I know about the challenges list and the multipliers and all that, it wasn't a game mechanic question so much as a "how do they pull them off though?" question.
When I first started the game, (which I came in 2 days late so I was only level 1 surrounded by 10's), I was taking top 3 almost every game, racking up scores in the high 3k's to mid 4k's. Now, I have to struggle hard to pull in more than 1k a match.
I must be missing something or maybe I'm not doing something I used to.
If you stay in a crowd too long, you get picked out usually, due to templar vision, random guesses, or the fact that you've been there so long your pursuer knows you're in it and he just waits for you to break off and then kills you for 700pts even though he wasn't locked onto you long enough for a Focus Bonus or even in range to hit X right away. Not sure how people flag their target down like that without running?
And, if you're not immediately by a crowd with civs that look like you, you'll be spotted by your pursuer going into a crowd, so that kills you.
BEST case scenario, you're left alone, but moving at the speed of a turtle, which I'm totally fine with and like, except for the fact that your target is on the other side of the map, and he's probably moving faster than you are. At the least, he's on the other side of the map moving at the same speed.
So, how do you get to him before getting killed yourself, in an EFFICIENT time? Stalking someone for 6 minutes to get a 400 incognito kill when 60% of the match has already gone by is not efficient. You will have 400 while everyone else has 1600+. I'm asking that as an honest question, because I don't know what to do anymore.
That raises another question.. Let's say you're stalking your target pretty well, you're pretty sure you're not being pursued too hard, and your target is near, but.. He starts jogging or sprinting, what do you do? As a side question, what do you do if your circle is damn near full, and he runs by you from the left side of the screen to the right, do you run and stab him quick? You only get 150 for that. And anytime someone IS walking slow, they're looking behind them, so you can't sneak up on them without getting smoke bombed and stunned.
I need some kind of tips, some kind of guidance on how to get these 600+ kills every kill. I don't seem to know when to run and when to join a crowd or walk slow anymore.
I used to NEVER sprint at ALL when I first started, unless I had no pursuer (which usually only happens for about 5 seconds tops which is fine). So I thought that was my problem, that maybe I was running or jogging too much now.. But, most everyone else jogs and runs, at least now and then, so you have to if you want the kill, right? Idk. But my whole point was, I've spent several matches now never using sprint unless I had no pursuer on the HUD, and... Still only netted about 1000 points a game. 1200 on a good game. I'm not a roof camper either, though I go up there to get my targets; have to. I try to wait on the street first to make sure they're near me on the roof before I jump up there, but, again even if they're close, they know you're coming for em and they run.. Which prompts you to run, which gets you 100-150 if you even get the kill. Not 700+ like everyone else gets every kill.
I'm confused, crying, and asking for help in a serious way all in the same thread. Help me please, it's getting out of control. I love the game but I'd like to be good like I used to be. This is the only game I've ever played where I actually got WORSE with experience. I normally dominate every video game I play online, and it's infuriating that I'm getting bested by spaztic, A.D.D.-riddled 13 year olds who run around giggling and singing all match while racking up 4k, and you know they have the attention span of a fruit fly. There is no reason they should be beating out a patient, intelligent person. I know, the joke is, "If you were so smart you'd be taking 1st! loloulzuilz!" but seriously.
Don't know what to do anymore. Help please.
Maybe I'm playing too defensively? I'm very paranoid about getting killed. Idk.
Okay in response to your question. 700+ kills can be earned by chocking up challenges, and bonuses. Like incognito, mid-air, chain, lure, or some other stuff. And if you want to get to your target quick, you can use a little method, with angles. The compass does not flash unless you reveal yourself to your target. Which means, if any part of your body can be seen by your target, then your compass will flash up. So, lock on, and try to anticipate where he goes. There was once, my target was quite far, heading my way as the compass got bigger. I hid in a haystack. Waited for a while, killed him, 500 score. woots. Got an achievement. And if you want to evade your pursuer, use the stun method. Only do this if there are like 2/3 pursuers. Go to an isolated part of the rooftops, use TEMPLAR VISION to locate targets and pursuers. When you are on the rooftops, and if you have like 2/3 pursuers, that means most of the people coming to your side of the roofs are your pursuers. So wait, appear as if your AFK. When they are in range, SMOKE BOMB em and stun. Or you could use the morph method. MORPH in a moving crowd, and when they get close, but unsure, just SMOKE BOMB em and stun. You should always check their levels and plan accordingly.
As a level 40 with pretty much no life out side this game you can take my advice and trust that I have great experience in this matter.
I used to always walk slow for incognito kills but as you said you get picked off way too quickly or it takes for ever to catch up to your target. So what I do is sprint up to my target whilst making sure that my pursuer is not too close ( it's okay if he's trying to catch up to you because chances are he'll likely start to sprint/jog and there will be a red icon above his head so be ready to smoke bomb / stun him. ) every time you sprint to catch up to your target make sure that he's not in your camera view so that you don't go below incognito.
Then once you finally catch up to him about 10-20M away you start fast walking and make sure you use lock on him as much as you can.
There are a few things that will happen at this point. A. you'll get killed because you weren't watching your surroundings or B. another person pursuing the same target as you was faster or was just lucky and was in the same area as his target got to him and killed him before you.
If you manage to fast walk up to him inside a group which will give you the hidden bonus that's +200 points and if you're sneaky enough you can pull off a focus like I like to try and attempt but don't always successfully pull off.
Know that kills are not the only way to get a lot of points, I know that stuns and escapes are very useful in racking up a bunch of points.
Anyways, hope some of those tips help you.
Also don't be too afraid of losing contracts intentionally, I know that when noob targets are roof camping and I'm 1st/2nd place I have a lot of pursuers so I don't want to go out into the open on a roof top and just get my self killed. So sometimes I kill a random civ on purpose to get a new target, one that's easier to kill and doesn't force me out into the open.
Ahh ok, thanks, that helps alot!! Some of this stuff I forget sometimes. So do you wait till your target is around a corner and then run, and then go into a crowd for a second to watch for enemies (even though they know where you are cause you were running)? And then run again until you're good and close if you havn't been killed yet?
And do you run with your camera aimed behind you to look?
Incognito + hidden + poison = 800 point kill.
Target doesn't know who you are, you're in a bland group/hide spot, and you poison them.
Minus poison it's still a solid 600 to build on with chain, poacher, revenge etc.
What mainly annoys me on this is the same as what annoyed me on Chaos Theory; nobody seems to be able to grasp the concept of stealth. I usually end up in games full of complete noobs running about on rooftops, and I'm reluctant to go after them because I just want to play slealthily, the way it's meant to be played. I lose, generally, in these games, because I get little done. What really bugs me is that all these people run about, don't play the game the way it should be played, and get rewarded for it, while those who are playing stealthily (the 'Assassin' part of the title seems to hint at this element of the game) are punished, because their targets sprint across the map before they can do anything, and their pursuers burst out of nowhere to kill them. Maybe it's just me. I like to play it stealthily, because it's a stealth game.
I like to play it stealthily, because it's a stealth game.
I completely agree. This is why I play manhunt.
Also, although I'm not sure how useful it is, never follow your target into a chase-breaking gate. Civilians don't go in there, and it's a clear indication that you're following them. Make sure the line of sight is broken and that they don't see you exiting the gate.
EDIT! - Most importantly! DO NOT walk straight towards someone who you think might be watching.
It makes people suspicious. Come at an oblique angle, trying to take the paths the NPCs use. I'll try and look like I'm walking past someone then at the last second turn around and gank 'em.
-The 'whispering' happens when a pursuer close by has broken incognito. So if you hear it you better watch out as you've probably been spotted if you aren't well blended. And if you break it when pursuing, your quarry will be on the defensive.
When I hear this I usually run to break line of sight then go on the defensive.
-After kills people often take off running. You should expect this and do this.
So if you can't fast walk there in time do a couple steps of jogging THEN RELEASE TRIGGER BEFORE STRIKING. If your jogging was minimized you can still get a silent kill. If you hold trigger while assassinating you will always do a high profile (read: low points) kill.
Head them off. Look at which way they're heading and run that way then slow down to a walk when going around corners that might bring you into sight.
Typically they'll loop around, try and catch them walking/running towards you and they'll be left head-scratching.
If they're pure roof-monkeys you're probably better off just killing a civvy.
-If you get a good kill or two early you will be assigned multiple pursuers! Time to go on the defensive and look for the stun. Load up on defensive abilities (smoke bomb/mute/decoy/morph/disguise/etc). And secondary slots should help cooldowns whenever possible.
Then hide in an area with several clones around and scan for people jogging in.
-Morph/smoke is a potent combo. Walk around in a morphed group for protection. If anyone tries to morph your group you bomb them. If you get blinded I rotate LS and jam O. Don't panic if they smoke you, it doesn't give you away. Smoke them when it ends and stun 'em.
what are you meaning when you say "Whispering" i could see how i can use this.. do you mean the same "whispering" like you hear the in singal player.. in singal player it sounds like someone is whispering Etsio.
if so i havent really heard it online but i will start listening for it.
I'm not sure how to better describe it. Dozens of voices whispering, like the dull roar of the ocean.
Same whispering in single player when get near the end of the mission.
Thanks guys, all good stuff! Alot of this stuff I USED to do when I was a brand-spanking newb, because it was smart, common sense. However after playing games with countless with window-licking ******s, I started acting like them because it seemed they were beating me out some games. I should've never really started sprinting to begin with, it makes you lazy and makes you want to use it all the time.
I'll keep this thread handy and keep reviewing it when I'm starting to have bad games again!
Oh, in addition, another thing I've noticed.. When you're in a crowd, the game naturally slowly moves you to the back even if you transitioned into it in the front. If you don't have firecrackers or templar vision or anything and you're forced to guess? Hit the person furthest back. It's the right choice most of the time. And if you know your target is in a crowd but he joined it when around the corner and you couldn't see which one he is, just wait a little while for someone to drift to the back. That's usually your guy!
On that same note, when the game first came out everyone said "When you're in a crowd, let go and let the game do the walking for you!".. Now, knowing this information, I tend to manually walk in crowds when I'm not actively looking behind me, so that I keep myself in the middle just incase my killer knows about the "drifting to the back" thing!
I know at least a few other people know about it, because last night I flipped out when I got killed by a guy who stabbed me in the face in a crowd and came from the front, yet used no abilities. I was like, "WTF why did you pick me? Was that just random dumb luck?" and in the 2 seconds or whatever where you can talk to each other before it mutes you, he went, "Cause you weren't the guy in front. Didn't use an ability, just assumed you the guy in back as usual."
Lesson learned there! Can't count the number of times I've been stabbed even in a morphed crowd when the guy didn't use templar or firecrackers! I think that's the reason why.
On that same note, when the game first came out everyone said "When you're in a crowd, let go and let the game do the walking for you!"
I let the crowd do the walking, but every now and then I run/fast walk a few steps to keep my place.
Also, avoid being the guy in the middle of the group, that's a conspicuous place too.
^ Yeah that's what I usually do, it's a good tip!
Also, I replaced my firecrackers/smoke bomb with mute, because you can use it offensively too. It's great for the people that think they're cheesing by going onto a rooftop and waiting for you so they can smoke bomb then stun you. I come up to em incognito, knowing they're waiting cause I'm obviously the only one on the roof, and I hit my mute as I'm walking up (which has a 6m radius, smoke only has a 3.2 meter, so I hit it around the 5meter mark or so), and they stand there while jamming the bumper and just let me kill them, it's hilarious!
It's also good for when you're stalking a guy and you know he's noticed you. Mute him and shank him and you'll hopefully at least get a 300 silent kill out of it.
The other awesome thing about mute is no one expects to be muted when pursuing you, so they don't get cautious until they're in smoke bomb range. It's hilarious when you mute them and then turn around to go after THEM and in their mind they're like, "Omg look at this idiot he's gonna walk right into my blade!" only to find they can't stab you and they get punched in the face. I don't think they can counter-stun you during a mute either! You just have to time the mute well because it only lasts 1.5 seconds until you get the longer lasting one.
Doesn't matter anyway, when people see "You have been muted and cannot use your abilities." or whatever it says on the screen, they PANIC, sometimes even run away, so I mean.. TECHNICALLY it's 1.5 seconds, but in PRACTICE, it's about 3 seconds, LoL. There's been times I know it's been at least a solid 2 seconds and I'll get the stun anyway while the other guy tries to figure out wtf is going on lol.


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The Education Secretary addresses a number of the issues raised in the annual report.
I would like to thank Dr Ian Craig, the Chief Schools Adjudicator, for his annual report, which raises a number of important issues.
It is absolutely right that every parent should want their child to go to an excellent school, so school admissions will continue to be a controversial and sensitive issue as long as there are too few good school places.
I am committed to driving up educational standards so all parents have that choice of high-quality schools close to home, which is why we are encouraging providers to set up new schools and turning round under-performing schools. And so no child is disadvantaged because of their background, I am introducing the pupil premium.
I also intend to make the school admissions framework, including the School Admissions Code, simpler and fairer, and I have asked my officials to start speaking with key stakeholders.


SAN ANGELO — Ernesto Caraveo, 72, died Wednesday, Feb. 28. Services are pending with Robert Massie Funeral Home.
SWEETWATER — Cyrus Dale McCreight, 84, died Friday, March 2, 2018 at Rolling Plains Memorial Hospital. A private burial was held at the Sweetwater Cemetery under the direction of McCoy Funeral Home. Online condolences may be expressed at www.mccoyfh.com.
SWEETWATER — James L. Wilks, 81, died Friday, March 2, 2018 in an Austin, TX Hospital. Services are pending with McCoy Funeral Home in Sweetwater.
SAN ANGELO — Eloisa Zuniga, 94, died Saturday, March 3, 2018. Services are pending with Robert Massie Funeral Home.


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Posts tagged film review
I'm So Excited – Review
by Max Hubbard in Reviews
When it appears as though the end is in sight, the pilots, flight crew, and passengers of a plane heading to Mexico City look to forget the anguish of the moment and face their own personal problems. A technical failure has endangered the lives of the people aboard Peninsula Flight 2549. The crew devote themselves to the task of making the flight as enjoyable as possible for the passengers, while they await a solution.
film review I'm So Excited Review Im So Excited movie Pedro Almodovar
Evil Dead – Review
'Evil Dead' takes us back to the most iconic cabin in the woods for a modern remake for Sam Raimi's 1981 original classic 'The Evil Dead'. Five friends, Mia, David, Olivia, Eric and Natalie, head to a remote cabin in the woods to help Mia go cold turkey from her heroin addiction. In the basement they find a mysterious Book of the Dead. Upon reading it, they unwittingly summon up a demon living in the nearby woods, which possess the youngsters in succession until only one is left intact to fight for survival.
bruce campbell Evil dead review film review horror review Sam Raimi The evil dead
Revenge of the Sequel: The Top 5 Best Sequels
by Max Hubbard in Features
Why is it that almost every time a new and groundbreaking film comes along that takes our breath away, it only takes a few months to pass and a sequel is produced? Most of these sequels are not based on having more story to tell, but more to do with the film companies having deep pockets to fill. Compared to the success of the original, these sequels are often rushed, poorly written, predictable and simply disappointing. Some of these include Basic Instinct 2, Battle for the Planet of the Apes, Son of the Mask, Rocky V, Jaws 3D, Speed 2, The Matrix Revolutions, Batman and Robin, Dumb and Dumberer, Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2, Oceans 12, I Still Know What You Did Last Summer, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen and the list goes on….
However, on very rare occasions, these sequels can and have surpassed its original or at least rivalled them for greatness. I have selected five sequels that I believe demonstrate this.
5. The Dark Knight
alien Aliens batman begins film review Revenge of the Sequel review star wars T2 Terminator 2 the dark knight The Empire Strikes Back The Godfather The Godfather Part II the terminator top 5
Stoker – Review
India Stoker (Mia Wasikowska) was not prepared to lose her father in a tragic accident or the sudden arrival of her Uncle Charlie (Matthew Goode), whom she never knew existed. When Charlie moves in with her and her emotionally unstable mother Evie (Nicole Kidman), India thinks the void left by her father's death is finally being filled by his closest bloodline. Soon after his arrival, India comes to suspect that this mysterious, charming man has ulterior motives intent on keeping it in the family. Yet instead of feeling outrage or horror, this friendless young woman becomes increasingly infatuated with him.
'Oldboy' South Korean director Park Chan-wook returns to the big screen with his first English language film. Stoker is a psychological thriller filled with erotic tension and glorious attention to detail. The story focuses on family secrets, blood ties and dark lies, which unravels and builds like a slow turning screw. The performances, which help keep the plot afloat and often elevating it along with the superb direction are the films best qualities. Mia Wasikowska is hypnotic and chilling, as is Matthew Goode whose character bares many similarities with that of Anthony Perkins in 'Psycho'.
Littered with metaphors and symbology, Stoker is visually outstanding and beautifully perverse. The camera work is at times claustrophobic and gothic but always elegant with a soundtrack that is subtle and haunting. Stoker does not play out like a typical thriller and it's certainly not a horror film, but what you get is an erotic psychodrama that has more than a hint of Hitchcock about it and if you like the sound of that, you're in for a real treat.
'Do not disturb the family'
film film review Matthew Goode Mia Wasikowska nicole kidman Park Chan-wook review Stoker
A Good Time to Call it a Day, Die Hard
by Vicky Hinault in Features
Thinking of going to see Die Hard this weekend? Massive Die Hard fan? The most recent instalment of the Die Hard series is a bitter disappointment for any fan of the franchise and you should think hard before you do.
While it is full of McClean esque one liners, explosions and yes Bruce Willis in a blood covered white t-shirt, it is a real let down.
The history of the die hard movies is relatively quite simple, Die Hard – Amazing, Die Harder – Good not great, Die Hard with a Vengeance: A return to form, Die hard 4: Surprisingly enjoyable, more far fetched than the others but still, A Good Day to Die Hard: void of any style or substance.
It wasn't only the lack of story that irritated me, it was the poor performances, (even Bruce can't always beat this into shape) the unstructured dialogue, the flimsy motivation of the villains and the general cheese of the father/son stuff.
I wish i could say the CGI was good but alas, it really wasn't. There are a few moments that will make you chuckle but it's not enough to save it.
The film has been made for the sake of the action, but if only they'd toned the budget down and invested some more money into the scriptwriting there could have been a good movie in there somewhere.
I'm not writing this purely to be negative, more to warn fans of Die Hard. If I could unsee this, I would. Be warned fans, it's time Die Hard said Yippee Ki Yay to itself.
If you're looking for some non stop action from John McClean, do your self a favour and watch Die Hard, the orignal and still the best.
a good day to die hard Bruce Willis die hard Die Hard 5 film film review

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FBR Feature: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Palmetto-Leaves
Novelist Mary Anna Evans looks at Harriet Beecher Stowe's influential 1873 book Palmetto-Leaves, which grew from essays written after her post-Civil War acquisition of a winter home in Mandarin.
The book became an "early, important example of Florida narratives urging people to 'Come on down!'" while today standing as a record of the wilderness she fell in love with, before the influx arrived.
As Evans writes, Stowe "was careful not to promise unadulterated paradise, saying that 'Florida, like a piece of embroidery, has two sides to it—one side all tag-rag and thrums, without order or position; and the other side showing flowers and arabesques and brilliant coloring.'"
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Florida Fiction
"Belle Boggs' The Gulf gives us an engaging fish-out-of-water tale that seeks to explore the gap between the opposite sides of our current political and religious divide," says our reviewer Kate Gilman. The heroine is Marianne, a "pro-choice pro-environment, atheist poet" carrying heavy student loan debts, who, when opportunity beckons, "decamps to Sarasota to launch the Genesis Inspiration Writing Program, a low-residency master of fine arts program for Evangelical Christians," at a fortuitously available delapidated old Florida motel. Read more on our Fiction Page.
In his collection Dead Aquarium, "Caleb Michael Sarvis often immerses the reader in a realistic narrative for several pages before an unreal or absurd element briefly intrudes, such as when, in the novella 'Emerson,' a character talks about his job selling 'lunar real estate,' writes our reviewer Phil LaPadula. "But after such brief moments of fantasy, the reader returns to stark reality, following quirky and tragic characters living on the fringes in Florida." Read the review on our Fiction page.
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In Lori Roy's The Disappearing, Lane Fielding, now a divorced mother of two, returns after twenty years to her hometown of Waddell, Florida, only, writes Ed Irvin, "to find that small towns never forget and history has a way of repeating itself." The press is agog at reports of alleged abuses by her now-aged father at the boys' school he once ran, and new mysteries raise tensions higher. "This novel is Southern Gothic at its finest, featuring flawed characters you empathize with because Roy makes you understand their motivations as authentic, although misguided," says Irvin. Read the review on our Crime Writing page.
Lauren Doyle Owens' debut novel, The Other Side of Everything, takes the reader to Seven Springs, Florida, where, writes Victoria Calderin, "the murder of Adel Minor in her own kitchen sets the stage for the unraveling and subsequent slow braiding of the lives of the residents of this town who are forced to reevaluate and confront tragedies both large and small when faced with the presence of a serial killer." Read the review on our Crime Writing page.
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"Then the killer calls."
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In Cathy Salustri's Backroads of Paradise: a Journey to Rediscover Old Florida, the author follows the auto routes laid out in the 1939 Works Progress Administration publication Florida: A Guide to the Southernmost State. "More than just an updated guide to these driving tours, Salustri's book is also a memoir, a meditation, a lament for the Florida that was, and an outpouring of love for the 'not just one Florida, but many real Floridas' that are," writes Natalie Havlina. Read the review.
Florida Classic Science Fiction: Neil Gaiman's Anansi Boys
Daniel Santos rereads Anansi Boys, Neil Gaiman's 2005 fantasy novel set largely in Florida, and finds it still dark and hilarious.
In addition, because of Gaiman's use of Traditional African and Caribbean religions, Santos says, "...those interested in seeing a different, more realistic, side of Floridian culture and beliefs will find this book to be intriguing." Read this FBR reconsideration.
Post-Apocalyptic Florida, Fifties Style
Frank Tota reconsiders Pat Frank's vision of post-apocalyptic Florida in his 1959 novel Alas, Babylon here.
Classic Florida Memoirs
"Jesse Lee Kercheval's Space can be described as a memoir masquerading as cultural anthropology or cultural anthropology masquerading as memoir, but either way, it is a compelling read," writes Madeleine Blais. Read her reconsideration of this just-reissued award-winning book that takes the reader to 1966 Cocoa as Florida moved from swamp to space age.
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings was not prepared for the challenges she'd face when she when she moved to "the segregated backwoods of Alachua County, Florida, in the 1930s." But, says Lauren Rivera of Rawlings' 1942 memoir Cross Creek, "She prevails, thanks to the advice and intervention of neighbors, her ability to write about the experience, and her gun."
Rivera's reconsideration is on our Classic Florida Reads page.
Moving to Miami: Classic YA
Irving and Me, published in 1967, was written by New Yorker cartoonist and popular writer for young people Syd Hoff. 1977 marked the debut of Judy Blume's Starring Sally Freedman as Herself. Both authors were themselves transplants to Florida, and their books tell the stories of young people uprooted to Miami. Dina Weinstein (a transplant, too) reconsiders these two Young Adult books on our Classic Florida Reads page.
From the Seventies: Schemers and a Geriatric Sleuth, a Classic Florida Read
Dina Weinstein takes a look at Robert Kimmel Smith's 1976 novel, Sadie Shapiro in Miami, and finds those Florida crime staples, comically wacky building schemes and swindlers, but the book's real strength is its "timelessly funny and refreshing protagonist," Sadie Shapiro, "an unlikely geriatric celebrity." Read this Florida Book Review Reconsideration our Florida Crime Writing page.
FBR's Victoria Calderin reviews The Corporation: An Epic Story of the Cuban American Underworld, in which, "T.J. English weaves historical accounts of the Cuban Mafia with details of the lives of those involved to recreate a vivid, dramatic world...focusing on Jose Miguel Battle Sr. and The Corporation, the criminal empire he created and ran in New Jersey, New York, and of course Florida."
Read the review on our Florida History page.
Florida Music
"John Capouya's Florida Soul is a book on a mission to demonstrate that 'Florida's contributions—to soul, rhythm and blues, funk, and 1970s dance-soul or disco—are equally rich, and deep' as those of Memphis, Detroit, New Orleans, and Philadelphia," writes our reviewer Bob Morison.
Learn how Capouya makes the case on our Music, Arts & Architecture page.
Florida Poetry
Of Steve Lambert's poetry collection, Connor Nelson writes, "Heat Seekers is the dirt underneath the fingernail of Florida—people you look past at the gas station, shady street corner business you pretend not to notice, the insect comfortable on your motel room ceiling, death—and, like a Floridian, these poems don't mind showing a little skin." Read the review on our Poetry page.
FBR's Bonnie Losak writes,"Terry Ann Thaxton is a fifth-generation Floridian, an anomaly in Florida, home to so many who have arrived here in search of an escape, some from cold winters, others from the cold reality of poverty and despair that have come to define their homelands. Her third poetry collection, Mud Song, focuses on Florida landscape and experience in a way that calls to both those who live here and those who reside elsewhere." Read the review on our Poetry page.
Florida Nonfiction
Bob Morison says of Hotel Scarface: Where Cocaine Cowboys Partied and Plotted to Control Miami by Roben Farzad: "In the early 1980s, when Miami was the capital of cocaine, murder, and illicit cash flow, the Mutiny hotel and club at Sailboat Bay was the place to conduct the business of drug dealing, as well as partake of all attendant debauchery. Roben Farzad introduces the Mutiny as 'a fantasyland for outlaws in the hellscape that was Cocaine Miami' and 'a criminal free-trade zone of sorts where gangsters could both revel in Miami's danger and escape from it.' Read the review on our Florida History page.
Reviewing Sarah Gerard's essay collection Sunshine State, Pamela Akins writes, "That she unwinds these mini-memoirs and investigative stories in our southernmost state known for its teeming life, bright light, and easy living lends them an ironic poignancy: the good life may not be all it's cracked up to be, and there's more than one snake in paradise." Read the review on our Nonfiction Page.
Our reviewer Victoria Calderin says that before she began reading Jeff Klinkenberg's Son of Real Florida, she worried it might be another book reinforcing "stereotypes of my zany and often mocked home state." Instead, she found "a two-hundred page serving of home." Read the review on our Nonfiction page.
"We all know that Florida is a weird place. But is the weirdness contagious? Craig Pittman thinks so and makes the case in Oh, Florida! How America's Weirdest State Influences the Rest of the Country," writes our reviewer Bob Morison. "FBR features extensive coverage of Florida strangeness, but this book is the mother lode."
Read the review on our Nonfiction page.
On our Nature & Environment Page
What's a "propagule"? A "freedom lawn"? What are the facts and myths about planting a Florida garden that resists invasive species? Jonathan Louis Duckworth reviews The Art of Maintaining a Native Florida Landscape in which Ginny Stibolt "celebrates the state's native plants and provides roadmaps for readers to honor Florida's native ecosystem in their own gardens and landscapes." Read the review.
On our Children's Books Page
"Beautifully illustrated and fun-filled, Gator Dad tells the story of a stay-at-home dad with three young children," writes our reviewer, Jaimie Eubanks of this book from stay-at-home dad and award- winning author and illustrator Brian Lies. Read the review.
Florida Young Adult Fiction
"If you knew the world were ending, and you had the chance to stop it, would you?" This is the question posed by aliens to troubled Calypso, Florida teen Henry Denton in Shaun David Hutchinson's YA novel We are the Ants, which our reviewer, Daniel Santos, says is less about science fiction than about "a teenager struggling to survive in a world where there is little good." Read our review.
Special Feature: Kerouac's Orlanda Blues
Of Jack Kerouac's two periods living in Florida, "The first stint, in Orlando, stretching between 1957-58, was incredibly productive though relatively unknown," writes Ariel Francisco, who finds clues in Orlanda Blues, a section of Kerouac's Book of Blues. Read our feature here.
Above: The cottage in Orlando where Kerouac and his mother rented rooms in the back. Today the restored house is the site of The Kerouac Project, which runs writers' residencies and other programs in Central Florida.
A Land Remembered: A Reconsideration
Patrick D. Smith's novel A Land Remembered has become a beloved classic, taught in Florida schools. After reading it for the first time, Pamela Akins says, "every newcomer to the Sunshine State should read this 1984 action-packed saga of the taming of the Florida frontier. It not only offers a glimpse of what has come before, but what we are fast losing." Read more on our Classic Florida Reads page.
The Florida Book Review — Miami, Florida
© Copyright The Florida Book Review 2007-2019


text:
O.J. Simpson granted parole in Nevada on some charges but to remain in prison
(Reuters) - O.J. Simpson was granted parole on Wednesday on several charges related to his role in the robbery of two sports memorabilia dealers at a Las Vegas hotel, but the former football star will remain in prison at least until 2017 on other charges.
O.J. Simpson watches his former defense attorney Yale Galanter testify during an evidentiary hearing in Clark County District Court in Las Vegas, Nevada May 17, 2013. REUTERS/Ethan Miller/Pool
A Pro Football Hall of Fame running back who played for the Buffalo Bills team, Simpson was acquitted in 1995 of two counts of murder in the stabbing and slashing deaths in Los Angeles of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman. He later lost a wrongful death case that was brought by the victims' families.
In 2008, Simpson was sentenced to up to 33 years in prison in the Las Vegas case, but that sentence could be reduced if he wins future parole hearings and is given credit for good behavior.
The Nevada Board of Parole Commissioners said it was granting Simpson parole on charges of kidnapping, robbery and burglary with a firearm because of his positive conduct while in prison, his participation in programs for inmates, his lack of prior convictions and the fact that he has other sentences to serve that will keep him in prison.
Simpson, 66, asked for parole from Lovelock Correctional Facility during a video conference with a parole commissioner last week. It was his first parole request since his 2008 sentencing.
In the hearing, he said that during the robbery he was trying to retrieve property that he believed belonged to him. And he told the parole commissioner that while behind bars, "I missed my two younger kids, for the most part, getting through high school."
In 2007, Simpson and five other men entered a room at the Palace Station Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas and at gun point took thousands of dollars worth of memorabilia related to his career and murder trial from a pair of sports collectors.
Simpson, who is serving consecutive sentences, received additional time on his sentence because two of his associates had guns during the robbery. He will next have the opportunity to request parole on that sentencing enhancement in 2014.
Even if he wins that round, he will have to serve time for assault with a deadly weapon related to the Las Vegas incident, said David Smith, a spokesman for the Nevada Board of Parole Commissioners.
If Simpson were successful in future parole requests, he would not be released from prison before 2017, Smith said.
Reporting by Alex Dobuzinskis; Editing by Scott Malone, Toni Reinhold


Choosing where to continue your education is a major decision will not regret, especially if you are ambitions and determined to succeed. We are able to focus on the needs of each individual students and aim to nurture each student in order to ensure their journey at BIMK is a successful and improves future prospects.
BIMK is a diverse and friendly leaving college where students progress well in their studies and we are proud of their achievements, we will give you all the supports and encouragements you need to achieve the success you deserve and to create the future you want for yourself. we will treat you with respect, take your view seriously and encourage you to be creative, make new friends and contribute to the wider community.
The college has invested heavily in our estate to modernize and take full advantage of an inspiring traditional building. Furthermore, this has been extended as the college has grown and to develop our teaching and sporting facilities.
I, on behalf of BIMK Family, welcome the students to join this prestigious temple of learning.
Balaji Institute of IT & Management, Kadapa.
Balaji Institute of IT & Management, popularly known as BIMK, was established in the year 2009 Presently the college offers MBA courses in HR, Finance, Marketing & Systems along with Group Discussions, personality development classes, weekly guest lecturers, tally, sports and events above all we provide 99% career opportunities with an intake of 180 Seats in MBA.


Summary: Here are some pointers on how to have a more productive day at work when you didn't sleep the night before.
We've all done it; some every once in awhile and some more times than you could begin to count. Sometimes, you end up binge watching a television show into the early hours of the morning because you just have to know what happens. Or you're out with friends and having too good of a time to call it quits when you know you probably should. Or you go to bed at a reasonable hour but spend your night tossing and turning while the sheep you count get up into the thousands.
When it's time to get up and join the rest of the world in the morning, there's nothing you can do to change how your evening went the night before. However, you can move forward and do a few things to make your day a bit less difficult. Showing up to work or just life can be hard when you're functioning on very little sleep, especially when it comes to actually using your brain for critical thinking.
So what do you do? While many people turn to coffee, there are actually many other options to consider as well. Here are tips to help you function when you didn't sleep the night before.
Drink a lot of water. The first thing you should do any morning is drink a glass of water. When you're sleeping, your body becomes dehydrated and drinking water will help wake up your brain. If you've gotten little sleep, be sure to drink extra water throughout the morning.
Move your body. Laying around and not moving might be your first instinct, but the best thing to do is to get your blood pumping. Whether that means walking part of the way to work or actually getting in a quick workout before you go to work, do what you can to get your heartrate up for at least a few minutes. If you start nodding off at your desk, get up and do some jumping jacks in the stairwell or take a walk around the block.
Take a cold shower. It might be hard to jump in, but once you get into a cold shower it really shocks your system awake. If you're struggling throughout the day, try splashing cold water on your face or wrists.
Avoid refined carbs. When you're really tired you tend to crave sugar because it's a fast energy source. However, you probably know that it only lasts so long and then you crash. Instead of grabbing a donut, some cereal or a bagel, look for a breakfast that's high in protein and fat to help wake up your brain and give you sustained energy.
Get some sunshine. We all know sunshine feels good and improves your mood, but it also helps you stay awake because it increases your levels of Vitamin D and B as well as gives your immune system a little boost. Try going for a walk outside whenever you need to wake up a bit.
Listen to upbeat music. Whether on your way to work or while you're working, listening to upbeat music can stimulate both your body and mind to wake up. Dance party anyone? It can't hurt!
Take a cat nap. Be sure to wait until the afternoon for this one, but taking a quick 20 minute nap can give your mind and body the quick break it needs to go back into work feeling refreshed. If you don't have an office or a quiet space at work, try taking a nap in your car or somewhere creative.
Rearrange your day. Sometimes you just can't expect a lot out of yourself when you haven't gotten sleep, so try moving your more difficult tasks to the next day and work on other small tasks or even running errands if possible to break up the monotony of the day.


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Is Benefit Cruelty-Free: Benefit is Committed Towards the Elimination of Animal Testing
August 21, 2020 August 14, 2020 by Tümay
Benefit Cosmetics LLC is a cosmetics brand founded in 1976 by sisters Jean and Jane Ford in San Francisco, USA. The brand focused on creating lip tints until 1989 when their product catalog was expanded. Two years later, Benefit opened up its first US department store, located in New York City.
Benefit became international in 1997 when it expanded to London. Soon after, the brand launched its website and started selling online. In 2003, its first boutique that specialized in brow shaping was opened in San Francisco, US.
Today, Benefit's products can be found worldwide. Apart from its department stores, you can buy items from Benefit in several retail stores such as Sephora, Douglas, Arnotts, and Boots Pharmacy. The brand won several awards and public praises for its products, and it even won one Guinness World Record – they completed 382 brow waxes in just eight hours!
Is Benefit Cruelty-Free?
Has vegan products No
Benefit is not cruelty-free.
The brand itself doesn't test on animals, and it claims to be committed towards the elimination of animal testing. It's one of the "Fund for Alternatives to Animal Testing" supporters, and it's a participant of several studies regarding alternative testing methods.
Benefit does pay a third-party to conduct animal tests on their behalf in countries where testing is required by law. At the same time, it never clarified whether or not its ingredients are cruelty-free or tested on animals; the same goes for its suppliers.
Suppose you like Benefit's products but can't support a company that isn't cruelty-free. In that case, you can always try to contact its representatives and politely ask them to change the company's cruelty-free policy. Just remember to be respectful, as hate speech never accomplished anything.
Best Alternative Cruelty-Free Face Primers
e.l.f. Hydrating Face Primer for use as a Foundation for Your Makeup, Vitamin Infused Formula.47...
NYX PROFESSIONAL MAKEUP Pore Filler Primer
Best Alternative Cruelty-Free Bronzers
Milani Silky Matte Bronzing Powder - Sun Tan (0.34 Ounce) Vegan, Cruelty-Free Bronzer - Shape &...
NYX PROFESSIONAL MAKEUP Matte Bronzer, Medium
Best Alternative Cruelty-Free Lips Balms
Burt's Bees 100% Natural Tinted Lip Balm, Red Dahlia, 0.15 Oz, Pack of 2
Cliganic USDA Organic Lip Balm Set - 6 Flavors - 100% Natural Moisturizer for Cracked & Dry Lips
Are Benefit products sold in China?
Yes, Benefit's products are sold in mainland China.
Is Benefit Vegan?
No, Benefit is not vegan. Almost all of its products contain some animal-derived ingredients or animal by-products, such as beeswax, lanoline, or carmine. Even if there are some items with all plant-based ingredients, they aren't labeled accordingly. You would have to look at the ingredient list of each individual product. As the brand isn't cruelty-free, we don't think it's worth it.
Who owns Benefit and does the parent company test on animals?
Since 1999, Benefit is owned by LVMH, a French multinational company, and conglomerate that is not cruelty-free. LVMH was formed when fashion houses Louis Vuitton and Moet Hennessy merged. The company owns more than 70 brands, and almost none of them are cruelty-free.
What products does Benefit sell?
The first product Benefit sold was a lip tint and a blush named "Rose Tint." The product was initially created as a nipple tint for one exotic dancer. This anecdote itself helped Benefit with their advertisements. Even today, this tint is one of its bestselling products, and it can be found under the name "Benetint." Apart from that, Benefit sells all kinds of makeup products, such as lipsticks, foundations, mascaras, and eye shadows.
In 2001, Benefit expanded and created a bath and boudoir line, called Bathina. It also owns several accessories lines, as well as fragrances and skincare.
Is Schwarzkopf Cruelty-Free: Does Schwarzkopf Conduct Animal Testing?
Is Nature Box Cruelty-Free: Nature Box is Both Cruelty-Free and Vegan


Havana, Cuba – The Cuban Music Institute in Havana confirmed today that pianist Rubén González died in the Cuban capital. Details were not provided about his death. Funeral services were scheduled for Tuesday.
Rubén González was one of Cuba's best pianists. He became very well known in the late 90s for his contribution to the Buena Vista Social Club phenomenon.
Rubén González was born in Santa Clara in April of 1919. By the time he was fifteen,he had graduated as a pianist from the Cienfuegos Conservatory. He moved to Havana in 1941 and soon began to play with all the major orchestras: La Orquesta Paulina, Conjunto Camayo, Los Hermanos, Mongo Santamaría, etc. He later recorded with the legendary Arsenio Rodríguez.


If there was an old vase you've had in your house for years, and you suddenly discovered it was worth a fortune, would it change how you treated it? How and why?
Why does he only want his disciples to hear this?
What difference do you notice (if any) between this announcement and what Jesus said in 8:31-32?
Why do you think they didn't understand?
What is so different or unusual about Jesus saying the first should be servant of all?
What reason do the disciples give for trying to stop the exorcist?
Why does Jesus say they shouldn't stop someone like that?
Who do you think the "little ones" are and why?
Why does Jesus use such grotesque imagery of cutting off hands and gouging out eyes?
How do you know this is not to be taken literally?
What are ways you can get caught up in looking for a position of "greatness" today?
If you are a servant of all, won't you just get used and taken advantage of? Why or why not? Is that what God wants from us?
Who are the least significant people and what does it mean to treat them like Jesus?
Where do you draw the line on blessing those who minister in Jesus' name?
What spiritual surgery needs to be performed in your life for your own good?


text:
namespace Xunit.Reporting.Internal.Configuration
{
    /// <summary>
    ///   A factory for creating a one to many map for arguments.
    /// </summary>
    public interface IArgumentMapFactory
    {
        /// <summary>
        ///   Creates an <see cref = "IArgumentMap" /> instance.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>
        ///   An <see cref = "IArgumentMap" /> instance.
        /// </returns>
        IArgumentMap Create();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Harding University Didactic Program in Nutrition and Dietetics was granted full accreditation by the Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics.
A self-study report was submitted by the program in fall 2011 and resulted in a visit of the site in spring 2012. The ACEND board met in October and voted to continue full accreditation of the program. The DPND was first accredited in 2002 and will submit its next study report and receive a site visit in 2022.
ACEND is the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics' accrediting agency for education programs preparing students for careers as registered dietitians or registered dietetic technicians.
"As a result of the accreditation process, we now have a renewed focus on our program's mission: to provide an academically challenging program, consistent with Christian ideals, as the students' first step toward becoming Registered Dietitians," Ritchie said.


Alright, Halloween was over two weeks ago, so obviously this post isn't going to be related to those kinds of horrors. This Farm of Horrors is about something far scarier.
Living in the country brings all sorts of danger. I fully accept that on any given day I could find myself in a Jack London-like struggle with some wild beast, most likely while on my way to get the paper wearing nothing but a robe and Hello Kitty boxers. Hey, I've seen "When Animals Attack." I know all about the fauna we can expect to run into. What I didn't expect was that we'd live in absolute fear of the flora.
That's right – the damned plants. It turns out that there are enough of them out there to make anyone's life pretty miserable. We have to live with the day-to-day realities of abrasions, rashes, splinters and puncture wounds – as well as other, more troubling threats.
Jesus God almighty! What the hell is this thing defending itself against? A Mongol invasion? I mean, Blackberries taste good and all, but is this really evolutionarily necessary? Bananas taste pretty good too, and you don't see them arming themselves with horrific, flesh-tearing spikes. And like weeds, they swallow up every inch and every acre they come near, blanketing the land like that tangled barbed wire you see in old war movies. We've got them all over the place (the Blackberries, not the WW II-era barbed wire), and I've been stuck about a hundred times. I used to think these were neat. Now I want them all to die.
Ah, Thistle. Eeyore likes them, so how bad can they be? I seem to remember something in "A Visit from St. Nicholas" about their downy spores. The problem is that these babies have sharp prickles that cover almost every part of the plant – stem, leaf and flower. The point, it seems, is to discourage herbivorous animals from eating it. All it really does is discourage us from ever leaving the house in anything less than knee-high rubber boots. And those downy spores floating angelically through the air? Just creating more thistles. Even the sprouts hurt, and right now the little sprouts are everywhere.
This is the succinctly and unambiguously named Stinging Nettle. If you look closely at the picture above you'll see that there are, again, more spikes to deal with, covering both the leaves and the stems, but there are two major differences here: one, the pointy bits are much smaller, cilia-like hairs (called trichomes), and two, they don't poke you so much as they inject you with painful histamines. It stings, alright. Like crazy. And we have an actual field of it. Just brush past one of these and you'll feel it for an hour.
Poison Oak, our Bete´noire´. Touch one of these for even a second and you'll wind up with unbearable itching and numerous red spots all over your body. And it'll last for weeks. For the first couple of months out here Lizzy and I, having spent many a day exploring the property, were pretty much covered with the stuff. Some days we hadn't even been near it, but still managed to contact it. I swear it senses our presence and physically leaps out at us.
They call this one Jimson Weed. This isn't the best picture I could have used, as it gives the reader the impression that, as with the Thistle, spikes are its only threat. If only. In truth this plant contains a powerful poison that, when ingested, causes delerium, hypothermia, photophobia, amnesia, and a bunch of other things I read on Wikipedia. A trip to the hospital would be pretty much guaranteed. This might sound like an average Saturday night for most young people, but for me – not so much.
This is what is known as Poison Hemlock. Here, as with most of the other pictures, the plant is quite young. At maturity it will shoot upwards and produce tiny white flowers not unlike Queen Anne's Lace. It's rather pretty, actually, until you realize that this is the plant that killed Socrates. It contains a dreadful – and deadly – neurotoxin that will wreak havoc on your central nervous system and result in total respiratory collapse. In fact, it is so poisonous that if a full-grown adult were to ingest just a handful of leaves, that adult would probably die. I particularly like how it resembles carrot greens when it's young. That's convenient.
Oh, and see those cute, little green shoots around the Poison Hemlock in the picture above? Baby Thistle.
p.s. I've been haranguing Lizzy to post something soon, so stay tuned for something from her!


text:
Lunch & Learn - Max A. Sass & Sons Funeral and Cremation Service
10049 W. Forest Home Ave Hales Corners WI 53130 USA
A caring, dependable source to turn to in one of life's most difficult times. Since 1937, Max A. Sass & Sons has been the source that people trust for their funeral services. Max A. Sass & Sons Funeral Homes have been helping Milwaukee families in times of need since 1937. As the most dependable provider of funeral and cremation services in the areas of Greenfield, Franklin, Muskego, South Milwaukee and Milwaukee, we've grown close to many families in your community. Max A. Sass & Sons Funeral Home is and always will be dedicated to serving people like you. In fact, we've grown close to many families in your community, serving them through as many generations as we've been in business. We hope to carry on that tradition by earning your trust and being the source you'd rely on to make the difficult times easier.
Funeral home.


The Europe Household Induction Cooktops Market would witness market growth of 5.3% CAGR during the forecast period (2017 - 2023). A household induction cooktop uses a magnetic field, which is used to heat the specially designed cookware placed on the cooktop. Induction Cooktops are sufficient and easiest means for cooking. It helps in reducing waste in the kitchen and at the same time, easy to operate. The cooktops are preferred by consumers owing to the use of energy efficient method of preparing food. The introduction of wide range of enhanced models has significantly contributed to the market size of the household induction cooktops. However, necessity for specially designed cookware is hindering the growth of household induction cooktops market.
Market participants have been frequently coming up with innovative products. Whirlpool Corporation has also introduced its 6th Sense European-made induction cooktop. The Induction Cooktop offers two sensors, which senses the weight of the food and temperature inside the cookware. Likewise, companies are also introducing products that are primarily designed for safety purposes. Based on Types, the market report segments the market into Free-Standing & PorTABLE Induction Cooktops and Built-In. Based on Sales Channels, the Europe Household Induction Cooktops Market is segmented into Offline and Online. Based on Countries, the market report segments the market into Germany, UK, France, Russia, Spain, Italy, and Rest of Europe.
The market research report covers the analysis of key stake holders of the Europe Household Induction Cooktops Market. Key companies profiled in the report include Whirlpool Corporation, LG Corporation (LG Electronics, Inc.), Panasonic Corporation, Sub-Zero Group, Inc., Haier Group Corporation, Koninklijke Philips N.V., Robert Bosch, Smeg S.P.A., AB Electrolux, and Miele Group.


text:
Polje Ozaljsko  falu Horvátországban, a Károlyváros megyében. Közigazgatásilag Ozalyhoz tartozik.

Fekvése
Károlyvárostól 14 km-re északra, községközpontjától 4 km-re keletre, a Kulpa jobb partján fekszik.

Története
1857-ben 366, 1910-ben 409 lakosa volt. A trianoni békeszerződésig Zágráb vármegye Károlyvárosi járásához tartozott. 2011-ben 270 lakosa volt.

Lakosság

Külső hivatkozások
 Ozaly község hivatalos oldala
 Az ozalyi turisztikai egyesület honlapja

Jegyzetek

Károlyváros megye települései

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
History of Science and Mathematics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for people interested in the history and origins of science and mathematics. It only takes a minute to sign up.
Current ways of thinking in the History of Mathematics
As a research mathematician, working in number theory, who is interested in the history of his own field, I have done some reading in the History of Mathematics, particularly that of Ancient Greek and Hellenistic mathematics. When I compare the way history of mathematics is done now with the way it was done, say 50 years ago, I am struck by certain distinct changes.
To be specific, I have noticed a certain trend, among historians today, to attack "naive" or "Whiggist" approaches to their subject, which they perceive as having dominated the field for too long. Put roughly, at least as far as I understand it, a naive way of doing historiography would be to force a "modern" reading upon historical mathematical texts. In contrast, a more refined, say "postmodern", approach would be to deliberately refrain from forcing ancient terminology in (what would be perceived to be) a modern straitjacket.
An infamous example that is central to this debate is the so-called "Geometrical Algebra," which is an interpretation of Book II of Euclid's Elements that originated in the work of Zeuthen in the 19th century. Indeed, the critique of "Geometrical Algebra" seems to be the flagship of the postmodern movement (as I will call it for ease of reference). This discussion is already quite old (1970s I think), but it is still quite often referred to in order to make a point. Here is the debate in a nutshell: in Book II of the Elements, Euclid discusses propositions such as
II.1. If there are two straight lines, and one of them is cut into any number of segments whatever, then the rectangle contained by the two straight lines equals the sum of the rectangles contained by the uncut straight line and each of the segments.
II.4. If a straight line is cut at random, the square on the whole equals the squares on the segments plus twice the rectangle contained by the segments.
Now the proponents of "Geometrical Algebra" would say that II.1 is just Euclid's way of stating that $a(b_1+\ldots+b_n)=ab_1+\ldots+ab_n$, in other words the distributive law, and II.4 is just Euclid's way of stating that $(a+b)^2=a^2+b^2+2ab$. Personally, I find these readings quite convincing. On the other hand, postmodern historians of mathematics would label this line of reasoning "anachronistic", and that is of course to some extent simply true. At the same time, there seems to be a certain vacuity about just labeling a certain reading anachronistic, without substituting a new reading in its place.
Without getting into this whole discussion any further, I was wondering the following things:
1. What is the current status of this debate?
I presume that it has died down somewhat, since the 70s are a while back. So I would also like to know:
2. How are opinions divided nowadays? (For example, on the Geometrical Algebra issue.) Has one camp "won" the debate, or are there several "camps" still carrying on independently from each other?
I look forward to reading your comments.
RP_
RP_RP_
$\begingroup$ You may be interested in this article... $\endgroup$ – Marius Kempe Sep 29 '15 at 20:14
$\begingroup$ @MariusKempe: thank you, yes I had read that one. I thought it was forceful and well-written. It received a (somewhat condescending) reply in the same issue of the same magazine (J. of Hum. Math., Vol. 4(2), 2014, pp. 124-136, to be found online at scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/…), which at least signals that the debate isn't completely dead yet. But it does seem quite close to being dead, if the only attacks on the modern consensus are coming from a PhD student. $\endgroup$ – RP_ Oct 1 '15 at 17:53
$\begingroup$ There is now a very good article summarizing the debate by Jens Høyrup, 'What is "geometric algebra", and what has it been in historiography?' $\endgroup$ – Marius Kempe Jan 25 '16 at 4:23
I just wrote a paper going through the case against the geometrical algebra and arguing that the modern consensus against it is ill-founded and an associated blog post. But my opinion is a minority one. The geometrical algebra hypothesis has indeed been declared dead with considerable confidence by the modern generation of historians. In my introduction I quote these statements from establishment historians, which are a very accurate description of the state of the matter in recent years: "Unguru's position [against geometrical algebra] could now be regarded as the accepted orthodoxy." "It is clear that the old historiography has been overcome. … There are very few who still believe in such historiographical artefacts as … geometric algebra."
As mentioned in the comments, see also my critique the modern consensus in the historiography of mathematics in general, as well as its reply from a representative of the modern establishment opinion.
Viktor BlasjoViktor Blasjo
$\begingroup$ Nice answer. Could you elaborate on Netz's position if possible? $\endgroup$ – Mikhail Katz Jan 18 '16 at 14:15
$\begingroup$ @katz I discuss Netz's view in my review of his book The Transformation of Mathematics in the Early Mediterranean World. $\endgroup$ – Viktor Blasjo Jan 18 '16 at 16:44
$\begingroup$ Viktor, I started a related thread at hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/3349 because I lack the expertise in greek mathematics to evaluate this properly. $\endgroup$ – Mikhail Katz Jan 19 '16 at 13:25
Histories of science and mathematics are very young, only emerging as disciplines in the early 20th century. This means that most of the received view (tradition) was created by non-historians, who often had expository, didactic and human interest purposes as their primary motivation. This encouraged a view of history as a sequence of bursts of genius, and rational reconstruction as the method of analyzing it, reading past results as imperfect prototypes of modern concepts, perhaps in a different guise, towards which they develop. Grattan-Guinness coined the term "heritage", as opposed to "history", for this kind of approach in History or Heritage? An Important Distinction in Mathematics and for Mathematics Education. It often produces conceptually cleaned up and notationally modernized sketches, and for many purposes this may well be desired. Both tendencies were taken to the extreme however in E.T. Bell's controversial Men of Mathematics, and they largely dominate historical parts of many mathematical textbooks.
The main changes occurred in two stages, neither exclusive to the history of mathematics. In 1930s the traditional historical internalism was challenged by demands for attention to social and cultural context, the so-called Hessen thesis. The second stage was a turn from rational reconstruction to detailed analysis of contemporary sources, and more sceptical view of mathematical speculations. For the history of mathematics specifically the watershed was Burkert's Lore and Science: Studies of Pythagoras, Philolaus and Plato, that exposed almost all of traditional story about Pythagoras as a myth fabricated by Plato's successors at the Academy. "Mystic, yes... but a mathematician, no". Burkert's is an impeccable work of classical scholarship with exhaustive analysis of multiple original sources, many of them obscure, that left little room for doubt and set a standard for subsequent work.
Geometric algebra was a natural hypothesis under the rational reconstruction methodology. It is very appealing if modern algebra is taken as the final cause, and gained wide popularity after van der Waerden's eloquent popularization. But its speculative nature and conflation of Babylonian arithmetic with algebra led Szabo to question it in late 60s, and Unguru to reject it forcefully in 1975, more on the debate here. A modern view can be found in Fowler's Mathematics of Plato's Academy, which is directly indebted to Burkert for its methodology and many insights:
"The idea that a length is a number is so deeply ingrained in our thought that it takes a conscious effort to conceive of an approach to geometry that does not make such an assumption. It is such an arithmetized interpretation that led historians to describe Book II of the elements as "geometric algebra". Fowler argues that Greek geometry was completely non-arithmetized. The strongest evidence comes from his analysis of the very difficult Book X, where he shows, I think successfully, that the way Euclid (or Theaetetus?) structures the argument precludes an arithmetical approach. Most historians would agree with this description of Greek geometry, I think. Many, however, see this characteristic as something to be explained... Fowler turns this on its head, and argues that in fact the non-arithmetized nature of Greek geometry should be read as evidence that Greek geometry does not derive from Babylonian sources. Essentially, Fowler argues that this approach to geometry is just as "natural" as the arithmetized one that we now use, and that it therefore is not necessary to explain why the Greeks used it".
While the geometric algebra debate may have been the loudest the points made apply more broadly. This is what Unguru argued, for example:
"To read ancient mathematical texts with modern mathematics in mind is the safest method for misunderstanding the character of ancient mathematics, in which philosophical presuppositions and metaphysical commitments played a much more fundamental and decisive role than they play in modern mathematics".
For example, one finds Euclid interpreted by Hilbert and Klein as a founder of axiomatic method in the popular textbooks of Greenberg and Hartshorne. But Euclid's Elements read in the context of the times (known from multiple mathematical and non-mathematical sources), turn out to have more in common with modern constructivism and intuitionism than with Hilbert's axiomatic formalization. See the historical part of Friedman's Kant's Theory of Geometry and section 3 of Acerbi's Euclid's Pseudaria.
$\begingroup$ Thank you; this is an intriguing perspective. I've read bits of Burkert and a little more of Fowler. I was already impressed, and because of what you write I think I'll read more. But, what you seem to say is: there isn't any real debate about these issues anymore; historians of science have all grown up now; and all have embraced the new methods. This then is bad news for "realists" such as me, who are inclined to credit arguments like "while the Greeks phrased their arguments geometrically, they meant them algebraically". Even a modern historian such Wilbur Knorr acknowledges as much. $\endgroup$ – RP_ Sep 29 '15 at 22:43
$\begingroup$ I think it is fair to say that historians mostly embraced the new view, but what people meant is a philosophical question, it will always be open to interpretation. Rovelli writes "History of science may have two distinct objectives. The first is to reconstruct the historical complexity of an author or a period. The second is to understand how we got to know what we know... As a scientist of today, I respect the historians working within the first perspective (without which there would be no history at all), but I regret a trend that undervalues the second". arxiv.org/abs/1312.4057 $\endgroup$ – Conifold Sep 30 '15 at 1:52
$\begingroup$ Blasjo even says "alleged superiority of modern historiographical standards ultimately rests on a dubious redefinition of the purpose of history". On Knorr see Unguru's (mostly positive) review jstor.org/stable/230094?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents except "W.K. opts for the preservation of the concept "geometric algebra" as a useful interpretive term... seems to confuse and conflate anachronistically arithmetic and algebra... Ahistorical asides of this kind undermine W.K.'s own methodological approach (pp. 5-14) and diminish its effectiveness", etc. $\endgroup$ – Conifold Sep 30 '15 at 1:56
$\begingroup$ @René I agree that Knorr's compromise on interpretational debate is promising. Geometric algebra may not be a good example for it because the work of Mueller, Berggren and Fowler removed Waerden's main factual arguments: that book II is used "algebraically" by Euclid, that there was Babylonian transmission, and that it was not useful geometrically. Knorr wrote "while I shall continue to use the term geometric algebra I will never mean by it anything more than Book II type geometry", but he does see Greek diagrams as vehicles for structural relations, like modern symbols, so keeps the term. $\endgroup$ – Conifold Oct 1 '15 at 21:28
$\begingroup$ @René You may also like Netz's position on historical dynamics of mathematical ideas, which is in the spirit of Knorr's compromise. katz recently asked a question about him, and his example shows that at least in the more general sense the debate is still very much alive hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/3349/… $\endgroup$ – Conifold Jan 21 '16 at 18:58
Historians of mathematics currently are trying, IMHO, to be overly exact; I've seen some of them criticize the use of the word "triangle" in connection with Babylonian mathematics since Babylonians did not have the concept of angle. To me, this is ridiculous, not only because in German triangle is Dreieck (3-gon). I do regret the current trade of making history of mathematics a playground for four of five specialists.
As for the geometric algebra debate: the original idea was that there was some sort of algebra before the Greeks, i.e. Euclid, translated it into geometry. This position, as far as I can see, is dead. I still like to think of Euclid II as geometric algebra because these results are used by Euclid not in geometric contexts, but in algebraic ones (e.g. in the construction of Pythagorean triples).
Let me add something I just have seen in an article by Jens Hoyrup (Les Lais: or, or, What Ever Became of Mesopotamian Mathematics?):
"In the main, Neugebauer was thus fully right; but what went into Greek "geometrical algebra" was not the sophisticated scribal algebra of the Old Babylonian era but the anonymous riddle tradition of Mesopotamian origin."
$\begingroup$ Thank you for your reply. I do sympathize with your point 1. On the other hand, I do think that the "postmodern" historiographers raise interesting epistemological concerns (how far should we go in identifying ancient and modern concepts, what role did ancient mathematics play within the wider whole of ancient thought, etc.). But I guess I'm too much of a Wittgensteinian (i.e. I think that philosophical questions need to be cured or dissolved rather than answered) to like the answers they've come up with. $\endgroup$ – RP_ Oct 1 '15 at 19:49
You wrote "To be specific, I have noticed a certain trend, among historians today, to attack 'naive' or 'Whiggist' approaches to their subject, which they perceive as having dominated the field for too long. Put roughly, at least as far as I understand it, a naive way of doing historiography would be to force a 'modern' reading upon historical mathematical texts." You mentioned geometric algebra as an example, but did not limit your question to this context.
The received views in current historiography tend to (1) accept dogmas that have been developed when the state of mathematics was very different from what it is today, and strongly affected by what mathematicians believed then; and (2) be suspicious of relying on procedures in modern mathematics to shed light on procedures of historical mathematics. In this way, received historiography has developed its own set of what you refer to as "Whiggist" (or to be more polite, presentist) positions.
Aside from the issue of geometrical algebra, we have challenged such received views on the history of analysis in a number of recent publications, including Is mathematical history written by the victors? and some follow-up articles.
Mikhail KatzMikhail Katz
$\begingroup$ That looks like a very interesting article, but could you say a little more on how this fits in with my question? $\endgroup$ – RP_ Jan 21 '16 at 1:18
$\begingroup$ @René, thanks for your comment. I tried to respond in the body of my answer. $\endgroup$ – Mikhail Katz Jan 21 '16 at 8:06
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text:
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text:
Azolla pinnata subsp. asiatica R.M.K. Saunders & K. Fowler
Family : SALVINIACEAE
(SALVINIA FAMILY)
Family (as per The APG System III) : SALVINIACEAE
Synonym(s) : Azolla imbricata (Roxb. ex Griff.) Nakai; Azolla pinnata var. imbricata (Roxb. ex Griff.) Bonap.
Species Name (as per The Plant List) : Not Found in The Plant List
Habit : Herb-Aquatic
Comments / notes : Abundant and widespread over large areas in India and Asia. (Jenkins, 2008)
Fertile : August-December
Collector(s) Name : S. S. Hooper & K. N. Gandhi; PK Rajagopal
Collection Date : 06/08/89
Collection Nos : HFP 2498; PKR 61
Collection Locality : Mokali, Hassan district; Indrali, Udupi dist.
Distribution :
Andhra Pradesh : Srikakulam district
Telangana : Nalgonda district, Khammam district, Mehboobnagar district
Karnataka : Ballari district, Kolar district, Chamarajanagar district, Hassan district, Udupi district
Odisha : Angul district, Balasore district, Bargarh district, Bolangir district, Boudh district, Cuttack district, Deogarh district, Dhenkanal district, Gajapati district, Ganjam district, Kalhandi district, Kandhamal district, Kendrapara district, Keonjhar district, Khurda district, Koraput district, Malkangiri district, Mayurbhanj district, Puri district, Rayagada district,Sambalpur district, Sundergarh district, PLN
Tamil Nadu : CGP, Coimbatore district, Dindigul district, Dharmapuri district, Kanchipuram (Changalpattu-CGP) district, Karur district, Krishnagiri district, Madurai district, Namakkal district, Pudukkottai district, Sivaganga district, Salem district, Tiruchirapalli district, Tiruvannamalai district, Villipuram district, Vellore district
World Distribution : India, Nepal, China, South Korea, Formosa, Ryukyu Islands, Japan
Conservation Status : Not Evaluated (NE)
Literature : Fraser-Jenkins, Taxonomic revision of Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes 2008; H.O. Saxena and M. Brahmam. 1996. The Flora of Orissa, Vol-4; Rolla Seshagiri Rao. 1986. Flora of Srikakulam; Manickam, V.S., & Irudayaraj, V. (1992). Pteriodophyte Flora of the Western Ghats - South India. B.I.Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Citation : Sankara Rao, K., Raja K Swamy, Deepak Kumar, Arun Singh R. and K. Gopalakrishna Bhat (2019). Flora of Peninsular India. http://peninsula.ces.iisc.ac.in/plants.php?name=Azolla pinnata subsp. asiatica. Downloaded on 17 January 2022.
Botanical Description
Herbarium Specimen(s)
Field Image(s)


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