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Multicopter almost hits Marcel Hirscher during slalom race
December 23, 2015 14:00 | By fpvcentral	| Add a Comment
A hefty camera-toting multicopter crashed on the track of the mens slalom race at Madonna di Campiglio – just a few meters behind Austrian athlete Marcel Hirscher.
Rumor has it that the operator of this craft, a professional working for an AV production company hired by Italian TV, tried to steer away from the crowd and thus crashed on the slope.
Needless to say, this is not the news we need right now, and it's water on the mills of those who want to essentially put and end to the entire hobby, except for small toys lighter than 250 grams. The sad fact is that RC models are sometimes involved in deadly accidents, for example back in 2006 when the hungarian military was suspected to have jammed the 35MHz band, causing the plane of a german pilot flying at a competition to kill two spectators, or like the Swiss accident of 2010, when a scale model of an AT-6 plummeted down on a 45-year old man, also lethally injuring him.
The thing to keep in mind here however is that life is full of risks and one cannot have perfect safety. And if it were true that we ought to do whatever is neccessary to curb any risks, then individuals would not be allowed to drive cars, and there would be no inflatable swimming pools sold in stores. We mitigate these risks by driving carefully and by watching over our kids so they don't drown. It's not perfect, but we do get the benefit of individual transportation, water playtime in our own garden, and the joy of RC model flight.
Perhaps flying a large and heavy quadrotor at a big sports event is not the best way to go about this though.
Full video footage of Marcel Hirscher's run and the crash after the break.
Read more and comment
One Punch Man, Jeremy Clarkson have one thing in common
November 30, 2015 12:28 | By fpvcentral	| Add a Comment
Jeremy Clarkson is now working for Amazon, creating a new show with his unique brand of humor. And when he's not bashing electric vehicles he's busy announcing things for his new employer. This time it's Amazon's new hybrid delivery drone prototype, which combines VTOL capabilities of multicopters with the long range of winged airframes.
This comes to no surprise for industry experts due to the fact that powered hover flight using a quad rotor system is 10 times less efficient than a single motor pushing a winged aircraft. Thus it makes sense to combine the two in a hybrid approach. This in itself is not new, though it's the first time we see Amazon go for this approach. Check out the video after the break.
In other news, "One Punch Man" is a japanese anime about a superhero with the unique dilemma that he's too powerful and thus able to kill any opponent with a single punch. The writers of this manga jumped on the bandwagon, and depict a possible scenario for delivering low-value mail like fan letters. In the anime adaptation, it looks like this:
Now that delivery drones have made it into popular culture, when do you think this or something like it will become the norm?
Minor nitpick: The cargo and main electronics appear to be located forward of the CG, which doesn't look like an optimal design 😉
FAA wants registration of all flying things heavier than 250 grams
The final report by the Aviation Rulemaking Comittee Taskforce on UAS has been released, and it doesn't look good.
As previously reported, the ARC recommends not just the central registration of commercial UAS, but actually ALL UAS, including RC models and toys, over a take-off weight of 250 grams. This is in stark contrast to some of the "corrections" issued by non-involved persons and organisations, that registration would not apply to RC models, or only RC models weighing more than 5, 10 or 15 kilograms.
The good news is that the recommendation mentions that high compliance rates can only be achieved with no or a very low fee. Furthermore, the requirement of registration does not give the FAA a free pass on restrictions of operations. However, the minimum age requirement for the owner/pilot is 13 years. Registration is owner-based, so you don't have to register each and every model you own. If this recommendation comes to pass, you will however be required by law to affix your registration number to the model.
Awesome photos of the CIA's animal UAVs from the 1970s
May 5, 2015 14:06 | By fpvcentral	| 1 Comment
The CIA started building tiny UAVs for intelligence gathering purposes as early as the 1970s, as can be seen on the official CIA Flickr gallery. Yes, they have a Flickr. And for the time period we're talking about, the robotic fish is already quite advanced: Allowing for remote audio recording and retransmission, this water dweller even features depth control and autonomy, presumably to make it appear like a regular, living fish instead of sitting perfectly still.
Even more astounding is the prototype for a robotic dragonfly which was powered by a tiny gas engine, and was able to carry a microphone and even a laser. However, controlled flight was made difficult by even the slightest of crosswind, and the 60 second flight time further decreased operational feasability. What remains is a peculiar entry in the CIA museum.
Mysterious drone sightings over Paris
February 25, 2015 14:32 | By fpvcentral	| Add a Comment
For the second night in a row, a number of small UAVs have been sighted over Paris. Police are working to track down whoever is controlling the small unmanned aircraft that have been seen in the vicinity of the Elysee Palace, the Eiffel Tower, Place de Concorde as well as the American Embassy.
Reports indicate that the first drone was operating near the US Embassy, with at least four others popping up at the other mentioned locations. According to the police, it is as of yet unknown whether this was a coordinated action or not, as well as who is behind it.
Needless to say, after the recent terrorist attacks, French police and investigators are on high alert and are "treating this seriously".
In other news, it's dumb to fly your multicopter in areas where you simply should not be flying it, which in most countries includes big cities.
FAA proposes new rules for small UAS
The FAA has posted a proposed set of rules for allowing small UAS operation within the US.
Among those rules:
Unmanned aircraft must weigh less than 55 lbs. (25 kg).
First-person view camera cannot satisfy "see-and-avoid" requirement but can be used as long as requirement is satisfied in other ways.
Maximum airspeed of 100 mph (87 knots).
Maximum altitude of 500 feet above ground level.
Minimum weather visibility of 3 miles from control station.
Under the proposed rules, small UAS will require registrations and markings, just like regular airplanes. Operators will also have to…
Obtain an unmanned aircraft operator certificate with a small UAS rating (like existing pilot airman certificates, never expires).
Pass a recurrent aeronautical knowledge test every 24 months.
Be at least 17 years old.
Make available to the FAA, upon request, the small UAS for inspection or testing, and any a ssociated documents/records required to be kept under the proposed rule.
Report an accident to the F AA within 10 days of any operation that results in injury or property damage.
Conduct a preflight inspection, to include specific aircraft and control station systems checks, to ensure the small UAS is safe for operation
These rules do not apply to RC models. However, the FAA is adamant to state that any RC model not flown purely for recreation is to be considered a small UAS.
Full PDF proposal can be found here.
Phantom flies onto White House lawn
January 27, 2015 13:24 | By fpvcentral	| Add a Comment
A quadcopter enthusiast apparently lost control over his DJI Phantom, which proceeded to fly over to the white house and crashed onto the lawn, where it was found and recovered by Secret Service agents.
Folks, there's two lessons here:
1) Flying any RC craft, regardless of whether you do it for recreation or not, within D.C. is illegal. There's a 10nm FRZ (Flight Restricted Zone) which prohibits, among other things: balloon operation, model rocketry, model aircraft operations, UAS, test flights, private aircraft operating from a ship or private/corporate yacht, etc.
2) If you own a Phantom or Phantom 2, and you haven't replaced the compass mounting on your landing struts yet, you risk your quadcopter flying away uncontrollably. This means your quadcopter may start flying into a random direction once you enable position hold or return home modes, with it not obeying any no-fly-zones programmed into the firmware. It will also not obey any user-defined geofencing or range limits.
If your screws or the metal mounting mechanism is magnetizable, you run the risk of compass decalibration, even during flight. If you fail to do this, you run the risk of damaging other people's property or lives.
In all the Phantoms we examined, the screws were magnetizable and the reason why compass calibration was lost. We recommend you replace them with non-magnetizable screws, for example, brass screws as used by Horizon on their 350QX.
X-UAV One glider uses new build materials
January 15, 2015 10:34 | By fpvcentral	| 1 Comment
X-UAV has a new glider model called ONE intended for UAV/FPV use, which features a new kind of fiber-based material that's several times stronger and yet lighter than EPO.
This model features a unique propulsion setup with a geared system driving a prop spinning around the tail boom.
It comes standard with a gimbal-ready camera nosecone setup as well as clear side windows for additional visual sensor or camera payloads.
If you're interested, there's preorders available for USD $440.- on Banggood as well as USD $392.- on fpvstyle.com
More pictures after the break.
Walkera H6 actually named "Voyager 3", only a prototype
January 7, 2015 14:30 | By fpvcentral	| 1 Comment
German IT magazine heise.de reports from CES Las Vegas that the previously teased Walkera H6 was nowhere to be seen at Walkera's booth – and was shown to them only on their request (German, Google translate).
Photo by heise.de / nij, used with permission
According to Walkera, a communication problem with their american distributor led to the premature announcement, which was planned for end of January this year at the Toy Fare Nuernberg in Germany. Sadly, pricing and features are still secret until then, even though production is slated to begin "soon".
Blade 200QX Review
December 29, 2014 16:32 | By fpvcentral	| 1 Comment
The Blade 200QX is Horizon Hobby's answer to all the cheap chinese miniquads. Lacking GPS-driven flight modes, can it justify the price tag with its performance? Find out in our review after the break.
X PlusOne kickstarter project – is it a Drone or a Plane?
December 28, 2014 12:31 | By Jazzcool	| Add a Comment
Is it a drone? Is it a plane? No, it is the X PlusOne, a kickstarter project from team xcraft looking for backers to support the mass production of what seems to be a combination of multirotor agility together with a fixed wing speed and efficiency. Obviously drawing it's inspiration of google's project wing, this ariel machine (DronePlane? PlaneDrone?) can do VTOL, reach claimed speeds of 100 KPH and carry ariel photography cameras such as the GoPro and a gimbal. If proper funding goes right for the developers, they would add autonomous capabilities using the popular Pixhawk flight controller (offered by 3D-Robotics).
Want to support this project? Check out the kickstarter page here. Also checkout the video after the break.
Dronecode: a drone software project by the Linux Foundation
October 13, 2014 11:46 | By fpvcentral	| Add a Comment
The Linux Foundation has launched a new collaborative project called Dronecode, which aims to bring together open source projects and commercial vendors for the development of new open source flight control software for all kinds of civilian UAVs.
So far, so uninteresting. But reading the list of participants shows just how much potential this new initiative has: Among APM-developer 3DRobotics, Yuneec, Baidu and Intel there's also DroneDeploy, JDrones, Qualcomm and Walkera on board.
Parrot Bepop is a GPS-enhanced RTF camera quadcopter
May 14, 2014 9:18 | By fpvcentral	| Add a Comment
French company Parrot recently announced their latest product, the Bepop Drone. It's a lightweight quadcopter with a digitally stabilized camera, eschewing mechanical gimbals in order to save weight.
The 14 megapixel camera isn't the only attraction though, for it boasts a dual-core embedded linux flight controller with 8GB of RAM, Wifi range of up to 300 meters or, with a range extender package, going as far as 2km. Their "SkyController" is basically a tablet dock with sticks, not exactly a brand new idea but definitely executed in an interesting fashion.
Price is said to be above the Parrot.AR, but below the Phantom 2. Watch the official product video after the break, and check out the official website.
FAA cracks down on UAV demonstration at Kennedy Space Center
It was planned as a rich demonstration of civilian UAV technology, but the FAA once again stepped in and made sure as few people as possible got to see it.
Last Sunday, the Exploration Park of the Kennedy Space Center was abuzz with drones of all types and sizes, thanks to the "Aerospace Research Challenge" hosted by Space Florida. The AUVSI tries to raise awareness about the commercial use of drones and the need for more open regulations. It's a bitter irony that the very thing they are currently fighting hindered this demonstration: The FAA cracked down on the event, imposing strict rules that basically ensured that the large crowd of interested individuals got very little to see. Observers trying to see the actual flight demonstrations were ushered out by the FAA, for "safety reasons". And even at a respectable distance observers were asked to leave.
A few TV cameras were allowed to record the actual flights. Each drone had to be controlled by two pilots, both were required to have a full pilots license plus medical flight status certification. The FAA justified their restrictions pointing to recent incidents of careless individuals flying rc models near airports.
Tomorrow, the AUVSI will host the Unmanned Systems 2014 in Orlando, where the topic of current US regulations is going to be a hot topic.
April 13, 2014 13:57 | By fpvcentral	| 2 Comments
Finally, we got to play with the 350QX from Horizon Hobby. There's been plenty of reviews of this little guy, but aside from the usual "flies great" statements in hobby magazines, we wanted to find out how this RTF quadcopter compares against the ilk of a Phantom, Crius, or even a KK2.x. Curious? Read on after the break.
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The haglofs barrier hood women, is a reliable hooded jacket - cut in a classic style, warm and protective against the elements. This women's haglofs jacket is simply designed and made from strong, comfortable bluesign® approved material - insulated with QuadFusion™ for excellent warmth-to-weight. A great all-rounder with fluorocarbon free DWR.


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from py_stringmatching.tokenizer.tokenizer import Tokenizer

class DefinitionTokenizer(Tokenizer):

    """A class of tokenizers that uses a definition to find tokens, as opposed to using delimiters.

    Examples of definitions include alphabetical tokens, qgram tokens. Examples of delimiters include white space, punctuations.

    Args:

        return_set (boolean): A flag to indicate whether to return a set of

                              tokens instead of a bag of tokens (defaults to False).

    Attributes:

        return_set (boolean): An attribute to store the flag return_set.

    """

    def __init__(self, return_set=False):

        super(DefinitionTokenizer, self).__init__(return_set)

            « index     coverage.py v4.1,
            created at 2016-06-24 18:26

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It is truly rare to experience and enjoy two stunning landscapes in the same vicinage. This was what happened when I visited Calbayog City for 5 hours. Visiting Calbayog City was not in my original plan cause my trip was destined to explore one of the most virgin caves in Catbalogan City and to experience their Canyoning. I just got the chance to visit Calbayog City because I arrived early in the morning at their sea port from Cebu City. And since I have 5 hours of free time, I decided to explore the nearby waterfalls before heading to Catbalogan City.
The first waterfalls I visited was the stunning beauty of Tarangban Falls cause it requires a 30 minute trek uphill, and since both are situated in the same vicinage, both are easy to reach.
Bangon Falls or locally known as Bugtong Falls has an estimated height of about 60 meters. It is actually a system of cascades, which you need to walk along the cascades themselves to get to the first tier of the Falls or the main Falls. The track leading to the falls can be really slippery, especially during raining season. Hence, you have to be very extra careful in your ascent. The first level of Bangon Falls has a circular catching basin of approximately 30 meters in diameter, which is really good for swimming and deep enough if you choose to dive.
On our way back after exploring and enjoying the innate beauty of Tarangban Falls, I have bumped into some of the visitors as they made their way to Tarangban Falls. I was smiling to them while wearing a pride, thinking that I was the first visitor in Tarangban Falls on that day. I also cheer them as I have found out that some of them were struggling while on their way to Tarangban Falls. I told them that they're almost there and just keep moving. I was then happy to tell them as well that Tarangban Falls was indeed beautiful in its own right.
The gurgling sound of the river was so inviting, it only speaks that Bangon Falls is so close. While we were about to trek going to the Falls, Chris told me that getting to Bangon Falls is easy. Truly, I started traipsing my feet on the river while gazing at the cascade ahead of me, which is visible from afar. I actually didn't expect that Bangon Falls has a 3 level. Hence, while we keep on our river trek, I notice that the number of visitors is getting higher, some were in a group of friends, travelers and also a family group.
At the first level of the falls, there were small cottages on the side, which serves as a place for recreation of the visitors while enjoying the shade of the huge trees nearby. The first tier of Bangon Falls is not that really high and doesn't own a deep catching basin where an adult can swim. This is where the kids play and swim for this is the nature's way of sharing the gift of nature, so that the kids can enjoy as well.
Getting to the second and last tier of Bangon Falls is actually a bit challenging, since you have to use a rope to arrive there. You might probably be thinking now that you should bring a sturdy rope when you visit Bangon Falls. But no worries because there was already an installed rope on the side that is easy and available to grab when you get to the second and the first level.
I was actually struggling when I get to the second tier cause I have gadgets to bring and my tripod. Chris was so kind enough that he offer to bring some of my things. Indeed, I got to the second tier without struggling that much. The second level has a wide brink, but it's not that high and the water flows in slope direction. The catching basin was wide and you can actually swim. I simply took a photo and went to the first level.
The last tier of Bangon Falls will surely leave you in awe. It was truly beautiful. Just like many other waterfalls in the Philippines, only what seemed the last level of Bangon Falls unique is the slanting direction to its catching basin. It has a circular catching basin of approximately 30 meters in diameter, which is really good for swimming and deep enough if you choose to dive.
The water was really tempting, I can't just leave the place without dousing my body in its cold water. During my sojourn, it wasn't hot as the sun seemed to hide, so the water was really cold. I as well tried to dive and truly, It was really deep. Again, I enjoy the place alone just like how I own the Tarangban Falls since I was the only one swimming.
I took some photos before leaving the place and started to descend cause I have to get back to Calbayog City and head straight to Calbayog for my extreme adventure there. As we have reached the drop off point, I immediately saw the hanging rice, thinking that I can finally eat, since I didn't have my breakfast. Unluckily, there was no available viand hence, I get one piece of hanging rice and one boiled egg just to fill my famished stomach before going back to the registration area.
As soon as I had reached the registration area, I changed my clothes and wait for a Grand Tours Van bound for Calbayog City. And from Calbayog City, I went straight to Catbalogan City cause my extreme adventures are awaiting for me there. My extreme adventure in Samar will be published before long.
You can fly to Calbayog from Manila via Philippine Airlines and from Cebu through Cebu Pacific Air. From Calbayog City, ride a Grand tour Van that bound for Allen or Jeepney and ask the driver to drop you off the right field corner that goes to Bangon Falls.
Wear your comfortable trekking shoes. Bring enough water, and make certain to have your stomach filled before going to Bangon Falls.
Please remember to leave no trace behind.
Take good care of our mother nature. Just enjoy and be responsible enough.
What beautiful falls! It looks quite empty, How early were you there? I would be too scared to go with my equipment in case I drop my stuff ha!
I understand that rock climbing struggle when you have gadgets to take care of. This monsoon I went on a trail each weekend and my struggle was so real. It was like I was travelling with a child on my lap 😀 ! I decided that I need a GoPro if I am to do all this climbing adventure in rain and take a photo of the same!
Nice shot! Did you use ND filter?
The pictures of the waterfalls looks invigorating Lai. Captivating shots! Would love to explore and experience the treks and follow the itinerary.
The agony of taking care of gadgets during a trek is an understatement. I agree with you on taking care of Mother Nature to let her take care of us.
Post saved for future reference!
You're much braver with your equipment than I am. I'm always super paranoid unless it's my GoPro. This looks absolutely perfect, though. I love how secluded it seems!
You truly are an extreme adventurer. As soon as I read that you needed a rope to get to the last tier of Bangon Falls I knew this was an adventure for you. Glad to hear your friend was there to help you with your gear. My sister carries a lot of gear as well, so hiking is more of a challenge compared to others who aren't carrying any equipment.
The Bangon waterfalls look really enchanting. I love the fact that the water falls are tiered, it adds to their irresistible charm. Swimming in solitary splendour in the cold waters of the falls must indeed have been an experience that you will cherish for a long time.
What a nice place! I regret not knowing about it in February when I was in Cebu. I love adventurous trails and these views surely were worth the effort to see them.
Yes, you won't be seeing this waterfalls in Cebu for this is located in Calbayog City in Western Samar. It's actually far from Cebu City.
Looks like a great experience! Should have tried it on our last trip in the Philippines!
Gorgeous falls! Hope that the people will respect its beauty even lots of tourists come to visit.
Those are some really stunning waterfalls . The trail does seem like a mix of moderate and easy but I bet it was fun doing it all. I love the way you have shared the whole itinerary. Makes it so useful when you want to plan this trail.
Rough climbing while loaded with smart gadgets. That's really difficult. But if the end result is worth, the struggle is successful. The place undoubtedly looks beautiful.
Thanks a lot for sharing the cost and itinerary!
Nice trip to Calbayog and Bangon Falls. I went to the whole Leyte and Samar provinces a few times already in the past, but they were all business trips. Hence, I was not able to go to any of the attractions except to stay in the major towns and cities. Calbayog, itself, is not a bad place. Development is okay and they do have a Jollibee already there. I am not sure when I can visit again, but if I do, I definitely will want to see more than just the businesses there.
The falls are beautiful. Great post.
Isn't it awesome when an unplanned trip or excursion like this turn into an amazing experience? The waterfalls are simply beautiful and something out of a movie. And kudos to your diving form!
Stunning falls, looks real nice. Great guide as always guys. Good detail. So useful for me.
This looks like a really off the beaten path spot – so natural and so quiet. How nice not to fight crowds. Both my kids love swimming so much that I bet they'd try the water, too, even though it was cold. Not me though. LOL!
Those falls look gorgeous! And the fact there were no tourists and you had the entire place to yourself is like a cherry on cake.


Can you name the largest islands that are part of Scotland?
First comment, oh wait wrong website. Cool quiz anyway!
+1. I also tried Inner and Outer Hebrides, but figured they were chains of some type with individual islands whose names I do not know. Anyway, it was a learning moment.
Where are Coll and Tiree?
Two issues: - the areas you quote are hectares not sq. km (out by a factor of 100) - the island labelled as Orkney is in fact called Mainland; Orkney refers to the entire island group, that includes Hoy in your list.
The above is correct, what you've highlighted is 'Mainland', Orkney is the whole group of islands together. It's the same as accepting Outer Hebrides for Lewis and Harris.
Scotch definitely helped me here.


I am interested in studying cognitive hearing in the elderly. Speech perception can often be challenging for elderly individuals, especially in situations with competing background noise. Natural auditory declines contribute significantly to this challenge. It is also important to consider how cognitive processing changes later in life, and how these changes impact speech perception. My PhD project will examine how cognitive processes such as attention and memory are used when the elderly try to perceive speech in difficult listening circumstances, as well as how and when visual cues may aid understanding.


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Q: C language. Can't understand the output of the pointers I have the following piece of code.
    int a = 10, b = 20;
    int *x, *y, *z;
    int **pp;
    int arr[3] = { 5, 13, 29 };
    x = &b;
    pp = &y;
    y = arr + 1;
    *y = a;
    z = y;
    **pp = 999;
    y++;

    printf("%i %i %i %i %i %i %i %i %i", a, b, *x, *y, *z, **pp, arr[0], arr[1], arr[2]);

I expected the output would be 10 20 20 29 10 999 5 999 29, however, the correct output appeared to be 10 20 20 29 999 29 5 999 29. The differences are in *z and **pp. I can't understand why so, even though I tried to draw diagrams and analyze the result step by step. Why *z and **pp are 999 and 29, respectively, not 10 and 999? Thank you.

A: After this statement
y = arr + 1;

the pointer y points to the second element of the array arr,
So the second element is set to 10 after the next statement
*y = a;

And we have the following content of the array arr
{ 5, 10, 29 }

The pointer z also points to this second element
 z = y;

However the second element was rewritten
 **pp = 999;

because the dereferenced pointer pp always yields the pointer y. The content of the array now is
{ 5, 999, 29 }

and the pointer y was incremented and after this statement
y++;

points to the third element of the array. Pay attention to that the pointer pp still points to the pointer y that stores now the address of the third element of the array.
The variables a and b were not changed> so the call of printf outputs
10 20

the pointer x points to the variable b so we have
10 20 20

The pointer y points to the third element of the array. So
10 20 20 29

The pointer z points to the second element of the array because it has the value of the pointer y before its increment.
10 20 20 29 999

The pointer pp points to the pointer y and as a result the expression **pp yields the same value as the expression *y
10 20 20 29 999 29

And these expressions arr[0], arr[1], arr[2] sequentially provide values of the array
10 20 20 29 999 29 5 999 29

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Die Gymnomitriaceae sind eine Moosfamilie aus der Ordnung der Jungermanniales.

Merkmale
Die Pflänzchen wachsen in polsterförmigen Rasen, die häufig stark bräunlich oder rötlich gefärbt sind. Die Stämmchen stehen aufrecht. Die Flankenblätter sind quer gestellt, haben zwei Lappen und sind kahn- bis rinnenförmig gefaltet. Unterblätter gibt es nicht. Jede Zelle enthält zwei bis drei große Ölkörper. Das Gewebe des Stämmchens bildet um die Archegonienanlage eine kurze Röhre, das sogenannte Perygynium. Ein Perianth ist vorhanden und wird deutlich von den Hüllblättern überragt. Es kann auch reduziert sein oder völlig fehlen. Brutkörper werden nicht gebildet.

Systematik
Von den 13 Gattungen der Familie kommen in Deutschland zwei vor:
 Marsupella
 Gymnomitrion

Belege
 Jan-Peter Frahm, Wolfgang Frey, J. Döring: Moosflora. 4., neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage (UTB für Wissenschaft, Band 1250). Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-2772-5 (Ulmer) & ISBN 3-8252-1250-5 (UTB).

Weiterführende Literatur
 JIŘÍ VÁŇA, LARS SÖDERSTRÖM, ANDERS HAGBORG, MATT VON KONRAT & JOHN J. ENGEL: Early Land Plants Today: Taxonomy, systematics and nomenclature of Gymnomitriaceae. Phytotaxa 11: 1–80 (18. Nov. 2010) (online)

Weblinks

Jungermanniopsida (Klasse)
Jungermanniopsida

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia