text:
Wira Restaurant, Wira Use
Wira Bruk, Österåker
|Translated by Google translation|
Wira Restaurant is housed in the well-known Wira mill.
The restaurant serves homemade, locally produced and organic classic Swedish such as home-engraved salmon, pickled herring, shrimp and meatball sandwiches, even own beer WiraBira .
At summer time the restaurant is open daily with a large outdoor dining area. Winter time is open on weekends.
During the Wiraspelen, the opening hours are extended until 11.00. 19!
You can also book events and private parties, weddings, memorials, etc.
Check the current menu on the website www.wirarestaurang.se
In addition to the Restaraungen in Wira Bruk, there are :
- Old smiths
A conservation forge from the 18th century and from the 19th century. Next to them is a newer forgesometimes used in the summer.
On May 1, each year, the smithies are officially inaugurated for the season, when the Carolins shoot salute and everyone is invited to a historic tour of the mill.
- Museum Wira Bruk
There you can see what has been made in the mill for centuries, ie since the 17th century until the present. Then one can also deepen the history of Wira. The museum is open during summer time at. 11-16. Free entrance.
- Historical guide of the mill
It happens in the summer, Wednesdays and Sundays at. 13, takes about 1 hour, ticket will be redeemed in the Art Museum.
Private guided tours for small and large groups are available for order from 1 May to 30 September. The tour concludes with a visit to the Museum and the Art Museum. Total time for the visit 1.5 hours. It is possible to book coffee and lunch in conjunction with guided tours.
- The artisan shop
WhereThe art forging that is produced today is shown. Adjacent there is a sufferer where there are forging aids and sometimes a special exhibition. Toilets are toilets.
- The coffee shop
The red-haired, timbered little bignade, which is visible on the road next to the village, dates from the 19th century and has previously served as a laundry room and pier. Previously, there was an older mill in the same place. The mill has probably been in Wira before the smiths.
In the present-day dining in Kaffestugan takes place occasionally when there are a lot of visitors and bookings, in the winter and at the Christmas market.
In the summer, Kaffestugan turns into Kulturstugan.
- The Culture Cottage
More culture comes to Wira Bruk. From 2019, the historic village will also be characterized by its own art and craft exhibitions. Local creators get a chance to present their work to the audience. Art and crafts from the beautiful Roslagen are shown in the summer time at. 11 - 16.
-Fabulous Christmas Market, 1st Advent
Meet the plot and shop for fine Christmas gifts among the stalls with local crafts. Take a swing to live Christmas music and hear the Old Smith tell his incomparable stories. Botanize among the works of the Wiremederna in the store and enjoy a Christmas plate in the restaurant. Warm yourself with a mulled wine at the fire and feel the Christmas approach.
Roslagsleden Stage 6: Wira use - Penningby, 22 km.
The section between Wira Bruk and Bergshamra leads through varied forest and cultural sites. Buses run along the road...
Ljusterö is one of the largest islands in the Stockholm archipelago. Known for its beautiful nature, its well preserv...
Wira Bruk B&B
Our B&B is located in the heart of the idyllic Wira Bruk, an old iron work village. Here you can enjoy a stay close t...
Bruksgårdsvägen 3
Wira Bruk
E-mail: restaurangen@wirarestaurang.se
Open: Year round - Saturday and Sunday at. 11:00 - 16:00. Summer - daily 11 - 16. During the Wiraspelen, the opening hours are extended until 11.00. 19th
Wira mill is located along the coastal road between Åkersberga and Norrtälje, about 5 miles northeast of Stockholm. And is very nice excursion destination.
Wira mill was built in the 17th century by Admiral Clas Fleming and during Sweden's great power period was one of Sweden's most important weapons agents. The mill is located between two lakes with a level difference of 13 meters, which gave good access to hydro power for the production.
In Wira's weaponry, the majority of the hosts used in the war of Charles XII were forged.
Today, Wira is a living utility environment - an idyll with well-preserved forges and red cottages along Wiraån.
Here artworks are used, whose products are sold in the artificial craft store.
At Wira use there is a museum that tells about and shows the forging production back in time. More about Wira Bruk
Two kilometers north of Åkersberga and three miles south of Norrtälje. Car - From Stockholm drive north on the E18 to Rosenkilde, follow signs for Åkersberga. Continue on road 276 through Åkersberga and towards Roslagskulla. Follow signs for Wira Bruk. E4 - Exit at the Häggvik junction and follow the signs to Täby. Continue past Täby exit, about 15 minutes. The road goes to road 276 to Åkersberga, follow the road for about 20 minutes and take off at Roslagskulla church. Follow the signs to Wira Bruk. Bus Bus traffic available through SL-bus 626,624,620,621 from Stockholm and Åkersberga. Train Roslagsbanan from the Technical University to Åkersberga. Continue with connection bus towards Norrtälje over Roslags Kulla. For more information, see ww.sl.se


This reading exercises is so helpful and such a powerful tool especially for a self taught drummer like me, but of course, this is not just for drummers, this is for everyone who loves music! This is a great chance for a free learning! Thank you Sir Sebastien! More Power!


text:
Unix Unleashed, System Administrator's Edition pdf
UNIX Unleashed, System
Administrator's Edition
Part I - Introduction to UNIX
Chapter 1 - The UNIX Operating System
Chapter 2 - Getting Started: Basic Tutorial
Chapter 3 - Additional UNIX Resources
Chapter 4 - The UNIX File System
Chapter 5 - General Commands
Chapter 6 - Getting Around the Network
Chapter 7 - Communicating with Others
Part II - UNIX Shells
Chapter 8 - What Is a Shell?
Chapter 9 - The Bourne Shell
Chapter 10 - The Bourne Again Shell
Chapter 11 - The Korn Shell
Chapter 12 - The C Shell
Chapter 13 - Shell Comparison
Part III - System Administration
Chapter 14 - What Is System Administration
Chapter 15 - UNIX Installation Basics
Chapter 16 - Starting Up and Shutting Down
Chapter 17 - User Administration
Chapter 18 - File System and Disk Administration
Chapter 19 - Kernel Configuration
Chapter 20 - Networking
Chapter 21 - System Accounting
Chapter 22 - Performance and Tuning
Chapter 23 - Device Administration
Chapter 24 - Mail Administration
Chapter 25 - News Administration
Chapter 26 - UUCP Administration
Chapter 27 - FTP Administration
Chapter 28 - Backing Up and Restoring Your System
UNIX® Unleashed, System
Robin Burk and David B. Horvath, CCP, et al
To Stephen P. Kowalchuk, who provided an IS manager and practicing network administrator's
point of view.
----Robin Burk
This edition is dedicated to my parents and grandparents. Education and doing one's best was
always important to them.
----David B. Horvath
Special thanks to Roger for support and grocery shopping. Also to the Laurelwood English Cockers,
who intuitively understand how to negotiate a communications session (beg), allocate resources (if
it's on the counter, it's ours!), and travel in encapsulated cells (show crates) over broadband highway
As with all the other projects I get involved with, my wife and muse, Mary, has been tremendously
supportive. Even when I spent my evenings and weekends at the keyboard. Of course, she filled her
time by shopping (she said this, not me).
My parents, brothers, and the rest of family, who always wondered about the time I spent with
computers, are now seeing the concrete results of it all.
I've been involved with this project for close to a year now. The development staff were very helpful
and have certainly kept it interesting. I want to thank them and the other authors (especially those
that I talked into helping out). This certainly turned out to be a bigger project (and resulting book)
than any of us expected. I hope and expect that people will be looking at these two volumes as
definitive reference!
especially with the effort this one entailed, I miss them when I'm not working on one.
---- David B. Horvath
Robin Burk has over 25 years' experience in advanced software, computer, and data
communications technologies. She has provided technical and managerial leadership for the
development of language tools, communications software, operating systems, and multimedia
applications. A successful executive in entrepreneurial companies, she consults on software product
development and the use of the Internet for business success. Robin's undergraduate degree is in
physics and math. She also holds an MBA in finance and operations. Robin's other passion is
breeding, training, and showing dogs. She moderates an e-mail list for English Cocker Spaniel
fanciers and can be reached at robink@wizard.net.
David B. Horvath, CCP, is a Senior Consultant with CGI Systems, Inc., an IBM Company, in the
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area. He has been a consultant for over twelve years and is also a
part-time Adjunct Professor at local colleges teaching topics that include C Programming, UNIX,
and Database Techniques. He is currently pursuing an M.S. degree in Dynamics of Organization at
the University of Pennsylvania. He has provided seminars and workshops to professional societies
and corporations on an international basis. David is the author of "UNIX for the Mainframer" and
numerous magazine articles.
When not at the keyboard, he can be found working in the garden or soaking in the hot tub. He has
been married for over ten years and has several dogs and cats.
David can be reached at unx2@cobs.com for questions related to this book. No Spam please!
Fred Trimble holds a master's degree in computer science from Villanova University. In his nine
years with Unisys Corporation, he held many positions, including UNIX system administrator, C
programmer, and Oracle database administrator. Currently, he is a senior consultant and instructor
with Actium Corporation in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, specializing in C++, Java, and the Brio
data warehousing product line. He is currently pursuing a master's degree in software engineering
from Drexel University.
Sanjiv Guha has 14 years of experience in managing and developing financial and other application
systems. He specializes in C, UNIX, C++, Windows, and COBOL. Sanjiv holds a Master of
Technology Degree from Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.
William A. Farra's computer career started in the summer of 1978, working in a time sharing shop
on a IBM 365. It had 768 KB, 8 disk packs totaling 125 MB and a cost of 10 million dollars. That
fall, Mr. Farra went to the University of Delaware for electrical engineering and worked part time at
Radio Shack playing with the trash 80's. He continued to work for the Shack until he met a bright
guy who was writing custom programs for the larger computers the Shack sold. Bill took a full time
job with him in September of 1983, working on Microsoft's first versions of UNIX (called Xenix at
the time) and writing BASIC and C code.
various clients in the Philadelphia area including "Dan Peter Kopple and Associates," the architects
who renovated 30th Station. Since 1991, Bill has returned to employment, developing and/or
enhancing various systems including "Fraud Detection Delivery System" for MBNA and Settlement
systems for EPS "MAC card ATM processor." Recently he got away from the "Big Cities" and is
living at the Jersey Shore. He is a lead developer for National Freight Industries, working with
various UNIX based systems including real-time tracking of vehicles using national transportation
satellite and ground-based networks. Always keeping an eye on the future, Bill is just having more
fun doing it now.
Richard E. Rummel, CDP, is the president of ASM Computing, Jacksonville, Florida, which
specializes in UNIX software development and end user training. He has been actively employed in
the computer industry for over 20 years. Married for 25 years, he is the father of two children, a dog,
and a cat.
Sriranga Veeraraghavan is earning his B.E. from UC Berkeley in 1997. He is a GUI designer on
UNIX, and currently uses Java for multiple Web-based applications. He is currently working at
Cisco Systems. Sriranga amuses himself with Perl, Marathon and MacsBugs.
Christopher Johnson is currently studying at Sheffield Hallam University in the UK for a degree in
Electronic and Information Engineering. He is mostly self taught in the computer field, with
experience being gained from helping other students, people on Usenet, and colleagues at work. He
is part of a team that administers a Linux server on the university's network, and administers a web
server on it. When not working, his interests include cycling and music, and he enjoys traveling.
John Valley lives in Richmond, Virginia with his wife Terri and his Labrador retriever, Brandon.
Mr. Valley currently operates a small practice as an independent consultant for UNIX and Windows
tools and applications. With more than 20 years of experience in the computer industry, his
background ranges from Cobol business applications and mainframe operating system development
to UNIX tools and Windows programming. He teaches courses in C/C++ programming and UNIX
fundamentals.
Mr. Valley has published three books on UNIX topics and was a contributing author for the first
edition of UNIX Unleashed.
Sydney S. Weinstein, CDP, CCP, is a consultant, columnist, lecturer, author, professor, and
president of Myxa Corporation, an Open Systems technology company specializing in helping
companies move to and work with Open Systems. He has 20 years experience with UNIX dating all
the way back to Version 6.
Sean Drew is a distributed object software developer, working primarily with UNIX, C++, and
CORBA. Sean is married to his college sweetheart Sheri and together they have two children, Dylan
Thomas and Terran Caitlin. At the time of this writing a third child is on the way, and depending on
the gender will probably be named Erin Nichole, Brenna Nichole, or Ryan Patrick. When Sean is not
busy with his family or church, he likes to brew beer. Anybody up for a nice imperial stout? Sean
can be reached at ninkasi@worldnet.att.net.
developing new market data and transaction distribution systems.
Ron Rose is an international management consultant with over 20 years of data processing
management experience. He has led large-scale data processing installations in Asia, Europe, and the
United States, and he has managed several software product start-up efforts. He completed a master's
in information systems from Georgia Institute of Technology after completing undergraduate work at
Tulane University and the University of Aberdeen, Scotland.
Lance Cavener is co-founder of Senarius. His function is to provide support to employers in Eastern
Canada. Tasks such as payroll, work force deployment, and more are part of his business. He is also
the President and Senior Network Administrator of ASCIO Communications, a subsidiary of
Senarius. He provides the public and businesses with Internet related services. Lance has been
actively involved in UNIX since 1990, as an administrator for corporate networks at various
companies in Eastern Canada. His work includes working with BIND/DNS, Sendmail, Usenet setup,
web servers, and UNIX security. He has also written various programs for SunOS, MS-DOS,
MS-Windows, and VMS.
David Gumkowski currently is a senior systems analyst for Digital Systems Group, Inc.,
Warminster, PA. Nineteen years ago, he emerged from his computing womb at Purdue University
and cut his system administration teeth using Control Data and Texas Instruments machines. For the
last 11 years, he developed his UNIX skills prodding Sun, Hewlett Packard, Digital Equipment and
Silicon Graphics machines to behave for approximately 3,000 users. He would publicly like to thank
his wife and children for their support when trying new things like writing chapters for this book.
John Semencar is a senior software analyst for Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
Beginning system administration on Control Data legacy systems 10 years ago, and with a
background that also includes DEC and SGI, he presently surrounds himself with Hewlett Packard
9000 servers running HP-UX v10.x. He would like to thank his wife Georgia and little Buster for
their support.
Steve Shah is a systems administrator for the Center of Environmental Research and Technology at
the University of California, Riverside. He received his B.S. in Computer Science with a minor in
Creative Writing from UCR and is currently working on his M.S. there as well. In his copious spare
time, he enjoys writing fiction, DJing, and spending time with his friends, family, and sweet, Heidi.
Daniel Wilson currently performs UNIX Systems Administration and Database Administration
work for the Defense Finance and Accounting Services Financial Systems Organization, which is a
financial organization within the Department of Defense.
William D. Wood currently works at Software Artistry, Inc as a support specialist on UNIX
systems. He supports the Expert Advisor software it runs on SUN OS, HP-UX and IBM AIX. He has
specialized in multi-systems and remote systems support since 1985, when he started work at the
Pentagon. He has solely supported infrastructures that span the world and just the U.S. He has also
supported up to 80 UNIX machines at one time.
William G. Pierce currently performs UNIX Systems Administration and is the Technical Lead for
the MidTier Management Operation at the Defense Finance and Accounting Services, Financial
Services Organization, Indianapolis, Indiana.
mainly specializing in UNIX, NetWare, and mainframe connectivity. He also designs and
implements TCP/IP-based networks and enterprise network management solutions. Salim holds a
master's degree in electrical engineering from the American University of Beirut. His experience and
main career interests have primarily been in internetworking, multiplatform integration, and network
analysis and management.
Chris Byers is a systems administrator for a financial securities firm in Philadelphia. As a former
consultant and disaster recovery specialist, he has many years of experience in the UNIX world with
its many different variants. He lives in South Jersey with his wife, his son, and his cat. He can be
reached at
southst@voicenet.com
Jeff Smith is a psychology major who took a wrong turn and ended up working with computers. Jeff
has worked with UNIX systems since 1982 as a programmer and systems administrator. He has
administered mail, news, security, and the domain name system on several varieties of UNIX
including 2.9 BSD, 4.3 BSD, Dynix, SunOS, and AIX.
James C. Armstrong, Jr. is a software engineer with more than ten years of industry experience
with UNIX and C.
James Edwards (
jamedwards@deloitte.ca) is an IT professional experienced in data
communications, network integration, and systems design in both North America and Europe. He
holds an M.S. in information technology from the University of London and a B.A. (Hons) from
Middlesex University, both in the United Kingdom. James currently resides in Toronto, Canada,
where he is employed as a manager with the Deloitte & Touche Consulting Group. His spare time is
taken up with his girls, Denise, Lauren, and Poppy.
As a reader, you are the most important critic and commentator of our books. We value your opinion
and want to know what we're doing right, what we could do better, what areas you'd like to see us
publish in, and any other words of wisdom you're willing to pass our way. You can help us make
strong books that meet your needs and give you the computer guidance you require.
Do you have access to the World Wide Web? Then check out our site at
http://www.mcp.com
If you have a technical question about this book, call the technical support line
at 317-581-3833 or send e-mail to
support@mcp.com
As the team leader of the group that created this book, I welcome your comments. You can fax,
e-mail, or write me directly to let me know what you did or didn't like about this book--as well as
what we can do to make our books stronger. Here's the information:
Dean Miller
Comments Department
201 W. 103rd Street
by Robin Burk and David B. Horvath, CCP
Welcome to UNIX Unleashed, System Administrator's Edition.
Who Should Read This Book
Our highly popular first edition brought comprehensive, up-to-date information on UNIX to a wide
audience. That original edition was already 1,600 pages. The new topics covered in this edition have
obliged us to split the second edition into two volumes, namely, the System Administrator's Edition
and the Internet Edition, which we'll refer to jointly as "the new" or the second edition. Though each
volume can stand alone and may be read independently of the other, they form a complementary set
with frequent cross-references. This new edition is written for:
People new to UNIX
Anyone using UNIX who wants to learn more about the system and its utilities
Programmers looking for a tutorial and reference guide to C, C++, Perl, awk, and the UNIX
System administrators concerned about security and performance on their machines
Webmasters and Internet server administrators
Programmers who want to write Web pages and implement gateways to server databases
Anyone who wants to bring his or her UNIX skills and knowledge base up-to-date
A lot has happened in the UNIX world since the first edition of UNIX Unleashed was released in
1994. Perhaps the most important change is the tremendous growth of the Internet and the World
Wide Web. Much of the public Internet depends on UNIX-based servers. In addition, many
corporations of all sizes have turned to UNIX as the environment for network and data servers. As
UNIX fans have long known, the original open operating system is ideal for connecting
heterogeneous computers and networks into a seamless whole.
What's New in UNIX Unleashed, Second Edition
This edition of UNIX Unleashed includes a substantial amount of new information describing
Internet and World Wide Web technologies in UNIX. New topics include:
Programming Web pages with HTML
Programming Common Gateway Interfaces (CGI) using Perl, C/C++, HTML, and the UNIX
MIME, the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension
HTTP, the HyperText Transfer Protocol
Web servers and server performance
As UNIX becomes the platform of choice for critical network and data applications, UNIX vendors
have placed increased emphasis on system maturity, ease-of-use, and security capabilities. Even with
the growth of Microsoft Windows NT, UNIX still has a place in the industry. It is more mature,
more stable, more scaleable, and has a wider array of applications than NT. Many people claim that
NT is the open operating system of the future; that may be true (I have my own personal opinion),
but for now, UNIX holds that place.
We've also updated this edition of UNIX Unleashed to bring you current information regarding:
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about the most popular variants of UNIX
Security issues and the technologies you can use to protect your system and its information
against intruders and malicious users
The most popular Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
As with the original edition, we set out to bring users the most comprehensive, useful, and up-to-date
UNIX guide. To meet this goal, we've added nearly two dozen new chapters and have revised much
of the original material in the book. The resulting book is so large that it is now divided into two
volumes. The System Administrator's Edition introduces UNIX and contains much of the
information required for basic users and for systems administrators. The Internet Edition includes
advanced information for programmers, Internet/Web developers, and those who need detailed
information regarding specific UNIX flavors.
Coverage of Popular UNIX Variants
Based on input from some of the experts, application developers, consultants, and system
administrators working in industry, we have provided information about a number of the UNIX
variants. We split the variants into two categories: major and minor. This is not a comment on the
quality or capabilities of the variant, but on the penetration in the marketplace (popularity).
We consider AIX, HP-UX, Solaris, and SVR4 to be major and BSD, IRIX, Linux, and SunOS to be
minor players in the marketplace. There are other variants; the next edition may cover them as they
become more popular.
You can identify where something specific to a variant is discussed by the icon next to it:
AIX--major--IBM's version that runs on the RS/6000 series of RISC systems and mainframes.
Over 500,000 RS/6000 systems have been sold!
BSD--minor--This version has a lesser presence in the marketplace. Although many variants
can trace their heritage to BSD, it is not that popular as a product.
HP-UX--major--Hewlett Packard's (HP) version with a strong hardware presence in the
marketplace and a strong future growth path.
IRIX--minor--While the Silicon Graphics (SGI) machines are wonderful for graphics, they
have not found wide acceptance in business environments.
Linux--minor--Although this is a very nice and free variant, it has little commercial presence
in the marketplace (probably because corporations do not want to run their mission-critical
applications without a vendor they can sue when there is a problem). See the SAMS Linux
Unleashed series books (Red Hat and Slackware) for detailed information.
Solaris--major--Sun Microsystems' version with a strong hardware presence in the
SunOs--minor--Largely being superseded by Solaris installations. A good variant, but it is
difficult for a company to support two versions of UNIX at a time.
SVR4--major--This version has a strong presence in the marketplace. In addition, many
variants can trace their heritage to System V Release 4.
CD-ROM Contents
We've also enhanced our CD-ROM with a C compiler, the most popular Web server software, and
megabytes of other useful tools and information. The CD-ROM packaged with each volume contains
exactly the same software and materials. Here are some of the noteworthy inclusions:
The entire text of both volumes in HTML format
Listings and code examples from various chapters in the volume
FreeBSD 2.2.5, full binary release
Linux RedHat 4.2, full binary release [x86 platform only]
BASH, sources and documentation.
sendmail version 8.7
RFCs 821, 822, 1425, 1123, 976, 977, 1036
latest version of INN source code
GNU findutils 4.1
GNU fileutils 3.16
xv-3.10a
disktool (v2.0)
xarchie
xrn
Crack (or equivalent)
Perl 5.x
elm and pine
UNIX sort utility
GNU awk, gawk
GNU C compiler
emacs editor
gmake
NCSA Web Server
asWedit
missinglink
Weblint
Isearch and Isearch-cgi
@cgi.pm
LessTif 0.80 sources Linux & FreeBSD bins
fvwm window manager
Enlightenment window manager
libg 2.7.2 (useful companion to C compiler)
acroread, Adobe Acrobat PDF reader (for Linux and FreeBSD)
To make use of the CD-ROM easier, whenever a reference in print is made to the CD-ROM, you
will see an icon. You can also scan through the text to find the CD-ROM icons to find more
information the disk contents.
How These Volumes are Organized
The books are divided into parts (detailed information about each volume is in the next sections).
Each volume also contains a glossary of terms and an index.
Whenever there is special information you should pay attention to, it will be placed in a blocks to
grab your attention. There are three types of special blocks: note, tip, and caution.
A note is used to provide you with information that you may want to pay
attention to but is not critical. It provides you with information that can be critical but
should not cause too much trouble.
exposure to problems (and how they were solved).
A caution is used to grab your attention to prevent you from doing
something that would cause problems. Pay close attention to cautions!
The icons shown in the CD-ROM Contents and Coverage of Popular UNIX Variants sections also
provide a quick means of referencing information.
How the System Administrator's Edition Is
The first volume, UNIX Unleashed, Systems Administrator Edition, consists of three major sections
or parts. The general focus is getting you started using UNIX, working with the shells, and then
administering the system.
Part I, Introduction to UNIX, is designed to get you started using UNIX. It provides you with the
general information on the organization of the UNIX operating system, how and where to find files,
and the commands a general user would want to use. Information is also provided on how to get
around the network and communicating with other users on the system.
Part II, UNIX Shells, provides you the information on how to choose which shell to use and how to
use that shell. The most popular shells: Bourne, Bourne Again (BASH), Korn, and C, are covered as
well as a comparison between them. Under UNIX, the shell is what provides the user interface to the
operating system.
Part III, System Administration, gets you started and keeps you going with the tasks required to
administer a UNIX system. From installation through performance and tuning, the important topics
are covered. The general duties of the system administrator are described (so you can build a job
description to give to your boss). In case you are working on a brand-new UNIX system, the basics
of UNIX installation are covered. Other topics covered in this section include: starting and stopping
UNIX, user administration, file system and disk administration, configuring the kernel (core of the
operating system), networking UNIX systems, accounting for system usage, device (add-on
hardware) administration, mail administration, news (known as netnews or UseNet) administration,
UUCP (UNIX to UNIX Copy Program, an early networking method still in wide use today)
administration, FTP (File Transfer Protocol) administration, and finally, backing up and restoring
files.
How the Internet Edition Is Organized
The second volume, UNIX Unleashed, Internet Edition, consists of seven major parts. The general
focus is programming (GUI, application languages, and the Internet), text formatting (which
involves embedding commands in your text and then processing it), security considerations
Part I, Graphical User Interfaces, provides you with information about using and writing GUI
applications. When the operating system is UNIX, the GUI is the X-windowing system.
Part II, Programming, introduces the most popular program development tools in the UNIX
environment. The most important part is how to enter your program (editing with vi and emacs)! The
awk, Perl, C, and C++ programming languages are covered. Awk and Perl are interpreted languages
designed for quick program development. C is the compiled language developed by Kernighan and
Ritchie--UNIX is written in this language. C++ is an enhancement to the C language that supports
object oriented programming. The final chapter in this section discusses the
utility, which
provides a rule-based method to control program compilation.
Part III, Text Formatting and Printing, covers the tools that support the development, formatting, and
printing of documents in the UNIX environment. These tools were much of the original justification
for hardware that was used to develop UNIX. The formatting programs,
nroff
troff
standard macro packages, and many of the other document preparation tools are covered. In addition,
developing your own text formatting macros is discussed.
Part IV, Security, is an advanced area of systems administration. One of the criticisms of UNIX is
that it is not secure. It was developed in an environment where the individuals were trusted and
sharing information was important. UNIX is capable of being very secure; you just have to know
how to set it up. This section provides that information. The risks, available tools, and helpful
organizations are covered.
Part V, UNIX and the Internet, introduces the tools used with the world wide web and the
transmission of binary files via email (MIME). The web page definition language, HTML, is
introduced, along with the methods of developing CGI (Common Gateway Interface--programs that
run on the web server processing data from web pages) programs in shell scripting languages, Perl,
and C/C++. Administrative information is provided in chapters on HTTP (HyperText Transport
Protocol) and monitoring server activity.
Part VI, Source Control, covers the tools that UNIX provides to maintain control of your source code
as different versions (and revisions) are created. The three major tools are RCS, CVS, and SCCS.
Part VII, Frequently Asked Questions, provides answers, as the name implies, to the most frequently
asked questions about the various variants of UNIX. AIX, BSD, HP-UX, Linux, Solaris, SVR4, and
IRIX are covered in individual chapters.
Conventions Used in This Volume
This book uses the following typographical conventions:
Menu names are separated from the individual menu options with a vertical bar (|). For
example, "File|Save" means "Select the File menu and then choose the Save option."
New terms appear in italic.
All code appears in
. This includes pseudocode that is used to show a general
format rather than a specific example.
Words that you are instructed to type appear in
monospace bold
Placeholders (words that stand for what you actually type) appear in
italic monospace
Lines of code that are too long to fit on only one line of this book are broken at a convenient
place and continued on the next line. A code continuation character (
) precedes the new
line. Any code that contains this character should be entered as one long line without a line
break.
An ellipsis (...) in code indicates that some code has been omitted for the sake of brevity.
UNIX Unleashed, System Administrator's Edition
Copyright©, Macmillan Computer Publishing. All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means, or stored in a database
or retrieval system without prior written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief
quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
For information, address Macmillan Publishing, 201 West 103rd Street, Indianapolis, IN 46290.
-The UNIX Operating System
by Rachel and Robert Sartin, and Robin Burk
Welcome to the world of UNIX. Once the domain of wizards and gurus, today UNIX has spread beyond the
university and laboratory to find a home in global corporations and small Internet servers alike. This ability to
scale up or down, to accommodate small installations or complex corporate networks with little or no
modification, is only one of the characteristics that have won UNIX its popularity and widespread use.
As we'll see through the course of this book, UNIX is a rich and complex system built upon simple, powerful
elements. Although many more recent operating systems have borrowed concepts and mechanisms from
UNIX, those who are most familiar with legacy mainframe environments, or whose experience is mostly
limited to single-user personal computers, may find UNIX to be a bit intimidating at first. The best advice I
can give is to take it slowly, but don't give up. As you read through these chapters and begin to use some of
the features and utilities described in this book, you'll find that once-foreign ideas have taken clear and
concrete shape in your mind.
One distinctive characteristic of UNIX compared to other operating systems is the fact
that there are several flavors, or variants, of the operating system. Because the source code of the
early versions was made available to a variety of computer manufacturers and third parties, many
slightly different forms of UNIX co-exist. Some are specific to a given hardware manufacturer;
others differ in the utilities, configuration methods or user interfaces they offer. In this book, we
will call your attention to the differences among the most commonly used UNIX variants,
HP-UX (Hewlett Packard)
Solaris (SunSoft)
SVR4 (AT&T)
AIX (IBM)
Other UNIX variants we will examine in these two volumes include:
BSD (Berkeley Software)
SunOS (predecessor to Solaris)
Throughout these two volumes, you will find specific details regarding how to accomplish
tasks in each of the most popular versions of UNIX. In addition, Part VII in the second volume,
UNIX Unleashed, Internet Edition, contains one chapter each of answers to Frequently Asked
Questions for each major UNIX flavor.
At its base UNIX is both simple and elegant, with a consistent architecture that, in turn, underlies and guides
the design of its many application programs and languages. If you are new to UNIX, I want you to know that
I'm a bit jealous of the fun you'll have as you begin to explore this fascinating environment for the first time. If
you are a more experienced UNIX user, administrator, or programmer, this revised edition of UNIX Unleashed
contains a wealth of information that can help you extend your UNIX use to Internet and World Wide Web
applications, guard against hackers and other unauthorized intruders, and fine-tune your system management
What is UNIX?
UNIX is:
A trademark of Novell Corporation
A multitasking, multiuser operating system
The name given to a whole family of related operating systems and their most common application,
utility, and compiler programs
A rich, extensible, and open computing environment
Let's take these one at a time. To begin with, UNIX is a trademark, which means that there is intellectual
property associated with UNIX that is not in the public domain. Some versions of UNIX require a paid license
for their use.
The term UNIX also refers to a powerful multitasking, multiuser operating system.
Once upon a time, not so long ago, everyone knew what an operating system (OS) was. It was the complex
software sold by the maker of your computer system, without which no other programs could function on that
computer. It spun the disks, lit the terminals, and generally kept track of what the hardware was doing and
why. Application (user) programs asked the operating system to perform various functions; users seldom
talked to the OS directly.
Today those boundaries are not quite so clear. The rise of graphical user interfaces, macro and scripting
languages, suites of applications that can exchange information seamlessly, and the increased popularity of
networks and distributed data--all of these factors have blurred the traditional distinctions. Today's computing
environments consist of layers of hardware and software that interact together to form a nearly organic whole.
At its core (or, as we say in UNIX, in the kernel), however, UNIX does indeed perform the classic role of an
operating system. Like the mainframe and minicomputer systems that came before, UNIX enables multiple
people to access a computer simultaneously and multiple programs and activities to proceed in parallel with
one another.
Those who do not care much for these programs, however, will find themselves free to substitute their own
approach for getting various computing jobs done. A salient characteristic of UNIX is that it is extensible and
open. By extensible, I mean that UNIX allows the easy definition of new commands, which can then be
invoked or used by other programs and terminal users. This is practical in the UNIX environment because the
architecture of the UNIX kernel specifically defines interfaces, or ways that programs can communicate with
one another without having been designed specifically to work together.
Understanding Operating Systems
An operating system is an important part of a computer system. You can view a computer system as being
built from three general components: the hardware, the operating system, and the applications. (See Figure
1.1.) The hardware includes pieces such as a central processing unit (CPU), a keyboard, a hard drive, and a
printer. You can think of these as the parts you are able to touch physically. Applications are why you use
computers; they use the rest of the system to perform the desired task (for example, play a game, edit a memo,
send electronic mail). The operating system is the component that on one side manages and controls the
hardware and on the other manages the applications.
Figure 1.1.
Computer system components.
When you purchase a computer system, you must have at least hardware and an operating system. The
hardware you purchase is able to use (or run) one or more different operating systems. You can purchase a
bundled computer package, which includes the hardware, the operating system, and possibly one or more
applications. The operating system is necessary in order to manage the hardware and the applications.
When you turn on your computer, the operating system performs a series of tasks, presented in chronological
order in the next few sections.
Hardware Management, Part 1
One of the first things you do, after successfully plugging together a plethora of cables and components, is
turn on your computer. The operating system takes care of all the starting functions that must occur to get your
computer to a usable state. Various pieces of hardware need to be initialized. After the start-up procedure is
complete, the operating system awaits further instructions. If you shut down the computer, the operating
system also has a procedure that makes sure all the hardware is shut down correctly. Before turning your
computer off again, you might want to do something useful, which means that one or more applications are
executed. Most boot ROMs do some hardware initialization but not much. Initialization of I/O devices is part
of the UNIX kernel.
After the operating system completes hardware initialization, you can execute an application. This executing
application is called a process. It is the operating system's job to manage execution of the application. When
you execute a program, the operating system creates a new process. Many processes can exist simultaneously,
but only one process can actually be executing on a CPU at one time. The operating system switches between
your processes so quickly that it can appear that the processes are executing simultaneously. This concept is
referred to as time-sharing or multitasking.
When you exit your program (or it finishes executing), the process terminates, and the operating system
manages the termination by reclaiming any resources that were being used.
perform these tasks, the program makes requests to the operating system, and the operating system responds to
the requests and allocates necessary resources to the program. When an executing process needs to use some
hardware, the operating system provides access for the process.
To perform its task, a process may need to access hardware resources. The process may need to read or write
to a file, send data to a network card (to communicate with another computer), or send data to a printer. The
operating system provides such services for the process. This is referred to as resource allocation. A piece of
hardware is a resource, and the operating system allocates available resources to the different processes that
are running.
See Table 1.1 for a summary of different actions and what the operating system (OS) does to manage them.
Table 1.1. Operating system functions.
OS Does This
You turn on the computer
Hardware management
You execute an application
Application reads a tape
Application waits for data
Process waits while other process runs Process management
Process displays data on screen
Process writes data to tape
You quit, the process terminates
You turn off the computer
From the time you turn on your computer until you turn it off, the operating system is coordinating the
operations. As hardware is initialized, accessed, or shut down, the operating system manages these resources.
As applications execute, request, and receive resources, or terminate, the operating system takes care of these
actions. Without an operating system, no application can run and your computer is just an expensive
paperweight.
The UNIX Operating System
The previous section looked at operating systems in general. This section looks at a specific operating system:
UNIX. UNIX is an increasingly popular operating system. Traditionally used on minicomputers and
workstations in the academic community, UNIX is now available on personal computers, and the business
community has started to choose UNIX for its openness. Previous PC and mainframe users are now looking to
UNIX as their operating system solution. This section looks at how UNIX fits into the operating system
The UNIX system is actually more than strictly an operating system. UNIX includes the traditional operating
system components. In addition, a standard UNIX system includes a set of libraries and a set of applications.
Figure 1.2 shows the components and layers of UNIX. Sitting above the hardware are two components: the
file system and process control. Next is the set of libraries. On top are the applications. The user has access to
the libraries and to the applications. These two components are what many users think of as UNIX, because
together they constitute the UNIX interface.
The layers of UNIX.
The part of UNIX that manages the hardware and the executing processes is called the kernel. In managing all
hardware devices, the UNIX system views each device as a file (called a device file). This allows the same
simple method of reading and writing files to be used to access each hardware device. The file system
(explained in more detail in Chapter 4, "The UNIX File System") manages read and write access to user data
and to devices, such as printers, attached to the system. It implements security controls to protect the safety
and privacy of information. In executing processes (see Chapter 18), the UNIX system allocates resources
(including use of the CPU) and mediates accesses to the hardware.
One important advantage that results from the UNIX standard interface is application portability. Application
portability is the ability of a single application to be executed on various types of computer hardware without
being modified. This can be achieved if the application uses the UNIX interface to manage its hardware needs.
UNIX's layered design insulates the application from the different types of hardware. This allows the software
developer to support the single application on multiple hardware types with minimal effort. The application
writer has lower development costs and a larger potential customer base. Users not only have more
applications available, but can rely on being able to use the same applications on different computer hardware.
UNIX goes beyond the traditional operating system by providing a standard set of libraries and applications
that developers and users can use. This standard interface allows application portability and facilitates user
familiarity with the interface.
The History of UNIX
How did a system such as UNIX ever come to exist? UNIX has a rather unusual history that has greatly
affected its current form.
In the mid-1960s, AT&T Bell Laboratories (among others) was participating in an effort to develop a new
operating system called Multics. Multics was intended to supply large-scale computing services as a utility,
much like electrical power. Many people who worked on the Bell Labs contributions to Multics later worked
on UNIX.
In 1969, Bell Labs pulled out of the Multics effort, and the members of the Computing Science Research
Center were left with no computing environment. Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others developed and
simulated an initial design for a file system that later evolved into the UNIX file system. An early version of
the system was developed to take advantage of a PDP-7 computer that was available to the group.
AT&T was not allowed to market computer systems, so it had no way to sell this creative work from Bell
Labs. Nonetheless, the popularity of UNIX grew through internal use at AT&T and licensing to universities
for educational use. By 1977, commercial licenses for UNIX were being granted, and the first UNIX vendor,
Interactive Systems Corporation, began selling UNIX systems for office automation.
Later versions developed at AT&T (or its successor, Unix System Laboratories, now owned by Novell)
included System III and several releases of System V. The two most recent releases of System V, Release 3
(SVR3.2) and Release 4 (SVR4; the most recent version of SVR4 is SVR4.2) remain popular for computers
ranging from PCs to mainframes.
All versions of UNIX based on the AT&T work require a license from the current owner, UNIX System
Laboratories.
Berkeley Software Distributions
In 1978, the research group turned over distribution of UNIX to the UNIX Support Group (USG), which had
distributed an internal version called the Programmer's Workbench. In 1982, USG introduced System III,
which incorporated ideas from several different internal versions of and modifications to UNIX, developed by
various groups. In 1983, USG released the original UNIX System V, and thanks to the divestiture of AT&T,
was able to market it aggressively. A series of later releases continued to introduce new features from other
versions of UNIX, including the internal versions from the research group and the Berkeley Software
While AT&T (through the research group and USG) developed UNIX, the universities that had acquired
educational licenses were far from inactive. Most notably, the Computer Science Research Group at the
University of California at Berkeley (UCB) developed a series of releases known as the Berkeley Software
Distribution, or BSD. The original PDP-11 modifications were called 1BSD and 2BSD. Support for the
Digital Equipment Corporation VAX computers was introduced in 3BSD. VAX development continued with
4.0BSD, 4.1BSD, 4.2BSD, and 4.3BSD, all of which (especially 4.2 and 4.3) had many features (and much
source code) adopted into commercial products.
UNIX and Standards
Because of the multiple versions of UNIX and frequent cross-pollination between variants, many features
have diverged in the different versions of UNIX. With the increasing popularity of UNIX in the commercial
and government sector came the desire to standardize the features of UNIX so that a user or developer using
UNIX could depend on those features.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) created a series of standards committees to create
standards for "An Industry-Recognized Operating Systems Interface Standard based on the UNIX Operating
System." The results of two of the committees are important for the general user and developer. The POSIX.1
committee standardizes the C library interface used to write programs for UNIX. (See UNIX Unleashed,
Internet Edition, Chapter 6, "The C and C++ Programming Languages.") The POSIX.2 committee
standardizes the commands that are available for the general user.
In Europe, the X/Open Consortium brings together various UNIX-related standards, including the current
attempt at a Common Open System Environment (COSE) specification. X/Open publishes a series of
specifications called the X/Open Portability. The MOTIF user interface is one popular standard to emerge
from this effort.
Various commercial consortia have attempted to negotiate UNIX standards as well. These have yet to
converge on an accepted, stable result.
UNIX for Mainframes and Workstations
Many mainframe and workstation vendors make a version of UNIX for their machines. We will be discussing
several of these variants (including Solaris from SunSoft, AIX from IBM and HP-UX from Hewlett Packard)
throughout this book.
UNIX for Intel Platforms
Thanks to the great popularity of personal computers, there are many UNIX versions available for Intel
platforms. Choosing from the versions and trying to find software for the version you have can be a tricky
business because the UNIX industry has not settled on a complete binary standard for the Intel platform. There
are two basic categories of UNIX systems on Intel hardware: the SVR4-based systems and the older, more
established SVR3.2 systems.
SVR4 vendors include NCR, IBM, Sequent, SunSoft (which sells Solaris for Intel), and Novell (which sells
UnixWare). The Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) is the main vendor in the SVR3.2 camp.
Source Versions of "UNIX"
Several versions of UNIX and UNIX-like systems have been made that are free or extremely cheap and
include source code. These versions have become particularly attractive to the modern-day hobbyist, who can
now run a UNIX system at home for little investment and with great opportunity to experiment with the
operating system or make changes to suit his or her needs.
An early UNIX-like system was MINIX, by Andrew Tanenbaum. His book Operating Systems: Design and
Implementations describes MINIX and includes a source listing of the original version of MINIX. The latest
version of MINIX is available from the publisher. MINIX is available in binary form for several machines
(PC, Amiga, Atari, Macintosh, and SPARCStation).
The most popular source version of UNIX is Linux (pronounced "lin nucks". Linux was designed from the
ground up by Linus Torvalds to be a free replacement for UNIX, and it aims for POSIX compliance. Linux
itself has spun off some variants, primarily versions that offer additional support or tools in exchange for
license fees. Linux has emerged as the server platform of choice for small to mid-sized Internet Service
Providers and Web servers.
Making Changes to UNIX
Many people considering making the transition to UNIX have a significant base of PC-based MS-DOS and
Microsoft Windows applications. There have been a number of efforts to create programs or packages on
UNIX that would ease the migration by allowing users to run their existing DOS and Windows applications on
the same machine on which they run UNIX. This is a rapidly changing marketplace as Microsoft evolves its
Windows and Windows NT operating systems.
Introduction to the UNIX Philosophy
on all UNIX systems. There are several common key items throughout UNIX:
Simple, orthogonal commands
Commands connected through pipes
A (mostly) common option interface style
No file types
For detailed information on commands and connecting them together, see the chapters on shells (Chapters
8-13) and on common commands (Chapters 5--9).
The original UNIX systems were very small, and the designers tried to take every advantage of those small
machines by writing small commands. Each command attempted to do one thing well. The tools could then be
combined (either with a shell script or a C program) to do more complicated tasks. One command, called wc,
was written solely to count the lines, words, and characters in a file. To count all the words in all the files, you
would type wc * and get output like that in Listing 1.1.
Listing 1.1. Using a simple command.
$ wc *
351 2514 17021 minix-faq
1011 5982 42139 minix-info
1362 8496 59160 total
To turn the simple, orthogonal commands into a powerful toolset, UNIX enables the user to use the output of
one command as the input to another. This connection is called a pipe, and a series of commands connected by
pipes is called a pipeline. For example, to count the number of lines that reference MINIX in all the files, one
would type grep MINIX * | wc and get output like that in Listing 1.2.
Listing 1.2. Using a pipeline.
$ grep MINIX * | wc
Each command has actions that can be controlled with options, which are specified by a hyphen followed by a
single letter option (for example, -l). Some options take option arguments, which are specified by a hyphen
followed by a single letter, followed by the argument (for example, -h Header). For example, to print on
pages with 16 lines each all the lines in the file minix-info that mention Tanenbaum, you would enter wc
minix-info | pr -l 16 and get output like that in Listing 1.3.
Listing 1.3. Using options in a pipeline.
$ grep Tanenbaum minix-info | pr -l 16
[From Andy Tanenbaum <ast@cs.vu.nl> 28 August 1993]
The author of MINIX, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, has written a book describing
Author: Andrew S. Tanenbaum
subjects.ast (list of Andy Tanenbaum's
Andy Tanenbaum since 1987 (on tape)
Version 1.0 is the version in Tanenbaum's book, "Operating Systems: Design
The bad news is that some UNIX commands have some quirks in the way they handle options. As more
systems adopt the standards mentioned in the section "The History of UNIX," you will find fewer examples of
commands with quirks.
UNIX pays no attention to the contents of a file (except when you try to run a file as a command). It does not
know the difference between a spreadsheet file and a word processor file. The meaning of the characters in a
file is entirely supplied by the command(s) that uses the file. This concept is familiar to most PC users, but
was a significant difference between UNIX and other earlier operating systems. The power of this concept is
that any program can be used to operate on any file. The downside is that only a program that understands the
file format can fully decode the information in the file.
UNIX has a long history as an open development environment. More recently, it has become the system of
choice for both commercial and some personal uses. UNIX performs the typical operating system tasks, but
also includes a standard set of commands and library interfaces. The building-block approach of UNIX makes
it an ideal system for creating new applications.
-Getting Started: Basic Tutorial
by Rachel and Robert Sartin
UNIX is a multi-user, multi-tasking environment. Unlike personal computers, UNIX systems are inherently
designed to allow simultaneous access to multiple users.
Whether you are working with UNIX on a large, multi-user system or have a dedicated UNIX-based
workstation on your desk, the multi-user, multi-tasking architecture of the operating system influences the
way you will work with the system and the requirements it will place on you as a user and a system
administrator.
The purpose of this chapter is to acquaint you with the basics of UNIX from the user's point of view. Not all
UNIX boxes actually support multiple users with keyboards or terminals of their own. Some workstations
are dedicated to a single person, and others function as servers that support multiple remote computers rather
than end users. In all cases, however, UNIX operates as if it might be called upon to furnish a fully
multi-user, multi-tasking capability. For the purpose of this tutorial, we'll assume that you have a dedicated
UNIX workstation on your desk.
Logging In to the System
Several people can be using a UNIX-based computer at the same time. In order for the system to know who
you are and what resources you can use, you must identify yourself. In addition, since UNIX expects to
communicate with you over a terminal (or a PC running terminal-emulation software), your terminal and the
UNIX system must establish the ground rules that will govern the transfer of information. The process of
establishing the communications session and identifying yourself is known as "logging in."
UNIX actually distinguishes between a communications session and a login session, in
that it is possible to log in as one user, log out, and log in again as another user without
disrupting the communications session. Because an increasing number of people access UNIX
systems from a PC, and for purposes of simplicity in this tutorial, we've treated the
User Account Setup
After a UNIX system is booted, you cannot simply start using it as you do a PC. Before you can access the
computer system, someone--usually the system administrator--must configure the computer for your use. If
you are running UNIX on your PC at home, you will most likely need to do these things for yourself. If you
are a UNIX novice trying to set up your home computer system, you can refer to Chapter 15, "UNIX
Installation Basics." If you are using a computer system in your place of work, your employer may have a
person or persons whose specific job it is to administer all the systems. If this is the case, you will have to
coordinate with a staff member to set up your system account. The company may have an application form
on which you can request such things as a certain user name, a temporary password, which shell you want to
use (see Chapter 13, "Shell Comparison"), what your default group is, what groups you should belong to, and
which mail aliases you should be added to. Many of these things will depend on what work you will be
doing and whom you will be working with.
No matter who sets up your computer account, you must know two things before you can use the system:
your user name and your password. If you don't know what these are, you must stop and find out what has
been assigned to you. The user name is a unique name that identifies you to the system. It is often related to
your real name, such as your first name, your last name, or a combination of first initial and last name (for
example, "frank," "brimmer," or "fbrimmer," respectively). If you get to request a user name, try to choose
something that makes others think of you alone, and is not vague or common enough to cause confusion with
others. The system administrator will verify that no one else on your system has this name before allowing
you to have it. The password that you request or that has been assigned to you is a temporary string that
allows you to initially access the computer system. The initial password isn't of any real importance because
you should change it to something of your choice the first time you log in to the system (see "Managing
Your Password" later in this chapter).
The other items on the account application form are harder for a novice user to determine. Asking a peer who
uses the same system for the values his or her account has might be a good place to start. The system
administrator may be able to help you figure out what values you should have. But don't worry; these are all
easily changed later if you wish.
Now that you know your user name (say it's "brimmer") and password (say it's "new_user"), you can access
the system. When you sit down in front of a UNIX workstation, you are expected to log in to the system. The
system prompts (asks) you for your user name by printing
. You should then enter your user name.
Next, UNIX prompts you for your password by printing
. Enter your password. As you type
your password, don't be alarmed if the characters you type are not displayed on your screen. This is normal
and is for your protection. No one else should know your password, and this way no one can look at your
screen and see your password when you log in.
login: brimmer
Please wait...checking for disk quotas
Marine biology word of the day:
Cnidaria (n.) Nigh-DARE-ee-uh (L. a nettle) - a phylum of basically
radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including corals, sea
anemones, jellyfish and hydroids. This phylum was formerly known
as Coelenterata.
Some keyboards have a key labeled "Return." Some have a key labeled "Enter." If your
keyboard has both, "Return" is probably the correct key to use.
On some systems, erase is # and kill is @. On others, erase is Backspace or Delete and kill
is Control+U or Control+X.
If you typed everything correctly and the system administrator has everything set up correctly, you are now
logged in and may use the system. If you get a message saying
, you may have typed
your user name or password incorrectly. If you make a mistake during your user name, the Backspace key
and the Delete key may not undo this mistake for you. The easiest thing to do is to start over by pressing
Enter twice to get to a new
prompt.
Other error messages you might receive are
No Shell
No Directory
Cannot Open Password
. If you see any of these messages, or if multiple attempts at logging in always produce the
Incorrect message, contact your system administrator for help.
message means that UNIX is not able to start the command interpreter,
which was configured when your account was set up. Depending on the UNIX system, your
login may complete successfully and the default shell will be used. If this happens, you can use
chsh
command, which will change the shell specified in your account. See Part II, "UNIX
Shells," for more information about various shells. The
message means that
UNIX cannot access your home directory, which was specified when your account was set up.
Again, depending on the system, your login may complete successfully, placing you in a default
directory. You may need to then enlist the help of the system administrator to create your home
directory or change the home directory value for your account. See Chapter 4, "The UNIX File
System," regarding directories and, specifically, your home directory. The Cannot Open
Password File
message means that UNIX is having a problem accessing the system
password file, which holds the account information (user name, password, user id, shell, group,
and so on) for each user. If there is a problem with this file, no user can log in to the system.
Contact your system administrator if you see this message.
If your system is configured to use a graphical user interface (GUI), you probably have a login screen. This
screen performs the same function as the command-line prompts but is presented as a graphical display. The
display probably has two boxes for you to fill in, each with a label. One box is for your user name and the
other is for your password.
After Login Succeeds
After a successful login, several messages appear on your screen. Some of these may be the date and time of
your last login, the system's informative message (called the "Message of the Day"), and a message
informing you whether you have (electronic) mail. The Message of the Day can be an important message to
watch because it is one way that administrators communicate with the system users. The next scheduled
down time (when no one can use the system) is an example of information that you might see here.
After all the messages scroll by, the system is ready and waiting for you to do something. This
Table 1.1.
Operating system functions. p.19
Common ftp service commands. p.186
table exist
before trying to execute them. Commands that no longer exists aresearched for in $PATH.Setting this shell option forces bash to check the window size after each p.307
Table 11.1.
Tilde expansion styles. p.319
Extended pattern-matching expressions. p.320
vi command editing: Command-mode commands. p.331
Table 11.11.
Variables used by the Korn shell. p.338
Arithmetic operators in the Korn shell. p.347
Table 11.15. -
f option forms. p.352
Job reference argument syntax. p.362
C shell command-line options. p.394
Arithmetic and logical shell operators. p.414
File-testing expressions. p.416
Nonportable shell features--Programming. p.450
Action keyword table. p.498
Signals used with kill command. p.498
Figure 19.3).
Tracks are concentric rings going from the outside perimeter to the center of the disk, with each track becomingsmaller as it approaches the center of the disk p.560
Figure 19.6.Diagram
of an Inode Structure of a UNIX filesystem p.562
Figure 20.16.IP
data routing. p.578
Traditional top level domains. p.585
Download (N/A - 948 Page - 3.67MB)
Related subjects : UNIX system C/UNIX Unix Systems Unix C Unix Unleashed, System Administrator's Edition pdf
Outline : Character and Block Device Files File and Directory Permissions User Related Commands Administration Process Related Commands Communication File Comparison File Manipulation Commands File Information Commands File Content Related Commands
BestCrypt Container Encryption Enterprise Edition Administrator Guide
The password administrator enters in the dialog window is called Network password , because when later the user (or administrator) enters this password to mount container file
Secure Documents Sharing System for Cloud Environments
● User - A regular user who can upload, download, access and change access list for files he/she owns. ● Tenant Document Manager - A user who can see every file in the system, but
The Best Way to Rob a Bank
The Best Way to Rob a Bank 1 Aleksandar Maršavelski University of Zagreb, Croatia John Braithwaite Australian National University, Australia Abstract Cohen and Machalek's
754e/654e. User s Guide. Security Operations Ver. 1.03
Access control is then provided through password authentication for any ac- cess to the Administrator Settings, User Authentication mode, User Box, a User Box data file, a Secure Print
Unix Administration
Users can extend the functionality of hosts.equiv by using a .rhosts file in their home directory, enabling or disabling access based on host names, group names and specific user
A Review of Online Advertising Effects on the User Experience
In this context, cognition refers to com- prehension, recognition, and recall of the web pages content (e.g., news articles), affection refers to attitude toward the website, aesthetic
The user needs to contact the System Administrator to unlock the User ID, and be required to re-enroll using the re-activated user id and a valid password to access the
HUAWEI 9000 HD Video Endpoint V100R011. Security Maintenance. Issue 02. Date HUA...
If an administrator password is set for the user interface controlled by the remote control, common users must enter this password to access the Settings, Utilities, Diagnostics,
Dedicated DID and extension number to allow callers to reach the user through ex...
Virtual Extension users can access the WorldSmart personal dashboard by entering their User ID and password as specified by the account administrator while creating the user.. Groups,
KViewCenter Software User Manual 2012 / 04 / 20 Version
Double click on recording file list and user may remote monitor DVR CAM you need.. Stop remote playback and user may download recording file you
Native File Access Packfor NetWare
Windows, Macintosh, and UNIX users must have a User object and simple password before they can access network resources using native protocols.. A User object specifies attributes and
NetWare 6 Novell
Writing, as Mysterious as a Cat: a Critical Evaluation of Poe's the fall of the...
SUPR-Q: A Comprehensive Measure of the Quality of the Website User Experience
A note on the statistical analysis of sentence-length as a criterion of literary...
Virtual User Interface for the Remote Control of a NanoRobotic Cell Using a Hapt...
Unix Unleashed
Distributed File System.pdf
User Guide for the Cisco Unified Intelligence Center Reporting Application 8.5(4...
Using the Computer and Managing Files
Administrator Manual
SQL Remote THE BEST RUN. PUBLIC SQL Anywhere - SQL Remote Document Version:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Janeice came into the studio a few weeks before her wedding in San Diego. She wanted a wedding day gift that would wow her soon-to-be husband as well as express her personality and interests.
She wanted a few gritty outdoor ones as well.
That is a really cool fence.


text:
Q: Receiving [object HTMLInputElement] instead of my Variable I have a .js file in the same location as the HTML file and what I am trying to do is when I click on a Radio Button, information displays. I got that working on 4 out of 5 of the buttons. The last one is just displaying the error instead of the Var from the .js file.

    Select your drink:

    <input type="radio" name="drink" onclick="document.drinkList.drinkDesc.value = black" /> Black Coffee

    <input type="radio" name="drink" onclick="document.drinkList.drinkDesc.value = loco" /> Loco Mocha

    <input type="radio" name="drink" onclick="document.drinkList.drinkDesc.value = vanilla" /> Vanilla Bean Frappuccino

    <input type="radio" name="drink" onclick="document.drinkList.drinkDesc.value = pumpkin" /> Pumpkin Spice Latte

    <input type="radio" name="drink" onclick="document.drinkList.drinkDesc.value = caramel" /> Caramel Macchiato

    <textarea name="drinkDesc" cols="120" rows="1" style="background-color: Transparent; border: none; resize: none; overflow: hidden; font: 16px arial; color: #3F3F3F"></textarea>

And the .js file is just.
var black = "Plain black coffee brewed from our finest of roasted coffee beans."
var loco = "Chocolate mocha flavored, covered in chocolate chips and topped with whipped cream."
var vanilla = "Vanilla flavored iced drink, topped with whipped cream and caramel. (No coffee added)"
var pumpkin = "Pumpkin flavored latte, with espresso and milk mixed together for a delicious beverage."
var caramel = "Steamed milk with vanilla-flavored syrup is marked with espresso and topped with caramel drizzle."

Thank you!

A: I've made 1 change:
used getElementById instead of document.[elementname]

 var black = "Plain black coffee brewed from our finest of roasted coffee beans."
var loco = "Chocolate mocha flavored, covered in chocolate chips and topped with whipped cream."
var vanilla = "Vanilla flavored iced drink, topped with whipped cream and caramel. (No coffee added)"
var pumpkin = "Pumpkin flavored latte, with espresso and milk mixed together for a delicious beverage."
var caramel = "Steamed milk with vanilla-flavored syrup is marked with espresso and topped with caramel drizzle."

                            Select your drink:

                            <input type="radio" name="drink" onclick="document.getElementById('drinkDesc').value = black" /> Black Coffee

                            <input type="radio" name="drink" onclick="document.getElementById('drinkDesc').value = loco" /> Loco Mocha

                            <input type="radio" name="drink" onclick="document.getElementById('drinkDesc').value = vanilla" /> Vanilla Bean Frappuccino

                            <input type="radio" name="drink" onclick="document.getElementById('drinkDesc').value = pumpkin" /> Pumpkin Spice Latte

                            <input type="radio" name="drink" onclick="document.getElementById('drinkDesc').value = caramel" /> Caramel Macchiato

                            <textarea id='drinkDesc' cols="120" rows="1"
                                style="background-color: Transparent; border: none; resize: none; overflow: hidden; font: 16px arial;
                                color: #3F3F3F"></textarea>

A: The reason why you are getting [object HTMLInputElement] is because the value of caramel is referring to an element via being a global variable. Elements in the HTML with an id or a name could be a global variable to the window in JavaScript. So if an element has id="caramel" or name="caramel" it will reffer to that element as caramel in JS. A simple solution is to use a different name for either the var caramel (such as Caramel) or change the value of the id/name in the HTML element.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Join legendary surfing photographer Brian Bielmann and adventure sports photographer Michael Clark for an exciting one-of-a-kind workshop that delves into the world of surfing photography. Brian is a top surfing photographer who has been shooting the sport for more than 35 years. Michael brings his adventure photography skills and knowledge as well as his in-depth experience with digital workflow to round out the workshop.
The workshop is scheduled during a period where large waves hit the north shore frequently. Though we cannot predict or guarantee the wave size or surfing conditions, the north shore of Oahu serves up sizable waves on a nearly daily basis. Depending on the waves, we will choose the best locations for shooting and we will also schedule lifestyle shoots that help to fill out our coverage of the world of surfing.
Introduction to surfing photography, gear selection, camera setup and shooting options.
Cover basic digital workflow and then head out to shoot at the world-famous Pipeline on the north shore of Oahu.
Dawn Patrol: Early morning surfing shoot on the north shore of Oahu – actual surf break to be determined depending on conditions.
Group critique of previous days images, discussion of underwater photography and shooting from the water. Evening shoot with strobes on the north shore of Oahu – actual surf break to be determined depending on conditions.
Group critique of previous days images, portrait shoot on the beach with male and female surfers.
Group critique of previous days images, wrap up and discussions on the art of surfing photography.
Please note that locations may change depending on conditions.
Brian Bielman is a legendary surfing photographer. He has shot everything from fashion, to rock stars, to surf. From world champ surfers Mark Richards to Andy Irons, he has captured them all and just about everything else important that has happened on Hawaii's North Shore since 1975. He was there to document the early days of Teahupo'o (Tahiti) and put a fresh perspective on it ten years later with his underwater images. He is well known for not only his above water surfing images but even more for his stunning underwater images of surfing. Able to shoot more than just the action Brian also captures the spirit and faces of surfing. You can see more of Brian's work at www.brianbielmann.com.
Michael Clark is an internationally published outdoor photographer specializing in adventure sports, travel and landscape photography. He produces intense, raw image of athletes pushing their sports to the limit and has risked life and limb on a variety of assignments to bring back stunning images of rock climbers, mountaineers, kayakers and mountain bikers in remote locations around the world. He contributes to National Geographic, Sports Illustrated, Outside, Men's Journal, Backpacker, Outdoor Photographer, Digital Photo Pro, Climbing, Alpinist, Rock and Ice, Bike Magazine and The New York Times among many others. You can see Michael's work at www.michaelclarkphoto.com.
The cost of this workshop is $1,295.00 per person. The same rate applies for each participant regardless of whether they are doing photography and participating in the workshop, or not. A deposit of $500 is required to secure your spot on the workshop. Final balance will be due no later than January 15, 2016.
Please note: We will attempt to adhere to this itinerary as much as possible. However, certain conditions, such as bad weather, lack of waves, or other issues may necessitate changes in the itinerary. We reserve the right to alter any itinerary at any time, if necessary.
The classroom portion of the workshop will be held at the Turtle Bay Resort on the north shore of Oahu. We have negotiated a group rate that is discounted from their advertised prices. To receive the discounted rate, please mention the Surfing Photography Workshop. Please note that there are few if any other hotels on this side of the island. If you would prefer to stay elsewhere there are also hotels in Haleiwa, which is 12 miles south of the hotel and approximately a 30 minute commute.
Most major airlines service the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Honolulu, the major city on the island is approximately one hour south of the north shore and our hotel. The Turtle Bay Reset is located on the northern tip of Oahu and is somewhat remote. The hotel has a restaurant, golf course, tennis courts and of course is located right next to the beach.
We do not provide transportation during the workshop. Please plan ahead and reserve a rental car. Rental cars are available in Honolulu. Of course, we will share vehicles and car pool to make life easier for all of us. We are not responsible for reimbursement of non-refundable airline tickets in the event of a workshop cancellation.
Also since surfing photography relies on large telephoto lenses, each participant will need to bring a telephoto lens that is at least 400mm. A 500mm or 600mm lens is preferred. If you don't own one of these lenses please rent or borrow one to bring with you. Please contact Michael or Brian with any questions about lens selection and rental options. Both B&H and Samy's Camera in the USA have rental houses that can rent these lenses. We also have a special deal with Hawaii Photo Rental Oahu who have 500mm and 600mm lenses for both Canon and Nikon and will be renting these to workshop participants at discounted rates ranging from $323 to $550. Call Josh Strickland at Hawaii Photo Rental Oahu at (808) 735-3838 for more information on renting one of these lenses.
Also, if you plan to shoot in the water please bring your underwater camera housing. Brian has several underwater housings for Canon cameras and will have these available for those that want to try them out.
If you've always wanted to shoot the amazing sport of surfing, then now is the time to register. Remember, there will be limited space available for this workshop. When they're spoken for, that's it. If you have any questions before registering, send us an e-mail with any inquiries to info@michaelclarkphoto.com. To register for the workshop send me an email and I'll send you a payment request for the deposit and a packet of information about the workshop.
We hope you can join us for this stellar workshop! If you have any questions please don't hesitate to contact either myself or Brian.


text:
#STRecruiting: Davis and #Gamecocks keeping in contact
By Phil Kornblut / April 13, 2021 April 13, 2021 / Recruiting / Leave a Comment
Braden Davis
USC quarterback target Braden Davis of Middletown, DE will announce Tuesday a date for when he will drop his short list of six or seven schools he's considering. USC would appear to be a lock for that short list. Davis recently made a personal visit to the campus, and he was offered by USC head coach Shane Beamer and quarterbacks coach Marcus Satterfield a week ago. The communication between the two sides has been steady.
"I actually talked to coach Beamer today (Monday)," Davis said. "I didn't realize this, but one of my friends, Marshawn Lloyd, he's actually doing engineering at South Carolina, which is what I plan to do. That's great. We're actually going to get on a Zoom call this week and just talk some ball. We've just been doing a bunch of FaceTime calls, texting back and forth, stuff like that."
Cincinnati offered Davis on Monday. Some of his other offers include Duke, Maryland, Alabama, Florida, Oregon, Penn State, Virginia Tech, Auburn, LSU, Georgia, Tennessee, West Virginia, NC State, Stanford, Iowa, Florida State and Arkansas.
Davis has not set any official visits at this point. And apparently, those won't take place before he makes a commitment.
"I'm thinking I'm going to make a decision before the dead period ends, and then I'll be able to take my official visits," Davis said. The NCAA is expected to end the dead period effective May 31st.
Clemson target DT Hero Kanu of Rancho Santa Margarita, CA was offered by Florida.
USC target DT Aaron Bryant has set an official visit to Texas June 25th.
Clemson and USC target DE DJ Wesolak of Boonville, MO plans to name a top 15 Friday.
SAF Jourdan Thomas of Montgomery, AL, who had an offer from USC, committed to Mississippi State.
RB KZ Adams of Gray Collegiate was offered by Army.
2023 QB LaNorris Sellers (6-2 214) of South Florence was offered by Washington State. Last season he passed for 1100 yards and 12 touchdowns with 7 interceptions, and he rushed for 618 yards and 11 touchdowns.
Stockrisers reported Clemson, Indiana, and Texas A&M are the programs that have reached out to Louisville transfer 6-4 Josh Nickelberry
6-9 Langston Wilson, who had USC on his short list before committing to Alabama in October, decommitted from Alabama Monday. He said he's not heard from USC since decommitting but he is open to all schools.
USC forward Trey Anderson has put his name in the NCAA Transfer Portal. He averaged three points per game. And one-time Gamecock forward Patrick Iriel also is in the portal. He left the program in late October and withdrew from school.
Former Charleston Southern guard Phlandrous Fleming is transferring to Florida.
Former West Florence star guard Sharone Wright Jr. is transferring out of Morgan State.


text:
IF the Nobel Peace Prize had any true meaning, Mr. Wilder should be a receipient. However, since the likes of Jimma Carter and Yassar Assafat have won, I'd say the Nobel Peace Prize should be flushed down the toilet along side of political correctness!
This is a very important speech to the Dutch parliament. It should be read by every American, and I can only hope it will receive wide distribution and publicity. You may have already read this, but is is worth another read. IF ONLY OUR US POLITICANS HAD THE BRAINS AND INTEGRITY TO MAKE A SIMILIAR SPEECH.
If only our media wasn't in large part whores for our enemies, owned and paid for by even bigger prostitutes and shills for their puppet masters, someone might have the courage to speak the same truth as Mr. Wilder.
If only one of our presidential candidates would say the same thing, but as we all know, two of them are cowards and the third is a racist, lying Muslim himself!
Geert Wilder's speech to Holland's Parliament ***
**11 MARCH 2008 *
*"Madam Speaker, first, allow me to express my sincere thanks to you personally for having planned a debate on Islam, on the very day of my birthday. I could not have wished for a nicer present! Madam Speaker, approximately 1400 years ago war was declared on us by an ideology of hate and violence which arose at the time and was proclaimed by a barbarian who called himself the Prophet Mohammed.
I am referring to Islam.
Madam Speaker, let me start with the foundation of the Islamic faith, the Koran. The Koran's core theme is about the duty of all Muslims to fight non-Muslims; an Islamic Mein Kampf, in which fight means war, jihad. The Koran is above all, a book of war, a call to butcher non-Muslims (2:191, 3:141, 4:91, 5:3), to roast them (4:56, 69:30-69:32), and to cause bloodbaths amongst them (47:4). Jews are compared to monkeys and pigs (2:65, 5:60, 7:166), while people who believe in Jesus Christ as the Son of God must according to the Koran be fought (9:30).
Madam Speaker, the West has no problems with Jews or Christians, but it does have problems with Islam. It is still possible, even today, for Muslims to view the Koran, which they regard as valid for all time, as a licence to kill. And that is exactly what happens. The Koran is worded in such a way that its instructions are addressed to Muslims for eternity, which includes today's Muslims. This in contrast to texts in the Bible, which is formulated as a number of historical narratives, placing events in a distant past. Let us remind ourselves that it was Muslims, not Jews or Christians, who committed the catastrophic terrorist attacks in New York, Madrid and London; and that it was no coincidence that Theo van Gogh was brutally murdered by a Muslim, Mohammed Bouyeri.
Madam Speaker, I acknowledge that there are people who call themselves Muslims and who respect our laws. My party, the Freedom Party, has nothing against such people, of course. However, the Koran does have something against them. For it is stated in the Koran in Sura 2, verse 85, that those believers who do not believe in everything the Koran states will be humiliated and receive the severest punishment; which means that they will roast in Hell. In other words, people who call themselves Muslims but who do not believe, for example, in Sura 9, verse 30, which states that Jews and Christians must be fought, or, for example, in Sura 5, verse 38, which states that the hand of a thief must be cut off, such people will be humiliated and roast in Hell. Note that it is not me who is making this up. All this can be found in the Koran. The Koran also states that Muslims who believe in only part of the Koran are in fact apostates, and we know what has to happen to apostates. They have to be killed.
Madam Speaker, the Koran is a book that incites to violence. I remind the House that the distribution of such texts is unlawful according to Article 132 of our Penal Code. In addition, the Koran incites to hatred and calls for murder and mayhem. The distribution of such texts is made punishable by Article 137(e). The Koran is therefore a highly dangerous book; a book which is completely against our legal order and our democratic institutions. In this light, it is an absolute necessity that the Koran be banned for the defence and reinforcement of our civilisation and our constitutional state. I shall propose a second-reading motion to that effect.
Madam Speaker, there is no such thing as "moderate Islam".... As Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan said the other day, and I quote, "There is no moderate or immoderate Islam. Islam is Islam and that's it".... Islam is in pursuit of dominance. It wishes to exact its imperialist agenda by force on a worldwide scale (8:39). This is clear from European history. Fortunately, the first Islamic invasion of Europe was stopped at Poitiers in 732; the second in Vienna in 1683. Madam Speaker, let us ensure that the third Islamic invasion, which is currently in full spate, will be stopped too in spite of its insidious nature and notwithstanding the fact that, in contrast to the 8th and 17th centuries, it has no need for an Islamic army because the scared "dhimmis" in the West, also those in Dutch politics, have left their doors wide open to Islam and Muslims.
Apart from conquest, Madam Speaker, Islam is also bent on installing a totally different form of law and order, namely Sharia law. This makes Islam, apart from a religion for hundreds of millions of Muslims also, and in particular, a political ideology (with political/constitutional/Islamic basic values, etc). Islam is an ideology without any respect for others; not for Christians, not for Jews, not for non-believers and not for apostates. Islam aims to dominate, subject, kill and wage war.
Madam Speaker, the Islamic incursion must be stopped. Islam is the Trojan Horse in Europe. If we do not stop Islamification now, Eurabia and Netherabia will just be a matter of time. One century ago, there were approximately 50 Muslims in the Netherlands. Today, there are about 1 million Muslims in this country. Where will it end? We are heading for the end of European and Dutch civilisation as we know it. Where is our Prime Minister in all this? In reply to my questions in the House he said, without batting an eyelid, that there is no question of our country being Islamified. Now, this reply constituted a historical error as soon as it was uttered. Very many Dutch citizens, Madam Speaker, experience the presence of Islam around them. And I can report that they have had enough of burkas, headscarves, the ritual slaughter of animals, so-called honour revenge, blaring minarets, female circumcision, hymen restoration operations, abuse of homosexuals, Turkish and Arabic on the buses and trains as well as on town hall leaflets, halal meat at grocery shops and department stores, Sharia exams, the Finance Minister's Sharia mortgages, and the enormous over representation of Muslims in the area of crime, including Moroccan street terrorists.
In spite of all this, Madam Speaker, there is hope. Fortunately. The majority of Dutch citizens have become fully aware of the danger, and regard Islam as a threat to our culture. My party, the Freedom Party, takes those citizens seriously and comes to their defence.
Many Dutch citizens are fed up to the back teeth and yearn for action. However, their representatives in The Hague are doing precisely nothing. They are held back by fear, political correctness or simply electoral motives. This is particularly clear in the case of PvdA, the Dutch Labour Party, which is afraid of losing Muslim voters. The Prime Minister said in Indonesia the other day that Islam does not pose any danger. Minister Donner believes that Sharia law should be capable of being introduced in the Netherlands if the majority want it. Minister Vogelaar babbles about the future Netherlands as a country with a Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition, and that she aims to help Islam take root in Dutch society. In saying this, the Minister shows that she has obviously gone stark raving mad. She is betraying Dutch culture and insulting Dutch citizens.
Madam Speaker, my party, the Freedom Party, demands that Minister Vogelaar retract her statement. If the Minister fails to do so, the Freedom Party parliamentary group will withdraw its support for her. No Islamic tradition must ever be established in the Netherlands: not now and also not in a few centuries' time.
Madam Speaker, let me briefly touch on the government's response to the WRR [Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy] report. On page 12 of its response, the government states that Islam is not contrary to democracy or human rights. All I can say to that is that things can't get much more idiotic than this.
Madam Speaker, it is a few minutes to twelve. If we go on like this, Islam will herald the end of our Western civilisation as well as Dutch culture.
I would like to round off my first-reading contribution with a personal appeal to the Prime Minister on behalf of a great many Dutch citizens: stop the Islamification of the Netherlands!
Mr Balkenende, a historic task rests on your shoulders. Be courageous. Do what many Dutch citizens are screaming out for. Do what the country needs. Stop all immigration from Muslim countries, ban all building of new mosques, close all Islamic schools, ban burkas and the Koran. Expel all criminal Muslims from the country, including those Moroccan street terrorists that drive people mad. Accept your responsibility! Stop Islamification!
Enough is enough, Mr Balkenende. Enough is enough."
WAKE UP AMERICA OR GURGLE YOUR LAST PRAYER THROUGH THE SLIT IN YOUR THROAT MADE BY THE ADHERENTS OF "THE RELIGION OF PEACE"!


Fine incised twist wine glass set on a domed foot. The round funnel bowl hasr reticulated moulding to the lower half. English C1755.
Note: For a short period in the mid 18th century some glasses were made with finely ribbed stems. These are described as incised twists. The majority are of a relatively poor quality and are thought to have been produced as a cheaper version of air twist glasses. This is a fine example, well made, good quality with good proportions and it is in very good condition.


text:
Best Simulation Games
Best Download : Simulation Games : IL-2 Sturmovik
IL-2 Sturmovik Download Now
IL-2 Sturmovik is one the best simulation games to date. In this game you fly 31 types of Russian, German and American planes. See them in different camouflage and paint schemes for different times of the year (at least summer and winter). You can fly pilot or rear gunner (IL-2 plane types only). Choose between realistic and simple flight models with many adjustments to various realism settings. Engage in air-to-air and air-to-ground battles. Destroy any ground object, such as buildings, bridges, airfields, etc. You can play different types of single missions or play campaign missions and track your career (with ranks and awards). There are two different multiplayer modes: dog-fighting or cooperative missions across a LAN or the Internet with dedicated servers for online play. Multiplay: with up to 32 players in dogfight and 16 players in cooperative missions. Use custom paint schemes, squadron nose art, numbering on wings, and national markings for each single plane. Record a flight track of any of your flights and edit these tracks. Then play and enjoy or send this track file to others. Build new missions and scenarios with an easy to use mission builder. Use missions for single or multiplayer sessions. It has exceptionally high quality aircraft and ground unit graphics. It also has realistic 3D world environment, including terrain, sky, unique clouds and weather conditions. Also see realistic smoke, explosions, fire and other special effects. It is destined to be a classic. This is one of those simulations that reminds you why you love the genre.
The playable demo of the game has a lot to offer. You can fly three aircraft (the IL-2M2, Bf-109G-2 and P-39N-1) in a single-player mission as well as a multiplayer map. It also includes a quick mission builder.
Platform : Windows 98/Me/2000
Author : http://www.il2sturmovik.com
Downloads : 12960 times
Last Updated : January 2nd, 2002
IL-2 Sturmovik v1.1 patch
IL-2 Sturmovik v1.1 to v1.2ov patch