror dribble tis govt present to the people as being transparent
Barbadians vote fir a change that would have decrease further pain
This govt never told the electorate that the IMF would be the final managers of the barbados
It is somewhat disingenuous to be asking barbadians to bear additional pain when during the election cycle this govt never presented a plan for the economy one that the electorate can be aware of and prepare themselve for all circumstances
It is now obvious that an election campagain built on better is now becoming bitter
"The chimes of time ring out the news: another day is through. Someone slipped and fell; was that someone you?
You may have longed for added strength, your courage to renew
Do not be disheartened, for I have news for you
It is no secret what MAM will do; what she's done for others, she'll do for you. With arms wide open, she'll care for you
It is no secret what MAM will do.
I don't really understand why my people are complaining, because the chimes of times were ringing out this news from last year, telling us that whoever the new occupants were in Bay Street, something would have to shift.
The reality is that "tings baaad" in Barbados and something has to shift. Whatever, whenever, however, we have to be prepared to wade through the difficult swamp. This is where and when necessity must become our mother of invention.
A flotilla of lemons from Bay Street will soon be delivered across the bridge for the people of this nation and we have to be prepared to collect what we can and make lemonade. This is when we will discover the inventor that lies dormant in us.
Keep out of de merchants' supermarkets, grow what you want to eat. Separate your wants from your needs. Keep out of other Trumpland and stop supporting China and regularly pay whatever little you can to those you owe. Don't run to fast cash for $5000.00 to buy a plane ticket or a crop over costume: it's not worth it!
The Civil Servants who thought that being appointed meant they didn't have to work every day or too hard, or answer the phone; or treat fellow Barbadians as their customers: all that is now a thought of the past. If you have been a Civil Servant all your working life, just languishing and waiting for retirement, bite the bullet and take the cut; your wound will not be too deep and you will heal, so get over the pain.
What's to come has been a long time coming, but the change must come.
Our swan song is now; "Necessity must be the mother of invention"
You can like it, or you can lump it! Don't let MAM break up your night rest!
I gone!!!!
sonyfair
Well, well, well. We are certainly not in it together. Another eye opener from BT. In total agreement with this Editorial.
I give this Editorial a "B" rating. We still have to wait and see what measures will be implemented by this administration.
Breadfruit.
the imf measures aint put in place yet. how you know that the ministers wouldn't take a pay cut when they start?
yuh jumping the gun with your assumptions!
the blp ministers 10% still going to charities
The answer to that question is a resounding no.
We need a new breed of politicians, not tricksters. 'cause a trickster by any other name is still a trickster. My eyes and ears are wide open. My brainwashing days are over.
Jehovah-jireh (The Lord will provide for me and mine).
harry turnover
People…the DLP have NO VOICE …DEM YARD FOWLS here are still of the opinion that the DEMS are in OPPOSITION..of course they ARE in OPPOSITION and CONFUSION right in the BOSOMS and BOWELS of their HEADQUARTERS there in George Street where we have an ELDER telling the former leader TO GO TO HELL,thats' where he BELONGS …what the bird ?..a PRIEST criticizing the SAME leader….lord have mercy….that same leader curtailing a speech from a then ASPIRING leader…WTF….a two peat LOSER now the PRESIDENT and a 4 PEAT well established ,confirmed and renown LOSER the Vice President…and some a DEM vex as RH at that outcome
….and the biggest and the baddest of DEM all…the MOST BEST…one of their own suspected and alleged to have been taking BRIBES and LAUNDERING money….what the RH..
btw… people the countdown to that trial is now 4 days …yes…FOUR DAYS…YES DON..by now you should have known the words to the song ' those were the days' by Mary Hopkin
Committed Bajan
I am waiting to see how civil servants will be cut, while keeping such a large cabinet


text:
// XLA-specific BatchMatMul Op.
// The current implementation simply unrolls the computation along the batch
// dimension.
// TODO(dominikg,phawkins): Use a real batched matmul instead of unrolling.

#include "tensorflow/compiler/tf2xla/xla_op_kernel.h"
#include "tensorflow/compiler/tf2xla/xla_op_registry.h"

namespace tensorflow {
namespace {

class BatchMatMulOp : public XlaOpKernel {
 public:
  explicit BatchMatMulOp(OpKernelConstruction* ctx) : XlaOpKernel(ctx) {
    OP_REQUIRES_OK(ctx, ctx->GetAttr("adj_x", &adj_x_));
    OP_REQUIRES_OK(ctx, ctx->GetAttr("adj_y", &adj_y_));
  }

  void Compile(XlaOpKernelContext* ctx) override {
    const TensorShape x_shape = ctx->InputShape(0);
    const TensorShape y_shape = ctx->InputShape(1);

    // Check that both tensors have the same number of dimensions. There must be
    // at least two (the batch dimensions can be empty).
    OP_REQUIRES(ctx, x_shape.dims() == y_shape.dims(),
                errors::InvalidArgument("In[0] and In[1] has different ndims: ",
                                        x_shape.DebugString(), " vs. ",
                                        y_shape.DebugString()));
    const int ndims = x_shape.dims();
    OP_REQUIRES(
        ctx, ndims >= 2,
        errors::InvalidArgument("In[0] and In[1] ndims must be >= 2: ", ndims));

    // The batch dimensions must be equal and the matrix dimensions must be
    // valid.
    std::vector<int64> dimensions;
    int batch_count = 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < ndims - 2; ++i) {
      OP_REQUIRES(
          ctx, x_shape.dim_size(i) == y_shape.dim_size(i),
          errors::InvalidArgument("In[0].dim(", i, ") and In[1].dim(", i,
                                  ") must be the same: ", x_shape.DebugString(),
                                  " vs ", y_shape.DebugString()));
      dimensions.push_back(x_shape.dim_size(i));
      batch_count *= x_shape.dim_size(i);
    }

    int x_inner_dim = adj_x_ ? (ndims - 2) : (ndims - 1);
    int y_inner_dim = adj_y_ ? (ndims - 1) : (ndims - 2);
    OP_REQUIRES(
        ctx, x_shape.dim_size(x_inner_dim) == y_shape.dim_size(y_inner_dim),
        errors::InvalidArgument(
            "In[0] mismatch In[1] shape: ", x_shape.dim_size(x_inner_dim),
            " vs. ", y_shape.dim_size(y_inner_dim), ": ", x_shape.DebugString(),
            " ", y_shape.DebugString(), " ", adj_x_, " ", adj_y_));

    int x_outer_dim = adj_x_ ? (ndims - 1) : (ndims - 2);
    int y_outer_dim = adj_y_ ? (ndims - 2) : (ndims - 1);
    dimensions.push_back(x_shape.dim_size(x_outer_dim));
    dimensions.push_back(y_shape.dim_size(y_outer_dim));

    xla::ComputationBuilder* builder = ctx->builder();

    xla::ComputationDataHandle x_handle = ctx->Input(0);
    xla::ComputationDataHandle y_handle = ctx->Input(1);

    // Reshape input tensors into 3D tensors by flattening the batch
    // dimensions. This makes it easier to unroll the batch dimension.
    auto x_flat =
        builder->Reshape(x_handle, {batch_count, x_shape.dim_size(ndims - 2),
                                    x_shape.dim_size(ndims - 1)});
    auto y_flat =
        builder->Reshape(y_handle, {batch_count, y_shape.dim_size(ndims - 2),
                                    y_shape.dim_size(ndims - 1)});

    // Slice batches into individual matrices and multiply them.
    std::vector<xla::ComputationDataHandle> out_slices;
    for (int i = 0; i < batch_count; ++i) {
      // Slice off individual matrices and reshape to 2D tensors.
      auto x_slice = builder->Slice(
          x_flat, {i, 0, 0},
          {i + 1, x_shape.dim_size(ndims - 2), x_shape.dim_size(ndims - 1)});
      x_slice = builder->Reshape(
          x_slice, {x_shape.dim_size(ndims - 2), x_shape.dim_size(ndims - 1)});
      auto y_slice = builder->Slice(
          y_flat, {i, 0, 0},
          {i + 1, y_shape.dim_size(ndims - 2), y_shape.dim_size(ndims - 1)});
      y_slice = builder->Reshape(
          y_slice, {y_shape.dim_size(ndims - 2), y_shape.dim_size(ndims - 1)});

      // Transpose if needed.
      auto lhs = adj_x_ ? builder->Transpose(x_slice, {1, 0}) : x_slice;
      auto rhs = adj_y_ ? builder->Transpose(y_slice, {1, 0}) : y_slice;

      // Multiply matrices and add an outer singleton dimension to the output
      // so we can concatenate along the flattened batch dimension later.
      auto out = builder->Dot(lhs, rhs);
      out = builder->Reshape(out,
                             {1, dimensions[ndims - 2], dimensions[ndims - 1]});
      out_slices.push_back(out);
    }

    // Concatenate output slices and reshape to original number of dimensions.
    xla::ComputationDataHandle data;
    if (out_slices.empty()) {
      // It is illegal to pass an empty list to ConcatInDim.
      // The batch count is empty, so both inputs must have zero elements.
      // Arbitrarily use the left input as the argument to Reshape().
      data = x_handle;
    } else {
      data = builder->ConcatInDim(out_slices, 0);
    }
    data = builder->Reshape(data, dimensions);

    ctx->SetOutput(0, data);
  }

 private:
  bool adj_x_;
  bool adj_y_;
};

REGISTER_XLA_OP("BatchMatMul", BatchMatMulOp);

}  // namespace
}  // namespace tensorflow

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In 2014, 276 Christian schoolgirls were kidnapped in Nigeria and held hostage by Islamic radicals Boko Haram who only returned 103 of them three years later in 2017.
HBO has documented the rescued girls journey in a new film called Stolen Daughters: Kidnapped by Boko Haram, where they discuss how they were kidnapped and their experience thereafter. Due October 22, Stolen Daughters also sheds light on worldwide efforts to rescue the girls and all the support that followed the #BringBackOurGirls hashtag.
Check out the trailer for the emotional movie above.


Commercial real estate is a market where many people have found success. There's no magical formula for success. What is needed is industry-related knowledge, experience, and much hard work. Read on for some advice about how to be successful in the field of commercial real estate.
If commercial property is something you're thinking about investing your time and money in, take the tax advantages under consideration. As an investor, you might receive interest deductions as well as depreciation benefits. Sometimes an investor will get a bit of money that is taxed even though it is not received. Take this possibility into account when drawing up an investing plan.
Bigger is better when you are thinking of purchasing commercial real estate. If you are considering buying a five-unit building, remember that managing 50 units is just as easy as handling five. Both require commercial financing, and a larger building will cost less to finance per unit.
When you are purchasing a piece of commercial real estate, know in advance what you plan to do with it. Do you want to start your own business there or do you want to lease the space? You can save effort and time by defining your commercial property needs before you set out on your search.
Understand how the firm you're looking to work with conducts its business and measures results. There are a number of details that will affect you critically, such as methods of negotiation, property selection criteria and the amount of space you need. Find out exactly how these sorts of considerations will be determined. Knowing these things before signing with them can be very helpful.
Before being occupied, your new purchase might need some improvements or remodeling. The changes could be rather cosmetic. Sometimes it is as simple as painting a wall or moving some furniture. In many cases, it may be necessary to move walls or rearrange a floor plan. Be sure to negotiate who is responsible for these changes ahead of time so that you do not have to pay for the full cost.
When you are hunting for a permanent home for your growing business, keep in mind that size matters. You should rent commercial properties that will allow your business to grow.
If you are selecting a broker, ascertain the amount of experience they have had within the commercial real estate market. Verify they have experience in working with the type of properties you are interested in. You and this broker should enter into an agreement that is exclusive.
Having the right approach is one key to succeeding with commercial properties. Take that you've learned in this article and use it in your business strategy. You don't want to stop here though. You want to continuously expand your brain with knowledge that you can use and apply. As your experience grows over time, so will your success.


text:
Q: best way to store strings outside of a program? I'm currently working on a winforms application that gets information from a user via a textbox. Since this information is not likely to change very often, I would like my application to save the input and load it into the appropriate text box the next time it is run.
I feel confident in my ability to set this up on the form side of things, my question has to do with how to store the values outside of the program. My first instinct is to just use a text file, but the overhead needed to handle IO and reading in the values seems a bit much. I also would rather not have the user editing it outside of the textbox in the program. I tried using string resources, but those are read only. Is there a more elegant solution available?

A: You need at least a mediocre database client whether it be sql server, mdf, MS Access, SharePoint, Oracle etc. Sounds like a vis studio prog. (winforms). They are designed for IO procedures but requires data architecture knowledge or relational dbs. (RMDBS).  Try a lightswitch project (if a VS proj.) to get the basics of db and form data relationships.

A: I know it's not outside Your program, but you could try settings, it's easy, kinda like the resources ownly in the settings you can change it.
To change settings goto:
Properties and then double click Settings, here you van add strings, bools etc. Make sure you set them to user
To access them through code use:
Properties.Settings.Default.
To save the settings use:
Properties.Settings.Default.Save()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Update multi fields in multi shape files with arcpy I have 3 shapefiles belongs to one state "District", "Mandal", "Village".
These three shapefiles have the same fields like DName, MName, VName.
I want to update all field in all shapefiles at a the same time with ArcPy update cursor.
I am new for ArcPy i tried but getting for single shapefile.

A: You'll just need a for loop to iterate through multiple items (in this case, strings of the paths to your shapefiles) if you wish to perform the same procedure on multiple items.
A basic template:
import arcpy

#Paths to shapefiles
distFc = r"C:\test\example\district.shp"
mandalFc = r"C:\test\example\mandal.shp"
villageFc = r"C:\test\example\village.shp"

#Create list of shapefiles
shapefiles = [distFc, mandalFc, villageFc]

#iterate through each shapefile with a for loop
for shp in shapefiles:
    #Create update cursor
    with arcpy.da.UpdateCursor (shp, ["DName", "MName", "VName"]) as cursor:
        #iterate cursor
        for dName, mName, vName in cursor:
            # code goes here


At the request of the Federal Trade Commission and the states of Illinois, Kentucky, and North Carolina, a federal court has halted an allegedly illegal pyramid scheme pending trial. The FTC and the state attorneys general seek to stop the allegedly illegal practices of the Fortune Hi-Tech Marketing (FHTM) operation, which claimed consumers would make substantial income by joining the scheme. The operation affected more than 100,000 consumers throughout the United States, including Puerto Rico, and Canada. In some areas, including Chicago, the scheme targeted Spanish-speaking consumers.
According to the complaint filed by the FTC and the state attorneys general, the defendants falsely claimed consumers would earn significant income for selling the products and services of companies such as Dish Network, Frontpoint Home Security, and various cell phone providers, and for selling FHTM's line of health and beauty products. Despite FHTM's claims, nearly all consumers who signed up with the scheme lost more money than they ever made. To the extent that consumers could make any income, however, it was mainly for recruiting other consumers, and FHTM's compensation plan ensured that most consumers made little or no money, the complaint alleged.
As alleged in the complaint, FHTM promoted itself as a way for average people to achieve financial independence. Some FHTM representatives claimed they earned more than 10 times as much as their previous earnings in their second and subsequent years with FHTM. One person claimed that another representative earned more than $50,000 in his sixth month and millions of dollars in subsequent years. Another person promoted a recruitment meeting on her Twitter account, stating, "Bring ur friends & learn how 2 make $120K aYR." At its 2012 national convention in Dallas, FHTM called its top 30 earners to the stage to present them with a mock-up of a $64 million check, which several of them shared as a photo on social networking websites.
According to the complaint, recruits were told they could earn high commissions by selling products to people outside the operation, but instead only minimal compensation was paid for sales to non-participants, and few products were ever sold to anyone other than participants. The scheme provided much larger rewards for recruiting people than for selling products, and more than 85 percent of the money consumers made was for recruitment.
In addition to charging the defendants with operating an illegal pyramid scheme and making false earnings claims, the FTC charged them with furnishing consumers with false and misleading materials for recruiting more participants. The attorneys general offices of Illinois, Kentucky and North Carolina joined the FTC complaint, as well as alleging violations of their respective state laws.
The defendants are Paul C. Orberson, Thomas A. Mills, Fortune Hi-Tech Marketing Inc., FHTM Inc., Alan Clark Holdings LLC, FHTM Canada Inc., and Fortune Network Marketing (UK) Limited. On January 24, 2013, the court halted the deceptive practices, froze the defendants' assets, and appointed a temporary receiver over the corporations pending a trial.
The Commission vote, including Commissioner J. Thomas Rosch, authorizing the staff to file the complaint was 5-0. The complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
For more information about the case, in English and Spanish, consumers can call 202-326-2643. To learn more about multi-level marketing, read the FTC's Multilevel Marketing and Business Opportunity Scams (Estafas de Oportunidades de Negocio).
NOTE: The Commission files a complaint when it has "reason to believe" that the law has been or is being violated and it appears to the Commission that a proceeding is in the public interest. The complaint is not a finding or ruling that the defendant has actually violated the law. The case will be decided by the court.


Classic drum machines that use step programming such as the Roland TR-808 and TR-909 have been integral to the sound of many music genres, including hip hop music, electronic dance, house, techno, and R&B, as well as numerous subgenres. In Reason 9, the Redrum Drum Computer combines this step programming method with the ability to load any sound sample on any drum channel. Matt Piper, music producer and audio engineer, shows you how to program a beat with Redrum, how to copy the drum pattern to a new location and then add slight variation to the beat in the new location, and how to alternate between beats. You will even learn how to use Redrum to spontaneously generate random beats to help inspire your creativity.


It's a good thing I was drinking water, because I would have died. I ran out halfway through the episode. D said they did that on purpose, to get all the jokes in up front.
This is my new wallpaper because it's just too adorable for words. Sorry Guy and Nat, you guys had a good run. You stayed up longer than Touya and Kaho did, I think.
And the whole ending was just... ridiculous. And I mean that in a good way, the best way. I was going to talk about Rin the cop-slash-stripper, but really, it just needs to be seen. The boy does have a stripper's body.
This show just makes me so happy. I love it so much. Welcome back, my boys (and Gou).


text:
\section{Introduction}

Physical properties of solids are mainly determined by crystal defects. Their strain fields couple
to the microstructure and thus often deteriorate the properties of the underlying perfect
crystal. The coupling of point defects with microstructure can give rise to variation in the twin
wall widths of ferroelastic martensites \cite{lee:05}. Similarly, dislocations through their
long-range strain fields affect the spatial evolution of the microstructure and are typically
responsible for shifts of the transformation temperature \cite{sato:82, miyazaki:86, groger:08}. To
guarantee phase stability, one needs to understand how the phase diagram changes as a function of
the density of dislocations. This can be accomplished efficiently using the continuum theory of
dislocations \cite{kroner:58, kroupa:62, kosevich:79} in which dislocations are viewed as sources of
incompatibility of strains and stresses \cite{teodosiu:82, kleinert:89}.

The concept of incompatibility of strains was used as a basis for the development of field
dislocation mechanics \cite{acharya:01} and continues to serve as a template for the development of
mesoscopic models of self-organization of dislocation networks \cite{bako:99, el-azab:00, zaiser:01,
  limkumnerd:06}. It has been readily incorporated within the Landau continuum approach to study
spinodal decomposition mediated by dislocations \cite{haataja:04} as well as the effects of dislocations
on the stability of phases in martensites \cite{groger:08}. These studies have been in two
dimensions where only one incompatibility relation constrains the spatial variation of order
parameter fields \cite{kerr:99, lookman:03}. Analyses of the three-dimensional compatibility
constraint, which guarantees integrability of the strain field in dislocation-free media, can be
found in \cite{malyi:86, borg:90, selvadurai:00}.  In three dimensions, the compatibility constraint
is represented by six equations whereas only three are required to make the strain field integrable
\cite{rasmussen:01}. It has not been apparent how this reduction can be justified and this lack of
  understanding has led to conflicting statements about the mutual dependencies of these equations
  \cite{andrianov:03}. Nevertheless, a systematic analysis that examines the structure of the
three-dimensional incompatibility constraint as applied to a finite density of dislocations, is
lacking. This has not allowed for the generalization of two-dimensional models of plasticity to
three dimensions. The primary objective of this paper is to provide a systematic analysis of the
full set of six incompatibility equations assuming periodic boundary conditions and to show how they
can be reduced to three incompatibility constraints that represent an arbitrary dislocation
network. This makes it possible to develop strain-based free energies \cite{barsch:84, kartha:95} in 3D
that describe the spatial evolution of the microstructure at the length and time scales that are not
amenable to atomistic or continuum approaches.

The elastic free energy due to a distortion from a high symmetry parent phase to a lower symmetry
product phase is typically written in terms of a finite number of order parameters that characterize
this change.  Thus, the transformation from a cubic symmetry to the tetragonal, orthorhombic or
monoclinic symmetries involves symmetry-allowed invariants in the free energy, the \emph{mathematical
  structure} of which is the same for all materials that undergo the same type of phase
transition. Materials undergoing the same crystal symmetry change are distinguished by the
coefficients of these invariants that reflect the temperature and pressure dependencies of elastic
constants, martensitic strain at the transition or curvature of soft phonon modes that drive the
transition. This is extremely valuable since a single formulation of the free energy then describes
a large class of materials. In this paper, we consider the strain-based formulation of the
Landau-Ginzburg functional \cite{landau:86} for the cubic to tetragonal transformation that was
developed by Barsch and Krumhansl \cite{barsch:84} and successfully applied in a number of
theoretical studies \cite{bishop:03, ahluwalia:06, groger:08}.

\section{Incompatibility constraint}

We begin by defining a set of six symmetry-allowed combinations of the components of the elastic
strain tensor which can serve as order parameters to characterize the symmetry change from the
parent (typically cubic) phase to an equal or lower symmetry phase. The free energy is then written
in terms of these order parameters and its minimization yields the homogeneous ground state as well
as spatial variations in the order parameter fields due to any inhomogeneities, such as gradient
terms. However, in order to keep the deformed body continuous (i.e. without cracks), the components
of the total distortion tensor $\bm{\beta}^t = \bm{\varepsilon}^t + \bm{\omega}^t$ cannot be independent
($\bm{\varepsilon}^t$ is the symmetric elastic-plastic strain tensor and $\bm{\omega}^t$ the antisymmetric
tensor of elastic-plastic rotations). Instead, they satisfy the equation \cite{kroner:58} $\nabla
\times \bm{\beta}^t = \bm{0}$, where the total distortion is $\bm{\beta}^t = \bm{\beta} +
\bm{\beta}^p$. Here, $\bm{\beta}^p$ is the permanent plastic distortion of the lattice due to the
spatially inhomogeneous distribution of dislocations. It is then customary to write $\nabla \times
\bm{\beta}^p = -\bm{\alpha}$, where $\bm{\alpha}$ is the Nye tensor that represents the density of
infinitesimal Burgers vectors \cite{nye:53}. However, the cohesive forces of the matter cause
elastic relaxation of the lattice, $\bm{\beta}$. In order for the total distortion tensor to be
curl-free, it follows that $\nabla \times \bm{\beta} = \bm{\alpha}$. This tensor is non-symmetric
and its components, $\alpha_{ij}$, correspond to a dislocation whose line direction is parallel to
$x_i$ and the Burgers vector parallel to $x_j$. Hence, the diagonal components of $\bm{\alpha}$
correspond to the three screw dislocations with their line directions parallel to the three $\langle
100 \rangle$ axes, while the six off-diagonal components describe the density of the six variants of
edge dislocations.  Taking the symmetric part of the curl of $\nabla \times \bm{\beta} =
\bm{\alpha}$ yields the so-called incompatibility constraint
\begin{equation}
  \nabla \times \nabla \times \bm{\varepsilon} = \bm{\eta} \ ,
  \label{eq:comp}
\end{equation}
where $\bm{\eta} = {\rm sym\ } (\nabla \times \bm{\alpha})$ is the incompatibility tensor.

When developing models of phase transformations based on strains, the condition \refeq{eq:comp} has
to be enforced \cite{kroner:58}. In components, Eq.~\refeq{eq:comp} represents two sets of three
equations,
\begin{eqnarray}
  \nonumber
  \varepsilon_{kk,jj} - 2\varepsilon_{jk,jk} + \varepsilon_{jj,kk} &=& \eta_{ii} \\
  \varepsilon_{ik,jk} - \varepsilon_{kk,ij} - \varepsilon_{ij,kk} + \varepsilon_{jk,ik} &=& \eta_{ij} \ ,
  \label{eq:incomp2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $i,j,k=\{1,2,3\}$ and $i\not=j\not=k$. The comma means a partial derivative and no summation
of the repeated indices is performed here. In two dimensions, only one equation is not satisfied
trivially and this represents the constraint for the internal strains. The situation is more
complicated in three dimensions since all six equations have to be enforced. However, only three
equations are needed and the main problem is to find a rigorous way to reduce the six equations to three.

In order to find the minimum number of constraints for a spatial variation of the internal elastic
strain field that complies with a given dislocation density, assuming periodic boundary
conditions, we begin by writing  \refeq{eq:incomp2} in k-space. In the augmented matrix
representation, this linear system takes on a block-symmetric form
\begin{equation}
  \small
  \left(
  \begin{array}{cccccc}
    0 & -k_3^2 & -k_2^2 & 2k_2k_3 & 0 & 0 \\
    -k_3^2 & 0 & -k_1^2 & 0 & 2k_1k_3 & 0 \\
    -k_2^2 & -k_1^2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 2k_1k_2 \\
    k_2k_3 & 0 & 0 & k_1^2 & -k_1k_2 & -k_1k_3 \\
    0 & k_1k_3 & 0 & -k_1k_2 & k_2^2 & -k_2k_3 \\
    0 & 0 & k_1k_2 & -k_1k_3 & -k_2k_3 & k_3^2
  \end{array}
  \left|
  \begin{array}{c}
    \tilde\eta_{11} \\ \tilde\eta_{22} \\ \tilde\eta_{33} \\
    \tilde\eta_{23} \\ \tilde\eta_{13} \\ \tilde\eta_{12}
  \end{array}
  \right.
  \right) \ ,
  \label{eq:incomp_mat}
\end{equation}
where tilde ($\tilde{\ }$) denotes a Fourier image, and $\bm{k}=(k_1,k_2,k_3)$ is the k-space
vector. If no additional constraints on the components $\tilde\eta_{ij}$ are supplied, this system
of equations would be internally inconsistent. The three conditions that make this system consistent
are obtained from the Bianchi identity $\nabla \cdot \bm{\alpha} = \bm{0}$ which is only true for a
permissible dislocation density, i.e. if dislocations do not begin or end inside the body. In
order to gain insight into the structure of \refeq{eq:incomp_mat}, let us begin by splitting the
system into two sets of three equations each, where the first set is obtained from
\refeq{eq:incomp_mat} by taking rows number 1-3 and the second set from rows number 4-6. Performing
the row reduction on each of these subsystems separately converts them into the following forms:
\begin{eqnarray}
  \nonumber
  \bm{M} \tilde{\bm{\varepsilon}}^{\rm edge} &=& \tilde{\bm{\eta}}^{\rm edge} \\
  \bm{M} \tilde{\bm{\varepsilon}}^{\rm screw} &=& \tilde{\bm{\eta}}^{\rm screw} \ ,
  \label{eq:2subsys}
\end{eqnarray}
where the matrices of both systems are given by
\begin{equation}
  \bm{M} =
  \left(
  \begin{array}{cccccc}
    1 & 0 & 0 & \frac{k_1^2}{k_2k_3} & -\frac{k_1}{k_3} & -\frac{k_1}{k_2} \\
    0 & 1 & 0 & -\frac{k_2}{k_3} & \frac{k_2^2}{k_1k_3} & -\frac{k_2}{k_1} \\
    0 & 0 & 1 & -\frac{k_3}{k_2} & -\frac{k_3}{k_1} & \frac{k_3^2}{k_1k_2}
  \end{array}
  \right) \ .
\end{equation}
However, the right-hand sides of \refeq{eq:2subsys} are different:
\begin{equation}
  \tilde{\bm{\eta}}^{\rm edge} =
  \left(
  \begin{array}{cccccc}
    \frac{k_1^2\tilde\eta_{11}-k_2^2\tilde\eta_{22}-k_3^2\tilde\eta_{33}}{2k_2^2k_3^2} \\
    \frac{-k_1^2\tilde\eta_{11}+k_2^2\tilde\eta_{22}-k_3^2\tilde\eta_{33}}{2k_1^2k_3^2} \\
    \frac{-k_1^2\tilde\eta_{11}-k_2^2\tilde\eta_{22}+k_3^2\tilde\eta_{33}}{2k_1^2k_2^2}
  \end{array} \right) , \quad
  \tilde{\bm{\eta}}^{\rm screw} =
  \left(
  \begin{array}{cccccc}
    \frac{\tilde\eta_{23}}{k_2k_3} \\
    \frac{\tilde\eta_{13}}{k_1k_3} \\
    \frac{\tilde\eta_{12}}{k_1k_2}
  \end{array} \right) .
\end{equation}
It is important to emphasize that the right-hand side of the first system contains only the diagonal
components of $\tilde{\bm{\eta}}$. If an edge dislocation is present, only
$\tilde{\bm{\eta}}^{\rm edge}$ is nonzero whereas  $\tilde{\bm{\eta}}^{\rm screw} = \bm{0}$. Similarly, the
right-hand side of the second system contains only the off-diagonal components of
$\tilde{\bm{\eta}}$. Hence, for a screw dislocation $\tilde{\bm{\eta}}^{\rm screw}$ is nonzero whereas
$\tilde{\bm{\eta}}^{\rm edge} = \bm{0}$. Clearly, the first set of equations can be used to incorporate
edge dislocations, while the second set incorporates screw dislocations.  However, one cannot solve
these systems to obtain the strain field in terms of the components of the incompatibility tensor
$\tilde{\bm{\eta}}$. They only represent constraints that the internal strain field has to satisfy
if a finite density of dislocations is present. It is also very important to emphasize that since
the right-hand sides of these systems are different, the constraints imposed on strains by the two
systems are in general different. Hence, we denote by $\tilde{\bm{\varepsilon}}^{\rm edge}$ and
$\tilde{\bm{\varepsilon}}^{\rm screw}$ the total elastic strain fields due to \emph{all} edge and screw dislocations,
respectively. Because the two systems are linear, the superposition of the two sets yields
\begin{equation}
  \bm{M}\tilde{\bm{\varepsilon}} = \tilde{\bm{\eta}}^{\rm edge} + \tilde{\bm{\eta}}^{\rm screw}\ ,
  \label{eq:incomp3}
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{\bm{\varepsilon}} = \tilde{\bm{\varepsilon}}^{\rm edge} + \tilde{\bm{\varepsilon}}^{\rm screw}$ is the
Fourier image of the total elastic strain tensor. Eq. \refeq{eq:incomp3} represents a linear system
of three incompatibility constraints whose right-hand side contains in general all components of the
incompatibility tensor. Hence, in three dimensions \refeq{eq:incomp3} are three conditions the
internal strain field has to satisfy due to the existence of an arbitrary distribution of the
dislocation density. If these equations are written as constraints, i.e. $\tilde{g}_i[\tilde{\bm{\varepsilon}}] =
0$ and $i=\{1,2,3\}$, one can write the free energy density for a ferroelastic material in k-space
as
\begin{equation}
  \tilde{F}[\tilde{\bm{\varepsilon}}] = \int_\Omega \left\{ \tilde{f}[\tilde{\bm{\varepsilon}}] + \sum_i \lambda_i
  \tilde{g}_i[\tilde{\bm{\varepsilon}}] \right\} \d{\bm{k}} \ ,
  \label{eq:freeE}
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{f}[\tilde{\bm{\varepsilon}}]$ is the k-space expression of the free energy density,
$\lambda_i$ the Lagrange multipliers, and $\Omega$ the volume of the k-space. Recall that for
two-dimensional problems, the sum in \refeq{eq:freeE} contains only one term, namely that
corresponding to $\tilde{\eta}_{ii}$, where $x_i$ is the direction of the (straight)
dislocation line. However, in three dimensions, this sum contains three terms that impose the three
conditions embodied in \refeq{eq:incomp3}. The development above is completely general, applicable
to any kind of displacive phase transformation and an arbitrary (but permissible) dislocation
density. Below, we use this formulation to outline the development of a self-consistent mesoscopic
model for a cubic to tetragonal transformation in which the microstructure is coupled to the density
of dislocations.

\section{Cubic to tetragonal transition}

We begin by defining a set of six order parameters $e_i[\bm{\varepsilon}]$ ($i=1,\ldots,6$), one of which
corresponds to a hydrostatic distortion, two to the change of shape from cubic to tetragonal, and
three are shear components. The concrete expressions for these order parameters can be found in
\cite{barsch:84}. Here, the primary order parameters are those that represent the tetragonal
distortion of the lattice, while all others are secondary order parameters. If one considers the
cubic structure as a reference phase of zero energy, then the strain energy density of a distorted
phase relative to this reference structure can be written as $f[\bm{\varepsilon}] =
\frac{1}{2}c_{ijkl}\varepsilon_{ij}\varepsilon_{kl}$.  Since this is harmonic, its minimum corresponds to the
reference cubic structure. In order to allow for a phase transition to occur, one augments the free
energy by higher order terms of the primary order parameters that respect the cubic
symmetry. Finally, the length scale is included by adding gradient terms of the primary order
parameters. The free energy density is then written as $f[\bm{e}]$, where $\bm{e}$ is a vector of
the six order parameters. Similarly, we can obtain an equivalent expression for the three
incompatibility conditions in terms of the order parameters. The stationary order parameter fields
corresponding to a fixed dislocation density (i.e. incompatibility field $\bm{\eta}$), are then
obtained by variational minimization of the free energy equivalent to \refeq{eq:freeE}. Since the
components of the elastic strain tensor are defined in terms of the order parameters, the internal
elastic strain field is straightforward to calculate. The conjugate stress field is then obtained at
once using the Hooke's law.

\begin{figure*}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.16]{e2_400K_dislo} \quad
  \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{e2_200K_dislo_with_csys} \\
  \hskip-2cm (a) \hskip4.5cm (b) \\[1em]
  \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{e2_colors} \\
  (c)
  \caption{Characteristic deviatoric distortion ($e_2$) of the lattice caused by an edge dislocation
    in the middle of the block above (a) and below (b) the transformation temperature in a periodic
    anisotropic medium.  As shown in (c), blue ($e_2<0$) and red ($e_2>0$) are
    the two characteristic tetragonal distortions and gray corresponds to the parent cubic
    lattice.}
  \label{fig:e2}
\end{figure*}

Our objective in the following is to demonstrate how the internal strain field is disturbed when a
single edge dislocation is present. It can be shown that without dislocations, the minimum of the
free energy corresponds to a twinned microstructure with the normal parallel to the $\gdir{110}$
direction. Due to the rotational symmetry of the parent cubic lattice, we may consider that the
normal of the martensite plate is parallel to $[110]$. If we further consider a straight edge
dislocation whose line direction is parallel to $x_3$, all fields are functions of $x_1$ and $x_2$
but not of $x_3$. This allows us to reduce the problem to the two dimensional plane strain case.

Let us now insert a $[100]$ edge dislocation into the middle of the block, as shown in
\reffig{fig:e2}a. Here, the Burgers vector of the dislocation is taken artificially as the edge
length of one unit cell used to discretize the space in our simulation.  Due to the periodic
boundary conditions, this represents an array of straight edge dislocations whose line directions
are parallel to $x_3$ and the Burgers vectors point in the positive $x_1$ direction. Hence, the only
nonzero component of the Nye tensor is $\alpha_{31}$ and the only nonzero component of the
incompatibility tensor is $\eta_{33}$. This incompatibility is incorporated into the free energy by
the procedure explained above. Minimization of the free energy then yields the equilibrium internal
strain field. This is represented using the order parameters $e_i$. Since we are interested in the
phase transformation from the parent cubic phase to the product tetragonal phase, we will be
concerned with the spatial variation of $e_2$, which is proportional to the deviatoric strain
$\varepsilon_{11}-\varepsilon_{22}$. This minimization was first performed above $T_c$ and \reffig{fig:e2}a shows
the calculated spatial variation of the order parameter field $e_2$. If the dislocation was not
present, the minimum of the free energy would correspond to the cubic phase (gray color). However,
if the dislocation is present, the spatially homogeneous microstructure is frustrated by the strain
field of the dislocation. One can imagine that the dislocation was created by sliding into the block
an extra half-plane $(x_2,x_3)$ at $x_2>0$ which terminates in the middle of the block. Hence, the
surrounding lattice at $x_2>0$ is under compression in the $x_1$ direction. Because $\varepsilon_{11}<0$
and $\varepsilon_{22} \approx 0$, the order parameter $e_2$ becomes negative and this corresponds to the
blue region in \reffig{fig:e2}a. Due to the termination of the extra half-plane at $x_2=0$, the
lattice at $x_2<0$ is under tension in the $x_1$ direction. Since $\varepsilon_{11}>0$ and $\varepsilon_{22}
\approx 0$ the order parameter $e_2$ is positive here and this gives rise to the red part of the
butterfly shape in \reffig{fig:e2}a. If the minimization of the free energy was performed below
$T_c$ and the body was free of dislocations, the equilibrium field $e_2$ would represent a twinned
microstructure in which the two tetragonal variants would be separated by twin boundaries of the
cubic symmetry. As shown in \reffig{fig:e2}b, the presence of the dislocation causes a local
distortion of this twinned microstructure. This results in a misorientation of the direction of the
tetragonal distortion and an emergence of curvature, both in the neighborhood of the dislocation and
also farther away where the tip of the distortion meets another twin boundary. In addition to this
distortion, the microstructure accommodates the dislocation as a part of the twin boundary. The
distortion around the dislocation thus represents signatures of the dislocation in the order
parameter field $e_2$ above and below $T_c$. For distances large compared to the unit cell in the
calculation, both fields in \reffigs{fig:e2}a,b approach those for the dislocation-free body above
and below $T_c$, respectively.

For completeness, we show in \reffigs{fig:sig}a-c and \reffigs{fig:sig}d-f the three components of
the calculated internal stress field above and below $T_c$, respectively. Here, red represents
positive stresses, gray the unstressed regions, and blue negative stresses. Above $T_c$, the stress
field in \reffigs{fig:sig}a-c agrees qualitatively with that obtained from analytical expressions of
the stress field around an edge dislocation in an infinite isotropic medium\cite{hirth:82}. Below
$T_c$, the stress field in \reffigs{fig:sig}d-f includes nonlocal interactions of the the stress field
of the dislocation with the microstructure. No analytical expression for the stress field exists due
to the complexity of the problem. As we showed already in \reffig{fig:e2}b, an edge dislocation
below $T_c$ is responsible for developing curvature in the system. This shows up in the stress field
by local bending of the twin walls in the vicinity of the dislocation and reversals of the state of
stress in the direction perpendicular to the twin wall.

Although the calculation above has been performed for one edge dislocation, this approach is
completely general in that the right-hand side of \refeq{eq:incomp3} can represent an arbitrary
dislocation network.

\begin{figure*}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{sig11_400K} \quad
  \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{sig22_400K} \quad
  \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{sig12_400K} \\
  (a) \hskip4.5cm (b) \hskip4.5cm (c) \\[1em]
  \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{sig11_200K} \quad
  \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{sig22_200K} \quad
  \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{sig12_200K} \\
  (d) \hskip4.5cm (e) \hskip4.5cm (f) \\
  \caption{Calculated stress field around an edge dislocation in a periodic anisotropic medium
    (a-c) above and (d-f) below $T_c$. Here, (a) and (d) corresponds to $\sigma_{11}$, (b) and (e) to
    $\sigma_{22}$, and (c) and (f) to $\sigma_{12}$. The color scale ranges from negative values
    (dark blue), via zero (gray), to positive values (dark red). In all figures the color map spans
    the same range of magnitudes of stresses.}
  \label{fig:sig}
\end{figure*}

\section{Generalization}

The formalism developed above can be systematically extended to study the influence of dislocations
on the physical properties of multiferroics. To describe piezoelectric/piezomagnetic materials in
which polarization/magnetization is coupled to strain \cite{ahluwalia:05}, one typically begins by
writing the Gibbs free energy density
\begin{equation}
  f[\bm{q},\bm{\varepsilon}] = f_{\rm Landau}[\bm{q}] + \frac{1}{2}\sum_{ijkl}c_{ijkl}\varepsilon^s_{ij}\varepsilon^s_{kl} + \sum_i \lambda_i
  g_i[\bm{\varepsilon}] \ ,
  \label{eq:fpiezo}
\end{equation}
where $\bm{q}$ is a vector of order parameters and $f_{\rm Landau}[\bm{q}]$ the Landau free energy
density consistent with the symmetry of the underlying crystal structure. The second term in
\refeq{eq:fpiezo} represents the elastic strain energy density and the third term incorporates the
(in)compatibility constraint derived earlier. The spontaneous strain $\bm{\varepsilon}^s$ is written as
$\bm{\varepsilon}^s = \bm{\varepsilon} - \bm{\varepsilon}^{\bm{q}}$, where $\bm{\varepsilon}$ is the total elastic strain and
$\varepsilon_{ij}^{\bm{q}} = Q_{ijkl}q_kq_l$ the strain caused by the change of the order parameter. For
piezoelectric materials, $\bm{Q}$ represents the electrostrictive tensor and $\bm{q}$ the
polarization vector $\bm{P}$, while in piezomagnetic materials $\bm{Q}$ is the magnetostrictive
tensor and $\bm{q}$ the magnetization vector $\bm{M}$. The first term in \refeq{eq:fpiezo} then
depends only on polarization (magnetization), the second term includes a bilinear coupling of the
total elastic strain with polarization (magnetization), and the last term represents a constraint
for the spatial variation of strain through which dislocations affect the order parameter field
$\bm{q}$. The stationary state of the system is thus represented by a generally nontrivial field of
polarization or magnetization, $Q_i[Q_{j\,(j\not=i)},\bm{\alpha}]$, where $\bm{\alpha}$ is the Nye
tensor of the dislocation density.

\section{Conclusion}

The main result of this paper is a set of three incompatibility constraints \refeq{eq:incomp3} that
provide a constraint for the internal strain field in an elastic medium with dislocations. For the
special case of zero dislocation density, i.e. by setting the right-hand side of \refeq{eq:incomp3}
to zero, one directly obtains the three compatibility equations that have to be satisfied at any
point in media without dislocations. We have shown how the constraints \refeq{eq:incomp3} can be
systematically incorporated into the strain-based free energy functional to obtain a mesoscopic
description of phase transitions mediated by dislocations. Since the lattice constitutes an elastic
template that is common to all materials, this formalism can be applied to couple dislocations not
only with microstructure but also with other properties of functional materials such as
polarization and magnetization.

\begin{acknowledgments}
  This research was supported by the Marie-Curie International Reintegration Grant No. 247705
  ``MesoPhysDef'', and in part by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (Research Project
  No. AV0Z20410507) and by the U.S. Department of Energy.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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LVMH's share price is strongly linked to its sales performance in China, and it has enjoyed 18% growth in the first half of 2018 which would imply that China's appetite for luxury items continues to grow from strength to strength. This may also correlate with the continued strong price performance of DRC wines compared to other regions in recent months.
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The fact is it all comes down to supply and demand and an increasing global take-up for a finite resource which decreases in supply over time as a vintage is consumed, which in turn drives value up. Consumers are better informed and producers, specialist wine critics and organisations such as Liv-ex and Vin-X are able to communicate so much more effectively via the internet, pointing wine investors and collectors to the most desirable wines available in the market. That focus drives demand and yes, price too. More people all around the world are now interested in, and seeking to acquire, the best quality wines from the most highly prized producers in the world. That is the market, rare fine wines are luxury products with price tags to match.


text:
This section of charts contains education data for ZIP code 60911 Illinois based mainly on the latest year 2020 American Community Survey census data but also the survey from Common Core Data available for Public Elementary through Secondary Schools. In Figure 1, the percent of all people aged 25 years or older, who have either graduated from high school or completed the Graduate Equivalency Degree (GED) or some equivalent certification/credential. 60911 depicts it has a High School Grad or higher of 93% which is less than most other zip codes in the surrounding region. The zip code with the highest percent high school graduates or better in the area is 60928 which shows a high school graduates of 96% ( only slightly larger).
In Figure 2, the percentage of people aged 25 years or older who have graduated from college/university with at least a bachelor's degree is provided. Note that the bachelor's degree is also called a four-year degree because it normally takes four years of full-time study to finish the course curriculum required to obtain the degree. This chart portrays the proportion of the population in this region who are college graduates with at least a bachelor degree or higher. In many ways, this analysis alongside the prior chart are very quick measures of the level of education in any particular area. ZIP code 60911 shows it has a Bachelors Degree or higher of 17% which is the third most percent with a bachelors degree or higher of all other zip codes in the greater ZIP code 60911 region. The zip code with the highest percent with a bachelors degree or higher in the area is 60928 which depicts a percent with a bachelors degree of 21% (21.7% larger).
Figure 4 shows the percentage of people 25 years of age or older who either have no schooling at all or dropped out of school before being able to complete high school. Additionally, these are people who also do not have a Graduate Equivalency Degree (GED) or some other high school level type credential/student achievement. This analysis, along with the last two charts, provides another high level review and comparative data on the ZIP code 60911 Illinois educational level. 60911 depicts it has a School Dropout Rate of 7% which is the third most percent who dropped out of school of all other zip codes in the greater ZIP code 60911 region. The zip code with the highest percent who dropped out of school in the area is 60938 which depicts a percent who dropped out of school of 17% (approximately 2.6 times bigger).
The next chart shows a break down of people who have received a bachelor's degree or higher advanced degree generally in a campus learning environment. In particular, Figure 6, provides the proportional breakdown of all the people who have received a postsecondary education along with what the level of advanced degree that was obtained. Note that these categories do not include any type professional development type activities such as those related to maintaining professional credentials in workshop lessons. Note Professional Degree includes medical, dental, lawyers, etc. ZIP code 60911 has one of the largest proportions of percent of people with a bachelors degree at 25% of the total and is ranked #2. The only larger zip code being 60938 with 29%.
The chart in Figure 7 shows the broad area of academic concentration or the discipline for people who have received a bachelors degree. This high level classification is essentially the field of study for which a degree was obtained. ZIP code 60911 has the largest proportion of percent of people with a science or engineering degree at 20.9% of the total and is ranked #1.
The next chart (Figure 8) provides a more detailed deep dive on the category of major degree obtained for people aged 25 years or older who earned a bachelor's degree or higher. Specifically, this frequency distribution details out what the major field of study was the degree obtained. ZIP code 60911 has the smallest proportion of percent of people with a degree in psychology at 1.3% of the total. Second, it has the largest proportion of percent of people with a degree in multidisciplinary studies at 20.9% of the total and is ranked #1. The next exhibit (Figure 11) provides detailed cross tabulation analysis that provides education success data broken out or cross tabulated by age group. Please note that the columns add to 100% and you must use the pagination buttons at the bottom of the table to see all the rows. Figure 12 is a cross tabulation analysis that shows large educational success categories and is broken out or cross tabulated by racial group. Please note that the columns add to 100% and you must use the pagination buttons at the bottom of the table to see all the rows.The final cross tabulation analysis is provided in Figure 13 and shows education success broken out by gender. Please note that the columns add to 100% and you must use the pagination buttons at the bottom of the table to see all the rows.
The next section of chart resources look at school enrollment by a variety of educational institutions and are categorized into a number of other groupings. Figure 14 provides the overall school enrollment by broad range of school age/level groupings. ZIP code 60911 has one of the largest proportions of percent of children in kindergarten at 22.1% of the total and is ranked #3. Only #2 60951 (29.5%), and #1 60922 (32.4%) are larger. Second, it has the largest proportion of percent of children in grade 1 to 4 at 39.9% of the total and is ranked #1. Third, it has the second smallest when sorted by percent of children in kindergarten of all the other zip codes in the local area as measured by percent of children in grades 9 to 12 at 7.1% of the total.
Figure 15 provides a simple high level comparison of the proportion of students that are enrolled in public schools versus students enrolled in private schools in the ZIP code 60911 Illinois region. ZIP code 60911 depicts percent enrolled in public schools markedly bigger as the percent enrolled in private schools.
The next chart (Figure 18) provides a similar analysis to the last chart but provides the data for public post secondary education versus private higher education colleges. ZIP code 60911 depicts percent enrolled in a public college very much bigger as the percent enrolled in a private college.
The next chart in this series of resources shown in Figure 20 looks at the total number of students enrolled in any educational institution for each place in the greater ZIP code 60911 region. (Total enrollment in this case includes all students from preschool all the way through students enrolled in graduate school.) ZIP code 60911 depicts it has a Total Enrolled of 286 which is in the center range of other zip codes in the local area. The zip code with the highest total population enrolled in school in the area is 60922 which depicts a total population enrolled in school of 782 (approximately 2.7 times bigger). Comparing total population enrolled in school to the United States average of 81,084,866, ZIP code 60911 is only about 0.0% the size. Also, in comparison with the state of Illinois, total population enrolled in school of 3,228,360, ZIP code 60911 is only about 0.0% the size.
Figure 23 lists all the schools in the area along with the school district, county location and other program information/credential such as if they are a public charter school or private charter school or magnet school. Some of the Area Schools are: Iroquois West Elem Sch/Danforth, Central High School, John L Nash Middle School, Iroquois West High School, and Iroquois West Elem School/Gilman. The next illustration in Figure 24 shows the total child school enrollment for all grades (through 12th grade) at the school shown using NCES data (Common Core of Data, Public Elementary-Secondary School Universe Survey.) Looking at Enrollment for Area Schools we find that Herscher High School ranks the largest with a value of 604 enrolled students. The next largest values are for: Chebanse Elem School (398), Watseka Comm High School (388), Herscher Elem School (380), and Central High School (334). The difference between the highest value (Herscher High School) and the next highest (Chebanse Elem School) is that the enrolled students is about 51.8% larger.
Figure 25 show the ratio of the number of students to the number of teachers in the classroom. A good student to teacher ratio should be low because it indicates that there are less students for any one teacher to educate in a class and generally a better learning environment, better success and optimal teaching excellence. Teachers includes all educational staff such as special education teachers and any other educator. Note that distance learning (online learning/remote learning) is not included in these values. Looking at Student to Teacher Ratio for Area Schools we find that Kankakee Area Co-Op Day School ranks the largest with a value of 0.3 student to teacher ratio. The next largest values are for: I Kan Regional Alternatve Att Ctr (4.3), Herscher Elem School (10.7), Iroquois West High School (11.1), and Central High School (11.5). The difference between the lowest value (Kankakee Area Co-Op Day School) and the next lowest (I Kan Regional Alternatve Att Ctr) is that the student to teacher ratio is considerably bigger.
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