text:
Anthony Pryke's killer to face justice after confessing to 1987 crime
Mark Masefield, who was friends with victim, claims he killed Pryke in self-defence during row and hid the body in a drain
The best friend of a teenager whose body was discovered in a drain more than two decades ago will this week be sentenced for manslaughter after he contacted police and confessed to killing his friend.
Mark Masefield, 43, contacted police in the West Midlands last July and admitted being responsible for the death of his friend Anthony Pryke, who went missing from his home in Chelmsley Wood, Solihull, in August 1987, aged 17.
His body was found four months later by workmen investigating a blocked drain, but his remains were too decomposed to be able to establish a cause of death.
Masefield told officers he hit Anthony over the head with a scaffolding pole during an argument. He is due to be sentenced at Birmingham crown court for manslaughter on Thursday, after previously admitting the charge during a court hearing.
When the teenager disappeared from his home in 1987, it was widely assumed he'd left the area as Pryke's father had died some months earlier. But workers called to the empty house to clear a blocked drain in December that year found his body.
Anthony's brother, David, and a second man were later arrested and charged with his murder, but they were both released without charge and the police investigation drew to a halt for a number of years. A coroner in 1988 recorded an open verdict at his inquest as it was thought Pryke may have been overcome by fumes while hiding in the drain.
It was only when David Pryke approached police in 2011 to say he had learned Mark Masefield had made a drunken confession to a friend that the case was reopened. A cold case review was started but the friend who'd heard Masefield's confession chose not co-operate with police.
The victim's body had been cremated and exhibits, notes and witness statements from the original police investigation were destroyed after a flood at Chelmsley Wood police station in the early 1990s. For some reason, Masefield contacted officers in July last year and indicated he was ready to confess.
In a statement, West Midlands police said: "This remarkable case has always remained open and last year was subject to intensive scrutiny by West Midlands police's major investigation review team, which specialises in investigating historic and cold cases.
"It goes to show that we do keep unsolved crimes open; reviewing them on a regular basis and doing everything we can to bring offenders to justice. The last 25 years have been incredibly traumatic for Anthony's family and I hope that when these court proceedings come to an end it will bring a sense of closure for them and allow them to move on with their lives."
Victoria Jones, a senior prosecutor with West Midlands CPS's complex casework unit, said: "Masefield revealed he'd had a row with Anthony and he'd smashed a scaffold pole over his head. He confirmed he had pushed Anthony's body down a manhole in the garden. He claimed it had been in self-defence, that Anthony had gone to attack him and he'd retaliated."
When Masefield was interviewed in 1987, he'd provided a false statement claiming he had not seen his friend for some time, since his father's funeral. The sentencing will take place at Birmingham crown court on Thursday.


Nowadays when one is not feeling up to par he takes a few medications and with Hashem's help feels better within a couple of days and goes back to his regular routine. There are many halachic issues with regard to medications which need to be addressed. Is a beracha recited on pleasant tasting medication such as cough syrup? Does one have to recite a beracha on water when ingesting a pill? Can one walk into the bathroom with medicine? Can one take pills on Shabbos? Is it permitted to take a gel-cap? Can one take liquid medication which is full of flavors? What about vitamins? These issues will be dealt with at length in the upcoming issues.
4 How Much to Eat or Drink?
23 How is it Manufactured?
A beracha is not recited on food which is eaten to heal if one does not have enjoyment from the food. However, if one does have enjoyment from the food, a beracha rishona and achrona (see below) is recited. Even if one does not want the good tasting food and is only eating it because he is ill, since he has enjoyment from it a beracha is recited. Examples of medicines which require a beracha due to their pleasant taste are herbal teas and cough drops.
Some say even if the medicine itself does not have flavor, but is mixed with other ingredients (sweeteners) that have flavor, one still recites a beracha on the medicine. The reason for this opinion is because the mixture tastes pleasant and we do not look at the medicine before the taste was placed into it. This is the opinion of many poskim.
actual medication and if no beracha is recited on the ikur, then one does not recite a beracha on the tafel. Nonetheless, others disagree with this reasoning and maintain that a beracha should be recited even in this situation. Since there is a dispute in this regard, one should recite a beracha on a different shehakol food and have in mind to exempt the medicine.
According to all opinions, medicine for children which is sweet like candy would require a beracha.
One who is forced to eat or drink something does not recite a beracha even if it tastes pleasant since he was forced to do so.
A bad tasting food does not require a beracha before eating it.
How Much to Eat or Drink?
Some poskim are of the opinion that one does not recite a beracha on a pleasant tasting medicine unless one ate a kezayis or drank a reviis of it. The reason for this is that just as one who tastes food does not recite a beracha unless a kezayis or reviis is consumed; the same applies for medications, since one does not have intent for eating. Nonetheless, the poskim do not make this comparison and therefore, a beracha on pleasant tasting medicine would be required regardless of the amount being consumed since one's intent is to swallow the medicine as opposed to the "tasting" case where one does not intend to have enjoyment.
The Rama says any food which a healthy person does not eat requires a shehakol if taken as medication, regardless of the food's real beracha. Others say one should recite the appropriate beracha. The Mishna Brurah maintains that one should avoid this situation when possible.
One who recited a shehakol on a medication would be required to recite a beracha achrona if the proper shiur was consumed.
For years people have been erroneously consuming Listerine Pocketpaks® without a hechsher, but obviously this product needs a hechsher, especially since it is digested in the stomach. Recently, this product became available with a hechsher. The question arises if this product requires a beracha prior to placing it in one's mouth. Many people do not recite a beracha. However, even though this product melts in the mouth, it is swallowed and therefore, according to some poskim a beracha of shehakol should be recited before placing it in the mouth. Others maintain that a beracha does not need to be recited.
The company says that there is nothing unsafe with swallowing it since there is no alcohol in the product. If one uses a breath mist (with a hechsher) then one does not recite a beracha on it, instead one should make a shehakol on a different food.
If there is no flavor on the coating on a pill, no beracha is recited because there is no enjoyment from the pill. In addition, swallowing medication without chewing it first is not the normal manner of consumption and is not viewed halachically as eating. Furthermore, it is possible that these pills are not fit to be eaten and therefore do not require a beracha. Some say this even applies to a pill which has a sweet coating; since one swallows it no beracha is recited.
Some say if one is taking a pill in order for one to lose weight and by taking the pill it makes one feel full, then one should recite a beracha on the pill since it is instead of food. Nonetheless, the poskim suggest one makes a beracha on something else instead.
A chewable pill which has a pleasant taste requires a beracha according to those who recite a beracha on pleasant tasting medications. One should recite a shehakol on a different food before consuming flavored Tums® that have a hechsher.
One who receives food in a liquid form through intravenous does not recite a beracha on the food.
Many times before a medical procedure is performed one is given something to drink. This drink does not necessarily taste good on its own, but sweeteners are added to it. The status of whether a beracha would be recited is dependent on the both opinions mentioned above. One who is given something to eat before a procedure would recite a beracha on the food.
When one is taking a pill that does not taste pleasant and wants to drink water to mask the bad taste, no beracha is recited on the water. The same is true if one is taking a pill and is not thirsty.
Before a woman goes for an ultra sound/sonogram she is asked to drink water. No beracha is recited on the water. It would seem that a nursing woman, who needs to drink a lot of water, would not recite a beracha on the water if she is not thirsty. However, others maintain that she should take food whose beracha is shehakol and exempt the beracha on the water.
Many times, after one brushes his teeth or rinses with mouthwash, he drinks water to rinse out his mouth, one does not recite a beracha on such water.
If one has a sore throat and drinks water to clear his throat, it would seem that a beracha is not recited. (In all the above situations, if one is thirsty, a beracha is recited). One who drinks a tasty beverage to take his pill would recite a beracha on the beverage.
It is very common to take a powdered medicine and mix it with a food or water. Some may say that since the food which the medicine is mixed into is a tafel, no beracha is recited. Nonetheless, others say one should recite a beracha on the mixture. If the food (not medicine) is not a shehakol, the Rama holds the beracha is a shehakol regardless of the beracha of the food, while others argue with this ruling. The Mishna Brurah maintains that one should avoid this situation when possible.
When one consumes a medicine during a meal a separate beracha is required since the medicine is not part of the meal.
Food that was in one's pocket while he was sleeping may be eaten. The same halacha goes for medicine that was in one's pocket.
Since there is ruach ra'ah under a bed one should not store food under a bed. However, one is allowed to store medicine under a bed and there is no concern of ruach ra'ah.
It is permitted for one to walk into the bathroom with a pill etc. In addition it is permitted to keep medicines in a medicine cabinet that is in the bathroom, but one should not take his medicine with water in a bathroom.
Some have a custom before taking medication to recite a yehi ratzon that all should be well. This tefilla may be recited on Shabbos and is not a concern of asking for personal needs on Shabbos.
On a fast day one that is not feeling well and wants to take a pill is permitted to do so. Some say one should wrap the pill in a tissue before swallowing it. Some poskim say that one may not use water to swallow a pill. (However, if one's doctor instructs him to take a pill on a fast day then even according to this opinion using a little water is permitted). Others say if one cannot take a pill without water then one may use a little water. One should avoid this if possible on Tisha BeAv, and on Yom Kippur since using water in order to swallow a pill is forbidden. One is permitted to take a medication before a fast if it will enable him to have an easier fast.
There is a discussion in the poskim if one is allowed to use mouthwash on the morning of a fast day. Some poskim are stringent, while others say if one will have bad breath then it is permitted.
Taking Listerine Pocketpaks® (that have a hechsher) is not permitted on a fast day since one swallows the liquid which melts in the mouth.
When one walks down the aisles in a pharmacy he may see many pills which contain a gelatin coating. This issue involves the discussion of gelatin. Below we will discuss what gelatin is and what its kosher status is, and how it applies to ingesting gel-caps.
Gelatin is a protein which is derived from a naturally occurring protein known as collagen. Collagen is the component of animal connective tissue, bones, sinews and skin. Gelatin does not have any taste to it. Gelatin is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to coat capsules as well as hold tablets together. In addition, gelatin is used in marshmallows, yogurt, ice cream, jello, to remove cloudiness or haze in apple juice, in gummy bears, throat lozenges, frostings, protein supplements, and sugar glazes.
The source of gelatin is almost always the bones or hides of non-kosher animals. To improve the quality of the process, the raw material is pretreated by soaking the hard bones in a mixture of lime and water between 70-120 days. Soft bone and hides are treated with a five percent concentration of mineral acids for ten to thirty hours. Gelatin is then extracted from the pretreated material in a process which is like cooking. The bones are warmed in a series of runs at increasing temperatures. Eventually gelatin liquor is formed, which is then filtered and evaporated to remove the water and concentrate the liquor. The liquor is then cooled to form a gel. The gel is dried and cut into desired shapes.
The poskim discuss many reasons why consuming gelatin may be permitted. Each one will be dealt with below.
The Toras Kohanim says the posuk "from non-pure animals one should not eat their flesh" excludes bones, sinews, and hooves. There is a discussion if there is no issur at all, or if there is an issur d'rabanan to consume the above items. The Rambam is of the opinion that "one who eats from a non-kosher animal, it's skin, bones, sinews, horns, hooves, or nails, even though they are forbidden, is excused from punishment." It seems from the opinion of the Rambam that bones are forbidden d'rabanan, while others maintain that he does not seem to imply even an issur d'rabanan. The opinion of Tosfas who talks about permitting bee legs implies that bones are indeed permitted.The opinion of some poskim is that the Rambam when implying that an issur d'rabbanan exists for bones was referring to soft bones which have some moisture to it, but hard and dry bones are permitted even according to the Rambam.
The Mishna Brurah and others say regarding "musk," which is a byproduct of blood that is found in the neck of a deer, we can consider it "changed," since the blood is turned into a new entity. Many poskim follow this opinion. Using the same line of reasoning, some poskim permit the use of gelatin since it is totally changed from it original state. Others are not convinced that one can draw a parallel between musk and gelatin.
The Rama says an animal's stomach lining which was salted and dried out so that it becomes like a piece of wood may be filled with milk since it does not retain any taste of meat. The same would apply to gelatin which is completely dried out.
A question which arises is, if a non-kosher food becomes like wood but is later edible does it change the status or does it retains its previous non-kosher status? Some say that once the product was dried it may not regain its non-kosher status. Others are stringent in this regard.
The opinion of the Achiezer and others is to permit the consumption of gelatin. The opinion of Harav Henkin zt"l is that since this matter is not decided one should be stringent. This is the opinion of Harav Moshe Feinstein zt"l and others as well. The opinion of the Israeli Rabbinate is to permit the consumption of gelatin, while the Mehadrin kosher certification in Eretz Yisroel do not allow gelatin. The major kashrus organizations in the United States do not allow non-certified gelatin. (The above discussion does not apply to taking gel-caps, as this will be discussed below).
Gelatin made from a kosher source is considered pareve. Kosher gelatin is gelatin made from fish or glatt kosher beef hides.
One who is sick is permitted to eat a non-kosher food (which is normally ossur b'achilah) in an unusual manner. Based on this, the opinion of some poskim is that swallowing a pill made from a gelatin coating is permitted, since it is for a sick person and it is not the usual manner of eating. However, there are poskim who maintain that swallowing a pill is the regular manner of consumption. Others are lenient and maintain that swallowing a pill is considered an unusual manner. In addition, even those who are stringent by gelatin, it would not apply to medicines. However, according to the stringent opinion above regarding gelatin, one who only has a headache or slight discomfort should take a pill which has no gelatin or wrap the gel-cap in a tissue (in the next issue we will iy"h continue our discussion on gel-caps).
Children's medicine liquid medicine are generally sweet. If it contains glycerin and one doesn't have information that it is the kosher type of glycerin one shouldn't use the medicine until one first dilutes it 12 ml of another food to 1 ml of medicine. However, the Star-K has an updated list of kosher children's medicines which as of December 2018 includes Infant and Children's Advil and Tylenol. See here for more brands or medicines.
There are ingredients in some toothpaste which are non-kosher animal products such as glycerin. Nonetheless, many poskim are lenient to allow a person to use such toothpastes since the non-kosher ingredients are inedible, mixed with kosher ingredients, and a person doesn't intend to eat the toothpaste but rather to brush with it, which is the halachic equivalent of tasting.
Some say that one shouldn't use mouthwash with glycerin in it since one might swallow some and glycerin can be made from teref animals.
Special thanks to Rabbi Moishe Dovid Lebovits Rabbinical Administrator for KOF-K Kosher Supervision and author of Halachically Speaking for this article. To reach the author please email mlebovits@kof-k.org.
↑ Mesechtas Berochos 38a, Tosfas Mesechtas Berochos 36a "k'von," Meiri Mesechtas Berochos 35b, Tur 204, Shulchan Aruch 204:8, Shulchan Aruch Harav 204:14, Chesed L'alafim 204-205:5, Igros Moshe O.C. 1:82.
↑ V'sein Beracha page 200. Refer to Ateres Shlomo 8:page 110. This is the opinion and custom of Harav Pinchus Bodner Shlita (Personal telephone conversation with Harav Bodner Shlita).
↑ Opinion of Harav Elyashiv Shlita as expressed in Vezos Ha'beracha page 113.
↑ Vezos Ha'beracha Birur Halacha page 310.
↑ Refer to Da'as Torah 204, Vezos Ha'beracha pages 310-311 in depth, opinion of Harav Ovadia Yosef Shlita quoted in Nishmas Avraham (English) page 89:footnote E.
↑ Opinion of Harav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach zt"l quoted in Vezos Ha'beracha pages 113-114, and in V'sein Beracha page 201:footnote 15.1. See explanation of this opinion in Vezos Ha'beracha page 312. Refer to Pnei Ha'shulchan page 151-152, Nishmas Avraham 1:204:page 91, Shemiras Shabbos K'hilchoso 40:footnote 191, Nishmas Avraham 1:page 90 (English), Ateres Shlomo 8:page 111. In the Halichos Shlomo Yom Kippur 5:footnote 42 it states that Harav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach zt"l retracted his previous position with regard to not reciting a beracha on sweetened medication. Refer to Vezos Ha'beracha page 356:9 notes of Harav Forst Shlita on Vezos Ha'beracha. The opinion of Harav Pinchus Bonder Shlita is that no beracha is recited on pleasant tasting cough syrup based on the pesak he heard from Harav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach zt"l (Personal telephone conversation with Harav Bodner Shlita).
↑ Opinion of Harav Neuwirth Shlita quoted in Nishmas Shabbos 4:204, Shemiras Shabbos K'hilchoso 40:footnote 191. Refer to Halacha U'refuah 3:pages 282-284 in depth. However, see Mishna Brurah 174:39 and 212:1 who says the halacha is that a beracha is recited on the tafel. See Pischei Halacha (Berochos) page 246 who disputes the claim that the reason why no beracha is recited here is because no beracha is recited on the tafel. Refer to Rivevos Ephraim 4:54:39.
↑ Harav Yisroel Belsky Shlita, opinion of Harav Elyashiv Shlita quoted in Vezos Ha'beracha page 114, and in V'sein Beracha page 200:footnote 15, opinion of Harav Ovadia Yosef quoted in Yalkut Yosef 204:10:footnote 10, opinion of Harav Feinhandler Shlita (Avnei Yushfei in a personal e-mail). Refer to Igros Moshe O.C. 1:82, Pischei Halacha (Berochos page 246). Others say that it could be that Harav Elyashiv Shlita held this only in regard to medicine that is thoroughly enjoyed (Refer to Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society 53:page 77:footnote 43).
↑ Piskei Teshuvos 204:footnote 75.
↑ Pischei Halacha (Berochos) page 68:footnote 39 alef.
↑ Shulchan Aruch Ibid, Kaf Ha'chaim 49, see Magen Avraham 20 Taz 12, Aruch Ha'shulchan 19. Refer to Mishna Brurah 204:44 who maintains if one is forced to eat bread and he is satisfied he should bentch since it is d'oraisa.
↑ Bais Yosef, Magen Avraham 19, Mishna Brurah 43, Kaf Ha'chaim 48.
↑ Refer to Shevet Ha'kehusi 3:84:3.
↑ Refer to Mikroei Kodesh Pesach 2:page 144, Halacha U'refuah page 278, Pischei Halacha (Berochos page 66:footnote 38), Chazzon Ovadia Berochos page 159:footnote 6.
↑ 204:11. Refer to Aruch Ha'shulchan 22.
↑ Aruch Ha'shulchan 22. Refer to Mishna Brurah 54. The Shar Ha'tzyion 45 says this applies to medicine which was made from the five grains as well. Refer to Halacha U'refuah 3:page 284.
↑ Magen Avraham 24, Mishna Brurah 55, Igros Moshe O.C. 1:82.
↑ Some say one should eat the other food before the medicine and then consume the medicine (Halacha U'refuah 3:page 284).
↑ Halacha U'refuah page 278.
↑ See www.koltorah.org quoting the opinion of Rabbi Chaim Jachter Shlita.
↑ Opinion of Harav Yisroel Belsky as expressed in OU document I-98:page 2.
↑ Harav Yisroel Belsky Shlita, opinion of Harav Forscheimer Shlita (personal telephone conversation), and Harav Doniel Neustadt Shlita.
↑ Opinion of Harav Pinchus Bodner Shlita, Harav Ephraim Greenblatt Shlita (Personal telephone conversations). Harav Forst Shlita says if one is taking it for flavor then a beracha is recited, but if it is for fresh breath but not for the flavor in the mouth then no beracha is recited. The opinions of Rabbi Wikler Shlita, Harav Felder Shlita, Harav Fuerst Shlita (personal telephone conversations with the aforementioned rabbonim). This is the opinion of Harav Yisroel Reisman Shlita (as related by Rabbi Shimon Newmark).
↑ Based on a conversation with Lisa at the Johnson and Johnson Company.
↑ Harav Yisroel Belsky Shlita.
↑ Refer to Mesechtas Avodah Zarah 67-68, Mesechtas Pesachim 21b and 45b. In addition see Shulchan Aruch Y.D. 103, and Y.D. 155:3.
↑ Shulchan Aruch 202:2, see Chazzon Ovadia Berochos page 158, Piskei Teshuvos 204:18:footnote 70.
↑ Vezos Ha'beracha page 311, Piskei Teshuvos 204:18, see Nishmas Avraham 4:204:footnote 1. In regard to vitamins, refer to Pischei Halacha (Berochos) page 68:footnote 39 alef, Beracha Achrona (Boreh Nefoshos) page 201. Refer to Nishmas Avraham (English) pages 89-90 quoting the opinion of Harav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach zt"l that a beracha is required. See Ateres Shlomo 8:page 111. The same applies to vitamins (Yalkut Yosef 3:page 436).
↑ Piskei Teshuvos 204:footnote 70.
↑ Piskei Teshuvos 204:18:footnote 74.
↑ Harav Yisroel Belsky Shlita. The Diamond – K hechsher on Tums may be relied upon (Harav Yisroel Belsky Shlita). One may not use Tums on Pesach if they are not certified for Pesach (Harav Yisroel Belsky Shlita).
↑ Tzitz Eliezer 13:35:3, Vezos Ha'beracha page 113 quoting the opinion of Harav Elyashiv Shlita.
↑ Refer to Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society 53:page 74:footnote 36.
↑ Nishmas Avraham 4:204:pages 7-8 quoting the opinion of Harav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach zt"l.
↑ Aruch Ha'shulchan 204:18, Pnei Ha'shulchan page 146, Piskei Teshuvos 204:footnote 64, Binyan Sholom (old print) page 96, Ateres Shlomo 8:page 111. Refer to Sheilas Rav 2:18:5. If one places water in liquid medicine to make it taste better no beracha is recited on the water (Sharei Ha'beracha 18:footnote 76). If one needs to drink water for medical purposes and he is not thirsty he should recite a beracha on something else and have in mind to exempt the water from a beracha (Harav Yisroel Belsky Shlita, see Eishel Avraham Butchatch 204:7).
↑ Ben Ish Chai Mattos 1:12, Aruch Ha'shulchan 204:18, Miyum Ha'halacha 22, Rivevos Ephraim 6:76, Pischei Halacha Berochos 4:8, Oz Nedberu 10:22. Harav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach zt"l maintains one may drink more water than needed for a pill and a beracha would not be required on that water either (Ve'aleihu Lo Yeibol 1:pages 110-111).
↑ Refer to Yufei Leleiv 204:10, Sdei Chemed Berochos 33:page 260, Me'am Loez Yisro 247:page 580, Pnei Ha'shulchan page 146, Sharei Ha'beracha 18:footnote 76.
↑ Refer to Toras Hayoledes 62:3, Beracha Achrona page 196:5.
↑ Sharei Ha'beracha 18:footnote 76.
↑ Chesed L'alafim 204-205:4, Mishna Brurah 204:42, Ateres Shlomo 8:page 111, Yalkut Yosef 204:page 436.
↑ Refer to Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society 53:pages 78-79.
↑ For example chunky applesauce.
↑ Refer to Magen Avraham 4, Gr'a, Mishna Brurah 4-5, 10, see Taz 7. Refer to Halacha U'refuah 3:page 284.
↑ Salmas Chaim 2:7, Rivevos Ephraim 4:7, Shevet Ha'kehusi 2:242, see Yufei Leleiv Y.D. 3:116:6, Yabia Omer Y.D. 1:9:23.
↑ Tzitz Eliezer 17:35, Rivevos Ephraim 6:4, Shevet Ha'kehusi 2:245, Tosfas Orah page 421:3, see Nezer Ha'chaim page 217:165, Doleh U'mashka page 367.
↑ Shulchan Aruch Y.D. 116:5.
↑ Tzitz Eliezer 17:32. Some say if it is a medication which one recites a beracha on because of its pleasant taste then it should not be placed under a bed (Shevet Ha'kehusi 2:245, see 3:229:2).
↑ Rivevos Ephraim 1:8:2, 2:6, Teshuvos V'hanhugos 1:11, Be'er Moshe 8:41.
↑ Refer to Shulchan Aruch 230:4, Magen Avraham 6, Mishna Brurah 6. Some say saying the yihiy ratzon exempts one from the beracha that one would recite on a sweet medication (Refer to Ateres Shlomo 8:page 111, Nishmas Avraham 204:page 91).
↑ Refer to Shar Ha'tzyion 230:8, Bakashas B'Shabbos page 27:footnote 15. See Betzel Hachuchma 5:41.
↑ Halichos Shlomo Moadim 2:13:footnote 8.
↑ Harav Yisroel Belsky Shlita, Halichos Shlomo Moadim (Pesach etc) 16:3, Nishmas Avraham 5:page 46.
↑ Harav Yisroel Belsky Shlita, see Teshuvos V'hanhugos 3:156.
↑ Harav Yisroel Belsky Shlita, see Kinyan Torah 2:49:2, Modanei Yeshurin page 108, Chai Ha'Levi 5:48, Divrei Chachumim page 166:471 quoting the opinion of Harav Sheinberg Shlita. Some say if there is a need, brushing ones teeth is permitted (Divrei Chachumim Ibid).
↑ Be'er Moshe 8:94. Refer to Minchas Yitzchok 4:109.
↑ Gelatin comes from the Latin word "gelatus" which means stiff or frozen.
↑ Refer to Gelatin in Jewish Law pages 10-14.
↑ Star-K in Kashrus Kurrents in an article by Rabbi Mushell. This article can be seen at http://www.star-k.org/kashrus/kk-palate-gelatin.htm.
↑ Refer to Medicines and Kashrus page 16, Gelatin in Jewish Law pages 15-22 in great depth, Yabia Omer Y.D. 8:11. See Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society 30:page 67:footnote 2 who maintains that most gelatin today is from pig skins.
↑ Hilchos Machalas Asuros 4:18. Refer to Rashi Vayikra 11:8 "mivsaram." See Kashrus pages 245-249.
↑ Refer to Igros Moshe Y.D. 2:27 (end) page 44 who says gelatin is a sofuk issur.
↑ Mesechtas Avodah Zarah 69a "ha'hu." Refer to Rosh Avodah Zarah 5:11.
↑ Refer to Achiezer 3:33:5, Introduction of the Tzitz Eliezer volume 4 where he brings the opinion of Harav Yecheskel Abramsky zt"l. Some say there are no commercially made gelatin that come from hard bones today (Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society 30:page 69).
↑ O.C. 216:7, see Magen Avraham 3. See OU document P-86 who says that fermentations are not considered kitniyos sh'nishtana.
↑ Shiurei Knesses Hagedolah 216:7, Rosh (Teshuvos) klal 24:6, Buei Chai Y.D. 103.
↑ Refer to Rosh Mesechtas Berochos 6:38, Mishna Brurah Ibid. Refer to Magen Avraham O.C. 216:3, Taz 2.
↑ Refer to Yabia Omer Y.D. 8:11:15, Tzitz Eliezer's opinion expressed in the introduction to volume 4, see Melamed L'hoyel 2:35.
↑ Refer to Achi Ezer 3:33:5, Tzitz Eliezer Ibid quoting the opinion of Harav Yecheskel Abramsky zt"l, opinion of Harav Elyashiv Shlita quoted in Yeishiv Moshe page 165.
↑ Y.D. 87:10, see Shach 114:21. Refer to Pischei Teshuva 87:19, 21.
↑ Refer to Shach 33 who says this applies to other organs as well, but initially this should not be done (Be'er Heitiv 27, see Pri Megadim Eishel Avraham 33). Refer to Achi Ezer 3:33:5 who says the Shach does not apply to hard bones. Some say this does not apply when a product is dried in a modern facility (Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society 30:page 72:footnote 14).
↑ Opinion of Harav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach zt"l quoted in Kashrus and Medicines page 53:footnote 20, see Yabia Omer Y.D. 8:11 in depth.
↑ Refer o Shach Y.D. 114:21, Pischei Teshuva Y.D. 87:20, Nodeh B'Yehuda Y.D. 26, Aruch Ha'shulchan Y.D. 87:43, Achiezer 2:11, 3:33:5, Har Tzvi Y.D. 83, opinion of Harav Henkin zt"l (Edos L'Yisroel page 132), Orchos Habayis page 29.
↑ Pri Megadim Eishel Avraham Y.D. 87:33, Chasam Sofer Y.D. 81, see Igros Moshe Y.D. 1:37, 2:27, Kovetz Teshuvos 1:73:page 107. See Mishnas Rav Aron 1:17:2.
↑ Refer to Gelatin in Jewish Law pages 95-119 in depth, Tzitz Eliezer introduction to volume 4 quoting the opinion of Harav Yecheskel Abramsky zt"l, Yabia Omer Y.D. 8:11 in depth, Harav Yecheskel Abramsky zt"l adds until now (1951) it has been accepted that gelatin is not permitted. Therefore he is concerned about permitting it.
↑ Edos L'Yisroel page 177.
↑ Igros Moshe Y.D. 2:27 (end).
↑ Mishnas Rav Aron 17, Kovetz Teshuvos 1:73:page 107, Medicines and Kashrus pages 16-17 quoting other poskim.
↑ Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society 30:page 66:footnote 1. One who moves to Eretz Yisroel should ask if he can follow their opinion.
↑ The Laws of Pesach: A Digest 2006 page 602.
↑ Igros Moshe Y.D. 1:37, 2:27, Mishnas Rav Aron 1:16.
↑ One may eat this together with meat as well and we are not concerned about the halacha of refraining from eating fish and meat together (Mesechtas Pesachim 76b, Shulchan Aruch Y.D. 116:2). In addition it is botel b'shishim. Some say maybe the whole concern was flesh of the fish with meat not the skins or bones. Additionally, the gelatin made from fish (and other sources) does not have a flavor (Star–K Kashrus Kurrents in an article by Rabbi Mushell).
↑ Shulchan Aruch Y.D. 155:3, Shach 14, Mishna Brurah O.C. 466:1. An example of this is giving someone non-kosher food through intravenous.
↑ Opinion of Harav Henkin zt"l quoted in Edos L'Yisroel page 132, opinion of Harav Shachter Shlita as expressed in OU document I-97. He adds that the gel-caps have no taste to them and are nifsal from feeding to a dog. Rav Schachter (Brachot Shiur 73 min 18-30) ruled that strictly speaking it is permitted to take non-kosher pills. If kosher ones are available he should get those to avoid the spiritual determinants of non-kosher like Rama about sucking non-kosher milk. He explained that certainly if a person is a choleh shein bo sakana it is permitted since it is shelo kderech achilato. But furthermore, the gelatin pills are permitted since it is nifsal machila and even if it is reconstituted it isn't considered non-kosher (Chavot Daat YD 103). There's no achshevei since it is eaten in a reconstituted form and not when it is mixed with other ingredients (Rav Chaim Ozer 3:31). That's in Rav Schachter's opinion why Rav Soloveitchik was lenient to take non-kosher pills. Also, Rabbi Yitzchak Abadi in Or Yitzchak 1:24 permits all medicines that are bitter or don't have a taste since they aren't food. He says that even though it is shelo kderech achila there's no isur derabbanan of achsheveh since it is for medicine. See Yachava Daat 2:60 who assumes it is shelo kderech achilato if it doesn't taste good.
↑ Refer to Nodeh B'Yehuda Y.D. 35, Pischei Teshuva Y.D. 155:6, Har Tzvi Y.D. 97, opinions of Harav Shlomo Zalman Aurbach zt"l and Harav Elyashiv Shlita quoted in Medicines and Kashrus page 57:footnote 17, Yeishiv Moshe page 165, Shemiras Shabbos K'hilchoso 40:footnote 169, Halichos Shlomo Moadim (Pesach) 1:page 69. This is the opinion of Harav Yisroel Belsky Shlita quoting the opinion of Harav Henkin zt"l, see www.koltorah.org.
↑ Refer to Halichos Shlomo Moadim (Pesach) pages 71-72 who is unsure if this should be permitted with a slight pain. See Minchas Shlomo 1:17:3.
↑ This does not apply to one who is bedridden (Halichos Shlomo Moadim Pesach) pages 71-72:8. The Shach 13 says this heter of the Rama is even for a healthy person. See Mishnah L'melech Hilchos Yesodei Hatorah 5:8 in depth, Zera Emes 2:48. Refer to Pri Megadim M.Z. O.C. 328:11, Shagas Aryeh 74, Binas Adom 52:page 86, Shevet Ha'Levi 7:135 who argue. Harav Yisroel Belsky Shlita maintains if one has a headache he should not swallow gel-caps without wrapping it in a tissue.
↑ Refer to Mesora 14:page 92. Others say the custom is to be lenient with one who has even a headache (Chai Ha'Levi 3:111:2).
↑ Rabbi Dovid Heber in Kosher Kurrents 2005 wrote that glycerin in medicines is a safek deoritta since much of it is made from animals even though some of it is made from plants. However, since it is only a safek it is permitted to mevatel it. One can do so if one dilutes the medicine 1 to 12 of another food without lossing the potency of the medicine. See Mesorah Journal v. 7 pp. 91-97 by Rabbi Dovid Heber for a potential justification of giving medicines to children even if there are non-kosher ingredients. His argument is as follows: Feeding an isur derabbanan to a child is a machloket rashba and rambam (Bet Yosef OC 343). It might only be an isur derabbanan if it is a chatzi shiur in a tarovet. Also the isur is only a safek isur. Therefore, possibly there's a safek safeka, safek if it is a muter glycerin and if it is asur perhaps it is derabbanan (chatzi shiur btarovet). On the rabbinic level it is muter since it is a safek derabbanan. Additionally, a child is a choleh for whom some allow feeding a derabbanan isur. Either way it is a leniency based on complex factors.
↑ Har Tzvi 95 was lenient with non-kosher toothpastes because the ingredients were processed so that they were inedible, they were mixed with kosher ingredients, and also a person is justing tasting the toothpaste and spitting it out. tzohar.org quotes Ama Dvar p. 155 quoting Rav Mordechai Eliyahu who agreed. They also quote Mishneh Halachot 9:153 who disagreed. OU wrote that some rabbis don't feel one can rely on the Har Tzvi today since the toothpastes have a good taste. But others still rely on the Har Tzvi. They cited Rav Henkin responsa 75 who mostly agreed with the Har Tzvi but wouldn't be lenient with toothpastes with glycerin.
↑ Rav Belsky (cited in article "Kashrut Rulings From Rabbi Belsky ZT"L" p. 37) held that since sometimes a person swallows some mouthwash it is forbidden to use it if there's an ingredient in it that isn't kosher such as glycerin (similar to Taz 98:2). He didn't consider mouthwash to be considered inedible.
This page was last edited on 5 March 2019, at 00:10.


Dr. Rahma Mungia, Assistant Professor, at the University of Texas Health San Antonio (UT Health San Antonio), Department of Periodontics, began her full-time career in 2005. She is a Dental Public Health professional with over 13 years of experience. Dr. Mungia earned her dental degree from KLE Institute India in 2000. She earned her master?s degree from the University of London, England in 2002. In 2005, she also completed her Dental Public Health Residency program in Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, UT Health San Antonio. Currently, she serves as the Deputy Director of the Southwest Region of the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network (PBRN) and additionally as the Director for the South Texas Oral Health Network (STOHN), a local PBRN supported by the Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA). As Director of the STOHN, she is responsible for overseeing all network activities and the validity of research methods used for STOHN studies. As the Deputy Director of Southwest Region, she is responsible for overall administrative oversight, supervision of regional coordinators and strategic management of the regional component in alignment with the national Network. Dr. Mungia engages in teaching students as well as residents and provides continuing education for academic faculty and private practitioners through active and collaborative learning facilitation methods (Technology of Participation (ToP)). This method differs from traditional lecture and discussion courses in its ability to promote the development of students? research experiences, problem solving, communication, and group participation skills. Dr. Mungia has also utilized this method to generate research idea with faculty and private practitioners to increase collaboration, engagement and introduce new research concepts to these target groups. Dr. Mungia has presented 36 abstracts, 23 posters and 34 presentations at local, national and international meetings. She demonstrated high standards of scholarly performance and service by serving on several local and national committees. She has authored 33 publications (16 peer-reviewed publications, 3 non-peer reviewed publication, 2 peer-reviewed publications that are currently under review and 12 electronic non-peer reviewed publications). Dr. Mungia currently serves as a reviewer for the Journal of Periodontology, Texas Dental Journal and International Dove Press Journal.
- Community-Based Participatory Research (COBR) provided Dr. Mungia with practical guidance for engaging partners (health care providers, researchers, community-based leaders and organizations) in both research and in projects or topics that may affect their health or oral health. Driven by the needs of the community, she worked closely over the years with members of the community on a wide variety of health projects, research activities and health fairs (please refer to the projects section of the CV). In addition, she applied the rules of CBPR to develop the Southwest Regions protocol development groups (POD), which were designed to produce study concepts for the National Dental PBRN. PODs establish a collaborative effort that brings together private practitioners and academicians through shared research interests and capitalizes on participant?s expertise and experiences. The successful process was published in the Journal of Health Promotion Practice.
- Dr. Mungia is a dental public health investigator and conducts research from a population and societal perspective. She has developed and implemented several population-based epidemiologic studies that are at the heart of dental public health research, as well as many other clinical and translational studies that aim to benefit dental practice, influence oral health policies, and improve the health and or oral health of the public (please refer to the projects section of the CV).
- Dr. Mungia?s experience has demonstrated a proven record of accomplishment in securing new funding. This is possible due to her comprehensive knowledge of research, and the ability to distinguish and identify funding opportunities form local and federal programs. As grant writer, she is often confronted with new (and challenging) applications and guidelines and must dig deep into the trove of grants knowledge to create strong, and hopefully winning proposals.
- Dr. Mungia has effectively developed and implemented health service research programs that can be applied by dentists, physicians, nurses, health managers and administrators, as well as other professionals who make decisions or deliver care. She have developed several continuing health education programs for medical and dental professionals (please refer projects section of CV).
- Dental practice-based research (PBR) is a form of research conducted in clinical practices by practitioners and their staff and is designed to answer questions that dentists face in routine patient care. PBR conceived of and conducted in practice can follow a short feedback loop back into practice and thus shorten the usually laborious translation process of research findings into clinical practice. Recognizing the importance of PBR and its ability to improve the oral health of all Americans, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) funded a national effort, the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network (PBRN) in April 2012. Dr. Mungia is currently the Deputy Director for the Southwest Region of the National Dental PBRN and the Director for the South Texas Oral Health Network. She has tremendous experience in developing, and implementing several clinical dental practice-based studies.
- Dr. Mungia has extensive experience in project management focusing on deadline driven goal achievement through managing resources, budgeting, communicating with team members and forming decisions. She currently manages the Southwest Region of the National Dental Practice-based research network, which is funded by a $66.8 million grant from National Institute for Dental and Craniofacial research. She supervises and trains regional coordinators and streamlines processes and find solutions in order to implement studies successfully. She also manages the budgetary requirements of the region in alignment with the National Dental PBRN.
Promoting Tobacco Cessation with Your Patients, a 2-hour combined presentation and Technology of Participation (ToP) session was delivered to dental hygiene students. Approximately 50 students attended. The presentation provided an overview of the trends of tobacco use, emerging novel tobacco products (e-cigarettes, vape pens, and hookah) and how to provide cessation counseling to your patients. The technology of participation session engaged the students in developing a toolbox, which contain resources that would aid in providing tobacco cessation to their patients.
Mungia R, Buchberg M, Reyes S, Funckhouser E, Cohen R, Meyerowitz C, Cochran D, Gordan V, Rindal B, Fellows J, Gilbert G, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Practitioner Participation and Engagement in National Dental PBRN Studies: 12-year Results: Presentation at the American Association for Dental Research. Fort Lauderdale, FL; 2018 Jan.
Cohen RA, Vij V, Vellala K, Waiwaiole L, Gilbert GH, Mungia R, Shea T, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Practitioner survey coordination and logistics in the National Dental PBRN: Presentation at the American Association for Dental Research. Fort Lauderdale, FL; 2018 Jan.
Mungia R, Taverna M, Davis J, De La Rosa E, Mody P. Changing Attitudes About Flossing Presentation at the CTSA, Community Engagement Science Symposium, San Antonio, TX; 2018 Jan.
Buchberg M, Mungia R, Reyes S, Funkhouser E, Cohen R, Cochran D, Meyerowitz C, Gordan V, Rindal B, Fellows J, Gilbert G, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Patient Enrollment in National Dental Practice-Based Research Network Clinical Studies Presentation at the American Association for Dental Research. Fort Lauderdale, FL; 2018 Jan.
Heft MW, Litaker MS, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Meyerowitz C, Chonowski S, Yardic R, Gordan VV, Mungia R, Gilbert GH, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Patient-centered dentinal hypersensitivity treatment outcomes: National Dental PBRN. Presentation at the American Association for Dental Research: Presentation at the American Association for Dental Research. Fort Lauderdale, FL; 2018 Jan.
Minye HM, Litaker MS, Mungia R, Louis DR, Gordan V, Meyerowitz C, Gilbert GH, McCracken MS, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Preparation Techniques for Single-Unit Crowns Among PBRN Dentists: Presentation at the American Association for Dental Research. Fort Lauderdale, FL; 2018 Jan.
Funkhouser E, Hilton T, Ferracane J, Vij V, Baltuck C, Manning W, Fellows J, Mungia R, Meyerowitz C, Richardson P, Gordan VV, Gilbert GH, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Treatment of cracked teeth: from the National Dental PBRN. Presentation at the American Association for Dental Research: Presentation at the American Association for Dental Research. Fort Lauderdale, FL; 2018 Jan.
Hilton T, Funkhouser E, Ferracane J, Gilbert G, Mungia R, Huff K, Gordan V, Bama J, Marker T, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Cracked tooth symptoms as predictors of subsequent treatment: National Dental PBRN study: Presentation at the American Association for Dental Research. Fort Lauderdale, FL; 2018 Jan.
McCracken MS, Litaker MS, Mungia R, Louis DR, Gordan VV, Meyerowitz C, Minye? HM, Gilbert GH, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Single-unit crown preparation techniques among National Dental PBRN Dentist: Presentation at the American Association for Dental Research. Fort Lauderdale, FL; 2018 Jan.
Taverna M, Mungia R. What?s the Fuss About Flossing? A Question of Critical Thinking Presentation at the CTSA, Community Engagement Science Symposium, San Anto; 2017 Jan.
Vij V, Cohen R, Gilbert G, Fellows J, Kopycka-Kedzierawski D, Gordan VV, Mungia R, Makhija S, John K, Basile S, National Collaborative Group. Implementation of a web-based integrated IT system to support the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network: Presentation at the American Public Health Association. Atlanta, GA; 2017 Jan.
Vij V, Cohen R, Gilbert G, Fellows F, Kopycka-Kedzierawski D, Gordan VV, Mungia R, Makhija S, John K, Basile S. Implementation of a Web-Based Integrated IT System to Support the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network Presentation at the American Public Health Association. Atlanta, GA; 2017 Jan.
Mungia R, Taverna M, Castillo M, Heilbrun L, Palmer R . The South Texas Oral Health Network and The Tooth Fairy Project Presentation at the Clinical and Translational Science Award, Community Engagement Science Symposium, San Anto; 2017 Jan.
Makhija SK, Shugars DA, Bader JD, Litaker MS, Gordan VV, Rindal, DB, Pihlstrom DJ, Mungia R, Meyerowitz C, Schaffer RS, Gilbert GH, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Characteristics/depth penetration of suspicious carious lesions: a National-Dental-PBRN study: Presentation at the International Association for Dental Research. San Francisco, CA; 2017 Jan.
Mungia R, Oates TW, Reyes S, Buchberg M, Dolan C, Gilbert GH, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Strategies to Streamline Practitioner Recruitment In National Dental PBRN Studies: Presentation at annual meeting of the International Association for Dental Research. Los Angeles, CA; 2016 Jan.
Mungia R. Bridging Community Dental Practitioners to Research: The South Texas Oral Health Network (STOHN) Presentation at the Community Engagement Science Symposium, San Antonio, Texas; 2015 Jan.
Mungia R, Oates TW, Gilbert GH, Gordan VV, Fellows JL, Meyerowitz C, Rindal BD, Benjamin PL, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Optimizing National Dental PBRN Practitioner Engagement Via Study Development Presentation at the American Association Dental Research, Fall Focused Symposium, San Antonio, Texas; 2014 Jan.
Mungia R, Hayes HG, Reyes SC, Theisen S, Oates TW, Gilbert GH, National Collaborative Group. Generating Innovative Research Ideas through the Technology of Participation Consensus Workshop Method Presentation at the American Association of Dental Research, Charlotte, North Carolina; 2014 Jan.
Mungia R, Oates TW, Theisen S , Reyes SC , Gilbert GH, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Developing National Dental PBRN Study Concepts Through POD Engagement: Presentation at the American Association Dental Research, Fall Focused Symposium, San Antonio, Texas; 2014 Jan.
Mungia R and National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Quick Poll: Dental Flossing 2017 Aug. Available from: http://www.nationaldentalpbrn.org/tyfoon/site/fckeditor/August%202017_Flossing.pdf .
Mungia R, Cochran D, National Dental Collaborative Group. Quick Poll: Cement-retained vs Screw-retained Implant Restorations 2017 Feb. Available from: http://files.constantcontact.com/c7da0d4c001/5fed8d69-9f01-465b-92f1-62e070fdca42.pdf .
Mungia R, Taverna MV and National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Quick Poll: Periodontal Scaling and Root Planning- Are Hand Instruments Falling Out of Favor for Periodontal Treatments 2016 Jul. Available from: http://files.ctctcdn.com/c7da0d4c001/169f715c-05b4-495c-8a05-725de77e0a6e.pdf .
Mungia R, Oates TW, Buchberg ME, Reyes SC and National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Quick Poll: Special Care Dentistry 2016 May. Available from: http://www.nationaldentalpbrn.org/tyfoon/site/fckeditor/Special%20Care%20Dentistry%20quick%20poll%20results_1.pdf .
Mungia R and National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Quick Poll: Xerostomia- How Often and How Do You Treat Dry Mouth? 2016 Feb. Available from: http://www.nationaldentalpbrn.org/tyfoon/site/fckeditor/Xerostomia.pdf .
Mungia R, Oates TW, Buchberg ME, Reyes SC and National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Quick Poll: Bruxism- How Often and How Do You Treat Bruxism? 2016 Jan. Available from: http://www.nationaldentalpbrn.org/tyfoon/site/fckeditor/Bruxism.pdf .
Ortiz G, Mungia R, Oates TW, Kao R and National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Quick Poll: Dental Lasers- How Are Dental Lasers Used for Periodontal Therapy 2014 Sep. Available from: http://www.nationaldentalpbrn.org/tyfoon/site/fckeditor/Dental%20Laser%20Quick%20Poll%20Results.pdf .
Reyes S, Buchberg M, Dolan C, Mungia R, Oates TW, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. National Dental Practice-Based Research Network at the 2014 ADA Annual Meeting 2014 Aug.
Mungia R, Reyes S, Buchberg M, Dolan C, Oates TW, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Spotlight on practice-based research networks at ADA 2014 2014 Apr.
Mungia R, Reyes S, Theisen S, Oates TW for the National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Helping gather practice-based evidence through the National Dental PBRN 2014 Feb.
Minye HM, Gilbert GH, Litaker MS, Mungia R, Meyerowitz C, Louis D, Slootsky A, Gordan VV, McCracken MS, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Preparation techniques used to make single-unit crowns: findings from the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network. Under review J Prosthodont 2018 Oct;.
Mungia R, Funkhouser E, Buchberg MK, Shamp DG, Anderson BA, Foy PJ, Anderson GC, David LC, Rindal DB, Durand EU, Gilbert GH, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. The Minnesota model: Minnesota practitioner participation in National Dental Practice-Based Research Northwest Dentistry 2018 May;97(3):33-37.
Melkers J, Hicks D, Isett KR, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Gilbert GH, Rosenblum S, Burton V, Mungia R, Melkers MJ, Ford G, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Preferences and use of peer-reviewed versus professional publications in clinical general dentistry in the National Dental PBRN. Under review Implementation Science 2018 Jan;.
Hilton TJ, Funkhouser E, Ferracane JL, Gordan VV, Huff KD, Barna J, Mungia R, Marker T, Gilbert GH, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Associations of types of pain with crack-level, tooth-level and patient-level characteristics in posterior teeth with visible cracks: findings from the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network Journal of Dentistry 2018 Jan;70:67-73.
Heft MW, Litaker MS, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Meyerowitz C, Chonowski S, Yardic RL, Gordan VV, Mungia R, Gilbert GH, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Patient-centered outcomes following dentinal hypersensitivity treatment: results from the National Dental PBRN Journal of Dental Research 2018 Jan;3(1):76-82.
Makhija SK, Bader JD, Shugars DA, Litaker MS, Nagarkar S, Gordan VV, Rindal DB, Pihlstrom DJ, Mungia R, Meyerowitz C, Gilbert GH, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Influence of caries-detecting devices on clinical decision-making and lesion depth for suspicious occlusal caries lesions: a randomized clinical trial from the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network Journal of the American Dental Association 2018 Jan;149(4):299-307.
Mungia R, Funkhouser E, Buchberg MK, Cohen R, Cochran D, Makhija SK, Reyes S, Meyerowitz C, Rindal DB, Gordan VV, Fellows JL, Gilbert GH, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Practitioner participation in National Dental PBRN studies: 12-year results Accepted at the Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine since January 19 2018 Jan;.
Lawson NC, Litaker MS, Sowell E, Gordan VV, Mungia R, Ronzo KR, Lam BT, Gilbert GH, McCracken M, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Clinical acceptance of single-unit crowns and its association with impression and retraction techniques: Findings from the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network Under Review: Journal of Prosthodont 2018 Jan;.
Makhija SK, Shugars D, Gilbert GH, Litaker M, Bader JD, Schaffer R, Gordan VV, Rindal B, Pihlstrom DJ, Mungia R, Meyerowitz C, The National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Surface Characteristics and Lesion Status of Suspicious Occlusal Carious Lesions: Findings From The National Dental Practice-Based Research Network Journal of the American Dental Association 2017 Jan;148(12):922-929.
Hilton TJ, Funkhouser E, Ferracane JL, Gilbert GH, Baltuck C, Benjamin PL, Louis D, Mungia R, Meyerowitz, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Correlation Between Symptoms and External Characteristics of Cracked Teeth Journal of American Dental Association 2017 Jan;148(4):246-256.
Makhija SK, Lawson NC, Gilbert GH, Litaker MS, McClelland J, Louis DR, Gordan VV, Pihlstrom DJ, Meyerowitz C, Mungia R, McCracken M, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Dentist Material Selection for Single-Unit Crowns: Findings from the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network Journal of Dentistry 2016 Dec;55:40-47.
McCracken MS, Louis DR, Litaker MS, Minye HM, Mungia R, Gordan VV, Marshall DG, Gilbert GH, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Treatment Recommendations for Single-Unit Crown. Findings from the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network Journal American Dental Association 2016 Nov;147(11):882-890.
Mungia R, Buchberg M, Hayes H, Dolan C, Reyes S, Rankin K, Oates T, Gilbert GH, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Connecting and Collaborating: Developing National Dental PBRN Study Concepts Thorugh POD Engagement Health Promotion Practice Journal 2016 Mar;17(2):278-284.
Mungia R, Hayes H, Reyes S, Theisen S, Buchberg M, Dolan C, Oates T, Gilbert GH, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Generating National Dental PBRN Research Ideas Thorugh the ToP Consensus Method Workshop Progress in Community Health Partnerships 2015 Nov;9(3):447-456.
Gonzales CB, Young V, Ketchum NS, Bone J, Oates TW, Mungia R. How Concerns for Bisphosphonate-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Affect Clinical Practice Among Dentists: A Study from the South Texas Oral Health Network General Dentistry 2015 Mar;63(2):61-67.
Mungia R, Reyes SC, Theisen SE, Oates TW, National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group. Enrollment advertisement CDE Digest, Department of Dental Continuing Education. San Antonio, TX 2013 May;.
Grant Detail The mission of Project Vida was to identify the comprehensive vision of the community for its future and to develop community-based structures and programs to implement that vision in light of the needs and direction of the wider society.
Grant Detail The nation`s network is an effort to help dental professionals directly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of dental care. Essentially, it is research done about and in the "real world" of daily clinical practice. Unfortunately, much of dental research has not had an immediate applicability to daily dental practice. In fact, some have referred too much of the dental research conducted as "scientifically valid, statistically significant, but clinically useless". We would like to change that.


Carey Olsen Starting Point Guides are intended as a general introduction and guide to different aspects of Jersey employment law.
This Starting Point Guide provides a brief overview of Jersey employment law. To read about these in more detail, please download our PDF.


Some hairstyles damage your hair and make you look older. If you want to have change stay away from these styles to look young and fresh. Here common hair mistakes that makes you look older.
Hair experts recommend 2-3 shades darker colors for your natural hair color. Otherwise that makes you look older and do not look natural.
Platinum blonde hair color may makes you look old. This color makes your face look pale and you need more make up.
One length haircuts like blunt cuts makes you older; layers are good idea to look young and fresh.
Het tools damage your hair and that leads old image. Your hair looks dull.
Split ends look uncared and your hair loses its shine.


text:
By Isabella McRae
At my all-girls secondary school, we were told that our skirts needed to be knee length because we were "making the male teachers uncomfortable". That is a direct quote. But we were also told that it was our responsibility to fight for equal rights in a world dominated by men. If we weren't going to fight, then who would? Aged 11, I nodded my head in absentminded agreement, proud that I could go home and tell my mum that I knew exactly what 'feminism' meant. But I didn't have a clue. Surely by the time I was thinking about entering the workforce (we're talking around a decade here), women would be earning the same pay as men and it wouldn't be something I had to worry about. It wouldn't affect me. Well, not really.
Now, in 2019, I'm in my second year at university, worrying about my career choices, and the gender pay gap seems more topical than ever before.
It's a feeling of vulnerability, of exploitation
When the BBC published its list of its highest paid staff in 2017, naming just 34 women in comparison to 62 men, it was a scandal. It became apparent that the pay gap remains preposterously large. The highest earning woman, Claudia Winkleman, earned £1.7 million less than the highest earning man, Chris Evans, in 2016. BBC presenter Samira Ahmed compared the feeling of realising that you are being paid less than your male colleagues to discovering that your bosses have "naked pictures of you in their office". It's a feeling of vulnerability, of exploitation.
Surprisingly, considering the debate's extensive focus on the BBC, it's an organisation better placed than most. At the BBC, the median disparity between men and women's hourly wage lies at 9.3%. While shocking, this seems minor in comparison to the national median of 18.4%. At Warwick University, the gap currently stands above the national average, at a median of 23.4%, making it the second-worst of the Russell Group universities. A primary reason for the pay disparity nationwide is that men dominate the highest paying roles. At Warwick, women fill 67% of the lower quartile of jobs, but just 34% of the top quartile.
In 2016, 'This Girl Can' reported that 2.8 million women aged between 14-40 had claimed that the campaign had encouraged them to be more active, just a year after its launch
In 2016, the BBC reported that girls outperform boys at every level of school education, with women 35% more likely to go to university than men. If girls are doing so well academically, why aren't they occupying more of the top-paying roles? It could partly be attributed to culture and stereotype; men are considered leaders and women followers. As an example of this, we need look no further than the James Bond films, which glorify sexist archetypes through the relationships between Bond and the Bond girls. Equally, Disney fairy-tales perpetuate misogynistic stereotypes. Keira Knightley recently sparked controversy when she said she'd banned her daughter from watching The Little Mermaid and Cinderella: "I mean, the songs are great, but do not give your voice up for a man. Hello!".
Yet, while it's fairly easy to introduce a strong female lead into a film or TV series, making these changes in real life is a more complex task. Perhaps the initial step is campaigning. 'This Girl Can' brilliantly promotes female engagement within sport, something that could be extended to the workspace. In 2016, 'This Girl Can' reported that 2.8 million women aged between 14-40 had claimed that the campaign had encouraged them to be more active, just a year after its launch.
One of the primary causes of the gender pay gap is childcare. Women have conventionally adopted the role of carers, partly because of natural instinct but also due to practicality. Maternity leave is far more generous than paternity leave. Statutory maternity leave is 52 weeks, with 39 weeks paid. By contrast, men are only eligible for up to two weeks paid paternity leave, unless they share 37 weeks paid parental leave with their partner. Better paternity schemes are required to integrate the responsibilities of work with those of starting a family. Finland is the only country in the world where fathers spend more time with their school-aged children than mothers, according to The Guardian. Finnish fathers are offered 9 weeks paternity leave in which they're paid 70% of their salary. A new campaign for the scheme, 'It's Daddy Time!' depicts a smiling construction worker pushing a baby in a wheelbarrow on its flyers, encouraging men to take on childcare responsibilities. Finland is considered the second most equal country in the world according to the Global Gender Pay Gap report.
Perhaps due to employer concerns that women are more likely to take time off work to care for their children, it has been found that male-dominated industries are less likely to consider a woman's job application over a man's. According to YouGov, 25% of women have been questioned about their plans for having children, compared to just 14% of men and 22% of women have been asked if they plan to marry, with only 16% of men being asked the same question. Sexist attitudes often continue after she gets the job. When my mum, who was an architect at the time, approached her boss to tell him she was pregnant with me 19 years ago, he retorted, "Well you'll want time off, I suppose."
It's a vicious cycle
Companies should be equipped to support women throughout their pregnancy and in their transition back to work. After taking time off work, the adjustment back can be challenging. With technology evolving so rapidly, taking a year out to look after a newborn child can mean falling desperately behind your colleagues. Having a child should by no means end a career; a mother should have as much right to flourish within the workspace as anyone else.
But childcare costs can be extortionate. Without the funds to finance full-time childcare, a parent will inevitably have to take time off work to support children. But this means the loss of a second income. It's a vicious cycle. Single parents, in particular, are robbed of the choice, having to rely on childcare to support their families.
The Family and Childcare Trust have outlined the four childcare support systems currently implemented by the government: tax credits, Universal Credit, employer-supported vouchers, and the new tax-free voucher. However, the trust argues that these systems are too confusing and complex. They are working to form a simple, unified childcare support system.
In the meantime, companies should work to forge better support for parents. Goldman Sachs, whose mean gender pay gap is a whopping 55.5%, have introduced new schemes in a desperate attempt to conquer the disparity.
Cultural archetypes are already changing and hopefully will continue to do so, with women increasingly being portrayed as equals to their male counterparts
Amongst these schemes are offers to ship female employees' breast milk to their children if they are working abroad as well as offering emergency nannies for ill children when their parents have to work. But these proposals are only a start. Whether they can bridge that 55.5% pay gap in the long term is uncertain. The majority of women would prefer to be physically present to breastfeed their babies. The bond between mother and child is not formed by the milk, but the close contact between them. Shipping milk across borders does not replace this.
Most parents would prefer to care for their children themselves, or at least leave a close friend, relative or a childminder in charge (someone they've known for longer than a day). I remember being ill when I was little – all I wanted was my mum. An 'emergency nanny' turning up at my door, presumably a stranger, would have terrified me, as it would many children. Schemes like this rely on parents being able to afford childcare when the child isn't sick. There's school, but how are they meant to get to and from school? And what happens in the school holidays?
If significant changes are made the gender pay disparity could be eliminated. Cultural archetypes are already changing and hopefully will continue to do so, with women increasingly being portrayed as equals to their male counterparts. Women have as much a right to success as men, but now, as we enter 2019, change needs to be implemented.
As future graduates, entering the workforce for the first time, it is our responsibility to fight for equal rights, to make sure our generation conquers inequality. It is not an inevitable fact of life. If we don't fight, who will?
A woman's place in society is wherever she wants it to be
We can learn a lot about feminism from South Korea
Feminism has had the side-effect of fostering the damaging 'pursuit of it all'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In the past couple of days, we are starting to receive more information about the new web browser codenamed 'Spartan' Microsoft is building for Windows 10. Today, the Verge reported some new features that will be part of the Spartan web browser. Some of them are not yet available on any other web browser in the market. Find the summary of features that will be included in Spartan. Remember the Courier tablet video? An user can annotate a webpage or clip a webpage by marking it with stylus and share it with others. Spartan will include the same level of inking support that allows users to annotate a web page with a stylus and send the notes and annotations to a friend or colleague. Notes will be stored in user's OneDrive and can be access from anywhere. As annotations are shared, multiple users can doodle on a web page and share edits and annotations between groups. Yes, previous reports on Spartan browser were correct. It will have Cortana integration. Since Cortana will surface information on flights, hotel bookings, package tracking, and other data, when a user tried to search something related to it, Cortana will directly provide the answer. Example: If you use Cortana to track a particular flight and start to search for "American Airlines" in the browser address bar, it will automatically display tracked flights and allow Spartan users to view the status of the flight directly...Have the need for more on Spartan and Windows 10, visit windows8newsinfo forum.
Intel has stepped up their push into the wearable sector, providing what seems to be a challenge to mobile chip sector giant Qualcomm, with the announcement of a new chip, named Curie, which adds computational functionality to the smallest of devices with minimal power usage. Curie is also incredibly small – the size of a button – and according to Intel the device is capable of transforming seemingly everyday items into gadgets capable of doing computations, even those as small and mundane as jewelry, luggage, accessories and other small items carried around by people every day. The tiny Curie chip even has a small real time operating system on board, which, along with accelerometer, gyroscope, Bluetooth LTE radio and a six axis sensor, make the device one of the smallest 'computers', if you will, that has ever been made. The main focus of Intel's Curie chip is to provide a hardware platform for developers of small devices with big ideas. The framework is there with the hardware, and according to Intel all developers need to do is adapt the chip and the software required to make their tiny wearable do whatever they want. A development kit for Curie is thus under production, with Intel being able to provide the real time operating system and the development tools for a Curie device with reference wearable applications called Intel IQ Software Kits...Follow this development as it grows at windows8newsinfo forum.
A cheap power strip might protect equipment from power surges, but it does nothing to help when the power goes out and your system comes to a halting crash. Read on as we show you how to buy the right battery backup device for your needs. Sudden loss of power and power surges are two of the principle causes of damage to computers and other sensitive electronics. Even cheap power strips will do a decent enough job protecting against the power surges, but they offer no protection against drops in line voltage, brownouts, blackouts, and other power supply issues. In order to protect your computer against power supply interruptions you need a battery backup, appropriately named an Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS). UPS units provide a buffer against power supply interruptions ranging from a few minutes to an hour or more depending on the size of the unit. A simple way to think about the utility of a UPS unit is to think about working on a notebook computer. You're at home, your laptop is plugged into an appropriate surge protection strip, and you're busily finishing up some reports for work. A summer storm knocks the power out. Although the lights go out, your work on the notebook computer is uninterrupted because the notebook switched over to battery power seamlessly when the flow of electricity from the power cord vanished...For complete details on choosing a battery backup visit windows8newsinfo forum.
A Router is often the last contact device in a network, that connects the entire network to external networks and the Internet. If the router is somehow compromised, it is easy to compromise all the devices – computers, printers, scanners and even smartphones – connected to it. The Misfortune Cookie has made around 12 million routers vulnerable, in 189 countries, since 2005 and patching it is difficult process, as there are many manufactures involved. This article explains what is the misfortune cookie syndrome and then compiles a list of affected router brands. Further, the Checkpoint researchers say that the vulnerability is present on millions of devices all over the world – from different manufacturers and from different brands. The Misfortune Cookie allows any intruder to take over any network easily by using the vulnerability. It also says that exploits are already available in the deep Internet and people are actively using them for their own gains. To date over 12 million devices have been detected as carrying this vulnerability! In simple words, since it the vulnerability is based on a HTTP cookie and brings misfortune to the device owner, it is named Misfortune cookie in lines of fortune cookies. To be more technical, Misfortune cookie is because of a fault in HTTP cookie management mechanism in the router/gateway software. This allows criminals to determine the vulnerability of connection request by sending different cookies to the gateway or the router. In most networks, the router is the gateway and hence the Checkpoint employs the word "gateway". The Misfortune cookie has affected many routers or other type of gateways that contain a certain type of software. This software, Rompager from AllegroSoft, is used by different manufacturers in building routers and hence the vulnerable devices are spread all over the world...More than likely you want to know more, I suggest visiting windows8newsinfo forum.
Currently, in every textbook, you would find the transistor as the fundamental power behind the modern processor. In other words, the basic unit of compute. HP means to change all that and reboot history by making us reevaluate this basic unit of computing and replace it by something much more efficient and advanced; a memristor. Funny enough, HP did not event the memristor, in fact it actually predates the transistor. A circuit theorist called Leon Chua first came up with this component. Its not really possible to generalize this component into one definition but if I were to attempt to do so, it's the equivalent of non volatile RAM in transistors. A transistor which actually remembers its previous state – that is to stay the historic flow of electricity. In physical terms that would mean remembering the resistance, ohm for ohm. Basically, its applications would change to being non linear and would result in a very very interesting architecture design. Creating microcode for this kind of processor would be no less than a herculean feat. As most of you would probably know, the Machine would be powered by an evolutionary concept (keyword: concept) operating system called Carbon. I am not sure whether the end product will have any correlation to the current Linux, but it will definitely be an open source standard, so that's good news for everyone. An emulation based Linux development kit, called Linux ++, will be released sometime in 2015. Of course that is assuming HP meets the schedule, which is in no way a certainty considering that they have been talking about this for the past few years. Another interesting point to note is that 'the machine' will use optics-based circuitry, ditching copper wiring for optical transistors and wiring. Ofcourse it is a very long way from the drawing board to a stock keeping unit. I am not sure whether HP can actually deliver in the given time period...For more turn to windows8newsinfo forum.
Kodak and Bullitt Group has unveiled the new smartphone we first heard about in December. The Kodak IM5 is built by Bullit, but sold under the Kodak brand name and as you might expect, there's an emphasis on photography. What you might not expect is the emphasis on software designed for older users who may be somewhat tech-savvy, but also wouldn't say no to larger icons and graphics and easy access to support (from friends or family members). But that's what the Kodak IM5 has to offer. It'll launch initially in Europe in early 2015, where's it's expected to sell for around $249. The phone has a 1.7 GHz octa-core processor, a 5 inch, 1920 x 1080 pixel display, 1GB of RAM, 8GB of storage, and a micro SD card slot. It has a 13MP rear camera with flash and auto-focus and a 5MP front-facing camera. What really makes the phone unusual though, is the software. It'll ship with Android 4.4 Kit-Kat, but an Android 5.0 update is planned. There's a custom user interface with enormous app icons on the home screen, and Kodak and Bullitt have developed some camera-centric features designed to make it easier to quickly snap and share photos. For instance, after taking a picture, a menu pops up asking if you want to save or delete that shot and you can edit or share photos if you choose to save them. The last photo you've taken is also automatically shown on your lock screen, and there's a gallery button on the lock screen that lets you jump right into your camera roll without first unlocking the device...Turn to windows8newsinfo forum for more on this and CES 2015.
January promises to be a really busy month for Microsoft, buoyed no doubt by the special Windows 10 event that is on track to be held in just a few weeks' time. And not only can we expect answers to a lot of questions regarding the upcoming OS, along with a glimpse into what's cooking for a lot of other Microsoft solutions like Windows Phone 10 as well as a bit of a gaming, we can also look forward to a new preview version of the operating system. Gabriel Aul, the head of the Windows Insider program, generously confirmed this in a tweet, although he stopped shy of providing any further specifics. Well, apart from the usual and obligatory mention that we should brace for plenty of fixes. Just as a refresher, this new build of Windows 10 will only be available to those of you that are running build 9879, as Redmond made clear several times already. Obviously, some people are happily enjoying two newer versions that leaked recently. We're talking about build 9888 and 9901 that come with a bunch of improvements. But this new official new version that (hopefully) will be made available later this month is sure to offer a much more refined and streamlined experience once it arrives...Follow this and all future releases up to and including Windows 10 General Availability later this fall at windows8newsinfo forum.
Have you not experienced the Amazon syndrome on your computer? Not only the online store can give you recommendations based on what you have been looking around on the web, it also gives you ads for the exact product you have been looking for – using Google Search. Normal PPC ads are displayed based on search terms used by users to reach a website. For example, if the user types "Best Tablets Under $200″, the website will contain ads related to tablets and electronics. If the user typed "how to troubleshoot Windows", most probably, the ad could be a book related to troubleshooting Windows or a Registry Cleaner and likes. When it comes to Google Dynamic Remarketing, it is not based on search terms used to reach the website. It depends on the Doubleclick cookie residing on your computer that contains what products you were searching on Google ad partner sites and mobile apps. Thus, it remembers what the user was looking for and employs ads about that product. For example, if you were looking for a 5.1 speakers on any website, online store, YouTube or Google Plus page or even on a mobile app, the website displays speaker ads on different websites instead of using the normal PPC techniques. Though Google allows you to opt out of targeted advertising on different browsers and devices, it is hard to escape remarketing. There will be Double-Click cookies on your computer and ad networks will make use of that cookie to show relevant ads about products you have been searching for, on the Internet. You can visit the Google ad settings page to set your options. You can also save your opt-out preference permanently, with this browser plugin from Google and opt out of the DoubleClick cookie. It is available for Internet Explorer, Firefox and Chrome web browsers...For more turn you attention to windows8newsinfo forum.
The comparisons are already in! Industry sources have chimed on this before, comparing just how Windows 10 could be as successful as Windows 7, currently the most used OS in the world. But now analysts are also in on the same feeling. Microsoft's modern operating system is still a work in progress as the time of this writing, but the whole world, it seems, is excited about this new version of Windows — thanks in no small part to how it tries to fix many of the annoyances users recorded in the original modern Windows 8. The more interesting bit is that companies are also showing interest in Windows 10, lending credence to the theory that the new OS might perform really well on the market once it launches next year. This is what Pacific Crest and Microsoft analyst Brendan Barnicle wrote in his note to investors, claiming that the new operating system could enjoy the same success as Windows 7, which, right now, still finds itself installed on well over half the desktop computers around the globe. So basically, the disappointing sales performance of Windows 8 could well be a thing of the past, by the time Windows 10 sees daylight, and this could only mean great things for the ecosystem. Not just desktop, of course, but tablets and smartphones too. Now only if we can get a confirmation regarding what Microsoft intends to call its next mobile OS! For more developments on this upcoming operating system from Microsoft visit windows8newsinfo forum.


What Makes A Good Tickler?
It is in everyone's interest that the tickler in any tickle play is attentive and skilled. For ticklee, this makes sessions safer and more enjoyable. For the tickler, this makes it far more likely that they will get to indulge in further tickle play in future!
A good tickler puts safety first. Whether it is making sure any restraints used are not cutting off circulation, or making sure the ticklee is not about to fall off the couch and hurt their head in their laughter, it is up to the tickler to keep the ticklee physically and emotionally safe.
A good tickler puts the ticklee at ease. They encourage the ticklee to let go of their worries and inhibitions both through their words and through their actions in establishing a safe environment.
A good tickler reads the moods and desires of the ticklee and behaves accordingly. You don't have to be a mind-reader - just ask what they enjoy! A frank conversation between consenting adults is often the best way to establish limits.
A good tickler does not just press their hands into a ticklish spot as hard as possible and hope to elicit laughter. Being jabbed and poked is rarely ticklish or much fun for the ticklee. Vary your pressure and if in doubt, start off lightly.
A good tickler is attentive, and carefully notes what techniques and spots the ticklee enjoys and what tickles the most. Once those most ticklish spots are discovered, the skilled tickler uses them wisely. That does not mean using them constantly (although it might depending on the ticklee), but varying their techniques and areas used to keep the ticklee in a state of joyful laughter.
A good tickler surprises the ticklee. Some of the physical sensation of tickling, and also some of the fun, comes from the ticklee experiencing a sensation that they did not know was coming. There is nothing wrong with messing with the ticklee - saying that you'll do one thing then doing another, or pulling out an unexpected tickle toy. You certainly do not have to warn or ask your ticklee before you change to each ticklish spot, or use a new technique, if you know from previous play or discussion that this is within your ticklee's limits.
It is up to you to read the reactions to these surprises and guage whether this adds to your session with your specific ticklee. In most cases, a willing ticklee will be delighted with your experimentation.
What Makes A Good Ticklee?
Tickling is a pastime where both parties need to give and take. An enthusiastic ticklee will find that if they make tickle play enticing and enjoyable for the tickler they will be tickled far more often!
A good ticklee ensures the tickler is comfortable with the situation. This includes clothing involved and what areas the ticklee wants to be tickled in.
A good ticklee will communicate clearly about how and where they want to be tickled, particularly if your tickler does not have experience in tickle play and therefore really has no idea what you want! Consider showing them sections of this site to give them an idea, and have a frank discussion with them about what you enjoy.
A good ticklee does not kick the tickler in the face in a fit of laughter! At least, not if you want them to tickle you again.
A good ticklee is open to suggestions from the tickler, and open to surprises too. Making a session fun for the tickler is the best way to make sure you can have further play in future. Perhaps there is a particular spot they most enjoy tickling you - you could indulge them, or offer a ticklish deal in return for being tickled on your own favourite spot.
Contact us using the link at the top of the page, or email ticklingtips@yahoo.com.
Copyright 2017, 2018. No part of this website may be reproduced without written permission of the owner.