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Gilmoreosaurus (meaning "Charles Whitney Gilmore's lizard") is the name given to a genus of dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Asia. The type species is Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis. It is believed to be a hadrosaur or iguanodont from the Iren Dabasu Formation of Inner Mongolia, dating to 96 Ma ago. Additional specimens have been described as distinct species, including G. atavus from the Khodzhakul Formation of Uzbekistan (120 Ma ago) and G. arkhangelskyi from the Bissekty Formation (89 Ma ago). However, these are based on very fragmentary remains, and their classification is dubious. An additional species, G. kysylkumense (also from the Bissekty Formation) is sometimes included, though it has also been referred to the related genus Bactrosaurus.

History of study

Asian expeditions and Gilmore's "Mandschurosaurus mongoliensis"

In the early twentieth century, the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) conducted a series of palaeontological expeditions to the deserts of Asia. One geologic formation where work was conducted during these expeditions was the Iren Dabasu Formation in Inner Mongolia, China. The fieldwork here was done by a field team led by Walter Granger. Nobody among them were specialists in dinosaurs; instead the AMNH had sent mostly geologists and mammal palaeontologists. Many dinosaur remains were discovered, but their nature would remain unknown to the discovers until experts back in America examined the material. The initial excavations of dinosaur fossils at Iren Dabasu took place on three days in April and May 1922. They conducted more extensive digs a year later from April 23 to June 1, 1923. Several new genera and species were discovered from the formation; among them were two new types of hadrosaur. It was these two that would later prove to be the most significant of the finds. They were among the first remains of the group from the continent, preceded only by Mandschurosaurus amurensis, Tanius sinensis, some remains from Turkestan and Saurolophus krischtofovici, with the validity of the latter species already doubted. The material that would eventually come to be known as Gilmoreosaurus was discovered by George Olsen (a member of Granger's team) in two different quarries (145 and 149, about  apart), around  northeast of the town of Erenhot and not far from the border with Mongolia. Several individuals were represented and between them most of the skeleton found, but the material was disarticulated and so what pieces belonged to each individual is not possible to determine for certain.

Once it had arrived back to New York, the Mongolian material was given to Barnum Brown to study. Brown was renowned for his field collection of dinosaurs, but he was too busy to attend the Asian expeditions. He did extensive work on the material and had prepared names for the new species, but for unknown reasons he ceased work on the project before its completion. Instead, the fossils were sent to the Smithsonian and would be described and named as new species by Charles W. Gilmore. The Smithsonian had little in terms of a dinosaur fossil collection and Gilmore as such was more reliant on the literature than first hand comparisons in his studies. Despite this, his work in the field is considered to be of high quality. He published his findings in 1933, describing both hadrosaurs as well as several other dinosaurs. One of the hadrosaurs, then thought to be a lambeosaur, was the novel genus Bactrosaurus. The second, known from at least four individuals and thought to be a hadrosaurine, was named as a new species of Mandschurosaurus, M. mongoliensis. This choice was made tentatively; Gilmore was mindful of the possibility his species may later require its own genus, but did not currently feel there was sufficient difference from M. amurensis for this. Gilmore's description of the species' anatomy was rather brief and would prove inadequate to understanding the taxon decades later; he provided no clear diagnosis (a list of what traits establish a species as different from its relatives). Another issue caused by Gilmore's work was that all the material, from all the individuals, was catalogued under a singular specimen number. Later palaeontologists thus had to recatalogue all of the elements under more modern standards.

Following its original naming, Gilmore's species would remain poorly understood and received limited attention from other palaeontologists. Despite this, the occasions it was discussed often brought major taxonomic changes. One persistent issue surrounding the taxonomy of the Iren Dabasu hadrosaurs was the nature of cranial material found at the Bactrosaurus quarry. Gilmore assumed, based on its association with the rest of the Bactrosaurus material, that it must belong to that genus; no other elements at the site were inconsistent with just one species being present. He was perplexed, however, by its lack of a hollow-crest, something thought universal among lambeosaurs. He did consider the possibility it belonged to M. mongoliensis, and also noted its resemblance to specimens of the genus Tanius, but eventually discarded both ideas. C. C. Young revived the latter idea, and assigned the material to Tanius. Regarding Mandschurosaurus he agreed with Gilmore's referral of his species to the genus, and went further to say it's possible it actually represents the same species as M. amurensis. Anatoly K. Rozhdestvensky, in the 1960s, considered a different solution; that Bactrosaurus was in fact a hadrosaurine, not a lambeosaurine. Furthermore, he thought that M. mongoliensis was merely a synonym of his hadrosaurine Bactrosaurus, a position he would continue to hold in future works. Future authors would disagree, reaffirming the two hadrosaurs as distinct and Bactrosaurus as a lambeosaur.

Reclassification as Gilmoreosaurus and subsequent research

The next major change in taxonomy would come from Michael K. Brett-Surman, who was in the process of a revision of the entire hadrosaur family. Firstly, he provided a novel diagnosis for the species in his 1975 master's thesis. However, Brett-Surman considered Mandschurosaurus amurensis to be dubious; he therefore thought it necessary to give Gilmore's species a new generic name. As such, he coined the genus Gilmoreosaurus in 1979, honouring Gilmore, and created the new combination Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis. He considered Gilmore's two hadrosaurs to be of great importance, something he elaborated on in a short 1980 paper. He described the anatomy of Gilmoreosaurus as "partly iguanodont and partly hadrosaurine" and saw it as the ancestral form of hadrosaurine; Bactrosaurus, likewise, was seen as the ancestral lambeosaur. It was based in part on the two species, as well as on Probactrosaurus, that he concluded that hadrosaurs had originated in Asia. One thing that interested Brett-Surman greatly was the similarity of the Asian fauna to the later fauna of the North American Two Medicine Formation; Gilmore had, in his 1933 paper, made similar comments about the nature of Asian and American faunas. The 1980 paper noted that a lot of additional material from Iren Dabasu was never described by Gilmore, especially material pertaining to juvenile material. Brett-Surman reported that he and John R. Horner were at work investigating this material to form a more complete understanding of the formations' fauna. Referring to this, he concluded the paper by saying: "Although no more expeditions are possible to Mongolia by this time, light will be shed on the natural history of dinosaurs by further scientific expeditions to the basement of the natural history museum".

Halszka Osmólska and Teresa Maryańska published a paper in 1981 which focused on Saurolophus angustirostris, but also provided comments on Asian hadrosaurs as a whole. Among these comments, they returned to the issue of the skull material. They disagreed the otherwise monospecific nature of the quarry (i.e. only one species seeming to be present) was stronger evidence than the discordant anatomy of the material. As such, they revived Young's model and tentatively assigned the material to Tanius, which they felt it fit most closely. They noted the skull may prove to belong to either Gilmoreosaurus or Bactrosaurus after additional research. This would come to be in 1985, when Horner and David B. Weishampel would re-examine the material of both Iren Dabasu genera as well as material Gilmore never described, as had been indicated by Brett-Surman. Osmólska provided feedback on their study. The relevant new material was  remains that the authors considered to be "clearly lambeosaurine" in nature, and so referrable to Bactrosaurus. As they could not possibly fit with the skull material, they concluded said material wasn't from the genus. Instead, they decided that it, congruent with its seemingly hadrosaurine nature, belonged to Gilmoreosaurus. At the end of the paper they reaffirmed the importance of both genera as the best record of early hadrosaurs.

The issue would finally be put to rest by Pascal Godefroit and colleagues in 1998, when they published a study describing newly discovered Bactrosaurus material. They returned to the original position of Gilmore, that the possibility of two taxa in the Bactrosaurus type quarry was extremely remote and that the skull material belonged not to Gilmoreosaurus but Bactrosaurus. The reasoning for the paradoxical nature of the anatomy was that Bactrosaurus was not a lambeosaur or even hadrosaurid at all but instead a more primitive form of hadrosauroid merely convergent with its later relatives. They remarked that it would be informative to test the phylogenetic affinities of Gilmoreosaurus as well, but that it was too poorly described to allow this. Modern review of the species was considered to be direly needed. Seeking to finally resolve the longstanding issue, Albert Prieto-Márquez and Mark A. Norrel began work on a thorough redescription of Gilmoreosaurus; this was published in 2010. Resolving its phylogenetic position was a priority and the ultimate motive behind the endeavor. All known material of the genus was examined for the study. One thing allowed by the redescription was a modern diagnosis of G. mongoliensis, as the 1975 one was found to be lacking. They also specifically touched on the idea the two Iren Dabasu hadrosaurs could be synonyms as Rozhdestvensky had thought. This idea was rejected, with numerous differences between the two found. Studies since the redescription have been able to include Gilmoreosaurus in research on hadrosaur phylogeny.

Description

Gilmoreosaurus was a relatively large-sized hadrosauroid which could grow up to  long and obtain weights between . The genus can be distinguished from other hadrosauroid taxa in having a very reduced paddle-shaped postacetabular process and an asymmetrical manual phalanx III-1 end. Although the preserved elements are very sparse and probably representing more than one individual, the specimen AMNH FARB 30729 represents a single animal composed by a left ulna and radius.

Skull and dentition

A complete skull articulated is not known from the multiple specimens, however, numerous elements are known such as the right maxilla, dentary, jugal, squamosal and two lacrimals, quadrate and a complete predentary. In a lateral view, the right maxilla of specimen AMNH FARB 30653 is triangular in shape with various foramina on the surface. On the inner side 26 alveolar foramen are preserved and 22 alveoli are filled with teeth but the total count may be unknown due to incompleteness, the surface of this side is rather flat. The teeth are oval-shaped with a moderately pinched upper end and have coarse denticles, these denticles have three diminutive pointed structures. It appears to be that the dentary teeth were more flattened with a pinched lower end as indicated by nine isolated teeth. In all teeth, a ridge-like structure is located at the center. An isolated and partial right jugal is represented by AMNH FARB 30657, which has lost most of the anterior area in the rostral joint. It has a triangular-shaped form in a lateral view and flattened to the inner sides. The partial rostral joint is square and the lateral surface is somewhat concave but in the medial surface the articulation for the maxilla can be identified. The upper surface of the rostral joint forms a flattened socket-like structure that continues towards the rear with the base of the postorbital ramus. This ramus is projected to the top and slightly tilted towards the rear. The upper portion of the postorbital ramus is triangular when seen from the cross-section. Towards the lower end, the anterior surface of the ramus is clipped with a triangle-like pit that wedges towards the bottom to configurate the lower end of the jugal ramus of the postorbital.

There are two lacrimal bones preserved from specimens AMNH FARB 30655 and 30656. Overall, the left lacrimal of AMNH FARB 30655 is wedge-shaped in a lateral view, denoting the anterior shape of the orbit, and flattened from the inner side to the lateral one. The top surface is thin and overlapped by the ventral border of the premaxilla joint that is developed from the rear to the bottom. On the bottom surface, a large and elliptical foramen is visible, allowing the connection for the rostral joint of the jugal. On the posterior surface another foramen is present, ending on the ventral surface where the exit is located. These foramina are connected through the lacrimal channel. The right squamosal is labelled as AMNH FARB 30658. The main body is subtriangular with the lateral surface being gently convex. In contrast, its lower inner surface is more concave and cross-cut by a minor ridge-like structure. As a whole, the squamosal is flattened from the inner side to the top. There are three projections coming from the main body, which can be identified as the anterior postorbital joint, the lateral postcotyloid joint and the inner ramus. However, only the lower part of the postorbital joint is preserved. The precotyloid opening is absent, but this feature is very variable in both Hadrosauroidea and Hadrosauridae.

Two quadrate bones are preserved (specimens AMNH FARB 30659 and 30660). It is very straight in general with only a gentle curvature on the posterior border. The articular surface of the head is triangle-shaped and flatted to the lateral side. A relatively large, ridge-like formation can be observed on the posterior edge near the top, likely supporting the squamosal. This character is also reported in other iguanodontians and hadrosauroids, such as Brachylophosaurus or Gryposaurus. The lateral surface of the quadrate is flat and on the anterior border a cut for the quadratojugal can be identified, however, most of its articular borders are lost except a small dorsal area and a long bottom surface. A right dentary is represented by specimen AMNH FARB 30654, a partial element with a badly eroded dental battery. It preserves about 15 alveoli of which none is filled with teeth. The total dentary teeth count on Gilmoreosaurus was probably less than 30 and the tooth row is oriented to the lateral sides as seen in other hadrosauroids, unlike the more advanced hadrosaurids. The upper toothless border of the dentary and a significant portion of the articular border for the predentary are missing, but given that both of these borders have minor lengths—about less than the 25% of the length of the dental battery—they indicate that the toothless area between the tooth row and the predentary was rather reduced—another trait present in hadrosauroids but lost in hadrosaurids. The predentary is represented by a complete element of specimen AMNH FARB 6369, which has a U-shaped form. Numerous and pointed denticles are preserved on the dorsal surface of the predentary, giving a serrated texture.

Vertebral column

The vertebral column is represented by four cervical, ten dorsal, seven sacral and thirty three caudal vertebrae of several specimens. The vertebrae are mostly similar to those of other hadrosauroids but some traits can be noted. The cervical vertebrae of specimens AMNH FARB 30671-30673 have centra that are opisthocoelous (concave on their posterior sides), heart-shaped in a posterior view and flattened on the inner side. The centra of the anterior dorsals in AMNH FARB 30674-3068 appear to be less opisthocoelous but they also have heart-shaped facets. The neural spines are very elongated and subrectangular in shape, they are slightly curved to the posterior side. In the middle and posterior dorsals of AMNH FARB 30681-30685 the neural spines are more straight and thicker. The preserved sacrum is composed by three elements, three fused vertebrae, four fused neural spines and four fused centra. Being relatively elongated, the centra in the three fused vertebrae are platycoelus (slightly concave at both ends) and have the lineal heart-shaped facets. When seen from the bottom surface, a ridge-like structure is located at the center as in Bactrosaurus, Claosaurus or Iguanodon. The neural canal—where the spinal cord passes through—is very large and expanded to the bottom. The four fused neural spines form a compact element, having very thickened and relatively elongated spines. The last sacral element is represented by four fused centra. These centra are widened to the lateral sides and while the posterior facet is lightly concave, the anterior one is more flattened. Lastly, the caudal vertebrae have very flattened centra with smally neural canals and neural spines that are projected towards the rear, although these traits become progressively marked towards the tail end as seen in many other iguanodontians.

Limbs and limb girdles

The pectoral area is represented by both scapulae and coracoids from several specimens as well. In general, the coracoid has a oval-shaped form with a prominent coracoid foramen through which the supracoracoid nerve passes and the glenoid is D-shaped. The bottom articulation is shortened and triangular, as well as directed to the bottom area rather than hooked from the rear to the bottom in a lateral as in many other hadrosauroids and not hadrosaurids. The scapula is very straight in a top view with its inner surface being flattened throughout most of the length. The scapular blade is not particularly elongated and is somewhat rounded at its end which seems to be a common trait in hadrosauroids except for Bactrosaurus. The proximal constriction, the area of the scapula lying between the proximal region and the distal blade, is very narrow; its breadth is about half the width of the proximal region. The putative acromion process is slightly tilted forwards. The deltoid ridge—a ridge-like structure on the humerus where the deltoid muscle is attached—is well developed and extends from the acromion process to the bottom edge of the scapular blade. The coracoid facet is concave and subrectangular shape. The glenoid is concave and more elongated than its width. The humerus is a relatively stocky and robust bone. Its main articular head is expanded from the inner side to the lateral one and proximally offset relative to its proximolateral corner. The deltopectoral crest—where the deltoid muscle was attached to the upper front of the humerus—is developed to the lower side from the upper half of the humerus, and its bottom extension has a total width diameter of the humeral shaft ratio of 1.67. The lateral border of the deltopectoral crest is very thick towards the bottom border. However, as a whole, this crest is relatively shortened in length. In cross-section, the humeral shaft is elliptical in shape and gently flattened to the lateral surface. A large tuberosity can be observed on the posterior surface of the humerus—about 1/3 the distance from the upper end. The lower end of the humerus is expanded to the lateral side forming the ulnar and radial condyles. The ulnar condyle is more wider and expanded than the radial one and these two condyles are separated by a shallow depression on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lower end of the humerus. The radius is subcylindrical in shape with expanded upper and lower ends. The articulation surfaces of this bone with those of the ulna in AMNH FARB 30729 match perfectly, indicating that they represent the same individual. Both bottom and top surfaces in the radius are triangular and shape but the former is more flattened. The lower end is more expanded than the upper one and is also triangular in cross-section. Additionally, the articular lower surface of the radius is triangular and has striations. The ulna is shortened compared to other hadrosauroids. It is expanded at its upper and lower ends and the dorsal surface of the upper third shows a shallow depression that likely served as the attachment site for the upper end of the radius. The inner surface is very concave in shape. The middle and lower regions of the shaft change from wider to more expanded near the lower end of the ulna. The latter is nearly equal in thickness as the upper end. The lower fifth of the ulna has a flattened articular surface for the radius that faces from the inner to the top facets and shows elongated striations.

Though very fragmented, the manus is represented by the left metacarpal IV with two right phalanges. The metacarpal is very short—more so than what is known in other hadrosauroids—and has a gently tilted shape. The upper end is more broad than the lower one and its articular surface is rather round. Phalanx II-1 is fairly elongated and has concave articular surfaces. However, phalanx III-1 is much shorter than the previous elements, having a semi-square shape and being wider than long. Its articular surfaces are more convex. The ilium is elongated and shallow in shape with its preacetabular process (anterior expansion of the iliac blade) also being long and deflected towards the bottom. The upper region of this process is deep. The shape of the top border of the ilium has a degree of variability among specimens. The supraacetabular process (a bony projection at the top border of the ilium) has an asymmetrical, v-shaped appearance in profile and its lateral projection is tilted to the bottom. This process also develops near the upper region of the postacetabular process (posterior expansion of the iliac blade). The pubic peduncle—a robust process in front of the acetabulum—is triangular in shape and expanded from the inner to lateral surfaces. The ischiac peduncle, which is a lesser process located just behind the acetabulum, shows a well-developed tuberosity towards the top surface. When compared, the preacetabular process is much more elongated and developed than the posterior one. The ischium is notoriously elongated and has a wide and robust iliac peduncle—tubercle-like structure that connects to the ilium. Its anterior and posterior borders are gently similar upwards. Being more broad than the iliac peduncle, the pubic peduncle is very flattened from the inner to lateral sides and its articular surface faces towards the bottom. The lower end of the ischium has a characteristic "foot-like" expansion and though its bottom border is eroded, enough is preserved to tell that it was not greatly expanded in this area. There is only a single pubis that has lost most of its areas due to erosion. Both ischial and pubic peduncles are separated by the rounded acetabular border of the pubis. A vast majority of the bone is losing the lower end, however, it is clear this region was not particularly rounded.

The femur is a straight and robust element that is gently curved to the inner side. This element is mostly similar in build to other hadrosauroids with a well-developed fourth trochanter and lateral-inner condyles. The latter two are separated by grooves. The anterior trochanter is elongated and large, being forwards offset and excluded from the lateral surface of the upper region of the femur by a fissure. One of the most common elements among the collection is represented by the tibia—about six elements. It is a robust element that is slightly shorter than the femur, and is composed of a rather cylindrical shaft that is expanded at both upper and lower ends; more expanded at the latter though. The cnemial crest is very elongated and developed near the upper end of the bone. A main difference between the juvenile and adult tibiae can be noted by the bottom tilt of the lateral malleolus—this trait is less developed in juveniles. Another character less developed in juveniles is the definition and sharpness of the distal margin of the cnemial crest. Furthermore, the upper inner condyle of the tibia is reduced in juveniles. The fibula is particularly straight and elongated. It is flattened to the lateral side and the upper end is more expanded than the lower one. While the lateral surface is gently convex, the inner one bears a long depression near the upper region. On the lower end, a flat articular surface can be located and is tilted forwards. Among the tarsal elements, the astragalus is the largest. It has an irregular shape with well-developed processes, and the articular surface for the fibula is shallowed. The calcaneum is square in shape and divided into four different surfaces. Among them, the upper surface articulates with the fibula and is separated from the tibial articular surface by a curved ridge-like structure.

Among the metatarsus elements, metatarsal III and IV are present. The former is composed of a rather stocky shaft that has expanded upper and lower ends. Its upper articular surface is D-shaped, and the upper half of the inner surface shows a notorious depression for the articulation with metatarsal II. On the bottom surface of this metatarsal, a large ridge-like structure is present and extends along the upper two-thirds of the element. The lateral and inner surfaces of the lower end of metatarsal III are concave—mostly on the inner one—and subcircular. Metatarsal IV is fairly more slender than the previous element and its shaft is flattened from the top to bottom regions. The upper articular surface is concave and also D-shaped, with equal widened top and bottom borders. The bottom-most surface of the bone is concave and the medial one features a large tuberosity upwards to the mid-length. The lower end is nearly equally in its expansions and the articular surface is downwards convex and less concave to the lateral surface than in metatarsal III. The lateral and inner surfaces of the lower end of metatarsal IV have an oval shape and are very concave. Pedal phalanges II-1 through IV-1 are stout and show triangular-shaped and concave upper surfaces. Among the three uppermost phalanges, II-1 is the deepest. Phalanx III-1 is downwards flattened and has a subelliptical upper articular surface. Pedal phalanx II-2 is a robust element that wider than long. Its upper surface is relatively smooth and concave. The bottom border of this surface is further extended backwards in relation to the top border. Two lower phalanges belong to digit IV. These phalanges are even more flattened than phalanx II-2. Their lower and upper surfaces are similar to those of phalanx II-2, but can be differentiated in being more concave. Pedal unguals are mostly flattened and convex with elliptical upper surfaces. These elements are more arrow-shaped and more sharply developed than in hadrosaurids. The unguals of digits II and IV are asymmetrical, with more elongated inner and lateral flanges, and longer upper regions.

Classification
Although a consensus on the exact taxonomic placement of this genus remains unreached, a 2010 study by Prieto-Márquez and Norell places the animal in a closely related outgroup to Hadrosauridae, based on a reassessment of its taxonomic status using a large-sample phylogenic analysis.

Paleobiology

Growth
A comprehensive study on the bone microstructure of Asian hadrosauroid dinosaurs, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of growth strategies and evolution of gigantism in hadrosauroids, was published by Slowiak and colleagues in 2020 revealing that several growth strategies facilitated gigantism. Several hadrosaurs were histologically analyzed, including Barsboldia, Gobihadros, Saurolophus and ZPAL MgD-III/2-17, an indeterminate second species of hadrosauroid present in the Bayan Shireh Formation. The latter was slightly smaller than Gobihadros as seen on the developed external fundamental system (tightly-spaced LAGs that indicate adulthood) on the tibia. This hadrosauroid however, shares several traits with Gilmoreosaurus—most likely due to the proximities of both Bayan Shireh and Iren Dabasu formations—and the phylogenetic analyses performed recovered both hadrosaur species in a polytomy along with Lophorhothon and the indeterminate hadrosauroid. This analysis suggests similar growth size and rates in these species. Slowiak and colleagues noted that the growth trend within the Hadrosauroidea featured two important adaptations of bone microstructure similar to those of Eusauropoda. The first important adaptation was the decrease of secondary remodelling in the tibia, allowing the bone to bear higher tensions. This feature is thought to represent a biomechanical response to their increasing body-size evolution since the center of mass was concentrated on the pelvic area and therefore supported by well-developed hindlimbs. This explains the slender forelimbs in most hadrosaurs. A second adaptation was the disappearance of lines of arrested growth (LAGs). This feature, also reported in giant sauropods, allowed uninterrupted growth during ontogeny.

Paleopathology
In 2003, Rothschild and colleagues performed analyses in search for pathologies in several dinosaur specimens. Evidence of tumors, including hemangiomas, desmoplastic fibroma, metastatic cancer, and osteoblastoma were discovered in numerous specimens of Gilmoreosaurus by analyzing them through computerized tomography and fluoroscope screening. Several other hadrosaurids, including Brachylophosaurus, Edmontosaurus, and Bactrosaurus also tested positive. Although more than 10000 fossils were examined in this manner, the tumors were limited to Gilmoreosaurus and other hadrosaurs. The tumors were only found on caudal vertebrae and they may have been caused by environmental factors, such as the way in which these hadrosaurs interacted with their environments, making them more susceptible to get cancer, or, through genetic inheritance. Meaning that they carried cancer-promoting genes.

In 2007, Rothschild and Tanke reported the increased presence of osteochondrosis in hadrosaurs. Though they examined several other dinosaur groups, this disease appears to be particularly common in hadrosaurs, which were rapidly growing animals. The analysis was focused in pedal bones since osteochondrosis has not been reported from manual elements. Specimens of Edmontosaurus and Hypacrosaurus were more affected by osteochondrosis (5% and 2% of occurrence, respectively) but in hadrosauroids like Gilmoreosaurus and Bactrosaurus the disease was rather absent, likely due to the relatively low sample and therefore the presence of osteochondrosis in all hadrosaurs can not be discarded. These findings indicate that the skeleton of dinosaurs was primarily formed by cartilage.

Paleoenvironment
Gilmoreosaurus is known from the Late Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation, which has been dated back to the Cenomanian stage around 95.8 ± 6.2 million years ago. During its times, the formation was dominated by braided floodplains and large meanders with some connections to the oceans. Extensive vegetation that maintained a great variety of herbivorous dinosaurs was also present on the formation as seen on the multiple skeletons of hadrosauroids, the prominent paleosol and the numerous palynological occurrences.

Hadrosauroid remains are very common across the formation, which reflect these animals as wide-ranging in both time and space. Bactrosaurus is another hadrosauroid from the formation, known from multiple specimens like Gilmoreosaurus. Ponderous herbivorous animals like Gilmoreosaurus and Bactrosaurus may have been medium to low-level browsers. Fellow herbivores include the therizinosaurids Erliansaurus and Neimongosaurus. Gigantoraptor, a large oviraptorosaur from the formation, may have been an omnivore as suggested by the mandibular morphology or at least, a partial high-browser. The geographic range of Gilmoreosaurus overlapped with the fast-running tyrannosauroid Alectrosaurus, likely being the prey item for this theropod.

See also

 Timeline of hadrosaur research

References

Hadrosaurs
Cenomanian life
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Cretaceous Mongolia
Fossils of Mongolia
Fossil taxa described in 1979
Ornithischian genera

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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When you're planning for hanging baskets, consider how you're going to water them. Can you safely stand on a step stool and water with a watering can? Will you get tired of taking the basket down to water it frequently?
If your balcony is small and you want to make the most of it, try installing shelves along the walls to allow for additional, uncrowded green space. The height of the plants will lead the eye upward, creating the illusion of a more spacious balcony.
Could you use a little extra good fortune? Consider adding these lucky plants to your garden.
9. Got a Shady Balcony Garden?
If you have a shady balcony, don't be discouraged. You can make the most of your balcony facing north or east by growing plants that tolerate shade or grow in less sunlight, like astilbe hybrids, amethyst flower, begonia, copper plant, fancy-leafed caladium and garden hydrangea. Ferns also thrive in shady areas.
10. What About a Sunny Balcony Garden?
Check out more of the best summer flowers to grow in Canada.
Whatever type of container you choose, ensure it's big enough that your plants will have plenty of room to grow. Ask your local nursery how much soil each plant will need. Although scientists have developed vegetables that don't require as much growing space, some still need a lot of soil. For example, you would need at least a 19-litre container for a single tomato plant.
Don't miss this expert advice on how to grow successful seedlings.
Use potting soil in your containers rather than soil from the ground. Potting soil is lighter, drains better, and is sterilized to kill weed seeds and diseases that could hurt your plants.
Use a slow-release fertilizer in pellet form. Since you need to water container plants frequently, a regular fertilizer would tend to wash right out of the soil. But in pellet form, one application will release the plant food slowly and last for several months.
Don't over-water your plants. Make sure that you thoroughly soak the entire container each time you water, but pour away any extra water that fills the saucer underneath the container. Making the plant sit in water encourages root rot. Since the signs of rot include wilting, many people think that the plant needs more water, which does even more damage. If you're not sure whether the wilting is from too much or too little water, gently pull the plant up out of the container. If the roots are brown and slimy, it's root rot. Water it less.
On the other hand, exposed balconies in high-rises can get extremely hot and dry from sunlight reflected off other structures. Under these conditions, you may need to water your plants every day. Incorporating drought-tolerant plant is another great option, so go ahead and include those succulents!
If you travel a lot and worry about the health of your plants while you're away, a fast, affordable, and practical solution is to stock up on little crystals that soak up and then gradually release water. When you add water to these polymer granules, they absorb many times their weight in water. By mixing them in with the soil in your plants' containers and then watering, the crystals soak up and then slowly release the water to keep your plants watered while you're gone.
Be sure to follow directions on the label, because putting more crystals in a container is not necessarily better. Since they expand when wet, too many crystals can swell up and damage your plant or even push it out of the pot.
Next, check out these 24 genius gardening hacks you'll be glad you know.
Compost tea is great for an urban gardener who wants to compost, but has nowhere to put their waste products. Rather than watering your plants, make the compost tea to quench your greenery's thirst. This makes your gardening low maintenance and your lifestyle recyclable!
To make compost tea, you'll need a 10-gallon bucket, an aquarium pump, good quality compost, a water source, aeration and compost catalyst (a mixture of nutrients that encourages the microorganisms to multiply). After filling your bucket with water, dump the compost catalyst into the bucket. You'll then float your compost in a sachet similar to a tea strainer in the bucket, and finally pump it to begin the brewing process. The air will pump through the compost tea for a full day until a frothy brew is achieved. Use the tea to spray on leaves or feed the soil.
Use plastic plant pots rather than clay pots. Plants in plastic dry out less quickly because the pots aren't porous like clay ones. Put 5 centimetres of an organic mulch on top of the soil in the container to reduce water evaporation from the soil.
Next, check out 19 gardening tips that will save you time and money.


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Michael Clarke Duncan Dead: 'Green Mile' Actor Passes Away At 54
Dan Evon
Michael Clarke Duncan has passed away. He was 54.
Duncan, who was best known for his roles in The Green Mile and Armageddon, suffered a heart attack in July. His fiance Omarosa Stallworth was able to save his life at the time by giving the actor CPR. Duncan was taken to the hospital and remained there throughout the month of August.
Sadly, Stallworth reported this morning that the actor had passed away at a hospital in Los Angeles.
A rep for the actor said:
"[Omarosa] Manigault is grateful for all of your prayers and asks for privacy at this time. Celebrations of his life, both private and public, will be announced at a later date."
Duncan started his career in show business as a body guard for stars like Will Smith, Martin Lawrence, LL Cool J, and Notorious B.I.G. The 6-foot-5, 300 pound actor started acting in the 90s and had bit parts in shows like The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Married With Children, and Weird Science. Duncan caught his big break in 1998 when he starred opposite Bruce Willis in the blockbuster Armageddon.
In 1999, Duncan received an Oscar nomination for his portrayal of John Coffey in the movie Green Mile.
R.I.P Michael Clarke Duncan… One of the nicest most professional guys I've had the pleasure of knowing. So sad… #ClassAct
— Mario Lopez (@MarioLopezExtra) September 3, 2012
Michael Clarke Duncan always had a smile on his face a big bear hug ready for you. My thoughts prayers are with his family&friends. RIP
— oliviamunn (@oliviamunn) September 3, 2012

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: What is the best way to store tagged value into a content in Plone: zope.annotation or setattr This is a common case for a developer. You want to add a feature for every content types of your website that need to store data. It is a kind of metadata, not configuration data.
I see two solutions:

*

*zope.annotation

*setattr: add attribute to the persistent object

I don't really know why but from Plone2.5 it was nice to use zope.annotation and now it seems to not be the prefered way to store additionnal data. For example plone.uuid use setattr to store the unique id.

A: Either one, depending on how often your data changes and how big it is. It's all about how the ZODB stores this information.
Storing data directly on the object using setattr means that data is stored in the persistent record for that object. If that's a big object that means there is a big transaction going to take place for that write.
Storing data in a zope.annotations annotation means you get a separate persistent record for each annotation entry, so any changes to your data will result in a smaller transaction. But if you want to access this data often, that extra persistent record will need to be loaded, on top of all the other persistent records. It'll take a slot in your ZODB cache, your ZEO server or RelStorage server will need to serve it, etc.
plone.uuid uses setattr because it is generally generated only once for a given object, usually at a time it is being created already. It is also a piece of data that is accessed often and quite small. So, by putting it directly on the object itself it'll be loaded as soon as you load that object, no extra trips to the ZODB required, and it'll only be changed once in it's lifetime.
Note: the above presumes that the annotations are stored with the AttributeAnnotations adapter, which is the most common method and the default for Plone content.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Shop the 918!
City of Owasso News
Pastor Linzy Slayden
Cherokee Nation News
Indoor Soccer & Sports Owasso (ISSO)
Safe Haven Child Developement Center
Owasso Community Center
Owasso VFW
Owasso Library
Rogers County News
Where is it Wednesday
Youth Owasso
6th Grade Center
Owasso Police News
Owasso Police Call Logs
Owasso's Brian Montonati Named Head Boys Basketball Coach
Owasso's Brian Montonati has been named Head Boys Basketball Coach. During the past six seasons Coach Montonati has served as an assistant coach on the boys basketball staff. Coach Montonati is a Michigan native who graduated from Muskegon Orchard View High School in 1995. After high school Coach Montonati played one year at Fullerton Junior College in California before transferring to Oklahoma State University. While at OSU, Brian played for legendary Coach Eddie Sutton. During his three seasons at OSU the Cowboys made it to the NCAA tournament each year, capped off by a run to the Elite Eight in 2000. During this time he was named Big 12 AllConference, and the second leading scoring and leading rebounder for the Cowboys. He continued his playing career in Italy where he led his teams to 3 championships from 2000 to 2008. After retiring from basketball he has developed a career in medical device sales. Throughout his career, he has continued his love for basketball by continuing to coach and invest in youth.
"I am thrilled to have this opportunity. It has been a pleasure to be a part of this program for the past six years. I look forward to continuing to raise the bar of expectations for the Owasso Rams. This program is near and dear to my heart. I am truly invested in the players and their families. I hope to be able to give to each of them what was given to me through the game of Basketball. Coach Sutton was a very influential person in my life and still is today. I hope to have the same effect on our players. The Frontier Valley Conference is full of great coaches and teams. Competing in this league is a challenge each and every night. It is a challenge that I and my team look forward to. This team is full of returning starters and returning lettermen. The expectations are very high for this team and that is something we will embrace and take on with full confidence and dedication. I would like to thank the Board of Education and Administration for entrusting me with this responsibility." – Coach Brian Montonati
"The Owasso Athletic Department is thrilled to have Coach Montonati lead the basketball program. This program has been very successful in the past and Brian has had a big part in that. We feel that through Coach Montonati' s leadership the young men on the team will continue to develop the values of hard work, dedication, commitment and selfless service. These are traits that will follow them through life and make them better men. Coach Brian Montonati is the perfect fit to lead this team." – Zach Duffield, Athletic Director
"On behalf of Owasso Public Schools and the Board of Education I am thrilled at the announcement of Brian Montonati as our new Boys Basketball Coach! Brian's background and basketball pedigree is second to none. Brian's leadership and communication skills are something that sets him apart. He is able to teach the game of basketball the way it was intended to be taught. His time under Coach Sutton shows in all that he does. He not only loves the game but he loves the players and wants what is best for them at all times. Brian will continue the great tradition of character traits in our Athletic Department that define the Owasso Way!" – Dr. Clark Ogilvie, Superintendent
PreviousOwasso Police Call Logs for July 21-23, 2017
NextSupply Lists for Owasso Elementary Public Schools 2017-2018
Mowery Funeral Service
Michael Watson – Allstate Insurance
Wheels and Thrills!
Buffalo Wild Wings Owasso


What is the difference between a turtle, tortoise, or a terrapin? There are common-use differences between them, and a specific scientific difference.
Science tells us that all shelled reptiles are chelonians, most commonly called turtles. Within the order of turtles, one family, Testudinidae, are the 'true tortoises'- turtles that live, hunt, mate, and hide on land and usually have heavy shells.
Special cases: 'Terrapin'- brackish water species. Also used in the southern states for edible turtles. 'Tortoise' is also used for native fresh-water species in Australia.
So… ALL turtles, terrapins, and turtles can be safely and accurately called 'turtles', although 'chelonian' is more accurate. When someone says your beloved tortoise is a 'turtle', they are technically correct.


Track your BP & Pulse Rate right there in your Pocket PC with Desktop Syncrhonization... Stay Healthy...!
Google Maps for mobile combines maps, directions, local listings and satellite imagery - all on your Windows mobile device. Visit www.google.com/gmm on your mobile browser.
Use this application on your Desktop to preview and transfer themes to your device. Includes Free Themes!
Bundle of 1001 fresh crossword puzzles taken from major crossword publishers (L.A. Times, W.Post, H.Chronicle, USA TODAY, Thinks.com, uclick Puzzles Society and more).


We all love our cars, So it is time to give it a freshen up!
Our rebuild packages are designed to bring your standard engine back to its very best.
With Holden & HSV ceasing production of the Australian manufactured V8, Holding onto your LS powered car is only going to continue to grow in value.
In saying that, We need to make sure that we are maintaining your engines optimum performance.
We have put together a range of packages to suit all rebuilds, Engine types, Vehicle use & budgets.
Need Assistance In Choosing The Right Rebuild Package For Your LS Engine?
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As the first day of school approaches, students' palms are sweating and pulses are racing. The first day of a new school year can be frightening for even the most outgoing of students. They have to deal with new teachers, new classmates, new classrooms, new books, the list goes on and on. Give them help and encouragement so that all-important first day will lead to a successful year.
Students may balk and complain, but on the first day of school it may actually help many of them. When students enter a new class where they may not know anyone, an assigned seat removes a little stress.They won't have to worry if they will have someone to sit beside; no one wants to look like a social outcast. Assigning seats will help you learn your students' names faster since they'll be unable to play musical chairs in your class. You can always do away with assigned seats later or assign different ones if the first ones don't work out.
Know your rules and routines and implement them on the first day of school as soon as your students enter your classroom. Consider how you will start class; will you use bell work? (Don't know what bell work is? Read here for about this great classroom management tool.) What is your policy for bathroom breaks? What are the consequences for disruptive behavior? Type all this information in a hand-out and supply students with a copy. You may even want to have parents sign a copy.
Students who are involved in at least one extra-curricular activity generally do better in school. Having a place to belong and "hang-out" can make school a little easier to handle.
There are many of these to choose from and the sooner you start to build community in your classroom, the better. Pick something fun that will relieve a little first day of school stress. Getting to know their classmates will help students begin to build a classroom support network. This will boost their self-esteem and allow them to get more out of your class.
We've all heard the old, "Don't let them see you smile until Christmas," but this is simply bad advice. Students need to know their teachers are concerned about them and might even like them a little. This doesn't mean you need to be a pushover. Quite the opposite is true, it is important to establish solid rules and routines from day one, but this does not mean you cannot show a little empathy and respect for their fears and insecurities.
If students have a good first day of school, the teacher probably will have one as well. The first day can start the year off on a positive note leading to a great school year for everyone.


The Panasonic LUMIX G MACRO 30mm f/2.8 ASPH. MEGA O.I.S. is a macro lens for the Micro Four Thirds system. Offering a 35mm camera equivalent focal length of 60mm, the Panasonic 30mm lens is comprised of 9 lenses in 9 groups including an aspherical lens, with multi-coated lens elements to help minimise ghosting and flaring. The macro capabilities are 1:1 life-size magnification and a focusing distance starting at 0.105m. It incorporates a direct-drive linear stepping motor, whichr makes the focusing action smooth and silent for use in both photo and movie recording, a 240 fps Drive Auto Focus (AF) system, and a built-in MEGA O.I.S. (Optical Image Stabilizer). The Panasonic LUMIX G MACRO 30mm f/2.8 ASPH. MEGA O.I.S. lens is available for £299.00 / $399.99 in the UK and the US, respectively.
The Panasonic LUMIX G MACRO 30mm f/2.8 ASPH. MEGA O.I.S. is quite small and light for a macro lens offering a 35mm equivalent focal range of 60mm, easily fitting in the palm of your hand. It's also very light at only 180 grams.
In terms of features, the lens is pretty sparse. It doesn't have a distance scale or a focus limiter switch. There is MEGA O.I.S image stabilisation, though, which is turned on and off via the camera body's menu system, rather than more conveniently via a switch on the side of the barrel.
The Panasonic LUMIX G MACRO 30mm f/2.8 ASPH. MEGA O.I.S. lens has a mostly metal construction and the lens mount is also made of metal. Panasonic does not claim any sort of weather resistance for this lens, though, and indeed you cannot see a rubber seal around the mount.
Usefully the lens comes with a cloth storage bag, but no hood is included, and it accepts 46mm filters.
The lens has a diagonal angle of view of 40°, equivalent to that of a 60mm lens in a 35mm system.
The Panasonic LUMIX G MACRO 30mm f/2.8 ASPH. MEGA O.I.S. lens offers almost silent focusing. In use, we have also found the system surprisingly quick on the DMC-GX7, taking around 0.5 sec to focus, which is pretty good for a dedicated macro lens.
Manual focusing is possible in a focus-by-wire fashion. This should not put you off using it as it feels pretty natural in use, and actually enables the camera to display a magnified view of the subject automatically, i.e. without your having to press a dedicated button or enter the menu. The focus ring is generousl sized given the overall dimensions of the lens.
With the lens set to its maximum aperture, there is some light fall-off in the corners, which disappears completely by f/5.6.
The Panasonic LUMIX G MACRO 30mm f/2.8 ASPH. MEGA O.I.S. has a closest focusing distance of 0.105m / 4.13in. and a maximum 1.0x magnification rating.
Bokeh is a word used for the out-of-focus areas of a photograph, and is usually described in qualitative terms, such as smooth / creamy / harsh etc. In the Panasonic LUMIX G MACRO 30mm f/2.8 ASPH. MEGA O.I.S. lens, Panasonic employed a diaphragm with 7 rounded blades, which has resulted in a pretty nice bokeh, at least in our opinion. However, recognising that bokeh evaluation is subjective, we have provided a few examples for your perusal.


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The B team
Workplace Equality
Our movement
The B Movement
Regional B Team Networks
100% Human at Work Network
B Team Calls for Net-Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2050
On February 5th, 2015, The B Team made a call for a long term global goal to achieve a just transition to a net-zero greenhouse-gas economy by the year 2050. In line with the most recent scientific evidence of where we need to go to limit global warming to 2 degrees celsius, this call also took the form of an open letter, signed by The B Team and sent to the UNFCCC's Christiana Figueres as governments continue their negotiations for a new global climate agreement set to be decided in Paris in December, 2015.
Geneva, 5th February, 2015 – Today, Leaders of The B Team, running some of the world's largest companies, called upon world leaders to commit to a global goal of net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 – and urged business leaders to match this ambition by committing to bold long-term targets.
The B Team's ambition builds on recent talks at the COP20 climate summit in Lima, and is grounded on an assessment of the latest scientific research, business risks and the economic costs of failing to keep within the 2°C threshold.
Government leaders are set to hold climate talks at COP21 in Paris this December to negotiate a global agreement, with advance negotiations beginning in Geneva next week. The December meeting will be a defining point in human history, with high hopes of an ambitious agreement to replace the Kyoto Protocol and limit mean temperature increases to 2°C.
The B Team Leaders believe that by committing to net-zero greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions by 2050, governments will demonstrate they are unequivocally setting the world on a clear, low-carbon trajectory. Businesses will respond by embedding bold climate action into their strategies—unleashing innovation, driving investment in clean energy, scaling-up low carbons solutions, creating jobs and supporting economic growth.
The recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment concluded that achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2100 will provide only a 66% chance of limiting global warming to 2°C. The B Team view a 1-in-3 chance of failure as an unreasonable risk scenario carrying significant cost implications, strengthening the business case for achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2050.
The B Team Leaders are calling for action in the following areas to achieve this:
For governments to commit to a global goal of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, and to embed this in the agreement to be signed at COP21 in Paris.
For businesses to match this ambition by committing to long-term targets and driving low-carbon solutions to scale – thereby enabling the world to achieve the net-zero 2050 target.
For both businesses and governments to adopt meaningful and effective carbon pricing.
For governments to end all fossil fuel subsidies, and to shift this capital to help scale affordable renewable energy solutions to enable a wider economic transformation.
For both businesses and governments to ensure the benefits of responses to climate change flow to vulnerable and impoverished communities that suffer disproportionately from climate change and are least equipped to cope with its impacts.
Businesses are already incurring the costs of climate change, with increasing supply-chain disruptions from extreme-weather events, rising sea levels and ocean acidification, falling crop yields and increasing desertification. At the same time, the world's poorest and most vulnerable—who are disproportionately affected and least equipped to cope—are being hit the hardest.As business leaders, they view the transition to a net-zero GHG emissions economy as an historic opportunity that, if managed responsibly, fairly and collaboratively, can bring economic benefits to countries at all levels of income, including new jobs, cleaner air, better health, lower poverty and greater energy security.This will require businesses to join forces with governments to help drive the transition, by setting clear national targets and developing enabling policies to shift capital toward carbon-free alternatives, to help drive sustainable, inclusive prosperity for all.
Paul Polman, CEO of Unilever and B Team Leader, encouraged other leaders to follow suit: "A target of net-zero emissions by 2050 is not only desirable but necessary. This is the time to redouble our efforts and further accelerate progress to decarbonize our economy. This is not going to be easy, but the earlier we act, the greater the economic opportunities will be."
Mary Robinson, UN Special Envoy on Climate Change and President of the Mary Robinson Foundation for Climate Justice, who is an honorary B Team Leader, explained: "A transition to net-zero will succeed only if it is done fairly. The necessary technology for sustainable development must be an available and affordable option for all countries. Without this, developing countries will have no alternative to dirty energy for their development, locking themselves into fossil fuel infrastructure for the long term, and we will fail to secure a safe climate future. But, if we succeed, we will do much more than stabilize the climate—we can unleash sustainable energy for all, put an end to poverty, improve global health and create a more prosperous world for our children, and grandchildren."
Sir Richard Branson, Founder of the Virgin Group and Co-Chair of The B Team noted: "Taking bold action on climate change simply makes good business sense. It's also the right thing to do for people and the planet. Setting a net-zero GHG emissions target by 2050 will drive innovation, grow jobs, build prosperity and secure a better world for what will soon be 9 billion people. Why would we wait any longer to do that? It's time for all of us to join forces and drive the transition to a thriving net-zero GHG emissions economy by 2050."
Jochen Zeitz, Co-Chair of The B Team underscored the benefit of global ambition for the CEO: "The net zero goal with a 2050 timeframe points to an action plan for a progressive CEO in a way that an abstract temperature target more than 50 years out will not do. It focuses the mind on what needs to be done—from the point of view of one business to the planet"
Nobel Laureate Professor Muhammad Yunus who is Chairman of the Yunus Centre and a B Team Leader stated "We are at a historic crossroads on climate change. I believe that a net-zero emissions by 2050 target would set the precedent for a sustainable energy world which would promote and support lasting peace".
Guilherme Leal, Co-founder of Natura and a B Team Leader noted: "Creating mechanisms for ending deforestation and promoting regeneration of the environment is one of the most effective ways of achieving net-zero emissions."
"This is an historic opportunity to create a thriving, net-zero emissions economy that offers economic opportunity and sustainable energy access for the world's poorest, massive job creation, and unprecedented collaboration across sectors." -- The B Team
This statement is signed by the following B Team Leaders:
Dr. Mo Ibrahim
Guilherme Leal
Strive Masiyiwa
Blake Mycoskie
Paul Polman
Zhang Yue
Professor Muhammad Yunus
Jochen Zeitz
Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland
"These business leaders are calling on governments to set targets that, if met, would address the climate challenge. This goal of net-zero GHG emissions by 2050 will unleash a wave of ambition and action, shift capital and create massive job growth."—Christiana Figueres, UNFCCC Executive Secretary
"Innovative businesses are increasingly aware that bold climate action represents superior returns. Both We Mean Business and New Climate Economy Reports prove the point. Now it's time for more businesses to sign-up to science-based targets, reduce their climate risk exposure and capture this historic opportunity for people and our planet."—Peter Bakker, President, World Business Council for Sustainable Development
"We welcome The B Team Leaders' personal call for the world's leaders to set ambitious long-term targets that will help business unleash low-carbon innovation, invest in clean energy, create jobs and secure economic growth. And we look forward to more businesses stepping up and committing to bold climate action that will ensure we limit global temperature rise to 2°C." —Nigel Topping, CEO, We Mean Business
"We welcome The B Team's bold commitments to climate action, this sees them join a group of forty-eight companies who have already committed to set emissions reductions targets in line with the science of 2ºC warming. Five of those have set targets of zero emissions by 2050. We hope many more will join them this year."—Paul Simpson, CEO, CDP (formerly Carbon Disclosure Project)
Open Letter to UNFCCC:
The B Team also today sent an open letter to UNFCCC Executive Secretary Christiana Figueres asking her to push negotiators towards a net-zero greenhouse-gas emissions goal by 2050.
© The B Team 2020 Terms of use Privacy policy


Surgery for Old Dominion frontman Matthew Ramsey has postponed the band's concert at Memorial Coliseum to May 2.
The concert was originally scheduled for Feb. 16, the Coliseum said.
Refunds will be available by request at points of purchase for ticket holders who cannot attend the new date.


text:
Together We Are Activating
the Power of the Social Sector
Two organizations have come together. The Alliance for Strong Families and Communities + the Council on Accreditation have joined. This is the start of something big. Together with thousands of social-sector leaders, we will activate the power of the social sector to create a unified, intrepid, just, and purposeful network so that all people can thrive.
The Currency of Impact
With Social Current, we are all partners working toward a common goal. This is no time to tread lightly. Our collective impact is the currency that amplifies our voices to thousands and even hundreds of thousands of voices. They shine a bright light on obstacles and help us overcome them. They elevate us all. Together, we will spark a real and lasting impact. And that impact is the currency that will change the world.
We actively drive the future of the social sector through our range of services offerings.
We are united in our vision and commitment to excellence. Our engagement packages offer flexible options and pricing tailored to meet the needs of organizations and individuals. Learn more today.
We are all greater than the sum of our parts. Together we will amplify all our voices.
Igniting Change for an Equitable Society
Social Current provides a range of services and learning opportunities. And even more, we intentionally create and nurture relationships with you and among you. We are together because we value purpose, equity, and action that improves peoples' lives.
Together We Are a Force
Social Current believes our country thrives when everyone can reach their full potential. We work together, with our field and sector, to advocate and mobilize around public policy issues that help all people reach their full potential.
Jan. 30 Federal Update: New Leadership of the 118th Congress
Jan. 17 Federal Update: Omnibus Package Finally Passes, Funds Government for 2023
Celebrating a King: Recognizing Martin Luther King Jr. Day 2023
Social Current Network Organizations Participate in Department of Education Focus Groups
Community, Policy News
Building a Resilient Workforce: Embed Brain Science


text:
Blodhemn è il quarto album in studio del gruppo musicale progressive black metal norvegese Enslaved, pubblicato nel 1998.

Tracce

Formazione
 Ivar Bjørnson - chitarra, tastiere
 Grutle Kjellson - voce, basso
 Richard Kronheim - chitarra
 Dirge Rep - batteria

Collegamenti esterni


The complex abdominal terminus of this meniscus midge (Dixidae) allows it to breath air as it holds onto the underside of the water surface. This species belongs to the genus Nothodixa, which exhibits a Gondwanan distribution with Australia and New Zealand.
Another shot of David M taking a look at the rocks off Biddeford Pool.
Happy Easter... It's been a slow bite for me but luckily this chunky girl was game. Hopefully I can add a few more to close out the day.
Frickius variolosus (Geotrupidae) is one of the few species of dung beetles found in the Aysén region of southern Chile.
Great day on the water followed by an evening ride to Deans Variety Mart. Summertime fun is just around the corner!
@cabbrown and @volkman.karen checking out the rocks off Cushing Island.


You want to take your significant other out for a nice dinner. Maybe you'll check out that new steak place? They claim they have best Kobe beef this side of Tokyo. Decision made. Reservation for 7:30.
What they didn't tell you in the advertising was that there is a mandatory $10 parking fee. A bit annoying and scam-like. Still not fazed, you head inside. You are met at the threshold with a line-up. Not a bad thing, it means this new place is doing well and you're not worried, you have a reservation.
At 7:45, you inquire with the snappy dressed guy at the front if your table is ready. He doesn't take his eyes of the calculus that is the restaurant floor plan and barks that the kitchen is busy, they are new, and all reservations are 30 minutes behind.
It's a nice night out, why spoil it with complaints so you go back to the bench and wait quietly. Several minutes later a woman approaches you with two white cards. On one side is the restaurant's logo and on the other is a questionnaire.
They want to know your demographic, how you found out about the place, how many times you go out for a meal each month, how much alcohol you consume in a year, and for your trouble your name is put in a draw for one free dessert on your next trip - if you go to their website and register.
It's 8:43 and burgers sound good about now.
Before getting caught up in metrics, surveys, and coupons, be careful people don't walk out before you get a chance to help them as customers.
Let them try it before asking their opinion.
It wins elections, looks great on a coffee cup, and can inspire nations. The promise of improvement can move people to do immense things. 50.1% of the British population voted to leave the European Union. Did they vote for change or a hope to change back the clocks of time?
Change can also mean alter, transform, amend, or revolutionize which sound powerful. The way it is isn't as good as the way it could be, and for that we need change. But with change comes resistance and conflict.
Often we can look back and know the change was a good thing but our fear of the unknown can make us freeze. Change can be hard and comfort zone has its name for a reason. Whether its voting out a government, renovating the upstairs bathroom, or taking that new job, change is around us constantly.
It's what we do about it that counts.
Yes, you can, if you want it bad enough. Don't let anyone tell you it can't be done. Take the high road, there's less traffic. You were born to lead in your own way.
Embrace ideas that are different than yours. Ignore naysayers. The best time to start is that place between tomorrow and yesterday. Once you decide, you'll make it happen. If it doesn't help you grow, get rid of it. Listen to your gut.
You have all you need to succeed if you look hard enough. The choice really is yours. There are people in your life right now ready to help you if you ask. Change is enviable. You will never get it perfect. Excuses are the easiest way to avoid trying.
That idea you keep putting off is ready to ship.
We have them every day; often several times each day. We're faced with a problem, one pops to mind. They are plentiful and everywhere. We are doing something innocuous, and one breaks our consciousness. But what do we do with them?
This video is a few years old and just as valid as the day it was produced. Stephen Johnson discusses how ideas are born, incubated, and ultimately acted upon. He studies how we think about ideas and then actually execute them.
What will you do with your next idea?
We've heard it our entire life; smile and people will like you better and you'll feel better. Well, sometimes we don't want to smile because we're stressed.
How often do you smile? How important is smiling? How inviting are others when they frown? It may sound like a superficial discussion, but Ron Gutman explains it can affect our success, lifespan, and the quality of our very existence.


With so much negativity going on in the world right now, it's always a breath of fresh air to watch good deeds unfold to remind us that all isn't so bad.
Over the weekend, Grammy-winning artist Abel Tesfaye, who goes by his stage name The Weeknd, made a very generous donation to the University of Toronto to help create an Ethiopian studies program for students.
We are presented with a tremendous opportunity to create an Ethiopian Studies program at the University of Toronto. Through a generous donation of $50,000 from Dr. Michael Gervers, Professor of History, University of Toronto, and through a generous matching donation of $50,000 from the University of Toronto, and through a matching donation of another$50,000, which we, as a community, must raise, we are poised to establish a foundation to create an Ethiopian Studies program at the University of Toronto.
The Toronto-born singer, who is the son of Ethiopian immigrants, surprised the foundation by donating the full amount to the charity. And the support didn't stop there. After playing his part, the artist took to Twitter this weekend to continue his support for the cause by sending out information for others to add their own contributions.
This is a great example of putting your money where your mouth is when it comes to bringing awareness and making change. It's great to see entertainers doing their part in making positive impacts in communities around the world. We'd definitely love to see more of this.
If you're interested in supporting the cause, click here to find out more information on how you can help.
Is Frank Ocean Engaged to a Pregnant Woman?


text:
The Library Ladies
Two librarians, one blog, zero SHH-ing
Serena's Review: "The Ikessar Falcon"
Book: "The Ikessar Falkcon" by by K. S. Villoso
Publishing Info: Orbit, September 2020
Where Did I Get this Book: ARC from the publisher
Book Description: Abandoned by her people, Queen Talyien's quest takes a turn for the worse as she stumbles upon a plot deeper and more sinister than she could have ever imagined, one that will displace her king and see her son dead. The road home beckons, strewn with a tangled web of deceit and unimaginable horrors – creatures from the dark, mad dragons and men with hearts hungry for power.
To save her land, Talyien must confront the myth others have built around her: Warlord Yeshin's daughter, symbol of peace, warrior and queen and everything she could never be.
The price for failure is steep. Her friends are few. And a nation carved by a murderer can only be destined for war.
Previously Reviewed: "The Wolf of Oren-Yaro"
Review: I requested an ARC of the first book in this series kind of on a whim. To be frank, I was actually kind of put off by the series being titled "Chronicles of the Bitch Queen." I mean, I get it…she-wolves, bitch, yep. And I'm sure it's also `tied in with the fact that Talyien is not a beloved queen. But still, it's kind of an abrasive series title, and I wasn't sure what exactly I was getting into. Turned out, what I was getting into was an intriguing new fantasy world headed-up by a no-nonsense but still deeply flawed heroine. So after finishing that first book, it was really exciting to see that the second was coming out only 6 months later. And here we are!
Talyien's situation hadn't started out well when she set off from her homeland in the hopes of reconciling with the husband that had abandoned her and her son years earlier. It had only gotten worse since with repeated assassination attempts, betrayal, said husband heading back to her home, potentially to kill their son, leaving Talyien stranded in a foreign country with very few friends. But she is nothing if not persistent, especially when the life of her son is at stake. As she makes her way back to him, however, Talyien covers an even deeper web of lies, one that exists not only in the present but extends back to the past.
I think I liked this book even more than the first! For one thing, I'm still really enjoying the first person narration but told from the POV of an adult woman. All too often, the only place I really see first person narration is in YA novels with teenage protagonists. And this, in turn, leads to a certain immaturity in their focus (don't get me wrong, I still love me a good YA fantasy, but the narrators can sometimes be a bit silly). But here, we have an adult who has a full history behind her, one that she is capable of looking back on and recognizing her own and others' mistakes. It also makes all of her interactions with those around her particularly interesting. In some ways, she's an unreliable narrator as her perceptions of others and their motivations are always colored by what she knows (or guesses) about them. But we also have an inside look into how their actions and words influence her.
This book also seemed to expand on almost all aspects. We see more of the world-building as Talyien and her crew travel around trying to make their way back to her son. I really enjoyed out fully fleshed out this world feels. We hear about the different foods, languages, and cultural behaviors from place to place. And it's all presented in a very natural-feeling way, no info dumping. There was also more of magic to found in this second book and more action in general.
I also really liked how much more we learned about Talyien's father and his actions. There's also a pretty deep-dive into the lasting influence that her father has had on Talyien. From the very start of the book, it's clear that his perceptions of her, his lessons, his strengths and failures as a parent are a continual influence on Talyien's own perception of herself and of the choices she can make. She, of course, is also unreliable in her memories of him, as we, the reader, can see some of his flaws in a more clear way than she can.
Overall, I really enjoyed this book. It felt like it took what the first book laid down as a foundation and started really building up from there. Everything just felt more fully fleshed out, and the story was even more exciting. Of course, it's no surprise that Talyien's story doesn't end here with rainbows and butterflies, so I'm excited to see what happens in the third book. Don't forget to enter to win an ARC copy of this book as well!
Rating 8: Even bigger and better than the first!
Reader's Advisory:
"The Ikessar Falcon" is a new title, so it isn't on any Goodreads lists yet, but it should be on: "Asian-Authored Books in 2020."
Find "The Ikessar Falcon" at your library using WorldCat!
Author thelibraryladiesmnPosted on September 18, 2020 August 28, 2020 Categories Serena's ReviewsTags 8 Rating, Fantasy
2 thoughts on "Serena's Review: "The Ikessar Falcon""
Lexlingua says:
"All too often, the only place I really see first person narration is in YA novels with teenage protagonists. And this, in turn, leads to a certain immaturity in their focus (don't get me wrong, I still love me a good YA fantasy, but the narrators can sometimes be a bit silly)." LOLs, yes, couldn't agree more!
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When a love potion is unleashed across Edo, hilarity ensues as everyone's romantic affections go out of control.
Lets get this straight, 1. Live action anime adaptations are terrible and 2. foreign films don't score high on western rating sites. Now that is out of the way, The movie totally breaks statement 1 by not doing what most live actions tend to do, which is change the story and are able to summarize their cast by understanding the genre this movie is as well as the audience members that have come to watch. So if youre looking for a decent live action anime adaptation this movie exceeds it.


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Se cree que el idioma Garandi, también traducido como Karundi, Garandji, Karrandee y otras variantes, es un idioma pama de la Península del Cabo York, Queensland, Australia. También conocido como Kotanda y Kutanda, nombres que se asignan principalmente al idioma kuthant (Khutant), y algunas fuentes lo ven como un dialecto de este idioma. AIATSIS (AUSTLANG) asigna un código separado a este idioma (G32), pero su estado es "Datos potenciales".

Hay desacuerdo entre los lingüistas sobre si hay uno o dos pueblos. Lynette Oates (1975) piensa que podría estar relacionado con el idioma kuthant, pero Gavan Breen dice que pertenece al grupo Southern Paman y no está relacionado con Gugadji.

Norman Tindale asignó el nombre Kareldi a hablantes tanto de Garandi como de Gkuthaarn (Kuthant/Kutanda), pero esto no está confirmado por otros.

Nombres alternativos
Karrandee, Karundi, Garandji,  Karindhi, Karanti, Karunti, Kurandi, Ka rantee, Karrandi, Gar und yih, Karun, Gooran;
Kotanda, Kutanda, Goothanto;
Kareldi.

Referencias

Gurdjar


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Robert E. Brabant
January 16th, 2016 Guest Book »
Robert E. Brabant, "Bob", age 83, of Wilmington, formerly of Tewksbury, died peacefully surrounded by his loving family on January 16, 2016, at Lowell General Hospital Saints Campus.
Bob was born in Wilmington on June 8, 1932; he was the dear son of the late Aristide and Elizabeth Brabant. Bob was raised in Wilmington and a graduate of Wilmington High School with the Class of 1949.
In his early years Bob worked as a cab driver for his dad's company, Wilmington Cab; Bob had fond memories of working for his father and lots of great stories. Bob went on to work as a truck driver for Canelas Disposal Company where he worked for many years before retiring.
Bob married his "sweetheart" Angelina DiChiara in 1960; together they raised a family of four sons and had lots of great times before her passing in December of 2011. Bob and Angelina lived in Wilmington for many years before moving to California for a couple of years and then returning to Massachusetts where they lived in Tewksbury for more than 20 years.
In his spare time, Bob enjoyed fishing and following the New England Patriots, he was known to be an avid football fan.
Bob will be fondly remembered as a "Guys guy"; he was very sociable, lovable, and friendly. Bob always made friends wherever he went; people just loved him. Bob's unconditional devotion to his family was evident in everything he did and he will be greatly missed by all.
Bob was the beloved husband of the late Angelina T. (DiChiara) Brabant, devoted father of Bob Elfman & his wife Joanne of Pepperell, Kevin Brabant & his wife Jane of Lowell, Steven Brabant of North Reading, and David Brabant & his wife Lisa of Wilmington. Loving "Papa" of Lindsay, Rachel, Bob, Kevin, Brian, Tony, Jessica, Nathan, Danielle, Steven, Daniel, Heather, Stephanie, Kristen, and great-grandchildren Drew, Mia, Brennan, Riley, Colton, Alexis, Jessica, Emily, Nico, Caleb, Madison, Mathew, and Hailey. Son of the late Aristide and Elizabeth (McDonough) Brabant. Bob was one of six siblings and is survived by his brother of Bernard "Swig" Brabant of Dudley.
Family and friends will gather for Visiting Hours at the Nichols Funeral Home, 187 Middlesex Ave. (Rte. 62), Wilmington, on Tuesday, January 19th from 4:00-8:00 p.m. Bob's Funeral Service will be held on Wednesday, January 20th at 11:00 a.m. in the Wilmington United Methodist Church, 87 Church St. (Rte. 62) Wilmington. Interment will follow in Tewksbury Cemetery. Memorial donations in Bob's name may be made to St. Jude's Children's Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105. www.nicholsfuneralhome.com
11 Entries in Guest Book for "Robert E. Brabant"
Nancy Walsh says:
To Bob and JoAnn, and family, We a very sorry to hear of the passing of your dad. May your wonderful memories together help to give you strength and peace in your hearts. Our deepest sympathy and prayers. Love Nancy and Bob
Greg and Denise Haas (Walker) says:
You've left us with many good memories you deeply will be missed
Deborah Iovanna-Saggese says:
Bobby, Kevin, Steven & David:
The memories that we share will always have a special place in my heart. Uncle Bob was one of a kind. He was thoughtful, caring and the most kind and loving man I knew. He was not only my Uncle, he was my second father. I know in my heart that he is at peace because he's back with the love of his life, Aunty Angie. I will love and miss him more than words can say. Love you all, Your Cousin (Sister) Debbie
I love you and miss you
I'm blessed to have had you (and Noni) part if my life. I've always felt grateful for your support and encouragement. Rest easy.
Nancy Babineau & Marco Lavoie says:
Kevin & Jayne, Jessica and Nathan Caleb , I've known you all for over 10 years Kevin and Jayne have always been a big part of my Life …. And Family was always there passion, The loss of a parent, Grandparent is a difficult time. My thoughts are with you all through this Difficult time … But I can sure say one thing… Bob (Dad) Papa is looking down watching you all while thinking of those incredible Meatballs he loved of Jaynes so much.. Thoughts and Prayers are with you all…????
Pay McGowan says:
Our heartfelt condolences to Bob and Joanne and family
May all your memories help you through the days ahead
Love you guys
Pat and Bob McGowan and family
Shelly&Ken McGowan says:
Bob and JoAnn – thinking of you, Lindsy, Rachel, Bobby during this time of your loss of your Dad and Papa. Our condolences to you and your extended Brabant family.
Kris and John Gerhartz says:
Lisa and family, sending prayers to you and your family
Lisa Erwin says:
Lisa & David, so sorry for your loss, my thoughts & prayers are with you at this difficult time.
Oh Dad, I'm lost without you here!!????????????. Nothing is the same, not even the things promised to you. I know you hear me! I love you more than I ever thought possible! Please hold Ma, Mom and my Dad close. The greatest parents in the world!!!!! Watch over us all, I know it's a "job", I know you can do, ??????????


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Bush marks National Day of Prayer amid controversy
by Adelle M. Banks, Religion News Service
WASHINGTON -- President Bush marked the National Day of Prayer at the White House on Thursday (May 1), noting Americans' equality across their diverse faiths even as critics charged that the widespread prayer observances have been "hijacked" by evangelicals.
"On this day, we celebrate our freedoms, particularly the freedom to pray in public and the great diversity of faith found in America," Bush said in remarks to about 230 religious, political and military leaders in the East Room.
"I love being the president of a country where people feel free to worship as they see fit. And I remind our fellow citizens, if you choose to worship or not worship, and no matter how you worship, we're all equally American."
The National Day of Prayer was signed into law in 1952 by President Harry Truman. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan amended the law to state that observances would be held the first Thursday in May. Official nationwide observances are coordinated by a task force led by Shirley Dobson, wife of Focus on the Family founder James Dobson.
But the group's work has been criticized recently by the online community Jews on First, which says events have been "hijacked" by evangelical Christians. Critics say organizers must affirm a statement of faith that declares the Bible is "the inerrant Word of the Living God."
Some groups planned "alternate inclusive interfaith events," such as prayer gatherings and counter-demonstrations. The Council on American-Islamic Affairs and Americans United for Separation of Church and State joined in the campaign spearheaded by Jews on First.
A task force spokeswoman has responded by saying its events "reflect its Christian perspective on prayer," but all Americans are free to observe the day in a way that demonstrates their own religious viewpoints.
Shirley Dobson, in remarks at the White House, focused on the range of events organized by her group, including observances at more than 100 prisons; one at a memorial chapel in Shanksville, Pa., where United Flight 93 crashed in the 9/11 attacks; and pilots flying and praying over all 50 state capitols.
"This is the eighth year that our National Day of Prayer Task Force has had the honor of calling Americans to prayer from the White House," she said, thanking Bush for holding ceremonies there. "By making prayer a priority in your life, you have set a powerful example."
Other participants in the White House ceremony included Catholic, Protestant and Jewish leaders who recited prayers or read from Scriptures.
Conservative Christian leader Paul Weyrich, who co-founded the now-defunct Moral Majority with the late Jerry Falwell, welcomed Bush's remarks.
"I personally am pleased that we have a president that values prayer," he said. "I fear the day when we have a president who doesn't. I think, whether you agree with his policies or not, clearly, he has relied upon guidance from above and I commend him for that."
Natioal Catholic Reporter


As we mark the 150th anniversary of the outbreak of the Civil War in the U.S., Anderson will examine Marx's extensive writings on the Civil War, which focused on the connections of race, class, and slavery. It will also discuss his writings on colonized societies and anti-colonial resistance, especially in India. It will be argued that Marx's general dialectic is not one of abstract universalism but has plenty of room for the specificities of nation, ethnicity, race, and colonialism, issues on which he makes important and original contributions.
Kevin B. Anderson is a Professor of Sociology, Political Science, and Feminist Studies at University of California, Santa Barbara. His research and teaching interests are in social and political theory, especially Marx, Hegel, Marxist humanism, the Frankfurt School, Foucault, and the Orientalism debate. His work has concentrated on the Marxist, Critical Theory, post-structuralist, and post-colonial traditions and on the intersections of class, race, gender, and sexuality with social theory. His most recent book is Marx at the Margins: On Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Non-Western Societies.


Grant reviews the new version of the classic western, "True Grit."
Grant's final Christmas column for 2010.
Kolache, a favorite Holiday treat.
A trip down the Christmas memory lane.
Grant's opening salvo on Christmas.


Welcome to StreetFighters Round IV. The stage for battle is set 💪 Prepare yourselves, Paddock Club is back tomorrow.
Martin Davalos looking for that next win at MetLife this weekend. supercrosslive nbcsports monsterenergy SX supercross moto motorcycle motorsport racing nikon monsterenergysupercross dropthegate MXA 📸 motoonemx | motocrossactionmag for complete coverage.