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Centennial Home
Chris Chase
Chris Chase collaborated in a book documenting the life of Betty Ford entitled "Times of My Life." Chris Chase was interviewed for the Gerald R. Ford Oral History Project on January 21, 2011 by Richard Norton Smith.
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Smith: First of all, thank you again for doing this. Tell us how your path first crossed with Betty Ford's.
Chase: Well, if you want real words about what time it was, I can't do it.
Smith: That's okay.
Chase: I lived in New York and she was in California then, I guess, most of the time.
Smith: This was after the presidency?
Chase: Oh, yes. They were out. And she wanted to see some people because she wanted to do a book, and so I think I was with William Morris. I don't know. But anyway, I went with some people from William Morris out there and she and I had lunch and then she said, "That's the one." And I didn't know why I was the one, except that I was – like her – I was kind of timid. It's not timid exactly – but I didn't talk much. I just listened to her and I watched her.
Smith: Was she shy?
Chase: No.
Smith: Because you think of her as a free spirit.
Chase: She wasn't shy, but she was watchful.
Smith: Careful? Cautious?
Chase: Yes, I think so.
Smith: Was that, do you think, being a politician's wife? Or do you think it was intrinsic to her?
Chase: I think that was her.
Smith: Then when you are telling her story, and particularly at the end – the intervention and all that – did that caution make it more difficult for you? Was she reluctant to talk about things?
Chase: No, she wasn't at all. There are things – I don't think it would be nice to even tell – just funny, if you won't use it. We were working on one of the books – I don't remember which one and I said no to something she had just decided on. I said you can't do that, it will make you look awful. And she said, "Chris, when we did the first book, I was not the writer I am now." They all think they did it. But I wouldn't tell that while she was alive.
Smith: No, I understand. How did you work with her on that first book? What was the – for lack of a better word – the mechanics of putting it together?
Chase: You spend a lot of time with the person, and the person goes on and on and on, and then you take it home and you…
Smith: You taped her reminiscences?
Chase: All the time. I don't know what happened to all those tapes, but I always went home and typed them so I'd have it all. And it was very easy. She is not a hard person to work with. In the beginning she was still drinking and it was very hard because you'd go in the morning – I don't like to do this because I'm afraid in some way it would get to her.
Smith: I guarantee you that it will not.
Chase: Okay. She would be okay. She'd wake up and she'd have her breakfast and everything. By lunch she'd start drinking and so we really couldn't work until maybe…right after lunch we'd just give it up. So I had to meet her in the morning and there was always a guy outside – even if they knew you, they'd open your bag and look at it. It was so funny. But she was sometimes just in her nightgown until afternoon.
Smith: She was not a morning person.
Chase: No, I don't think she was. I don't know because I did work in the morning.
Smith: Did she know she had a drinking problem?
Chase: Oh, I think so. I think she was very careful about letting other people know it. But she had rough time a lot of the time and that went way back with her, when he was away.
Smith: Was that a significant thing? I often wondered whether he felt some degree of guilt – looking back at all the time he was away and the demands that that put on her. Not that he felt responsible – but he felt in some ways that he had contributed to her problem.
Chase: I think he did. He was away so much and she was left there with the maid and the kids and she was bitter about it. As far as I know. She felt neglected – which she was.
Smith: Well, she saw a psychiatrist for a while.
Chase: That was way later, wasn't it? I think.
Smith: I thought that at some point in the Sixties…
Chase: I thought it was after she had been through the whole thing and she was going to a doctor as well. But I could be wrong.
Smith: The reason why is – and again, you don't want to overdo this – but if you look at her in the mid-1960s, with an ambitious, rising husband who's off doing his job and making good, and a bunch of kids; a woman who had accomplished things on her own, been a dancer and all of this, when you think about Betty Freidan, and a whole generation of women who were looking for their place – in a sense, who were neglected. She really is, in some ways, representative of that. Don't you think? I'm sure there are people in Washington who took one look and said, "This Cub Scout den mother, Sunday school teacher, West Michigan…" and kind of wrote her off. But there was always a lot more there than on the surface. One senses that she enjoyed a lot about being First Lady because, first of all, he wasn't away as much as he had been, but secondly, for her, she was onstage again. Do you think there is anything to that?
Chase: I think she was afraid of it a little bit in the beginning, and then I think she liked it, she enjoyed it. I didn't know much about it – I wasn't there all the time. When we started working, she was already out. They were not in the White House anymore. But we had to go there for some reason, and she called some man and sent me in, a girl that was working for her and me, through the whole building, which I think you ordinarily don't get to do that. Out in the garden and everything. And that was really fine, but she didn't have to do that. We went to the cook and everything. She liked it, she thought that would be a wonderful thing for me to see, and it was nice. It was very nice.
Smith: Was she close to her kids?
Chase: Oh, yes. There were four of them, right?
Smith: Yes.
Chase: And they had to be. I mean, when they brought in that thing they started with her – I warned you.
Smith: The intervention?
Chase: The intervention, when she was so angry that it all kind of broke up and then it came back again. But that first time she was not amused, and she was not grateful that they were trying to make her be better. She was angry, angry, angry.
Smith: Really?
Chase: Yes.
Smith: Angry at them?
Chase: She cried – yes, she was really furious that her family would do that, that they would just embarrass her in that way, which she didn't like at all. And I don't remember quite how it…
Smith: Well, then she went to Long Beach Naval Hospital.
Chase: She didn't want anybody to know that either. I think I said, you can't hide, because you stood out there on the platform and said that you were a drunk and now she just didn't want anybody to know anything about it. And I said you can't do it now. You did it and so you have to stand by it. And it was good. She eventually met a lot of people she never would have met – sailors and soldiers and everything and she was kind of charmed by it. I think they are very stern there on your having to pay attention. I mean, she wanted me to go with her with everything, and so I would go in there and watch them. They played games or whatever it is they did, and I got caught. Because they said, you have to do this, you have to be in this. And I didn't want to be in it, I just wanted to watch it. They were very stern, I guess is the word. But in the end it was a wonderful thing. They were so many of them saved from dying of drugs.
Smith: We've heard that she was in tougher shape than perhaps the public suspected. That her condition by the time she went in was…
Chase: Yes – she didn't want to tell anybody, though, that's the thing. You have to say, you've got to tell because everybody knows anyway.
Smith: Did she really believe that people didn't know?
Chase: I think she thought that she could just go into the hospital and get well and come out and that it would be simple. I don't think that she thought it was going to be a big deal.
Smith: Okay. And did you talk with her while she was in the hospital?
Chase: Oh, yes. I was there. I had to stay – I didn't have to sleep over, I don't think. It's funny, one of her sons, the younger one.
Smith: Steve.
Chase: Steve, yes. Everybody thought that he was my husband and all these people – it was such a strange thing. Steve was there quite a lot. Of all of the children, he was the one that was there the most. And I was there because I was told I had to be there. You remember things like getting across the street – strange, stupid things that aren't important. But most of the time she was very good. In the beginning, she wanted a certain kind of room and she didn't want anybody in it, and that all went away. She really liked those guys.
Smith: So the anger and the resentment evolved into acceptance?
Chase: I think so. I think it was a place that she was safe in and people were all having the same problems she had, so that it was quite comforting, I think, to her. And I think she was probably a little proud of herself that she would do it. That they could force her to do it is a whole other story. I don't think she got up one morning and said, okay, I'll go there. I think she was sort of pulled there.
Smith: Sure. Was the President a frequent visitor?
Chase: Yes, and he was feeling bad. He's a very sweet man, really, and he felt that it was his fault, a lot of it that she had been left alone. And, actually, right up until they did the intervention, I don't think he said much about it. But then when that happened, he was right there.
Smith: It's interesting, because he stopped drinking, too.
Chase: I didn't even know he ever drank. She blamed it all on being alone with four kids. And actually, she was mad at him a lot of the time and she didn't know it.
Smith: Exactly. Which I'm sure is a common reaction of people. I'm sure there are lots of people in that dynamic, in that situation.
Smith: It's never been terribly clear to me what role the drinking played and what role pills played. She clearly had the pinched nerve, and she had this condition that was painful and for which she was medicated. And was it simply that sort of unwitting combination of prescription medication and alcohol multiplied the impact?
Chase: I don't think we could ever figure it out because for one thing, she didn't want to admit that she drank. And so I never knew whether she made up the thing about all the pills. I saw her drinking; I never saw her taking pills. And maybe she took all the pills in the world, but that wasn't what was going to kill her.
Smith: You've worked with a number of people on books. How was she generally speaking, to work with?
Chase: She was swell. I mean, I had a lot of fun with her. She was not in any way a problem.
Smith: By the way, it's fairly well known among their intimates, although I don't think the public, that she had a much more ribald sense of humor than he did.
Chase: Yes, she was funny. And she was pretty smart, too, I think. I remember something that was funny. We were talking about him being elected and he came in – we were talking about that – and he said, "Girls, girls, I was never elected," that's not the right word – what is it? Anyway, "I was not elected, I was put there after Nixon left."
Smith: Inaugurated.
Chase: Inaugurated, yes. But he thought we were very shabby then. We had it all wrong, so we thought that was funny. But every once in a while he would stop in and help a little bit when he was home. He did a lot of – he was very busy. Bob Hope and he went and played golf all the time. He enjoyed his life. And then when he wasn't in the White House anymore, he was still on all those…
Smith: He was on a lot of boards.
Chase: He was on a lot of boards and that made a lot of money.
Smith: In fact, he took some heat for "commercializing" the ex-presidency.
Chase: He was on a plane.
Smith: He loved to travel.
Chase: He did.
Smith: And that never changed. I mean, he may have very well felt guilty about leaving her at one point, but he didn't give up his travel.
Chase: It's true. I think probably she saw him more when they were in the White House than when he got out. I don't know about that.
Smith: A theory is that the problem became more of a problem because, when they moved out to California, by that time the kids had basically grown up and were on their own, and he was on the road and she was alone.
Chase: Well, I remember when they built that really big house. Do you remember the guy that was their close friend and did so much?
Smith: Leonard Firestone was their neighbor.
Chase: Leonard, yes, he was a great man. Wonderful man.
Smith: We've been told that she saved his life.
Chase: Well, she certainly tried to. He just was angry, as she was. She talked to him about drinking, and he was really just furious.
Smith: What was the source of his anger?
Chase: Because he didn't want to be fixed – he drank and he was a very pleasant, nice, funny man. But he did not want anybody to do that. And she had been through that and she knew what it was like for him. And I wouldn't be surprised if she saved his life. There was a very rough time there at one point.
Smith: In my eulogy in Grand Rapids, I talked about the cliché that people, as they get older, become a little more conservative. Maybe it's nostalgia for the past, or maybe they have more to conserve or whatever. He was always a fiscal conservative, but in a lot of other ways, he actually became more liberal with age, and on a number of issues. I'm wondering whether it was her influence. Stop and think: he was very involved with her in the work of the Center. And he saw all of these people, good people, accomplished people, friends, whom he liked and admired, who happened to have a weakness. And the compassion factor – I just wonder whether that was part of it. We've been told ten years before he died he told friends that gay marriage was coming and they might as well get over it. Attitudes that you wouldn't associate with a conservative Republican president.
Chase: Leonard was very generous to everybody. And when Mr. Firestone had the last – when it was in that icy part of the world where they had a new house – I think he gave the Firestones the house. Certainly gave them land to put a couple of houses on while I was there. He was a very good friend to them. He went dancing when he was about two hundred years old. He'd go out.
Smith: She, of course, had been a dancer.
Smith: When she went to Studio 54 – first of all – tell us about Studio 54. What prompted that?
Chase: She wanted to see it. She came into New York and she had read, I guess, a lot about this stuff and what happened there. She really wanted to see it. And the other girl and I…
Smith: Penny Circle.
Chase: Was it Penny then? Yes, we went and it was a strange place. I had never been there, but there was all this screaming and there were all these people with their nose up against the wall. And the guy that owned the place was saying, "Dance, dance. Nobody wants to see you watching." It was a horrible place. Betty was very interested in it. And she sat behind that curtain – we were all there – and she was sitting on a couch, and some crazy woman from Canada who was married I guess to the head of Canada…
Smith: Margaret Trudeau.
Chase: She got down on her knees and crawled across to Mrs. Ford, sort of like wanting to lick her shoes or something. It was funny. The weirdest night I've ever seen.
Smith: Did the Secret Service come, too?
Chase: Yes, there's always somebody. That's kind of fun. If you go to a movie with them, even, one of them is on either side and a guy is on either side of them. You never are alone – ever. There are two people following you all the time. But that thing was strange – like, crazy girl down on her knees.
Smith: Penny remembers this vividly because she had never seen it before. She went into the ladies' room and there were lines of cocaine…
Chase: There was a guy in there, too. We went in – I went in with her because she wanted somebody to go with her, and there is this guy standing in the middle of the room. And I said, "Sir, this is not for you. This is a ladies' room." And he said, "I'm not going to hurt anybody," and just kept on with whatever he was lighting up. He would not go out. It was an odd night. She was staying at the Waldorf. It's this odd thing – you come off the elevator and there were men there – all up the row.
Smith: I've been told they liked New York.
Chase: She did. She liked it. She liked to come, and she came without him several times.
Smith: To go to the theater?
Chase: Yes, went to the theater. She liked New York and everybody liked her.
Smith: One thing that I found surprising, and I don't want to exaggerate it – notwithstanding that she had been a dancer, she'd been on the public stage, giving a speech was really tough for her. There was an element right before of what can only be called stage fright. Did you ever sense that?
Chase: No. But actually I heard her do a lot of speaking and I think she got to a point where she was very good at it. I've read some of the things I thought, I didn't know she had done that – that was good what she did. But I think with the dancing, it probably wasn't as much dancing – it sounded good and it looks sort of exciting and everything. But I don't know that she ever was in a company, I doubt that.
Smith: My sense is that her father's death was always sort of tiptoed around a little bit. The question of whether it was an accident or suicide. Remember he died of carbon monoxide poisoning.
Chase: In a car?
Smith: In a car. Which begs the question. And I just wondered – going back almost to your first comment about her caution, withholding things, whether that was one of them. Susan has said, for example, they all assumed that he took his own life. But it seemed it was something that she was very, very uncomfortable with. Were there subjects that she really wanted to avoid or that you felt were painful?
Chase: I don't remember her ever talking about her father. But I was not in that place. Once I met her when they brought me out there and we started to work, and those people I could watch and see and know. But I never really knew anything about her early life. What she said I took as the right story.
Smith: That intrigues me.
Chase: She had an interesting thing with that first husband where she actually – he was not a great guy – and she was about to get rid of him, to divorce him, and he got sick and she stayed for two or three years and took care of this guy, and then when some miraculous thing happened where he got better, where everybody had said he was going to be dead tomorrow, and he got better, and then she left. And I thought that was an amazing thing. But by that time I know she didn't like the man, the man had disappointed her in many levels, she stayed for five or six years, I think, taking care of this guy. So she's done some good stuff. Stuff I wouldn't have done. I would have somehow got rid of him. But she just waited until he was better.
Smith: Do you think that experience made her reluctant to contemplate remarriage?
Chase: I don't know. I think, like a lot of us, she wanted to get out of the house and there he was. I don't remember if he was a big handsome man or what, but I don't think she knew much and she was young and had no idea what it was going to turn into. So I think a lot of it was just, "Oh, God, I have to help this guy," and she did it. I don't know many people that would.
Smith: If someone tells you something that you don't believe – or that is incomplete – or that needs in some ways to be challenged. Do you feel comfortable pushing people?
Chase: Once in a while. It's like when I said to her, you can't do that. And she said, yes, we can. But then she would do it. No, I had no problems at all with her, nor I guess, she with me. But I lived with them. I had to go to dinner and I had to whatever. Whatever house they were in, in the summer and the winter, I was there.
Smith: And how long was this period? Several weeks, several months? Or were there different periods when you would be with them.
Chase: I'm sure, but I cannot remember a single one. Whether it was a month that I was there, I would think maybe that was right.
Smith: For example, when the first book was about to be published, and that's when the intervention took place, and I think you added on chapters.
Chase: That was horrible because she didn't want it. The people from Random House, I guess it was Random House, said this book cannot be done unless – she had just come out – and the whole book was sweet and nice they were pointing out flowers in a nice glass of water, and here's this terrible thing – terrible for her because she did not want to be exposed like that. She was very unhappy about that. And there was nothing in the book about it – nothing. And so these people that were going to publish it just said we can't, we can't unless you put another chapter in and tell what's happened, we're not going to do it. And so she said she wasn't going to do it. She said no. So I said, well, the only thing I can tell you is you're not going to have the book because they are not going to do it. And she thought about it – she was already in the hospital – she thought about it and after a bit I think she wanted the book, and so she said, "Okay, Chris. Do it." So I wrote a whole thing – I don't remember it. But she did not want that known at all and she did not want that chapter in that book. I don't know how I got onto this.
Smith: But that's fascinating because it is a continuing form of denial.
Chase: Yes, and she wanted a million people knowing that she was a drunk, too. Because she was a very careful woman. She had very nice clothes, she kept her make up, her hair, everything was perfect, and I think the idea that she was some sodden drunk really outraged her.
Smith: That's fascinating. I think that is a core issue here, and I wonder – she was famously unpunctual.
Chase: I didn't know that.
Smith: Talk about opposites attracting – he was never late. And she was never on time. And it was sort of a joke in the family. And I've often wondered if, in fact, it was a manifestation of this perfectionism. That she was not going anywhere until she had done everything humanly possible to be as nearly perfect as she could. Which is a real burden, in some ways. It goes beyond liking clothes.
Chase: The whole world is so different. I remember at one House where a lot of people from China arrived with presents. People come to you when you're in that position, with big boxes as though it were Christmas. And they just sit there and open it up and thanking Mr. so and so. The whole world is so strange there to a regular person.
Smith: Can you explain to people who weren't around in 1974-75…
Chase: God, was it that long ago?
Smith: Well, what a big deal it was at the time of her cancer operation. And the degree to which breast cancer was in the closet. She really transformed public attitudes.
Chase: She did.
Smith: Describe what the attitude was then. What was it she changed?
Chase: I'm not sure. She talked about it, which most women would not have done, you know. And she talked about it loud and clear. She wanted women to know that there was a future and not to be so frightened and all that. She just did it.
Smith: It's hard, I think, for people today who take for granted the openness, to realize just how secretive the subject was.
Chase: I imagine it must have been very hard for her to make the decision to do it. But then she liked very much having helped. Why did she start that place, if she hadn't really been like that. She wanted to be somebody that was useful and that people would admire. I guess everybody does, but she did it.
Smith: As you say that, it occurs to me whether it was a conscious ambition or not, you stop to think; here was a woman who for much of her life, like millions of other women of her generation, had these talents, these skills, these latent abilities, but really didn't have outlets for them. And ironically by going public with her alcoholism, she created an institution, and arguably made a bigger impact on how ordinary people live their lives than some presidents ever do.
Chase: Absolutely. It's strange, I think, until the children all got there and said you've got to quit, I don't think she was taking anything very deeply. And then when she finally just said, okay, she never stopped. She said she had to go and be healthy and other people had to go and be healthy and build a place where people can go and be healthy. Once she decided to do it, she did it. She did it all the time. It was interesting because she was a pretty, young woman when it all started, and she liked good clothes. She was in so much trouble, remember when she had the face lift? And suddenly everybody, including my mother, said, "What a ridiculous woman." Up until then, everybody had thought about how she's a worker, she's out there helping everybody, and then this silly woman comes along and has a face lift. And people really were horrible to her about it, really, really bad. It cut off a lot of stuff, I don't remember what that was.
Smith: It made her seem frivolous?
Chase: Yes. And they wanted to think of her as this wonderful, strong woman.
Smith: You don't think of Mother Theresa getting a face lift.
Chase: Right, she's not going to do it. He asked her to do it, she won't do it. No, I think she was surprised that people didn't like it.
Smith: It's fascinating that you say that, because I've often thought – again, we all tend to put labels on people – there's a kind of shorthand and Washington does it more than any other town. And the fact is that she didn't fit into any obvious pigeonhole. On some things she was a traditionalist; and she was an activist. She was a pioneer, and she was a woman who worried about her husband and her children and her grandchildren and her face.
Chase: She was shocked, I think. When she said, "I'm going to have a beautiful face to go with my beautiful new life." It was something like that that she had said to people. And all these women were saying, "This is awful."
Smith: She also had a great one-liner. When people would ask her why did you have a face lift, she said she wanted to look like her portrait in the White House.
Chase: Great. It apparently hurt her in many ways that hadn't been expected. Not just by her but by other people that were working with her saying, "Oh, God, she's in deep shit now because people are saying this is a wonderful woman, all she thinks about is herself and her looks?" I remember that. She did send at one point one of the girls to test a doctor – to see if he could do something good. I think it was something at the knee or something, but she wanted a good doctor and had people looking around for that.
Smith: Did she have a lot of friends?
Chase: Yes, she had a lot of friends. A lot of actors and actresses – I mean I had dinner with a lot of those people that were friends of hers. She had a lot of friends, I think. The family had a lot of friends, you know.
Smith: When they were in Vail, they were beloved out there. Among other things, a lot of people think that they really put the place on the map.
Chase: I bet they did.
Smith: Particularly as a summer resort.
Smith: Did you go out to Colorado with them?
Chase: Yes. It is nice. I don't remember much, but they moved around a lot. I remember that thing that went up and somebody got caught in that. I was just thinking about those strange things. Always, though, Leonard was there a lot. He bought their stuff and his stuff right together, two houses. I had a house all to myself. He said to me one day, he said, "You don't want to be in the house with everybody all the time." And I said, "I don't care." And he said, "No, no, no. Right across, you go through these bushes and there is this beautiful little house and a lady comes and leaves cookies that have just come out of the oven." And I once had slept there – I had broken up the whole place because it was cold when I woke up this one morning, and I went to this place and tried to set _____________ and suddenly the whole house seemed to blow up. And I thought, "Oh my God, I've destroyed this entire place – and they've been so nice to me." And what it was, it was an earthquake, and I really believed that I was just standing there and everything was….and oh, they are going to kill me. I ruined this beautiful place. It was an earthquake. He's very useful.
Smith: Did the President check in at all while you were working?
Chase: Oh, sure. He would just tease us. I told you that one thing where he said, "Girls, girls, I wasn't elected." He would read something if we wanted him to, he didn't come around much, but he was there. They both actually had to fly a lot. God, I hated it. But sometimes it would be some little thing – she and I were sent to be someplace and it was a small plane, and there were just her and me and they brought us lunch on this little bitty plane. And then we came down and there was a red thing going all the way to the front. You know, you have this little bitty thing and you're going to make a speech in there. But there was a red carpet wherever she went. And you never touched – if you had to stay over and you had a bag – you never touched that. They picked that up and it was at the hotel when you got there. Very high living, really. I remember that. A lot of that was fun, a lot of it was irritating.
Smith: I think you said before that she was very conscious of her weight.
Chase: Oh, yes. She didn't eat a lot. No, she was very careful. And she kept her figure as long as I knew her.
Smith: Did she cook at all herself?
Chase: Never. Not once did I see it. Maybe I would have – I didn't know them then. I was thinking I don't know that she even cooked when she was home with the kids and everything. Because they had servants all the time. But no, I don't think she had any wishes to cook.
Smith: I know later she was a reader. She read quite a bit. Was that something you were aware of?
Chase: No, but I could have forgotten it. I've forgotten so much that it upsets me.
Smith: There were two books – was the first book judged successful? The Times of My Life.
Chase: Yes. That was a big lightweight, fun book, really. The other one…
Smith: Betty: Glad Awakening.
Chase: All about what she went though – good works and everything. It wasn't as much fun or as charming, I think as the first one, but it had news in it. It had some stuff that might help people.
Smith: Did you ever talk politics?
Chase: No. Sometimes if you're sitting at the table and they're arguing about something, you hear stuff.
Smith: Did you have a sense of what her cultural/social views were? She had a reputation, obviously, for being somewhat more liberal.
Chase: I don't think she ever would have gone against him, though. It was truly a Republican person. I don't know what she, in her heart, felt, but I don't think she ever blamed him for anything.
Smith: Did you ever hear them talk about Nixon?
Chase: Yes, I did. They despised each other, you know. I don't remember what it was, something I think that Betty felt – that he had wrecked her husband's chance at something. I don't even remember all that. Was it the presidency? Nixon and he had not liked each other at all, at all.
Smith: Do you remember the last time you saw her or had contact with her?
Chase: I have a bunch of letters, and none very recent at all. I would say maybe 1990. I haven't heard anything from her. And you don't want to do it yourself, you know, bother somebody. I never called her. I got a lot of phone calls, but I think she is tired. I haven't seen any pictures of her, haven't seen any stories of her. It's almost as if she were in a nunnery or something. I don't know, maybe she's just protected to go out and protected to go in, and that's it. I don't know what you'd feel like if you're a hundred and three years old.
Smith: How do you think she should be remembered?
Chase: It's hard to say because there is such a split. I was reading something the other day, and it was people saying what a silly woman she was, and how she got credit for all this stuff that other people did. Just really mean. It was a book review and it was perfectly nasty about her. And then there were other people that think she is a goddess. I think for the most part, people liked her. You didn't have to admire her, or think she was a wizard, but I think she was a nice woman and she was decent to people and she tried to help. So I don't know why anybody would go after her. But they do, they do just to get it in the paper. I'm surprised at that, especially because it was a woman that was printing it.
Smith: Well, she became in some ways a lightning rod for criticism, particularly from the social right. They objected to her views on abortion, and they objected to her support for the Equal Rights Amendment. There were people who thought she should have been a more traditionalist – not have outspoken political views of her own.
Chase: Yes, walk six miles behind him or something.
Smith: Although, apparently her husband didn't feel that way.
Chase: No, he didn't. He really liked her. I was surprised, when he died, I didn't know how old they were, and I just thought how could it be him that died. He's so strong and she was so much more fragile. I think she was surprised. It was awful.
Smith: Devastated.
Chase: Yes. Terrible.
Ford Family & Early Years
White House Staff, Cabinet & Administration
Nixon Pardon
Post-Presidency
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The German health system is in the midst of a process of fundamental change, with economic criteria becoming central to health care. Alongside other legislative reforms, the flat rate per case arrangements (G-DRG) introduced in 2004 especially are causing enormous changes in the working situation of hospital staff.
This Ph.D. project examines the consequences of this restructuring for actors in the hospital sector using qualitative problem-centered interviews at various levels of the hospital hierarchy. The sample comprises 21interviews, seven of which were conducted with management-level staff (including nursing managers, business managers, strategic managers). Fourteen interviews were conducted with nursing staff directly involved in patient care. This pluri-perspectival method provides insights into hierarchical structures. In order to paint the fullest possible picture, the interviews were conducted in a range of hospitals run by different types of organization (private, public, and voluntary sector). The study is designed to be explorative and explicitly seeks to capture the subjective perspectives of those who are directly affected by structural change in this sector.
The central research interest is the effects of legislative reforms on nursing staff, with interviews designed to elicit information on the influence of the introduction of new economic criteria on nursing work and whether this has led to a shift in the self-image of the profession. Management plays a central role in this restructuring process. According to Simon (2001), management concepts and senior managers' values play a decisive role in determining how external developments are translated into internal processes of change in hospitals. Comparison of the two interview spheres will reveal how management implements external change in the internal work environment of the hospital and what consequences ensue for nursing practice.
The initial results show that increased application of business management methods in hospitals leads to an intensification of work in the field of nursing and an acceleration of various processes, both on the nursing side and the management side.
For most nursing staff the new nursing arrangements create tensions. The new business principles are experienced as stressful and place nurses under pressure, as they are often incompatible with their professional ethos. The surveyed nursing staff regard caring for their patients as their priority. The holistic orientation on the individual patient that dominates in the interviews conflicts with the functionalization of patient care processes which is structurally embedded in the flat rate per case arrangements. The empirical findings suggest that nursing staff compensate this structural deterioration with individual (often voluntary and unpaid) responses in line with their nursing ethics and principles.
Interviews with managers show that they largely comply with economic requirements. Respondents describe an increase in business management activities required of nursing managers, hierarchical restructuring, and strategic reorientation of hospitals for a politically desired competition situation. Most management-level interviewees either accept business-led restructuring without question or see it as a positive development.
The findings reveal conflict between the logic of nursing and the business thinking that predominates at management level. The surveyed health system actors accordingly adopt the ideas of economization to different degrees. The new business orientation determines the normative alignment of many hospitals but is rejected by many of those involved in immediate patient care with reference to their specific professional ethos.


text:
Als DR-Baureihe E 63 (ab 1968: Baureihe 163) wurde eine Serie elektrischer Rangierlokomotiven der Deutschen Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (DRG) bezeichnet. Sie waren einige der wenigen elektrischen Lokomotiven in Deutschland, die ausschließlich für den Verschub beschafft wurden.

Geschichte
Mitte der 1930er Jahre bestand durch die fortschreitende Elektrifizierung weiterer Bedarf an elektrischen Rangierlokomotiven in Süddeutschland. Die Deutsche Reichsbahn wollte jedoch keine weiteren Maschinen der Baureihe E 60 mehr beschaffen, die Fortschritte im Bau von Elektrolokomotiven in dieser Zeit sollten den Bau einer laufachslosen Rangierlok erlauben. Außerdem sollten in Anbetracht der geringen Stückzahl möglichst viele vorhandene und erprobte Komponenten verwendet werden. Dazu lagen mehrere Entwürfe vor. Die Reichsbahn bestellte zunächst bei AEG vier und bei Krauss-Maffei/BBC drei Maschinen. Ganz sicher hat bei der Bestellung auch die SBB Ee 3/3 mit Pate gestanden, die schon seit 1927 ihre Gebrauchstauglichkeit unter Beweis stellen konnte.

So entstanden bei gleichen Abmessungen zwei auch äußerlich recht verschiedene Fahrzeugtypen. Beide Angebote nutzten ein leicht gekürztes und wenig modifiziertes Fahrgestell der E 60 mit drei stangengekuppelten Achsen und Blindwelle mit Schrägstangenantrieb Bauart Winterthur ohne Laufachse, genauso, wie auch die SBB Ee 3/3 ausgerüstet war. Die Unterschiede der beiden Lokomotivlieferungen kamen von den Unterschieden der Fahrmotoren, den Antrieb des Nockenschaltwerkes und anderer elektrischer Ausrüstungsteile her. Demzufolge war auch der Kastenaufbau der Lokomotiven etwas differenziert gestaltet worden.

E 63 01 bis 04 und 08
AEG lieferte 1935 vier Maschinen unter Verwendung von Motoren der E 18. Das Getriebe wurde für geringere Geschwindigkeiten und höhere Zugkräfte ausgelegt. Der Aufbau bestand aus einem langen, flachen und relativ niedrigen Vorbau vorne, dem Führerstand über den beiden hinteren Achsen und einem kurzen, flachen und ebenso niedrigen hinteren Vorbau. Zwei Lokomotiven wurden in Stuttgart und zwei in München stationiert. Im Zusammenhang mit der Elektrifizierung der Strecke Nürnberg–Leipzig–Berlin waren weitere Bestellungen geplant, bedingt durch den Beginn des Krieges kam aber nur noch E 63 08 zur Auslieferung. Mit ihr endete 1940 die Beschaffung elektrischer Rangierlokomotiven in Deutschland bis heute.

E 63 05 bis 07
Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Krauss-Maffei/BBC lieferte 1935 drei Maschinen unter Verwendung von Motoren der E 161. Auch hier wurde das Getriebe für geringere Geschwindigkeiten und höhere Zugkräfte ausgelegt. Der Aufbau bestand aus einem langen, abgeschrägten und relativ hohen Vorbau vorne, dem Führerstand über den beiden hinteren Achsen und einem kurzen, abgeschrägten und ebenso hohen hinteren Vorbau. Die drei Lokomotiven wurden in München stationiert.

Deutsche Bundesbahn
Alle acht Lokomotiven überstanden die Kriegsereignisse mit geringen Schäden, wurden repariert und wieder in Betrieb gesetzt. Die E 63 04 und 08 befanden sich in Bludenz/Österreich, kamen jedoch im Tausch gegen altösterreichische Lokomotiven zurück nach Deutschland. Die E 63 04 und 08 kamen nach Augsburg. Ab 1952 wurde die E 63 07 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen stationiert. Im Tausch gegen die E 60 05 ging die E 63 07 zurück nach München. 1959 kamen die E 63 05 bis 07 nach Augsburg und die E 63 04 und E 63 08 nach Stuttgart Hbf, so dass alle AEG-Maschinen nun in Stuttgart versammelt waren; die BBC-Maschinen blieben in Augsburg. Bei der 1960/61 durchgeführten Grundüberholung wurden die Loks mit Rangierübergängen über beiden Pufferbohlen versehen, es gab zusätzliche Fenster im Führerhaus, alle Fenster wurden in Gummi eingefasst, und der Anstrich wurde in rot statt des bisherigen grün ausgeführt. Im Jahre 1968 wurden die E 63 in Baureihe 163 umgezeichnet; zu dieser Zeit waren noch alle Maschinen im Einsatz. 1977 kam die 163 002 nach Augsburg zur Unterstützung der 163 005, da zu diesem Zeitpunkt alle anderen E 63 ihren Dienst quittieren mussten. 1978, nach Fristablauf der 163 005 kam die 163 002 noch nach Garmisch-Partenkirchen, wo die Lok 1979 als letzte dieser Gattung ausgemustert wurde.

Verbleib

Vier Maschinen der Baureihe E 63 sind erhalten geblieben (Stand 2014):
 E 63 01 als Denkmal aufgestellt auf dem Gelände des Betriebshof Stuttgart-Rosenstein, Eigentümer DB AG;
 E 63 02 kam nach der Ausmusterung 1979 in eine private Sammlung in Erlangen-Frauenaurach (siehe Foto). Seit 2011 befindet sie sich im Bayerischen Eisenbahnmuseum in Nördlingen und wurde dort 2013 betriebsfähig hergerichtet;
 E 63 05 befindet sich im Bahnpark Augsburg, ihr Eigentümer ist das DB Museum Nürnberg;
 E 63 08 im Süddeutschen Eisenbahnmuseum Heilbronn, Eigentümer DB Museum.

Technische Beschreibung
Die Ausführung der drei gekuppelten Achsen ist noch sehr der E 60 und somit einer halben E 91 entnommen; die erste und dritte Achse ist fest im Rahmen gelagert und die zweite hat ein seitliches Spiel von ±25 mm. Mit dieser Anordnung konnte die Lokomotive Gleisbögen von 180 m sicher befahren.

Der Rahmen war ein Plattenrahmen mit einer Stärke der Rahmenwangen von 25 mm ausgebildet. Versteift wurden sie durch die beiden Pufferbohlen, Querversteifungen und das als Gußstück ausgebildete Lager der Blindwelle. Die Lokomotiven von AEG besaßen ein Ballast mit einem Gewicht von 1,2 t. Die Lokomotiven besaßen als Gemeinsamkeiten ein geräumiges Führerhaus und vorne einen langen sowie hinten einen kurzen Vorbau aus blechverkleideten Formstahlgerippe. Bei den Lokomotiven von AEG waren die Vorbauten jeweils flacher als bei den BBC-Lokomotiven ausgebildet.

Der Schrägstangenantrieb Bauart Winterthur war für die starken Belastungen im Rangierdienst besonders stark ausgeführt, besonders die Lager. Das Übersetzungsverhältnis war auf Grund der unterschiedlichen Fahrmotoren unterschiedlich hergerichtet worden.

Jeweils unter dem vorderen Vorbau befand sich der tief gelagerte ölgekühlte Haupttransformator. Er besaß auf der Sekundärseite 14 Anzapfungen bei den Lokomotiven von AEG, 13 bei denen von BBC. Als Fahrmotor besaßen die Lokomotiven von AEG ein Fahrmotor der E 18, die Lokomotiven von BBC einen der E 16. Beides waren Einphasen-Reihenschlussmotoren mit Erreger-, Kompensations- und Wendepolwicklung. Die unterschiedlichen Motoren bedingten auch eine unterschiedliche Steuerung. Die Lokomotiven von AEG besaßen ein Nockenschaltwerk, das durch umsteuerbare Wechselstrommotoren betätigt wurde. Am Fahrschalter im Führerstand waren die Stellungen Auf, Fahrt, Ab und Null, ähnlich wie bei der E 18 vorhanden, es gab insgesamt 14 Dauerfahrstufen. Die Lokomotiven von BBC besaßen ebenso ein Nockenschaltwerk, aber eines durch einen Drehmagnet mit 13 Dauerfahrstufen.

Literatur
 Horst J. Obermayer: Taschenbuch Deutsche Elektrolokomotiven. 7. Auflage, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1986; ISBN 3-440-03754-1
 Dieter Bäzold, Günther Fiebig: Eisenbahn-Fahrzeug-Archiv Teil 4: Ellokarchiv. 6. Auflage, Transpress Verlag, Berlin 1987; ISBN 3-344-00173-6
 Ulrich Steuber: Rangierloks auf Reisen, in: Die DB vor 25 Jahren – 1982 (EK-Special 87), S. 94;

Weblinks

 Videofilm der E 63 05 im Bahnpark Augsburg
 Beschreibung der E 63 08 im Süddeutschen Eisenbahnmuseum Heilbronn|SEH
 Foto der E 63 08 im Süddeutschen Eisenbahnmuseum Heilbronn|SEH
 Gegenüberstellung der E 63 Bauart AEG und Bauart BBC
 Fotosammlung auf drehscheibe-online mit Darstellung der E 63 02
 Fotosammlung auf drehscheibe-online mit der E 63 07

Einzelnachweise

E 063
E063
Elektrolokomotive für Wechselstrom 15 kV 16,7 Hz
Schienenfahrzeug (AEG)
Schienenfahrzeug (Brown, Boveri & Cie.)
Schienenfahrzeug (Spurweite 1435 mm)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Giromancia (palabra que procede del griego: γῦρος —gyrós— que significa círculo) es una forma de adivinación mediante la que se pretende hacer predicciones utilizando la figura del círculo y las letras del abecedario. En la literatura se describen dos formas de practicar la giromancia.

Según los escritos de san Cipriano de Antioquía, citados por Francis Roland, una de ellas consistía en trazar un círculo en el suelo y diseminar sobre él las letras del alfabeto. La persona que hace la consulta se coloca en el centro y comienza a girar, cuando se marea y cae, cubre con su cuerpo las letras que darán la respuesta.

Otras fuentes citan otro método en que varias personas caminan alrededor de un círculo en cuyo centro se esparcían varias letras sueltas, posiblemente en hebreo. Si el círculo era muy pequeño y las vueltas se daban con rapidez; sobrevenía luego una especie de vértigo a cada uno de los que daban las vueltas que les hacía perder el equilibrio y a cada caída que uno daba cogía una letra. Cuando ya no había letra alguna dentro del círculo cada uno combinaba las letras que había cogido formando una o más palabras que consideraba como su signo o suerte futura.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Adivinación


Robin Roberts is returning to sports for one night, hosting ABC's coverage of the first round of the NFL draft on April 25.
The "Good Morning America" co-host was with ESPN from 1990 until 2005. She helped cover the draft and was a regular part of "NFL PrimeTime."
While ESPN's broadcast will focus on the Xs and Os of draft prospects, as well as how they will fit with their new teams, ABC's coverage will be geared more toward looking at what players overcame to get drafted as well as the role of their families along the way.
Roberts will be joined by the "ESPN College GameDay" crew for the coverage. This is the second year the draft will be on network television. Fox teamed with NFL Network for the first two nights last year.
The NFL draft will take place April 25-27 in Nashville.


text:
A new diagnostic method predicts which cancer patients will respond to immunothe
Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps the patient's immunological system to combat it and has a hugely positive impact in cancer treatments, even though it does not work in all cases: it is highly successful in some patients whereas in others it has little or no effect. Given the risks inherent in these procedures, a growing need has emerged to specify which patients are more likely to benefit from them, thus avoiding unnecessary exposure of those who will not benefit.
Fellow researchers from other centres in the Basque Country (Biocruces, PIE, BCAM), in Europe and the company FASTBASE Solutions Ltd have participated in the group led by Dr Larijani, who is also the director of the Centre for Therapeutic Innovation of the University of Bath (United Kingdom). The new predictive tool has been developed by using an advanced microscopy platform that identifies the interactions between the immune cells and the tumour cells and also informs about the activation state of the immune checkpoints that buffer the anti-tumour response.
The team has published its findings in the prestigious journal Cancer Research. Dr Larijani's team has analysed one immune checkpoint. In a healthy individual these checkpoints closely regulate the body's immune response, acting as a switch to prevent self-immune and inflammatory diseases.
Specifically, the immune checkpoint analysed comprises two proteins: PD-1 (present in immune cells known as T-lymphocytes) and PD-L1 (present in other types of immune cells and on the surface of many different types of tumours).
As a rule, when PD-1 on the surface of T-lymphocytes joins up with PD-L1 on the surface of other immune cells, it efficiently switches off the immune function of the T cell. And that is what tumour cells do: when PD-L1 is expressed on their surface, PD-1 is activated in the T-lymphocyte, so their anti-tumour function is deactivated and the tumour is allowed to survive and grow. The inhibitors used in immunotherapy function by interrupting the interaction between PD-L1 on the tumour and PD-1 in the T cell, thus restoring the patient's anti-tumour activity. This new tool determines the scope of the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction in a tumour biopsy by predicting whether therapy using checkpoint inhibitors is likely to bring significant clinical benefits.
"Right now, decisions about whether to proceed with checkpoint inhibitor treatment are simply based on whether PD-1 and PD-L1 are present in the biopsies rather than in their functional state. However, our work has shown that it is much more important to know that the two proteins actually interact and, therefore, that they are likely to have a functional impact on the survival of the tumour," said Prof Larijani.
University of the Basque Country
Related Immune Cells Articles from Brightsurf:
Gut immune cells may help send MS into remission
An international research team led by UCSF scientists has shown, for the first time, that gut immune cells travel to the brain during multiple sclerosis (MS) flare-ups in patients.
Immune cells sculpt circuits in the brain
Brain immune cells, called microglia, protect the brain from infection and inflammation.
How tumor cells evade the immune defense
Scientists are increasingly trying to use the body's own immune system to fight cancer.
Breast cancer cells can reprogram immune cells to assist in metastasis
Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center investigators report they have uncovered a new mechanism by which invasive breast cancer cells evade the immune system to metastasize, or spread, to other areas of the body.
Breast cancer cells turn killer immune cells into allies
Researchers at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine have discovered that breast cancer cells can alter the function of immune cells known as Natural killer (NK) cells so that instead of killing the cancer cells, they facilitate their spread to other parts of the body.
Engineered immune cells recognize, attack human and mouse solid-tumor cancer cells
CAR-T therapy has been used successfully in patients with blood cancers such as lymphoma and leukemia.
Mapping immune cells in brain tumors
It is not always possible to completely remove malignant brain tumors by surgery so that further treatment is necessary.
Nutrient deficiency in tumor cells attracts cells that suppress the immune system
A study led by IDIBELL researchers and published this week in the American journal PNAS shows that, by depriving tumor cells of glucose, they release a large number of signaling molecules.
Experience matters for immune cells
The discovery that immune T cells have a spectrum of responsiveness could shed light on how our immune system responds to infections and cancer, and what goes wrong in immune diseases.
Immune cells against Alzheimer's?
German researchers have developed a novel, experimental approach against Alzheimer's.
Read More: Immune Cells News and Immune Cells Current Events

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


International Scotch whisky society Keepers of the Quaich has bestowed five members with the rare privilege of Master of the Quaich.
Keepers of the Quaich was established by the Scotch whisky industry to "recognise the outstanding commitment" of those who produce or promote Scotch.
On Monday 26 March, 38 new members were inducted into the international society at a private ceremony at Blaire Castle in Blair Atholl.
Guests at the event were addressed by broadcaster and reporter Frank Gardner OBE, who was shot and injured while covering a story on Al-Qaeda in Saudi Arabia.
To qualify, new Keepers must have worked in the industry for a minimum of five years. To date, just over 2,600 men and women from more than 100 countries have received the honour.
The society will award only five Masters of the Quaich at each ceremony of induction. Masters must have been inducted as a Keeper over 10 years ago, and have made an "exceptional contribution" to Scotch whisky.
On the night, Peter Gordon, director of William Grant and Sons, became the society's 22nd Grand Master. Gordon, who is also a Master of the Quaich, will hold this position for two years.
"Scotch whisky was, and remains, the first global spirit and Keepers of the Quaich exists to recognise and celebrate the exceptional contribution of people working in all aspects of the industry, all over the world," said Peter Prentice, chairman of the Society.
The next banquet will be held on 8 October 2018.
Click through the following pages to learn more about the new Masters of the Quaich.


text:
Q: How to deserealize undefined and nested Hashtable structure with json.net How to deserealize undefined and nested Hashtable structure with json.net?
for example:
@"{"a" : {"b" : 1}}"
Hashtable data = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Hashtable>(json_str)

returns Newtonsoft.Json.Linq.JObject at data["a"], instead Hashtable

A: If the structure of the JSON is not known ahead of time, and the JSON does not contain any type metadata to help Json.Net figure things out, then Json.Net has no choice but to use JTokens (JObject, JProperty, JArray, JValue, etc.) to deserialize things into.  That is how it is designed to work.
If you prefer to work with Hashtables, it should be possible to convert the JToken object graph into a nested Hashtable structure after the deserialization, but I'm not sure you gain much by doing that.  You would be better off just learning how to read the data out of the JTokens directly.  (You would have to do so in order to do the conversion anyway.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Access to water shouldn't be too hard given I'll be travelling through one of the most populated countries in the world, but access to clean water will be. Read about how I'm going to overcome this problem.
One of the worries of an expedition is the medical side of things. What happens if I get injured or sick? Who can I rely on to ensure my safety? It's one of those things that you have very little control over, yet if the worst were to happen, you want to ensure you did everything in your power to ensure good health.
I joined a First Aid course to give myself the confidence, in preparation for my next expedition.


If you ski Lech, you get an exclusive resort in the Arlberg ski region. With a great snow record, a traditional village, lively après-ski and of course some excellent skiing and snowboarding across the Arlberg ski area. Read our review to find out all you need to know.
Lech in Austria's Vorarlberg region and it's close neighbour Zürs, are two very exclusive ski resorts that are part of a linked ski area in the Arlberg ski domain - 84 cable cars and lifts and 283 km of piste. With much skiing history, this is a traditional alpine village. Access is via Innsbruck, Friedrichshafen or Zurich - with Innsbruck being the simplest for transfers.
Excellent snow record, on average seven metres of snow falls here each winter. Extensive snow making facilities also exist.
Great resort for intermediates,lovely cruisy blues. Easy access by bus to the slopes of St Anton and other resorts in the Arlberg ski area.
Luxury accommodation abounds here with some very smart 5*hotels. Austrias most exclusive resort.
Very few challenging pistes for real experts, better for beginners and intermediates.
This is an expensive resort to stay in, budget accommodation does not really exist.
Apres ski here is rather posh, this is not the place for you if you want to have a rowdy time.
Great for beginners and young children, ski holidays in Lech offer highly rated ski schools and gentle nursery slopes in the centre of the village, while intermediates will find abundant choices right across the ski area. From warming yourself up on the Mohnenfluh mountain with it's cruisy blues through to the tougher pistes on the Rüfikopf there's well groomed pistes awaiting every morning.
So amongst the good intermediate slopes, there's also a wide range of steeper pistes, tree lined runs in Oberlech and long very cruisy blues to warm up or learn on. Expert skiers should look for off-piste challenges, or head over to St Anton. It's said that there's over 180km of off piste runs available to you - who are we to doubt! This is also a great location for boarders, with a park and a half-pipe and lots and lots of powder and off-piste challenges across the ski area. Whatever your level, you'll rarely find queues, due to good lifts and strict mountain limits.
If you ski Lech you are also in the ski region of Arlberg.
Accommodation in this ski resort is available in every category, but Lech favours the top, exclusive end. After a busy day on the slopes, you'll find plenty of restaurants, open-air snow bars, indoor bars and dancing, and thanks to the tunnel system, Oberlech is a traffic-free zone. This is a great village for real après-ski from the moment you finish your days on the slopes - whether that's 3pm or 5pm! Other activities available include a sports centre, indoor golf, curling, ice-skating, tobogganing, snowshoe walking, and winter walks. Those of a romantic disposition can try sleigh rides, and the children will enjoy feeding high-alpine game.
Lech is especially great for intermediates. But you will need to have quite a big wallet to stay here so this is not the best resort for those on tight budgets!
Lech is a truly beautiful resort to ski in. It has the chocolate box look that people often look for when they travel to Austria and also offers amazing views. The real downside of the resort is quite simply the price. It is the fairground for the rich and famous so expect to pay more here than you would elsewhere.
if you are looking for a package holiday to Lech then check out the deals that we have with leading tour operators. Or you may simply want to organise things yourself but want to find a good hotel room or chalet. Check out all our accommodation listings, compare and then simply book direct with the owners.
2. Great resort for intermediates.
3. east access to other resorts in the Arlberg ski area.
4. Amazing 5* hotels, this is a great luxury ski destination.
Is Lech Right for You?
If you are sure that Lech is the right resort for your next ski holiday then check out the holidays we have on offer and get booking now. If however you need more help why not let our Lech tailormade ski holidays service help you.
For many skiers and boarders a chalet is the epitome of a ski holiday. Many of us imagine staying in a chalet which is nestled in amongst the mountains with great ski in ski out opportunities. You would imagine that a place like Lech abounds with such properties, well you may be a bit disappointed.
In Lech you will find chalets, alongside apartments but this resort is really the home of the luxury hotel. You will certainly struggle if you are looking for a catered chalet so if it is a chalet you are looking for then you will need to accept the need to self cater!
So chalets do exist, the best place to look is the tourist office which has around 80 chalets on their books. If you do struggle to find a chalet then you may want to consider an apartment or why not look at some of the hotels available, this is after all the hotel resort.
5* and 4* hotels abound but there are also some good 3* hotels. If you were willing to pay for an expensive catered chalet why not look instead at the 5* Hotel Arlberg in the centre of the resort. You will pay up to £2000 per person per week but that may have been your budget for the chalet? If not then check out the 4* Hotel Sonnenburg.
Apartments can be a great option on a ski holiday. Many are now a million miles away from the concrete blocks that were built in the purpose built French resorts. Many are now architecturally designed and are airy, loft apartments with great facilities.
Lech is really a hotel based resort with an amazing array of 5* and 4* hotels. So if you are looking for cheap studio style apartments you will be disappointed. That said, whilst you wont find great value apartments you will find really good value B&B's and guesthouses so if money is tight check out these options.
Well apartments can generally work out cheaper than chalets and many apartment complexes now being built by the likes of MGM offer swimming pools, saunas and spas, faciltiies that some hotels don't even offer.
In addition, apartments can offer families and large groups greater space and freedom than some large chalets. Some also come catered and are ski in ski out. So don't discount apartments, they can offer really good value for money without compromising on quality.
Book your Lech hotel online through GoSki.co.uk and find a choice of ski hotels in Lech that you can choose from. Booking your winter break early means you often get the best deals.Ski hotels in Lech are available at all levels from budget through to luxury and you can book online and get confirmation within minutes from our partners, hotels.com. Regardless of the type of Lech hotel you want, you'll be nestled in the heart of the Arlberg ski area with a range of skiing hotels from locally-owned to larger companies.
Hotels can be a great choice for a ski holiday. Those that offer pools, saunas and spas are great for skiers and boarders coming off the slopes with aching limbs. Many hotels in ski resorts also offer great restaurants and apres ski meaning you really don't have to travel that far!
What Hotels are Available in Lech?
There are about 75 hotels to choose from in Lech, so this really is the hotel resort! You may struggle if you are looking for a budget hotel, 3* is about the best we can do. A good example here is the Hotel Stulzis or the Sporthotel Cresta which for Lech are good value.
If money is no object then there is the beautiful 5* Hotel Arlberg in the centre of the resort. There is also the amazing Hotel Gasthof Post which is a Relais & Chateux property. Really if its 5* you are looking for the list goes on. In Lech you will find luxury but at a price!
Lech is located in the West Arlberg region of Tirol in Western Austria.You can access Lech from 5 main airports including Friedrichshafen, Innsbruck, Salzburg, Munich and Zurich, so you have a good choice here.
The nearest airport is Innsbruck which is about 2 hours away. Easyjet now service Innsbruck so this could be a good choice. From Innsbruck you can easily travel by train and bus to the resort. The route from Innsbruck follows the main Inn valley motorway, do bear in mind though that in bad snow conditions the route through St Anton and St Christoph can be a little tricky.
Zurich may look to be further away on paper(it is 200km away) but it has a ski bus, the Arlberg Express, that runs every Friday, Saturday and Sunday during the winter season straight into Lech. This bus takes about 3 hours so is also a good option.
There is also a train you could get to Langen am Arlberg followed by a bus or a taxi. If you opt to drive from Zurich take the route via St Gallen and then join the Austrian motorway via Feldkirch up towards the Arlberg pass.
Compare Lech ski schools and then book or reserve your ski and snowboard lessons before you arrive in resort! Reserve your spaces in group or private lessons in Lech so saving yourself a lot of hassles!
Whether you want to have ski lessons or snowboard lessons, most Lech ski schools offer a wide range of options including half day lessons, private or group lessons. Use GoSki.co.uk to find out more.


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Expat Rossi Named New National Football Team Coach In Hungary
6 result(s) for george leekens
Former Budapest Honvéd coach Marco Rossi has taken over the reins of Hungary's national team after the previous incumbent George Leekens left the employment of the Hungarian Football Federation (MLSZ) by mutual consent.
Improved Hungary Slip To Single-Goal Loss Against Scotland
A much-improved performance from Hungary compared to their defeat to Kazakhstan last Friday was not rewarded as a second-half Matt Phillip goal proved enough to give visitors Scotland a 1-0 victory over Georges Leekens' team in the Groupama Aréna on Tuesday evening.
Leekens' First Match Ends In Defeat To Kazakhstan
Georges Leekens' first match in charge of Hungary ended in a 3-2 defeat against Kazakhstan in the Groupama Aréna on Friday.
Ferencváros & Videoton Battle It Out At Top Of NB I
Ferencváros sit three points clear of second-place Videoton with two thirds of the season completed, albeit Marko Nikolić's team have a game in hand after their away fixture to Honvéd was postponed due to inclement weather.
Leekens Names Extended Squad For Upcoming Kazakhstan & Scotland Matches
Hungary national team head coach Georges Leekens has recalled a number of experienced players to his extended squad for the upcoming friendly matches against Kazakhstan and Scotland, a squad which also sees a first call-up for Ferencváros central defender Kenneth Otigba.
Soccer - Georges Leekens Appointed National Coach
The Hungarian Football Association (MLSZ) has appointed Belgian trainer Georges Leekens, 68, as coach for Hungary's national eleven, the federation's website mlsz.hu reported.


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The Northeast Arc helps people with disabilities become full participants in the community; choosing for themselves how to live, learn, work, socialize and play.
Northeast Arc was founded in 1954 by parents of children with developmental disabilities who wanted to raise their sons and daughters as full members of the community. By having the courage to challenge professionals who told them their children could not be educated and would not live to become adults, these parents created the systems that enabled them to attend public schools, develop friendships, reside in the neighborhoods of their choice and to earn a paycheck. Over the years, our programs have expanded to support children and adults with a broader range of disabilities, including autism and physical disabilities. Today we serve approximately 15,000 people in nearly 190 cities and towns. The goal of the Northeast Arc is to ensure that children and adults with disabilities are able to live, work, engage in civic life and play in the community. We work toward that goal by offering a wide variety of programs including Autism Services, Day Habilitation, Deaf Services, Early Intervention, Employment Services, Family Support, Personal Care Assistance, Recreation, Residential and Transition Services. Northeast Arc is overseen by a volunteer Board of Directors composed of individuals with disabilities, parents and siblings of people with disabilities, and business and community leaders. Programs are operated by a professional staff led by a Chief Executive Officer with 35 years of experience at the helm of the organization, and are supported by a large volunteer corps.
Create and foster an environment in which people of all backgrounds and abilities can communicate openly and respectfully, and learn from each other.
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"I know a predator when I see one": Kamala Harris
While making this comment about President Donald Trump in her acceptance speech at the Democratic National Convention, Harris echoed the dismay of many at Trump's lack of competence and empathy
By Kenneth Tiven in Washington
Night 3 of the Democratic Party's virtual convention gave Kamala Harris, the daughter of an Indian mother and a Jamaican father, a chance to tell the American people why she as vice-president and Joe Biden should be elected to lead the USA in November's presidential elections.
In her acceptance speech she told how Shyamala Gopalan Harris came to America to study to become a cancer researcher. How her mother pushed her in a baby stroller on civil rights marches in Northern California.
She echoed the dismay of many at the lack of competence and empathy from President Trump, saying let's fight with commitment, so when our grandchildren will ask, what was it like when the stakes were so high, we will tell them what we did. She had several short and sharp remarks, aimed in the direction of the president: "I know a predatorwhen I see one," and "There is no vaccine for racism."
It was a night for policy issues, including gun violence, climate change, jobs, immigration, and women's rights on the 100th anniversary of their right to vote. These were introduced with well-produced visual packages and commented on by speakers, almost all of who were women.
These policy issues were largely ones that eluded President Barack Obama when Democrats lost control of the Congress in the second half of his first term. It gave the evening the feel of an unfinished business list before the Republicans seized the White House.
In a very concrete way Obama contrasted what Democrats would do to reclaim better lives for people from what has happened with a Trump Administration. In a pointed reference to Trump's "Only I can Fix It" speech in 2016, Obama said, "No single American can fix this country alone." Vote, he urged in an emotional moment, "Do not let them take away your power. Do not let them take away your democracy."
Hillary Clinton, beaten by Trump because of how the Electoral College works versus her winning the popular vote, reminded viewers of how important every vote is. She said that an overwhelming victory would cancel out the whining from the Republicans about rigged elections.
She said, "I wish Donald Trump knew how to be a president, because America needs a president right now…remember back in 2016 when Trump asked, 'What do you have to lose?' Well, now we know."
Senator Elizabeth Warren, a primary opponent of Biden, was direct in listing Trump's faults and "those who enabled him." She focused her attention on the issue of childcare, saying it was time it was treated with proper pay and dignity because it is the infrastructure of most families.
This was the first evening where there were some extended moments of technical trouble with the production of a programme depending on hundreds of video clips and live feeds via Internet from around the nation. No explanation was offered.
In general, it was again an appeal to women and others who had voted for Trump in 2016 and now had a better notion of what it was they got in return, usually explained as the death of 170,000 Americans in an anemic and chaotic response to the Covid-19 pandemic, plus the collapse of the economy and unemployment.
The empty stage and hall when Senator Harris spoke was easily a metaphor for the emptiness of so many homes where the corona virus has taken a life. It is difficult to give a strong speech when there is no audience feedback to pump up the person speaking. She focused on the camera as if she was speaking to a single person and communicated her message. Only after she finished did the picture of the virtual audience matrix appear with the applause and her reaction to it.
—The writer has worked in senior positions at The Washington Post, NBC, ABC and CNN and also consults for several Indian channels
Kenneth Tiven
US President Donald Trump
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Very low viscosity synthetic resin for waterproofing against rising damp (wicking moisture) even in case of high moisture and salt contents in the masonry. Due to its very low density and its surface tension which is considerably lower than that of water, KÖSTER Crisin 76 Concentrate displaces water from the capillaries. After full cure, KÖSTER Crisin 76 Concentrate remains elastic and does not rot. Density: 0.91 g/cm³, viscosity 15 mPa · s. KÖSTER Crisin 76 Concentrate is resistant to all aggressive media which are usually encountered in masonry such as acids, alkalis and salts, during application as well as after full cure. Tested according to WTA guidelines. Together with KÖSTER Restoration Plasters it is suitable for the restoration of masonry.


100 years since Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity!
Today is the international day for the Centennial of the discovery of superconductivity.
I guess we could have used some of these events or networks for valorisation. And it is not really too late, the whole year 2011 is the year of superconductivity and some events are going to happen later this year. Obviously we cannot attend personally, but we could send a leaflet or information email. What do you think, Wim?


One of the most distinctive elements of the MyPath program is the intentionality that is placed on designing and developing the Transition Team. In keeping with our youth empowerment model, this team will be youth-directed.
A critical component of the MyPath Transition Team is the role of the Support Family. These community volunteers will supplement and strengthen the youth's existing supportive relationships by serving in a mentoring-like role.
Unlike many mentoring relationships, the Support Family will be advised to avoid being directive in their coaching, but focusing instead on developing a youth-adult partnership of mutual learning. The Support Family will be guided to take a posture of encouraging and supporting the young adult as they learn to take ownership and responsibility of their own goals and decisions.
The role of Support Family is not limited to married and single parents with children. Any adult at least 21 years old can volunteer to serve as Support Family for the youth in our program. Their primary role is to commit to a family-like relationship of caring, encouragement and supportive coaching.
The Youthrive Transition Advocate is a trained social work professional that will be dedicated to working with the youth and the Transition Team. In addition to helping the young person build an effective team, the Transition Advocate will also serve as an ongoing support to our Support Families.


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Il regno
Stefano Uroš V fu l'unico figlio di Stefano Uroš IV Dušan e di Elena, sorella dello zar Ivan Alessandro di Bulgaria. Nel 1346, fu incoronato re della Serbia, mentre suo padre manteneva il titolo di Imperatore dei Serbi e dei Greci; alla morte del genitore, nel 1355 assunse egli stesso la corona imperiale.

Fu soprannominato Nejaki, ossia debole, a causa della sua indole totalmente diversa da quella di suo padre: non prese mai su di sé tutto il potere, ma si lasciò influenzare dalla madre e dai notabili di corte. Non fu in grado di governare sul grande impero creato da Dušan, lasciando che nelle diverse regioni l'aristocrazia locale avesse larghi spazi di autonomia.

Tra i notabili, suo zio Simeone Uroš Paleologo tentò di impadronirsi del trono nel 1356, ma fu sconfitto e si ritirò in un territorio che comprendeva la Tessaglia e l'Epiro di cui si nominò signore, sottraendosi al governo centrale. Tra i feudatari, Jovan Uglješa, che governava la Travunia, fu nominato dalla regina Elena, despota (župan) della regione del fiume Strimone con capitale Serres e si sciolse dal vincolo feudale con la corona serba. Nikola Altomanović che regnava sul Principato di Zeta trasformò l'autonomia del proprio feudo in una indipendenza de facto. Il signore della Zahumlje, Vukašin Mrnjavčević, che era stato nominato despota della regione macedone di Prilep dall'imperatore Dušan, assunse una sempre maggior importanza tra la nobiltà serba, e nel 1365 fu creato coimperatore da Stefano Uroš V. Il sovrano serbo non aveva figli e decise di affidare la continuità dinastica a questo importante condottiero che aveva la discendenza assicurata dal figlio Marko.

I conflitti e la fine dell'Impero
La nomina di Mrnjavčević a coimperatore creò un forte malcontento tra gli altri župan serbi che lo consideravano un usurpatore. Le tensioni sfociarono in una battaglia combattuta presso la città di Zvečan in Kosovo, tra le armate della nobiltà feudale guidata dal principe Lazar Hrebeljanović alle quali si unì anche l'imperatore che cominciava a temerne il potere, e quelle dei fratelli Mrnjavčević, Vukašin e Jovan Uglješa. L'esercito alleato fu sconfitto, Uroš V venne catturato e il principe Vukašin assunse praticamente tutti i poteri imperiali, relegando il sovrano ad una figura puramente rappresentativa.

Nel frattempo, l'Impero ottomano aveva iniziato ad invadere i Balcani già dal 1360 con lo sbarco a Gallipoli, e i signori feudali erano sempre stati sconfitti nel cercare di arrestarne l'avanzata. Le divergenze e i rancori tra i notabili, allora, furono messi da parte nel 1371, quando ogni župan inviò una propria armata per formare un esercito serbo che sconfiggesse i turchi. Il 26 settembre 1371, lo schieramento serbo guidato dai fratelli Mrnjavčević e quello ottomano di Lala Şahin Paşa si affrontarono presso il villaggio trace di Trigono in una battaglia disastrosa per le forze slave. Le armate serbe vennero distrutte, e i condottieri uccisi.

La disfatta e la morte di Mrnjavčević segnarono la fine dell'impero serbo: l'inconsistenza del potere imperiale spinse gli župan a ricominciare con le rivalità; ognuno di loro consolidò il proprio potere nei territori su cui regnava, e alcuni allargarono i confini a scapito delle regioni vicine.

Nella Macedonia occidentale, dopo la morte del padre, prese il potere il principe Marko Mrnjavčević, in quella orientale i turchi lasciarono sul trono il despota Costantino Dragaš che divenne tributario di Bisanzio. Nella Serbia occidentale restò sul trono Nikola Altomanović, il Kosovo meridionale e la Metochia furono occupati da Vuk Branković che da Prizren in cui aveva la capitale del suo feudo si spinse fino al nord della Macedonia. La regione della Serbia centrale era governata da Lazar Hrebeljanović che si sipinse al nord del Kosovo, mentre il Principato di Zeta dove regnavano i Balšići allargò i propri confini al nord dell'Albania; in Bosnia il principe Tvrtko I Kotromanić consolidò il proprio potere fino a nominarsi re.

Stefano Uroš V, ormai privo di ogni ruolo politico, tra il 2 e il 4 settembre 1371 morì. Viene considerato santo dalla Chiesa ortodossa serba.

Note

Bibliografia
 John Van Antwerp Fine Jr., The Late Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1987.

Voci correlate
 Sovrani di Serbia
 Storia della Serbia
 Impero serbo

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Zar dei Serbi
Stefano Uros
Stefano Uros
Stefano Uros
Santi della Chiesa ortodossa


A new process for water filtration using carbon dioxide consumes one thousand times less energy than conventional methods.
The research was led by University of Limerick's Dr Orest Shardt together with Dr Sangwoo Shin (now at University of Hawaii, Manoa), while they were post doctoral researchers at Princeton University last year.
With global demand for clean water increasing, there is a continuing need to improve the performance of water treatment processes. This new method which uses CO2 could be applied in a variety of industries such as mining, food and beverage production, pharmaceutical manufacturing and water treatment.
The research indicates that the new process could be easily scaled up, suggesting the technique could be particularly beneficial in both the developing and developed worlds. The new method could also be used to remove bacteria and viruses without chlorination or ultraviolet treatment.
Eventually, this new method could be used to clean water for human consumption or to treat effluent from industrial facilities.


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Q: WCF + Entity Framework design I was wondering how to design this best..
On my ASP.NET MVC application I have a database and I want to use a WCF to handle all my interaction with that database through EF. So I've create a Entity Model on the service which I use to interact with the database. In order to interact with the WCF from the ASP.NET app I've created DTO's for each EF model (I only have 3) and a Converter class to convert from the EF models to the DTO's and vice versa.
On a side-note.. would it be possible to avoid using DTO's and just transfer the EF models instead? - I've tried, but with no luck as the client asp.net app doesnt recognize these models.
Is this a suitable way of designing this or would another approach be better?
Thanks in advance. :)

A: This architecture is indeed used in situations where business logic and data access logic is deployed on another server then asp.net frontend. Reason for such architecture can be company policy, security, scalability, etc. But usually it is for bigger projects.
You said that you have 3 "EF models". Does it mean that you have 3 EDMXs files or 3 entities? If you mean 3 entities than your project is probably very small and unless you really must use this architecture (direct requirement) or unless you are doing just some test project there is no reason to do that.
How do you use DTOs? Is it just (or very close) 1:1 mapping to EF entity? In such case you missed DTOs purpose and you most probably don't need them. If your service exposes CRUD operations you can use EF entities directly (but you must use POCO or STE).
Moreover if you just want to expose EF model as CRUD service you should check WCF Data Services.


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More than 8,000 in Texas hospitals for 1st time since summer
Volunteer Daisy Valdivia, left, of Forth Worth, Texas, takes down information from a person waiting in line to receive food items during a Tarrant Area Food Bank mobile pantry distribution event in Arlington, Texas, Friday, Nov. 20, 2020. Thanksgiving holiday ... more >
By - Associated Press - Friday, November 20, 2020
AUSTIN, Texas (AP) - Texas surpassed 8,000 hospitalized coronavirus patients Friday for the first time since a deadly summer surge as doctors amplified pleas to keep Thanksgiving gatherings small.
The worsening surge of cases has El Paso County - where the pandemic is blamed for more than 300 deaths since October - now searching for prospective morgue workers. County leaders are offering $27 an hour for work they describe as not only physically arduous but "emotionally taxing as well."
The job posting comes as El Paso is already paying jail inmates to move bodies and has 10 refrigerated trucks as morgues began to overflow.
Texas reported more than 11,700 new cases Friday, the second-highest daily total of the pandemic. More than 8,100 virus patients are hospitalized, the most since early August.
The Texas Hospital Association, the industry group representing more than 500 hospitals, issued a new appeal for families to keep holiday gatherings "very small" as doctors and nurses struggle to keep up with rising caseloads.
"They are tired and emotionally drained. They are worried about their own families," the organization said in a statement.
Republican Gov. Greg Abbott has ruled out another shutdown and accused local leaders of not enforcing restrictions already in place.
Copyright © 2021 The Washington Times, LLC.


2018 started on a 'splitville' note as some of our favourite celebrities, including rapper Common, Usher, Jennifer Aniston and Tisha Campbell-Martin announced that they were separating from their partners. Even with our different backgrounds, a break-up is a painful experience we share in common but it's how we deal with them that makes us unique as individuals.
When 32-year-old Palesa Mofokeng found out she was pregnant with her second child, she felt devastated because she knew deep down that her five-year relationship with Themba was drawing to an end. Things were no longer the same between them and what made things worse was that Themba kept cheating on her, which put a strain on their relationship.
Fed up and enraged, Palesa ended the relationship in 2017 and hasn't made contact with her ex-boyfriend since.
Many people will relate to Palesa, whose story might be different from theirs but know how painful a break-up is. Like Palesa, many ex couples share a bond, such as children, property or businesses that don't make it that simple for them to untie their relationship completely. For that reason, many are compelled to maintain a healthy relationship for the sake of factors bigger than their break-up.
Everyone has a break-up story to tell, whether married or not. According to a finding from 'Statistic South Africa on Marriages and Divorces' published in 2016 fewer people are getting married, while divorce rates are sky rocketing with more than 24 000 cases being recorded. Of these numbers, surprisingly it's black women at the average age of 40, who were leading with 37,1%. The report added that couples filling divorce courts have children below the ages of 18.
Breaking up with someone you once saw your future with is never easy and it often leaves you feeling emotionally scarred, hurt and even depressed. Cape Town based relationship coach, Shelly Lewin adds that, when it comes to break-ups, there is a sense of loss that you have to mourn. She further explains that when you are heartbroken you become 'future broken' as well because your hopes, dreams and plans for the future didn't pan out the way you anticipated. Bowing out of a relationship means that you have to allow yourself to mourn and come to terms with the break-up.
So how can one accept closing a chapter of your love story? Shelly recommends that you have to move on and stop playing games and trying to hurt or manipulate your ex. In other words, accepting what has happened.
Life coach Rudzani Mashige adds that every person deals with a break-up in their own personal way, however, the common effect of a break-up is how it affects our emotions.
To be frank, things might not be that simple, especially when children are not the only factor involved.
Break-ups can affect others around you, especially children. When this is the case it's important to set your feelings aside and focus on their wellbeing. Shelly advises that the best way to maintain any relationship is to be respectful, co-operative and collaborative, especially when you have to be in the same environment like the workplace, running a business or when you have to co-parent.
Thembi also suggests that you introduce a new partner to your children only if you are sure of the stability of the relationship.
What happens then if you had the same circle of close friends? Who should give them up, since relationships with common friends may become divided, difficult and even awkward when you go through a break-up or a divorce?
Rudzani advises that, since not everything will go your way, it's better for you to establish new friendships and relations with other people, different from your common circle of friends, especially when you are still going through the healing process. This doesn't mean you have to cut off your friends completely, as long as they understand you are not comfortable to talk about or be in the same space as your ex.
Other factors to consider when going through your divorce is separating a shared property that was once your dream home.
Rudzani suggests that the best way to deal with that is going through a legal route. Dividing assets can cause a lot of bitterness and tension. Fortunately, there are various channels that couples can use to separate their assets, including a legal divorce, or a divorce mediation. "Lawyers can assist the couple in dividing their assets, enabling the individuals to reach financial autonomy, after the divorce is finalised," says Rudzani. It might be quite difficult to divide assets if you were cohabiting, especially if there was no legal contract from the beginning, but a divorce mediation can ease the stress of separating assets. According to Rudzani, divorce mediation refers to a process in which you involve a third party, such as family, legal advisor or a marriage counsellor, to assist in resolving disputes about separation of assets, co-parenting or managing a joint business.
While bad relationship experiences might convince us that the notion of a happily ever after only exists in fiction, healing, forgiving and maintaining a good relationship with your ex is a possibility that can only exist in your reality. Maintaining a healthy relationship once you break up must be a joined effort, especially when children and other important factors are involved.
The post 'Maintaining a good relationship with your ex' appeared first on Bona magazine.


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John Brown  (22 September 1810 – 11 May 1882) was a Scottish physician and essayist known for his three-volume Horae Subsecivae (Leisure Hours, 1858), containing essays and papers on art, medical history and biography. Best remembered are his dog story "Rab and his Friends" (1859) and his essays "Pet Marjorie" (1863), on Marjorie Fleming, the ten-year-old prodigy and alleged "pet" of Walter Scott, "Our Dogs", "Minchmoor", and "The Enterkine". Brown was half-brother to the organic chemist Alexander Crum Brown.

Life

Brown was born in Biggar, Scotland, the son of Jane (née Nimmo) and clergyman John Brown (1784–1858). His mother died when he was six years old.

Brown, who was descended from eminent Presbyterian clergy, was educated at the Edinburgh High School. In 1833, he graduated with an MD from the University of Edinburgh, and practised as a physician in the city. After qualifying, he was apprenticed to James Syme. Brown subsequently acquired a large medical practice in Edinburgh at a time when infectious diseases took a heavy toll of life.

Brown's house at 23 Rutland Street was the scene of many social gatherings. In 1840 he married Catherine Scott McKay and together they had three children; a daughter who died shortly after birth, another daughter, Helen, who was to marry Captain Alexander Laws, and a son "Jock" Brown. Helen Laws moved to Ireland and outlived her father. However, Jock was to survive into the 20th century and worked hard to pay tribute to his father, collecting all his letters, and working to erect a plaque on his house which remains to this day. In 1847, Brown became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, and for a while was Honorary Librarian. He held strong views on the inappropriateness of examinations for evaluating student progress and was unimpressed by the view that scientific advances were in patients' best interests.

Brown was the friend of many contemporaries, including Thackeray and Mark Twain. His reputation is based on the two volumes of essays, Horae Subsecivae (Leisure Hours) (1858, 1861), John Leech and Other Papers (1882), Rab and His Friends (1859), and Marjorie Fleming: a Sketch (1863) (generally called Pet Marjorie). His first writing was in response to a request for contributions to the notices of paintings exhibited by the Royal Scottish Academy. The editor of the Scotsman newspaper then asked him to write regularly for the paper. He was 48 years old when he published Rab and His Friends. His writings were philosophical, classical, artistic, medical, of rural life, the Jacobite Rebellion, notable characters, humble folk and canine friends. These were published as a collection in 1858 as Horæ Subsecivæ, which ran to many editions. The first volume deals mainly with the equipment and duties of a physician, the second with subjects outside his profession.

Brown was revered and beloved to uncommon degree, and he was the cherished friend of many distinguished contemporaries, including Thackeray. Among those whose writing he encouraged was Henrietta Keddie, then a schoolgirl in Leith, who would become a prolific novelist and writer for children. In the mingling of tenderness and delicate humour, Brown has much in common with Lamb; in his insight into dog-nature he is unique. He wrote comparatively little; but all he wrote is good, some of it perfect of its kind.

Brown suffered during the latter years of his life from attacks of melancholy. He died at home at 23 Rutland Street in Edinburgh. on 11 May 1882, and was buried in his father's plot in New Calton Cemetery. The grave lies on the western side on the edge of one of the terraces. The inscription to Brown and the base and are largely obscured, but it is confirmed by his mother's name above.

Family
In 1840, Brown married Catherine Scott McKay (1819–1864).

Publications
The Life of Dr Henry Marshall
Pet Marjorie
The Little Book of Children

Memorials
In 1923 a plaque was erected to Brown in the south-west corner of St Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh. It was sculpted by Pilkington Jackson.

References

Further reading

Martin Eastwood (2010),"John Brown (1810–1882)" Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 40: pp. 281–282,
E. T. McLaren (1890),Dr John Brown and his Sister Isabella (4th edition)
Letters of Dr John Brown, edited by his son and U.W. Forrest, with biography by ET McLaren (1907)
Alexander Peddie (1893), Recollections of Dr. John Brown Percival and Company, London,

The Reader's Encyclopedia

External links

1810 births
1882 deaths
Scottish essayists
19th-century Scottish medical doctors
19th-century Scottish people
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
People from Biggar, South Lanarkshire
Burials at the New Calton Burial Ground
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
19th-century essayists