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Research Article| August 01, 2006
Quantitative morphology, recent evolution, and future activity of the Kameni Islands volcano, Santorini, Greece
David M. Pyle;
David M. Pyle
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
John R. Elliott
Geosphere (2006) 2 (5): 253–268.
David M. Pyle, John R. Elliott; Quantitative morphology, recent evolution, and future activity of the Kameni Islands volcano, Santorini, Greece. Geosphere 2006;; 2 (5): 253–268. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00028.1
Linking quantitative measurements of lava flow surface morphology with historical observations of eruptions is an important, but underexploited, route to understanding eruptions of silicic magma. We present here a new, high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) for the intracaldera Kameni Islands, Santorini, Greece, which reveals the potential of high-resolution imaging (at ∼1 m per pixel) of lava-flow fields by airborne light detection and ranging laser radar (LiDAR). The new DEM has an order-of-magnitude better resolution than earlier models, and reveals a wealth of surface morphological information on the dacite lava flows of the Kameni Islands. In turn, this provides quantitative constraints on the bulk rheology of the emplaced lava flows. When combined with a reanalysis of contemporary eruption accounts, these data yield important insights into the behavior of dacite magma during slow effusive eruptions on Santorini and elsewhere, and allow the development of forecasts for the style and duration of future eruptions.
Kameni Island lava flows exhibit classic surface morphologies associated with viscous magma: levées and compression folds. Levée heights and flow widths are consistent with a Bingham rheology, and lava yield strengths of 3–7 × 104 Pa. Compression folds have long wavelengths (15–25 m), and change only a little downstream; this is consistent with observations of other terrestrial silicic lava flows. The blocky a'a dacite lava-flow margins show a scale-invariant morphology with a typical fractal dimension that is indistinguishable from basaltic Hawaiian a'a, confirming that the fractal dimension is insensitive to the composition of the flow.
Dome-growth rates during eruptions of the Kameni Islands in 1866 and 1939 are consistent with a model of slow inflation of a dome with a strong crust. Lava domes on the Kameni Islands have a crustal yield strength (4 × 107 Pa) that is lower by a factor of 2–4 than the domes at Pinatubo and Mount St. Helens. The dome-height model combined with the apparent time-predictable nature of volcanic eruptions of the Kameni Islands allow us to suggest that should an eruption occur during 2006, it will last for more than 2.7 yr and produce a dome ∼115–125 m high.
digital elevation model, lava dome, lava rheology, Aegean volcanic arc, dacite lava
A long-standing goal in volcanology is to develop ways of extracting quantitative information about past eruptions that will allow us to develop forecasts of the nature and timing of future activity. In the case of lava flows, a key area of investigation is understanding the relationship between the surface morphology of lava flows, and the bulk dynamics of the erupting material (e.g., Hulme, 1974; Fink 1980; Kilburn, 2004). Understanding this link is critical in general because of the importance of lava in planetary resurfacing, and, specifically, because it allows reconstruction of the detail of past eruptions from the morphology of the emplaced lavas, and underpins forecasts of how future lava flows will evolve.
Here, we present a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) for the volcanic Kameni Islands (Santorini, Greece) based on a light detection and ranging laser radar (LiDAR) aerial survey carried out in April 2004. This is one of the first applications of an aerial LiDAR survey to a volcano, and the unprecedented spatial resolution that the technique offers opens up many new avenues for future work. In particular, the new data reveal details of the surface morphology (on 1–100 m length-scales) of young dacite lava flows, cones and domes, from which important rheological information can be extracted. In combination with a reanalysis of historical eruption accounts, we show how this information can be used to understand the emplacement processes of viscous silicic lavas.
Santorini Volcano, Greece
Santorini is one of the active volcanoes of the South Aegean volcanic arc. It has a rich volcanic history, with more than 12 major explosive eruptions recognized over the past 250,000 yr (Druitt et al., 1989, 1999). Typically, episodes of caldera formation on Santorini have been followed by extended periods of lava effusion, leading to the intercalations of andesite to dacite lava piles and andesite to rhyodacite tephra formations that are exposed within the caldera cliffs at the present day (Druitt et al., 1999).
Currently, Santorini volcano is in an effusive phase, with the focus of intracaldera volcanism for the past 2200 yr being the dacitic Kameni Islands, which represent the emergent top of a 2.5 km3 volcano that has a basal area of ∼3.5 km2 and that rises 500 m from the floor of the flooded caldera (Druitt et al., 1999). These islands, of which there are currently two (Palea and Nea Kameni, Fig. 1), have been the subjects of extensive petrological, geochemical, and textural investigations over the past thirty years because of their unusually uniform chemical compositions and their contrastingly heterogeneous population of exotic xenoliths and cognate enclaves (e.g., Nicholls, 1971; Barton and Huijsmans, 1986; Higgins 1996; Zellmer et al., 2000; Holness et al., 2005; Martin et al., 2006). There are considerable ongoing efforts to characterize and monitor the state of the Kameni Islands, in particular, the seismicity (Dimitriadis et al., 2005), hydrothermal and fumarolic activity, and ground deformation (Stiros and Chasapis, 2003; Vougioukalakis and Fytikas, 2005). Although the islands are currently in a state of intereruptive repose, there is no reason to suppose that there will not be future eruptions of a similar nature, perhaps within decades, and certainly within centuries.
Since the extensive work of Fouqué (1879), Kténas (1926, 1927), Georgalas and Liatsikas (1925a, 1925b, 1936a, 1936b), and Reck (1936a), which documented the course of many of the historic eruptions in great detail 01, little attention has been paid to the physical form, or posteruptive morphology and evolution, of the lavas and ash cones that make up the Kameni Island group. Indeed, many of these original works have been overlooked, and the wealth of relevant data they contain has been forgotten.
Historical Eruptions of the Kameni Islands
The historical activity of the Kameni Islands is well known from contemporary written records 01. Modern compilations (e.g., Georgalas, 1962; Fytikas et al., 1990) generally begin with the work of Fouqué (1879), who produced one of the classic modern scientific accounts of an active volcano and its evolution. Fouqué, in turn, drew on material collated by Pègues (1842), who published an extended account of the historical activity of the islands, and by Leycester (1851), who also published a detailed bathymetric map of the caldera. The 1866–1870 eruptions were closely documented by Fouqué, based in part on his own observations, as well as on the many books and pamphlets that were published within a year or two of the start of the 1866 activity (e.g., Virlet d'Aoust, 1866; von Seebach, 1867; Reiss and Stübel, 1868). The 1866 eruptions clearly drew considerable scientific interest at the time; for example, the eruption was responsible for the earliest medical work on the health effects of volcanic eruptions (da Cologna, 1867). Together, the many published works that describe the major eruptions of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries present an excellent basis 02 from which to develop a quantitative analysis of the evolution of an intracaldera volcano.
The salient features of the Kameni Islands eruptions and their products are summarized in 01. The Kameni Islands make an excellent case study since the eruptions have exclusively involved dacite lava 02, in contrast to the many active lava-forming systems that have been studied in recent decades, which are predominantly basaltic (e.g., Etna, Hawaii; Walker, 1973; Pinkerton and Sparks, 1976). Eruptions typically include both dome-forming and mildly explosive (Vulcanian) phases, and the steady effusion of lava. During the most closely observed eruptions of the twentieth century, flows typically extended to more than 500–1000 m over durations of 30–200 d (e.g., Kténas, 1926; Georgalas and Papastamatiou, 1951, 1953; Georgalas, 1953), with flow-front advance rates ranging from 10−3 ms−1 in the early stages to <10−4 ms−1 after 3 mo, and averaged effusion rates on the order of 0.5–2 m3s−1 (Fig. 2; 03 and 04). The erupting lavas are, therefore, classical examples of creeping viscous flows, with low Reynolds numbers (implying laminar flow) and moderate Peclet numbers, similar to those of slow-growing domes (Griffiths, 2000).
Airborne data were collected over the Kameni Islands, Santorini, in April 2004 during an overflight by the UK's Natural Environment Research Council and airborne remote-sensing facility (ARSF) Dornier 228 aircraft. This aircraft was equipped with a WILD RC-10 camera, and Cambridge University's Airborne Laser Terrain Mapper (ALTM) system (Model 3033, Optech Inc., Canada). The aircraft survey took place at an altitude of 650–780 m above sea level (asl) and at a ground speed of 60–75 ms−1. The ALTM LiDAR was operated at 33.3 kHz and used a side-to-side scanning mechanism, which combined with the forward motion of the aircraft to provide swath coverage of the ground surface below. Data from an onboard global positioning system (GPS) and the local GPS base station (at Akrotiri) were used to derive the precise flight path. First pulse and last pulse data were recorded for each airborne laser measurement and converted to location (x, y, z) and intensity data by Gabriel Amable of the Cambridge University Unit for Landscape Modeling. During the overflight, 21 aerial photographs and 4.52 million light-imaging and detection-ranging (LiDAR) measurements were made. In addition, Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) data were collected across 11 spectral bands.
The processed LiDAR data comprised 4.52 million measurements over a surveyed area of ∼8 km2, including a ground area of 3.86 km2. Measured points have a nominal accuracy of 1.0 cm, 1.2 cm, and 5.9 cm in their x, y, and z directions, respectively. The data were imported into a geographic information system (GIS) application (ARCMAP), and anomalous data points (due to cloud cover) were removed. A large area of absorption due to low cloud cover appeared on one flight line (Fig. 3), so for this area there is no precise height information. Instead, this area was patched with a 15-m-resolution digital elevation model (DEM; from IntegralGIS). The LiDAR data were used to construct a high-resolution DEM by interpolating the LiDAR points to an ∼1 m post spacing using a cubic spline function and fitting a surface to these data.
A hill-shade rendition of the DEM is presented in Figure 4, and a contoured DEM is presented in Figure 5. In addition, maps of slope (not shown) were generated to help visualize surface morphological features. This digital elevation model may be referenced either to the UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) grid, or to standard latitude and longitude coordinates (as shown in Figs. 3 and 4). It should prove a useful starting point for any future analysis of either pre-eruptive deformation of the Kameni Islands or of posteruptive morphological evolution. For the present time, and the purposes of this paper, the DEM allows us to proceed with a detailed quantitative investigation of the surface morphology of a number of key aspects of the Kameni Island lava flows and domes.
During the overflight, a set of 21 color analogue aerial photographs were captured using the onboard Wild RC-10 camera. Together, these images give a mosaic that covers the entirety of the Kameni Islands. Images were scanned digitally at high resolution, internally referenced using fiducial points, and linked to the x, y, z coordinates of identifiable ground control points on the digital elevation model. In turn, this allowed the photographs to be corrected for distortion and terrain effects. An orthorectified DEM-referenced aerial photograph mosaic is shown in Figure 6. This image is complete, save for the easternmost part of one lobe of the 1925 lava flow, which was obscured by a cloud. This mosaic image demonstrates clearly the ease with which the surface textures of the lava flows and ash cones can be identified, and with which flows of different age can be distinguished. We used the aerial photographs, combined with the DEM, in the following sections to develop an updated interpretation of the geological map of the Kameni Islands.
Geological Map of the Kameni Islands
There have been several modern interpretations of the surface geology and eruption sequence of the Kameni Islands, based primarily on the observations and interpretations of Georgalas (1962). More recently, maps were published by Pichler and Kussmaul (1980), Huijsmans (1985), and Druitt et al. (1999). We present an interpreted map in Figure 7, which was prepared using a combination of feature mapping (e.g., using the slopes visualized in the DEM) and visual imagery. The new map is properly georeferenced to the UTM and latitude-longitude grids, and is offset by 280 m (S) and 225 m (W) from the UTM coordinates of the Kameni Island map of Druitt et al. (1999).
The main difference in the new map, compared to that of Druitt et al. (1999), is the interpretation of the lava-flow sequence from the 1939–1941 eruptions in the western portion of Nea Kameni. This is shown in the detail in Figure 8A, along with extracts from two aerial photographs of the same region: Figure 8B is a monochrome photograph taken in May 1944 by a British reconnaissance aircraft, and Figure 8C is the same view from the 2004 overflight. The new lava flows that erupted during 1939–1941 activity can be clearly seen in the two photographs, as can the minor changes in crater morphology associated with the 1950 eruption, and the emplacement of the very small Liatskias dome and lavas, as described by Georgalas (1953).
A second feature of the map is that, in contrast to the earlier mapping of Pichler and Kussmaul (1980), we see no evidence for exposed surficial faults on Nea Kameni. In our map, we do not explicitly identify the areas covered or partially covered by younger ash deposits (e.g., the portions of the 1866–1870 lava flows covered with ash from the 1925–1928, 1939–1941, and 1950 activity), but these areas can be identified from the surface texture and coloration on the aerial photograph mosaic.
Lava-Flow Surface Textures: Folding
The high-resolution DEM (Figs. 4 and 6) reveals a wealth of lava-flow surface textural information, most strikingly, the forms of lavaflow levées and fold patterns. Both of these sets of features, in principle, have scales that are thought to reflect the rheological properties of the underlying flow, and there are widely used models for both approaches (e.g., levées: Hulme, 1974; folds: Fink and Fletcher, 1978). The resolution of the DEM (with a point spacing on the order of 1 m) means that the meter-scale blocks that are often the most obvious surface feature of these and other silicic lavas in the field cannot be resolved.
One of the prominent features of the lavaflow morphology that is visible both from aerial photographs and the DEM is the abundance of gently arcuate ridges on the flow surfaces, which are convex downstream (away from the vent) and lie approximately perpendicular to the flow direction. These ridges are best developed on flows (such as the 1707–1711 flow) that also have well-defined levées. Ridges such as these have been described from a number of terrestrial and planetary volcanic settings (e.g., Fink 1980; Gregg et al., 1998). Analogue experiments, for example, using cooling wax flows, strongly suggest that ridge development happens early in the flow history as the flow surface develops a crust (whether by cooling or by crystallization; Griffiths et al., 2003). In the case of the Kameni flows, field observations show clearly that the ridges formed very close to the vent, essentially as the lava flow was extruded. In the case of the 1925–1926 eruptions, this much is also clear from the contemporary eruption reports (Kténas, 1926; Reck, 1936b). We quantify and interpret each of these morphological features in subsequent sections.
Shapes of Lava Lobes: Levées and Folds
The shapes of lava flows, and the forms of lava-flow fields, are complex functions of the rheological properties of the fluid and the emplacement conditions. It remains a continuing goal of physical volcanologists to understand and quantify these functions (e.g., Griffiths, 2000; Blake and Bruno, 2000). One widely used approximation of the behavior of viscous lavas is that they behave as Bingham fluids, with a yield strength that must be exceeded before flow can occur and a plastic viscosity. Assuming a Bingham rheology, one may use the widths of flows and the dimensions of their levées to gauge the apparent yield strength of the fluid (Hulme, 1974; Hulme and Fielder, 1977). For a flow of bulk density ρ and depth h flowing down a slope of angle α, the yield strength Y is
For a levée of width w, this is equivalent to
while for a whole flow width of W,
Dimensions of flow levées and surface folds were determined by taking transverse and longitudinal (flow-parallel) sections across flows (Table DR11). A typical cross-sectional profile of a flow is shown in Figure 9. This exhibits the classical form associated with a flow levée (e.g., Sparks et al., 1976). Levées are typically 12–30 m high, 30–60 m wide 05, with outer slopes of 25–35°. While measurement errors associated with the DEM are small, more significant errors result from the subjectivity of identifying levée margins, from the additional complications where levée dimensions change downstream, or where flows bifurcate, and from uncertainty in the slope down which the flow was emplaced. The apparent viscosity and yield-strength estimates based on lava-flow morphology should only be regarded as order-of-magnitude estimates of flow parameters.
Estimates of yield strengths derived using the three complementary approaches are summarized in 06. The yield-strength estimates derived from the gross-flow morphology appear to be the most internally consistent and suggest yield strengths on the order of 30 kPa (1925 flows) to ∼70 kPa (1940 flows). These values are consistent with yield-strength estimates for dacites elsewhere (Hulme and Fielder, 1977; Wadge and Lopes, 1991). Yield-strength estimates based on levée height are similar, in terms of order of magnitude, to those based on whole-flow morphology, while those based on levée width are substantially smaller. The poor agreement between the yield-strength estimates based on levée width and those based on grossflow morphology is consistent with observations elsewhere (e.g., Etna; Sparks et al., 1976) and most likely reflects the fact that the processes important in levée formation and evolution (including accretion, avalanching, and cooling, for example; Sparks et al., 1976) violate the assumptions required for Hulme's (1974) analysis to work.
In addition to the levées, another prominent surface morphological feature of the Kameni lava flows that can be seen clearly in the DEM and aerial photo images is folding. A typical longitudinal section along a flow, corrected for the general slope of the flow field, is shown in Figure 10. This shows folding with wavelengths on a 10–100 m scale, defined by a train of arcuate ridges that runs perpendicular to flow direction. Folds of these sorts have been recognized on a number of length scales on lava flows of all compositions, from basalt to rhyolite, and the usual interpretation is that they form as a result of buckling of a more rigid surface layer (e.g., lava crust) during flow of the underlying fluid. Detailed descriptions and analyses of examples of folding have been presented by Fink and Fletcher (1978), Fink (1980), and Gregg et al. (1998), among others; the motivation for this work, again, was the possibility of inferring flow rheology and compositional parameters for extraterrestrial examples (e.g., Warner and Gregg, 2003).
Nine lava flows were selected for surface folding analysis, based on the visible ridges seen in the DEM and aerial photographs. For each flow, five parallel profiles, running perpendicular to the axis of the folds, spaced 2 m apart, were taken along the middle sections of each flow. Fold scales were investigated by fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis in MatLab using a custom series of scripts to investigate fold wavelength characteristics. Data were prepared for FFT analysis by interpolating the data to unit spacing, detrending the data stream, and applying a cosine taper (Kanasevich, 1975; Bracewell, 2000) to remove the baseline shift and sinc convolutions, which would otherwise have reduced the data quality. Typical examples of a contoured periodogram are shown in Figure 11, which shows the relative power (arbitrary scale) of fold wavelengths along the length of a 1925 lava flow. This gives a rapid visual assessment of the extent to which fold dimensions change, or otherwise, along a flow. In this case, the fold wavelength is ∼20 m close to the vent and ∼30–40 m further downstream.
Most of the flow profiles share a number of common features: folds form close to the original eruptive vent. Folding is most prominent close to the center-line of the flow, and in many cases there is a consistent pattern of flow generations that develops downstream, i.e., several fold generations of differing wavelength can be recognized. Results are summarized in 07. It is clear from 07 that most of the flows that show folding have one generation of folds with wavelengths (λ1) on the order of 15–25 m. When multiple generations of folds exist, second-generation folds (λ2) have wavelengths on the order of 25–65 m (or 1.5 ± 0.2λ1), and third-generation folds have wavelengths of 30–110 m, or 1.8 ± 0.3λ2. This pattern of low ratios (<2) between subsequent generations of folds is consistent with the few data that exist for other dacite (r = 2.1 ± 0.3) and rhyolite (1.8 ± 0.4) flows (Gregg et al., 1998), and contrasts strongly with the high ratios (5.1 ± 1.1) that characterize basaltic flows (Gregg et al., 1998). This confirms the potential of flow fold analysis for the identification of "silicic" flows by remote sensing.
The scale of the folds qualitatively constrains the minimum apparent viscosity of the underlying fluid (Fink, 1980; Gregg et al., 1998). Data from the Kameni Island flows are consistent with the view that in slow, effusive eruptions of silicic magmas, crust formation on the flow by cooling is much faster than crustal thickening by strain, and consequently the folds that form are of long wavelength. The slow effusion of the flows is consistent with the observation that the folds develop close to the vent.
Planform of Kameni Dacite Lava Flows
One motivation for the study of the quantitative morphology of terrestrial lava flows of known composition is that it may reveal features that allow investigators to make inferences about the compositions of flows on distant planets, simply from the remote observations of morphology. One such approach that appears to have some promise was proposed by Bruno et al. (1992, 1994), which is to determine the fractal dimension, D, of the flow shape in planform. The technique relies on measuring the gross linear distance around an object as a function of the length scale of the measuring rod. On a log-log plot of distance versus length scale, data following a fractal distribution should define a trend with a linear slope of 1 – D. Bruno et al. (1992) showed that the parameter varies with lava type (a'a versus pahoehoe) in basalts, but also showed (Bruno et al., 1994) that many more chemically evolved lavas do not show a consistent fractal behavior.
The Kameni lavas present an excellent opportunity to test whether this model is applicable to blocky dacite lavas.
Lava flows with well-defined margins were digitized from the orthorectified aerial photographic images to obtain an outline with a spatial resolution of better than 1 m. Spatial data were exported into a program (Fractals; http://www.nsac.ns.ca/envsci/staff/vnams/Fractal.htm; Nams, 1996) to determine the gross length as a function of length scale, for length scales of 1–100 m. Most of the analyzed lava flows had margins that could be traced for ∼1 km, which limited the upper range of length scale that could be used. A typical plot of gross distance against ruler length, confirming a fractal distribution, is presented in Figure 12. All of the lava flows that were analyzed showed clear evidence for a fractal distribution, and, surprisingly, there was no detectable difference between the fractal dimensions of younger flows (<200 yr old) that form the coastline and those with margins that are entirely exposed inland. The only example that was clearly nonfractal was the profile for the A.D. 726 flow on Palea Kameni, which presumably has been deeply eroded. The fractal dimensions for all of the lava flows that were analyzed are plotted in a histogram in Figure 13. It is clear from this graph that the blocky a'a dacite lavas of the Kameni Islands have a fractal dimension, D (1.067 ± 0.006, n = 10), that is indistinguishable from that of Hawaiian a'a, at least on the 1–100 m scale. Thus, fractal dimension alone may be a good discriminator for gross-flow type (a'a versus pahoehoe), but is not necessarily a good discriminator for composition.
Dome Growth on the Kameni Islands
One typical feature of all of the historical eruptions of the Kameni Islands is the growth of lava domes. Field observations of the changing height of the summit of the 1866–1870 (Giorgios) dome and the 1939 (Fouqué) dome were recorded, respectively, by Fouqué (1879), and Georgalas and Papastamatiou (1953). Surprisingly, the importance (indeed, the existence) of these data seems to have been overlooked, and they are summarized for reference in 08. The dome-growth data are plotted in Figure 14. Both dome-forming eruptions show closely similar growth rates in terms of dome height (H) with time (t), which parallel those of the well-known lava domes of the Soufrière volcano of St. Vincent (1979 eruption; Huppert et al., 1982), and Mount St. Helens (1980–1986; Swanson and Holcomb, 1990). The power-law dependence of dome height with time is close to the t1/4 dependence predicted by models of domes that have growth controlled by a crustal yield strength (e.g., Fink and Griffiths, 1998; Griffiths 2000), and the best-fit curve with a t1/4 dependence is H = 1.2t1/4. Following Griffiths (2000), this suggests that the yield strength of the crust of the Kameni dacite domes is ∼4 × 107 Pa, which is somewhat lower than for the domes of St. Vincent (1.5 × 108 Pa), Mount St. Helens (1.3 × 108 Pa), or Pinatubo (9 × 107 Pa; Griffiths, 2000).
It is worth noting that while the dome-height data are consistent with a t1/4 time dependence, alternative relationships cannot yet be ruled out. For example, measurement errors are realistically likely to have been of the order of 1 m, and the start time of the eruption (as opposed to the time when magma emerged above sea level) is not necessarily well known. In addition, Kameni domes often show a transition from endogenous growth early in the eruption, to modification by Vulcanian explosions at later stages (e.g., Kténas, 1926). For these reasons, the possibility of a different time dependence (e.g., t1/3 for a fixed dome shape and a uniform eruption rate) cannot be ruled out; and in the event of a future eruption, careful quantitative observations of dome growth will be of great value.
The close similarity of the behavior of the 1866–1870 and 1939 domes allied with the uniformity of the composition of the Kameni Islands over the past 2200 yr suggests that we may use the heights of domes from earlier historic eruptions to infer the eruption durations. We summarize the results of this analysis in 09. The predictions of both the t1/4 model and a time model based simply on the empirical fit to the height data are consistent with reports of these early eruptions. Both models predict that the dome will grow to a height of ∼20 m within 1 d, and ∼30 m within 4–5 d. Thus, for a submarine eruption originating on the Kameni-Banco plateau (at ∼20 m below sea level), the dome should emerge above the surface within a day or two of the start of activity. This is consistent with descriptions of the start of the 1707 eruption (Goree, 1710; Tarillon, 1715a; Fouqué, 1879). For domes emerging from this submarine base level to the heights recorded in 1875 of ∼70 m (the 1573 dome), or 101 m (the 1707 dome), expected eruption durations are on the order of 0.3–1 yr and 1–3 yr, respectively. The latter is, again, consistent with the contemporary records of the 1707–1711 eruption.
Simply on the basis of observed height of the Mikra Kameni (1573) dome, it is plausible that the eruption did indeed last for only 1 yr or less. This supports our suggestion that the quoted 1570–1573 age range for this eruption derives simply from an uncertainty in the calendrical date of the eruption, and does not reflect the true duration of the event.
Future Activity of the Kameni Islands
Apart from the anomalous event of 1950, all of the historic intracaldera eruptions for which there are at least adequate records (those since the eighteenth century) have shared a number of important common features: pre-eruptive uplift of parts of the submarine Kameni edifice, and the eruption of magma from at least two eruptive vents. All have also involved the early formation of lava domes, which later act as a focus for vigorous, intermittent explosive activity, as well as acting as the vent from which lavas emerge. There is no reason to suspect that a future eruption would not be preceded by the same general phenomena—including general uplift of the edifice, and discoloration of the sea—and so, given the current monitoring of the caldera, it is highly likely that the next eruption will be anticipated some days to weeks in advance. Some further inferences about a future eruption on the Kameni Islands can also be gained from a consideration of the vent distribution and intereruptive periods.
Vent Distribution
The distribution of volcanic vents across the Kameni Islands strongly suggests that there is an underlying tectonic control on the supply of magma toward the surface. As previous authors (e.g., Fytikas et al., 1990; Druitt et al., 1989, 1999) noted, the vent pattern defines a narrow NE-SW trend (Fig. 15) that extends northeast of Nea Kameni to include the submarine high (including the former Bancos bank), which divides the flooded caldera basin into two parts. Many of the prehistoric explosive eruptions also have tephra dispersal patterns that are consistent with vent locations along the same trend (Druitt et al., 1989, 1999), and the locations of previous (pre-1866) and current hydrothermal vents around the Kameni Islands also lie along this same trend. Purely on the basis of the activity of the past 1000 yr, one would anticipate that the next intracaldera eruption would start in the region between Palea Kameni (UTM zone 35N coordinates 40291, 3542) and northern Nea Kameni (40302, 3568), and, as long as the eruption lasted more than 2 mo, it would involve two or more eruptive vents.
Forecasting Future Events
The present state of the Kameni Islands can most simply be interpreted as a part of the intereruptive shield-building phase, which is a typical feature of the evoluti on of Santorini over the past 300,000 yr (e.g., Druitt et al., 1999). Despite the considerable work that has been completed on the dating of past eruptions of Santorini (Druitt et al., 1999), several of the major explosive eruptions still lack a good age control. Consequently, there are insufficient data from which to quantify the pattern of intereruptive shield-building periods, for example, using a rank-order approach (Pyle, 1998). Instead, we can use the known ages of a few key eruptions to infer the mean interval between all events. The last phases of seven explosive eruptions were separated, on average, by 28 k.y. of repose. Within this sequence, major lava shields were constructed between ca. 67 and 55 ka (the Skaros shield) and ca. 50 and 21 ka (the Therasia dome complex; Druitt et al., 1999). These crude constraints imply that the shield-building phase might last for tens of thousands of years. Assuming a mean interval between explosive eruptions of 20–30 k.y., then from Poisson statistics, there is a 50% probability that the post-Minoan shield-building phase will last between 14 and 23 k.y.
The relationship between eruption length and intereruptive interval for the last 5 eruptions of the Kameni Islands is shown in Figure 16. If we regard the 1950 eruption as anomalously short, and interpret this as a minor extrusion following the 1939–1942 activity, the notable feature is that the remaining four events lie along a line of best fit described by: eruption length (days) = 7.4 × (intereruptive interval, yr) + 578. This striking relationship is consistent with a model for the Kameni Islands of a constant time-averaged deep supply of magma, and with eruption lengths that are determined by available magma volume. Estimates of erupted volumes (Table DR1, see 1) are consistent with this model; the largest recent eruption (1866–1870) followed the longest pre-eruptive repose period. If this empirical time-dependent relationship holds in the future, then the next Kameni Island eruption will last for more than 2.7 yr (in 2006) to more than 4 yr (in 2070).
A combination of high-resolution digital mapping and aerial photography with archived contemporary eruption reports reveals a wealth of detail relating to the emplacement of viscous, blocky dacite a'a lava flows on the Kameni Islands, Santorini, Greece.
Lava flows from recent eruptions of the Kameni Islands exhibit the classic surface morphologies associated with viscous a'a lavaflow emplacement: levées and compression folds. Levée structures, tens of meters wide and tens of meters high, develop close to the vent. Channelized flows within the levées show prominent ridges with ∼20–40 m wavelength and 1–4 m amplitude. Ridges show variable, but limited, evolution in terms of scale downstream, with secondary and tertiary fold wavelengths only 50–100% longer than the first-formed folds. Levée heights and flow widths are consistent with a Bingham rheology, and lava yield strengths are on the order of 3–7 × 104 Pa.
Analysis of the shapes of flow edges confirms that the blocky a'a dacite lava flows show a scale-invariant morphology, on length scales of 1–100 m, with a typical fractal D value of 1.067 ± 0.006, which is indistinguishable from Hawaiian a'a. On these short length scales, at least, there may be limitations to the use of fractal dimension for inferring lava composition.
Dome-forming eruptions of the Kameni Islands in 1866–1870 and 1939–1940 showed similar patterns of behavior, with progressive increases in dome height with time (height = 1.2t1/4) that are consistent with a model of slow inflation of a dome with a strong crust. Lava domes on the Kameni Islands have a crustal yield strength (4 × 107 Pa) that is lower by a factor of 2–4 than the domes at Pinatubo (1991), Mount St. Helens (1981–1986), or St. Vincent (1979). The dome-height model enables us to infer the durations of early historic eruptions on the Kameni Islands. This, combined with the apparent time-predictable nature of volcanic eruptions of the Kameni Islands since 1573 A.D., allows us to suggest that the next eruption of the Kameni Islands will last for more than 2.7 yr (in 2006) or more than 4 yr (by 2070 A.D.), and may involve the formation of a dome of ∼115–125 m and 130–145 m height, respectively.
GSA Data Repository item 2006120, text file with the raw LiDAR data (UTM coordinates, zone 35N), a high-resolution aerial photomosaic of the Kameni Islands, a table summarizing eruption volumes, and figures showing the locations of sections used for flow shape analysis, is available online at www.geosociety.org/pubs/ft2006.htm, or on request from editing@ geosociety.org or Documents Secretary, GSA, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA.
*Corresponding author dmp11@cam.ac.uk
†Now at Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PR, UK
Data were collected during the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Airborne Remote Sensing Facility (ARSF) campaign to the eastern Mediterranean in April 2004. Light detection and ranging laser radar (LiDAR) data were expertly processed in Cambridge, Department of Geography Unit for Landscape Modelling, by Gabriel Amable. We thank David Cobby, Carl Joseph, Ivana Barisin, and the ARSF team, and George Vougioukalakis (IGME), Stathis Stiros, and Aris Chasapis for assistance with data collection; and Vikki Martin for discussion. Pyle thanks staff of the Earth Sciences and University Libraries, Cambridge; the British Library; and Keele University's 'Evidence in Camera' for their able assistance with archive material. Elliott thanks Shell (UK) for support toward field costs, and Zoë Rice for field assistance. Part of this work formed John Elliott's final-year undergraduate dissertation. We thank Ricky Herd and Steven Anderson for their detailed and helpful reviews.
Geological Society of America
Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but no in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).Noncommercial ‒ you may not use this work for commercial purpose.No Derivative works ‒ You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.Sharing ‒ Individual scientists are hereby granted permission, without fees or further requests to GSA, to use a single figure, a single table, and/or a brief paragraph of text in other subsequent works and to make unlimited photocopies of items in this journal for noncommercial use in classrooms to further education and science.
Figure 1. General location (A) and geological map (B) of Santorini, and the intracaldera Kameni Islands, after Druitt et al. (1999) and Martin et al. (2006). Part A shows the shallow submarine Colombos bank (NE of Santorini), which was the location of an eruption in 1650 A.D., and the "Kameni line," which marks the NE-SW trend of a region of preferred vent locations on the Kameni Islands (Druitt et al., 1989, 1999).
Figure 2. Flow lengths as a function of time for the eruptions in 1925–1926 and 1939–1941, based on field maps and observations in Kténas (1926) and Georgalas and Papastamatiou (1951, 1953). Time-averaged flow rates typically range between 10−5 and 10−3 ms−1 (contoured).
Figure 3. Light detection and ranging laser radar (LiDAR) return intensity map. Return intensity is qualitatively related to surface smoothness; there are strong returns from the old surfaces of Palea Kameni, for example. The central strip with no return intensity is the flight line that was affected by low cloud cover. The raw LiDAR data (x, y, z, intensity) are available in the GSA Data Repository item accompanying this paper (see text 1).
Figure 4. Hill-shaded digital map of the Kameni Islands, based on light detection and ranging laser radar (LiDAR) data. A coarse-resolution patch (data provided by P. Moore, IntegralGIS) was used to augment the missing strip. This rendition clearly picks out surface morphological features of the lava flows and domes, including prominent levées and lava channels. Note the contrast between the rough surfaces of the blocky a'a dacite lava flows and the smoother ash cones of north-central Nea Kameni.
Figure 5. Elevation map of the Kameni Islands, shown as elevation above mean sea level.
Figure 6. Orthorectified aerial photograph mosaic of the Kameni Islands, April 2004. Particularly prominent features that can be seen include the twentieth-century lava flows (darker, rough surfaces in the east and west of Nea Kameni) and the discoloration, due to persistent low-grade fumarolic activity of the ash-covered regions of central Nea Kameni. The modern tourist trail that crosses the northern part of Nea Kameni can also be very clearly seen. The two small islands that lie between Nea Kameni and Palea Kameni are the May islands, which erupted in May 1866, and are now just submerged. A high-resolution version of this figure is available from the GSA Data Repository (see text 1).
Figure 7. Interpreted geological map of the Kameni Islands, based on the new imagery and on previous maps compiled by Georgalas (1962), Huijsmans (1985), and Druitt et al. (1999). The names of selected lava fields follow the conventions started by Fouqué (1879) and subsequent authors (Georgalas, 1962). The Liatsikas dome is the youngest extrusive element on the Kameni Islands.
Figure 8. (A) Expanded map section showing the revised interpretation of the 1939–1941 lavas, with the inferred flow paths shown with arrows (+ symbols show the UTM grid intersections). The extracts from a 1944 Royal Air Force reconnaissance air photograph (TARA ACIU 42090 3080) (B) and a 2004 air photo (C) show the subtle changes in the summit craters due to the minor explosive activity in 1950, and the emplacement of the Liatsikas dome.
Figure 9. Cross section showing a classical levée structure across the 1866 SW lava flow. Levées tend to be 15–30 m high, while flows are 100–300 m wide 05.
Figure 10. Surface buckling shown in a topographic section along the 1925 SE lava flow, with the underlying slope removed. Note the prominent folding, which has 10–100-m-scale wavelengths and 2–3 m amplitude. Data from flows are summarized in 07.
Figure 11. Contour map of the spectral power (arbitrary scale) of the different fold wavelengths in a set of five parallel profiles, spaced 2 m apart, along the length of the 1866 SW lava flow. Window 1 is at the flow toe, and 11 is at the flow origin. Buckling with an ∼20 m wavelength can be observed near the vent; downstream, a 30–40 m wavelength becomes dominant.
Figure 12. Graph showing the relationship between the length of the measuring rule (x axis) against the gross length of the planform for the 1925 N flow. The data can be described by a power law with a slope of −0.054 (±0.001), which confirms that the shape of the margin of this lava flow is self-similar on a 1–100 m length scale (see Mandelbrot, 1967). The data have a fractal dimension of 1.054.
Figure 13. Comparison of fractal dimensions determined for Nea Kameni blocky a'a flows with data from basaltic a'a and pahoehoe flows from Hawaii and Galapagos (Bruno et al., 1992, 1994). Fractal dimension appears to be an excellent discriminant of gross flow type, independent of composition.
Figure 14. Lava dome height (m) as a function of growth time, showing data from the 1866 and 1939 eruptions of the Kameni Islands (1866 Giorgios dome; 1939 Fouqué dome; 08), the Soufrière volcano of St. Vincent eruption (1979; Huppert et al., 1982), and Mount St. Helens (Swanson and Holcomb, 1990). The dependence of dome height on elapsed time for the Kameni and other domes is close to t1/4, which is expected from analysis of domes with a crustal yield strength (Fink and Griffiths, 1998; Griffiths, 2000). The solid line is the best-fit curve through the Kameni data with t1/4 dependence: H = 1.217t1/4.
Figure 15. Graph showing the areal distribution of known vents from the Kameni Islands. Error bars indicate the scale of the vent, crater, or dome. There is a very tight clustering of vents about an approximately NE-SW trend, which agrees with the Kameni line identified previously by Druitt et al. (1989). This trend is thought to mark the locus of a tectonically (fault?) controlled magmatic plumbing system, and future activity is therefore likely to be initiated at a point, or points, along the same trend.
Figure 16. Relationship between eruption length and intereruptive interval for the last five eruptions of the Kameni Islands (1707–1711, 1866–1870, 1925–1928, 1939–1941, 1950). The 1950 eruption appears to be anomalously short, and may be best interpreted as a minor extrusion following the 1939–1942 activity. The remaining four events lie along a line of best fit described by: eruption length (days) = 7.4 × (intereruptive interval, yr) + 578. Based on this relation, the next Kameni Island eruption is expected to last for at least 2.7 yr (in 2006, interval = 56 yr, eruption length = 991 d).
TABLE 1. HISTORICAL ACTIVITY OF THE KAMENI ISLANDS
TABLE 2. TYPICAL FEATURES OF THE KAMENI DACITE LAVAS
TABLE 3. DEVELOPMENT OF EIGHTEENTH- AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY FLOW FIELDS
TABLE 4. DEVELOPMENT OF TWENTIETH-CENTURY FLOW FIELDS
TABLE 5. LEVÉE AND FLOW DIMENSIONS
TABLE 6. YIELD STRENGTHS, ASSUMING BINGHAM RHEOLOGY
TABLE 7. WAVELENGTHS OF FOLDS
TABLE 8. GROWTH OF DOMES DURING THE 1866 AND 1939 ERUPTIONS
TABLE 9. INFERRED ERUPTION LENGTHS FROM DOME HEIGHT
Geosphere Science Editors


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FEMA For Kids is one of the best.
With games to play, colorful characters to follow and easy to understand explanations, your kids will come away with a better understanding of Mother Nature's biggest storms: hurricanes.
Weather Wiz Kids is geared toward slightly older kids and goes a bit deeper into its explanations of hurricanes, how they form, and what kind of problems they can cause.
Owlie Prepares Kids For Hurricanes via an online coloring book which makes hurricane preparation interactive for the kiddos.
The University Corporation For Atmospheric Research has a "Web Weather For Kids" site. This is a great place to learn the basics about a hurricane.
Finally, the National Weather Service (.pdf) page for kids is a great page worth taking a look at. Check out "Owlie Skywarn" in action – helping kids get ready for a hurricane.
Below is an article from Michael Grose's Insight on how we can help our children cope with Natural disasters. After last week's catastrophe in Japan, the earthquake in Christchurch and the floods in Australia, I thought it was timely to make educators aware of it.
The Queensland floods and the Victorian bushfires continue to wreak incredible havoc on so many people's lives and will no doubt leave an indelible imprint on our collective psyches. These two natural disasters will be brought into our living rooms via the media over the coming days and weeks.
As adults we all want our children to live carefree lives and keep them from the pain and even horror of tragedies such as natural disasters. In reality we can't do this.
Reassure children that they are safe. The consistency of the images can be frightening for young children who don't understand the notion of distance and have difficulty distinguishing between reality and fiction. Let them know that while this event is indeed happening it will not affect them directly.
Be available and 'askable'. Let kids know that it is okay to talk about the unpleasant events. Listen to what they think and feel. By listening, you can find out if they have misunderstandings, and you can learn more about the support that they need. You do not need to explain more than they are ready to hear, but be willing to answer their questions.
Help children process what they see and hear, particularly through television. Children are good observers but can be poor interpreters of events that are out of their level of understanding. Sit with them. Ask them questions to ascertain their understanding.
Support children's concerns for others. They may have genuine concerns for the suffering that will occur and they may need an outlet for those concerns. It is heart-warming to see this empathy in children for the concerns of others.
Let them explore feelings beyond fear. Many children may feel sad or even angry with these events so let them express the full range of emotions. They may feel sadder for the loss of wildlife, than for loss of human life, which is impersonal for them.
Help children and young people find a legitimate course of action if they wish. Action is a great antidote to stress and anxiety so finding simple ways to help, including donating some pocket money can assist kids to cope and teaches them to contribute.
Avoid keeping the television on all the time. The visual nature of the media means that images are repeated over and over, which can be both distressing to some and desensitizing to others.
Be aware of your own actions. Children will take their cues from you and if they see you focusing on it in an unhealthy way then they will focus on it too. Let them know that it is happening but it should not dominate their lives.
Take action yourself. Children who know their parents, teachers, or other significant caregivers are working to make a difference feel hope. They feel safer and more positive about the future. So do something. It will make you feel more hopeful, too. And hope is one of the most valuable gifts we can give children and ourselves.
Children's worlds can be affected in ways that we can't even conceive of so adults need to be both sensitive to children's needs and mindful of what they say and how they act in front of children.
In difficult times, it is worth remembering what adults and children need most are each other.


University of Chicago Booth School of Business – MBA, with concentration in Quantitative Finance; Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi – B.Tech, Mechanical Engineering.
Rahul joined TTS in the summer of 2012 after spending 5 years with Citi Global Markets. Rahul started his finance career at Citi in 2005 with a summer internship. He returned to Citi in 2006 to trade Equity Derivatives focusing on the Technology sector. He went on to manage portfolios of Stocks and Derivatives in several different sectors with a focus on Event Driven Trading and Special Situations. Rahul currently co-manages a deep-value fund focused on Indian equities.
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This NPC gives a short story blurb after you expose the first plagued crate in the Caverns of Time: Culling of Stratholme instance.
Can't be me, I took a bath 3 days ago!
Oh, close call. It's just the grain here.
Wait a second. Grain isn't supposed to smell like THAT! I better go find a guard."


text:
And your lanyard says in God we trust
by admin | May 29, 2020 | Uncategorized | 0 comments
Larry Norman's 'Great American Novel' is a classic Christian song, prophetically ahead of its time in its articulation of the United States' claim that Christian values are at the centre of its national life, whilst a litany of truths about power structures and daily life in the country so plainly contradicted that. The chorus of the song railed that:
'And your money says in God we trust,
But it's against the law to pray in school;
You say we beat the Russians to the moon,
And I say you starved your children to do it.'
I wonder what Larry would write and sing today, given the ever increasing and extreme ways that God is dishonoured in the US by the blasphemous fusing of Christianity and American exceptionalism, the cross of Jesus and the Stars and Stripes merged in the minds of many as two great and righteous allegiances that have become impossible to separate.
In our own country the sense of national unity and 'rallying around the flag' that coronavirus brought about has been torn apart in the last 72 hours, the culture wars returning with a vengeance. At the centre of the storm is Dominic Cummings, our Prime Minister's Chief Advisor, to some a maverick genius whose political alchemy delivered both Brexit and an 80-seat majority to Boris Johnson, to others a pantomime villain famed for his personal aggression, secrecy and contempt for rank and file MPs and civil servants.
At the heart of the story of his trip to Durham is 'one rule for one, one rule for another' hypocrisy, with thousands of people missing funerals or the chance to say goodbye to dying friends and relatives, or not yet seeing newborn grandchildren, or simply suffering the aggregated erosion of the pressure weeks of lockdown has imposed on their mental health, whilst a man who helped set the rules apparently ignored them.
Cummings claims his interpretation of the lockdown rules was correct even though many others completely disagree. These include the former chief constable of Durham police who told the Guardian: "It is clear he has broken the rules. It could not be clearer. I cannot think of a worse example of a breach of the lockdown rules."
On Sunday afternoon Cummings waded through a mass of journalists door-stepping his house and drove off for a lengthy meeting with the Prime Minister at Downing Street. As always he was defying convention, heading to the UK's most prestigious address in a casual t-shirt and tracksuit bottoms, carrying not a briefcase but a black bin bag. But whatever statement that scruffiness is meant to make, something else was much more interesting about his appearance. Look closely at the lanyard to which his Downing Street pass was attached and you could see the following words on the blue ribbon: 'In God we trust.'
I wonder what those words mean. The most obvious interpretation is that they're famously associated with US dollar bills, that those on the right wing of politics attach great weight to ideals of personal freedom and liberty, and in that they're enormously influenced by American politics where those values are close to sacred.
Could they mean something more? I've read a number of profiles of Dominic Cummings over the last couple of years and I can't recall any mention of personal Christian faith in them. Patrick Wintour, writing in the Guardian, says "Anna Karenina, maths and Bismarck are his three obsessions," but I recognise we can't judge or make windows into a man's soul.
And yet. After the events of this last weekend, Larry Norman's tune turns through my head and I think 'And your lanyard says in God we trust…' If we're going to wear lanyards that say that please let's show it means something by letting us see some true Christian fruitfulness at the heart of our national life. Compassion that doesn't demonise those forced to rely on benefits. Recognition that something is broken in our nation when use of food banks has become so commonplace and acceptable. Common decency that doesn't even contemplate surcharges on overseas NHS workers. An acknowledgment that truthfulness matters. The humility that says 'I put my hands up, I did something wrong', however hard that might be.
But if 'your lanyard says in God we trust' is just a tribute to America and libertarian politics, then please ditch it now, because it dishonours a Holy God whose divine heart burns with passion for righteousness. God who won't be mocked and is to be honoured rather than spun, and worshiped rather than played. God who longs for justice and mercy way more than he longs for lanyards and slogans.
Colin Neill is a Contemporary Christianity Board Member.
Please note that the statements and views expressed in this article of those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of Contemporary Christianity.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Founded in 1931 with the aim and objective of serving both the Jewish and broader communities, the UJWSA provided welfare projects during the depression years and later during the racially restrictive period of the National Party rule.
The organisation offered skills training in Centres of Concern, funded educational programmes, established crèches and nursery schools in Black and Coloured areas and empowered disadvantaged sections of society to find employment and to become self-sufficient. Many projects are self-sustaining and are still operational today.
By the late 1940's and early 1950's the Union of Jewish Women had established branches in all major cities and also in many smaller towns. Today there are active branches in Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, East London, Port Elizabeth and Pretoria – all serving the Jewish community through UJW's Jewish Community Fund, as well as assisting other communities in need.
The UJWSA maintains contact and networks with both diverse and like-minded organisations and provides a platform for interaction and understanding.
The Union of Jewish Women of South Africa is committed to investing in all the people of South Africa, and will continue in its endeavours to create a better quality of life for all.


text:
J. Todd Bennett
Image Credit: JJ Ying
Web 3.0 for Web Content Management: What Could it Mean?
By: J. Todd Bennett
Web content has existed in various formats since the dawn of the internet, from static websites with basic text and images that get consumed by users (Web 1.0) to the dynamic web applications and immersive digital experiences found today where users contribute and consume content (Web 2.0). As new technologies emerge, the ways that content gets created and consumed continues to change.
The latest buzzword drawing everyone's attention is Web 3.0 or Web3. This decentralized version of the internet built on blockchain technology has been talked about for a few years. Still, its impact on the future has been seriously considered over the last year. But what is it? How might it change the future of the digital experience space?
Web 3.0 (Web3) is the next iteration of the internet– a decentralized version that places focus on openness, user utility, and democratization of information. Unlike the current version of the internet, the main focus of Web3 is decentralization. This means that no central authority controls whether or not users can post something on the web. It also means that there is no single point of failure, promoting freedom and limiting censorship.
Web3 leverages the latest technologies, including blockchain, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. The key features of Web3 are:
Openness: Build with open source software that is available to everyone.
Trustless: Users can interact publicly and privately without an intermediary between them.
Permissionless: There is no permission necessary for anyone to use the web.
From Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 to Web 3.0
To get a clearer understanding of what Web 3.0 truly means, we need to take a closer look at the versions of the internet that came before– Web 1.0 and the current Web 2.0.
Web browsers entered the picture after the internet was invented and began the Web 1.0 era. This period was characterized by static web pages and allowed users to receive email and view news. While there was content, not much was user-generated as we find today.
Web 2.0 brought about a shift in how the internet was viewed. Text-based web pages have been replaced by dynamic content, social media platforms, and user-generated content that is viewed by millions of people. Smartphones and social networks have accelerated the growth of the internet and enabled dominant tech giants such as Apple, Amazon, Google, and Facebook.
In terms of content management, Web 2.0 has seen custom static content management systems evolve into the headless CMSs and DXPs we see today that deliver content to a host of digital touchpoints, including web pages, mobile apps, digital kiosks, smart speakers, and more.
Web 2.0 vs Web 3.0
Web 3.0 continues to garner interest because it allows users to build, grow and control their own networks rather than relying on platforms like Google, Facebook, and other major tech companies to facilitate access as they do today.
With Web 3.0, users have more ownership of digital assets in the form of things like NFTs and cryptocurrency tokens, as well as, most critically, their data. One of the drawbacks of Web 2.0 is that customer data is owned and sold by corporations. Web 2.0 was meant to build communities and prompt social interaction, whereas Web 3.0 empowers individuals. Applications on Web 2.0 were built using JavaScript, HTML, and CSS, whereas Web 3.0 applications are built using blockchain, AI and machine learning.
What Web 3.0 Means For Content Management
The changes that Web 3.0 has introduced will significantly impact content management, even if it takes some time for these things to become a reality. Here's how Web 3.0 will impact content:
Faster Digital Transformation
The introduction of Web3 means that digital transformation is likely to be accelerated across several industries. Many companies have already adopted headless and hybrid-headless content management systems to replace their traditional or legacy platforms. These businesses will need to continue this trend and ensure that they can build composable DXPs that are flexible to withstand the changes that Web3 will bring. Those that fail to do so may not just fall behind but cease to exist.
Increased Security
Blockchain technology coupled with decentralization means that Web3 will provide greater security options for content management systems. Blockchain can enable stronger authentication protocols, making it harder for hackers to access valuable information.
Privacy and Customer Data
There is a more significant focus on privacy and how customer data is managed in Web 3.0 than Web 2.0. With content stored on the immutable blockchain, the original content will be protected and customers will have more control over what data companies can use.
Decentralized Content Delivery
While a CDN primarily focuses on cached data in a cloud environment, the use of edge computing can accelerate the growth of streaming services, gaming, iOT, and other content channels by bringing the creation and processing of data closer to the end-user. At the same time, the ownership of collected data shifts from service providers to end-users.
The Future of Content Channels
Web 3.0 will provide companies with more channels for content delivery as well as where and how customers view content. The metaverse, a 3D virtual world, will grow in prominence, and brands will need to establish themselves and deliver content to that virtual reality realm. In addition, other content marketing and digital channels like conversational marketing, IoT, AI, VR/AR, voice, and other new Web 2.0 focus areas will become the norm in Web 3.0.
How a Composable DXP Facilitates Web3 Experiences
Web 3.0 brings a lot of promise for organizations that are prepared for it. When it comes to content management, legacy architectures and technologies will have been rendered obsolete. Instead, modern technologies like a composable DXP built on headless architecture will enable Web 3.0 experiences. Here's how:
Multi Channel Content Delivery
A composable DXP provides the foundation for delivering content to the metaverse and any other web 3.0 based channel. Built on microservices and leveraging headless technology, a composable DXP can easily connect to any front-end channel, whether it's the metaverse, a new IoT device, or a modern website.
Decentralized Communities
A composable DXP enables brands to create communities and portals for decentralized groups. While Web 2.0 systems encourage social interaction, they can also limit who gets to be part of specific communities. With Web 3.0, the silos that hinder community growth are removed, and businesses can attract new customers from anywhere.
Future-Proof Architecture
Web 3.0 can be disruptive for businesses that aren't prepared for new content delivery channels or the potential software tooling that could be created for it. A composable DXP with a headless CMS at the center provides a future-proof architecture that leverages an API-first approach to integrate easily with any new software or deliver content to alternate channels. Because a headless CMS is front-end agnostic, developers can build digital experiences for these new channels as they emerge.
Cross-functional Collaboration
Web 3.0 will facilitate different forms of communication and collaboration that aren't limited to the devices we use today. As the number of connected devices increases, so will the opportunities for collaboration across the organization. With the help of a composable DXP, organizations will be able to seamlessly connect, develop streamlined workflows that incorporate multiple departments, and more.
MACH Architecture
MACH architecture(microservices, APIs, cloud, and headless) is beginning to make waves in the current Web 2.0 model, enabling organizations to easily adapt to change, experience faster time to market, and more. That adaptability will make it easier for businesses to embrace the next iteration of the internet. However, a strict MACH architecture that relies on a pure headless CMS still has a number of flaws.
Prepare for a Decentralized Future With dotCMS
The decentralized future of Web 3.0 may be exciting for some companies and daunting for others. However, there is no need to be concerned with the right technology foundation.
Opting for a hybrid headless CMS and composable DXP means you don't need to fear what Web3 may or may not be. dotCMS provides a hybrid headless CMS and content as a service model that is the foundation for your composable DXP and can prepare you for a decentralized future.
As a hybrid CMS, dotCMS combines the headless functionality needed for Web 3.0 with traditional authoring tools, including features like drag-and-drop editing, no code content modeling, versioning, and an API-first architecture that includes GraphQL. dotCMS provides the freedom, interoperability, and extensibility that developers need while enabling marketers to create content in an intuitive visual environment, which is not often the case with a pure headless CMS. Discover more about how dotCMS helps to enable your digital transformation in this recorded webinar.
composable dxp content management system internet of things iot security


Veteran musician and songwriter Paul Kaplan has been an enthusiastic participant in the folk music world since the late 1960s when his early anti-Vietnam war songs were published in the legendary protest magazine Broadside.
His involvement with the singer-songwriter movement was sparked by his early love of the songs of Bob Dylan, Phil Ochs and Tom Paxton. He pursued that love as a frequent attendee at the Songwriters' Exchange at the Cornelia Street Cafe, in New York, and as a regular contributor to The Fast Folk Musical Magazine, in which ten of his songs were included. In the late 1970s, Paul had the opportunity to produce three posthumous albums by one of his heroes, Phil Ochs.
His first album, Life on This Planet, released in 1982, featured the songs "Call Me the Whale" and "Henry the Accountant," later covered by such folk music greats as Sally Rogers, Ed McCurdy, David Massengill, and Debby McClatchy, as well as artists in England, Ireland, and Denmark. His song "I Had an Old Coat" from King of Hearts (1985) has been sung by Nickelodeon stars Sharon, Lois and Bram (The Elephant Show), as well as Claudia Schmidt, Lui Collins, Priscilla Herdman, Jay Ungar and many others.
Paul's interest in traditional music is reflected in his four years as a member of the group The Derby Ram, resident band of the Eagle Tavern in New York City. With band founder Dan Milner, Paul co-authored the popular A Bonnie Bunch of Roses-Songs of England, Ireland and Scotland, published by Music Sales in 1983 (still in print).
Paul has recently released his third album, After the Fire. The title song was inspired by his sense of loss after the events of September 11, 2001 and his heartfelt hope that lessons of rebirth and renewal can be retrieved from tragedy.
In the last few years Paul has been honored by the inclusion of his songs in two monumental collections produced by Smithsonian Folkways. One of his first songs, " Vietnam," appears in the Grammy-nominated Best of Broadside (2000). A second song, "King of Hearts," is featured in Fast Folk—a Community of Singers & Songwriters (2002). And in 2003 "Henry the Accountant" was included in Being Human— Readings from the President's Council on Bioethics, along with works by Homer, Shakespeare, Dickinson, Whitman, G.B. Shaw, etc.


The Humanized Zodiac Animal Collection is a dramatic way to display all 12 animals of the Chinese zodiac in your home or place of work or to give to someone as a gift. Each painting illustrates the characteristics of the Chinese zodiac animal it represents.
Acrylic Prints - The frameless gallery quality acrylic prints offer an incredibly modern and brilliant display that no other presentation can match. The light refracts within the acrylic creating tremendous vibrancy. With an aluminum cleat hanging system your art arrives ready to hang and float ¾" from the wall for an elegant look. Each acrylic print measures 10.5" x 14". When all 12 acrylic prints are hung together they occupy a space on the wall of approximately 44" x 45". This is similar to a large painting but with a much more dramatic effect.
Giclee Prints - As with the original oil paintings, the frameless gallery quality giclee prints are crafted with our premium canvas and hand wrapped around a deep, hardwood stretcher bar. The paintings can be hung by themselves or can be used with a frame of your choice. Each giclee print comes ready to hang and measures 7.5" x 10". When all 12 giclee prints are hung together they occupy a space on the wall of approximately 32" x 33" without frames.
Free Shipping – Shipping is included in the price of these paintings for purchases within the Contiguous United States, which includes the 48 adjoining U.S. states plus Washington, D.C. on the continent of North America. We can also ship paintings anywhere in the world. Please contact us if you would like a price on shipping a painting to a location outside of the Contiguous United States. This work will ship in a sturdy, well-protected cardboard box.
Humanized Zodiac Animal Collection © Tiffany Chang All rights reserved.


Former U.S. president tells 'Daily Show' host Jon Stewart that occupation is 'one of the origins' of such attacks, but adds that homegrown jihadism is new development whose answer is tougher security.
After the Charlie Hebdo murders, can journalism really cover terrorism?
Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, appearing Monday on Jon Stewart's "The Daily Show," singled out the "Palestinian problem" as one of the causes of the sort of Islamist terror that struck Paris last week.
Asked by Stewart if he didn't agree that religion was a mere "pretext" for such attacks, Carter, a long-time critic of Israel's occupation, said, "One of the origins for it is the Palestinian problem, and this affects people who are affiliated in any way with the Arab people who live in the West Bank and Gaza – what they're doing now, what's being done to them. So I think that's part of it."
But then Carter went on to say that the West was now seeing a "new evolutionary development in terrorism," in which Western Muslims are trained to fight by jihadists in the Middle East before taking that training home, and he said the answer to it was tougher Western security measures.
"I think this event is going to waken [sic] up the people in charge of security to watch those people more than they have in the past," said Carter.


They'll ready to go in no time with these comfy black plimsolls. Perfect for any PE lesson, they feature an adjustable Velcro fastening for a comfortable yet secure fit. The 100% cotton fabric is treated to help battle odours and keep feet fresh, and the shoes have a enhanced tread to help maintain grip on wet days.


text:
var systemClosed = false;

$.get(
	paths.admin.getRegisterAble,
	function(response) {
		if (response.status == 0) {
			switch(response.data.status) {
				case 1:
					$("#placeholder-title").text('预约系统暂未开放');
					$("#placeholder-content").text('提示: 连接投影页至大屏幕 » 开始接受预约');
					$("#placeholder").show();

					$("#show-all-info").hide();
					$("#export-all-info").hide();
					$("#close-system").hide();

					$("#start-system").click(function() {
						confirmOperation(
							'
现场已经准备完成的话就可以开始接受预约了
' +
							'
记得将投影页面接到大屏幕上哦
' +
							'
一切就绪的话就点击下面的确定键吧
',
							function() {
								$.post(
									paths.admin.setRegisterAble,
									'{"status": 0}',
									function(response) {
										handleResponse(response, function() {
											errorAlert('操作成功,系统开始接受预约');
										});
									}
								).fail(function() { failed(); });
							}
						)
					});
					break;

				case -1:
					systemClosed = true;
					initialPrepare();

					$("#start-system").hide();
					$("#close-system").hide();
					break;

				case 0:
					initialPrepare();
					$("#start-system").hide();
					break;
			}
			$("#login-btn").hide();
			$("#logout-btn").click(function() {
				confirmOperation(
					'
确定要退出系统吗?
',
					function() {
						$.post(
							paths.admin.logout, '',
							function(response) {
								handleResponse(response, function() {
									errorAlert('退出系统成功!', false);
									$("#error-alert").on('hide.bs.modal', function () {
										$("#information").fadeOut(700);
										$("#all-info").fadeOut(700);

										$(".buttons").fadeOut(700, function() {
											$("#show-all-info").hide();
											$("#export-all-info").hide();
											$("#start-system").hide();
											$("#close-system").hide();
											$("#logout-btn").hide();
											$("#login-btn").show();
											$("#open-screen").show();

											$(".buttons").css("padding-top", "calc(100vh - 11em)");
											$(".buttons").fadeIn(500, function() {
												setTimeout(function() {
													$("#login-modal").modal('show');
												}, 500);
											});
										});
									});
								});
							}
						).fail(function() { failed(); });
					}
				);
			});
		} else {
			$("#show-all-info").hide();
			$("#export-all-info").hide();
			$("#start-system").hide();
			$("#close-system").hide();
			$("#logout-btn").hide();
			$("#login-modal").modal('show');
		}

		// Show only current position card when there is no enough width = =
		if (document.body.clientWidth < 700) {
			$(".buttons").remove()
			$("#call-next").remove();
			$("#placeholder").remove();
			$("#related").remove();
			$("#all-info").remove();
		} else {
			$(".buttons").animate({"opacity": 1}, 1000);
		}
	}
).fail(function() { failed(); });

$("#open-screen").click(function() {
	window.open('./screen.html');
});

$("#login-btn").click(function() {
	$("#login-modal").modal('show');
});

$("#login-modal-btn").click(function() {
	$.post(
		paths.admin.login,
		'{"userName": "' + $("#username").val() +
		'","passWord": "' + $("#password").val() + '"}',
		function(response) {
			handleResponse(response, function() {
				location.reload();
			});
		}
	).fail(function() { failed(); });
});

function initialPrepare() {
	$.getJSON((paths.admin.queueInfo + new Date()), function(data) {
		if (data.queueLength == 0) {
			$("#name").text('(暂无预约信息)');
			$("#placeholder").show();
			$("#show-all-info").hide();
			$("#export-all-info").hide();
			setInterval(function() {
				$.getJSON((paths.admin.queueInfo + new Date()), function(d) {
					if (d.queueLength > 0) location.reload();
				});
			}, 5000);
		} else {
			allInfoPrepare();

			if (systemClosed && (data.queueLength == data.curPos)) {
				$("#name").text('(活动已结束)');
				$("#open-screen").hide();

				$("#placeholder-title").text('本次光迹涂鸦活动已经结束');
				$("#placeholder-content").text('预约队列处理完毕 现在可以查看或导出所有数据');
				$("#placeholder").show();
				return;
			}

			$("#related").show();
			$("#call-next").show();
			updateQueue(data.queueLength, data.curPos);

			if (data.curPos > 0) {
				updateCurPos(data.curPos, (data.queueLength == data.curPos));
			} else {
				$("#name").text('(暂未开始叫号)');
				callNextPrepare();
			}
		}

		if (!systemClosed) {
			$("#close-system").click(function() {
				confirmOperation(
					'
活动结束后系统将不再接受新的预约
' +
					'
管理页面会继续正常显示 直到所有已预约号码都处理完毕
' +
					'
是否确定结束本次光迹涂鸦活动?
',
					function() {
						$.post(
							paths.admin.setRegisterAble,
							'{"status": -1}',
							function(response) {
								handleResponse(response, function() {
									errorAlert('已结束本次光迹涂鸦活动', false);
									systemClosed = true;
								});
							}
						).fail(function() { failed(); });
					}
				)
			});

			// Automatically request and add new reserve data while reserve system is open
			setInterval(function() { updateQueue(); }, 5000);
		}
	}).fail(function() { failed(); });
}

function callNextPrepare() {
	$("#call-next").removeClass("disabled");
	$("#call-next").click(function() {
		confirmOperation(
			'
更新至下一号的同时将通过微信提醒接下来的三位同学
' +
			'
请在"当前号码"区块更新完成后进行此操作
' +
			'
是否确定更新?
',
			function() {
				$.post(
					paths.admin.callNext,
					'{"curPos": ' + $("#position").text() + '}',
					function(response) {
						handleResponse(response, function() {
							var d = response.data;
							if ((d.queueLength == d.curPos)
								&& systemClosed) location.reload();

							$("#related-queue>tr.rgba-orange-strong").removeClass("rgba-orange-strong");
							$("#related-queue>tr>td:first-child:contains(" + d.curPos + ")").parent()
							.addClass("rgba-orange-strong");
							$("#related-queue>tr.rgba-orange-strong ~ tr:lt(2)>td:last-child").text('已发送');

							updateCurPos(d.curPos, (d.queueLength == d.curPos));

							// On reserve system opening: automatically request and update per 10s
							// On reserve system closed: update when there is a next-call
							if (systemClosed) updateQueue();
						});
					}
				).fail(function() { failed(); });
			}
		)
	});
}

function showAllPrepare() {
	$("#show-all-info").removeClass("disabled");

	$("#show-all-info").click(function() {
		$("#show-all-info").unbind('click');

		$.getJSON((paths.admin.queueInfo + new Date()), function(data) {
			rowLimit = 11, pageLimit = 9;
			pages = Math.ceil(data.queueLength / rowLimit);

			var linkNum = (pages > pageLimit ? pageLimit : pages);
			$(".page-item:gt(1):lt(-2)>a").remove();
			for (var i = 0; i < linkNum; i++) {
				$(".page-item:eq(-2)").before(
					'
' + (i + 1) + '
'
				);
			}
			togglePage(1);
			$(".page-link").click(function() { togglePage($(this).text()); });
		});

		$("#all-info").show();
		$("body").animate({scrollTop: $(document).height()}, 1700, function() {
			$("#show-all-info").addClass("disabled");
		});
	});
}

function allInfoPrepare() {
	showAllPrepare();

	$("#hide-all-info").click(function() {
		$("body").animate({scrollTop: 0}, 1700, function() {
			$("#all-content").html('');
			showAllPrepare();
		});

		$("#all-info").hide(1700);
	});

	$("#export-all-info").click(function() {
		$.getJSON((paths.admin.queueInfo + new Date()), function(data) {
			$.get(
				paths.admin.getQueueList +
				(testing ? '' : ('page/1/limit/' + data.queueLength + '/')),
				function(response) {
					handleResponse(response, function() {
						exportData(response.data, '光迹涂鸦预约信息.csv');
					});
				}).fail(function() { failed(); });
		}).fail(function() { failed(); });
	});
}

function updateCurPos(pos, final) {
	$("#call-next").unbind('click');
	$("#call-next").addClass("disabled");

	$.get(
		paths.admin.getQueueItem + (testing ? '' : (pos + '/')),
		function(response) {
			handleResponse(response, function() {
				$("#progress").hide();
				$("#confirm-operation").modal('hide');

				var d = response.data;
				setTimeout(function() {
					infoToggle("#name", d.name);
					infoToggle("#phone", d.mobileNumber);
					infoToggle("#email", d.emailAddress);
					infoToggle("#reg-time", parseTime(d.registerDate));

					setTimeout(function() {
						$("#position").removeClass("fadeInUp");
						$("#position").addClass("fadeOutUp");

						setTimeout(function() {
							$("#position").text(d.posID);
							$("#position").removeClass("fadeOutUp");
							$("#position").addClass("fadeInUp");
							if (!final) callNextPrepare();
						}, 700);
					}, 2333);
				}, 700);
			});
		}
	).fail(function() { failed(); });
}

function updateQueue(l, p) {
	// The Maximum of queue rows is 7
	var displayedLen = $("#related-queue>tr").length;
	var queueStatus = displayedLen >= 7 ? 'full' : (displayedLen == 0 ? 'empty' : 'filled');

	switch(queueStatus) {
		case 'empty':
			/******************************************************************
			  * Variable l(length) and p(position) are for this initial render
			  * Send request with appropriate start position
			  * Center the row of current position data if rows == 7
			  ****************************************************************/
			$.get(
				paths.admin.getQueueListByPos +
				(testing ? '' : 'start/' + String(parseStartPos(l, p)) + '/limit/7/'),
				function(response) {
					handleResponse(response, function() {
						$.each(response.data, function(i, d) { appendToQueue(d, true); });
					});
					waitingToggle(l - p);
				}
			).fail(function() { failed(); });

			// Delay some time to make sure queue data is in DOM = =
			setTimeout(function() {
				// Initial highlight for current position
				$("#related-queue>tr>td:first-child:contains(" + p + ")").parent()
				.addClass("rgba-orange-strong");
			}, 300);
			break;

		case 'full':
			$.getJSON((paths.admin.queueInfo + new Date()), function(data) {
				waitingToggle(data.queueLength - data.curPos);
				var curMax = parseInt($("#related-queue>tr:eq(-1)>td:eq(0)").text());

				if (data.queueLength > curMax
					// There is new item in queue data
					&& data.curPos > parseInt($("#related-queue>tr:eq(3)>td:eq(0)").text())) {
					// Make sure the centered row displays data of current position
					$.get(
						paths.admin.getQueueItem + (testing ? '' : ((curMax + 1) + '/')),
						function(response) {
							handleResponse(response, function() {
								$("#related-queue>tr:eq(0)").addClass("fadeOutUp");
								setTimeout(function() {
									$("#related-queue>tr:eq(0)").remove();
									appendToQueue(response.data);
								}, 700);
							});
						}
					).fail(function() { failed(); });
				}
			}).fail(function() { failed(); });
			break;

		case 'filled':
			// Append all the responsed data to table
			$.get(
				paths.admin.getQueueListByPos +
				(
					testing ? '' :
					('start/' + String(displayedLen + 1) +
					'/limit/' + String(7 - displayedLen) + '/')
				),
				function(response) {
					handleResponse(response, function() {
						$.each(response.data, function(i, d) { appendToQueue(d); });
					});
					if (response.data.length != 0)
						waitingToggle(
							displayedLen + response.data.length -
							parseInt($("#related-queue>tr.rgba-orange-strong>td:eq(0)").text())
						);
				}
			).fail(function() { failed(); });
			break;
	}
}

function appendToQueue(newRow, init =false) {
	$("#related-queue").append(
	'
' +
		'' + escapeStr(newRow.posID) + '	' +
		'' + escapeStr(newRow.name) + '	' +
		'' + escapeStr(newRow.mobileNumber) + '	' +
		'' + escapeStr(newRow.emailAddress) + '	' +
		'' + escapeStr(parseTime(newRow.registerDate)) + '	' +
		'' + escapeStr((newRow.isNoticed ? '已发送' : '')) + '	' +
	'
');

	if ($("#call-next.disabled").length == 1
		&& !init) callNextPrepare();
}

function parseStartPos(len, pos) {
	return (len < 8 || pos < 5) ? 1 :
		(len - pos > 3) ? (pos - 3) : (len - 6);
}

function infoToggle(ele, val) {
	$(ele).removeClass("fadeInRight");
	$(ele).addClass("animated zoomOutUp");
	setTimeout(function() {
		$(ele).text(val);
		$(ele).removeClass("zoomOutUp");
		$(ele).addClass("fadeInRight");
	}, 1000);
}

function waitingToggle(val) {
	if (val == $("#waiting").text()) return;

	$("#waiting").removeClass("fadeInUp");
	$("#waiting").addClass("animated fadeOutUp");

	setTimeout(function() {
		$("#waiting").text(val);
		$("#waiting").removeClass("fadeOutUp");
		$("#waiting").addClass("fadeInUp");
	}, 700);
}

function togglePage(page, limit) {
	switch(page) {
		case '首页':
			togglePage(1);
			break;
		case '末页':
			togglePage(pages);
			break;
		case '«':
			togglePage(parseInt($(".page-item.active").text()) - 1);
			break;
		case '»':
			togglePage(parseInt($(".page-item.active").text()) + 1);
			break;

		default:
			page = parseInt(page);
			if (page <= 0 || page > pages) return;
			freshPagination(page);

			$.get(
				paths.admin.getQueueList + (testing ? '' : 'page/' + page + '/limit/' + rowLimit + '/'),
				function(response) {
					handleResponse(response, function() {
						$("#all-content").html('');
						$.each(response.data, function(i, d) {
							$("#all-content").append(
							'
' +
								'' + escapeStr(d.posID) + '	' +
								'' + escapeStr(d.name) + '	' +
								'' + escapeStr(d.mobileNumber) + '	' +
								'' + escapeStr(d.emailAddress) + '	' +
								'' + escapeStr(parseTime(d.registerDate)) + '	' +
								'' + escapeStr((d.isNoticed ? '已发送' : '')) + '	' +
							'
');
						});
					});
				}
			).fail(function() { failed(); });
			break;
	}
}

function freshPagination(newPage) {
	$(".page-item.disabled").removeClass("disabled");
	if (newPage == 1) $(".page-item:eq(1)").addClass("disabled");
	if (newPage == pages) $(".page-item:eq(-2)").addClass("disabled");

	// IF pages < 9: just display all the page buttons
	// ELSE: display 9 page buttons and make sure the active page is centered
	var start = ((pages < 9 || newPage < 5) ? 1 :
		(
			(pages - newPage) < 5 ? (pages - 8) : (newPage - 4))
		);

	$.each($(".page-item:gt(1):lt(-2)>a"), function(i) {
		var n = start + i;
		$(this).text(prefixZero(n, String(pages).length));
		if (n == newPage) {
			$(".page-item.active").removeClass("active");
			$(this).parent().addClass("active");
		}
	});
}

function prefixZero(n, width) {
	var n = String(n), len = n.length;
	return len >= width ? n : (new Array(width - len + 1).join('0') + n);
}

function confirmOperation(msg, func) {
	$("#progress").hide();
	$("#confirm-info").html(msg);

	$("#confirm-btn").on('click', function () {
		$("#progress").show();
		func();
	});

	$("#confirm-operation").on('hide.bs.modal', function () {
		$("#confirm-btn").unbind('click');
	});

	$("#confirm-operation").modal('show');
}

function handleResponse(response, successFunc) {
	if (response.status == 0) {
		successFunc();
	} else {
		errorAlert(response.errorMessage);
	}
}

function exportData(data, filename) {
	var string = '\ufeff' + '号码,姓名,手机号,邮箱地址,报名时间,微信提醒' + '\n';
	$.each(data, function(index, row) {
		row.isNoticed = row.isNoticed ? '已发送' : '未发送';
		row.registerDate = parseTime(row.registerDate);
		string += String(Object.values(row)) + '\n';
	});

	var link = document.createElement('a');
	var blob = new Blob([string], { type: 'text/csv;charset=utf-8' });
	$(link).attr({ 'download': filename, 'href': URL.createObjectURL(blob)});
	link.click();
}

function parseTime(timestamp) {
	var date = new Date(0);
	date.setSeconds(parseInt(timestamp));

	var ymd = [
		date.getFullYear(),
		prefixZero(date.getMonth() + 1, 2),
		prefixZero(date.getDate(), 2),
	],
		hms = [
		prefixZero(date.getHours(), 2),
		prefixZero(date.getMinutes(), 2),
		prefixZero(date.getSeconds(), 2),
	];

	return ymd.join('-') + ' ' + hms.join(':');
}

function escapeStr(str) {
	var m = {
		'&': '&',
		'<': '<',
		'>': '>',
		'"': '"',
		"'": ''',
		'/': '/',
		'`': '`',
		'=': '='
	};
	return String(str).replace(/[&<>"'`=\/]/g, function (s) { return m[s]; });
}

function errorAlert(err, refresh =true) {
	$("#error-info").text(err);
	$("#error-alert").on('hide.bs.modal', function () {
		if (refresh)
			setTimeout(function() { location.reload(); }, 500);
	});
	$("#error-alert").on('show.bs.modal', function () {
		// Prevent Bootstrap Operation: add scrollbarWidth as padding-right
		$("body").css("padding-right", 0);
	});

	$("#progress").hide();
	$("#confirm-operation").modal('hide');
	$("#error-alert").modal('show');
}

function failed() {
	errorAlert('获取数据失败,请联系管理员');
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The property is situated within the suburb of Eston which lies between Middlesbrough and Redcar on Teeside.
Forming part of the principal shooping precinct on High Street, the property occupies a cental position within Eston centre and is situated in close proximity to free public parking.
The property is a former supermarket which has been vacant for some time and is in need of some refurbishment.
Arranged on ground and first floor the property provides substantial retail accomodation offering significant potential for a range of uses.
A new lease of teh whole or part is available by negotiation.
By prior appointment with sole agents Bowcliffe.


With the release of the new AppleCheeks t-shirts, interest has been renewed in my previous AC t-shirt hack. So ask and you shall receive!
My project began out of necessity. I misread the ordering instructions and ended up with a unisex shirt much too large for me. Now I am not a t-shirt person anyway (something about those collars makes me feel confined) so I decided to mix it up. I headed over to Pinterest and scoped out some ideas.
Step one was to lay out on top of it a women's cut t-shirt that I knew was a good fit. I cut the sides down using it as an example, while leaving a couple inches for the seams. I also cut off the sleeves.
Next I started experimenting with this cool braiding technique I found. Basically you cut small vertical slits and then thread one loop through the next hole. This creates the illusion of a braid. The further apart you make the slits the more gathering will occur and the thicker your braid will be. I used a very small braid on the neck and a medium on the shoulders to create this look. This technique also causes the salvage to roll over and "finishes" the garment. I love the way the shoulders look with the braid on either side, it created a subtle gather that looks so girly.
As a last minute addition I created a scabby-chic flower to go on the shoulder. These are also super simple to make. Take a long strip of fabric, fold it in two lengthwise and run a hand gathering stitch all the way along. Then pull the string tight the gather it. It will naturally form a swirl and you just need to finesse it a bit to get the look you like and sew it together.
Here is my entire t-shirt hack pintrest board, I encourage you to check it out see if you find any inspiration there for yourself. Please share your final creations with me, so we can all be inspired by each other!


text:
College Little Italy restaurants
In the early portion of the 1900 s, a wave of immigrants from Italy arrived at Providence. These immigrants settled along Spruce Street and Atwells Avenue. A place previously known for its Irish neighborhood transformed into a densely Italian populated area. By 1905, there were…
Italian courses Italy
Tropea lies on the stretch of the Italian boot at the same level as the famous Aeolian Islands. Italians lovingly call Tropea The Pearl of Calabria . In Calabria you can find untouched nature with rich vegetation which provides a wonderful contrast to the deep blue, crystal…
Study Italian in Naples Italy
Hello from Naples! This summer we had the good fortune of welcoming to Naples Emily and Nina, who came to spend the second part of their Summer Multisite Program, Food and Culture in the Mediterranean - which ran for the first time this very summer. The students had spent the…
Sapienza University of Rome is a public, autonomous and free university, involved in the development of society through research, higher level of education and international cooperation. Professor Luigi Frati is its Rector since November 2008. He has started a great innovation…
Education in Italy for Kids
Interesting Facts for Kids Here are some interesting Italy Facts which were chosen and researched by kids especially for kids. • Population: 61.3 million people live in Italy (2013) • Capital: Roma (Rome), which is often called Eternal City , with 2.6 mio inhabitants and Italy's…
Language Schools Italy
LEARN ITALIAN IN SIENA Welcome to Siena, the heart of Tuscany. Take a step back in time as you enter the ancient walls surrounding the best preserved medieval town in Italy. Listen to the Sienese speak. You are hearing pure Italian! It is said that the inhabitants of Siena are…
Fashion courses in Italy
* Arts: Education: Schools and Academies (28) * Academy in Umbria (Todi, Italy) - Founded by Sheri Amadi to provide instruction in classical drawing and painting. * Academy of Fine Arts (Frankfurt…
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College bars Venice Italy
Venice Experience a city of unparalleled beauty! Take an Italian course in Venice and you ll quickly be seduced by its bustling waterways, majestic palaces and breathtaking views. After your Italian lessons…
Farmacia in Italia
Ministry of Education Italy teaching English
Rich with history and flowing with energy, Europe is the perfect blend of old and new. With so many countries to choose from, teachers will find that Europe is an ideal destination to balance work and…
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RePost (Regarding Exhibition Publication Opportunities) features ongoing work by Waterloo Architecture students, faculty, and alumni that has been exhibited, published, or presented in other venues. This…
Italian Cooking School
Inspired by girls nites that I have had with my great friends, I run this business as a way for other women to come together, have fun and learn to cook a few dishes. My style of cooking includes home…
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Meredith College Sansepolcro Italy
The woman's college, Meredith College, that I graduated from in Raleigh, North Carolina has a year round study abroad program in Sansepolcro. Here is a link to the program. Sansepolcro is about an hour's…
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Italian language courses Italy
/by If you're thinking of heading to Italy this summer, here are our top locations to learn Italian (and keep cool)… In Mediterranean countries such as Italy, August is traditionally a month where city…
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Boarding Schools Italy
Travel Sport Camp, Italy: Currently, Travel Sport Camp and its affiliate EduKick, host schools and camps in 11 different countries on four continents and continues to grow on a global scale. Travel Sport…
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Education in Tuscany, Italy
NBC s Meet The Press: H1N1 flu virus: Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano, Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, and Acting Director for the CDC Dr. Richard Besser. Plus, Sen…
Ranking of Universities in Italy
What's the " Top University " in the world? If we used the criteria of age, it would be University of Bologna in Italy. It was founded in 1088. And in the past, age did dictate the prominence of a higher…
TAMU Italy Study Abroad
The day has come. I am leaving this beautiful town I've grown to love and call home for the last three months. I knew this semester would come to an end sooner or later, but not as quickly as it has. This…
Top Colleges in Italy
Painted and drew in his own style before he went to Italy. He s been drawing accurately from life since he was a baby. He doesn t paint like any school or any program or anyone but himself. I ve seen…
Italy Education visa
What is a study visa? An Italian study visa is permission from the Italian consulate to stay in a country for longer than 90 days for the purpose of studying. How to obtain an Italian Study Visa: First…
Photography Schools in Italy
Istituto Italiano di Fotografia, Milan: Study photography in Italy with Istituto Italiano di Fotografia (IIF)! Conveniently situated close to the center of Milan, IIF is a leading European photography…
Study and lists some respected schools though I know of more, some in France, more specific names of school noted etc. Atelier schools founded in this tradition include (in chronological order of founding): *…