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Category: Cyber Law
Cyber Law November 17, 2022
Moonlighting and data security issue for children by Dr.Debarati Halder
Photo courtesy : Internet
Off late several companies had become extremely concerned for moonlighting by their employees. Moonlighting is a term that signifies involving in a second job for profit while being in a full time employment. The 2020 covid pandemic has increased the tendency for moonlighting for employees in several companies including the tech companies as most of the workplaces reduced the salaries of employees and this caused huge financial tension for many. Legally moonlighting may or may not be safe for many: many European countries, US, Canada, Australia etc, may allow employees for moonlighting. Even academicians including teachers, university professors may also choose for a second job when they are off duty. But the problem arises when the employees go for moonlighting with the company data.
Why and how Moonlighting becomes an offence and who are the victims? in 2022, Tesla terminated an employee for showcasing and discussing certain automobile features in his YouTube channel. Interestingly running a YouTube channel had not been considered as moonlighting even though such activities may help the YouTuber to earn profit. But this was considered as offensive by the company because the employee actually criticised certain products using the company data which only he could access being an employee. Now consider the other side of the coin: if this employee had secretly sold the company data to other competing company for profit or may had been engaged in moonlighting works like consumer preference analysis, product marketability analysis, business analysis or even employee data analysis with the help of the confidential data of his employer company, he would have been definitely subjected for legal liabilities and he may even have the chance for being jailed. This may no longer remain simple harmless moonlighting. Rather, it may involve data privacy breach by the concerned employee because he may have violated the integrity and confidentiality of the data owned and maintained by the companies.
Here we have to understand the types of the data and the types of the 'victims' that may be affected:
First victim would be the company itself as the company secrets including trade secrets would be affected. The designs, company logo, manufacturing process, company policies for marketing, specific software etc, may fall within the meaning of company's intellectual properties which many employees fail to acknowledge or may not know.
The second typology of the victims has a wider scope than the first: it includes individuals and their personal data that may have been collected by the companies in the name of customer data, patient data, government beneficiary data, banking related data etc. Presently almost all companies have become body corporates who collect certain kinds of personal as well as sensitive persona data: Tesla itself collects customer data that may include sensitive personal data like birthdates, banking information, social security numbers etc. There are several big tech companies that may be involved directly or indirectly involved in government data collection and processing work.
Moonlighting with such data may become extremely dangerous for the second type of the victims, especially children. There are 5 basic reasons for this:
Children's data including health data, school data, parent's financial data etc, may be misused by different types of perpetrators. This may also aide in physical space kidnapping, abduction and assault on the child.
Profiles of children may be sold to criminal gangs operating in deep and dark nets for online child sexual abuse related purposes. Often job seekers or individuals looking for moonlighting opportunities may fall in the trap of such gangs who may make them sell such sensitive personal data for a handsome amount. Here the criminal gangs may finely create a very much convincing agreement for the job seekers that in reality may not have much legal value as employer-employee contract. But the language of such agreements may be so finely constructed that it may actually make the employee fall in legal trouble if the entire operation is unearthed by the law enforcement agencies while the actual criminals may escape the clutches of the law.
Child and adolescent victims may not be aware of the victimhood unless they are made aware of the data breach by their peers or by the acquaintances of their parents. Resultant, their online and offline security may be hugely breached and it may be beyond repairing especially for children who may come from socio-economically challenged backgrounds.
Such kind of illegal moonlighting may enlarge the risks of ransom attacks for hospital, schools, public welfare data etc.
Companies or stakeholders who are engaged in the outsourced work of data collection, processing may also have to face legal action for not providing proper security to the confidential data. In such cases these cases may be held primarily liable as the burden of proof for innocence and strict diligence complied with may fall on the companies.
What is the way out then? EU General Data Protection Regulation has emphasised on the issue of privacy, security and consent for data collection, data processing, data archiving etc. Even though EUGDPR does not mention about moonlighting with confidential data as an offensive behaviour, it however focuses on right to privacy, data collection and processing rules etc. We also have to look into several international conventions including the 2001 Budapest cybercrime conventions which throws light on content related online crimes, intellectual property rights related crimes and online child abuse related issues. All these prohibit data theft and unethical profit gain from misuse of data. Moonlighting with public, personal and sensitive confidential personal data falls off from the line of ethical moonlighting on the basis of skills of the job seeker/employee and thereby it becomes a punishable offence. But we must note that moonlighting with data involving children can be extremely dangerous because immediate harm to children may not be repaired by restorative and reparative justice quickly. But there is still a silver lining behind the vicious cloud of malicious data and activities. Companies and body corporates who primarily deal with public and personal data of general individuals can strengthen their data protection mechanism by applying stricter surveillance on the access on the said data, purpose of access to such data and mapping footprints of the usage of such data. They may also apply stricter policies against moonlighting especially against those employees who may directly deal with confidential data. Further, punishment for such kinds of moonlighting may not be restricted to termination and other penal actions by the primary companies alone. Such employee must also be made liable for breaching the data confidentiality of the children and he must be made to cooperate with the criminal justice machinery to track the data, pull down the data from vicious domains and also should be responsible for payment of compensation. Above all, courts must also consider banning them from using multiple profiles and they must be put under surveillance for their usage of information and communication technology.
Filed under: cybercrimes against children, Cyberlaws, Data security, moonlighting
cyber crime against women, Cyber Law June 8, 2022
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Derbyshire Police community security officer who was in charge for safeguarding children from cyber crimes gets 27 months sentence from Derby Crown court for filming, possesing and unauthorized distribution of images of children in the changing rooms.
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-derbyshire-61645416
Pakistani nationals get arrested for secretly filming women in Turkey and sharing objectionable images of them on social media.
https://tribune.com.pk/story/2359589/two-pakistanis-arrested-for-secretly-filming-women-in-turkey
Nepali women strengthen their protest against sexual exploitation through #metoo movement on the social media and share horrific details of such exploitation over social media platforms.
https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/05/21/metoo-gathers-force-but-calls-for-sustained-movement
Male university student from Nigeria posing as American widow pleads guilty in the court for defrauding and impostering for fraudulent monetary gain from victims. Court awards conviction and strict punishment.
https://tribuneonlineng.com/court-sentences-fake-american-widow-to-3-years-imprisonment-in-kwara/
Filed under: #metoo, cyber crime against women, cyberbullying, onlineharassment, Trolling, voyeurism
cyber crime against women, Cyber Law, Editor's column April 22, 2021 April 22, 2021
Is using electronic payment mode mandatory?
We are facing challenge of Covid-19 restrictions. A whole generation is facing another unique challenge. Many senior citizens and people from socio-backward classes and communities are unable to exercise their basic right to life because they may be unable to use the electronic payment mechanisms.
By the end of 1990's electronic commerce started getting popularity and almost by the first half of the millennium, banks of several countries had expanded their services for electronic money transactions. Soon plastic money in the forms of ATM, credit, debit cards etc., were introduced and the smart generation started relying more on plastic money rather than carrying currency in their wallets. But this proved dangerous for majority. There were physical theft of wallets and the cards, misuse of the cards, hacking of e banking systems which directly affected the card operating systems, ATM machines were unauthorizedly accessed, spycams were installed in the machines to detect the banking information including the passwords etc. Senior citizens were worst affected as most of them in countries like India could not operate the e-banking system or the cards: either they could not understand the operational mechanisms or they were not physically able to conduct the entire transactions either through the ATMs, or through their smart devices. This was due to generation gap.
With the advancement of technology, e wallets were introduced. Through online banking mechanisms, one can deposit a particular amount of money in e—wallets. However, this would not be operating as a single and independent device or mechanism. Users may connect their valid government identity proofs with e-wallets. Such e-wallets may necessarily be used through computers, smart phones etc.[1]Everything remains virtual except the device/s that will help a user to access the online transaction mechanisms. It has been continuously stated that plastic money, e-wallets and e-banking systems are safe and better than carrying the currency.
But do we really know who is safeguarding our money in this system? A few provisions Chapter III of our very own Information Technology Act, 2000(amended in 2008) would make this clear. Chapter III discusses about electronic governance. S.6A of the Information Technology Act (IT Act), 2000, amended in 2008 is noteworthy here: it says as follows:
6A Delivery of services by service provider. –
(1) The appropriate Government may, for the purposes of this Chapter and for efficient delivery of services to the public through electronic means authorise, by order, any service provider to set-up, maintain and upgrade the computerised facilities and perform such other services as it may specify by notification in the Official Gazette. Explanation. -For the purposes of this section, service provider so authorised includes any individual, private agency, private company, partnership firm, sole proprietor firm or any such other body or agency which has been granted permission by the appropriate Government to offer services through electronic means in accordance with the policy governing such service sector.
(2) The appropriate Government may also authorise any service provider authorised under sub-section (1) to collect, retain and appropriate such service charges, as may be prescribed by the appropriate Government for the purpose of providing such services, from the person availing such service.
(3) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), the appropriate Government may authorise the service providers to collect, retain and appropriate service charges under this section notwithstanding the fact that there is no express provision under the Act, rule, regulation or notification under which the service is provided to collect, retain and appropriate e-service charges by the service providers.
(4) The appropriate Government shall, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify the scale of service charges which may be charged and collected by the service providers under this section: Provided that the appropriate Government may specify different scale of service charges for different types of services.
Online transactions for e-commerce purposes are directly connected with the concept of service delivery by service providers. S.6A has got two main component parts: (i) authorization to the service providers by the government to set up provisions for delivery of services in the electronic mode; and (ii) collection of service charges by the service charges. Whenever we get to see a smooth or a bumpy operation of services from the banks or from any other government or corporate authorities, we must know that there is a secret team behind that government department, bank or the corporate authority. They may be independent agencies who are commissioned by such government /bank/corporate authorities. These 'secret teams' perform all the technical functions for economic transactions, maintenance of the records for money transactions, maintenance of cyber security issues etc., and they are duty bound to not to violate the confidentiality of the user-data. Intact there are layers of contracts between the actual user and the bank/government/company, between such service provider and the actual users and the government etc. We know only the first layer of contracts and agreements between us, the actual users and the bank/government /company etc., who are providing us certain services or even goods. But there are several examples of violating the agreements and contracts. These 'service providers' know us more than we know ourselves because they know our bank details, our spending habits and even our location data too.
Considering the risk for breaching of confidentiality in all such cases S.7A of the IT Act, 2000(amended in 2008) has prescribed for auditing of documents etc., maintained in electronic forms. This Section says as follows:
"7A Audit of documents, etc., maintained in electronic form. -Where in any law for the time being in force, there is a provision for audit of documents, records or information, that provision shall also be applicable for audit of documents, records or information processed and maintained in the electronic form."
But this is hugely neglected by many stakeholders and this loophole creates several data breaching related legal issues. The Indian legislature has also brought in the Intermediary guidelines Rules, 2021 which also shifts the liability for data protection for intermediaries in certain cases.
However, we must not forget that there is digital divide in our societies. Adults including men, women and people belonging to LGBTQ communities may not always access information and digital communication systems and services. This is a universal problem. Women may not be empowered to use electronic devices in socio-economically backward classes and communities. Not to forget that even though Indian constitution mandates for equal pay for all, women may not always get equal pay in unorganized sectors. Many households in India as well as in many Asian countries do not allow women to take any decision related to family-finances. But there are situations when people are forced to use electronic payment/transaction systems. Covid-19 pandemic is one such situation where the WHO advised to reduce usage of anything which may transmit the viruses from people to people: reduction of usage of currency notes were also suggested as it was understood that the materials in the currency notes may get wet with sweat, saliva etc., and this may be extremely dangerous since it might increase the risk of spreading of pandemic. But there are new researches coming up every day which are suggesting how to take precautions while dealing with papers (including materials which are used to make currency notes) or clothes during pandemic times.
In all such cases, aren't our constitutional rights get violated if the government or any other stakeholder insists on e-transactions? It actually does.
Answer to this question may be found in S.9 of the IT Act, 2000(amended in 2008). This says as follows:
Sections 6, 7 and 8 not to confer right to insist document should be accepted in electronic form.-Nothing contained in sections 6, 7 and 8 shall confer a right upon any person to insist that any Ministry or Department of the Central Government or the State Government or any authority or body established by or under any law or controlled or funded by the Central or State Government should accept, issue, create, retain and preserve any document in the form of electronic records or effect any monetary transaction in the electronic form.
Nonetheless, the above mentioned provision empowers all who may not be able to use or who may want to refuse the use of electronic payment system. But this may not always be considered as the Rule: this is rather Exceptio probat regulam (an exception proves the rule) in the era of internet. Even though the government and other corporate stakeholders may extend their services on humanitarian grounds to help those who may not be able to use the digital payment systems or the e-wallets etc., people's trust may easily be broken by gross misuse of the powers that such 'helpers' may have: ATM debit cards may be stolen, data may be compromised, e-wallets may be illegally operated by such 'volunteers' who may want to gain illegal and unethical profits at the cost of innocent people.
It will take longer time to make people from all backgrounds aware about electronic payment modes. It will probably take even longer to control cyber criminality targeting vulnerable people. One must not violate the legal norms and constitutional principles to make the right to life of others almost unachievable. Vulnerable groups including senior citizens, disabled people, socio-economically backward communities, women and children must be given enough protection to gain their trust so that all can survive and win over adverse situations.
Please note: Please do not violate the copyright of this writeup. Please site it as Halder Debarati (2021) Is using electronic payment mode mandatory? Published @ https://debaraticyberspace.blogspot.com/2021/04/is-using-electronic-payment-mode.html on 22-04-2021
[1] https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/e-wallets
Filed under: cybercrimes, cybercrimes against women, digital payment, e-wallets, electronic frauds, electronic governance, Information technology Act
cyber crimes against women, Cyber Law, weekly news update on cyber crimes against women and laws December 21, 2020
Gender and Internet : Web magazine for Cyber law for women News update for December 15th- December 21, 2020
Picture Credit : Debarati Halder
Japanese man allured women with suicidal tendencies through Twitter to kill them and hid body parts in his apartment. Arrested in 2017, this Twitter killer gets death sentence for murdering.
https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-asia-55313161?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQHKAFQArABIA%3D%3D&fbclid=IwAR2ppKBDUR9QsUMmOfZQ1W8fkS0O8-DlkWsJzzxweQtGuKibamXsYuXEvOs#aoh=16080903667883&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-55313161
Uber refuses to share the data about sexual abuse cases involving Uber drivers on the basis of protection of privacy of victims. California Public utility commission rejects the said ground and slaps $59 million on Uber.
https://www.google.com/search?q=California+Public+Utility+Commission&rlz=1C1CHBF_enIN919IN919&oq=California+Public+Utility+Commission&aqs=chrome..69i57&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Federal Trade Commission reaches out every social media company to provide explanation as to what private data of users are collected and why.
https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/12/ftc-kicks-off-sweeping-privacy-probe-of-nine-major-social-media-firms/?fbclid=IwAR27xPWnAaFmDwEdbgfXHpHdBWQ6vWAAZCqmhY3NrG00DTvDvaYGya6c1Jo
A private law website in India receives 'urgent removal' removal request for a court judgement from the official incident reporting ID of Computer emergency response team. Cyber secueity infrastructure of top government websites are questioned.
https://www-indiatoday-in.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.indiatoday.in/amp/technology/news/story/cert-in-employees-use-official-incident-reporting-id-to-ask-website-to-censor-indian-court-order-1749417-2020-12-14?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQFKAGwASA%3D&fbclid=IwAR2Rrs0TTJJjaVBXO89N9GzMZyynj6g0HPoABLmaPkoiazPac6BKQkrf0RA#csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Ftechnology%2Fnews%2Fstory%2Fcert-in-employees-use-official-incident-reporting-id-to-ask-website-to-censor-indian-court-order-1749417-2020-12-14
Victim of physical gang sexual assault in Egypt files compliant with the concerned government agency and gets more threats. On her social media outrage, Egypt Prosecution orders for seven accused.
https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/12/18/sexually-assaulted-and-threatened-egypts-public-prosecution-orders-arrest-of-seven-men-in-mit-ghamr-assault/
Jobless man from Hyderabad, India allured woman by impersonating, collected her personal data and photograph. When the victim refused to chat over Facebook, the accused allegedly threated to share her nude pictures. Police arrests the accused and slaps charges under Sections 66C, 66D, 67 of the IT Act and 354, 506, 509 of the Indian Penal Code.
https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-man-arrested-for-stalking-blackmailing-women-on-social-media-2047366/
Filed under: cyber crimes against women, cyber grooming, cyber stalking, Cyber victimisation, Data privacy, Egypt, Federal Trade commission, Japan, Revenge Porn, social media crime, Twitter Killer, Uber
Cyber crimes against women, Cyber Law, Editor's column November 3, 2020 November 3, 2020
"Netizens" by Dr.Debarati Halder
copyright @debaratihalder
During the COVID-19 19 lock down period between march 2020 to almost the end of October 2020, we have seen steep rise of cybercrimes especially cybercrimes against women. These crimes included different patterns: economic crimes, data privacy infringement, child sexual abuse online and creation of widespread hatred. Social media platforms like twitter, Instagram etc., had been flooded with hate messages, fake news, obscene messages etc. but it would be wrong to think that only web-based platforms had been used to creates online harassments or cyber crimes at large. Handheld phones are not spared either. Communication conveyed over phone had been threatening, unwanted and had also taken the nature of bullying. Both the receivers and perpetrators are nothing but Netizens. The concept of Netizens is fiction based just like the concept of cyber space, which finds it roots in the fiction called Neo romancer.
Individuals who live, survive in internet, on the internet and gain infotainment and use internet for connectivity are known as Netizens. The simple connotation of this term could be citizens of net.
But this term has not found any acceptance in any legal statute, international documents speaking about right to access internet, right to be forgotten or even cyber safety, e commerce. This is a popular nickname for all those who use internet, who have been born in the era when internet was booming and those who are connected to each other through information-digital communication technology. Often, we do get to hear that people belonging to the older generation who adopted internet and digital communication technology (because otherwise they could not have survived due to global digital revolution), are called as net immigrants because they may have get accustomed with the digi-culture. But would not prefer to use this term. Worldwide e-governance growth has involved every citizen to become netizen. Digitization by the governments of birth, marriage and death registrations, social security related data, bank data, school data, workplace data, health data, court data and above all internet and digital communication technology consumption data for the purpose of e-governance has therefore made everyone irrespective of age, gender, class, creed etc, netizens.
Netizens play a great role in shaping the livability of themselves as well as other netizens including women and children netizens on cyber space. Laurence Lessig, a pioneering professor on cyberspace regulation predicted that internet will be a virtual livable space with 'market' and it would become necessary for State to carefully frame laws to regulate cyber space. His findings stand firm forever. Netizens are important stakeholders for profit generation for internet companies. They also earn by living on the cyber space. By saying this, I however can not ignore the fact that netizens may use internet and cyber space as a whole for ethical as well as unethical profit gain. Consider the positive profit gaining strategies: legal e-commerce activities, earning from content development, etc. The illegal profit gaining part is heavier. Millions of netizens sell and consume data that may have been generated, stored, processed, trafficked in illegal ways. Data of women and girls are the hot priority in this regard. Almost all stakeholders would unanimously agree that cybercrimes against women and girls are rising because of the unmonitored behavior of several netizens.
As such, if we quickly look into the existing constitutional and legal frameworks of different countries, we can see that almost all countries have knowingly or unknowingly developed certain rights and duties for netizens. These rights and duties are universal in nature and may include freedom of speech and expression, right to privacy, right to access justice, right to information, right to live a dignified life and right to be forgotten. Simultaneously the duties may include duty to respect others rights on the cyber space as well as in real life, duty not to incite hatred, not to infringe privacy, copy right of other netizens including organizations and government data etc. the prime duty of every netizen however is to help the victim of online abuse by reporting right violation because if they remain mute spectators, they would become bystanders and add to visual victimization of the victim/s.
We can also see that existing laws have extended penal provisions to charge the netizens for their wrong doings on the cyber space which may affect lives of others in real life. But major problem lies in the jurisdictional issues. Netizens are ubiquitous especially. Netizen from one geographic region may reach out to other netizens situated another geo location. Initiating criminal proceedings against netizens in such cross border criminal cases becomes a huge problem for the criminal justice machinery especially in the absence of treaties to extradite offenders. The international laws and rules also play a major role in charging netizens for offences which may not be considered as indictable offence in the country where the netizen is residing and operating from.
It is expected that the international organizations and States must come together for working towards creation of universal rules for regulating the activities of netizens. This may help all to live and be remembered in a wonderful cyber space.
Please do not violate the copyright of this writeup. Please cite it as Halder Debarati (2020) 'Netizens'. Published @https://wordpress.com/posts/internetlegalstudies.com on November 3rd, 2020
Filed under: cyber jurisdiction, cyberlaw, Netizen
cyber crimes against women, weekly news update on cyber crimes against women and laws August 6, 2020
Gender and Internet : Web magazine for Cyber law for women News update for July 26th-August 5th, 2020
Let peace prevail on Hiroshima Day: picture courtesy : Internet
Facebook data miner steals pictures of university students to provide the same to the porn sites for using the same as advertisement for sex workers. Students collectively join hands to approach the porn site and the images thus uploaded non consensually gets taken down in India
https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/porn-site-removes-city-students-pics-867735.html
Woman sentenced to 17 years of jail term for online sexual exploitation of children, attempt to trafficking of children online under under Republic Act (RA) 9208 as amended by RA 10364 (Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act), RA 7610 (Anti-Child Abuse Law), and RA 9775 (Anti-Child Pornography Act) in relation to RA 10175 (Cyber crime Prevention Act) in Philippines.
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1865311/Cebu/Local-News/Woman-sentenced-to-17-years-for-online-sexual-exploitation-of-children
Turkey approves social media law that would demand web companies to post their officers in Turkey to address grievances of social media users including cyber crimes targeting women.
High Court of Kerala, India denies bail for woman activist who posted pictures of her nude body being painted by her children on social media profile on the ground of sexual gratification by using children.
https://www.indialegallive.com/top-news-of-the-day/news/kerala-high-court-dismissed-bail-application-of-ms-fatima-a-s-who-painted-body-of-her-two-minor-children-and-uploaded-video-on-social-media?fbclid=IwA
Bulgarian prime minister accused of conveying message suggesting threatening to burn woman member of Bulgarian Socialist party. The prime minister defended by stating that the same was n impersonating audio record.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/25/bulgarian-pm-boiko-borissov-could-be-investigated-over-audio-threat-to-burn-mep
Filed under: #intermediary liability, #non consensual image sharing, criminal intimidation, cybercrimes against women, cyberlaw, data mining, Data privacy, Deepfake, Impersonation
Cyber Law, Editor's column February 25, 2020
Liabilities of WhatsApp group admins: A critical legal analysis from Indian legal perspectives by Dr.Debarati Halder
picture courtesy : Internet
Over the years we have witnessed gradual development of internet and digital communication technology and rapid over flow of users of the same who may or may not know the digital socio-legal culture. This internet and digital communication technology that I have mentioned here, primary includes WhatsApp. When this platform started becoming popular in India since 2014-15 onwards, it also became popular platform to form opinions, disseminate news including fake news, harassing remarks for group members and other individuals who may not be group members but may be known to one or other group members. Soon Indian users could get connected with users from other jurisdictions through WhatsApp and the groups formed on the basis of WhatsApp became better connected than networks of people connected on Offline. Consider groups like law teachers' groups, or groups formed on the basis of common interest like terrace gardeners, animal lovers, theological groups, chartered public vehicle commuters' groups, health service providers groups etc.: members did not necessarily stay in the same locality, did not work in the same organization or may not speak the same vernacular language. But what bonded them was their common interest. This was some thing more popular than Facebook which was ruling internet during 2012-18 era. Slowly WhatsApp became more popular with specific service people like the IPS or IAS association (non official groups) and judicial officers' groups. The popularity grew because individuals could actually control who would view their opinion and images that may have been 'consensually' shared by the members. It must not be however forgotten that WhatsApp has also notoriously become a platform for several online crimes including crimes against State, against individuals, cybercrimes against women[1] and children,[2] economic crimes,[3] cyber terrorism[4] etc.
Understanding stronger confidentiality setup of WhatsApp, soon workplaces and schools also started their own WhatsApp groups. Presently almost all organizations, schools and educational institutes have their respective division /unit/team-based WhatsApp groups. Some of these groups are moderated and monitored by senior members of the organization or the HR department member or the creator of the group or teachers (in case they are the creators/members of the said groups). The bright side of the story is, people can get the necessary information in their hand phones (which may include WhatsApp services) and they may not necessarily look into their mails unless it is for immediate verification necessity. Mails now have become more official and WhatsApp groups are more personal. The negative aspect is quick circulation of offensive, harassing and unwanted contents.
Here comes the question of liabilities of three groups especially regarding creation, publication and circulation of offensive and unwanted contents. These liabilities may vary according to the age of the creators/publishers/circulators and position of the creators/publishers/circulators. 'Position' here necessarily means the website who is hosting the communication, the admin who is moderating or who may have created the group and general members who may be the creators/publishers/circulators of the content. This three groups are as follows:
Let me first start with the website. WhatsApp as the web platform of the communications or Facebook as the parent company facilitating WhatsApp, may seek their excuse from any legal tangle in case of creation, circulation, publication of any offensive contents by virtue of Due Diligence clause which they exercise in almost cases of creation/circulation/publication of contents which are offensive. For this purpose, we need to understand the Indian version of Due Diligence law which can be found in S.79 of the Information Technology Act, 2000(amended in2008); the first two subclauses address the points which may be used by the websites. To summaries:
Websites or intermediaries who provide services including web hosting services, search engines etc (as per S.(w) of the Information technology Act, 2000(amended in 2008), may not be liable for any third-party activities carried out on their web platforms if such activity (which includes creation/publication/circulation etc. of any offensive, harassing etc. contents) is not initiated by the website, the website dies not select the receiver of the transmission and the website does not select or modify the information contained in the transmission. The website or the intermediary will also be excused from the third party liability in case the same has practiced due diligence as per the laws, rules and guidance as has been mandated by the Indian government. These Rules are mentioned in Information Technology (Intermediaries guidelines) Rules, 2011, which have further been suggested for amendment. [5] As such, these Rules include the following responsibilities of the intermediary or the web platform:
Publishing of Rules, regulations, privacy policies and user agreements which will clearly make the user understand that posting/transmission of/uploading/modification etc of contents which may be grossly harmful, harassing, blasphemous, defamatory, obscene, pornographic, paedophilic, libellous, invasive of another's privacy, hateful, or racially, ethnically objectionable, disparaging, relating or encouraging money laundering or gambling, or otherwise unlawful in any manner whatever; harm minors in any way; infringes any patent, trademark, copyright or other proprietary rights; violates any law for the time being in force; deceives or misleads the addressee about the origin of such messages or communicates any information which is grossly offensive or menacing in nature; impersonates another person; contains software viruses or any other computer code, files or programs designed to interrupt, destroy or limit the functionality of any computer resource; threatens the unity, integrity, defence, security or sovereignty of India, friendly relations with foreign states, or public order, or causes incitement to the commission of any cognisable offence or prevents investigation of any offence or is insulting any other nation. threatens public health or safety; promotion of cigarettes or any other tobacco products or consumption of intoxicant including alcohol and Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) & like products that enable nicotine delivery except for the purpose & in the manner and to the extent, as may be approved under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Rules made thereunder; (k) threatens critical information infrastructure.
Provide all support to the criminal justice machinery to disclose incidences of cyber security, the identity and all other relevant details of the harasser/originator of the offensive content.
Not to host/transmit/publish etc any information which the website management known to be illegal and offensive.
Provide periodic update on the policy of the web company related to users liabilities, rights and duties etc.
Take down reported content within considerable time of maximum 24 hours (as the draft Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules, 2018 indicates). [6]
In short, the web companies, intermediaries may not be directly liable for WhatsApp mess-ups that may be done by the individual users.
The second party which may attract the liability for publication/creation/circulation of any offensive content on the platform is the group admin. Now, let us first understand who are called as 'group admins': WhatsApp provides certain features especially for group chats and this includes monitoring of the group by designated persons who are known as admins. Admins may not necessarily be the creators of the group. However, the latter may always remain as admin in spite of creation of multiple admins by him/her. Admins may have the power and authority to include and exclude members, block members, restrict the publication of comments[7] and create group policies which may be used to restrict a particular member/s in case of violation of the same. Indian courts have in numbers of occasion, held that group admins may not be held liable for the activities of the members of the group in case the said admin had shown due diligence to restrict publication/circulation/creation of offensive comments.[8] This due diligence is however derived from the understanding of criminal law sanctions mixed with tortuous liabilities. For example, consider the followings:
If the group admin has not been made group admin consensually and he does not know the subject of discussion of the group, he may have a very narrow defence of being misled by other admins/creator who forced him to join them in criminal activities like creation/publication/circulation of offensive contents which violate the existing laws of the Land.
If the group admin himself had not created/circulated any offensive content and had warned any user for not sharing/posting etc any content which is offensive, he may not be made liable for creating/sharing contents which may be offensive under any law if any member had even for some time (when the admin was not expected to watch/monitor the group) had posted/circulated some offensive content. But in such case, if the content falls in the category of child sexual abuse material which may be categorised under S.67B of the Information Technology Act, 2000(amended in 2008) or POCSO Act, the admin may not avail any excuse.
In case the group admin is a child, the question becomes tricky. If the group is specifically made by minors, the police, the prosecution and the court have to see who may have provided the basic assistance in accessing the web platform and the contents (including the offensive contents). Necessarily in such cases, courts may have to use the principles of vicarious liability because a child may not be eligible to own a SIM card unless an adult provides him the same. Here, the basic understandings of contract laws and age of maturity may be applied.[9] Now, let us see the case of the WhatsApp group of students of an elite school in Mumbai where minor students were discussing about child sexual abuse of their own female classmates:[10] parents may be made vicariously liable in such case, which actually did not take place, may be because here the parents of the accused children themselves alerted the school and restricted further violation of rights of those children who were targeted for the sexual fantasy of the adolescent boys. But here one needs to check whether personal information including images of the 'victim children' were disseminated unauthorizedly or not, or whether it was restricted only to the use of names. In both cases POCSO Act may be applied (in the latter case , Ss.11 (sexual harassment), 13(use of children for pornographic purposes) and S.14 (punishment for using children for pornographic purposes) of the POCSO Act may be narrowly applied.
However, if the group admin/s knowingly allow creation/circulation /publication of posts which may be offensive in nature, they may not get any excuse from the clutches law specifically made to punish the commitment of such acts like creation/circulation/dissemination of obscene images (S.67), sexually explicit contents (S.67A), voyeurism and sharing non-consensual images (S.66E of the Information Technology Act, 2000(amended in 2008) and S.354C of the Indian Penal Code, defamation (S.499, 500 Indian Penal Code), sharing information which has been restricted as seditious material under S.124A IPC or any other law which may restrict freedom of speech in the line of Article 19(2) of the Constitution of India, all of which may be read together with Ss.107 and 108 of the Indian Penal Code and S.84B of the Information Technology Act, 2000(amended din 2008)( laws related to abetment of offence ).
Coming to the liability of the third group of users of WhatsApp, it may be seen that if a user/user create/publish/circulate any content which is offensive in nature, they may be liable as per the respective legal sanctions. However, the act of forwarding any content has also been considered as within the scope of defamation laws (under S.499/500 IPC ) or in case of online harassment of women and children, within the meaning of different kinds of offences recognised by law including voyeurism, stalking, non-consensual image sharing, indecent representation of women, child sexual abuse, grooming etc.
But the question larks on the issue of machine and artificial intelligence, which may make the admins responsible in case they may not be aware about the usage. For example, if the admin is a new user or not accustomed with the privacy and security features of WhatsApp, he may not be able to restrict certain 'posts' which may be published because of the machine intelligence: this may include certain words which the phone may suggest presuming the first few alphabets. He may neither be able to restrict a member which may have been suggested by the computer system of the platform and the device. Further, he might also not be able to remove certain posts which may have surfaced in the group due to resharing or forwarding by other members. Here, the group admin's liability must be seen exclusively. Websites or intermediaries however would not be liable by virtue of the proviso clause of Rule 3 of the Intermediary Guidelines Rules, 2011 (and also Amended draft version of 2018), which says "……………….the following actions by an intermediary shall not amount to hosting, publishing, editing or storing of any such information as specified in subrule(2): (a) temporary or transient or intermediate storage of information automatically within the computer resource as an intrinsic feature of such computer resource, involving no exercise of any human editorial control, for onward transmission or communication to another computer resource; (b) removal of access to any information, data or communication link by an intermediary after such information, data or communication link comes to the actual knowledge of a person authorised by the intermediary pursuant to any order or direction as per the provisions of the Act."
As may be understood from the above, WhatsApp group admins therefore may not always claim to be immuned especially when they were aware of the group activities, they had not practiced due diligence from their side and they had published or forwarded offensive contents themselves for the wider circulation of the same.
*Prof(Dr)Debarati Halder, LL.B., M.L., Ph.D(Law)(NLSIU) is the Managing Director (Hon) of Centre for Cyber Victim Counselling (www.cybervictims.org) . She can be reached @debaratihalder@gmail.com
New Delhi: SAGE Publications. ISBN: 9789385985775 for understanding types of cyber crimes against women and laws.
[2] See Halder, D. (2018). Child Sexual Abuse and Protection Laws in India. New
Delhi: SAGE Publications. ISBN: 9789352806843, Halder D., & Jaishankar K. (2014). Patterns of Sexual Victimization of Children and Women in the Multipurpose Social Networking Sites. In C. Marcum and G. Higgins (Eds.), Social Networking as a Criminal Enterprise (pp. 129-143). Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 978-1-466-589797 for more understanding on types of cyber crimes against children.
[3] See for example, Kurowski, S., (2014). Using a whatsapp vulnerability for profiling individuals. In: Hühnlein, D. & Roßnagel, H. (Hrsg.), Open Identity Summit 2014. Bonn: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.. (S. 140-146). Available @ https://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/2633 Accesed on 21.01.2020
[4] See for example, Broadhurst, Roderic and Woodford-Smith, Hannah and Maxim, Donald and Sabol, Bianca and Orlando, Stephanie and Chapman-Schmidt, Ben and Alazab, Mamoun, Cyber Terrorism: Research Review: Research Report of the Australian National University Cybercrime Observatory for the Korean Institute of Criminology (June 30, 2017). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2984101 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2984101 Accessed on 20.01.2020
[5] By way of Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules, 2018
[6] The Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules, 2018 also mentions that if the intermediary has more than 50 fifty lakh users in India or is in the list of intermediaries specifically notified by the government of India, it shall:
(i) be a company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 or the Companies Act,2013;
(ii) have a permanent registered office in India with physical address; and
(iii) Appoint in India, a nodal person of contact and alternate senior designated
functionary, for 24×7 coordination with law enforcement agencies and officers to
ensure compliance to their orders/requisitions made in accordance with provisions
[7] For more understanding, see https://faq.whatsapp.com/en/android/26000118/?category=5245251 Accessed on 12.01.2020
[8] For example, see Ashish Bhalla vs Suresh Chawdhary & others, 2016. Accessed from http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/dhcqrydisp_o.asp?pn=242183&yr=2016 on 21.01.2020
[9] For understanding this, we need to see S.11 of the Indian Contract Act, which says minors, persons of unsound mind and persons disqualified by law may not be able to enter into any agreement.
[10] See India Today Webdesk. Schoolboys at posh Mumbai school talk about raping classmates, 'gang bang' in horrific WhatsApp chats. Available @https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mumbai-ib-school-students-whatsapp-chat-horror-1629343-2019-12-18 . Accessed on 21.01.2020
Filed under: cybercrimes, cyberlaw, fakenews, liability, schoolwhatsapp, whatsapp admin, WhatsApp groups, whatsappgroups
cyber crimes against women, Weekly news update January 27, 2020
Filed under: #impersonation, #Instagram, cybercrimes against women, Cybershaming, Deepfake, Facebook, Moral policing, Onlinegrooming, onoinetrolling
cyber crime against women, cyber crimes against women, Cyber crimes against women, Cyber Law October 28, 2019 October 29, 2019
YouTube, YouTubers and violation of privacy of women and children: The drama unfolds by Dr.Debarati Halder
picture credit : Internet
In recent years YouTube has won millions of hearts in India as a social media platform especially among women. This is because unlike other social media websites, YouTube has provided a platform to earn money based upon views and subscribers. Contents uploaded by users may be varied: it can be home decor, power point presentations of simplified versions of undergraduate subjects, subject lectures by professional teachers or amateur subject experts, cooking recipes, Do It Yourself (DIYs), home organisations, daily routines of home makers, technological solutions, how to do stuffs etc . Several women have used YouTube to earn money generated through the revenue that YouTube promises once the user can reach some criteria like getting 1000 subscribers or 4000 watch hours etc. [1] YouTube however would not lead the user to create contents that may earn more watch hours or subscribers. Users may go for market survey to understand which sorts of videos may attract more views, ,more subscribers etc. mostly new users including men and women may try to create videos on anything that they feel proper to share to the world. YouGTube , like Facebook and Instagram has features for allowing users to create videos for private sharing. This enables the users to share the video which may be watched only by those whom the creator chooses. The users may however go for wide circulation of their contents by not only making the videos public, but also by going live whereby the users may directly communicate with their subscribers or may share information while live. Even though going Live may be a feature specifically for improving the relationship between the user and his/her subscribers, live videos can be watched by the world wide audience even if they are not subscribers to that particular user. Here, YouTube may not play a vital role to restrict uploading and sharing the contents unless the subscribers or viewers may flag the content as inappropriate. In short, YouTube may actually provide a wide platform to share anything including bullying videos, mashed up videos, child and woman abuse videos, birthing videos, adult sexual interaction videos and so on. While the adult sexual videos and birthing videos may not be universally accessible unless the user logs in to his/her YouTube accounts, other sorts of videos are accessible to all irrespective of age. YouTube however uses the due diligence clause to escape from any third party liability by providing notification which restricts children from viewing adult sexual contents or violent contents which may traumatise children. Hardly this has any practical implication because children may access these videos by using email ids which may be created on the basis of fake age , or may even log in through their parents' or friends' email /YouTube ids.
My attention here is however attracted to the contents shared by YouTubers: I have been an avid watcher of YouTube since many years now. I have been following the changing trends of users in uploading the contents. Earlier it was more on creating mashed up videos which may have the potentials of violating the copyrights. Such videos have also been silently encouraged by actors, singers and producers because these actually publicise their work even though it may violate the laws. [2] But slowly, the content creators, especially women started becoming reviewers of products on YouTube as well. This included using of cosmetics, kitchen wares organisers etc that may be shown in the daily routine videos, home organisation videos or make up tutorials.[3] Users not only get views and subscribers as may be needed for fulfilling the YouTube monetising criteria, they may also be connected with the brands manufacturing the products or dealers of the products who may wish to showcase their products through these non-professional videos. Several urban and rural women home makers have actually benefitted from this: consider Youtubers like Radhika Real Vlogs,[4] or simplelivingwithringlejain[5] who may be rural homemakers, but may have made a moderate to comfortable living because of their YouTube videos advertising about different brands including retailer brands. Nonetheless, these YouTubers may also be victims of bullying and trolling for the quality of their videos, their pronunciation, lifestyle and even house decorations.
While these women may have made a landmark professional/personal achievement because of YouTube, they may unknowingly violate privacy of their own children or even spouses or other family members as they may be showing and informing the worldwide audience about their family members who may not may consent for such wide distribution of images of themselves. These YouTube videos may also be the subject matter of bullying and ridiculing the children of such YouTubers since these may stay on worldwide web for long time. YouTube videos may also create severe domestic violence for several reasons which include live fights between spouses which may be captured by third party YouTubers for fun and uploaded and circulated for getting more views; or airing of grievances by women YouTubers against the other spouses, without knowing the far-reaching consequences etc. These videos may attract huge views and opinions, comments in the nature of cyber bullying and also trolling targeting the YouTuber concerned or supporters of the same. Consider the case of two specific youtubers from Delhi, who are spouses in real life : the wife is a senior YouTuber whereas the husband is a recent Youtuber: They had severe altercations and started living apart. But this was not enough: both used YouTube to throw insults and humiliating words to each other and their teen daughter was allegedly dragged in between. The recent reports suggested that the teenager girl who was staying with her father for couple of months after the separation, was beaten by the latter while on live and her t-shirt was torn in a manner which would show her inner wares.[6] The girl was beaten because she wanted to visit her mother. This video became viral as several supporters of the wife started showing the clippings through their own channels. Some had also informed ChildLine and the police who had rescued the teenager and sent her to her maternal grandmother.[7] There are several other YouTubers who started discussing about incident using the profile name of the husband wife duo.[8] While the news report published in the local news media suggested that the teenager was often beaten by both the parents when they were drunk and she was forced to come on live which she refused many times, the news clipping did not mention about the name of the girl and that of her parents as S.74 of the Juvenile Justice Care and protection Act, 2015 prohibits publication of the identity of the child in need of care and protection or child in conflict with law. The provision reads as below:
S.74. Prohibition of publication of name, etc., of juvenile in conflict with law or child in need of care and protection involved in any proceeding under the Act.-1. No report in any newspaper, magazine, news-sheet or visual media of any inquiry regarding a juvenile in conflict with law or a child in need of care and protection under this Act shall disclose the name, address or school or any other particulars calculated to lead to the identification of the juvenile or child nor shall any picture of any such juvenile or child be published: Provided that for reasons to be recorded in writing, the authority holding the inquiry may permit such disclosure, if in its opinion such disclosure is in the interest of the juvenile or the child. 2. Any person who contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1), shall be liable to a penalty which may extend to twenty-five thousand rupees.
Now, let us understand the scope of this provision in the light of this particular case: the first subsection prohibits any report including news report, inquiry etc from disclosing the name, information etc of the concerned child. The second proviso extends the scope to 'anyone' who may contravene the prohibitory scope of S.74. Seen from the perspective of electronic media and the concept of citizen journalism, which gives every one right to share information, the term 'anyone' may literally include anyone including the good Samaritans who may have wanted to alert the concerned authorities, share their opinion against such acts of women and child abuse. Further, note the words "any other particulars calculated to lead to the identification of the juvenile or child nor shall any picture of any such juvenile or child be published" mentioned in the first sub clause. This may include the name of the concerned child and names of the parents. But apparently, this provision became a just a paper tiger in this case because those who had watched or subscribed to the videos of the couple had already known about the identity of the teenager because of the daily Lives put up by the parents and discussion about the girl in the videos posted by them. If one visits the comment section of the recent videos of both the parents in the recent past, it would be seen that commenters have taken the name of the girl, asked about her whereabouts and in some cases, some had also suggested about her changed behaviour after she had stayed with her respective parents separately. Nothing is confidential for those thousands of worldwide audiences now who had watched the parents daily and who had also witnessed the Live video where the girl was beaten up by the father. In spite of repeated request by the mother of the girl, several YouTubers still did not take down videos mentioning about the name of the father (which broadly falls within the meaning of "any other particulars calculated to lead to the identification of the juvenile or child") when this writeup was published. While the Juvenile Justice Care and Protection and Act provides a base rule, the concerned YouTubers may not be held solely responsible because the parents already violated the privacy of the teenager and encouraged thousands to watch the couple fight which had every potential to attract penal provisions for using words etc for harming the modesty of the wife under S.509 Indian Penal Code as well as defamation of both the wife and the husband under Sections 499 and 500 of the Indian Penal Code. YouTube on the other hand has not taken down the videos of either of the spouses or that of the other YouTubers which may showcase the names of the parents and the child because it is guided by First Amendment of the US which may hardly be affected unless YouTube has been approached to take the videos down by concerned stakeholders.
It is now a typical love triangle of three parties : YouTube, which is loved by all for providing such an open platform for airing opinions and consumption of real life family dramas, the YouTubers who may expect to get support, views, popularity and money because of participating in the trolling and independent discussions on such issues which may rip open privacy of general individuals including children and criminal justice machinery, most of whom may never know how to manage legalities of YouTube videos because they are completely ignorant of this new type of electronic media.
But this is not a unique incident that attracts the attention of legal researchers, especially privacy law and speech law researchers. YouTubers, especially women YouTubers continue to violate privacy knowingly or unknowingly and provide more opportunity to trolls, bullies and offline perpetrators to victimise them because they may not be aware about the netiquettes of YouTube. Time has come that YouTube users become cautious of the contents uploaded by them and legalities attached with such uploading and sharing. In this festive season YouTube content uploading and sharing may have seen a steep rise. But it is upon YouTubers to control what must be shared and may not.
YouTube is more powerful than televisions, more demanded than movies and more devastating than what is generally apprehended.
Please note: Do not violate copyright of this blog. If you would like to use information provided in this blog for your own assignment/writeup/project/blog/article. This was first published in https://debaraticyberspace.blogspot.com/2019/10/youtube-youtubers-and-violation-of.html Please cite it as "Halder D. (2019), " YouTube, YouTubers and violation of privacy of women and children: The drama unfolds" Published in https://debaraticyberspace.blogspot.com/2019/10/youtube-youtubers-and-violation-of.htm on 28-10-2019, reshared @https://internetlegalstudies.com/2019/10/28/youtube-youtubers-and-violation-of-privacy-of-women-and-children-the-drama-unfolds-by-dr-debarati-halder/
[1] For more, see https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/72851
[2] For example see Halder D., & Jaishankar K. (2016) Celebrities and Cyber Crimes: An Analysis of the Victimization of Female Film Stars on the Internet. Temida – The journal on victimization, human rights and gender. 19(3-4), 355-372
[3] For example see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52c7V2yeRlo , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYdX1uZe1FM , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yuvcKc30ss https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdA6BZJvaEU etc.
[4] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkcMmd-b1-Y
[5] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Po5tE2qKxM
[6] See for better understanding of the case in https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/faridabad/drunk-parents-beat-student-faridabad-news-noi468791969
[7] See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNG3lousHu4&t=167s where the Youtuber had informed that she called the police to report the video and provided the link of the media report of the incident.
[8] For example, see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWS8FAa-MC4&t=48s . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MdrSLYGOTpE&t=14s
Filed under: 2015, Child abuse law, cyber bullying, cybercrimes against women, cyberlaw, Juvenile justice Care and Protection Act, Privacy, S.74 JJAct, Trolling, Vlogs, YouTube, YouTuber
Cyber crimes against women, Cyber Law, Weekly news update October 19, 2019
Gender and Internet : Web magazine for Cyber law for women News update for October 1st-19th, 2019
22 women allegedly tricked to perform in internet pornography as they were allured by porn producers by advertisement for modeling. The porn producers in San Diego are charged with sex trafficking.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/11/us/porn-sex-trafficking.html?fbclid=IwAR0b4rgIEbFSa5hneBxaN1R1QH7UJ7UL5aPzLFNQvW4oj-rI4dq8dADkNUE
Former assistant head teacher from Kingston sends indecent photographs and videos of himself to a police officer who was posing as a 13 year old girl, asking "her" to reply with indecent images. The former teacher is pleaded guilty for distributing sexually explicit pictures to children, trying to incite girl between the age group of 13-15 and having sexually explicit images of children stored in his computer. He is presently subjected to 10 year sexual harm prevention order.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/daniel-butterfield-teacher-child-grooming-pictures-kingston-a9159176.html?fbclid=IwAR1EFwWj-ybaIaN3Yzle-hcWQgHEvmBHP5InVy_z2h7_cWRiv3-YPQQukiI
Japanese man stalks, assaults female pop singer in Japan by tracking her social media posts including photos of her eye direction, curtains etc.
https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/10/10/stalker_japan_eyes/?fbclid=IwAR0rmJmmddSP70f4VSWqJxHb67Xi1tquM8XO3ZXPC_JQfJwV95F3NuqTOPQ
Man puts GPS device in the car of his girlfriend for stalking including cyber stalking in the US. investigation leads to bigger crimes including racketeering, loansharking and cyber stalking by him.
https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/10/04/gps_cyberstalking_indictment/?fbclid=IwAR0MXOpUA4b6NVlVwJNz-yRvEjjY8K4T5IzVk_DCXLbUZr0iNq6vmUNMJMo
Pakistan man convicted for creating and sharing revenge porn of his ex- fiance. Sentenced for 8 years of imprisonment and payment of damages of Rs. 50,000/- under the Pakistan prevention of electronic crimes Act, 2016
https://www.geo.tv/latest/250929-court-sentences-man-to-eight-years-for-sharing-revenge-porn-photos-of-ex-fianc%C3%A9e-online
Ghana police arrests man who had secretly taken bathing pictures of five women and posted them on three different websites. The community supports the victims and the accused is thrashed by mob before police rescued and arrested him
https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201910/393179.php
Filed under: #cybercrimesagainstwomen, #ghana, #japan, #KIngston, #newsupdate, #Pakistan, #revengeporn, #stalking, #trafficking, #USA


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1. How do I register for a program or reserve a pavilion?
2. Do I need to be a resident in order to reserve a facility or pavilion?
Yes, at this time we have a residency requirement for all park or facility reservations.
3. How do I volunteer for a special event for Parks and Recreation?
Please contact the Fairview Heights Parks and Recreation at (618)489-2040.


Winter's are here, and we get so vibrant red carrots.. Nothing better than making some Gajar Ka Halwa or Carrot Halwa/Pudding!
Lets have a look at the scrumptiously divine Gajar Ka Halwa!
Heat a pan, add in 3 tbsp of ghee. Add in the carrot and cook for 3-4 mins or until soft in med-high flame.
Once the carrot is soft, add in the hot milk. Stir occasionally, cook in med-high flame until it leaves the sides.
After it leaves the sides, add in the sugar and cook for a minute. Then add in the finely chopped nuts and cardamom. Cook until it leaves the sides and serve hot!!
Now that's easy isn't it? Make this and enjoy hot hot gajar halwa in winters!!
Happy Diwali 🙂 This time, my mom said, "I'll prepare the namkeen's and the mithai's.." What could i say? I love the namkeen's, mithai's, vada's and all the stuff she makes! Everything is made by my mom in this spread, except the kaju katlis which is made by me..
Moong Dal Halwa, Kheer, Moong Dal Dahi Vada, Besan Chakki, Kaju Katli, Swali, Matar(Namkeen), Mathri, Petha(Shakkarpare), Kanji Vada, Puris, Fried Papad, Chips, Alu Sabzi, Sangri Sabzi, Fried Rice!


National Public Radio's "Marketplace" show, to be exact.
A few weeks ago she heard about how various communities in the country — from Portland, Ore., to Boston, Mass. — were funding art projects through dinner parties. For instance, in St. Louis, Mo., they have "Sloup." In Brooklyn, N.Y., it's dubbed "FEAST," which stands for Funding Emerging Artists with Sustainable Tactics. Since arts funding is being trimmed or cut completely from state and federal budgets and with artists competing for what little money there is, this grass roots approach is a godsend.
"It's so brilliant; So simple," Brown said. It's just people helping out people, she added.
There's only a four-question application. The prerequisite is that it enhances life in Bradenton.
Brown said each project should be something the community can benefit from instead of for personal gain.
Only 10 proposals will be accept for each dinner. If you're interested in applying for a grant or attending C.A.F.E., RSVP to 746-6647 or e-mail bonnibakes@gmail.com. Seating is limited.


We're not talking about the easy, default ones you'll reach this month. We're talking about the BIG ones that take months, sometimes a year or more to accomplish.
Those goals. Do you have them but struggling to figure out how to reach them?
Join Compete Every Day & Social Mechanics for a workshop on setting BIG goals and creating your blueprint to SMASH them!
We'll start the morning with a fun community workshop hosted by the Social Mechanics team before enjoying an HG Supply-catered brunch and diving into how we take our goals from "great ideas" to a realistic part of our life.
Compete founder & professional speaker Jake Thompson will reveal his step-by-step process that will help you achieve your goals and keep you on track for living your best life.
You'll learn how to better gain clarity on that goal, create a daily routine to help you reach that goal, and network with other competitors in life who want to level up their goals & victories.


One of the most important aspects of the website re-design was ensuring that it made it easy for people looking for restaurant, hotel, or spa services to easily find the page that applied to them. To do that, we used a split-menu system that kept the primary navigation at the top of the page to let users easily snap to the info they needed.
They new site also makes full use of the Brentwood Bay Resort's brand colour scheme, and leverages gorgeous photography of the rooms and amenities with splashy headers.
Thanks to everyone at the Brentwood Bay Resort & Spa! We hope you're enjoying your new website as much as we enjoyed making it for you.


I love the way this looks! Great finds. Thanks for sharing!
Love your featured shops! I highly recommend all members of Markets of Sunshine for your next Gift Purchase. Check out the #MOSGiftClub for some fantastic gifts delivered straight to your home!
Lovely collection! Blue is my favorite color, too!
I love the blues of this fabulous Treasury!
Check out the shops on Markets of Sunshine. There's something for everyone.


text:
Catherine Schenk appointed as Alexandre Lamfalussy Senior Research Fellow
The Bank for International Settlements has announced Professor Catherine R Schenk as the Alexandre Lamfalussy Senior Research Fellow for 2018-19.
The Alexandre Lamfalussy Senior Research Fellowship is awarded annually to internationally recognised experts in the fields of banking, monetary policy and financial stability. The Lamfalussy Fellow conducts research on a topic relevant to the BIS, collaborating with BIS colleagues and making use of the extensive networks and resources available at the Bank. This is the fifth fellowship award.
Find out more about the Alexandre Lamfalussy Senior Research Fellowship here.
Professor Catherine Schenk
Professor of Economic & Social History
St Hilda's College
Writing 'living' history
Robert Gildea & Ismee Tames - Fighters across frontiers: Transnational resistance in Europe, 1936–48 (Manchester University Press, 2020)
Climate in the History Curriculum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


If by knowing the value of A we can find the value of B, then we would say that B is functionally dependent on A.
Solved How do you find velocity of a rotating mass without knowing the radius?
Solved how do you find the quadratic function just knowing the vertex and the y-intercept?
How to find the mass of an object knowing it's speed and kinetic energy?
Solved If B (an attribute) is functionally dependent on A, we can also say that ____.
Solved If B is functionally dependent on A, you can also say that B functionally determines A.


Purifoy Chevrolet Has 2013 Corvettes!
Looking for a 2013 Chevrolet Corvette? Stop by Purifoy Chevrolet's Indoor Corvette Showroom to see their variety of 2013 Corvettes! We currently have a Grand Sport, 427, and two ZR1s available.
For 58 of its 60 years, the Chevrolet Corvette has been powered by the legendary Chevrolet V-8 engine. Technological advancements have increased output threefold – from 195 hp in 1955 to 638 hp today – as well as reliability, refinement and efficiency.
However, the fundamental architecture of the Chevrolet "Small Block" remains the same today as it was in 1955: a 90-degree V-8, with overhead valves actuated by pushrods, and a 4.4-inch on-center bore spacing.
Immediately after the V-8 was introduced, the small-block began a steady march upward in displacement, power and technological advancement.
The Corvette's first 4.3L (265 cu. in.) small-block engine in 1955 produced up to 195 hp with an optional four-barrel carburetor. Today, the LS9 6.2L (376 cu. in.) supercharged small-block in the Corvette ZR1 is rated at 638 hp (476 kW), delivering about 230 percent more power than the original small-block engine from only 42 percent greater displacement.
Today's small-block is also remarkably fuel efficient. For example, the 430-horsepower (476 kW) LS3 version of the Gen-IV small-block helps the 2013 Corvette accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in about four seconds, run the quarter-mile in just more than 12 seconds and achieve a top speed of 190 mph – all while achieving EPA-estimated highway fuel economy of 26 mpg.
Stop by Purifoy Chevrolet to learn more about the Chevrolet Corvette, and see their amazing selection of new and pre-owned Corvettes.
Come out tomorrow from 10am to noon to the huge Purifoy Chevrolet indoor Corvette showroom for our September Corvettes and Coffee get together!
We may just be unveiling something you will want to see!
The 2013 Corvettes are arriving at Purifoy Chevrolet! Stop by our Indoor Corvette Showroom to see our 2013 Chevrolet Corvette 427 and 2013 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1. For more info, contact Purifoy Chevrolet.
Just in our inventory is this stunning Bridgehampton Blue 1971 Corvette Coupe with only 97,796 miles. We are consigning this restored (To NCRS specs!) Corvette for the owner who claims it to be an all original numbers matching car! If you are wanting the classic shark year Corvette, this car presents as new! Here is a list of features and options: LS5 454 V8 engine, M21 Muncie 4 speed manual transmission,J50 power brakes,N37 tilt & telescopic steering wheel,A01 tinted glass,custom interior group with black leather bucket seats,U69 AM-FM radio, and more.
Stop by Purifoy Chevrolet and see this classic 1971 Corvette big block!


text:
A királyság (angolul: Kings) 2009-es amerikai televíziós sorozat, melyet az NBC és a Citytv mutatott be. A sorozat történetének alapja a bibliai Dávid király élete, ám egy olyan királyságban, melynek fejlettsége és kultúrája a sorozat készítési idejének megfelelő Amerikai Egyesült Államokéhoz hasonló.

A sorozat többnyire pozitív kritikákat kapott, de 2009. március 15. éjjelén a sorozat első része csak negyedik lett az országos csatornák között. Négy rész után az NBC szombatra helyezte át a sorozatot, de egy további epizód sugárzását követően nyárra tolták ki A királyságot. A sorozatot fennmaradó hét részét júniusban és júliusban sugározták, új évadot pedig nem rendeltek, mivel nem talált elegendő nézőközönségre.

Magyarországon a TV2 tűzte műsorára vasárnap éjjelente 2010. április 18-tól június 6-ig, majd a nyári szünet után augusztus 29-től október 3-ig. Ezt követően a FEM3 társcsatornán ismételték december 5-től hetente két résszel.

Cselekmény

A királyság egy kitalált királyságban, Gilboában játszódik, egy modern abszolút monarchiában. Gilboa királya Silas Benjamin király, aki két évtizeddel korábban egyesítette az királyságot három egymással háborúzó országból, Gilboából, Carmelből és Selah-ból. Úgy véli Isten választotta őt királlyá, és gyakran idézi fel a napot, amikor pillangók szálltak a fejére "élő koronát" alkotva, s ezzel üzenve, hogy az ő feladata az új királyság megteremtése.

Silas helyzete ennek ellenére kedvezőtlen: terveit és döntéseit a királyné bátyja, William Cross manipulálja, aki a kezében tartja a kincstárat, s a Gilboa gazdasága szempontjából jelentős Crossgen legfőbb befektetője. Utódja, Jack herceg titkoltan homoszexuális, mely rossz fényt vethet a királyi családra. Silasnak pedig van egy kisfia titkos szeretőjétől.

A sorozat cselekménye ott kezdődik, amikor egy fiatal gilboai katona, David Shepherd a Gath Köztársaság elleni háborúban egyedül kiszabadít több foglyot a gath-iak fogságából és felrobbant egy Goliath-típusú tankot az ellenséges vonalak mögött. Mikor az egyik fogolyról kiderül, hogy Jack herceg, Davidből hirtelen médiasztár lesz, és elnyeri Silas király háláját – a herceg bosszúságára. Silas király a fővárosba, Silóba hozatja Davidet és századossá nevezi ki a katonai összeköttetésnél. Hamarosan az udvari élet középpontjába kerül, miközben nem sejti a politikai intrikák mögött rejtőző erőket. Időközben beleszeret Michelle hercegnőbe, s érzései viszonzásra találnak.

A Bevezető rész végén – ahogy évekkel korábban Silasnak – David fejére "élő koronát" alkotva pillangók szálnak, melynek Silas szemtanújává válik. Silas számára, akinek már korábban megmondta Samuels tiszteletes, hogy uralmát Isten nem támogatja tovább, kiderül, hogy ki a választott utódja. Ennek hatására Silas kezdetben meg akarja öletni Davidet, míg később újraértelmezi a jeleket – David arra hivatott, hogy őt szolgálja (ezt az értelmezést David is elfogadja) – s jobban bevonja az udvari életbe. Ezalatt bár Jack próbálja megakadályozni, Michelle és David kapcsolata egyre inkább kibontakozik, előbb titokban, majd, miután Michelle elmondja apjának, nyilvánosan. Mivel David korábban hazudott a királynak a hercegnővel való kapcsolatáról, Silas és Jack hamis bizonyítékok alapján árulással vádolják meg. Míg David a börtönben van, kiderül, hogy Michelle David gyermekével várandós. Jack végül felfedi a vádak hamisságát és később szövetséget köt Daviddel.

A két részes fináléban William Cross puccsot kísérel meg, s Jacket helyezi bábkirályként Silas helyére. Silas az ellene irányuló gyilkossági kísérletet túléli, s David segít neki visszatérni a trónra. William parancsára Samuels tiszteletest megölik, aki később megjelenik Davidnek és Silasnak is (egyikőjük se tudja, hogy meghalt), s mindkettőjüknek elmondja, hogy Isten Davidet választotta királynak. David Gath-ba menekül Samuels javaslatára, Michelle-t száműzetésbe küldik, hogy titokban szülhesse meg gyermekét, Jacket – bár felvállalja a halált és nem menekül – összezárják feleségével (hogy trónörököst nemzzen), Silas pedig kijelenti, hogy Isten ellenségnek tekinti magát.

Szereplők

Epizódlista

Keletkezése

Az NBC 2007. november 5-én rendelte meg A királyság két órás pilotját: az utolsó pilotot, amit az NBC a 2007–2008-as amerikai forgatókönyvírói sztrájk előtt rendelt. A könyvet Michael Green (Hősök, Everwood) írta és Francis Lawrence-t (Legenda vagyok) választották rendezőnek. Amikor Green megmutatta az NBC-nek sorozatát, azt mondta:

Az NBC hivatalosan 2008. május 19-én rendelte meg a sorozatot. Green előre megtervezte a teljes, tizenhárom részes első évadot.

A királyság elkészítését – példa nélküli módon – 5 millió dollárral támogatta a Liberty Mutual biztosítócég. A Liberty Mutual hasonló ajánlattal már megkereste korábban az ABC-t és a CBS-t is. A Forbes magazin értesülései szerint a Liberty Mutual a kreatív munkába is beleszólhatott, ideértve "a forgatókönyv átnézését" és a "párbeszédek tisztázását". Michael Green tagadta, hogy a Liberty Mutual bármilyen módon ellenőrizte vagy cenzúrázta volna a sorozatot.

A sorozatot New Yorkban, a New York Public Librarynél, a Time Warner Centernél és a The Apthorpnál a Broadwayen a 78. és 79. utca között, a Brooklyn Museumnál az Eastern Parkwayen és a Washington Avenue-n, a Union Theological Seminarynél a Broadwayen és a 121. utcában, a The Capitale Building környékén a belvárosban és Greenpointban vették fel. A pilothoz készültek felvételek a Hempstead House-nál, Long Islanden. A Bevezető rész forgatókönyvét a sugárzás előtt kiszivárogtatták.

Az NBC nem reklámozta a sorozatot a Super Bowl alatt, szemben számos más műsorával. A Television Week interjújában az NBC ügyvezetői ezt A királyság háromfázisos marketingjével indokolták, s azzal, hogy az NBC "november óta egyengeti a sorozat útját az úgynevezett ízlésformálókhoz, akiktől remélik, hogy majd tovább terjesztik a műsor hírét a közönséghez."

Szereplőválogatás
Silas király szerepét már az íráskor Ian McShane-nek szánták, de Green nem tartotta valószínűnek, hogy sikerül megnyerni a főszereplő személyének. A forgatókönyvet elküldték McShane-nek, aki élvezte, és örömmel tért vissza a televízió világába a kritikai sikernek számító Deadwood című HBO-sorozat után. "Valószínűleg két–háromszáz" színész jelentkezett David Shepherd szerepére, mielőtt a producerek megtalálták Chris Egant, aki Lawrence szerint "igazi felfedezés volt." Allison Miller is viszonylag későn került a produkcióba, aki így Sebastian Stanhez és Susanna Thompsonhoz csatlakozhatott. Brian Cox visszatérő szerepet kapott Silas király (egykori) riválisaként. Macaulay Culkin szintén több epizódban is megjelent mint a király unokaöccse, akit titokzatos okokból száműztek. Miguel Ferrer (Nyughatatlan Jordan), Michael Stahl-David (A Donnelly klán) és Leslie Bibb (Nyughatatlan Jordan) is szerepeltek több epizódban, Saffron Burrows pedig a halál megszemélyesítőjeként tűnt fel a nyolcadik részben.

Fogadtatása
A pilot forgatókönyvének egy korai kritikájában a sorozatot a "merész, bizarr és szórakoztató" jelzőkkel illették. Mikor a sorozat első négy részét elérhetővé tette az NBC kritikusoknak, többségében pozitív kritikákat kapott. Edward Douglas a ComingSoon.Net-en úgy gondolta, hogy "az írás elmés, a játék kiváló, minthogy Greenek egy szinte precedens nélküli szereplőgárdát sikerült összegyűjtenie. Ian McShane Silas király szerepében ugyanolyan lenyűgöző, mint volt Al Swearengenként, s pont azokat a fecsegő beszédeket kapja, amelyek nagyon jól állnak neki." Brian Ford Sullivan szerint a The Futon Critictől "A királyság pont az a sorozat, amelyet hamar abbahagy az ember, mert ostobának és felvágósnak találja, vagy teljesen beleszeret az ostobasága és felvágóssága miatt. Én az utóbbi csoportba tartozom, mert mindig imádtam a késélen táncoló sorozatokat, főleg amikor úgy tűnik […] és úgy érződik, hogy semmi hasonlót nem láthatunk a televízióban." A pilot egy erősen pozitív kritikájában a Salon.com-on Heather Havrilesky dicsérte a sorozat témáját, területét, művészeti vezetését, fényképezését és Ian McShane játékát. Végezetül ezt írta: "A párbeszédek olyan művésziek és költőiek, a szereplők olyan vonzóak, az egész csomagolás meg olyan eredeti, vakmerő és bájos, hogy az első négy óra megtekintése után lehetetlen, hogy ne legyen inspirált és boldog a néző, hogy ez az ambiciózus és egyedi dráma egy országos csatornára került!" Brent Hartinger, az ifjúsági regényíró így nyilatkozott: "Az új NBC-sorozat, A királyság […] a televíziózás kiválósága – okos, eredeti és végig érdekfeszítő – és végül újraformálja majd a televíziózást, ahogy olyan sorozatok tették, mint a Lost és a Buffy, a vámpírok réme." Ennek ellenére az AfterElton.com oldalon (melynek célközönsége elsősorban a homoszexuálisok) kritizálta, hogy a sorozatban "melegtelenítették" David és Jack – Dávid és Jónatán a Bibliában – kapcsolatát, s ezzel együtt Jackből egy szereotip gonosz figurát faragtak.

A királyság kevésbé pozitív kritikákat is kapott. Ray Richmond, a The Hollywood Reporter újságírója maró kritikájában azt írta, hogy a sorozat "egy teljesen fapofájú és fájdalmasan komoly közelítés ahhoz az éjjeli szappanopera-skálához, mely az 1980-as években működött a Dallas és (különösen) a Dinasztia esetében, de az új évszázadban az ilyen szőrszálhasogató és öntelt műsorok nevetségesek." Nancy deWolf Smith a The Wall Street Journal hasábjain szintén Aaron Spelling Dinastiájához hasonlította A királyságot és nagyzolással és az ötletesség hiányával vádolta. Bár sokan kritizálták a sorozat stilizált párbeszédeit, tartották a bibliai témát nagyzolónak, egybehangzóan dicsérték Ian McShane királyi játékát és a sorozat célkitűzéseit.

A sorozat részeit Hulun is elérhetővé tették, melynek összesített rangsorában 2009 végén a 33. helyet foglalta el.

Amerikai nézettség

Magyar nézettség

DVD
A királyság 2009. szeptember 29-én jelent meg három lemezen Kings – The Complete Series címmel. A kiadványban olyan kimaradt jelenetek is láthatóak, melyek az esetleges következő évadhoz szolgáltattak volna támpontokat. A magyarországi megjelenésről még nincs információ.

Fordítás

Jegyzetek

2009-ben bemutatott amerikai televíziós sorozatok
Az NBC saját gyártású műsorai
2009-ben befejezett amerikai televíziós sorozatok

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Leonardo Strengthens Local Support for Chilean Helicopter Fleet with New Authorized Service Center
Leonardo announces that Aerocardal Limitada has been appointed an Authorised Service Centre for its helicopters in Chile. The announcement was made during an official ceremony held at FIDAE 2018. Under the agreement, Aerocardal Limitada will provide comprehensive support and maintenance services from its base at Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez international Airport, for Chilean owners and operators of AW109 light twin-engine and AW119 single-engine helicopters.
As an established operator of two Leonardo AW109 Grand helicopters for emergency medical service, Aerocardal Limitada has been delivering maintenance services for the AW109 Power, Grand and Grandnew types in Chile for eight years. It is now reinforcing its support capabilities extending its range of services to new models, including the latest addition to the Chilean fleet of Leonardo products, the AW109 Trekker which has recently entered this market.
This latest agreement provides further evidence of Leonardo's commitment to expanding its range of customer services close to operators around the world as its fleet and customer base grow stronger. Over 20 Leonardo helicopters are in service in Chile, including the AW119, AW109, AW139 and W-3A Sokol models performing VIP transport, firefighting, law enforcement, emergency medical service and utility tasks.
Over 400 Leonardo helicopters are operated by military and civil customers in Latin America, making Leonardo a major force in the regional helicopter sector. The helicopters are used for the widest range of applications including naval roles, law enforcement and homeland security, EMS/SAR, firefighting and disaster relief, utility, VVIP-VIP/corporate and offshore transport.
Operating since 1991 with zero accidents, Aerocardal Limitada provides a wide range of aeronautical services including fixed-wing executive transport and MEDEVAC, helicopter ambulance services, as well as full maintenance for Chilean-registered and FAA-certified aircraft and engines.


The Fool carries the tools of his trade in a bindlestiff on his back. The Magician lays them out on the table and starts using them. The four symbols of the Tarot are there: Cup, Sword, Pentacle and in many decks he wields the Wand.
The Magician is a person of power but he is still Human. He has power because he takes it, not because it is bestowed on him. We are still at the beginning of our journey, the Magician is numbered as one. We don't do anything we put our hands to perfectly the first time. Maybe sometimes we get lucky and it comes out pretty good, but most of the time you must make huge mistakes at first. Gradually you learn to master the power you have (Not what you have been given, but what you already have) and improve.
The Magician is on his own: he has no teacher yet. These come later, for now, he (or she) explores the tools and see how they work. Likewise, for those of us trying to learn the Esoteric arts, teachers are good, but not required to get started on learning. Especially tarot: best if one starts on ones own instead of having someone else tell us what the cards mean.
To do this we must instill ourselves with a Foolish or childish attitude. "I am not sure if this will work, but I will try it." People sometimes call children the best scientists. They are curious about the world and explore it by trying things out. You could say the Magician then is the child as Engineer. I have tools, what will happen when I wield them?
If the Magician comes up in a reading, know that you, the querent, have the power–the talent to do what you want to do. No excuses. Now begin. Reversed, the Magician is the card of the complainer, "I never get what I want." Yet, here are all the tools you need to begin. What are you waiting for? Just open up your Inner Vision.


text:
Happy Birthday to me: Alia Bhatt
New Delhi : Bollywood star Alia Bhatt, who is celebrating her 25th birthday today, has an adorable gift for her fans and followers.
The 'Badrinath Ki Dulhania' star took to Instagram to share two new stills from her upcoming highly anticipated film 'Raazi'.
Along with the post, the versatile actor also wrote a sweet caption which read, "Movies or in this case MY movies aren't just something I do for a living.. it's kinda the reason I feel like I'm alive SO…On my 25th birthday I've randomly picked out two images from the 25th DAY of shoot of RAAZI and and and the TRAILER will be out 25 days from today(9th April).. Happy Birthday to me"
Movies or in this case MY movies aren't just something I do for a living.. it's kinda the reason I feel like I'm alive ☺ SO…On my 25th birthday I've randomly picked out two images from the 25th DAY of shoot of RAAZI and and and the TRAILER will be out 25 days from today(9th April).. Happy Birthday to me 💫🍭☺
A post shared by Alia Bhatt ☀ (@aliaabhatt) on Mar 14, 2018 at 7:34pm PDT
'Raazi' is a period film where Alia will portray a Kashmiri girl who gets married to a Pakistani army officer, essayed by Vicky Kaushal.
Directed by Meghna Gulzar, the film will hit the big screens on May 11. (ANI)
Categories Bollywood Tags Alia Bhatt, Meghna Gulzar, Vicky Kaushal Post navigation
Honda Scooters to Face CCI Probe Over 'Unfair' Practices
Consumer plays important role in economy, says PM Modi


text:
About BirdLife Africa
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International Young Conservationist Award for Malawi BirdLife Partner volunteer
Tiwonge I Mzumara-Gawa (right), assessing IBAs in Malawi
The International Young Conservationist Award has been given to Tiwonge I Mzumara-Gawa, a PhD student at the University of KwaZulu Natal and a volunteer Conservation and Research officer for the Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi (WESM) - the BirdLife Partner in Malawi. She has been key in assessing threatened species and IBAs in Malawi and also coordinates a garden bird count.
Speaking at the World Parks Congress, being held in Sydney, Australia Tiwonge said:
"I am feel truly blessed and honoured to receive this award, which is really for the amazing team of people with whom I work with. It's humbling to know that the work we are doing in Malawi can be recognized at such an international stage! It's really given us the 'wings to fly' and given us the encouragement to do even more for Malawi's birds in the coming years.'
Tiwonge I Mzumara-Gawa receiving award at World Parks Congress
The International Young Conservationist Award is a joint initiative of the International Ranger Federation (IRF) and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature - World Commission on Protected Areas (IUCN/ WCPA). The Award aims to recognise and raise awareness of the outstanding contributions made by young people to the conservation of protected areas; it honours their efforts and their passion, dedication and commitment.
It also seeks to encourage young professionals and, by presenting the award at a global conservation event, provides them with an opportunity to develop networks to enable them to further enhance their efforts. Recipients of the award are invited to join the IUCN WCPA Young Professionals Group and are invited to be on the IRF's mailing list.
BirdLife wins leadership in conservation award in Africa
BirdLife International is the first recipient of the exceptional leadership award in environmental management and governance in Africa. The award was given by NEPAD, an economic development programme of the African...
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How about... Google Instant goes away! Within minutes of this going live for pc's I saw it and immediately disabled it. I find it quite annoying, does anyone else?
"A beta version of Google Instant is now available on many U.S. iPhone and Android mobile devices.