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AN-1957 LVDS Signal Conditioners Reduce Data-Dependent Jitter (Rev. A)
Texas Instruments | AN-1957 LVDS Signal Conditioners Reduce Data-Dependent Jitter (Rev. A) | Application notes | Texas Instruments AN-1957 LVDS Signal Conditioners Reduce Data-Dependent Jitter (Rev. A) Application notes
Application Report
SNLA115A – April 2009 – Revised April 2013
AN-1957 LVDS Signal Conditioners Reduce DataDependent Jitter
.....................................................................................................................................................
Jitter is a phenomenon troubling many designers of high-speed interfaces. It reduces available timing
margin, limits transmission distance between a transmitter and a receiver, and increases system cost by
demanding better performing and more expensive interconnects. LVDS interfaces are not spared from
these ill effects as they now operate at bit rates exceeding the 3 Gbps mark. Texas Instruments LVDS
signal conditions can be used to significantly reduce data-dependant jitter.
Introduction .................................................................................................................. 3
What is Jitter? ............................................................................................................... 3
LVDS Signal Conditioners ................................................................................................. 5
Pre-Emphasis ....................................................................................................... 6
Equalization ......................................................................................................... 8
Jitter Experiment ........................................................................................................... 10
FR-4 Striplines ............................................................................................................. 11
DDJ as a Function of FR-4 Stripline Length ........................................................................... 12
DDJ Reductions With Pre-Emphasis ................................................................................... 13
DDJ Reductions With Equalization ...................................................................................... 17
Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 21
References ................................................................................................................. 22
Jitter Categories ............................................................................................................. 3
A 50-Bit 2.5 Gbps PRBS-7 After a 30" FR-4 Stripline
An Eye Diagram of a 2.5 Gbps PRBS-7 After a 30" FR-4 Stripline ..................................................
Pre-Emphasis Test Setup ..................................................................................................
Bit Stream at TP1 with Pre-Emphasis OFF .............................................................................
Bit Stream at TP1 with Pre-Emphasis ON ...............................................................................
Eye Pattern at TP1 with Pre-Emphasis OFF ............................................................................
Eye Pattern at TP1 with Pre-Emphasis ON .............................................................................
Pre-Emphasis Circuit is Most Useful When the Boost Pulse Duration (tVOD_H) is About 75% of the UI ..........
Response of a Peaking Equalizer With the Center Frequency at 1 GHz Closely Matches the Inverse of a
Lossy Channel Response .................................................................................................. 9
Equalization Test Setup .................................................................................................... 9
Pattern Generator Output, Bit Stream, TP1 ............................................................................. 9
Pattern Generator Output, Eye Pattern, TP1 ............................................................................ 9
AN-1957 LVDS Signal Conditioners Reduce Data-Dependent Jitter
Copyright © 2009–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Lossy Channel Output, Eye Pattern, TP2 ..............................................................................
Signal Conditioned Output, Bit Stream, TP3 ...........................................................................
Signal Conditioned Output, Eye Pattern, TP3 .........................................................................
Block Diagram of a Lossy Channel .....................................................................................
FR-4 Stripline Insertion Loss per Length as a Function of Frequency Model .....................................
Experiment Setup .........................................................................................................
Data-dependent Jitter as a Function of Bit Rate and FR-4 Stripline Length.......................................
Without Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Pre-Emphasis Level .......................................
7.5" Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Pre-Emphasis Level ............................................
18.5" Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Pre-Emphasis Level ..........................................
41" Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Pre-Emphasis Level .............................................
Without Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Equalization Level ..........................................
7.5" Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Equalization Level ..............................................
18.5" Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Equalization Level .............................................
41" Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Equalization Level ...............................................
Lossy Channel Output, Bit Stream, TP2
RJ (p-p) as a Function of Bit Error Rate (BER) ......................................................................... 3
Selected LVDS Devices With Integrated Pre-Emphasis and Equalization Circuits ................................ 5
FR-4 Stripline Length and Insertion Loss at 1 GHz ................................................................... 11
Texas Instruments has developed a family of LVDS signal conditioners that mitigates transmission line
losses, reduces data-dependent jitter and maximizes noise margin. Optimal use of these devices not only
requires understanding of their fundamental principles of operation but also basic comprehension of jitter
and its types.
The aim of this application report is to assist those looking to improve timing and noise margins in their
high-speed links with the use of signal conditioners. The document first discusses jitter, its categories and
causes, then it overviews the LVDS signal conditioners and explains how they compensate for
transmission line losses. It then presents experimental results showing jitter accumulation as a function of
FR-4 stripline length and jitter reductions that can be realized with the use of LVDS signal conditioners.
What is Jitter?
Jitter is fundamentally defined as a short-term deviation of a digital signal's active edge or a transition from
its ideal position in time. Test and measurement industry classifies it into two categories: random and
deterministic jitter. These two components constitute what is typically referred to as total jitter (TJ).
Deterministic jitter may be further subdivided into periodic, data-dependent and duty-cycle dependent jitter.
Figure 1 illustrates a hierarchy of different jitter types.
Total Jitter
(TJ)
Random Jitter
(RJ)
Deterministic Jitter
(DJ)
Periodic Jitter
(PJ)
Data-Dependant
Jitter (DDJ)
Duty-Cycle Jitter
(DCD)
Figure 1. Jitter Categories
Random jitter (RJ) is mostly caused by thermal noise. It is assumed to have a Gaussian distribution and
as such is quantified using standard deviation (RMS – root mean square) of the distribution. Peak-to-peak
value of random jitter is also helpful when predicting the total jitter of a link. However, due to the
unbounded nature of a Gaussian distribution (its tails approach infinity), peak-to-peak value of the RJ can
only be estimated given the desired bit error rate (BER). Table 1 lists coefficients that can be used to
estimate the RJ (p-p) for a given BER and RJ (RMS). For example, the coefficient used to calculate the
probability of exceeding the RJ (p-p) at 10-12 is 14.1. If a value of 1.2 ps (RMS) is measured, the peak-topeak value is 14.1 * 1.2 ps = 16.92 ps.
Table 1. RJ (p-p) as a Function of Bit Error Rate (BER)
RJ (p-p)
12.7 * RJ (RMS)
LVDS signal conditioners add very small amounts of random jitter to a signal when inserted into the
signal's path. The random jitter contribution (tRJ) of an LVDS signal conditioner is specified in the devicespecific data sheet as an RMS value and is typically less than 1 ps rms. When two or more random jitter
sources are added in the signal path, their random jitter contributions are summed geometrically.
Furthermore, random jitter is the type of jitter LVDS signal conditioners cannot eliminate or minimize. If
random jitter is excessive, other means of jitter cleaning may be needed (for example, use of retimers).
Deterministic jitter (DJ) is the type of jitter that is bounded (has a finite peak-to-peak value), repeatable
and predictable. It may be caused by power supply switching, interconnect losses, reflections and filtering.
Based on these different jitter causes, the deterministic jitter is further classified into the three categories
as shown in Figure 1. LVDS signal conditioners add small amounts of deterministic jitter to a signal when
inserted into the signal's path. The deterministic jitter contribution (tDJ) of an LVDS signal conditioner is
specified in its data sheet as a peak-to-peak value. The units for deterministic jitter can be either seconds
(ps) or unit intervals (UI). One unit interval has duration of one bit. For example, 1 UI of a 1 Gbps signal
has duration of 1ns. If the 1 Gbps signal has DJ of 100 ps, one can also state that the DJ is 0.1 UI. When
two or more deterministic jitter sources are added in the signal path (signal repeaters), their deterministic
jitter contributions are added algebraically. Unlike random jitter, deterministic jitter can be minimized by
LVDS signal conditioners.
Periodic or sinusoidal jitter (PJ) it typically cased by low frequency power supply switching noise or similar
noise sources asynchronous to the bit stream affected. LVDS signal conditioners don't cause any periodic
jitter when inserted in the signal path.
Duty-cycle dependent jitter (DCD) is a direct result of duty-cycle distortion. Duty-cycle distortion can be
caused by differences between signal's rising and falling transition times and receiver threshold offsets.
LVDS signal conditioners cause minimal DCD jitter when inserted in the signal path as they output very
symmetric waveforms and have receivers with tight input voltage thresholds. Both PJ and DCD are jitter
types that cannot be fixed by LVDS signal conditioners.
Data-dependent jitter (DDJ) or ISI jitter (jitter caused by inter-symbol interference) is the type of jitter
caused by cables, printed circuit board (PCB) traces or any other passive channels with frequency
responses resembling a response of a low pass filter. Figure 2 illustrates a 50-bit long 2.5 Gbps pseudorandom bit stream (PRBS-7) after it has passed through a lossy channel (a 30" FR-4 stripline). It displays
the following bits (each occupying approximately 400 ps) starting from the left:
'10110100010001100110101010000000111111011111001111'. As it can be seen from Figure 2, the
'010101" segment has bits with significantly lower amplitudes or VOH and VOL levels than the amplitudes of
bits in the subsequent '0000000111111' segment. This is the result of the lossy channel attenuating the bit
stream's higher frequency components (found in the '010101" segment) more than the bit stream's lower
frequency components (found in the '0000000111111' segment).
Varying VOH and VOL levels result in data-dependent jitter as well as in reduction of vertical noise margin.
These phenomena are best observed using an eye diagram as illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows a
2.5 Gbps PRBS-7 after a 30" FR-4 stripline. As it can be seen, lossy channels cause data-dependent jitter,
reduce noise margin, and increase likelihood of bit errors. Data-dependent jitter is the dominant jitter type
in high-speed links containing long and lossy interconnects. Fortunately, the DDJ is the type of jitter that
LVDS signal conditioner can reduce. The following sections introduce LVDS signal conditioners and the
jitter reducing benefits they bring.
Figure 2. A 50-Bit 2.5 Gbps PRBS-7 After a 30" FR-4 Stripline
LVDS Signal Conditioners
Figure 3. An Eye Diagram of a 2.5 Gbps PRBS-7 After a 30" FR-4 Stripline
As discussed in the earlier section, transmission line losses increase jitter, limit transmission distance or
reach and reduce noise margin. In response to a need for devices that mitigate these undesired effects,
Texas Instruments has developed a family of LVDS devices with built-in pre-emphasis and equalization
circuits or so called LVDS signal conditioners. LVDS signal conditioners are basic building blocks of highspeed interfaces such as buffers, repeaters and crosspoint switches that have built-in pre-emphasis and
equalization circuits – circuits that can undo negative effects of transmission lines. Table 2 lists currently
available LVDS signal conditioners.
Both, pre-emphasis and equalization circuits compensate for transmission line losses and as a result
minimize data-dependent jitter and increase noise margin. Knowing basic principles of their operation is
critical when deciding how, when, and where to use them. The following two sections provide an overview
of pre-emphasis and equalization circuits and explain how these circuits compensate for transmission line
losses.
Table 2. Selected LVDS Devices With Integrated Pre-Emphasis and Equalization Circuits
NSID
DS25BR100
Pre-emphasis (PE)
Equalization (EQ)
LVDS Buffer / Repeater
~6 dB at 1.56 GHz
~16 dB at 1.56 GHz
DS25CP102
LVDS 2×2 Crosspoint Switch
DS25CP104A
LVDS Quad Buffer
LVDS 1:4 Repeater
Pre-Emphasis
Pre-emphasis circuits boost the magnitudes of high frequency components of a signal with respect to the
magnitudes of low frequency components of the signal. In time domain, signals boosted with the preemphasis circuits appear as signals with overshoots and undershoots at each transition. To better
visualize the "boosted" signals and the benefits of the pre-emphasis circuits, consider a simple test setup
shown in Figure 4. The test setup consists of a pattern generator, DS25CP102 evaluation board
(DS25CP102EVK), a lossy channel (30" FR-4 stripline) and an oscilloscope. Waveforms acquired at the
two test points and two pre-emphasis circuit conditions (OFF and ON) are shown in Figure 5, Figure 6,
Figure 7, and Figure 8.
The waveform of Figure 5 is a 2.5 Gbps PRBS-7 signal measured at the output of the DS25CP102 with
the pre-emphasis circuit disabled (TP1). After the lossy channel (TP2), the higher frequency components
of the signal are attenuated more than the lower frequency components as illustrated in Figure 6.
Lossy Channel
½ DS25CP102
50: MS
L=4"
TP 1
Figure 4. Pre-Emphasis Test Setup
Figure 5. Bit Stream at TP1 with Pre-Emphasis OFF
Figure 7. Bit Stream at TP1 with Pre-Emphasis ON
By enabling the pre-emphasis circuit, the signal at the TP1 appears distorted (Figure 7), however, after the
lossy channel (TP2), the signal of Figure 8 looks similar to the undistorted non-attenuated signal of
Figure 5. The VOH and VOL level of all bits are close to being equal. It can be said that the levels have
been equalized, thus the second name for the pre-emphasis – transmit equalization.
Figure 9, Figure 10, Figure 11, and Figure 12 show the same waveforms of Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7,
and Figure 8 now in form of eye diagrams. Figure 9 is a low jitter output signal from the DS25CP102 with
the pre-emphasis circuit disabled. The lossy channel introduces significant amount of data-dependent jitter
and reduces noise margin as shown in Figure 10. The signal at the output of the DS25CP102 with the preemphasis circuit enable is distorted at the transmit side (Figure 11), however, at the receive side, after the
lossy channel, the eye diagram shows low jitter and maximum noise margin (Figure 12). Clearly, the preemphasis circuits significantly reduce data-dependent jitter and increase noise margin.
Figure 9. Eye Pattern at TP1 with Pre-Emphasis OFF
Figure 10. Eye Pattern at TP2 with Pre-Emphasis OFF
Figure 11. Eye Pattern at TP1 with Pre-Emphasis ON
For system designers, an important parameter of a pre-emphasis circuit is the boost or gain it provides.
The higher the boost, the more attenuation the circuit can compensate for and ultimately transmit over a
longer transmission medium. As an example, Figure 13 illustrates an output signal from a driver with four
pre-emphasis boost levels and the signal's time domain characteristics. The signal is a pattern starting
with one bit high (H), followed by one to N bits H, followed by one bit low (L), followed by one to N bits L,
followed by an H and an L. Note the signal's nominal amplitude of VOD_L and three distinct boost
amplitudes (VOD_H1-3). The boost is simply 20 times log of the ratio of the VOD_H and VOD_L
expressed in dB. It is also important to note that the duration of the boost pulse (tVOD_H) should optimally
be about 75% of the unit interval (tUI); shorter boost pulse duration will provide lower gain. LVDS signal
conditioners from Table 2 feature pre-emphasis circuits that provide up to four pre-emphasis levels.
1 to N bits
VOD_H3
VOD_L
tVOD_H
Figure 13. Pre-Emphasis Circuit is Most Useful When the Boost Pulse Duration (tVOD_H) is About 75% of
the UI
Equalizers are typically devices with integrated peaking filters whose frequency response curve from the
center frequency, fC, to some lower frequency on the left from the fC is closely matched to the inverse of
the transmission medium's frequency response. As an example, Figure 14 shows a frequency response of
a peaking filter with a center frequency at 1 GHz and an inverse of a lossy channel response. Both
responses are closely matched up to about 600 MHz. At this frequency, the equalization gain is
approximately 6 dB.
Equalizers can be fixed, variable or adaptive. Fixed equalizers have fixed frequency response and may be
employed in applications where transmission media have known fixed length. Variable equalizers may
have several equalization boost settings, providing more flexibility with the interconnect length. The most
flexible are adaptive equalizers that automatically determine the transmission media loss and apply
optimal equalization boost.
LVDS signal conditioners listed in Table 2 feature variable equalizers that provide up to four equalization
When compared to pre-emphasis drivers, equalizers are less noisy as they don't require boosting of the
signal amplitude, so an equalizer may be the preferred choice for EMI sensitive applications. On the other
hand, equalizers have to deal with attenuated signals that bring lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). With
lower SNR, extra caution is recommended to keep the SNR at desired levels.
To better visualize the benefits of the equalization circuits, consider a simple test setup shown in
Figure 15. The test setup consists of a pattern generator, DS25CP104A evaluation board
three test points are shown in Figure 16 through Figure 21.
GAIN (dB)
Inverse of a Lossy
Channel Response
Equalizer Response
Figure 14. Response of a Peaking Equalizer With the Center Frequency at 1 GHz Closely Matches the
Inverse of a Lossy Channel Response
¼ DS25CP104
Figure 15. Equalization Test Setup
The waveform of Figure 16 is a 2.5 Gbps PRBS-7 signal measured at the output of the pattern generator
(TP1). Figure 17 is the same waveform displayed as an eye diagram. After the lossy channel (TP2), the
signal is severely attenuated with its higher frequency components more attenuated than its lower
frequency components as illustrated in Figure 18. Figure 19 shows the same signal in form of an eye
diagram. The eye diagram is fully closed and the noise margin is non-existent. An LVDS receiver without
an equalizer and/or a CDR circuit cannot recover error free data from such an attenuated bit stream.
Jitter Experiment
Figure 16. Pattern Generator Output, Bit Stream, TP1
Figure 17. Pattern Generator Output, Eye Pattern, TP1
Figure 18. Lossy Channel Output, Bit Stream, TP2
Figure 19. Lossy Channel Output, Eye Pattern, TP2
Figure 20. Signal Conditioned Output, Bit Stream, TP3
Figure 21. Signal Conditioned Output, Eye Pattern,
Figure 20 and Figure 21 show the waveform after it has been equalized. The high gain equalizer in the
DS25CP104A is able to undo the attenuation of the lossy channel and as a result minimize datadependent jitter and restore noise margin.
The experiment consists of three segments:
• The goal of the first segment of the experiment is to collect data showing data-dependent jitter
accumulation as a function of FR-4 stripline length and bit rate
• The goal of the second segment of the experiment is to acquire data showing DDJ reductions possible
with the use of devices with built-in pre-emphasis circuits (DS25BR120).
• Similarly, the goal of the third segment is to obtain the data showing jitter reducing benefits of the
devices with built-in equalizer circuits (DS25BR110).
For all experiment segments, FR-4 striplines of several different lengths are used. In each segment of the
experiment, data-dependent jitter is measured at specified test points using Tektronix TDS6154C Digital
Storage Oscilloscope with TDSJIT3 jitter analysis application. Advantest D3186 serves as a low jitter
pattern generator.
FR-4 Striplines
For this experiment, several lossy channels, featuring FR-4 striplines of various lengths (see Table 3),
were developed. Each lossy channel consists of an edge coupled 100-ohm differential stripline, two pairs
of SMA connectors for interfacing with the instrumentation and the same number of short, one inch long,
single-ended 50-Ω microstrips serving as breakout traces between the connectors and tightly coupled
differential striplines. Figure 22 shows the block diagram of a lossy channel.
The lossy channels were fabricated with Polyclad PCL-FR-370-Laminate / PCL-FRP-370 Prepreg
materials (Dielectric constant of 3.7 and Loss Tangent of 0.02). The edge coupled differential striplines
have the following geometries: Trace Width (W) = 5 mils, Gap (S) = 5 mils, Height (B) = 16 mils.
100: Diff.
Stripline
Figure 22. Block Diagram of a Lossy Channel
Table 3. FR-4 Stripline Length and Insertion Loss at 1 GHz
Stripline Length [in]
Stripline Length [cm]
Insertion Loss [dB]
~1.6 dB at 1.00 GHz
~11.3 dB at 1.00 GHz
DDJ as a Function of FR-4 Stripline Length
Table 3 shows stripline length of each lossy channel as well as their insertion losses at 1 GHz. The
insertion loss per length as a function of frequency model is shown in Figure 23. The model was
developed by averaging the empirical S-parameter data (SDD21) of each lossy channel. It can be used to
determine approximate insertion loss of any lossy channel within the 10 MHz to 6 GHz frequency range.
INSERTION LOSS (dB/inch)
FR-4 Stripline Response
Figure 23. FR-4 Stripline Insertion Loss per Length as a Function of Frequency Model
Test setup of Figure 15 is used to gather data-dependent jitter (DDJ) as a function of FR-4 stripline length
data and bit rate. The test setup consists of the D3186 pattern generator, DS25BR120 evaluation board
(DS25BR100EVK), a lossy channels, DS25BR110 evaluation board and the TDS6154C oscilloscope.
The DS25BR120 has its pre-emphasis circuit disabled and it only serves to set proper LVDS voltage
levels and typical LVDS slew rate. The DS25BR110 has its equalizer disabled and it only serves to restore
the signal amplitude needed for correct TDSJIT3 jitter analysis software operation. The pattern generator
simulates PRBS-7. The jitter is measured with the oscilloscope and separated into all jitter components /
types using the jitter analysis software. The bit rate is varied from 250 Mbps to 3250 Mbps in 250 Mbps
steps. The DDJ exceeding 0.5 UI is not recorded as the instrumentation and the jitter analysis software is
unable to measure / compute the jitter and its components beyond that point. Figure 25 shows the test
DS25BR100EVK
Microstrip
Figure 24. Experiment Setup
DDJ Reductions With Pre-Emphasis
DATA-DEPENDENT JITTER (ps)
VCC = 3.3V
TA = 25°C
NRZ PRBS-7
w/o SL
BIT RATE (Gbps)
Figure 25. Data-dependent Jitter as a Function of Bit Rate and FR-4 Stripline Length
As expected, the DDJ dramatically increases with higher bit rates and longer FR-4 striplines. The lossy
channels with FR-4 striplines longer than 30 inches (SL4, SL5, SL6 and SL7) introduce more than 0.5 UI
of DDJ below 2 Gbps point. Other jitter components (RJ, DCD, PJ) have insignificant dependence on the
bit rate and the FR-4 stripline length, so the results showing these jitter components are not reported in
this application report. The following two subsections present data that shows DDJ reductions that can be
realized with the use of LVDS signal conditioners.
As reported in Section 4, the long FR-4 striplines cause significant amounts of data-dependent jitter. It was
also confirmed that the increase in the DDJ is proportional to the bit rate. This section reports the data
showing DDJ reductions that can be realized with the use of LVDS signal conditioners featuring integrated
pre-emphasis circuits.
The experiment setup as shown in Figure 15 is used to gather jitter as a function of FR-4 stripline length,
bit rate, and pre-emphasis level data. In this experiment, the DS25BR120 serves as an LVDS signal
conditioner featuring four pre-emphasis levels. The DS25BR110 has its equalizer disabled and it only
serves to restore the signal amplitude needed for correct TDSJIT3 operation. The pattern generator
steps. For each bit rate step and FR-4 stripline length, all four pre-emphasis levels are exercised and
measured DDJ recorded. The DDJ exceeding 0.5 UI is not recorded due to the instrumentation limitations
explained earlier. Figure 26 through Figure 41 show the DDJ as a function of bit rate and pre-emphasis
level data for all seven FR-4 stripline lengths as well as the case without the lossy channel.
w/o Stripline
Figure 26. Without Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Pre-Emphasis Level
When a channel has a minimal loss, as is the case with the setup without the lossy channel, enabling the
pre-emphasis circuit results in an increase in DDJ. However, increase in the DDJ caused by the
DS25BR120 pre-emphasis circuitry is relatively minor. This is an indicator of a well optimized preemphasis circuit.
TA = 25° C
7.5" Stripline
Figure 27. 7.5" Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Pre-Emphasis Level
The lossy channel with 7.5" stripline does not introduce significant amounts of DDJ to warrant the use of
18.5" Stripline
Figure 28. 18.5" Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Pre-Emphasis Level
With the lossy channel featuring 18.5" stripline, an increase in DDJ can be observed as well as its
reduction enabled with the use of the pre-emphasis. Above 1.5 Gbps, the reduction of DDJ is about 50%.
The pre-emphasis level PE01 is recommended for the FR-4 stripline lengths around 10 to 20 inches.
With the lossy channel featuring 29.5" stripline, a significant increase in DDJ can be observed above 1
Gbps. Above 1.0 Gbps, the reduction of DDJ is considerable. While all pre-emphasis levels provide similar
reductions in DDJ, the vertical noise margin is different and highest with the PE11 setting. It is always
recommended to check vertical noise margin in addition to the amount of DDJ when determining the
optimal pre-emphasis setting.
41" Stripline
Figure 30. 41" Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Pre-Emphasis Level
With the lossy channel featuring 41" stripline, the increase of DDJ is significant above 1 Gbps and
exceeds 0.5 UI at 1.75 Gbps. Above 1.0 Gbps, the reduction of DDJ is considerable. Again, all preemphasis levels provide similar reductions in DDJ, however, highest pre-emphasis setting (PE11) provides
the highest the vertical noise margin and is recommended for links in the excess of 30 inches.
With the lossy channel featuring 52" stripline, the increase of DDJ is significant above 500 Mbps and
exceeds 0.5 UI at 1.25 Gbps. Above 500 Mbps, the reduction of DDJ is considerable. Again, the highest
pre-emphasis setting is recommended to ensure the maximum noise margin is available.
DDJ Reductions With Equalization
exceeds 0.5 UI at 1.0 Gbps. Above 500 Mbps, the reduction of DDJ is considerable but it only enables
transmission at 2 Gbps or lower bit rates.
With the lossy channel featuring 74" stripline, the increase of DDJ is enormous and exceeds 0.5 UI
already at 500 Mbps. The reduction of DDJ is observed, but it only enables transmission at 1 Gbps or
lower bit rates.
This section reports the data that shows DDJ reductions that can be realized with the use of LVDS signal
conditioners with integrated equalizers.
bit rate, and equalization level data. In this experiment, the DS25BR120 has its pre-emphasis circuit
disabled and it only serves to set proper LVDS voltage levels and typical LVDS slew rate. The
DS25BR110 serves as an LVDS signal conditioner with four levels of equalization. It compensates for the
FR-4 stripline losses and restores the signal amplitude needed for correct TDSJIT3 operation. The pattern
generator simulated PRBS-7. The jitter is measured with the oscilloscope and separated into all jitter
components / types using the jitter analysis software. The bit rate is varied from 250 Mbps to 3250 Mbps
in 250 Mbps steps. For each bit rate step and FR-4 stripline length, all four equalization levels are
exercised and measured DDJ recorded. The DDJ exceeding 0.5 UI is not recorded due to the
instrumentation limitations explained earlier. Figure 34 through Figure 41 show the DDJ as a function of bit
rate and equalization level data for all seven FR-4 lengths as well as the case without the lossy channel.
EQ10 EQ11
Figure 34. Without Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Equalization Level
equalization circuit results in minimal to no increase in DDJ except the setting with the highest boost
(EQ11). The high gain of the EQ11 setting may gain up noise and/or reflections on the signal, so it is
recommended to avoid using the highest EQ setting for the lower loss channels.
Figure 35. 7.5" Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Equalization Level
equalization circuits. The highest gain setting causes undesirable jitter above 1.5 Gbps as it gains up high
frequency reflections common to signal transmitted in low loss channels.
Figure 36. 18.5" Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Equalization Level
The lossy channel with 18.5" stripline starts to introduce significant amounts of DDJ above 2.5 Gbps. The
use of equalization circuits makes notable reductions of DDJ within the 2.5 to 3.25 Gbps range. While the
EQ11 setting shows the best performance, the EQ01 or EQ10 setting are recommended to avoid the risk
that the high gain equalization setting carries.
The lossy channel with 29.5" stripline introduces significant amounts of DDJ above 1.5 Gbps. The use of
equalization circuits makes notable reductions of DDJ within the 1.5 to 3.25 Gbps range. While the EQ11
setting shows the best performance, the EQ10 setting is recommended to avoid the risk that the high gain
equalization setting brings.
Figure 38. 41" Stripline: DDJ as a Function of Bit Rate and Equalization Level
The lossy channel with 41" stripline introduces significant amounts of DDJ above 1.0 Gbps. The use of
equalization circuits makes notable reductions of DDJ within the 1.05 to 3.25 Gbps range. The EQ11
setting is recommended as it provides the highest DDJ reduction. This channel has high attenuation at
high frequencies, so any high-frequency noise or reflections are well muted and unlikely pose a threat of
being gained up by the highest gain equalization setting.
TA =25°C
The lossy channel with 52" stripline introduces significant amounts of DDJ above 500 Mbps. The use of
equalization circuits makes notable reductions of DDJ within the 500 Mbps to 3.25 Gbps range. The EQ11
setting is recommended as it provides the highest DDJ reduction.
The lossy channel with 74" stripline introduces significant amounts of DDJ above 500 Mbps. Only the
highest equalization setting (EQ11) makes notable reductions of DDJ.
Data-dependent jitter is an ill effect of long and lossy PCB traces, cables and any other passive networks
with frequency responses resembling the response of a low pass filter. TI's family of LVDS signal
conditioners with integrated pre-emphasis and equalization circuits can significantly reduce datadependent jitter, extend the transmission distance, and increase noise margin.
LVDS signal conditioners with integrated pre-emphasis circuits are ideal for placement on the transmit
side of the transmission line. They are optimal for noisier environments while providing up to 9 dB of highfrequency boost.
LVDS signal conditioners with integrated equalization circuits are normally placed at the receive side of a
transmission line while providing up to 16 dB of high frequency boost. The equalizers are less noisy as
they don't require boosting of the signal's nominal amplitude. They are the preferred choice for EMI
sensitive applications. As the equalizers have to deal with much attenuated signals that bring low signalto-noise ratio (SNR), extra caution is recommended to keep the SNR at desired levels.
DS25BR110 3.125 Gbps LVDS Buffer with Receive Equalization Data sheet. November 06, 2007
DS25BR120 3.125 Gbps LVDS Buffer with Transmit Pre-emphasis Data sheet. November 06, 2007
Application Note AN-1826 – "Extending the Reach of a FPD-Link II Interface with Cable Drivers and
Equalizers". March 24, 2008
Tektronix Application - "Understanding and Characterizing Timing Jitter". October 22, 2007
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Texas Instruments LVDS Signal Quality: Jitter Measurements Using Eye Patterns Test Report #1 Application notes
DS25CP102Q Automotive 3.125 Gbps 2X2 LVDS Crosspoint Switch with Transmit... Emphasis and Receive Equalization
Texas Instruments Auto 3.125Gbps 2X2 LVDS Crosspoint Sw w/Xmit Pre-Emphasis & Receive Equalization (Rev. E) Datasheet
DS25CP102 3.125 Gbps 2X2 LVDS Crosspoint Switch with Transmit Pre-Emphasis... Receive Equalization DS25CP102 FEATURES
Texas Instruments 3.125 Gbps 2X2 LVDS Crosspoint sw w/ Xmit Pre-Emphasis & Receive Equalization (Rev. E) Datasheet
DS25BR100 / DS25BR101 3.125 Gbps LVDS Buffer with Transmit Pre-Emphasis... Receive Equalization DS25BR100 FEATURES
DS25BR100,101 - Texas Instruments
Texas Instruments DS25BR100/101 3.125Gbps LVDS Buffer w/Transmit Pre-Empha & Rcve Equalization (Rev. F) Datasheet
TTI49731411
DS25BR120 3.125 Gbps LVDS Buffer with Transmit Pre-Emphasis DS25BR120 FEATURES DESCRIPTION
Texas Instruments DS25BR120 3.125 Gbps LVDS Buffer with Transmit Pre-Emphasis (Rev. E) Datasheet
DS25BR110 3.125 Gbps LVDS Buffer with Receive Equalization DS25BR110 FEATURES DESCRIPTION
DS25BR110 3.125 Gbps LVDS Buffer with Receive Equalization
Texas Instruments DS25BR110 3.125 Gbps LVDS Buffer with Receive Equalization (Rev. E) Datasheet
DS25BR120 3.125 Gbps LVDS Buffer with Transmit Pre-Emphasis General Description
Extending the Signal Path Over Data
Texas Instruments DS25CP104A/CP114 3.125 Gbps 4x4 LVDS Xpoint Sw w/Xmit Pre-Emp & Receive Equal (Rev. C) Datasheet
DS25CP104A / DS25CP114 3.125 Gbps 4x4 LVDS Crosspoint Switch with... Pre-Emphasis and Receive Equalization
DS25BR110 3.125 Gbps LVDS Buffer with Receive Equalization General Description
DS25CP104ATSQX/NOPB скачать даташит
DS25CP104TSQX/NOPB скачать даташит
Texas Instruments 3.125 Gbps Quad LVDS Buffer w/ Transmit Pre-Emphasis and Receive Equalization (Rev. B) Datasheet


A 10 metre long petition that has been signed by more than 72,000 New Zealanders opposed to the ratification of the TPPA was delivered to Parliament today, as the final rounds of public submissions to the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Select Committee take place. The petition was delivered by community organisation, ActionStation.
"I do not appear before you today as an expert on international trade, Investor State Dispute Settlement clauses, or on the impact this agreement could have on this and future government's ability to govern in the best interest of the people of New Zealand…I appear before you today as a representative of a large and growing community of hard-working New Zealanders who have made time in their busy lives to engage with discussion and debate on the TPPA, learn as much as they could – despite the lack of transparency – and then get involved in the processes of democracy to express their views and concerns.", said Marianne Elliott, National Director of ActionStation as she delivered her presentation today.
The group has been campaigning on TPPA since November 2014. First to call for greater transparency and accountability in the TPPA negotiations. And then to oppose the agreement once the text became available to the public in November last year.
MPs have been given just five days to consider thousands of submissions on the controversial TPPA trade deal after the timeframe was drastically cut from four weeks.
"Time and again throughout this process the Government, including the Prime Minister, have dismissed New Zealanders who are concerned about TPPA, insulting their intelligence and questioning their motives. They have been called 'children', 'anti-trade' and 'rent-a-crowd'. Today we wanted to give voice to these people, many of whom are our members, and say: The tens of thousands of New Zealanders who have taken part in our campaign opposing the TPPA are real people, thoughtful, well-informed, hard-working people who love this country and who believe we can do better for New Zealand than this deal.


Articat is an artists' cooperative, a company that offers a management service with the maximum of facilities and the greatest benefits. We work by artists, technicians and carriers of the artistic sector. We have many years of experience, a team of professionals so prepared and numerous clients that endorse us.
Our line of work is the transparency and the degree of confidence that we seek to convey to our customers. Articat gives you the security and stability that every artist needs to be able to focus better on his real work.
The Center for Contemporary Culture of Barcelona (CCCB) claims the genius Stanley Kubrick in a retrospective exhibition that reviews his films, from a wide variety of genres, and that includes scripts, sketches, documents, photographs, costumes and accessories.
We like to give life to the culture and artists, from the most unknown to the most mythical. We leave you a collection of images from Andy Warhol's exhibition in Barcelona.
Year after year Articat tries to improve; and now more than ever. Find out about the new options we offer you this year 2018.


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Our Monthly Story
James Aikenhead
Plot F, Circle, Lot 8
Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto
Born in County Kilkenny, Ireland in 1816, James Aikenhead came to Toronto in 1847. Soon thereafter, he joined the firm of Joseph D. Ridout and Company, Ironmongers whose store was located at the northeast corner of Yonge and King Streets. In 1868, Aikenhead and Alexander Crombie became full partners in the business which then changed its name to Ridout, Aikenhead and Crombie. Aikenhead and Crombie acquired control in 1876 and fifteen years later relocated the business to 6 Adelaide Street East. In 1893, James Aikenhead's son, Thomas, who had begun his apprenticeship with the firm twenty years before, bought the business and again the name was changed, this time to Aikenhead Hardware Company. Reorganized and renamed Aikenhead Hardware Ltd. in 1901, the company moved four years later to 17-21 Temperance Street. (James Aikenhead, the founder died on April 11, 1903 at the age of 87.)
In 1944, James T. E. Aikenhead, the eldest son of Thomas Aikenhead, became president, a position he held until his death on January 7, 1948. John Wilfred, T. E.'s brother then assumed the presidency to be followed in 1972 by T. E.'s nephew James M. Aikenhead. In that same year, the company passed out of the family's control and is now part of Molson Industries. All five members of the Aikenhead family mentioned in this article are buried in the Aikenhead family plot.
Mike Filey
Mount Pleasant Cemetery: An Illustrated Guide
Second Edition Revised and Expanded
Copyright 2020 © Mount Pleasant Group

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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VIDEO: New Guinness World Records book is out
by: CBS News
Guinness World Records 2019 is out!
The new book includes – an 84-year-old trapeze artist, and a dog that can really jump!
More World Stories
by JIM GOMEZ, Associated Press / Jul 15, 2019
MANILA, Philippines (AP) — The Philippine president has signed a bill into law penalizing a range of acts of sexual harassment including catcalling, wolf-whistling and persistent telling of sexual jokes, which pro-women's groups have accused him of committing.
Philippine officials released on Monday a copy of Republic Act 11313, known as the "Safe Spaces Act," which Duterte signed in April. The reason for the delay in its public release was not immediately clear.
NEW DELHI (AP) — India's space organization is examining the technical snag behind Monday's aborted launch of a spacecraft intended to land on the far side of the moon and expects to set a new launch date within days.
The Chandrayaan-2 mission was called off less than an hour before liftoff by the Indian Space Research Organization when a "technical snag" was observed in the 640-ton, 14-story rocket launcher.


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A celebration of horse racing featuring jockey, trainer and horse profiles
Don't Push It
Don't Push It was a bay gelding, owned by John Patrick "J.P." McManus and trained by Jonjo O'Neill at Jackdaws Castle in Gloucestershire, who won eight of his 28 races under National Hunt Rules and over £750,000 in total prize money. However, the son of top-class jumps sire Old Vic etched his name into the annals of racing history when, on April 10, 2010, he put in a faultless round of jumping to win the Grand National under A.P. McCoy.
Don't Push It was backed into 10/1 joint favourite, from 20/1, on the day of the race, but McManus – nicknamed the 'Sundance Kid' because of his betting exploits – said, "I noticed his odds had come in before the race but I didn't back him, I was just happy to see him deliver the goods."
In a race run at an end-to-end gallop, Don't Push It made headway from mid-division to track the leaders heading out into the country for the second time and, by the time the bold-jumping Black Apalachi took over from the long-time leader Conna Castle at Becher's Brook on the second circuit, only a handful of horses were left with a realistic chance of winning. Two of them, Big Fella Thanks and Hello Bud, weakened from the second last fence, at which Don't Push It took second place. He took the lead at the last and stayed on well from the famous "Elbow" to beat Black Apalachi by 5 lengths, with State Of Play, who snatched third place from Big Fella Thanks close home, a further 20 lengths away.
In so doing, he became the first Grand National winner for A.P. McCoy after fifteen attempts. The perennial champion jockey – who retired in April, 2015, with a record 4,358 winners and was knighted in the New Year's Honours in 2016 – said afterwards, "The National is the people's race and to have won it at last is really special."
Jonjo O'Neill, who was also winning the race for the first time, later reflected on the occasion, saying, "I think we'll always remember the magical day he won the Grand National as it was one of the greatest afternoons in the life of myself, J.P. and A.P. as we had all been trying to win the race for so many years."
Posted by G at 14:50 No comments:
Labels: horses
Jamie Spencer is an experienced flat racing jockey, who is still currently plying his trade on the UK flat racing circuit. Born in the Spring of 1980 in Tipperary, he was to date won 4 major classic races with two in his home country of Ireland and two in the UK. Spencer has something of trademark for riding his horses sensibly until the critical moment and then kicking for home, using the sprint to great effect.
Racing has long since been in Jamie Spencer's blood, as his father was a successful National Hunt trainer by the name of George Spencer, who most notably trained the 1963 Champion Hurdle winner, Winning Fair. Despite the family connection to the sport, the young Jamie Spencer was not involved until late in his childhood years.
When he did start however, he made up for lost time quickly, claiming the first of his classic triumphs on Tarascon in the Irish 1,000 Guineas in 1997. When he did so, he made history, as the youngest jockey ever to win a classic race, before going on to become Ireland's champion apprentice the next year, riding to 46 victories.
Aidan O'Brien
Spencer's talents hadn't gone unnoticed and it led to a short stint as stable jockey at Ballydoyle for Aidan O'Brien. Despite only being in that role for a short time, he managed to become Irish flat racing Champion Jockey for 2004, riding 93 winners.
The success continued for Jamie Spencer after parting ways with O'Brien, as he moved to Britain shortly after to become flat racing Champion Jockey on the British circuit in 2005, riding a not too inconsiderable amount of 180 winners.
Repeat Success
Spencer's next achievement of note was reclaiming the Britain Champion Jockey mantle in 2007, sharing the honours with Seb Sanders. It was a thrilling season, with Spencer only drawing level with Sanders on 190 winners in the very last race of the season.
Jamie Spencer went on to ride again for Aiden O'Brien, this time as a joint shareholder in Fame and Glory and Cape Blanco. It was to prove a successful reunion, as he rode Fame And Glory to the 2011 Ascot Gold Cup.
Jamie seemingly called time on his racing career in 2014, when he cited 'family reasons' for walking away to take up a consultancy role with Qatar Racing, but the pull of the saddle would prove too much and he returned to racing soon after. By 2017, he'd managed to clock up 2,000 winners, becoming one of only 4 active jockeys ever to do so and with Spencer still only 38 years of age, there's still time for him to add to his already impressive tally.
Labels: jockeys
For the latest racing news and info go to race days
Want a breakdown of every UK racecourse and regular horse profile updates? Then Horses and Courses is the site for you!
A look at many of the UKs most beloved Racing Festivals and big races. International races too
A zany combo of race horse profiles and Only Fools and Horses humour, at Nagshead
Some people enjoy betting on outsiders, other like to Bet on favourites.
Horse Racing Sites


When it comes to unforeseen emergencies, the best defense is a fund established specifically for unplanned events. An emergency fund can help you stay financially afloat in times of stress. Whether it's a job loss, natural disaster, or unexpected expenses, an emergency fund will save you from accruing too much debt. Watch the video below to see how to start an emergency fund.
Once you've decided how much you need to save, set your funds aside in a separate account other than regular savings. Using different accounts helps to avoid dipping into your emergency fund for non-emergency spending. Save your contributions in an account that is not easily accessible and earns interest.
There are a number of scenarios that could leave you needing your emergency fund. From job loss to car repairs to medical expenses or a natural disaster, you never know when there will be an emergency. Be prepared! And remember to only use your emergency fund when it's absolutely necessary. Here are some other tips for what to do during a financial emergency.


While basic supplementation will be a necessity due to the weak food supply as previously detailed, it is important to realize that the vast majority of supplements being sold are not only worthless, they are actually detrimental to your health. According to the Winter, 1999, Journal of the American Nutraceutical Association, 97% of the current vitamins and minerals now sold in "health food" stores and mass market merchandisers are either harmful or ineffective or both. Applied kinesiological testing confirms the accuracy of the ANA's assessment. Most supplements contain ingredients that are synthetic, fractionated and/or genetically modified and include an array of toxic fillers (even common sand), binders (even common glue) and excipients; all of which assimilate poorly (if at all) and stress the body. Incredibility, the most harmful ingredients are not even listed on the labels. Flowing agents such as talcum powder, a suspected carcinogen (cancer-causing agent), are used routinely by most manufacturers as well as polyvinylpyrrolidone, magnesium stearate (a proven immuno-suppressant), stearic acid, waxes, coal tar derivatives and many other known or suspected carcinogens. Studies by the University of Texas Health Science Center and the East Carolina University School of Medicine reveal that these toxic additives cause a rapid collapse of T-cell membrane function and cell death; thereby suppressing the immune system. (Immunology, 1990, Jul.) More than 95% of the vitamin and mineral products consumed today contain stearates. Stearates are used as binders in tablets and in the processing of gelatin capsules. Many of the supplements sold in the form of tablets contain the same glues that are use to build furniture! People often take hundreds of capsules and tablets every month believing that they are getting vitamins, minerals and other key nutrients but, in reality, they are ingesting powerful immune suppressing toxins.
Quantum Nutrition Labs, owned and managed by Dr. Bob Marshall, pledges that its products have been thoroughly tested to be non-toxic and effective and guarantee that what is on the label is exactly what is in the bottle! Quantum Nutrition Labs uses the Ayurvedic grading system for herbal quality. The Ayurvedic grading system (from 1 to 10, 10 being the best) was devised over 8,500 years ago in India, still in worldwide use today. This grading system quickly identifies the quality of each raw material. Exporters have stated that Quantum Nutrition Labs is the only Grade 10 importer in the United States!
Quantum nutraceutical products are clinically proven to help the body overcome illness and improve health. Quantum products are certified organic, never irradiated. They contain no pesticides or toxic chemicals, and they utilize enzymatic processes for superior phytochemical availability. All Quantum capsules are 100% pure vegetable capsules (Vcaps) instead of tablets which are filled with glues and binders and hardened with heat and pressure or gelatin capsules that use toxic preservatives and are made from animal body parts, such as hooves, which can carry serious diseases. The vegetable capsules are twice as well absorbed as a gelatin capsule and are free of toxic preservatives. Vcaps are considerably more expensive than gelatin capsules but they are worth the extra investment.
Quantum nutraceuticals are also guaranteed free of milk, corn, soy, salt, sugar, wheat, yeast, artificial colors, flavors, preservatives, stearic acid or magnesium stearate. For frightening, but true, information regarding most supplement manufacturers and their products see 10 Secrets About Supplements.
This is all a part of the total Quantum Effect. Each cell in the body is replaced every 160 days. The health of those cells depend upon the nutrition they are fed. Only nutrients from "once living" sources can effectively give the cells the nutrition they depend upon. We call this the "Life Source". Over 97% of the vitamin and mineral supplements found in the typical retail "health" store are synthetics or made from fractionated and isolated nutrients. These products cannot hope to perform the important task of healthy cell regeneration. In long-term use, these poorer sources can often lead to additional health problems.
The only source for ideal cellular growth on the market today is Quantum nutrition. When Quantum whole food phytonutrients are combined together synergistically, their effect is far greater than the sum of individual vitamins and minerals. This geometric increase, by a factor of 100 fold or more, is called the Quantum Effect.
The typical American has an extensive toxic burden and acidic PH factor. These are the first elements that must be addressed to help an individual sustain or regain great health. Formulating and manufacturing products that can achieve the Quantum Effect is not easy. The extensive staff at Quantum Nutrition Labs performs many clinical trials and numerous formula revisions until the perfect synergistic formulation is produced. For additional information regarding Quantum "living source" nutraceuticals, click here.
100% Testing of All Raw Materials – In order to produce an outstanding product that is capable of achieving the quantum nutrition effect, it is absolutely necessary to test every container of each nutritional raw material contained in that formula – not just a sample from one or two containers from a large batch. There is simply no short-cut to this extensive testing process.
Raw material damaged due to exposure to heat, impure air, moisture, light, etc.
Signature Quality – Quantum Nutrition Labs tests every single batch of incoming raw materials using a highly advanced testing system called "Photoluminescence Technology". Due to worldwide contamination and unethical practices, QNL believes that the only way to absolutely ensure integrity of raw material quality is to test every batch.
In stark contrast, most nutritional supplement manufacturers perform only random testing of their incoming raw materials. For example, in a batch of 100 incoming containers, only 5 containers of the 100 may be randomly selected for testing. Often, raw materials are "spot" tested only several times a year. Often, after initially testing raw materials, no testing is ever performed again, since the manufacturer relies solely on the Certificate of Analysis provided by the supplier. QNL believes that random testing of raw materials can never deliver the best results on a consistent basis since too many raw material errors can occur.
Photoluminescent Testing – HPSC, High Performance Crystal Spectroscopy, is used to perform simultaneous multiple scans of each specific raw material using birefringent quartz wedge polarization interferometry via near infrared light. This dual infrared light beam is used to penetrate a container of raw material to a specified depth of the container, even without opening the bag, to read the multiple frequency signature of the raw material without damaging the raw material. In 10 to 30 seconds, the photoluminescent device generates a distinctive fingerprint graph that is compared to the original specifications of that specific raw material, identifying a "range of confidence" for positive verification of the species and other parameters.
The photoluminescent picture can also identify the presence of heavy metals, toxic chemical or pesticide residues, excess moisture and much more. If the raw material conforms to previous specifications for that raw material, it passes the test. If the raw material does not, it is rejected and returned to the supplier.
The Cellular Resonance Effect – Exciting research by the QN Labs team over the last 15 years has shown that the outer membrane structure of every cell in your body has a unique, semi-crystaline matrix. This means that every one of the trillion plus cells in your body has an ideal resonant frequency, much like a crystal glass that rings its own special note when struck.
The consequence of this stunning discovery of resonant frequencies is enormous. It is a secret key that unlocks the hidden door to why some ill people can quickly regain their health and others can not. This discovery reveals why the ideal resonant frequency of each cell can only be sustained or regained by consuming nutrients that are also at their ideal resonant frequencies. This dynamic interaction between the cell and the nutrient creates a highly beneficial, harmonic resonant effect in which the cell is able to ingest not only the nutritional factors but can also absorb the higher resonant frequencies embedded in the nutrient.
In contrast, consuming nutrients that are synthetic or that have degraded resonant frequencies (from nutrients that have been poorly grown, pesticided, contaminated with chemical additives, etc.) will necessarily dampen your own cell's resonant frequency and if consumed repeatedly, will result in a lowered frequency (meaning poor vitality) of the cell.
The irony of this situation is what we call the "seems good but isn't" hypothesis. German research shows that consuming a synthetic or degraded nutrient may initially stimulate the cell's DNA and initially produce an enhanced effect-so it "seems good." However, this research shows that after the initial stimulation, the DNA of the cell deteriorated faster!
The only nutrients on earth truly capable of allowing the body to regain and sustain its ideal cellular resonance are those that were once living and were grown under ideal conditions, then harvested at peak potency, and lastly, stored and packaged in a toxic free, protective environment-in.
Kirlian Photography has proven that a living substance contains atoms that yield pure light. In other words, the structure emits a glow of light which surrounds it. Groundbreaking experiments by German bio-physicist, Dr. Fritz Popp have demonstrated this release of "light" from healthy cells, which is not visible to the naked eye, but easily quantified by highly sophisticated equipment. This radiant field or "body of light" around a molecule distinguishes living from non-living substances.
The life force coming from a synthetic vitamin is minute when compared to the life force coming from a living source or natural source. When natural source nutrients are of Quantum quality well grown and without toxins then the cells are able to absorb both physical nutrients as well as the nutrient's resonant frequencies. The cells can now function at their optimal frequency and thus, live longer. In fact, the only source that can allow the cell to achieve its ideal resonant frequency is natural source nutrients, and that is what you experience with QNL Quantum quality nutrients!
Many nutritional products manufactured today do not incorporate the discoveries regarding cellular resonance and the QNL Quantum nutrition effect. Although the initial effect of taking these products might appear beneficial, over time as they continue to be used, they may actually impede the body's overall health due to their ineffective nature and/or toxic ingredients. QNL Quantum nutrients are prepared using resonance preserving technology and low temperature air drying, thus retaining all their raw enzymes and delicate glycoside bonds. These targeted herbal nutrients are far safer to the human body than synthetic or isolated nutrients.
An amazing discovery is that when you combine Quantum quality nutrients together in the same formula, you can achieve a much higher resonant frequency than if they were used individually.
A landmark study published in the Journal of the American Nutraceutical Association (JANA, winter, 1999) showed only 5 of the 196 nutritional products randomly tested from health food stores proved to be both nontoxic and effective. The study found the other 191 products or over 97% to be either toxic, ineffective or both! Using this random study, this translates to a shocking less than 3% of nutritional products available in the marketplace that are worth buying at all. Remember, less than 3% were able to meet the basic criteria of being both nontoxic and effective.


On-page SEO is the deliberate optimization of web pages in order to perform better in search engines and attain higher rank position to earn more relevant traffic. It's achieved by optimizing the content on a page as well as the html source code by "tagging" titles, headers, images and descriptions.
The days of keyword stuffing to game the system are over. Search engines are much to sophisticated for that. Today's SEO requires a refined touch. We conduct extensive keyword research to create effective meta tags and then constantly test them to ensure they're performing.
We live and breathe SEO. The formula that search engines use is always changing so you want a company that's on the cutting edge of the industry. It's the difference between ho hum results and proven growth.


Ultra Small Tiny Micro Desktop, Great Computing Power now comes with Ultra-Portability.
Comes with up-to 4 GB DDR2 RAM and 500GB Hard Disk Drive Options at your Choice.
Dell Optiplex Micro Desktop, is a Ultra Small Desktop Computer. This Desktop comes with an Intel Core 2 Duo E8400 Processor and is Best for Home & Office work and light gaming. It also has a strong Packaging along with the Product package. This desktop comes with 2GB DDR2 RAM & 250GB Hard disk which is up-gradable up to 4 GB RAM and 500GB HDD at additional cost.
The Intel Core 2 Duo Processor inside this desktop has 2 execution cores that can enable the execution of parallel threads or applications to be on completely separate cores. It means that it has an impressive system response when multi-threaded or multiple applications are running simultaneously. The 65nm Dual core of this Intel Core 2 Duo Processor can optimize its thermal performance. The Intel Core 2 Duo Features Enhanced Speed-step Technology which enables the system to adjust its voltage and core frequency to decrease overall power consumption. This can also help to lower overall heat production and provide a balance between providing power and conserving power. With Intel Virtualization, your one hardware platform can function as multiple virtual platforms.
1. This is an Original Dell Desktop Computer with in Refurbished Condition.
2. Other Components E.g. Display Monitor, Mouse, Keyboard are not included with this and sold separately.
3. It is a 100% Working & Tested Refurbished Desktop PC Unit can be used in office or home as per your requirements.
4. These are sample pictures of our product. They help you give an idea of how the actual product will look like. Original product shipped to you may have some signs of wear or minor scratch but we try to ensure that you always get quality product!
Warranty: 10 Days Testing Warranty.


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Customer Experience Best Practices: A Framework for Designing Outstanding CX
By Linda Saindon | Jan 17, 2018
CHANNEL: Customer Experience
Customer experience contains four main characteristics: a customer-first focus, empathy, holistic growth and agility PHOTO: Jason Leung
When undertaking a digital transformation strategy, one of the first — and most important — steps in the process is to create a compelling customer experience (CX).
Think of some of the leaders in the CX space: Amazon, Southwest Airlines, Zappos and JetBlue. We all know a strong CX when we see it. Good CX is easy to recognize, but it can be difficult to deliver. It's the sum total of all customer interactions and, behind the scenes, the people, systems, technology and processes that enable and power those experiences.
And since CX sits at the intersection of your product, brand, customer engagement, transactions and customer care, designing (or redesigning, which is more often the case) your business around your customer requires extraordinary collaboration and effort. Think of CX as an invisible thread that ties all interactions into a cohesive whole, with the end result being a happy customer who won't hesitate to continue to do business with you.
While CX is still in its infancy, some best practices and guidelines are coming into focus.
For this article, I spoke with several leaders in the customer experience strategy and implementation world to get their insights about CX and ask them about best practices to form a framework for mapping customer experience. Whether you're already at the top of your CX game or are just getting started, creating a strong customer experience embodies these characteristics: a customer-first focus, empathy for the customer, a holistic outlook and an agile approach to development.
A Customer-First Focus
Across the board, everyone I spoke with echoed a "start with the customer" mantra and advocated for an "outside-in" approach, where putting yourself and your team in the shoes of the customer is Job One when it comes to designing a useful and differentiating customer experience.
"Start with the customer" might sound obvious, but companies often approach CX and digital transformation from an inward-facing, cost-cutting or productivity perspective, which rarely results in a superior experience for the customer.
For Scot Gillespie, chief technology officer at the Washington Post — who leads the team responsible for a suite of 26 products under the Arc Publishing umbrella that support and enable newsroom operations as well as the creation, distribution, marketing, measurement and optimization of WaPo content — the "customers" he designs for are not just subscribers to Washington Post, but the internal newsroom operations and even his own engineering and development team. Treating all these groups as "customers" helped Gillespie and his team deliver experiences that are easy, useful and enjoyable based on the needs of each customer persona.
Empathy for the Customer
Adopting an "outside-in" approach that embodies empathy for customer is a key pillar in user experience design, but it also applies to customer experience efforts.
Carlos Manalo, co-founder of design firm Office of Experience, shared his thoughts about empathy with me. Manalo said his firm "helps companies think about the customer journey through a 'user-centered' design approach."
"A big part of this process is fostering empathy for the customer, and it can be difficult to gain that perspective," he added. "But, in crafting a useful and appealing customer experience, it's imperative to get out of your company (or brand) head space and really look at things through the lens of the customer."
There are many options available to tackle this type of work. Stakeholder interviews, qualitative and quantitative research, ethnographies, observation, focus groups and co-creation approaches are all useful. Social insights can also help provide valuable learning and feedback into persona and user-story development.
An effective customer experience is one built with intention that takes into account all of the various touchpoints and tasks that a customer engages in.
Great CX is "intentional, purposeful and consistent," said Diane Magers, CEO and chairman of the board of the Customer Experience Professionals Association. And, CX is "not just about the transaction," she added. It also "optimizes every touchpoint and takes into account all customer interactions, both online and offline."
Lack of leadership can derail customer experience, and it's important to gain endorsement, but it doesn't end there. Expertise and input from all departments and functions should be included in customer experience planning efforts.
According to Jeannie Walters, founder of 360Connext, a customer-experience strategy firm, CX design is a challenge because "it doesn't fall into one department or function — even with a chief customer officer in place, the purview isn't always big enough because they're not involved in designing the experience. They get bits and pieces, but not the whole thing. It's a difficult role to define right now, and [the shift] is similar to what marketing went through two decades ago."
Ideally, a strong customer experience builds on your brand equity. According to Manalo, "brands that can take advantage of [customer experience] will continue to build equity; [CX] deepens engagement and is the new road to 'stickiness' and getting advocates and influencers."
Due to the multifaceted nature of customer experience, constant iteration and experimentation becomes a requirement to get the intended results. Agile development, whether applied to product development, marketing or customer experience planning, means "a constant tuning, and is focused on speed and performance, measurement, and trust in front-line employees," said Gillespie. Because, he added, "if you want to get closer to your customers, you have to trust that the people closest to them working on the front lines will do the right thing."
Another way to think of this, according to Manalo, is to envision the customer experience as an "ever-present continuum" and recognize that "the goal is to be planful and purposeful for as far down the pike as you can see."
How the Washington Post Tackles CX
The way the Washington Post has approached CX is fascinating, a case study of digital transformation on a grand scale. According to Gillespie, many of the products were "born out of necessity" at a time when the journalism industry was struggling to stay afloat amidst dual threats of declining interest in print media and the advent of digital content.
Fast-forward through several years with an intense digital transformation focus, and now the Washington Post's publishing products are so successful the company has monetized the product suite and is offering the products and services to other companies, brands and digital publishers under the Arc Publishing umbrella.
How did Gillespie and his team do it? By designing not just for the millions of WaPo readers and subscribers who are the end users, but by also taking into consideration the hundreds of internal individuals and teams at the company whose job is to produce and deliver news and content — correctly, consistently and at lightning speed.
The end goal at the Washington Post and its Arc Publishing arm, according to Gillespie, is to focus internally on "speed and performance" in the products they develop to deliver "something that is quick, seamless and enjoyable" or, essentially, a "frictionless experience."
Advice for the Journey Ahead
These best practices are also characteristic of a design-thinking approach. Here are a few other things to keep in mind when embarking on your customer experience-planning journey.
For companies new to the space, CX "has been a catalyst for organizational change, and it needs to sit in a place that encompasses all facets of the organization," said Magers. "A governing body like a council can be helpful in defining the strategy and being empowered to execute on it."
For companies that are already well into their digital transformation journey and already have a well-defined customer experience in place, Gillespie offered this advice: "Don't get complacent. You can have a tendency to slow down or stop innovating. WaPo has been successful because they continually push the needle and have transformed themselves from a publisher to a software company and now a media company."
Linda Saindon is the founder and principal consultant at Alchemic, where she helps clients achieve better business results by identifying opportunities, strategies and organizational development recommendations that support innovation, digital literacy and digital marketing. Linda is an intrapreneur, marketer, mindfulness practitioner and yoga student who genuinely enjoys helping people and organizations become better and do better so they can reach their full potential.
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Tags #dxs17, customer experience, cxm, digital experience, dxm, linda saindon


text:
Nycteris madagascariensis is een zoogdier uit de familie van de spleetneusvleermuizen (Nycteridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door G. Grandidier in 1937.

Voorkomen
De soort komt voor in het noorden van Madagaskar.

Spleetneusvleermuizen
Endemisch dier uit Madagaskar
IUCN-status onzeker

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


My school is very small, in my class we are 16 people, which is pretty decent, but the IB2 class has only 5 people, and preIB only 2!!! It's really sad, so that's maybe why there's only one Math course offered, and it's Math Studies. And even tough my teacher is incredibly good, she has to teach us Studies. I am really considering to study Maths in the University, or even nanotech. But with my poor formation in Maths I'm starting to reconsider that option. Luckily, I'm going to Finland as an exchange student for one gap year, and it's very likely that I will be placed in an IB school, but even if I weren't, Finnish education is recognised as the best in the world, so I guess I would have both: more time to cram on HL topics, and access to further Mathematical material. So, when I got back, I would have a further 1 year to continue studying, so I could apply for HL on my own (if that's possible). I feel really frustrated because I know I can give more, and that's something simply not to disregard! Do you think this is a good idea? What's the major focus of HL? As for now, we have gone from precalculs to calculus itself, and we are starting to learn how to derive, it's really easy stuff.
If you have the money, hire a tutor to teach you math SL or HL (you should take HL if you want to study math/nanotech!). If you have a good tutor, you'll learn much better than staring at a textbook trying to figure out for yourself what on earth is going on. Even if you can't get a tutor, ask your teacher for help. But be warned that math HL is no walk in the park! It is much harder than math studies and even if you're average at math, you should take math SL. The bottom line is that you must be genuinely strong in math to do well in math HL.
So basically, get out of math studies. You're not going to get into any math course at university with only math studies. Try HL, but if it's too hard, drop to SL.


text:
New Efforts in New York State to Help Fight Terrorism
On Monday, Governor Cuomo announced two new efforts to enhance the New York State's ability to fight terrorism. The new "See Something, Send Something" campaign encourages New Yorkers to report suspicious activity through a simple mobile app on their smart phone. Additionally, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority will hire 46 more Police Officers to increase counterterrorism capabilities at Grand Central Terminal, Penn Station and throughout the Metro-North Railroad, Long Island Rail Road and Staten Island Railway systems.
"These new efforts are essential pieces in our fight against terrorism," Governor Cuomo said. "We have stepped up our preparedness in the aftermath of the Paris attacks, and we continue to remain vigilant against those who seek to spread fear and violence. Despite the tremendous pain and loss that terrorist attacks around the world have caused the people of this state, the family of New York stands stronger than ever before."
"See Something, Send Something" allows anyone to capture suspicious activity as a photo or written note and send the information to the New York State Intelligence Center. From there, the tip will be reviewed and if relevant, sent to the appropriate law enforcement agency. Public service announcements promoting the campaign will be played at DMV offices and service areas along state highways.
By using the app, which can be downloaded for free for iPhone and Android phone users, there is no worry about who to send the tip to or what phone number to call—users can simply send a photo of the suspicious activity using their device's camera, by choosing a photo from its library, or sending a written note. It also includes information on what to look for and when to report suspicious activity. The service is already available in Colorado, Louisiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia.
The 46 new MTA Police Officers will staff counterterrorism surge assignments at Grand Central and Penn Station, as well as other deployments to ensure the traveling public is protected in the MTA network. The Officers are included in the MTA's 2016 Final Proposed Budget and will have an impact of approximately $3 million. The budget is scheduled for consideration by the MTA Board in December.
All members of the MTA Police Department have been trained in techniques to counter active shooters, such as those who have been implicated in recent terrorist attacks elsewhere in the world. Rather than wait for heavily-armed Emergency Service Unit teams to arrive, officers are taught to immediately engage, pin down and neutralize any potential threat in order to minimize casualties.
The Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services has provided information on how to prevent terrorism and spot suspicious activity here.
Cuomo pitches rapid testing to open restaurants, theaters
Media captures unprecedented storming of U.S. Capitol
NY passes law to limit evictions, closures in pandemic


[457.8 sec] Pavel Gaponov is out of race. Reason - DNF.
[457.8 sec] LuckyStrike is out of race. Reason - DNF.
[457.8 sec] Dmytro Galushko makes a pit-stop.
[457.8 sec] Vytaliy Myronenko overtakes Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 2.
[457.8 sec] Dmitry Sokolov overtakes Alexandr Ripa and ends the lap in position 4.
[457.8 sec] Alexander Mudrov overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov, Evgeny Martynenko, Iliya Stoykov, Dmytro Galushko and ends the lap in position 8.
[457.8 sec] Alexandr Matveev overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov, Evgeny Martynenko, Iliya Stoykov, Dmytro Galushko and ends the lap in position 9.
[457.8 sec] Victor Sapozhnikov overtakes Mihail Strogalev, Sergey Chernoshtanov, Evgeny Martynenko, Iliya Stoykov, Dmytro Galushko and ends the lap in position 10.
[457.8 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov overtakes Evgeny Martynenko, Iliya Stoykov, Dmytro Galushko and ends the lap in position 11.
[457.8 sec] Iliya Stoykov overtakes Dmytro Galushko and ends the lap in position 12.
[457.8 sec] Evgeny Martynenko overtakes Dmytro Galushko and ends the lap in position 13.
[457.8 sec] Mihail Strogalev overtakes Dmytro Galushko and ends the lap in position 14.
[1005.3 sec] Alexandr Matveev overtakes Alexander Mudrov and ends the lap in position 8.
[1009.4 sec] Iliya Stoykov overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov and ends the lap in position 11.
[1010.7 sec] Evgeny Martynenko overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov and ends the lap in position 12.
[1084.4 sec] Sergei Tkachenko makes a pit-stop.
[1083.1 sec] Kalin Borisov overtakes Alexandr Ripa and ends the lap in position 5.
[1084.7 sec] Alexandr Matveev overtakes Sergei Tkachenko, Alexandr Ripa and ends the lap in position 6.
[1085.4 sec] Alexander Mudrov overtakes Sergei Tkachenko, Alexandr Ripa and ends the lap in position 7.
[1088.6 sec] Iliya Stoykov overtakes Victor Sapozhnikov, Sergei Tkachenko and ends the lap in position 9.
[1090.2 sec] Evgeny Martynenko overtakes Victor Sapozhnikov, Sergei Tkachenko and ends the lap in position 10.
[1088.5 sec] Victor Sapozhnikov overtakes Sergei Tkachenko and ends the lap in position 11.
[1092.2 sec] Mihail Strogalev overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov, Sergei Tkachenko and ends the lap in position 12.
[1090.6 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov overtakes Sergei Tkachenko and ends the lap in position 13.
[1330.2 sec] Evgeny Martynenko makes a pit-stop.
[1316.6 sec] Pavel Guzenko makes a pit-stop.
[1317.5 sec] Kalin Borisov overtakes Dmitry Sokolov, Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 3.
[1317.1 sec] Dmitry Sokolov overtakes Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 4.
[1318.6 sec] Alexandr Matveev overtakes Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 5.
[1323.5 sec] Alexander Mudrov overtakes Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 6.
[1324.2 sec] Iliya Stoykov overtakes Alexandr Ripa, Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 7.
[1323.6 sec] Alexandr Ripa overtakes Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 8.
[1334.5 sec] Victor Sapozhnikov overtakes Evgeny Martynenko, Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 9.
[1337.1 sec] Mihail Strogalev overtakes Evgeny Martynenko, Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 10.
[1338.2 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov overtakes Evgeny Martynenko, Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 11.
[1362.0 sec] Sergei Tkachenko overtakes Evgeny Martynenko and ends the lap in position 13.
[1397.6 sec] Alexandr Matveev overtakes Dmitry Sokolov and ends the lap in position 4.
[1485.2 sec] Alexandr Ripa overtakes Iliya Stoykov, Alexander Mudrov and ends the lap in position 6.
[1497.4 sec] Mihail Strogalev overtakes Victor Sapozhnikov and ends the lap in position 9.
[1540.6 sec] Dmitriy Lipin makes a pit-stop.
[1544.0 sec] Vytaliy Myronenko overtakes Dmitriy Lipin and ends the lap in position 1.
[1552.9 sec] Kalin Borisov overtakes Dmitriy Lipin and ends the lap in position 2.
[1553.5 sec] Alexandr Matveev overtakes Dmitriy Lipin and ends the lap in position 3.
[1561.3 sec] Dmitry Sokolov overtakes Dmitriy Lipin and ends the lap in position 4.
[1564.8 sec] Alexander Mudrov overtakes Alexandr Ripa, Dmitriy Lipin and ends the lap in position 5.
[1564.6 sec] Alexandr Ripa overtakes Dmitriy Lipin and ends the lap in position 6.
[1568.1 sec] Iliya Stoykov overtakes Dmitriy Lipin and ends the lap in position 7.
[1578.5 sec] Mihail Strogalev overtakes Dmitriy Lipin and ends the lap in position 8.
[1579.3 sec] Victor Sapozhnikov overtakes Dmitriy Lipin and ends the lap in position 9.
[1579.4 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov overtakes Dmitriy Lipin and ends the lap in position 10.
[1590.1 sec] Pavel Guzenko overtakes Dmitriy Lipin and ends the lap in position 11.
[1610.2 sec] Dmytro Galushko overtakes Evgeny Martynenko and ends the lap in position 14.
[1741.8 sec] Victor Sapozhnikov makes a pit-stop.
[1742.0 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov overtakes Victor Sapozhnikov and ends the lap in position 9.
[1746.3 sec] Pavel Guzenko overtakes Victor Sapozhnikov and ends the lap in position 10.
[1750.6 sec] Dmitriy Lipin overtakes Victor Sapozhnikov and ends the lap in position 11.
[1753.6 sec] Sergei Tkachenko overtakes Victor Sapozhnikov and ends the lap in position 12.
[1767.0 sec] Dmytro Galushko overtakes Victor Sapozhnikov and ends the lap in position 13.
[1787.1 sec] Kalin Borisov overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 1.
[1788.6 sec] Alexandr Matveev overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 2.
[1824.7 sec] Pavel Guzenko overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov and ends the lap in position 9.
[1881.6 sec] Alexander Mudrov is out of race. Reason - Accident.
[1870.6 sec] Vytaliy Myronenko makes a pit-stop.
[1877.6 sec] Dmitry Sokolov overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 3.
[1882.0 sec] Alexandr Ripa overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 4.
[1882.1 sec] Iliya Stoykov overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 5.
[1899.4 sec] Mihail Strogalev overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 6.
[1902.9 sec] Pavel Guzenko overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 7.
[1906.0 sec] Dmitriy Lipin overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov, Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 8.
[1904.0 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 9.
[1909.9 sec] Sergei Tkachenko overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 10.
[1923.8 sec] Dmytro Galushko overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 11.
[1929.2 sec] Victor Sapozhnikov overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 12.
[1948.7 sec] Evgeny Martynenko ends the lap in position 14.
[1966.1 sec] Alexandr Ripa makes a pit-stop.
[2053.3 sec] Alexandr Ripa makes a pit-stop.
[2055.6 sec] Iliya Stoykov makes a pit-stop.
[2060.2 sec] Pavel Guzenko overtakes Mihail Strogalev, Iliya Stoykov, Alexandr Ripa and ends the lap in position 4.
[2061.8 sec] Dmitriy Lipin overtakes Mihail Strogalev, Iliya Stoykov, Alexandr Ripa and ends the lap in position 5.
[2059.7 sec] Mihail Strogalev overtakes Iliya Stoykov, Alexandr Ripa and ends the lap in position 6.
[2066.8 sec] Sergei Tkachenko overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov, Iliya Stoykov, Alexandr Ripa and ends the lap in position 7.
[2065.7 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov overtakes Iliya Stoykov, Alexandr Ripa and ends the lap in position 8.
[2081.1 sec] Dmytro Galushko overtakes Iliya Stoykov and ends the lap in position 10.
[2180.2 sec] Kalin Borisov makes a pit-stop.
[2180.4 sec] Alexandr Matveev overtakes Kalin Borisov and ends the lap in position 1.
[2194.5 sec] Dmitry Sokolov overtakes Kalin Borisov and ends the lap in position 2.
[2226.3 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov overtakes Sergei Tkachenko and ends the lap in position 7.
[2312.5 sec] Alexandr Ripa makes a pit-stop.
[2259.5 sec] Alexandr Matveev makes a pit-stop.
[2308.9 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov makes a pit-stop.
[2297.9 sec] Dmitriy Lipin overtakes Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 4.
[2309.2 sec] Sergei Tkachenko overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov and ends the lap in position 7.
[2326.4 sec] Dmytro Galushko overtakes Alexandr Ripa, Sergey Chernoshtanov and ends the lap in position 8.
[2312.5 sec] Alexandr Ripa overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov and ends the lap in position 9.
[2327.2 sec] Iliya Stoykov overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov and ends the lap in position 10.
[2328.0 sec] Victor Sapozhnikov overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov and ends the lap in position 11.
[2344.4 sec] Evgeny Martynenko overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov and ends the lap in position 13.
[2352.4 sec] Alexandr Matveev makes a pit-stop.
[2354.8 sec] Dmitry Sokolov makes a pit-stop.
[2357.1 sec] Kalin Borisov overtakes Dmitry Sokolov, Alexandr Matveev and ends the lap in position 1.
[2568.5 sec] Victor Sapozhnikov is out of race. Reason - DNF.
[2562.6 sec] Dmytro Galushko makes a pit-stop.
[2563.5 sec] Alexandr Ripa overtakes Dmytro Galushko and ends the lap in position 8.
[2563.8 sec] Iliya Stoykov overtakes Dmytro Galushko and ends the lap in position 9.
[2571.4 sec] Vytaliy Myronenko overtakes Dmytro Galushko and ends the lap in position 10.
[2580.1 sec] Evgeny Martynenko overtakes Dmytro Galushko and ends the lap in position 11.
[2586.6 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov ends the lap in position 13.
[2641.7 sec] Iliya Stoykov overtakes Alexandr Ripa and ends the lap in position 8.
[2739.5 sec] Dmytro Galushko overtakes Evgeny Martynenko and ends the lap in position 11.
[2765.0 sec] Dmitriy Lipin overtakes Dmitry Sokolov and ends the lap in position 3.
[2950.4 sec] Sergei Tkachenko makes a pit-stop.
[2953.9 sec] Iliya Stoykov overtakes Sergei Tkachenko and ends the lap in position 7.
[2957.0 sec] Alexandr Ripa overtakes Sergei Tkachenko and ends the lap in position 8.
[2958.0 sec] Vytaliy Myronenko overtakes Sergei Tkachenko and ends the lap in position 9.
[2974.4 sec] Dmytro Galushko overtakes Sergei Tkachenko and ends the lap in position 10.
[3058.0 sec] Evgeny Martynenko overtakes Sergei Tkachenko and ends the lap in position 11.
[3113.8 sec] Vytaliy Myronenko makes a pit-stop.
[3136.6 sec] Evgeny Martynenko makes a pit-stop.
[3108.4 sec] Mihail Strogalev makes a pit-stop.
[3076.4 sec] Dmitriy Lipin makes a pit-stop.
[3079.6 sec] Dmitry Sokolov overtakes Dmitriy Lipin and ends the lap in position 3.
[3083.7 sec] Pavel Guzenko overtakes Dmitriy Lipin and ends the lap in position 4.
[3112.4 sec] Alexandr Ripa overtakes Iliya Stoykov, Mihail Strogalev and ends the lap in position 6.
[3109.2 sec] Iliya Stoykov overtakes Mihail Strogalev and ends the lap in position 7.
[3113.8 sec] Vytaliy Myronenko overtakes Mihail Strogalev and ends the lap in position 8.
[3129.1 sec] Dmytro Galushko overtakes Mihail Strogalev and ends the lap in position 9.
[3137.1 sec] Sergei Tkachenko overtakes Evgeny Martynenko and ends the lap in position 11.
[3144.0 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov overtakes Evgeny Martynenko and ends the lap in position 12.
[3205.0 sec] Vytaliy Myronenko makes a pit-stop.
[3162.5 sec] Pavel Guzenko makes a pit-stop.
[3168.4 sec] Dmitriy Lipin makes a pit-stop.
[3168.4 sec] Dmitriy Lipin overtakes Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 4.
[3206.5 sec] Dmytro Galushko overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 8.
[3209.4 sec] Mihail Strogalev overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 9.
[3215.4 sec] Sergei Tkachenko overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 10.
[3254.7 sec] Dmitriy Lipin is out of race. Reason - Brakes.
[3296.3 sec] Vytaliy Myronenko makes a pit-stop.
[3257.0 sec] Pavel Guzenko ends the lap in position 4.
[3268.8 sec] Alexandr Ripa ends the lap in position 5.
[3278.5 sec] Iliya Stoykov ends the lap in position 6.
[3284.6 sec] Dmytro Galushko ends the lap in position 7.
[3290.8 sec] Mihail Strogalev ends the lap in position 8.
[3294.7 sec] Sergei Tkachenko ends the lap in position 9.
[3301.0 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov overtakes Vytaliy Myronenko and ends the lap in position 10.
[3309.7 sec] Evgeny Martynenko ends the lap in position 12.
[3372.5 sec] Sergei Tkachenko overtakes Mihail Strogalev and ends the lap in position 8.
[3459.6 sec] Vytaliy Myronenko overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov and ends the lap in position 10.
[3478.3 sec] Dmitry Sokolov is out of race. Reason - Brakes.
[3500.7 sec] Alexandr Ripa overtakes Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 3.
[3512.5 sec] Iliya Stoykov ends the lap in position 5.
[3518.5 sec] Dmytro Galushko ends the lap in position 6.
[3529.7 sec] Sergei Tkachenko ends the lap in position 7.
[3536.6 sec] Vytaliy Myronenko overtakes Mihail Strogalev and ends the lap in position 8.
[3538.9 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov ends the lap in position 10.
[3542.6 sec] Evgeny Martynenko ends the lap in position 11.
[3606.8 sec] Sergei Tkachenko is out of race. Reason - DNF.
[3616.6 sec] Mihail Strogalev ends the lap in position 8.
[3617.9 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov ends the lap in position 9.
[3620.0 sec] Evgeny Martynenko ends the lap in position 10.
[3669.4 sec] Iliya Stoykov overtakes Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 4.
[3676.8 sec] Dmytro Galushko overtakes Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 5.
[3700.4 sec] Evgeny Martynenko overtakes Sergey Chernoshtanov and ends the lap in position 9.
[3776.1 sec] Mihail Strogalev overtakes Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 7.
[3778.7 sec] Evgeny Martynenko overtakes Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 8.
[3858.5 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov overtakes Pavel Guzenko and ends the lap in position 9.
[4013.8 sec] Evgeny Martynenko overtakes Mihail Strogalev and ends the lap in position 7.
[4017.2 sec] Sergey Chernoshtanov overtakes Mihail Strogalev and ends the lap in position 8.
[4070.9 sec] Vytaliy Myronenko overtakes Dmytro Galushko and ends the lap in position 5.
[4129.1 sec] Alexandr Ripa overtakes Alexandr Matveev and ends the lap in position 2.
[4226.4 sec] Iliya Stoykov overtakes Alexandr Matveev and ends the lap in position 3.
Last of the podium finishers is Iliya Stoykov, finishing 1 min 25.316 sec behind the winner.


Australia is another country where big salaries await for Filipino workers. Currently, Australia is hiring Filipino workers and this is a good chance for those who are looking for jobs abroad or international employment opportunity. Australia is in need of the following; welder, metal fabricator, automotive electrician, cattle farmer, meat worker, cook, mechanic, and many others. The following are latest POEA approved jobs to Australia!


Every portrait shows us something but also hides something. 18th century portraits were commissioned by the subject of the portrait. In the background we could see their castle and lands. Their clothes and jewelry showed their wealth, their position behind a desk showed their intelligence or profession. What are we saying about ourselves in a self-portrait? When we paint a portrait, what are we trying to reveal about the subject and what is concealed? The work of 36 (mostly) local artists demonstrates this puzzle and we, the viewers, can join the exploration.


A soft blanket for baby to cuddle. – Age Suitability: 0m+ – Dimensions: H 28 x W 30 x D 6.5cm – Machine washable:40 – Please remove the packaging and attachments before giving this toy to a child.
Product Detail: adidas Originals all-over floral print playsuit Woven tab branding. 100% polyester. Printed branding to the chest. Back zip fastening. Elasticated waist band. Two pockets.