text:
http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/churchandministry/churchhistory/vonbuseck_saint_nicholas_santa.aspx Throughout his ministry, Bishop Nicholas selflessly poured out his life and his fortune as he served the people in and around his home. The Giving Bishop The story of our modern Santa Claus begins with this same Nicholas, who was born during the third century in Patara, a village in what is now Demre, Turkey. His wealthy parents raised him as a Christian. But they died in an epidemic while Nicholas was still young, and he was left with their fortune. Obeying Jesus' words to "sell what you own and give the money to the poor," Nicholas used his inheritance to assist the suffering, the sick, and the poor. more... http://ministry.goodnewseverybody.com Evolution of Santa Claus https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10100542441166255&set=a.650209688315.2231564.90407152&type=1&theater http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/us/2013/12/15/rs-intv-megyn-kelly-white-santa-controversy.cnn.html "Slate" magazine's Aisha Harris responds to criticism from Fox New's Megyn Kelly on her article about the race of Santa Santa = Satan (Is Christmas Christian?) - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2m0r_rI-Lg Is Santa Real? What We Tell Our Kids | Keep Christ in Christmas | Lev ... Video for biblical perspective Christian of Santa Claus origins true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psFnm7n6mVs ST. NICHOLAS DAY – December 6 https://nationaldaycalendar.com/st-nicholas-day-december-6/ St. Nicholas Day is observed annually on December 6. St. Nicholas Day celebrates the third-century saint who sold all his possessions and gave his money to the poor. Raised to be a devout Christian, his whole life was dedicated to serving the sick and suffering. There are several legendary stories about St. Nicholas which later become part of the inspiration for the modern-day Santa Claus. For example, during the third century, a daughter was more likely to be married if her father could offer a large dowry to prospective husbands. The story goes that a poor father with three daughters had no dowry to offer. On three separate occasions, it is said good Ol' St. Nicholas made bags of gold appear in the girls' shoes drying by the fire at night. While St. Nicholas Day traditions include leaving gifts in shoes (or stockings) or the exchange of small gifts, it is not to be confused with Christmas. Traditionally, treats are left for good boys and girls, and a twig or chunk of coal for the naughty ones. Interesting facts associated with St. Nicholas: He is the patron saint of a great many causes including sailors, travelers, clergy, school children and thieves just to name a few. He was born in the village of Patar which was located on the southeastern coast of modern-day Turkey. Buried in a tomb in Myra, water believed to have healing powers formed in his grave. It is called the Manna of Saint Nicholas. December 6th is also known as The Feast of St. Nicholas and is widely celebrated in Europe. HOW TO OBSERVE Surprise someone with a treat on St. Nicholas Day or slip a gift into their shoe. Use #StNicholasDay to post on social media. HISTORY St. Nicholas Day is celebrated worldwide on the anniversary of his death, December 6. Good News Racism https://www.facebook.com/groups/576102219067856/
http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/trivia/wreaths.htm The origins of the Advent wreath are found in the folk practices of the pre-Christian Germanic peoples who, during the cold December darkness of Eastern Europe, gathered wreaths of evergreen and lighted fires as signs of hope in a coming spring and renewed light. Christians kept these popular traditions alive, and by the 16th century Catholics and Protestants throughout Germany used these symbols to celebrate their Advent hope in Christ, the everlasting Light. From Germany the use of the Advent wreath spread to other parts of the Christian world. Traditionally, the wreath is made of four candles in a circle of evergreens with a fifth candle in the middle. Three candles are violet and the fourth is rose, but four white candles or four violet candles can also be used. Each day at home, the candles are lighted, perhaps before the evening meal-- one candle the first week, and then another each succeeding week until December 25th. A short prayer may accompany the lighting of each candle. The last candle is the middle candle. The lighting of this candle takes place on Christmas Eve. It represents Jesus Christ being born. The Meaning of the Advent Wreath - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Of2Pc6BzfdA https://goodnewseverybodycom.wordpress.com/2017/12/22/now-you-know-various-christmas-symbolism/


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In October 2015, the Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for its contribution to peaceful democracy-building following the mass protests that led to the ouster of President Ben Ali in 2011. The Quartet comprised four key players in Tunisian civil society, including the Tunisian General Labor Union (UGTT), the Tunisian Confederation of Industry, Trade and Handicrafts (UTICA), the Tunisian Human Rights League (LTDH), and the Tunisian Order of Lawyers. The UGTT was, by far, the most prominent player in the Quartet. Posturing as a power broker, the union mediated conflict between competing political parties at a critical juncture in the country's transition. This high-profile role goes beyond a conventional unionist role, where unions' behavior is confined to the protection of members' interests. In this sense, the UGTT moved beyond "the particular and particularized grievances that are the raison d'etre of the organization and engage in political actions, especially those that have little or nothing to do with members' reasons for belonging" (Ahlquist and Levi 2013).
The UGTT's highly political intervention in Tunisia's transition motivates the central theoretical question of this paper: When do trade unions emerge as major political actors or adopt an agenda that transcends their members' material interests? Given their typically large and stable membership, trade unions often have strong organizational capacities and the potential, in some cases, to emerge as platforms for political mobilization. This makes it particularly important to understand the conditions under which trade unions shift between unionist and political agendas. Existing explanations—focusing on the degree of trade union autonomy from the state, labor's material incentives to support democratization, and the labor movement's relationship to elite actors in the transition—do not sufficiently account for the UGTT's high-profile political role in Tunisia's transition, as well as the fact that the organization has sometimes prioritized its political role over its members' material interests.
Using a historical analysis of the evolution and trajectory of the UGTT, I argue that the context in which trade union organizations emerge and whether their formation precedes the establishment of a post-independence regime has important long-term implications for the type of union activism in a given country. If trade union organizations have a strong presence at the time of regime formation, and if their institutional identity is tied to broader struggles (perhaps the struggle for national independence), these unions are more likely to have an expansive view of unionism. Given authoritarian attempts to co-opt trade union leaders, however, it is through rank-and-file militancy that the legacy of a broader vision of unionism is sustained. This is a different kind of dynamic than that described by John Ahlquist, and Margaret Levi where leaders play a central role in convincing members of endorsing issues that go beyond their narrow material interests (2013).
In Tunisia, the UGTT was formed ten years prior to independence and its formative years were defined by its critical role in the struggle against colonialism. This meant that the UGTT entered the post-independence period as an organization with strong nationalist credentials. The UGTT's legacy as a nationalist actor remained an inspiration for many of its members despite sustained attempts to co-opt the UGTT's leadership under the Bourguiba and Ben Ali regimes. This legacy was sustained over time through rank-and-file militancy, which pressured the leadership at key contentious moments in the history of the organization. Rank-and-file mobilization during these periods was a key factor in pushing the otherwise complacent UGTT leadership into asserting a more oppositional stance toward the regime during the 2010/2011 uprising. Given the UGTT's unstable relationship with the regime, union leaders eventually succumbed to rank-and-file pressure. This vision of trade unionism also informs the UGTT's behavior in the post-Ben Ali period.
There is an element of path-dependence to the argument made here. Following Pierson and Levi, I adopt a narrow conception of path-dependence in the sense that "once a country or region has started down a track, the costs of reversal are very high. There will be other choice points, but the entrenchments of certain institutional arrangements obstruct an easy reversal of the initial choice" (Levi 1997, 28). This logic implies that once a particular type of unionism emerges in a given context, it will be difficult to change the character of those unions.
For Academic Citation: Bishara, Dina. "Unions of Brokers of Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Insights from Tunisia." Paper, Middle East Initiative, June 2016.


text:
About TPRF
Peace Education Program
Food for People
Offer Peace Education
Honor/Memory Gift
About The Prem Rawat Foundation
See how TPRF initiatives advance dignity, peace, and prosperity and show your support.
The Prem Rawat Foundation (TPRF) advances dignity, peace, and prosperity by addressing the fundamental human needs of food, water, and peace. Watch the videos and read below to learn more.
The Peace Education Program is an empowering series of workshops that help people discover their own inner strength and personal peace. Food for People offers an innovative approach to helping people emerge from the cycle of poverty. TPRF also provides essential humanitarian aid to those in crisis.
The Peace Education Program is an innovative series of video-based workshops that help people discover their own inner strength and personal peace. The program gives participants the opportunity to focus and reflect on their own humanity, and their inner resources such as choice, hope, and dignity. Rather than describing or defining personal peace, the program empowers individuals to reach their own understanding. Everyone can benefit, and the program has proven effective in a variety of settings including schools, wellbeing centers, correctional facilities, and many more. TPRF provides access to the workshop materials to organizations and volunteers free of charge, making the course readily available to diverse populations in more than 70 countries and in over 30 languages. Learn more.
Food for People Program
The Food for People (FFP) program takes an innovative approach to helping people emerge from poverty by providing nutritious meals, clean water, and educational opportunities to disadvantaged communities in India, Nepal, and Ghana. Since TPRF opened its first FFP facility in 2006, more than 3 million healthy meals have been served to children and elderly adults. Responding to local needs as they evolve, the program also includes hygiene education, agricultural trainings, computer instruction, water infrastructure projects, and other initiatives. As a result, health has improved, school enrollment and achievement have skyrocketed, crime has dropped, and local economies have started to bloom. Learn more.
TPRF provides essential food, water, medical care, and other aid to help people recover from emergencies. Since its inception in 2001, TPRF has awarded hundreds of grants to partner organizations in 40 countries, providing millions of dollars for diverse humanitarian initiatives, from disaster relief and water infrastructure to computer labs for students. TPRF takes care to partner with other charitable organizations that deliver aid directly, efficiently, and effectively with respect for the dignity of recipients and their culture. TPRF has also sponsored free annual medical clinics throughout India for 16 years, bringing modern eye care to hundreds of thousands of marginalized people. Learn more.
"Peace needs to be in everyone's life. It is not the world that needs peace; it is people. When people in the world are at peace within themselves, the world too will be at peace."
— Prem Rawat, Founder, The Prem Rawat Foundation
Learn more about Prem Rawat and why he started The Prem Rawat Foundation.
The Prem Rawat Foundation is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt nonprofit organization created in 2001.
Based in the U.S., TPRF initiatives are funded by the generosity of donors from over 50 countries. Guidestar and Charity Navigator give TPRF their highest rankings for transparency, fiscal responsibility, results, and management. See detailed annual reports and independent financial audits below.
Board of Directors & Management Team
Linda Pascotto, Chair
Linda graduated from the University of Denver with degrees in Political Science and International Relations. Since then, she has been a lifelong philanthropist, supporting directly many charitable organizations that promote specific cultural, social, and educational work. In addition to TPRF, they include Classical Tahoe, Sierra Nevada University, Tahoe Fund, Nevada Museum of Art, and the Los Angeles Opera
Daya Rawat, President
Daya is Prem Rawat's third child. Throughout the years, she's had the opportunity to travel extensively with her father, and as a result, has developed an understanding of diverse cultures as well as the common needs of all people to be able to live with dignity, in peace, and prosperity. Daya is committed to developing a strong management team and expanding the Foundation's signature programs.
Amar Rawat, Vice President
Amar is Prem Rawat's fourth child. Following his long-term interest in aviation, Amar received his helicopter pilot's license at the age of twenty and has attained additional type ratings. He has been Vice President of TPRF since 2014.
Matt Altman, Secretary
Matt graduated from the University of Arizona with a Bachelor's Degree in Accounting and Business. He is co-founder and CEO of Sportiqe, a lifestyle clothing company with a niche of providing fashion apparel for the fan. Matt has a lifelong passion for helping people—supporting them in realizing their dreams and reaching their best version of self.
Bruce Keenan, Treasurer
Bruce co-founded Prosys Information Systems in 1997 and served as its CEO from 1997 through July 2008. Bruce currently serves as president of Himalayan Children's Charities, a charity dedicated to the education and support of Nepalese orphans and abandoned children. In 2006, he founded The Keenan Foundation, dedicated to the care and education of children throughout the world and to the advance of medical alternatives.
Edd Hanzelik, Director
Edd is a retired Doctor of Internal Medicine, who specialized in integrative medicine. He attended Columbia College, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and trained at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts. He co-authored The Inner Game of Stress, published in 2009 by Random House. Dr. Hanzelik's experience in treating people from diverse cultures led to his interest in TPRF and its commitment to help people in need while respecting their intrinsic dignity.
Stephen Sordoni, Director
Stephen was educated at Canterbury School in New England. At age 17 he joined the US Navy, serving on submarines, and received an award for hazardous duty under the Arctic ice cap. Stephen is currently a principal and director of Sordoni Construction Co., which celebrated its 100th Anniversary in 2010. He has served on the board and in executive capacities at United Way of America and the Nature Conservancy, Pennsylvania Chapter.
(alphabetical by last name)
Willow Baker, Program Director for Peace Education Program
Tony Cardo, Operations Manager for Peace Education Program
Jake Frankel, Executive Editor
Smita Kalarn, Program Director for Food for People Program
Marci Klein, Development Director
Steve Kowarsky, Social Media Manager
Rosie Lee, Media & Communications Producer
Marcia Leitner, Executive Director
Mary Wishard, Media & Communications Manager
Contact TPRF
Annual Reports & Financial Statements
TPRF Annual Report 2018
TPRF Audit Report 2018
TPRF IRS Form 990 2017
Read earlier reports here.
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Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA Telephone: +1 310 392-5700
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PO Box 24-1498

Telephone: +1 310 392-5700
The Mission of TPRF
The Prem Rawat Foundation (TPRF) advances dignity, peace and prosperity by addressing the fundamental human needs of food, water and peace. TPRF is building a more peaceful world, one person at a time.
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text:
Billy Long
Rep. Billy Long's 2016 Report Card
Representative from Missouri's 7th District
These statistics cover Long's record during the 114th Congress (Jan 6, 2015-Jan 3, 2017) and compare him to other representatives also serving at the end of the session. Last updated on Aug 24, 2017. The statistics were updated on Jan 20, 2017 and Aug 24, 2017 to improve how we counted enacted laws. Originally published on Jan 7, 2017.
A higher or lower number below doesn't necessarily make this legislator any better or worse, or more or less effective, than other Members of Congress. We present these statistics for you to understand the quantitative aspects of Long's legislative career and make your own judgements based on what activities you think are important.
Joined bipartisan bills the least often compared to Missouri Delegation
Of the 223 bills that Long cosponsored, 4% were introduced by a legislator who was not a Republican. View Cosponsored Bills »
Compare to all Missouri Delegation (0th percentile); House Republicans (2nd percentile); All Representatives (1st percentile).
Got bicameral support on the fewest bills compared to Missouri Delegation (tied with 1 other)
The House and Senate often work on the same issue simultaneously by introducing companion bills in each chamber. 0 of Long's bills and resolutions had a companion bill in the Senate. Working with a sponsor in the other chamber makes a bill more likely to be passed by both the House and Senate.
Compare to all Missouri Delegation (0th percentile); House Republicans (0th percentile); All Representatives (0th percentile).
Cosponsored the 3rd fewest bills compared to Missouri Delegation
Long cosponsored 223 bills and resolutions introduced by other Members of Congress. Cosponsorship shows a willingness to work with others to advance policy goals. View Cosponsored Bills »
Compare to all Missouri Delegation (25th percentile); House Republicans (46th percentile); All Representatives (32nd percentile).
Introduced the 51st fewest bills compared to All Representatives (tied with 20 others)
Long introduced 7 bills and resolutions in the 114th Congress. View Bills »
Compare to all Missouri Delegation (13th percentile); House Republicans (13th percentile); All Representatives (11th percentile).
Got bipartisan cosponsors on the 100th fewest bills compared to All Representatives (tied with 43 others)
In this era of partisanship, it is important to see Members of Congress working across the aisle. 3 of Long's 7 bills and resolutions had both a Democratic cosponsor and a Republican cosponsor in the 114th Congress.
Compare to all Missouri Delegation (38th percentile); House Republicans (23rd percentile); All Representatives (23rd percentile).
Long introduced 0 bills that became law, including via incorporation into other measures, in the 114th Congress. Keep in mind that it takes a law to repeal a law. Very few bills ever become law.
Most bills and resolutions languish in committee without any action. Long introduced 0 bills in the 114th Congress that got past committee and to the floor for consideration.
2 of Long's bills and resolutions in the 114th Congress had a cosponsor who was a chair or ranking member of a committee that the bill was referred to. Getting support from committee leaders on relevant committees is a crucial step in moving legislation forward.
Those bills were: H.R. 815: Access to Professional Health Insurance ...; H.R. 5182: Promoting Life-Saving New Therapies for ...
Long held a leadership position on 0 committees and 0 subcommittees, as either a chair (majority party) or ranking member (minority party), at the end of the session. View Long's Profile »
Long's bills and resolutions had 204 cosponsors in the 114th Congress. Securing cosponsors is an important part of getting support for a bill, although having more cosponsors does not always mean a bill will get a vote. View Bills »
Compare to all Missouri Delegation (63rd percentile); House Republicans (50th percentile); All Representatives (49th percentile).
Long missed 4.5% of votes (59 of 1,325 votes) in the 114th Congress. View Long's Profile »
Compare to all Missouri Delegation (50th percentile); All Representatives (74th percentile).
GovTrack looked at whether Long supported any of 40 government transparency, accountability, and effectiveness bills in the House that we identified in this session. We gave Long 2 points, based on one point for cosponsoring and three points for sponsoring any of these bills.
Long cosponsored H.R. 598: Taxpayers Right-To-Know Act; H.R. 690: Providing Accountability Through Transparency Act ...
Compare to all Missouri Delegation (63rd percentile); House Republicans (81st percentile); All Representatives (52nd percentile).


text:
La contea di Sør-Trøndelag (Sør-Trøndelag fylke in norvegese) fu una contea norvegese fino al 1º gennaio 2018, data in cui venne riunita al Nord-Trøndelag, situate entrambe nel centro del paese. La nuova contea prese semplicemente il nome di Trøndelag. Confinava con le contee di Nord-Trøndelag, Møre og Romsdal, Oppland e Hedmark. La sua capitale era Trondheim, capitale anche della nuova contea unita.

Informazioni generali

Nome
Il nome Sør-Trøndelag è stato adottato nel 1919. Significa "(la parte) sud (del) Trøndelag".

Fino al 1919 il nome della contea era Søndre Trondhjems amt. Il significato di questo nome era "(la parte) sud (del) Trondhjems amt" (il vecchio Trondhjems amt, creato nel 1662, fu diviso nel 1804. Trondhjem è la vecchia forma di Trondheim).

Il Sør-Trøndelag ospita la storica città mineraria di Røros, inserita nella lista dei siti patrimonio dell'umanità dell'UNESCO nel 1980.

Stemma
Lo stemma era di epoca moderna (1983) - ma aveva radici antiche: era il sigillo di Gaute Ivarsson, arcivescovo di Trondheim dal 1475 al 1510.

Geografia
La contea di Sør-Trøndelag era composta da 25 comuni e aveva una superficie totale di 18.848 chilometri quadrati. Trondheim era la città più grande e il centro amministrativo della contea.

L'ampio e lungo Trondheimsfjord è al centro di questa ex contea, sebbene le aree costiere si estendano leggermente più a nord. Le catene montuose Dovrefjell e Trollheimen si trovano a sud, mentre la penisola di Fosen si trova a nord del fiordo. La montagna più alta è la Storskrymten, alta 1.985 metri. Il suo fiume più lungo è l'Orkla, che attraversa Trøndelag ed Hedmark.

Molti dei migliori fiumi di salmone in Europa si trovano nella contea, i più grandi e famosi sono Gaula ed Orklaelva.

Aree protette
Il parco nazionale Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella, il parco nazionale Forollhogna, il parco nazionale Skarvan og Roltdalen e il parco nazionale Femundsmarka si trovano, completamente o parzialmente, nella contea.

Storia
Ci sono stati insediamenti umani per migliaia di anni in questa regione (vedi anche culture di Nøstvet e Lihult e cultura della ceramica cordata). La fertile pianura al confine con il Trondheimsfjord era probabilmente il centro di potere più importante nell'era vichinga. L'Oretinget era una sala delle assemblee situata lungo il fiume Nid a Trondheim che serviva da luogo di incoronazione per i re vichinghi come Harald I di Norvegia e suo figlio Haakon I il Buono. Nidaros (l'antico nome di Trondheim) fu la capitale della Norvegia durante l'era vichinga fino all'inizio del XIII secolo.

Trondheim fu la sede dell'arcivescovo per diversi secoli e un'importante meta di pellegrinaggio dopo la morte di Sant'Olav nel 1030.

Røros, nella parte sud-orientale della contea, è una città mineraria ben conservata su un altopiano ed è patrimonio mondiale dell'UNESCO.

Popolazione
Nella contea è parlato il dialetto norvegese Trøndersk.

Economia
L'estrazione mineraria a Røros e Løkken a Meldal è durata per circa 300 anni e la Thamshavnbanen, la vecchia ferrovia elettrica da Orkdal a Løkken, è ancora utilizzabile. I fuochi costanti usati per rompere la roccia nelle miniere richiedevano enormi quantità di legna da ardere e le foreste montane sull'altopiano vicino a Røros non si sono ancora completamente ripristinate. Lungo la costa, la pesca è sempre stata importante. L'agricoltura era ed è ancora importante in tutta l'ex contea, con l'agricoltura più economicamente importante che si svolge nelle fertili valli di pianura, come a Melhus, Orkdal, Skaun, Midtre Gauldal, Malvik e Trondheim, ma anche vicino alla costa esterna, come in Ørland e Rissa. La città di Trondheim è sempre stata al centro di quest'area, con funzioni amministrative, nonché industriali basate sui prodotti agricoli e, più recentemente, istruzione, imprese high-tech e assistenza sanitaria.

Infrastrutture e trasporti
L'ex contea di Sør-Trøndelag è attraversata dalle strade europee E06 (che passa per Oslo, Trondheim e arriva fino a Kirkenes, nel Finnmark) ed E39 (che la connette alla contea di Møre og Romsdal), ha due aeroporti (a Røros e ad Ørland), treni che connettono Trondheim ad Oslo, Bodø, Røros e Steinkjer in Norvegia e a Storlien in Svezia.

L'Hurtigruten effettua fermate giornaliere da metà mattinata a Trondheim in entrambi i viaggi verso nord e sud, oltre a barche più piccole per pendolari che collegano la città con località minori.

Comuni
La contea di Sør-Trøndelag era suddivisa in 25 comuni (kommuner):

 Agdenes (1.779)
 Bjugn (4.634)
 Frøya (4.962)
 Hemne (4.293)
 Hitra (4.021)
 Holtålen (2.087)
 Klæbu (5.353)
 Malvik (12.213)
 Meldal (3.903)
 Melhus (14.176)
 Midtre Gauldal (5.873)
 Oppdal (6.499)
 Orkdal (10.632)

 Osen (1.059)
 Rennebu (2.653)
 Rissa (6.417)
 Roan (1.066)
 Røros (5.639)
 Selbu (3.940)
 Skaun (6.146)
 Snillfjord (1.046)
 Trondheim (158.613)
 Tydal (874)
 Ørland (5.113)
 Åfjord (3.315)

(Dati del 1º gennaio 2006)

Note

Altri progetti

Sor-Trondelag
Trøndelag

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
\section{Introduction}
The question why the masses of the observed
neutrinos are much lighter than those
of the charged leptons
is a central unsolved problem in particle physics.
An attractive scenarios to understand this is the following:
Adding
right-handed singlet neutrino fields  to the standard
model, the resulting mass spectrum
can be such that there are  3 essentially zero mass Majorana neutrinos
and additional heavy Majorana neutrinos. While in the generic case
the masses of these heavy neutrinos are too large
to detect observable consequences at present and future colliders,
it not excluded however, that
their masses are in the range of a few TeV
and that their coupling strengh to the charged leptons are rather
large. For the latter case, the phenomenology for
$e^+e^-$ collisions where
heavy Majorana neutrinos can be directly produced
via $t$- channel $W$  and $s$- channel $Z^0$ exchange,
has been worked
out in detail in \cite{buchmueller}. The main conclusion is
that the cross sections and designed luminosities
are large enough to find heavy Majorana neutrinos essentially
up to the kinematical limit, i.e., up to $m_N \approx \sqrt{s}$,
provided that the relevant mixing angles are near the present
bounds inferred from low energy data. A similar conclusion
also holds for single Majorana neutrino production in $e \gamma$
collisions. Another attractive reaction to be discussed in
detail in this paper is $e^-e^- \to W^- W^-$, which is mediated
by $t$- and $u$- channel Majorana neutrino exchange (see Fig. 1).
As the neutrinos do not have to be produced in this reaction,
one is potentally sensitive to neutrino masses which exceed
$\sqrt{s}$. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to work out
the discovery region for such neutrinos in the parameter space
(masses and mixing angles), taking into account standard model
background reactions.

In the second part of this introduction we present the model
and list the present bounds on masses and mixing angles inferred
from low energy precision measurements.
In section II we discuss the signal reaction $e^-e^- \to W^-W^-$,
while section III deals with the simulation of the standard model
background. In section IV we present the discovery limits
in the $(m_N,U_{eN}^2)$ plane.
Section V finally deals with the question of how one can measure
in principle
the relative phases of the mixing angles; the presence of such phases
is a necessary condition to observe CP violation in reactions like
$e^-e^- \to W^-W^-$.

\subsection{The Model}
As in the standard model (SM) only left-handed neutrino fields
are present, a Dirac mass $(m_D)$ term for the neutrinos
cannot be written down;
also a Majorana mass term $(m_M)$ involving only the
left-handed neutrino fields ($\nu_L$) cannot be constructed consistently
within the SM because this would require
Higgs-Triplets which are absent in the SM.
Consequently, neutrinos are exactly
massless in the SM.
There are, however, many extensions of the SM (like $SO(10), E_6,...$)
with $k$ extra
neutrino fields ($\nu_R$) which are singlets
under the SM gauge group $G_{SM}$.
In a generic case symmetry breaking then induces the mass term
\begin{equation}
\label{massterm}
L_\nu^{mass} = - \overline{\nu_L} m_D \nu_R - \frac{1}{2}
\overline{\nu_R^c} \, m_M \, \nu_R + h.c \quad ,
\end{equation}
where $m_D$ is a $(3 \times k)$ Dirac mass matrix and
$m_M$ is a $(k \times k)$ Majorana mass matrix.
As an example, the grand unified group SO(10)
can break to the SM group through the chain
\begin{equation}
SO(10) \stackrel{\Lambda_{GUT}}{\rightarrow}
  G_{SM} \times U(1)_{B-L} \stackrel{v'}{\rightarrow} G_{SM}
\stackrel{v}{\rightarrow} SU(3)_c \times U(1)_{em} \quad ,
\end{equation}
where $\Lambda_{GUT}$, $v'$ and $v=174$ GeV are the respective
breaking scales in this chain.
In this example, the Dirac- and Majorana mass matrices
are of the form
\begin{equation}
\label{massform}
m_D = g \cdot v \quad , \quad m_M = h \cdot v' \quad ,
\end{equation}
where $g$ and $h$ are matrices of Yukawa couplings.
It is conceivable that the residual $B-L$ breaking scale $v'$ is as low as
a few
$TeV$; in this case also the Majorana mass term is expected to
be relatively light.

To get the mass eigenstates, one has to diagonalize
the neutrino mass matrix by means of a unitary ($3+k \times 3+k$)
matrix $U$. The resulting mass eigenstates are 3 light Majorana
neutrinos $\nu_i$ with masses $m_{\nu_i}$ and $k$ heavy
Majorana neutrinos $N_i$ with masses $m_{N_i}$.
Expressing the weak eigenstates in the charged current
by the corresponding
mass eigenstates \footnote{We assume without loss of generality
that the mass matrix of the charged leptons
has been diagonalized prior to the neutrino mass matrix.},
we get the $W-e-N$ ($W-e-\nu$) vertices
relevant for our process $e^-e^- \to W^- W^-$:
\begin{equation}
\label{vertex}
L_{We\nu,WeN} = \frac{g}{\sqrt{2}} \,
\left( \sum_\nu \bar{e} \gamma_\mu L U_{e\nu} \nu +
\sum_N \bar{e} \gamma_\mu L U_{eN} N \, \right) \, W^\mu \quad .
\end{equation}
It is instructive to look for a moment at the simpler  $1+1$
dimensional case
with only one left-handed and one right-handed neutrino field.
The masses and the mixing angle $U_{eN}$ are given by
the see-saw formulae \cite{seesaw}
\begin{equation}
\label{massmix}
m_\nu \approx \frac{m_D^2}{m_M} \quad , \quad
m_N \approx m_M \quad , \quad
U_{eN} \approx \frac{m_D}{m_M} \quad .
\end{equation}
In this case, the bounds on the light neutrinos imply that
the mixing angle $U_{eN}$ has to be very small; consequently
the cross section in $e^-e^- \to W^- W^-$ is much too small
to be observed.
In the general $3+k$ dimensional case, however, it is possible,
that the 3 light neutrinos are exactly massless
while
the mixing angles $U_{eN}$ remain finite (i.e. nonzero)!
This means that there is some chance to find heavy neutrinos
with rather large cross sections
through the process $e^-e^- \to W^- W^-$.

In the following, we assume the light neutrinos to be
massless (minimal mass generating case) and the mixing angles
$U_{eN}$ and heavy masses $m_N$ to be essentially free parameters.

\subsection{Constraints on masses and mixing angles}
Before listing the constraints from low energy measurements,
we would like to point out a model constraint.
Assuming that there are no Higgs triplet fields, the
Majorana mass term for the left-handed
neutrinos is absent (as in eq. (\ref{massterm})). This
implies the relation
\begin{equation}
\label{modconstraint}
\sum_\nu m_\nu U_{e \nu}^2 +  \sum_N m_N U_{eN}^2 = 0 \quad ,
\end{equation}
or in the minimal mass generating case ($m_\nu=0$)
\begin{equation}
\label{modmin}
 \sum_N m_N U_{eN}^2 = 0 \quad .
\end{equation}

We now list the experimental contraints:
\begin{itemize}
\item
Charged current universality implies
that
$|U_{eN}|^2 < 4 \times 10^{-3}$.
The LEP-1 data lead to similar bounds \cite{Rizzo}.
\item
Heavy Majorana neutrinos mediate the rare decay $\mu \to e \gamma$.
Non-observation of this decay leads to the strong bound
$\left|\sum_N U_{\mu N} U^*_{eN} \right| < 2 \times 10^{-4}$.
This bound, however, does not necessarily lead to a more stringent
bound on $U_{eN}$ than charged current universality.
\item
The non-observation of neutrinoless double beta decay
$\beta \beta_{0\nu}$ implies a bound on both, the light and heavy
neutrino sector.
The best present evidence on the non-observation of the
$\beta \beta_{0\nu}$ reaction is from the experimental limit on the
process $^{76}Ge \to ^{76}Se e^-e^-$, with
$\tau_{1/2} > 5 \times 10^{24}$ years.
For light neutrinos the bound reads
\begin{equation}
\label{betalight}
\left| \sum_\nu U_{e\nu}^2 m_\nu \right| \le \mbox{few eV} \quad.
\end{equation}
In the minimal mass generating case ($m_\nu=0$) this bound is satisfied
automatically.
For heavy Majorana neutrinos the bound is of the form
\begin{equation}
\label{betaheavy}
\left| \sum_N \frac{U_{eN}^2}{m_N} \right|^2 \times
|\mbox{hadr. matrix element}|^2 \le \frac{1}{\tau_{1/2}}
\quad.
\end{equation}
A recent paper \cite{Minkheusch} shows that in the older
literature the hadronic matrix elements have been strongly
overestimated. Taking the new estimates for the hadronic
matrix elements, the bound
becomes
\begin{equation}
\label{betaheavybound}
\left| \sum_N \frac{U_{eN}^2}{m_N} \right|  <
6 \times 10^{-3} \ TeV^{-1}
\quad.
\end{equation}
\end{itemize}

\section{Signal}
In the minimal mass generating case, where the light neutrinos
are exactly massless by definition,
only the heavy Majorana neutrinos $(N_i)$ contribute
to the process \mbox{$e^-_L e^-_L \to W^- W^-$}.
The corresponding Feynman diagrams are shown in Fig. 1.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{0.10in}
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=fig1.ps,width=3.5in,angle=0,clip=}
}
\vspace{0.08in}
\caption[]{Feynman diagrams for the process \mbox{$e^-_L e^-_L \to W^- W^-$}.}
\end{figure}
For $\sqrt{s} \gg m_W$ the cross section is totally
dominated by the production of longitudinally polarized $W^-$.
To leading order in $m_W/\sqrt{s}$ and in tree approximation
the angular distribution
$d\sigma(e^-_L e^-_L \to W^- W^-)/d\cos \theta $
is given by the expression \cite{signal}
\begin{equation}
\label{production}
\frac{d\sigma}{d \cos \theta} = \frac{G_F^2}{8 \pi }
\, \left| \sum_{N} m_{N} \, U_{eN}^2 \, \left( \frac{t}{t-m_N^2} +
\frac{u}{u-m_N^2} \right) \right|^2 \quad ,
\end{equation}
with
$t=-(s/2) \, (1- \cos \theta)$ and $u=-(s/2) \, (1+ \cos \theta)$.
The general relation between mass and mixing parameters
given in eq. (\ref{modconstraint})
for all neutrino flavors
ensures unitarity and renormalizability.
As a consequence of eq. (\ref{modmin}) [or eq. (\ref{modconstraint})],
the cross section in eq. (\ref{production})
vanishes in the limit
$\sqrt{s} \to \infty$
because the leading constant term
becomes proportional to $\sum_N m_N U_{eN}^2$.
Another feature which is easily seen from
eqs. (\ref{production}) and (\ref{modmin}) is
that the heavy Majorana neutrinos have to be degenerate
in mass in order to have a non-zero cross section.

Note, that in the limit where the masses of all heavy Majorana
neutrinos are much
larger than $\sqrt{s}$, formula
(\ref{production}) could be further approximated to read
\begin{equation}
\label{prodapp}
\frac{d\sigma}{d \cos \theta} = \frac{G_F^2}{8 \pi}
\, \left| \sum_{N}  \frac{U_{eN}^2}{m_N} \right|^2 \, s^2 \quad ,
\quad m_W \ll \sqrt{s} \ll m_N \quad .
\end{equation}
In the subsequent numerical analysis the lightest of the heavy neutrino
masses is singled out for
simplicity in the scenario
\begin{equation}
\label{scenario}
m_W \ll \sqrt{s} \le m_{N_1} \ll m_{N_2}, m_{N_3}, \ldots \quad .
\end{equation}
The results are then parametrized by the mass $m_N (=m_{N_1})$ and the
corresponding mixing angle $U_{eN}$.

In the reaction \mbox{$e^-_L e^-_L \to W^- W^-$} the invariant mass
of the $W^-W^-$ pair equals $\sqrt{s}$; this is in contrast to
all the
background reactions we discuss later, where the invariant mass
of the $W^-W^-$ pair
reaches $\sqrt{s}$ only in very special kinematical configurations.
Therefore,
this invariant mass  is a essential variable to get rid of the background.
To fully exploit this, we  concentrate on the hadronic decay modes of
the $W^-W^-$ boson pair where all the decay products can be detected (no
neutrinos as in the purely leptonic or semileptonic decay mode).
The branching ratio of the $W^-W^-$ pair into the three possible
channel is given roughly
by
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{branching}
BR(W^-W^-: \mbox{both W decay hadronically}) &=& \frac{36}{81} \nonumber \\
BR(W^-W^-: \mbox{both W decay leptonically}) &=& \frac{9}{81} \nonumber \\
BR(W^-W^-: \mbox{one decays hadr., the other lept.})
&=& \frac{36}{81} \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}

Before discussing the background it is instructive to see that
the number of signal events (using eqs. (\ref{production}) and
(\ref{branching}))
can be rather large:
For $\sqrt{s}=500$ GeV, $m_N =1$ TeV and $U_{eN}^2=4 \times 10^{-3} $
the production cross section for $W^-W^-$ followed by hadronic decay
of both $W^-$ is $\sigma = 1.2$ fb; this corresponds to 60 events
assuming a luminosity of $L=50 \, fb^{-1}$.

\section{Background}
The most important backgrounds come from the  reactions
$ e^- e^- \to W^- W^- \nu \nu$ (1),
$ e^- e^- \to W^- Z^0 \nu e^-$ (2),
$ e^- e^- \to Z^0 Z^0 e^- e^-$ (3), and
$ e^- e^- \to W^- W^+ e^- e^-$ (4),
where the gauge bosons decay hadronically and the
charged leptons escape along the beam pipe. If the jet charges
could be reconstructed, then of course only reaction (1)
would remain as a backgound.
In this study we assume that
this is not possible, hence deriving rather
conservative discovery limits.
While (1), (2) and (3) have  been calculated
by Cuypers et al. \cite{Cuypers}, the process (4) has been
included by Barger et al.  \cite{Barger}.
As mentioned earlier, the invariant mass of the two vector bosons
is in general much smaller than $\sqrt{s}$, because
of the additional leptons in the final state (see also Fig. 3).
However, there is a tail in the invariant mass distributions of the
gauge boson pairs in the background reactions  extending up to
$\sqrt{s}$, because the additional leptons are essentially massless.
Given the fact that the  cross section of
the background reaction (4) is more than
two orders of magnitude larger
than the signal (using optimistic
parameters for $m_N$ and $U_{eN}$)
one should try
to further reduce the background by imposing additional suitable
cuts which do not affect the signal significantly.
To do such studies, we wrote a Montecarlo simulation \cite{Ali}
of the
signal and the background. Reaction (4) is clearly the most serious
background source, because first, it has by far the largest
cross section \cite{Barger} and second, this cross section is dominated
by configurations where the final state electrons disappear
in the beampipe.
We therefore only take into account this background reaction.
We calculated reaction (4) in the Weizs\"acker-Williams approximation
for left-handed electron beams, which means that we have to
work out in a first step the cross sections for the subprocess
$\gamma \gamma \to W^+ W^- \to jets$
for polarized on-shell photons.
By calculating directly the matrix elements with 4 fermions in the
final state and then doing the narrow width approximation of the
$W$-propagators we have correctly incorporated the polarization
effects of the intermediate vector bosons.
In a second step we
convolute  the $\gamma \gamma$ cross sections
with the appropriate Weizs\"acker-Williams photon distribution functions.
The corresponding three Feynman diagrams are shown in Fig. 2.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{0.10in}
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=fig2.ps,width=3.5in,angle=0,clip=}
}
\vspace{0.08in}
\caption[]{Feynman diagrams for the background process
$e^-_L e^-_L \to W^+ W^- e^- e^-$. Only those three diagrams are
shown which contribute
in the Weizs\"acker-Williams approximation.}
\end{figure}
As a check, we compared our Weizs\"acker-Williams results for
$e^- e^- \to W^- W^+ e^- e^-$ with the exact results in ref.
\cite{Barger} and found good agreement.
The resulting invariant mass distribution of the final state
hadrons is shown in Fig. 3.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{0.10in}
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=fig3.ps,height=3in,width=3.5in,angle=0,clip=}
}
\vspace{0.08in}
\caption[]{Invariant hadronic mass distribution
in the process $e^-_L e^-_L \to e^- e^- W^- W^+ \to e^- e^-
+ jets$ in the Weizs\"acker-Williams approximation.}
\end{figure}
Needless to say, this reaction is only a  background, if the
final state electrons disappear in the beam direction. However,
as seen in Fig. 4 of ref.  \cite{minkhiggs} in these proceedings,
this background can only be reduced  by a few
percent when imposing a
realistic angular cut on the electron directions.

In order to reduce the background we require the hadronic mass
$m_{had}$ to be larger than a certain critical value $m_{had}^{crit}$.
For each
$\sqrt{s}$ we do the analysis for the two typical values
$m_{had}^{crit}=0.90 \times \sqrt{s}$ and
$m_{had}^{crit}=0.80 \times \sqrt{s}$, respectively.
Figs. 4 and 5 illustrate that the typical average transverse momentum
$p_\perp(aver.)$
of the four jets, defined as $p_\perp(aver.) =
(1/4) \, [|p_\perp|(1)+ \ldots + |p_\perp|(4)]$
is higher for the signal  than for the background
(after imposing the $m_{had}^{crit}$-cut).
  \begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{0.10in}
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=fig4.ps,height=3in,width=3.5in,angle=0,clip=}
}
\vspace{0.08in}
\caption[]{Signal (solid line) and background (dashed line)
as a function
of the average transverse momentum $p_\perp(aver.)$ of the jets.
The hadronic invariant mass is required to be $m_{had} \ge 450$ GeV
and the other parameters are chosen to be
$\sqrt{s}=500$ GeV, $m_N=1$ TeV, $U_{eN}^2 = 4 \times 10^{-3}$.
}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{0.10in}
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=fig5.ps,height=3in,width=3.5in,angle=0,clip=}
}
\vspace{0.08in}
\caption[]{Same as Fig. 4, but for $m_{had} \ge 400$ GeV.}
\end{figure}
One therefore can further enhance the signal/background ratio
by imposing a lower cut on the variable $p_\perp(aver.)$.

\section{Discovery Limits}
To summarize, imposing cuts on the invariant hadronic mass,
$m_{had}$, and
the average transverse momentum of the jets, $p_\perp(aver.)$,
the background to
the signal process $e^-_L e^-_L \to W^- W^-
\to \mbox{jets}$, which is characterized by
the two parameters $m_N$ and $U_{eN}$, can be significantly
reduced.
As discussed in section I, there are constraints from low energy
data. While neutrinoless double beta decay
 is the most stingent constraint (see eq.
(\ref{betaheavybound})) for neutrino masses below 660 GeV,
the bound from charged current universality
($U_{eN}^2 < 4 \times 10^{-3}$)
dominates for larger masses. As in our plots the mass is mostly
larger than 660 GeV we did not plot the bound from
$\beta \beta_{0\nu}$.
Requiring a signal/backgound ratio $>1$ and the number
of signal events to be $>20$, we worked out the discovery limits
in the $(m_N,U_{eN}^2)$-plane.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{0.10in}
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=fig6.ps,height=3in,width=3.5in,angle=0,clip=}
}
\vspace{0.08in}
\caption[]{Discovery limits in the $(m_N,U_{eN}^2)$-plane
for $\sqrt{s}=500$ GeV and luminosity
$L=50 \, fb^{-1}$.
The horizontal solid line at $U_{eN}^2 = 4 \times
10^{-3}$ represents the upper bound on $U_{eN}^2$
from charged current universality.
Requiring $p_\perp(aver.)>25$ GeV and
$m_{had}>450$ GeV, the allowed region in the parameter space is above
the solid curve and below the horizonal line. Using the looser cuts
$p_\perp(aver.)>25$ GeV and
$m_{had}>400$, the allowed region lies above the dashed
curve and below the horizontal line.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{0.10in}
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=fig7.ps,height=3in,width=3.5in,angle=0,clip=}
}
\vspace{0.08in}
\caption[]{As Fig. 6, but for $\sqrt{s}=1$ TeV and luminosity
$L=100 \, fb^{-1}$. The solid line corresponds to
$m_{had} > 900 $ GeV and $p_\perp(aver.) > 50$ GeV,
while the dashed line is for
$m_{had} > 800 $ GeV and $p_\perp(aver.) > 50$ GeV. The horizontal line
again represents the upper bound on $U_{eN}^2$
from charged current universality.}
\end{figure}
The results for $\sqrt{s}=500$ GeV are shown in Fig. 6,
assuming a luminosity $L=50 \,fb^{-1}$ and requiring the average
momentum of the jets $p_\perp(aver.)$ to be $> 25$ GeV.
In this figure the horizontal line represents the bound from
charged current universality and/or LEP-1 data.
Imposing the cut on $m_{had}$ at 450 GeV the  allowed
region in the parameter space is above the solid curve
and below the horizontal line. If $m_{had}$ is cut at
400 GeV the allowed region lies between the dashed curve
and the horizontal line. From the figure one sees, that
it is very crucial at which value the cut on $m_{had}$ is imposed.
Cutting at 400 GeV, the allowed parameter space is essential
empty; if the cut is imposed at 450 GeV, one is sensitive
to a rather large parameter space: masses up to 2 TeV
could be discovered.
In an ideal experimental situation, without any fluctuations
in $\sqrt{s}$, one would of course make the $m_{had}$-cut
basically at $\sqrt{s}$. In the real situation
this energy is smeared, however, by beamstrahlung and initial
state radiation. Of course one could simulate these effects in order
to find out the optimal value at which
the $m_{had}$-cut should be imposed. Also the cut on the average
transverse momentum was imposed in a rather arbitrary, but
reasonable way;
also this cut could be optimized in order to become sensitive
to a somewhat larger parameter space.

The corresponding results
for $\sqrt{s}= 1$ TeV and $L=100 \, fb^{-1}$ are shown in Fig. 7.
It is impressive that one is sensitive to neutrino masses up to
12 TeV, assuming the mixing angle at its present upper
bound.

\section{CP violating phase from the interference region}
In this section we wish to discuss
an alternative
scenario \cite{PM:sc}, \cite{PManant}, with {\bf two} relatively light
heavy neutrinos according to
\begin{equation}
\label{scenario2}
\label{6}
m_W \ll \sqrt{s} \stackrel{\le}{>} m_{N_1}
\le m_{N_2} \ll m_{N_3}, \ldots \quad .
\end{equation}
In this case an interference can arise
at the level of the single helicity amplitude
$e^-_L e^-_L \to W^-_L W^-_L$.
To make this more explicit,
we rewrite the cross section (\ref{production}) using the parametrization
\begin{equation}
\label{param2}
\label{7}
\begin{array}{l}
m_{N_1} \, U_{eN_1}^2 = e^{i \lambda}
\left \lbrack \, a \, e^{i \delta /2} \ \right \rbrack
\ ; \
m_{N_2} \, U_{eN_2}^2 = e^{i \lambda} \left
\lbrack \, b \, e^{-i \delta /2} \ \right \rbrack
\vspace*{0.2cm} \\
q_1 = \left ( m_{N_1} \right )^{2}
\ ; \ q_2 = \left ( m_{N_2} \right )^{2}
\ ; \ q_1 < q_2
\ , \ a , b \ge 0 \ (\mbox{real})
\quad .
\end{array}
\end{equation}
The differential cross section
which does not depend on the overall phase $\lambda$,
then reads
\begin{equation}
\label{X}
\frac{d\sigma}{d \cos \theta} = \frac{G_F^2}{2 \pi} \, X \quad ,
\end{equation}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{set2}
X &=& |a \, e^{i \delta/2} \, f_1 + b \, e^{-i \delta/2} \, f_2|^2 \quad \mbox{or}
\nonumber \\
X &=& a^2 \, f_1^2 + 2 a b c \, f_1 f_2 + b^2 \, f_2^2 \quad , \nonumber \\
f_i &=& \frac{tu-\frac{1}{2}(t+u)\, q_i}{(t- q_i)\,(u- q_i)} \quad (i=1,2)
\quad .
\end{eqnarray}
In eq. (\ref{set2}) $c=\cos \delta$ is the cosine of the relative
phase between $m_{N_1} \,U_{eN_1}^2$ and
$m_{N_2} \,U_{eN_2}^2$, while
the quantities $t$, $u$, $s=t+u$ and $X=X ( t , u )$,
are understood to be measurable at any suitable
finite set of values for the kinematic
variables. As seen from eq. (\ref{set2}), the reduced cross section $X$
depends on the 5 real parameters
\begin{equation}
\label{res2}
\label{9}
a \, , \, b \, , \, q_1 \, , \, q_2 \,  \, > \, 0
\hspace*{0.3cm} \mbox{and} \hspace*{0.3cm}
\ c = \cos \delta
\hspace*{0.3cm} ; \hspace*{0.3cm}
-1 \le \ c \le 1
\end{equation}
The process \mbox{$e^-_L e^-_L \to W^- W^-$}, in the sense
of a leading approximation,
does not exhibit  direct CP (or T) violation.
A nonvanishing CP violation only results,
if in addition to the CP odd phase $\delta$ also
a CP even phase $\alpha$, generated by the electromagnetic interaction,
is involved \cite{PManant}
(e.g. through Coulomb exchange in the initial state).
This is in analogy to direct CP violation in weak decays of
hadrons: $\delta$ plays the role of a CKM angle, while
$\alpha$ is to be identified with a phase generated by the strong
interaction.
In order to find CP violation experimentally,
the pair of
CP associated reactions
\mbox{$e^-_L e^-_L \to W^- W^-$} and \mbox{$e^+_R e^+_R \to W^+ W^+$} needs to be observed with high statistics,
an unrealistic endeavour for the two reactions at hand.
High statistics and precision are (would be)
mandatory because it is the difference of
respective differential
cross sections which reveals the sought CP asymmetry.
This difference, which would be strictly zero
neglecting electromagnetic
initial- or final state interaction,
is much smaller (by a factor $\alpha$) than the
individual interference patterns.

As the interference pattern  is much more
readily observable - due to its leading character -
than any actually CP violating effect,
we concentrate on working out a strategy to etablish (or refute!) the
CP violating angle $\delta$, which enters the differential cross
section through its cosine.
Assuming the discovery of the reaction \mbox{$e^-_L e^-_L \to W^- W^-$}
at some initial c.m. energy, predominantly due to
the exchange of a single (noninterfering)
heavy Majorana neutrino,
it is well conceivable that the sought interference
can be established when going to higher energies.

From  eq. (\ref{set2})
it becomes clear that all the 5 parameters $a$, $b$, $c$, $q_1$, and
$q_2$ (within their respective ranges as shown in
eq. (\ref{res2}))
can be extracted in principle from suitable data,
assuming this interference scenario is realized in nature
with a sufficiently large cross section.
To emphasize again, a value for $c=\cos \delta$ different from
$\pm 1$ would establish the existence of
CP violation.

As this issue might become relevant in future,
we decided to elaborate a detailed stategy to extract
the values of the parameters from data.
However, as the details of this discussion are necessarily
technical, we relegate it to the appendix.

\section{Summary and Conclusions}
In this paper we have investigated what can be learnt
about the (heavy) neutrino sector from the reaction \mbox{$e^-_L e^-_L \to W^- W^-$}
at future colliders. In a first scenario we have assumed
that only one of the heavy neutrinos is light enough to
lead to a detectable cross section. For this case we have
worked out discovery limits in the $(m_N, U_{eN}^2)$-plane.
We found that at the c.m. energy $\sqrt{s}=500$ GeV
neutrinos with masses up to 2 TeV can be discovered, assuming
the relevant mixing angle to be at its present bound originating
from low-energy experiments. At $\sqrt{s}=1$ TeV, the
discovery region is much larger: Neutrinos with masses up to
12 TeV can be discovered.
For the discovery of heavy neutrinos
$e^-e^-$ colliders are better suited than $e^+e^-$ machines,
because in the latter case the neutrinos have to be produced;
consequently, one is only sensitive to neutrino masses
smaller than $\sqrt{s}$. However, once a heavy neutrino is
found, its properties (like decay channels etc.) could be
better investigated in an $e^+e^-$ envirnment (with sufficient
energy). Therefore, as in many other aspects, $e^+e^-$ and
$e^-e^-$ colliders are complementary.

Finally, we have investigated a scenario where two of the
heavy Majorana neutrinos are relatively light.
There, in principle the relative phase $\delta$ between the
mixing parameters can be measured. This phase is responsible
for manifest CP violation in \mbox{$e^-_L e^-_L \to W^- W^-$}: If
$\delta \neq 0,\pi$, direct CP violation is established.
For this reason we have discussed a rather detailed
strategy how to extract this phase from data.

\vspace*{1.5cm}
{\bf Acknowledgments:} We thank F. Cuypers, T. Han and C.A.
 Heusch for helpful discussions and
the organizers of the Snowmass Workshop
for a  wunderful time in Colorado.

\vspace*{1.5cm}
\centerline{\Large{\bf Appendix}}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Maelstrom announces debut album and drops stunning first track
Later this spring RAAR releases the first full length album from label co-founder Maelstrom. Maelstrom's chilling debut album is called 'Her Empty Eyes' and is presented as the outline of a sonic novel about the Spanish civil war.
Maelstrom's debut album pays tribute to the world of comics and is a soundtrack to an imaginary novel taking place between 1936 and 1939 in Spain. The album's content focuses on a female photojournalist as she navigates and documents war torn Spain.
Maelstrom: 'As a kid I was a voracious reader. I used to live in stories. I used to go to sleep dreaming I'd wake up inside one of them. Sometimes I still do, and this album has been recorded inside one of these dreams. During the last 12 months, my music started to become the soundtrack of an imaginary novel taking place between 1936 and 1939 in Spain."
The French producer's grim new sound is partially rooted in a new recording technique based on self hypnosis. 'My recording method has drastically changed since I started experimenting with Milton H. Erickson's self hypnosis techniques about a year ago. I went from overthinking every part of the recording process multiple times over, resulting in dozens of versions of each of my tracks, to a state where thinking wasn't part of the equation anymore.'
'Self hypnosis is quite impossible to describe – more than anything, it's a way to fully exist in the present. After a few weeks of experimentation, it became possible for me to record tracks in one take, without feeling any urge to refine or rework them. I would switch on the studio, work on a sound palette, and then press play and record, every day.'
'Her Empty Eyes' is out on May 19th through RAAR. Check out the stunning 'A Victory at Teruel' below.
Preview the new Terrence Parker EP for Local Talk
Check out the new Nandu EP for This and That


Classical guitarist Douglas Niedt has released a new guitar instructional DVD that teaches the intermediate to advanced guitarist how to play "Take Five," the Dave Brubeck jazz classic, measure by measure with professional-level execution. It is titled "Take Five for Guitar: Douglas Niedt's Play It Like a Pro". This is the first release in Douglas Niedt's "Play It Like a Pro" series. He will release more DVDs covering other songs for the guitar in the coming months. The series uses a new format that vastly improves the teaching effectiveness of instructional guitar DVDs.


Beans…they are very versatile…a really great side, or thickening agent. I really started to like them more and more since I started to fresh shuck these pods. That fresh they are not as delicate as I thought. And from dried, they reconstitute beautifully.
At home I find different uses for them. I like them mashed and made into a spread for vegetables or toasted baguette slices. I like them in soups as an added protein or sometimes as a thickener. Beans…also great simply as a side item to your dinner, lunch whatever you choose.
In Vietnamese cuisine we use a lot of beans in our desserts, I do not remember much use for them in savory items, well I take that back because we had mung beans in certain savory cakes as well as the infamous crispy Vietnamese crêpe. My mother filled this turmeric yellow crêpe with minced pork, shrimp, bean sprouts mung beans and sweated onions and scallions. When it came right out of the pan it was like magic, the sides were golden and crispy, the fresh vegetable and herb accoutrements were bright and abundant. And, of course I can't forget about her homemade fish sauce, and really…her's IS the best.
I eagerly awaited for that moment when the crisped omelette looking item fell onto my plate. Still steaming with glistened edges I usually ate that part first before I dug into the filled center.
Beans…needless to say I like them. When I was growing up in Chino California my El Salvadorian neighbors fed me refried beans when I would often get locked out of my house (I would always forget my keys), and as I got deeper into food and cooking I learned of their vast uses. Now, the bean the legume and sometimes the pod that they come in have become staples in my cooking ritual.
This recipe comes from one day staring at what was in front of me…A glass jar of cannelini beans and a small bunch of still dew soaked watercress. I find that this "sauce" that I made goes very very well with poultry, fish and even pork. I say "sauce" with much reserve because it is actually served cold like a relish. Although I used this as a sauce for my meats, it is also really incredible as a thickening agent in soups, also as a base for a soup especially for those vegetarians that need a nice soup base without the need of chicken stock or even vegetable stock.
If you have a hand blender ( I used my Cuisinart Kitchen Wand) Pulse… add in more lemon juice and or H20 or Olive oil til you have reached a your desired consistency.
This puree is actually really delicious as a base for a vinaigrette. Dilute it with some kind of white wine vinegar (I suggest a white balsamic)…what the heck…heres a recipe.
Watercress and Cannelini Bean Vin.
1 T. White Balsamic Vin.
1/2 C. Olive Oil. *If you can use a really bright fresh pressed Olive Oil.
*This is really great over a multitude of greens!


As a side note, sorry slightly off topic but worth a mention. Our Indian friends came here following all of the rules and are now on the path to citizenship. They live in a complex that has a ton of H1B employees. The complex is starting to empty out because of Trump cracking down on H1B abuses. Don't fall over, but Kudos to Trump. I have to be fair about this because I see it as good news. They're taking their families with them too.
Seriously though, I'd be ecstatic if even 10% of them left. Good riddance.
Maybe. Are you willing to have the precedent set?
That precedent has already been set long ago...but you already know that.
Wonderful thing metric are. If my math is right, that leaves about 3 and a half hours to adjudicate a single case. I truly hope Trump supporters find themselves in a situation where their homes, businesses, fortunes and livelihoods are decided in less than four hours should they run into a legal situation whatever it may be.
It's not hard to provide proof that one is a US citizen. Over 100 million US citizens have US passports, and any US citizen ever traveling out of the US has to present their valid US passport at the border when re-entering the US.
Judges won't meet quotas. Nothing negative will happen to them. Won't change rate of deportations. But the red meat always works on the trumpers.
Well, then why do we need the adjudication quotas Trump is asking for?
I could prove I'm a citizen in 30 seconds. Get rid of these lawbreakers, pronto.
You're right Jack. I guess regardless of the circumstances if someone happens to accuse you of, let's say inappropriately touching a child, or maybe embezzlement if your expense account didn't pencil out, or just maybe you had to take a life defending your family or property and your lawyer can't convince a judge of your innocence in three hours or so, you have everything taken from you... well, them's the breaks. Appreciate the heads-up so I don't needlessly send you a sympathy card.
That's not the same thing as asking someone to prove that they are either a citizen of this country or a legal immigrant to vindicate themselves. It only requires a simple piece of paper that one should have anyway.


text:
Боршод-Абауй-Земплен () е една от 19-те области (или комитати, megye) в Унгария. Разположена е в северната част на страната, близо до границата със Словакия. Административен център на област Боршод-Абауй-Земплен е град Мишколц.

Административно-териториално деление
От 15 юли 2013 г. областите се поделят на яраши вместо на кищершег. Областта се поделя на 16 яраши (района):

Население

Население на областта според преброяванията на населението през годините:

Етнически състав

Преброявяне на населението през 2001 г.
Етнически състав според преброяването на населението през 2001 година:

Преброявяне на населението през 2011 г.
Етнически състав според преброяването на населението през 2011 година:

Раждаемост, смъртност и естествен прираст

Раждаемост

Показатели за раждаемостта в областта според данни на Централната статистическа служба:

Дял на живородените по възраст на майката според Централната статистическа служба:

Източници

Външни препратки

Административно деление на Унгария


text:
Sunday Morning Hot Links
Not even losing to the Orioles could ruin Annual Astros County Date Night. Go see Will Hoge in concert whenever you can. Houston is 44-22, 23-9 at home. Don't forget that even the 2013 Astros beat teams 51 times.
I didn't watch a minute of this game, but once again the Astros struggled to get anything going against a team with legitimately the worst pitching staff in all of baseball. It's a game that, if you're an Orioles fan, gives you Hope and makes you think that Baseball is actually worth it, at least for another week. Orioles manager Brandon Hyde:
Our guys have a ton of heart. We've been playing tough games and having tough losses. To play in a game like that and pull away was awesome.
Hinch:
We couldn't get anything started. We couldn't get the ball off the ground against Cashner and then we just never got the break. Yuli misses the homer by a foot and then we get doubled off.
Here's how I imagine the rest of that interview with Hinch going...
HINCH: That's a [giggles] good team over there. Sometimes you have to tip your cap to the other team [punches hole in wall].
*Framber Valdez pitched well: 7IP, 5H/0ER, 7K:0BB and in only 84 pitches. Good for him for giving the bullpen a rest. Valdez:
This opportunity was a privilege, and to be able to take advantage of this opportunity when it presented itself, I'm very happy about that and I want to keep doing what I'm doing.
*Reymin Guduan did not pitch well: 1IP, 1H/2ER, 2K:1BB. He has a 14.54 ERA, but it's not like it's fluky, because his FIP is 12.61. Guduan has faced 24 batters in 2019, 11 of them have reached base and have a 1.353 OPS. Don't put Reymin Guduan in any more close games.
*The "offense" had four hits - all singles. It's the fourth time this season that the Astros have not gotten an extra-base hit. They're 0-4 and have scored a total of two runs in those games. It's only the second time this season Baltimore has thrown a game in which they didn't give up an extra-base hit.
*Shoutout to Josh Reddick, one of those singles was his 1000th career hit. Here's where the rest of the Astros stand on the career hits leaderboard:
Altuve: 1454
Brantley: 1273
Springer: 699
Correa: 551
Bregman: 445
Gurriel: 408
Marisnick: 348
White: 157
This is a reminder for everyone out there who is told that they will never make it or accomplish their goals. Don't let ANYONE tell you you're not good enough or that you can't do it. I'm a living example the you… https://t.co/OYJ4ObrSsn
— Mr. Irrelevant (@RealJoshReddick) June 9, 2019
*Word around the campfire is that the Astros are calling up Yordan Alvarez. The Astros don't do knee-jerk reactions, so I doubt that a listless performance against Andrew F. Cashner was the catalyst behind the call-up, but how flat the offense has been in the last few games probably played at least a small role. The move has not been confirmed, though the Astros would have to clear a spot on the 40-Man Roster. The easiest two ways to do that:
-DFA somebody.
-Transfer McCullers to the 60-Day IL.
*Jose Altuve "ran the bases vigorously" prior to yesterday's game.
*Drew Ferguson became the 2nd Round Rock player ever to get six hits in a game, in a 19-5 win over Salt Lake City. Matt Harvey sucks.
Labels: Andrew Cashner, Baltimore Orioles, Drew Ferguson, Framber Valdez, Jose Altuve, Josh Reddick, Reymin Guduan, Yordan Alvarez


text:
Number of songs: 33 | Total weeks on charts: 4001
Appearing in a total number of: 279 charts | Total period running: 15426 days
Songs by Avicii
Street Dancer
(4|1|20)
Fade Into Darkness
(39|4|183)
(517|22|2416)
Tim Bergling (Swedish: [tɪm ²bærjlɪŋ]; 8 September 1989 – 20 April 2018), better known by his stage name Avicii, was a Swedish musician, DJ, remixer and record producer.
Bergling began his career at age 16 posting his remixes in online forums of electronic music, which led him to sign his first record label deal. He rose to prominence in 2011 with his breakthrough single "Levels". His debut studio album, True (2013), featured electronic music blended with elements of several music genres and received generally positive reviews from music critics. It peaked within the top ten in more than fifteen countries and topped the Australian, Swedish, Danish and US dance charts. It was supported by the lead single "Wake Me Up", which topped most music markets in Europe and reached number four in the US. In 2015 he released his second studio album, Stories, and in 2017 he released an EP titled Avīci (01). In 2016, he retired from touring due to health reasons.
His catalogue of music also included the singles "I Could Be the One" with Nicky Romero, "You Make Me", "X You", "Hey Brother", "Addicted to You", "The Days", "The Nights", "Waiting for Love", "Without You" and "Lonely Together". Bergling was nominated for Grammy Awards for his work on "Sunshine" with David Guetta in 2012 and his track "Levels" in 2013. Several music publications credit Bergling as among the DJs who ushered electronic music into top 40 radio in the early 2010s.
Bergling died on April 20, 2018 in Muscat, Oman. Six days later his family implied in an open letter that the cause of death was suicide following years of mental and physical health issues. He was 28 years old at the time of his death.
Tim Bergling was born on 8 September 1989 in Stockholm, Sweden, to Klas Bergling and actress Anki Lidén. He has three siblings, David Bergling, Linda Sterner and Anton Körberg; his half-brother. Inspired by his brother, who was also a DJ, he began making music at the age of 16. In May 2007, Avicii signed on with the Dejfitts Plays label.
Bergling was a member of the Laidback Luke Forums, where he refined his craft and, at times, demonstrated his distinct deep house style. By 2009 to 2010, Bergling was a prolific producer and was releasing music incredibly quickly. His remixes during this period were "Sound of Now", "Muja", "Ryu" and "Even". Bergling explained that the name Avicii means "the lowest level of Buddhist hell" (Avīci) and he chose the moniker because his real name was already used upon creating his Myspace page. Then, in 2010, Bergling released the hit song "Seek Bromance", which reached the top 20 in several countries, including Belgium, France, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Sweden. He also remixed Nadia Ali's classic single "Rapture" for her album Queen of Clubs Trilogy: Onyx Edition. In October 2010, Bergling signed with the European A&R team with EMI Music Publishing.
In 2011, Bergling released "Levels", which launched him into the mainstream. The song was produced by Bergling and contains a vocal sample from the 1962 gospel-inspired "Something's Got a Hold on Me" by Etta James. The same vocal sample was used first by Pretty Lights in his 2006 song "Finally Moving". This sample was also used by drum and bass producer Logistics on "Call Me Back" and by Flo Rida in his single "Good Feeling", which was produced by DJ Prak and Cirkut. "Levels" reached the top ten in Austria, Belgium, Bosnia, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia and the United Kingdom, whilst topping the charts in Hungary, Norway and Sweden.
In 2012, his collaboration track "Sunshine" with David Guetta was nominated for a Grammy award under the category for Best Dance Recording. His track "Fade into Darkness" was sampled by Leona Lewis on her single "Collide". The sampling was not accredited and led to controversy as Bergling attempted to block the single's release. The matter was resolved out of court with representatives stating "that Leona Lewis and Avicii will work together on the forthcoming single of Collide".
On 23 March 2012, Bergling's unsigned single "Last Dance" was previewed on Pete Tong's show on BBC Radio 1. The song was later released on 27 August 2012. At Ultra Music Festival 2012 in Miami, he premiered two tracks, "Girl Gone Wild" (Avicii's UMF Remix) with Madonna and "Superlove" with Lenny Kravitz. Avicii's UMF Remix of "Girl Gone Wild" was released on 20 April 2012, and "Superlove" with Kravitz was released on 29 May 2012. After reaching two million followers on Facebook, Bergling released a new song titled "Two Million". It was put out as a free download on his official Soundcloud page. On 27 April 2012, Bergling released "Silhouettes". The song featured vocals from Salem Al Fakir and peaked at number 5 on the UK Dance charts and number 4 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs.
Bergling was a featured performer on 4 August 2012 at Lollapalooza festival in Chicago's Grant Park. On 12 August 2012, he released "Dancing in My Head" (Avicii's 'Been Cursed' Mix) on Beatport. The track features vocals from Eric Turner. A radio edit of the track, titled "Dancing in My Head" (Tom Hangs Mix) was released on 14 August 2012 on iTunes, and a remix EP was later released on 30 October 2012 featuring remixes from Charlie Bernardo and Michael Woods. On 26 September 2012, Bergling made history by being the first DJ to headline the world-famous Radio City Music Hall in New York City. He performed two sold out shows on 26 and 27 September. He was supported by Matt Goldman and Cazzette at the two shows. At his Radio City Music Hall shows, he played a preview of his new track with Mike Posner titled "Stay with You".
On 29 December 2012, Bergling premiered many new songs at Lights All Night, Dallas Convention Center, some of which made it on to his first album, True. These unreleased songs included "I'll Be Gone" and "Let It Go". The instrumental of "Let It Go" was mixed with the a capella of "Addicted to You" to become "Addicted to You (Avicii by Avicii)".
On 29 December 2012, Bergling released "I Could Be the One" with Nicky Romero. After first being debuted at his shows almost a year earlier, the track finally got released via Bergling's record label LE7ELS. The new vocal version was released along with an instrumental version, a radio edit, and remixes from Audrio and Didrick. On 9 January 2013, Bergling launched the Avicii X You project, a partnership with Ericsson designed to create the world's first "crowdsourced" hit song. The project enabled fans to send in basslines, effects, melodies, rhythms and vocals to Bergling as sound files over the Internet. The song features sequences from Kian Sang (melody), Naxsy (bassline), Martin Kupilas (beat), Ваня Хакси (break), Jonathan Madray, Mateusz Kolata, and Christian Westphalen (effects). Bergling acted as executive producer and created the finished song officially titled X You, which was released on 26 February 2013. On 30 January 2013, Bergling released "Three Million" featuring Negin to celebrate three million fans on his Facebook page.
Bergling was nominated for a Grammy for Best Dance Recording with "Levels" at the 2013 Grammy Awards. He was nominated alongside Calvin Harris and Ne-Yo, Skrillex, Swedish House Mafia and John Martin, and Al Walser. The award show took place on 10 February 2013. From late February to early March 2013, Bergling toured Australia as one of the headline acts in the Future Music Festival alongside The Prodigy and The Stone Roses. In late February 2013, Bergling made his first South American tour, with concerts in Venezuela, Argentina, Colombia, Brazil and Chile.
In March 2013, Bergling announced and premiered many new tracks from his new album True, which would later be set to be released in September, during his Main Stage set at Ultra Music Festival in Miami. The new tracks were experimental in nature. For example, Bergling brought out a stomping band to play through the new bluegrass-tinged song "Wake Me Up". Many of these new songs received mixed critical reviews after the concert.
On 11 April 2013, Bergling released his new album promo mix on SoundCloud. It contained some songs from True and some of his non-album singles. It also contained some of his ID's such as "Black and Blue" and "Enough is Enough (Don't Give Up On Us)".
The EBU and SVT announced on 15 April that Bergling, along with ex-ABBA members Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson, had composed the anthem for the Eurovision Song Contest 2013. The song was performed for the first time in the Final on 18 May.
On 14 June 2013, the world premiere of Bergling's new single, "Wake Me Up", was previewed by Pete Tong on BBC Radio 1, featuring vocals from Aloe Blacc. The song was later released on iTunes and radio on 25 June 2013. It is the first single from Bergling's album True, which was released on 16 September 2013. "Wake Me Up" was number 1 on the Spotify Global Chart and Bergling was at 2 in most streamed artist worldwide. "Wake Me Up" later went on to set a then record of 14 weeks as the number one hit on Billboard's Dance/Electronic Songs list. The Official Charts Company announced on 21 July that "Wake Me Up" had become the UK's fastest selling single of 2013 after overtaking Robin Thicke's "Blurred Lines", having sold 267,000 copies in its first week on sale in the UK. "Wake Me Up" subsequently became a major hit, topping the charts in over 20 countries including Australia, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, the Netherlands, and New Zealand.
On 19 October 2013, the DJ Mag 2013 Top 100 DJs List was announced, with Bergling ranking number 3 on the list. Hardwell became the new World No.1 displacing Armin Van Buuren. On 28 October 2013, Bergling released the single "Hey Brother" with vocals by Dan Tyminski. On 10 November, Bergling won his first award "Best Electronic" at the MTV EMA's. On 24 November 2013 he won the American Music Award for favorite Electronic Dance Music Artist.
In December 2013, Bergling released his fourth single off the album, "Addicted to You", which reached number 5 in Australia, with vocals from Audra Mae, who also sings on "Shame on Me" and "Long Road to Hell", both tracks on the album. Bergling also released the single "Lay Me Down", featuring vocals from Adam Lambert and guitar from Nile Rodgers. On 29 December 2013, Bergling debuted his new track "Dreaming of Me", featuring vocals from Audra Mae, via episode 19 of his LE7ELS podcast. It is unknown whether it will be released in the future.
In January 2014, the French hit music radio station NRJ released a new web radio station called "NRJ AVICII", which plays songs only by Bergling.
On 8 March 2014, Bergling's Instagram account confirmed a collaboration with Madonna. The extent of the collaboration is unknown. On 21 March 2014, Bergling released a remixed edition of his album True titled True: Avicii By Avicii containing remixes by himself of all the tracks, excluding "Heart Upon My Sleeve" for unknown reasons. The promotion of this album was supposed to begin at the 2014 Ultra Music Festival, but Bergling announced he had been hospitalised on 28 March, and was unable to play his closing set at the festival. On 28 March 2014, FIFA and Sony Music Entertainment announced that Bergling would be collaborating with Carlos Santana, Wyclef Jean and Alexandre Pires for the official FIFA World Cup Anthem titled "Dar um Jeito (We Will Find a Way)". The anthem was performed at the FIFA World Cup Closing Ceremony on 13 July 2014.
In 2014, following the FIFA World Cup, Bergling released his single "Lay Me Down". He also produced and collaborated with Chris Martin from Coldplay, co-writing and co-producing the track "A Sky Full of Stars" from the band's sixth studio album Ghost Stories, released on 19 May 2014. He also played and recorded the piano parts on the track. "A Sky Full of Stars" was released on 3 May as the second single from Ghost Stories. "Lovers on the Sun", a track Bergling co-produced with David Guetta, was released on 30 June 2014. Avicii also worked with Wyclef Jean on a single titled "Divine Sorrow" for the Hatian singer's upcoming album Clefication.
In July 2014, Bergling told Rolling Stone that he had worked on 70 songs for his next album Stories, which would include collaborations with Jon Bon Jovi, Serj Tankian of System of a Down, Chris Martin, Wyclef Jean and Matisyahu. Describing the album, Bergling said: "It's going to be a lot more song-oriented." During his tour for True, he also performed his upcoming single "No Pleasing a Woman" with vocals from Billie Joe Armstrong of the American rock band Green Day. It has a similar instrumental to "Wake Me Up" albeit different chord progressions, along with "No Pleasing a Woman". Bergling also performed other upcoming songs like "In Love with Your Ghost" with Daniel "Danne" Adams-Ray, "Love to Fall" with Tom Odell and "Million Miles" with LP, which is the demo version of "Trouble", a song from Stories with vocals from Wayne Hector.
"Lose Myself", a collaboration between Bergling and Chinese singer Wang Leehom, was released on 1 September 2014. On 8 September 2014, his 25th birthday, Bergling decided to cancel all of his remaining performances of 2014 due to health concerns. The following day, he announced through Denim & Supply that he would release his new single "The Days" later in 2014; a video was also featured with a preview of the track. "The Days" is a collaboration between Bergling and Robbie Williams, and was released on 3 October 2014 via PRMD. On 16 September 2014, it was announced through EA Sports that Bergling was debuting a brand new track called "The Nights" exclusively on FIFA 15. On 17 November 2014, it was officially announced that the track is to be released as a part of an EP together with "The Days".
On 17 November 2014, Wyclef Jean released a track titled "Divine Sorrow" featuring Avicii.
On 2 March 2015, Bergling performed live at Australia's Future Music Festival his upcoming single "Heaven", a collaboration with Coldplay frontman Chris Martin on vocals. The vocals were later resung by singer Simon Aldred from Cherry Ghost; Chris Martin will receive writing credits on "Heaven". A lot of songs were leaked into the internet via Bergling's UMF set 2015. These songs include "Heaven", "Waiting For Love," and some of his ID's "For A Better Day", "City Lights", "Can't Catch Me", "True Believer", "What Would I Change It To", "Can't Love You Again" (previously leaked on the internet under the name "Don't Call") and "Attack".
On 25 April 2015, Bergling announced on episode 35 of his LE7ELS podcast that he would be playing some of his unreleased songs on his show. He also previewed his bootleg of Kings of Tomorrow's song "Finally" and one of his old songs that he did with ASH, titled "Papa Was a Rolling Stone".
On 6 May 2015, Bergling released his rework of Nina Simone's version of "Feeling Good", composed in 1964 by the English songwriters Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. On 8 May 2015, Bergling previewed his song "I'll Be Gone" via episode 422 of Tiësto's Club Life Podcast which has a very similar instrumental to Liar Liar (Avicii by Avicii) albeit different vocals and chord progressions. It was leaked into the internet between 2013–2014 via the name "Stars" and is yet to be released. It also shares a similar drop to one of Bergling's ID's "Black and Blue". On 22 May 2015, Bergling premiered another single from Stories, "Waiting for Love". The track was co-produced by fellow DJ and producer Martin Garrix, and featured vocals from Simon Aldred of Cherry Ghost. On 25 May 2015, Bergling previewed three old tracks on episode 36 of his LE7ELS podcast: "Tracks of My Tears", "Sorry Mr. Atari" and "Time to Get lll", all of which are songs that Bergling had made years ago. "Tracks of My Tears" is the original version of Bergling's "All You Need is Love". On 27 May 2015, it was confirmed by a Swedish newspaper through an interview with Bergling that his sophomore album Stories would be released in fall 2015.
On 3 July 2015, Bergling previewed two tracks from his album Stories on episode 37 of his LE7ELS podcast: "Broken Arrows" featuring Zac Brown Band and "Can't Catch Me" featuring Wyclef Jean and Matisyahu. He also played a full version of his track "Heaven" and said that he was doing another track with Chris Martin on vocals called "True Believer". Later, Bergling said that he is also singing on that track. On 18 July 2015, it was announced by Bergling that he had finally finished production on Stories after 2 years of work.
A couple of weeks later, on 4 August 2015, it was announced that the final singles before the release of Stories would be "For a Better Day" featuring American singer Alex Ebert and "Pure Grinding" featuring vocals from Kristoffer Fogelmark and Earl St. Clair. On 27 August, Bergling released a teaser video on Instagram with the song "Pure Grinding" playing. The tracks "For a Better Day" and "Pure Grinding" were released the following day through Spotify and iTunes. On 26 September, Bergling announced "Stories – Megamix" on Spotify.
Stories was released on 2 October 2015 alongside 3 promotional singles: "Broken Arrows" with Zac Brown, "Ten More Days" with Zak Abel and "Gonna Love Ya" with Sandro Cavazza.
Avicii was named in the song "I Took a Pill in Ibiza" by American singer and songwriter Mike Posner. Posner recounts the event when he went to an Avicii show in Ibiza and got a mystery pill from someone, with the starting lyrics "I took a pill in Ibiza / To show Avicii I was cool". The song was made in the week they wrote a song together in Sweden called "Stay with You".
On 15 January 2016, Bergling released his remix of Morten's "Beautiful Heartbeat". Coca-Cola had partnered with Bergling for a global campaign anthem "Taste the Feeling" featuring Conrad Sewell. The song was released on 19 January. On 25 January, Bergling teamed up again with Coldplay to co-produce the band's single "Hymn for the Weekend", which was released as the second single from their album A Head Full of Dreams. In 2016, according to a report by Inc. magazine, Avicii was the 6th fastest-growing company in Europe, with a revenue of €7.7 million in 2014.
On 19 March 2016, Bergling performed live at Ultra Music Festival and premiered new IDs such as "Without You (feat. Sandro Cavazza)", "We Burn (Faster Than Light)", and a collaboration with Australian pop star Sia (which he first played in Dubai). On 29 March, Bergling announced on Facebook that he would be retiring from performing live and touring in 2016. On 7 April 2016, Bergling announced that he was working on a third studio album. On 3 June 2016, Bergling released his collaboration with Otto Knows titled "Back Where I Belong". It's the second collaboration with the two producers after "Itrack", back in 2011.
On 15 July 2016, Bergling released a remix of his own song, "Feeling Good". The remix was titled "Feeling Good (Avicii by Avicii)". This track was only released on Bergling's official YouTube channel. On 1 August, it appears to have been pulled with the YouTube video being made private. On 28 August 2016, Bergling performed his final live performance in Ibiza, before retiring from touring citing health concerns. His initial announcement was made on his website in April. On 22 December 2016, a representative of Avicii Music AB had announced that Avicii had parted ways with long-time manager Ash Pournouri and At Night Management along with Ash's record label PRMD. The representative also announced that Avicii had signed on to Universal Music Sweden and was expected to release his third studio album in 2017.
In June 2017, British singer Rita Ora debuted a semi-acoustic version of "Lonely Together" at a private event at Annabel's in London. "Lonely Together" was later the second single from Avīci (01). From 13 July to 2 August, Avicii shared one-minute snippets on Instagram, captioned "New music coming very very (very) soon!", with track titles as hashtags. Avicii uploaded teasers of each track from the EP online upon release.
On 10 August 2017, Bergling released the six-track EP Avīci (01). Avicii said of the release: "I'm really excited to be back with music once again. It has been a long time since I released anything and a long time since I was this excited over new music! My focus on this first EP of the album was to get a mix of new and old songs: some that fans have been asking about and waiting for mixed with brand new songs that they haven't heard before!"
In an interview with Pete Tong on BBC Radio 1, Bergling stated that the EP is one of three parts of his third studio album. On 11 September 2017, Avicii announced a documentary entitled Avicii: True Stories. The documentary chronicles the artist's retirement from touring and features interviews from his colleagues David Guetta, Tiësto, Wyclef Jean, Nile Rodgers and Chris Martin of Coldplay.
Bergling's influences included Daft Punk, Swedish House Mafia (Sebastian Ingrosso, Steve Angello, Axwell) and Eric Prydz.
Bergling described his earliest introduction to electronic music as "listening to a lot of Daft Punk, way before I knew what house music was."
Bergling's early work was deep house and progressive house, usually based on a four-chord structure, sub-bass and a non-complex synth melody. His debut studio album True featured a blending of music genres, including folktronica. While making the album, Bergling wanted to fuse the electronic music genre with soul, funk, blues, folk and country, as he felt that EDM had become too focused on "dirty drops". Its first single, "Wake Me Up", is a folk music crossover, which, as noted by a The Observer writer, "tapped into the market potential of mixing EDM and country, a template many artists have since recreated". A Variety editor commented that Bergling's "distinct sound" was comprised by "soaring synths and keening melodies". Musicians such as Kygo, Skrillex, Diplo, Martin Garrix and Cheat Codes have cited him as a source of inspiration.
After achieving widespread commercial success, Bergling began working with his manager and executive producer Ash Pournouri to start House for Hunger in 2011, a charity dedicated to alleviating global hunger. The pair wanted to showcase the giving spirit fostered by the house music community. Bergling explained, "You have to give something back. I am so fortunate to be in the position where I can actually do that. I feel lucky every day when I wake up and am able to do what I love and make a living." In addition to donating $1 million to Feeding America, a charity founded by John van Hengel, House for Hunger has helped fund the efforts of The Feed Foundation, started by Laura Bush, allowing it to distribute over 2 million school meals throughout Africa. He also supported campaigns against human trafficking and gang violence when he directed the videos for his tracks "For a Better Day" and "Pure Grinding".
In January 2012, Bergling was hospitalized for 11 days in New York City with acute pancreatitis caused by excessive alcohol use. In 2014, Bergling underwent surgery and had both his appendix and gallbladder removed. In 2016, Bergling's health deteriorated and he subsequently retired from performing live. Bergling spoke publicly about his health problems and pressure from his management in the 2017 documentary Avicii: True Stories, in which he is shown working from his hospital bed.
Bergling died on 20 April 2018 near Muscat, Oman, at the age of 28; no cause of death was immediately given. On 21 April 2018, the Omani police stated that there is "no criminal suspicion" or evidence of foul play in Bergling's death. On 26 April, his family released an open letter about Bergling's death, implying Bergling had committed suicide, stating "He really fought a battle with thoughts about the meaning of life and happiness. Now he could not go on any longer. He wanted to find peace."
Filmography:
2017	Avicii: True Stories
•	True (2013)
•	Stories (2015)
Sources: Last.fm, Wikipedia
Avicii in the news
Benedict Sinister Drops New Single 'EDM Mockney' (13/01/2022)
Sam Feldt & Rita Ora Release New Single 'Follow Me' (10/12/2021)
BENNETT Releases Icona Pop Remix Of 'Buzzed' (10/11/2021)
Terry Golden Marks Another Impressive Hit With 'Higher' (27/10/2021)
International Dance Music Brand Ultra Records Celebrates 25 Year Anniversary In 2021 (24/10/2021)
Dance Music Brand Ultra Records Celebrates 25th Anniversary With 'Ultra25 - The Remixes' (13/10/2021)
Listen To All Remixes Of Nicky Romero, MARF And Wulf's "Okay" From Stadiumx, Toby Romeo & Afrojack (28/09/2021)
Shawn Mendes Announces "Wonder: The World Tour" (24/09/2021)
ALWZ SNNY Is 'Back Again' With New Single (21/09/2021)
Dan Heale Shares Euphoric New Single 'TLC' Ft. Evalina (10/09/2021)
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(1|1|0)
X You
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