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Justia Patents US Patent for Data base management system for real-time applications Patent (Patent # 4,961,139)
Data base management system for real-time applications
Jun 30, 1988 - Hewlett Packard
A real-time database provides the predictable, high speed data access required for on-line applications, while providing flexible searching capabilities. The data retrieval routines include the option to "read-through-lock" to access data in locked data tables, the capability to directly access to data using tuple identifiers, and the capability to directly access unformatted data from input areas which contain blocks of unformatted data. The data updating routines include an option to omit index updating when updating data and an option to update data in a locked data table. Multiple indexes can be defined for a data table. Thus, high speed searches can be performed based on a variety of data fields. The data storage and retrieval mechanisms are independent and there are hash index tables that connect the multiple index keys to the data tables. The data table structure includes a column defined for storing tuple identifier strings. These tuple identifiers can be used as pointers for chaining to related data stored in other data tables. The datas base has relatively small programmatic memory. There is a common structure for user data tables, index tables and system tables. The database includes a minimum number of routines with certain routines providing multiple functionality.
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The invention relates to the structure of a real-time database, for example a database for computer integrated manufacturing systems.
A typical real-time system consists of two closely coupled subsystems, a controlled process and a controller. The controlled process could be, for example, automated manufacturing, weapon system control, or stock exchange transaction management. The controller is a computer which monitors the status of the controlled process and supplies appropriate commands.
In real-time systems, the supported applications have stringent timing constraints. Two critical parameters of real-time systems are response time and data measurement rate. Such systems cannot miss any data and they must respond to events that are asychronous and non-recurrent. Consequently, real-time systems must access data within predetermined time limits. Failure to access data within the limits can result in a loss of control over the process. In many cases, loss of control is not considered a degradation of performance; it is considered a failure.
In the context of computers, a "real-time" program is one which runs continuously, reacting spontaneously to changing inputs. For computer programs, the opposite of "real-time" is "batch" or "disk-based". Real-time programs are much more closely involved with their environments, which means the design and implementation of real-time programs must meet more stringent performance requirements.
Although conventional disk-based database systems provide efficient means for storing data and convenience features such as user-friendly interfaces, they rely on secondary storage to store the database. Transaction processing requires accessing data stored in the secondary storage, so transaction response time can be on the order of 30 milliseconds. Although this is fast enough for traditional applications involving a human user, it is not fast enough for real-time applications such as process control. Consequently, performance requirements and design issues for real-time database systems differ widely from those of conventional database systems, which do not have such severe constraints on response time. Disk-based database management software, whether it uses a hierarchical, network, or relational structure, cannot retrieve or even store data fast enough to meet the needs of many real-time applications.
A real-time database must be faster than a disk database, in many cases as much as 10 to 100 times faster. Also, a real-time database should have a special area for storing blocks of data, such as, recipes or unformatted data. There is a tradeoff between speed and features, and some capabilities generally found in a conventional database must be scaled down or omitted in a real-time database.
The most important performance criterion for a real-time database is response time. It must have a predictable, very fast data access rate. Accessing data at a very fast rate usually means that the data must be stored in memory rather than secondary storage. For multiple devices or processes to access the data it should be stored in shared memory. Access speed has a very high priority, but data integrity cannot be sacrificed in implementing data manipulation routines.
The search and data manipulation capabilities of the real-time database allow an application to access selected data in a timely and efficient fashion. Indexed searching contributes to high data access rates. Data access must be provided for configuration data, real-time process values, access codes, process recipe values, and other process-related information. Adding, deleting and modifying data on a real-time basis allows the application to organize the data and use the data in the most effective way.
Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) demands a planned structure of on-line real-time data processing. This requires guaranteed access rates and performance protection so that an industrial process can continually be monitored and controlled. Guaranteed access rate means that no matter what the situation, any time-critical application can retrieve data within a certain very short time period, on the order of 10 to 100 microseconds.
Computer integrated manufacturing is fundamentally a shared database, so data management is an essential part of the system. The performance features of a real-time database are critical to the operation of the CIM system, and must serve varying needs at the workcell control level and the area management level of the CIM system.
The workcell control and area management levels are closely coupled. The area manager level places more emphasis on data management and analysis, but it may still have some special or real-time requirements of data. The area manager may need fast access to data for generation of trend charts, process reports, control of material reports, and communication with both higher level and lower level computer systems. The area manager might also transfer large blocks of data when transferring action recipes down to the workcell.
The workcell area has a more immediate effect on the control process. Therefore, it is typically involved with more real-time functions. Workcell level functions include supervision of programmable logic controllers (PLCs), loop controllers (LCs), and numerical controllers (NCs), data logging, alarm management, and process graphics.
Information usually originates on the workcell control level of the CIM model. It is that level that physically gathers most of the data used in the other levels. The variety of equipment in the workcell makes it important for the database to be able to consolidate the data in a unique and understandable format at very high rates. The workcell devices often require transfers of unformatted data at high rates. This requires the database to provide storage areas dedicated to large blocks of unstructured data.
Workcell applications performing monitoring and control functions must instantaneously store large amounts of data from devices, such as, PLC's, NC's, robots, and automatic-guided vehicles. Other applications at the workcell level might also require special storage of data for such things as local data control, manipulation and display, and local buffering and retrieval. Adding, deleting, modifying and organizing the data from each of these devices on a real-time basis defines the performance and functionality requirements for a real-time database at the workcell level.
While providing the above-described functionality, it is desirable for real-time databases to incorporate some of the characteristics of conventional disk-based databases. In particular, using a relational style, table based architecture has advantages. This allows easy transfer of data between the real-time database and traditional disc-based databases that perform functions such as off-line analysis of real-time data. Chaining data tables together to tie related data is another desirable feature. Providing search keys and indexes is also important. In a real-time database, the searching function should combine speed and flexibility as much as possible. Finally, data integrity is important and cannot be compromised by the data manipulation and access routines used to provide guaranteed response time
Currently there are two dominant approaches to satisfying the need for a real-time database
The first is to construct a custom memory resident data management facility Although this approach achieves the desired performance level it does not supply a tool that is generic or flexible The custom database is tied to a particular type of application. As a result, the custom implementation is difficult to modify with changing needs and it cannot be reused in other applications
The other approach is to use the file system. This common solution has two major drawbacks. One is that the structure and access features are primitive and limited. The other is that the performance is lower than that available with a memory resident database. As performance requirements increase, the file base solution will become too slow.
The real-time database of the invention provides the predictable, high speed data access required for on-line applications, while providing flexible searching capabilities.
The data retrieval routines provide guaranteed response time and high speed data access The data retrieval routines include the option to "read-through-lock" to access data in locked data tables, the capability to directly access to data using tuple identifiers, and the capability to directly access unformatted data from input areas which contain blocks of unformatted data.
Second, the data updating routines provide data updating at high speed that does not impact the guaranteed response time. The data updating routines include an option to omit index updating when updating data and an option to "write-through-lock" to update data in a locked data table These features can significantly decrease the time required for updating data.
Third, the index hashing mechanism provides for high speed, flexible searching using index key values Multiple hash indexes can be defined on one data table. Thus, high speed searches can be performed based on a variety of different sets of data fields. The user data and hash indexes are stored independently. Hash index tables connect the multiple index keys to the data tables. Fourth, the tables can include a byte string type column for storing user defined data. This kind of column can also be used for storing tuple identifiers. These tuple identifiers can be used as pointers for chaining to related data stored in other data tables Related data can then be accessed without having to do a search on the other data tables.
Finally, the database of the invention provides relatively small code size This is achieved by using a common structure for user data tables, index tables and internal system tables. Also, many database routines share subroutines
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates the overall structure of the real-time database of the invention, with two levels of modules.
FIG. 2 shows the table block format of a database constructed according to the teachings of the invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates the overall structural design for the hash indexes in the database of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating the data storage process of the database of the invention.
FIG. 5 shows a data table illustrating the application of the database of the invention to a simple workcell.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION BASIC FRAMEWORK
The basic framework for a database based on a relational model is a set of data tables. The tables are arranged in columns and rows. The columns identify the main categories or attributes of data and their data types. The rows hold related data for all the categories involved. The collection of elements in a row is referred to as a tuple. Each row of related data entries in a table is uniquely identified by a tuple identifier, which includes the number of the table to which the tuple belongs and a tuple number identifying the tuple storage location.
Overall Database System Structure
The overall structure of the real-time database of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 1 and can be envisioned as having two levels of modules. The high level modules include routines, grouped according to function, which are visible to the database users, i.e., they are called by the external application programs. The high level modules perform data definition calls 111, data manipulation calls 113, and data administration calls 115. The high level modules (user callable modules) and their routines are listed in Table 1. The low level modules are the catalog manager 117, table and tuple manager 119, index manager 121, concurrency manager 123, and storage manager 125. These modules comprise routines, called from the high level modules, which provide access to control blocks, the file system, user data, internal structures, and other elements. The low level modules and their routines are listed in Table 2. The high level routines share the low level routines in performing their functions. An operating system interface module 127 provides communication with the host computer operating system, for example, a UNIX based operating system.
The data administration calls, module 111, are routines for creating the schema for the database, building and rebuilding the database in memory, removing the database memory, and changing database passwords.
The data manipulation calls, module 113, are routines for opening a data table for access, retrieving a tuple from a data table, adding a tuple to a table, and updating or removing a tuple from a table. Retrieval can be done by a sequential search, by a hash index key search or by direct access using a tuple identifier. Data manipulation functions also include routines for opening the input areas for access, retrieving unformatted data from input areas, and storing data into input areas. Finally, the data manipulation calls can lock or unlock a table or an input area.
The data definition calls, module 115, are routines for defining a table, defining columns in a previous defined table, defining an index on columns of a defined table, defining an input area, and removing a table index or an input area.
The catalog manager, module 117, calls the other managers' routines to create and maintain the system catalog. All objects in the database are reflected in the system catalog, which is a set of system tables. The systems tables are generated automatically during the execution of the data base definition routine when the user creates the database. System tables have similar structure to user-defined tables, but they are maintained by the database for use as system directories for user-defined tables, columns, indexes and input areas.
The table and tuple manager, module 119, has routines to handle functions such as formatting a table block, adding a tuple, retrieving a tuple, updating a tuple, and deleting a tuple. The table and tuple manager routines are designed with performance as a top priority. Performance is considered most important in executing direct reads and writes. Sequential reads, adds and deletes are handled in descending priority. Most table and tuple manager routines are small and are implemented as C language macros to avoid the overhead of a call.
The index manager, module 121, has routines to handle hashing and functions related to performing the internal operations required to maintain the user defined indexes. Indexes can be defined by the user for the user data tables. In general, indexes are defined for tables in order to provide faster retrieval of the specific contents of each table.
The concurrency manager, module 123, includes routines for synchronizing concurrent accesses to the database so that database integrity and consistency are maintained. The mechanism used for synchronizing concurrent accesses to the data is a lock. Concurrent requests for locks are synchronized by semaphores.
The storage allocation manager, module 125, has routines to handle functions relating to keeping track of allocated and available memory storage. The database resides in shared memory, including fixed-sized blocks for internal system tables (which store database management information) and variable size blocks allocated to user defined tables, indexes and input areas. The storage allocation manager dynamically allocates storage to the tables, indexes and input areas, as required. When a request for storage for a table, an index or an input area is made by the user, the storage allocation manager scans the list of free blocks until a large enough block is found. If the block is the size requested, it is allocated to the request. If the block is too big, it is split and the proper amount is returned as allocated while the residue is put back onto the free list. If no big enough block is found, an error message is returned to the request.
Table Structure and Input Areas
All tables in the database of the invention have the same internal structure, whether they are data, index or system tables. Tables are stored in table blocks, which are comprised of control structures and data. FIG. 2 shows the table block format. It consists of a table block header 211, a slot array 213, a column descriptor array 215, and a user data array 217. The table block header 211 contains structural information for the table, including data offsets, capacities, etc. The slot array 213 indicates which tuples in the table are in use and which are free. The column descriptor array 215 indicates the type length and offset of the columns for each tuple. The user data array 217 contains the system or user data for the table.
The direct retrieval feature, using a tuple identifier, could result in data integrity problems, because with direct access there is no check on the actual data stored in the tuple. A process could access incorrect information if another process had deleted the tuple and added a new tuple which happened to be stored at the same storage location. The database of the invention overcomes this potential problem by including a version number associated with each tuple storage location in the table block. The version number and the tuple number uniquely identify a tuple of a table over time since the version number is incremented each time the tuple is deleted. The version number is also included in the tuple identifier, so when a process attempts a direct access using a tuple identifier and the tuple has been deleted, the tuple identifier will not match and the process will be notified.
Input areas are user-defined blocks of memory space reserved for unstructured data. Information arriving at the database at a fast rate can be stored in an input area. At the time the input area is opened for access, the physical address at the beginning of the block of the input area is returned, as well as the input area identifier. This enables the user to perform direct retrieval of data stored in the input area using the physical address or by giving an offset into the input area to the routine that retrieves data from the input area.
Indexes and Hashing
An index is a set of pointers to the tuples in a table. Indexes can be used for very quick access to tuples whose key values are already known. A key is the value of the column or columns of a tuple associated with an index. A key for an index is composed of one to five columns of a table, which are specified in a specific order when an index is defined for the table. Each table may have multiple indexes defined on it. Only one key can be associated with each index. A hash index accepts a key value as input and gives as output the tuple identifier of one tuple that contains that key value.
FIG. 3 illustrates the overall structural design for the hash indexes in the database of the invention. Unlike the common practice, hashing is not used as a method for both storage and retrieval of the actual data, but only as a means for providing a very fast retrieval mechanism. Hashing a key value 411 with a hash function 413 does not directly access a data table 417. Access is through an intermediate table called a hash index 415. There is a hash index for each user defined index key on a data table.
The hash index 415 is a table of tuple identifiers (tid1, tid2, . . . ) for the tuples in the data table 417, arranged so that the hash index tuple numbers resulting from applying the hash function to a key value correspond to the hash index locations containing the tuple identifiers for data table tuples containing that key value.
To store a tuple in a table on which an index is defined, the following steps are taken, as illustrated in the flow diagram in FIG. 4. The tuple is inserted in an available slot in the data table (block 511). Then, if the data table has an index (decision point 513), a location is found in the hash index table by applying the hash function to the key value defined for that index (block 515). Finally, the tuple ID of the inserted tuple is stored in the hash index location resulting from the hash index function (block 517). If there are multiple indexes defined for the data table (decision point 519), the process is repeated for each index defined for the table.
This design provides major advantages for retrieval of data. First, each table can have more than one index defined for it. This is not possible if hashing is used directly for storage of data in data tables. Second, each hashed index can be rehashed without migrating the actual tuples. Therefore, the tuple identifiers will not change. This ensures that direct accessing will not necessitate recomputing tuple identifiers each time rehashing takes place, and significantly improves the performance of applications which involve frequent updating of the table columns that are defined as index keys. Third, unlike direct hashing algorithms, indexes can be defined or removed for already existing tables. Fourth, the space overhead incurred due to defining a hash index is a direct function of a number of tuples in a table and does not depend on the number of columns, so it does not increase as new columns are added to a table. In direct hashing algorithms, the space overhead is not only function of the number of tuples, but also it is a function of the number of columns, and it increases as new columns are added to a table.
Searching and Data Retrieval
The database of the invention supports three routines for retrieving tuples from data tables and one routine for retrieving byte sequences from input areas: MdGetTplDir, MdGetTplIx, MdGetTplSeq, and MdGetTplIA.
The three methods of retrieving tuples are direct retrieval, indexed or hashed retrieval, and sequential retrieval.
A sequential retrieval (MdGetTplSeq) is the often the slowest form. A sequential retrieval requires going through every tuple in a table one by one until the tuple or tuples that match the retrieval criteria are found. A sequential retrieval must be done to search on columns which are not part of an index. The method of indexing provides the flexibility to define multiple indexes for a table, and thus, perform more efficient searches based on various attributes of the data stored in the data table. Also, each index key can be defined on up to five columns.
Direct retrieval (MdGetTplDir) is the fastest form of data access. A tuple is retrieved directly by its tuple identifier. The tuple identifier can be obtained through a previous index or sequential retrieval operation or when adding the tuple, which returns the tuple identifier to the user application program. A hash index (MdGetTplIx) is a fast way to retrieve tuples when searching for tuples with specific column values. The column values are combined to form a key value and the database retrieves all tuples containing the specified key value one call at a time. A hash index accepts a key value and returns the tuple identifier and the tuple value of the tuples that contains the specified key value.
The database of the invention also provides the user direct access to input areas by using the physical address or by using an offset to retrieve the byte string from a defined input area. Access by physical address is possible because, when an input area is opened for access, the physical address for the input area is returned to the user. This type of access is the fastest way to access an input area. For better data integrity, a routine (MdGetTplIA) is provided to retrieve data from an input area given an offset into the input area and the input area identifier, which is returned to the user when the input area is opened for access.
Locks and Data Updating
As described above, in a computer integrated manufacturing environment there may be multiple applications trying to access the data concurrently. In order to maintain database integrity and synchronize the concurrent accesses, a lock is used.
Locking occurs when a process accesses a table or input area exclusively, making that table or input area inaccessible to other processes. When the process releases the table or input area, the lock is removed and the table or input area becomes accessible to other processes.
Locks can be applied either to data tables or to input areas. For each read and write database access, the database locks the accessed data table or input area implicitly. The implicit lock is automatically released at the end of the access. A lock can also be applied by an explicit user call (MdLock). Explicit locks are released only by the explicit unlock call or at the termination of a session. In real-time applications there are times when the application needs to access the database even if a data table is locked. For this reason, the update and retrieval routines have selectable parameters for read-through-lock and write-through-lock capability. A routine called with the read-through lock flag set can access a table or input area regardless of its lock status. In order to maintain data integrity only non-key fields can be updated using write-through-lock capability.
The update routine also includes a parameter which allows data updates without error checking or updating with regard to the indexes. In order to avoid corruption of indexes, the data updated using this option should include only data in columns that do not make up an index. Because this option, especially in conjunction with write-through-lock, significantly reduces the overhead involved in updating data, it should be used when possible to improve the performance of updates to tables.
Illustrative Example
An example of a user defined data table that illustrates some of the functions of the database of the invention is shown in FIG. 5. This example concerns a data table 611 named "Machine--Table" for organizing and storing information related to a set of machines in a workcell. There are eight columns 613, 615, 617, 619, 621, 623, 625 and 627 stored in the table, with the following column names: machine, operator, work.sub.-- order, parts.sub.-- so.sub.-- far, rate.sub.-- hr, status, feeder, and clutch. There are six rows or tuples shown in the data table, one for each of the six machines in the workcell.
The machine column 613 and operator column 615 contain character string data that identifies the machine and the operator's name. The work order column 617 contains byte string data that identifies the work order in progress on the machine. The parts.sub.-- so.sub.-- far column 619 contains integer data giving the number of parts completed on the work order. The rate.sub.-- hour column 621 contains floating point decimal data giving the production rate achieved on the current work order. The machine status column 623, feeder column 625 and clutch column 627 are used to find out if the machine is on or off, if there is a feeder jam and if the clutch is engaged. This information is received as unformatted data from the machine controllers and stored in an input area. The data table entries give the byte offsets for pointers to the location of the data in the input area.
To continue the example, a user might define two indexes for the machine data table. The first index uses the values in both the machine and work order columns for its key 631. This combination should provide a unique key to uniquely identify a tuple in a table. The second index uses the values in the work order column for its key 633. This key could be a non-unique key if one work order can be assigned to more than one machine. Note that two indexes are defined on the same data table. Each index will have a hash index table whose entries comprise the results of hashing the values of that index's key.
With these two indexes defined, the user might decide to update the parts.sub.-- so.sub.-- far data values with a routine flag set not to update the indexes. This is acceptable because the parts.sub.-- so.sub.-- far column 619 is not included in the key for either of the indexes.
A user could define another data table, to be used in conjunction with this machine table, to organize and store information concerning work orders to be processed by the six machines in the workcell.
User Callable Modules.
Administrative Functions
MdDefDb     create schema file, set/change database limits
MdBuildDb   build/rebuild the database in memory
MdRmDb      remove the database from memory
MdChgPwd    change datbase passwords
Data Definition Functions
MdDefTbl    define a table
MdDefCol    define a column in a previously defined table
MdDefIx     define an index on column(s) of a defined table
MdDefIA     define an input area
MdRmTbl     remove a table
MdRmIx      remove an index from a table
MdRmIA      remove an input area
Session Begin/End Functions
MdOpenDb    open the database, initiate a session
MdCloseDb   close the database, terminate a session
Data Manipulation Functions
MdOpenTbl   open a table for access
MdGetTplSeq get a tuple by sequential search
MdGetTplIx  get a tuple by hash index key
MdGetTplDir get a tuple directly using its tuple identifier
MdPutTpl    add a tuple to a table
MdUpdTpl    update a tuple given its tuple identifier
MdRmTpl     remove a tuple given its tuple identifier
MdOpenIA    open an input area for access
MdGetIA     get a value from an input area
MdPutIA     store a value into an input area
MdLock      lock a table or an input area
MdUnlock    unlock a table or an input area
MdTakeImage save an image of the current schema in memory to disc
MdCleanup   reclaim resources held by prematurely terminating processes
MdColInfo   give information on a column of a table
MdDbSzInfo  give the minimum storage size of the defined data base
MdIxInfo    give information on an index defined on a table
Low Level Modules.
Catalog Manager Functions:
MdGetColNum   get a list of column numbers given column names
MdGetColTid   get the tid of tuple in the column system table with
specified column name
MdGetColTpl   get address of a tuple in the column system table
MdGetIATpl    get address of a tuple in the input area system table
MdGetIxTld    get the tid of tuple in the index system table with
specified index name
MdGetIxTpl    get address of a tuple in the index system table
MdGetTblBlkH  get the address of the first block of a table
MdGetTblTpl   get address of a tuple in the table system table
Table and Tuple Manager Functions:
MdActNumTpl   return the current number of tuples stored in a table
MdAddSlotTpl  add a tuple to a table at the specified slot
MdAddTpl      add a tuple to a table
MdCalcTblSz   calculate the space needed for a table block
MdCalcTplLen  calculate the space needed to store a tuple
MdChkTplBlk   check that tuple belongs to a given table block
MdDelTpl      delete a tuple from a table
MdGetColDesc  get the address of the column descriptor array
MdGetNxtTid   get the next tuple in the table
MdGetSlot     get the address of a slot
MdGetTplInfo  get addresses of a table block, a tuple, and a version
MdGetTplVsn   get the tuple address and the version number address
MdInitTblBlk  initialize a table block
MdRdTpl       read a tuple
MdRdTplCol    read columns of a tuple
MdUndoDel     add back a tuple just deleted
MdWrtTpl      write to a tuple
MdWrtTplCol   write to columns of a tuple
Index Manager Functions:
MdAddIx       add a single index entry for a new tuple
MdAddIxTpl    add index entries for a new tuple
MdCalcIxSz    calculate the size needed for an index
MdCompKey     compare a supplied key with the corresponding key columns
in a tuple
MdDelIx       delete a single index entry of a tuple
MdDelIxTpl    delete index entries of a tuple
MdGetColDef   get the address of a tuple in the column system table by
MdGetIxDef    get the address of a tuple in the index system table by
MdGetKeyInfo  return information on the key columns defined for an index
MdGetTblDef   get the address of a tuple in the table system table by
MdGetTplHash  find a tuple using a hash index
MdHash        apply the hash function to a key value
MdInitIxBlk   initialize a hash index block
MdIxTplAddr   get the address of a tuple in an index block
Concurrency Manager Functions:
MdAllcSess    allocate a session for database accessing
MdCalcCtlSz   calculate total space needed for the control blocks
MdCleanup     clean up the database state
MdInitLkCtl   initialize the control structures
MdLk          lock an object
MdUnLk        unlock an object
Storage Manager Functions:
MdAllcStg     allocate the requested storage in shared memory
MdInitStg     initialize the storage control structures
MdRlseStg     release the specified storage
HP-UX Interface Functions:
MdAllcSem     allocate a semaphore
MdAttchShM    attach the calling process to a shared memory segment
MdCloseFile   close a file
MdCrtShM      create a shared memory segment
MdDetchShM    detach the calling process from a shared memory segment
MdFreeSem     deallocate a semaphore
MdGetSem      get a semaphore
MdLkFile      lock a file
MdOpenFile    open a file
MdRdFile      read from a file
MdRlseSem     release a semaphore
MdRmShM       remove a shared memory segment
MdUnLkFile    unlock a file
MdWrtFile     write to a file
Miscellaneous Functions: (security, dba, etc.)
MdChkDbAcc    check the database accessibility
MdChkDbMode   check and set single-user mode
MdCrtMDbStg   create shared memory for database control structures and
system tables
MdEncrypt     encrypt a password
MdGetCfgFile  get the name of the database configuration file
MdGetFileId   get a file id
MdGetShMAddr  get the shared memory address
MdNameToKey   generate a pseudo-random integer value from a database
MdParse       break a character string into multiple elements
MdPutImage    write an image of the database to the dbconfiguration file
MdUndFileId   update a file id
1. A data base management system for controlling storage, retrieval and modification of information in a data collection contained in storage devices in a data processing system, said data collection comprising a plurality of data records stored as tuples in data tables, and unformatted data stored in input areas, comprising:
(a) mans for defining an index on a data table by specifying the selected ones of the tuple entries of the data table that comprise the key value for the index;
(b) hash index table means for storing tuple identifiers arranged so that the hash index tuple numbers resulting from applying a hashing function to a given key value for an index correspond to the hash index table locations containing the tuple identifiers associated with data table locations containing data with the given key value;
(c) first data storage means for storing data as tuples in data tables, with each tuple in a location associated with a tuple identifier uniquely identifying the tuple, comprising:
(i) means for inserting a data tuple to be stored in an available location in the data table, the location having a first tuple identifier;
(ii) means for applying a hashing function to the key value for the index, to determine a hash index tuple number corresponding to a location in a hash index table; and
(iii) means for storing the firs tuple identifier in the hash index table location corresponding to the determined hash index tuple number;
(iv) means for outputting the tuple identifier corresponding to the location in the data table where the data tuple was stored;
(d) second data storage means for storing unformatted data in blocks of memory space defined as input areas, and for outputting an input area identifier and the physical address of the stored unformatted data;
(e) first data retrieval means for providing indirect access to data in a data table on the basis of a key value, comprising:
(i) means for applying a hashing function to the key value to determine the location of a tuple identifier in a hash index table; and
(ii) means for retrieving the data from the location associated with the tuple identifier in the data table;
(f) second data retrieval means for providing direct access to data in a data tale on the basis of a tuple identifier, comprising means for retrieving the data from the location associated with the tuple identifier in the data table;
(g) third data retrieval means for providing direct access unformatted data from input areas, comprising means for retrieving unformatted data using a physical address for the data, and means for retrieving data using an input area identifier and an offset value; and
(h) data modification means for updating data in the data table, comprising means for selectively updating the hash index table or not updating the hash index table when modifying data in an indexed data table.
2. The data base management system according to claim 1, further comprising:
means for locking the data in a data table to indicate that the data should not be accessed or updated;
wherein said first data retrieval means further comprises means for selectively accessing data in locked data tables; and
wherein said data modification means further comprises means for selectively updating data in locked data tables.
3. A method for storing and retrieving data tuples in data tables in a database so that more than one index can be defined for a data table, each location in the data table associated with a unique tuple identifier, the method for storing comprising the steps of:
(a) defining at least one index on a data table by specifying the entries of the data table that comprise the key value for the index;
(b) inserting a data tuple to be stored in an available location in the data table;
(c) applying a hashing function to the key value for the index, to determine a hash index tuple number corresponding to a location in a hash index table; and
(d) storing the first tuple identifier in the hash index table location corresponding to the determined hash index tuple number;
(e) repeating steps b. through d. above for each index defined on the data table; and
(f) outputting the tuple identifier corresponding to the location in the data table where the data tuple was stored; and the method for retrieving data tuples comprising the steps of:
(a) applying a hashing function to the key value to determine a tuple identifier for a location in a hash index table;
(b) retrieving the tuple identifier from the location in the hash index table; and
(c) retrieving the data tuple from the location in the data table associated with the tuple identifier retrieved from the hash table.
4267568 May 12, 1981 Dechant et al.
4376297 March 8, 1983 Anderson et al.
4385352 May 24, 1983 Bienvenu
4428045 January 24, 1984 Davidian
4428273 January 31, 1984 Plow
4546432 October 8, 1985 Umemura et al.
4631664 December 23, 1986 Bachman
4633393 December 30, 1986 Rundell
4922417 May 1, 1990 Churm et al.
Database Design-Gio Wiederhold, pp. 126, 475, 476 and 613-621 Second Edition, 1983.
Filed: Jun 30, 1988
Date of Patent: Oct 2, 1990
Assignee: Hewlett-Packard Company (Palo Alto, CA)
Inventors: Le Thieu Hong (Fremont, CA), Cynthia Givens (Sunnyvale, CA), Ching Chao Liu (Sunnyvale, CA), Michael J. Wright (Los Gatos, CA), Feyzi Fatehi (Sunnyvale, CA)
Primary Examiner: Michael R. Fleming
Assistant Examiner: Gopal C. Ray
Attorney: James M. Williams
Current U.S. Class: 364/200; 364/900; 364/2821; 364/2557; 364/2424; 364/974; 364/9493
International Classification: G06F 1540; G06F 1200;


text:
The Swatch FIVB World Tour 2002 was the official international beach volleyball tour for 2002.

The USA won nine out of the 11 women's tournaments, but Brazil won six out of the ten men's tournaments.

Grand Slam
There were two Grand Slam tournaments. These events give a higher number of points and more money than the rest of the tournaments.

 Marseille, FranceWorld Series 13 Grand Slam, 16–21 July 2002
 Klagenfurt, AustriaA1 Grand Slam presented by Nokia, 31 July–4 August 2002

Schedule
Key

Tournament results

Women

Men

Rankings

Men

Women

References

2002 in beach volleyball
2002

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The invitation appears over your character's head, check it and see the number you have in your Bingo board while NPC Kemdi calls a number. When NPC Kemdi calls a number, check your Bingo board to see if you have that number. If you do, click the board to mark it. Once you complete a line, click the "Bingo" button and you'll be added to the Bingo ranking on the right side of the event map.
Each time you take part in the event, you can play in three games. Finally, you can get Override Coins for rewards, which can be uses in the Override Coin Shop. Notably, the higher your rank, the more coins you'll receive.


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Reporter's Notebook
Krishnadev Calamur
6:00 AM / April 13, 2016
What We're Following This Morning
Panama Papers, cont'd: Authorities in Panama raided the offices of Mossack Fonseca, the law firm at the center of the massive document leak. Officials said the aim of the raid was to "obtain documentation linked to the information published in news articles that establish the use of the firm in illicit activities." Update: More here
A blow to same-sex unions in China: A judge dismissed Sun Wenlin and Hu Mingliang's case against authorities in the city of Changsha who rejected their application to register their union. The case is the first of its kind in China. Update: More here
Strike looms at Verizon: About 40,000 workers are set to begin striking today as they negotiate a new contract. The strike is set to begin at 6 a.m. ET. Update: More here
Kobe Bryant's long goodbye: The Lakers legend will play his final game tonight against the Utah Jazz.
News from last night here
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COVID Parenting Has Passed the Point of Absurdity
Melinda Wenner Moyer
This was always unsustainable. Now it's simply impossible.
Last Thursday, a group of 20 mothers in Boston met up outside a local high school. Their goal wasn't to socialize, drink wine, or even share COVID-related tips. They were there for one reason and one reason only: to stand in a circle—socially distanced, of course—and scream.
"I knew that we all needed to come together and support each other in our rage, resistance and disappointment," Sarah Harmon, the group's organizer, wrote on Instagram before the gathering. Ironically, some 20 other moms who had RSVP'd "yes" had to cancel at the last minute because they or other family members had COVID, Harmon told me.
When mothers feel there is no more appealing way to spend an evening than to yell into the frigid January darkness, something is very, very wrong. Parents in the United States are living through a universally terrible moment. For two years, we've been spending each and every day navigating an ever-changing virus that's threatening not only our well-being but our livelihoods. The situation has reached a fever pitch during this wave, when we're expected to function normally even though nothing is normal and none of the puzzle pieces in front of us fit together.
Families Are Going Rogue With Rapid Tests
Rachel Gutman
Scientifically speaking, it's gross.
"It started as a joke, actually," Elena Korngold told me. But late last month, the 40-something radiologist from Portland, Oregon, and her family decided that their unsanctioned scheme couldn't hurt. Elena began the proceedings by unwrapping the sterile swab from a BinaxNOW rapid test for SARS-CoV-2, part of the family's dwindling supply. She swirled the swab around the insides of each of her nostrils. Then she passed it to her husband, a cardiologist named Ethan, who swirled it around the insides of each of his nostrils. Then their two children did the same. It was "like some sort of religious ritual," Elena said.
The snot-saturated swab went into the test card. The test card showed a negative result. The Korngolds, now bonded by something even thicker than blood, went to their dinner party. Nobody got COVID.
Gregg Segal / Gallery Stock
The Simplest Way to Sell More Electric Cars in America
Robinson Meyer
Decades-old laws that protect car dealers are keeping the U.S. stuck in the gas-powered past.
Updated at 5:20 p.m. ET on January 21, 2022
The Rivian R1T, the $75,000 debut pickup from America's new electric-truck maker, is unlike any vehicle I have ever driven.
It is, first, really big: 18 feet long and six feet tall, it weighs three and a half tons, heavier than a white rhinoceros or a tricked-out Ford F-150. But this girth is belied by everything else about it. The R1T has an aesthetic unity missing from every mass-market automobile on the road, Teslas included. Like an iPhone, it feels like a cohesive product designed by a single team: The same colors, angles, and textures appear on its seat cushions, its door interiors, its onscreen interface. It can even be—just look at the yellow flashlight hidden in its passenger-side door—downright charming.
Getty; The Atlantic
Will Omicron Leave Most of Us Immune?
The variant is spreading widely, but won't necessarily give us strong protection from new infections.
Even before Omicron hit the United States in full force, most of our bodies had already wised up to SARS-CoV-2's insidious spike—through infection, injection, or both. By the end of October 2021, some 86.2 percent of American immune systems may have glimpsed the virus's most infamous protein, according to one estimate; now, as Omicron adds roughly 800,000 known cases to the national roster each day, the cohort of spike-zero Americans, the truly immunologically naive, is shrinking fast. Virginia Pitzer, an epidemiologist at Yale's School of Public Health and one of the scientists who arrived at the 86.2 percent estimate, has a guess for what fraction of the U.S. population will have had some experience with the spike protein when the Omicron wave subsides: 90 to 95 percent.
Getty; Adam Maida / The Atlantic
Georgia Has a Very Strong Case Against Trump
David French
To see the most compelling evidence of the former president's criminality, look to the Peach State.
Yesterday, Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis sent a letter to the chief judge of the Fulton County Superior Court requesting to empanel a special grand jury "for the purpose of investigating the facts and circumstances relating directly or indirectly to possible attempts to disrupt the lawful administration of the 2020 elections in the State of Georgia."
The request was triggered by the reluctance of key witnesses, including Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger, to cooperate without being subpoenaed to testify. The special-purpose grand jury wouldn't have the power to bring indictments, but it "may make recommendations concerning criminal prosecution as it shall see fit."
With this letter, Willis brought back to the fore the actions surrounding the 2020 election contest by former President Donald Trump that are most suspect under both state and federal criminal law. The district attorney seeks a special grand jury with good reason, as Trump appears to have crossed the line into outright illegality, and that behavior merits a serious and thorough criminal investigation.
The Filibuster Is Still Doomed
David Litt
The question is who will benefit most when it finally falls.
To hear Senators Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema tell it, they hoped to defend voting rights. They also hoped, even more fervently, to defend the Senate filibuster.
In the end, they did neither.
It's true that by joining their Republican colleagues this week to reject a rules change and block a pair of voting-rights bills, the two Democrats ensured that the filibuster remains temporarily intact. But Manchin and Sinema's goal was not merely to block a piece of legislation or preserve a procedural rule in the short term. As Manchin himself put it, "We must never, ever, ever, ever tear down the only wall, the necessary fence, that this nation has against the excesses of the executive branch and the resultant haste and tyranny of the majority."
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15 Books You Won't Regret Rereading
Bethanne Patrick
Years after these titles were popular, they're still worth picking up.
Hundreds of thousands of books are published in the United States each year, and this dramatic influx of titles largely runs the calendars of the publishing and media industries—usually to the detriment of any work that isn't brand new. Even best sellers or novels by famous authors get lost in the deluge, and books that were beloved on release can fall off readers' radar quickly. But many were popular or critically acclaimed for good reasons, and they're worth revisiting.
Here is a list of 15 fiction titles from the past two decades that you may have forgotten about in the years since. Some are from familiar names such as Kazuo Ishiguro, Margaret Atwood, and Louise Erdrich; others are by authors you may not have heard of at all. These selections include plenty of drama, and there's an undercurrent of gentle comedy, even in novels with dark themes or plots. Their characters define love in many different ways, and they seek fulfillment across geographies and time periods—contemporary London, Vichy France, Nigeria, North Korea. Ultimately, these stories are bound together by a compassion for their characters' struggles and shortcomings—a quality that only our finest writers are able to cultivate.
Gale M. Adler / NBC / Getty / Charlie Le Maignan / The Atlantic
Kevin Townsend
Megan Garber
Sophie Gilbert
Spencer Kornhaber
Frasier is a time capsule of its era—and yet, has aged remarkably well.
Over the past two years of the pandemic, old, reliable shows with new lives on streaming platforms have been a mainstay for audiences. (Who wants new plotlines when headlines about COVID-19 variants offer enough of that already?) And the deepest well for comfort watches may be the '90s sitcom. Friends, Seinfeld, and the rest of "Must See TV" add up to hundreds of hours of cheery sets filled with familiar faces.
Of these shows, Frasier may be the strangest—as well as the most rewatchable. The sitcom topped ratings charts and won 37 Emmys in its 11-year run, but the fact that, over the course of a decade, one of the most popular shows in America followed two opera-loving snobs playfully sniping at each other still seems like something of a marvel.
Eric Espada / Getty; Paul Spinelli / AP
The Continuing Humiliation of Black NFL Coaches
Jemele Hill
Recent firings highlight a long history of double standards and unrealistic expectations.
Coaches such as David Culley, just fired from the Houston Texans, and Brian Flores, of the Miami Dolphins until very recently, face a major problem in the NFL. It's not their pedigree. It's not their experience. It's not their ability to relate to players. It's not their offensive or defensive schemes.
It's that they're Black.
That conclusion might seem harsh, but it's been almost 20 years since the NFL adopted the Rooney Rule, which was intended to give candidates of color a better shot at head-coaching jobs and was eventually expanded to cover front-office openings as well. What the league has to show for its efforts in 2022 is the Pittsburgh Steelers' Mike Tomlin as the lone Black head coach in the league. The reason is painfully obvious: In a league where roughly 70 percent of players are Black, owners have no real interest in seeing Black coaches thrive.
Scott Olson / Getty
Why a Three-Dose Vaccine for Young Kids Might Actually Work Out
We still don't know when exactly the shots are coming, but there's reason to hope that vaccine makers' current plans are on the right track.
For many months now, Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine has been slowly making its way into smaller arms in smaller doses—from teens to adolescents to elementary-school-age kids in the fall. Now it's just the under-5 crowd left, and the word on the lips of parents raring to protect their children is still, simply, when. Somehow, no one yet seems to know.
Back in September, the party line was that under-5 trial data would arrive "before the end of the year," as Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla declared at The Atlantic Festival. Those data never appeared. Instead, the week before Christmas, Pfizer announced in a maddeningly cryptic press release that two little-kid-size doses of vaccine had failed to elicit a hefty-enough immune response in 2-, 3-, and 4-year olds in late-stage trials. (Doubly dosed kids in the six-month-to-2-year-old range, though, did produce enough antibodies to satisfy the company's criteria.) But the company had a plan—researchers would test a third injection eight weeks after the second—and a new timeline, with data arriving in the "first half of 2022," maybe April-ish. Add to that the few weeks the FDA typically takes to review the data submitted for emergency-use authorization, and the earliest shots for this group are still probably two or three months away.
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HOUSTON — At this rate, Barry Bonds will walk his way into history before he ever trots there.
Bonds once again got little to swing at, remaining one short of Mark McGwire's home run record as his San Francisco Giants beat the Houston Astros, 4-1, last night.
Bonds went 1-for-2 with two walks, and was hit by a pitch. He stayed at 69 home runs, with five games left to break Big Mac's mark.
"You can't do anything if you're not pitched to," Bonds said. "You take what they give you. We won, that's all that matters."
If Bonds does go deep tonight, the scoreboard operators at Enron Field will be ready. Shortly after fans left the park, they began trying out their displays for No. 70 and No. 71, if necessary.
Facing Shane Reynolds, among the majors' best control pitchers, Bonds swung only once in four trips. Against Billy Wagner's 98-mph fastballs, he grounded out.
"Billy pitched to me," Bonds said.
Bonds has walked 169 times this year, one short of Babe Ruth's record set in 1923.
"When he came up, there were guys on base, so we are not going to give him a pitch to hit," Reynolds said.


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Hampstead Highgate Express > Sport
Simeon sprints to second fastest time
HIGHGATE Harriers Simeon Williamson clocked the second fastest time by a European runner this season when he was third in the 100metres final of the Fanny Blankers-Koen Games in Holland on Monday, writes Simon Jackson. Williamson clocked 10.09seconds to
HIGHGATE Harriers' Simeon Williamson clocked the second fastest time by a European runner this season when he was third in the 100metres final of the Fanny Blankers-Koen Games in Holland on Monday, writes Simon Jackson.
Williamson clocked 10.09seconds to finish third behind the Antilles Churandy Martina (9.97secs), who was fourth to Usain Bolt in the Beijing Olympics 100m final last summer.
The USA's Monzavous Edwards (10.02secs) was second.
Williamson's dazzling performance capped a remarkable week for the young Harrier.
On Friday, the 23-year-old won the 100m final of the Artur Takac Memorial event in Belgrade, finishing strongly in a time of 10.10secs.
Edwards was second (10.10secs) with Britain's Craig Pickering (10.16secs) third.
The win continues a profitable spell for Williamson, who clocked 6.57secs earlier this year when narrowly beaten by American Mark Jenks (6.57secs) in the 60m final in Athens.
In March, Williamson, who was selected by Great Britain for the Beijing Games, set a 60m best of 6.53secs in the Aviva Grand Prix in Birmingham.


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The passenger ferry damaged in last week's explosion.
Officials suspend ferry after explosion in QR
They say insurance and permits had expired, but company denies it
Published on Monday, February 26, 2018
The operations of a ferry company associated with former Quintana Roo governor Roberto Borge Angulo have been suspended in the aftermath of an explosion that injured 26 people last week in Playa del Carmen.
After last Wednesday's explosion aboard a passenger ferry operated by Barcos Caribe, the federal Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (SCT) said the operator had failed to renew passenger insurance and government-issued permits and certifications.
Officials said passenger insurance had been void for just under a month at the time of the blast.
But company representatives rejected the claim, saying that two days after the explosion officials from the federal Secretariat of the Navy (Semar) conducted their own inspection and provided the company with a document that said all of its permits were in order.
Some of Barcos Caribe's customers have come out in support of the firm by launching a petition at Change.org to denounce the suspension of service. They lamented that if the suspension is permanent "the duopoly [Ultramar and Barcos México] will start to steal from us again."
Barcos Caribe started running the Playa del Carmen-Cozumel route in 2015 with support from ex-governor Borge, who wanted to see a service that offered passengers lower fares than those of Ultramar and Barcos México.
Later, Borge, through two close collaborators, acquired Barcos Caribe while he was still in office. The former governor is now in jail awaiting trial on corruption charges.
Sponsors of the online petition claim that the fares charged by the two other companies are so high that tourists will stop traveling to Cozumel.
While authorities have declared that the explosion was most likely caused by a mechanical malfunction, less legitimate sources have claimed that it could have been part of a terrorist attack.
On Friday, an abandoned suitcase thought to contain a bomb triggered the evacuation of a marine terminal in Playa del Carmen. But only clothing was found inside.
Source: El Universal (sp)
Jailed ex-governor of Quintana Roo weds Sinaloa beauty queen
Long days in a prison cell might have been relieved somewhat this week for Roberto Borge, who can now enjoy matrimonial bliss.
3 beaches reopen Thursday in Playa del Carmen
Three beaches in the popular tourist destination will reopen Thursday as part of a pilot program, the mayor announced.


Chinese market hot-rolling board coiled on October 17, cold rolling board coils the price falls reduce, building steel products, medium thick board the price is certain in have drop.
Build rolled steel aspect: Value of market of building steel products is certain on October 17 in be issued to lower levels. Steel of city field head produces Beijing value of market of 6.5 millimeter tall line is the diameter 3, 570 yuan, value of market of 12 millimeter tall line is in the diameter 3, 900 yuan, head steel / Tang Gang / Xuan Gang produces a diameter value of market of steel of 12 millimeter whorl is 3, 880 yuan, head steel / Tang Gang / Xuan Gang produces a diameter price of steel of 25 millimeter whorl 3, 730 yuan, respect of steel of 3 class whorl, head steel / Tang Gang / Xuan Gang produces a diameter value of market of steel of 12 millimeter whorl is 4, 030 yuan, head steel / Tang Gang / Xuan Gang produces a diameter 16 to market price of steel of 25 millimeter whorl case is 3, 880 yuan, 28 be in to 32 millimeter price 3, 950 yuan. Treasure of Shanghai field Shanghai 16 to 25 millimeter quote of mainstream of steel of 2 class whorl is in 3, 230 yuan, bao Gang 16 it is to price of 25 millimeter norms 3, 480 yuan, a kind of resource if 2, 672 factories, long treat, Hai Xin 16 to mainstream of 25 millimeter norms quote is in 3, 250 yuan, 2 kinds of resource if explain the whorl steel price such as special, Yin Feng is in 3, 240 yuan, duckweed countryside, Ma Gang 16 to 25 millimeter quote of steel of 3 class whorl is in 3, 320 to 3, 380 yuan or so, quote of mainstream of 6.5 millimeter tall line is in 3, 170 yuan, be in with price of norms general line 3, 150 yuan or so. Steel of Guangzhou market beautiful produces a diameter market price of line of 6.5 millimeter general 3, 350 yuan, with market price of norms tall line 3, 450 yuan, wide steel produces value of tall line market 3, 450 yuan, whorl steel respect, shao Gang produces market price of steel of whorl of 12 millimeter norms case 4, 030 yuan, market price of steel of 25 millimeter whorl is wide steel diameter 3, 750 yuan, with norms Shao Gang produces market price standard 3, 750 yuan, willow steel, duckweed steel is produced 16 to 25 millimeter price of steel of 2 class whorl is respectively 3, 650 yuan, tang Gang produces a diameter market price of steel of 3 class whorl is 16 millimeter 3, 850 yuan. Shenyang market connects steel to produce a diameter 6.5 it is to value of market of line of 10 millimeter general 3, 170 yuan, boreal stage, connect steel to produce a diameter 6.5 to 10 millimeter value of tall line market is 3, 200 yuan, xi Lin produces value of market of small whorl of 12 millimeter, 14 millimeter for 3, 600 yuan, boreal stage, Ling Gang, connect steel to produce a diameter 16 to 25 millimeter value of market of steel of 2 class whorl is 3, 500 yuan, bear steel produces a diameter 16 to 25 millimeter value of market of steel of 3 class whorl is 3, 900 yuan, steel, bear steel value of market of 3 class small whorl is 12 millimeter, 14 millimeter 4, 200 yuan. The value of general line market of 8 millimeter is the diameter that Chongqing market amounts to steel to produce 3, 470 yuan, value of market of 8 millimeter tall line is the diameter that power steel produces 3, 500 yuan, the diameter that heavy steel produces value of market of 2 class whorl is 12 millimeter 3, 720 yuan, the diameter that water steel produces value of whorl steel market is the 18 2 class to 25 millimeter 3, 500 yuan, the diameter that amounts to steel to produce 16 to 25 millimeter price of 3 class steel is 3, 600 yuan. Heibei steely group announces reduction of output and after adjusting sale strategy, value of China north market goes steady stage by stage, market confidence restores somewhat, and accompanying drop greatly day after day, the enthusiasm that agency continues to depreciate is not tall already. Like that Shanghai field price continues low, drive partial market to continue weak force moves, grail drops situation still do not have complete changeover.
Previous:Whole town fastener is exported " the volume rises valence to go up "


will prompt an owner to order them in. Good luck to you.
> a couple in a local PetSmart a month ago, I can't find them.
> a gravel as I could find. Will this work for kribs?
> "If you want a functional site, don't go to a glamour design shop."
Next by Date: cotton mouth disease!


Chatham Borough residents have a long history of volunteering for their community. Volunteers perform many functions that are vital to our community. Each year, many of our residents offer their time, energy, knowledge and talent to our municipality by serving on the Chatham Emergency Squad, Chatham Borough Volunteer Fire Department, or on one or more of our boards, commissions, or committees.
If you have interest or expertise in a particular area and a desire to volunteer, Chatham Borough needs you! Please consider volunteering and supporting your community. Many opportunities exist.
Individuals interested in joining the Chatham Borough Volunteer Fire Department should visit the Chatham Borough Volunteer Fire Department webpage for more information. The application process for volunteering with the Chatham Borough Volunteer Fire Department starts with sending an email to the Fire Chief at fire@chathamborough.org and expressing your interest in joining the Fire Department.
Please consider serving on any of the public bodies listed below. Submit a completed Volunteer Application Form to the Borough Clerk's office at clerk@chathamborough.org or stop by Borough Hall. Visit the Boards & Commissions webpage to learn more about these volunteer opportunities. After you submit your application, you will be contacted.
In addition to joining the Fire Department, Emergency Squad or one of the municipal boards/commissions/committees, there are numerous opportunities for individuals or groups to do projects on their own. Over the years, volunteers have completed a wide range of projects, including building or rebuilding walking trails, erecting benches and tables in local parks, and operating the cameras in the Council Chambers at Borough Hall to record meetings of the Borough Council and of boards/commissions/committees. Since many of these projects will require Borough Council approval, please contact Robin Kline at rkline@chathamborough.org if you're interested.
The following are some suggested projects — but be creative and come up with your own ideas. One of the things that makes Chatham Borough so special is that its residents will identify things they think will make the community a better place, and then make them happen!
Design and compose web pages for the Borough website on "Living in Chatham" and "Chatham Borough History".
Take new photos for the Borough website.
Compose music for the TV bulletin board.
Trash clean-up: Day's Brook, Wuhala Woods and other conservation lands.
Remove invasive plant species at Wuhala Woods, Kelley's Pond, or in the conservation lands along the Passaic River.
Identify opportunities to plant pollinator-friendly plants and provide residents with education on how to do this. Or plant a garden of pollinator-friendly plants.
Picture taking of birds, plants, nature for the Environmental Commission; take pictures during walks of sidewalks in need of repair; pictures of Borough trees in need of attention.
Assist residents in signing up for AlertChathamBorough.
Update our inventory of historical structures and include photos.
For the computer savvy, create Access® databases of historical structures or open space.
In 2009, the New Jersey State Legislature enacted the Citizen Service Act, which requires all municipalities to follow a uniform process to allow all citizens an equal opportunity and manner in which to express their interest in serving on local boards, commissions and committees. Any person interested in serving on a municipal board, commission or committee must file a Volunteer Application Form with the Borough Clerk to start the process.
Once an appointment is made, the newly appointed volunteer is required to take an oath of office for that specific position. Under previous law, individuals were only required to take the general oath of office. The law further permits the oath of office to be administered by the chairperson of a board or commission, Borough Clerk, or by any other person authorized under law to administer oaths (N.J.S.A. 41:2-1). All oaths of office are filed with the Borough Clerk.
The Citizen Service Act further requires the Borough Clerk to maintain a directory individuals appointed to each of the boards, commissions and committees. The directory includes the number of members or positions; a list of currently appointed members, along with their terms of office; vacancies; general frequency of meetings; the appointing authority, and enabling statute, ordinance or resolution that describes the entity and responsibilities of the members.
Lastly, the Citizen Services Act amended the law that determines when a position becomes vacant due to unexcused absences. A position can now to be declared vacant when a member is absent from meeting for 8 consecutive weeks, or 4 consecutive regular meetings, whichever is longer.
Please consider volunteering and supporting your community.


The vest is dated 1970.
That vest appears to have been modified at some point. Originally the vest would have a zipper closure with a flap that was made from the same material as the rest of the vest and it closed by means of snaps. We still used those vests in the early 90's.
Infanteer wrote: That vest appears to have been modified at some point. Originally the vest would have a zipper closure with a flap that was made from the same material as the rest of the vest and it closed by means of snaps. We still used those vests in the early 90's.
This one is the second model for the M69. No zipper or snaps on this one, all velcro closure. A vet I know in Olds said he wore the exact same one in Cyprus. I don't think these were too popular since the velcro comes loose on these when they are tore open with force...this one has the same problem.
These were originally made for the South Vietnamese Army but many made it to other countries.
Okay, that's a first for me. I've never seen this version before including all of my scattered research on Vietnam war items. Thanks for the lesson.


text:
Still Europeanized?: Greek Foreign Policy During the Eurozone Crisis
Thanasis Gavos Tuesday, 23 February 2016; 6:00-7:30pm
Chryssogelos, Hellenic Obsevatory, LSE,
Speaker : Angelos Chryssogelos
National Bank of Greece Postdoctoral Fellow, Hellenic Observatory, LSE
Chair : Spyros Economides
Hellenic Observatory Deputy Director; Associate Professor, International Relations and European Politics; LSEE-Research on South Eastern Europe Co-ordinator
This presentation examines whether and how key aspects of Greek foreign policy have been transformed in the years of the crisis, and especially the relationship between Greek foreign policy interests and practices and the EU framework. Foreign policy has been a little-researched area in terms of the impact of the Eurozone crisis on the Greek polity. Yet, given that the crisis has affected precisely Greece's relationship with its main strategic anchor of the last 20 years – Europe – it is surprising how little attention the question of the evolving relationship between Greek foreign policy and the European framework has received. The empirical focus of this presentation will be on two of Greece's most significant bilateral relations (Turkey and Russia), and on two areas of Greece's external relations that are of increasing importance in recent years (energy and migration). These are all areas where the European framework plays a major role in the conduct of Greek foreign policy, but where tensions have appeared or intensified in the last years. The presentation will try to uncover specific mechanisms and pathways that link the crisis with shifts in the relationship between Greek and EU foreign policy in these areas.
Angelos Chryssogelos is a National Bank of Greece postdoctoral fellow in the LSE Hellenic Observatory. He holds a PhD in political science from the European University Institute in Florence. Prior to joining the LSE he was a fellow in the Europe Programme of Chatham House. He has previously taught in the universities of Antwerp and Limerick and has worked in the Clingendael Institute in The Hague and the Martens Centre in Brussels. His research interests lie in European and Greek politics and foreign policy.
A free event open to all. Admission on a first come, first served basis.
Cañada Blanch Room, COW 1.11, 1st floor, Cowdray House, European Institute, LSE


Sunflowers just can't get enough sun. Their heads follow the direction of the sun throughout the day. So, Sunflowers are grown in Cameron Highlands, where the warm sun shines year-round producing big, showy sunflowers.
Sunflowers have naturally arched necks and look best in a tall narrow vase. Cut the flowers so there is only a few inches of stem that shows above the rim of the vase.


text:
What Is a CMS and Why Should You Care?
November 1, 2021 / Uncategorized / By admin
There are a lot of acronyms in the business world to keep straight. SEO, CRM, SERP, CDN, and CMS are just a few important ones.
CMS is particularly important, considering that more than 68 million websites are built with one. So what is it?
CMS stands for content management system. It also may be the solution you're looking for to quickly make a website with limited technical knowledge and resources.
In this post, we'll define what a CMS is and how it works. Then we'll look at how you can use a CMS to handle the infrastructure of your site so you can focus on creating exciting, delightful content that results in more conversions and leads.
We'll wrap up by looking at some of the most popular CMS platforms on the market. Let's get started.
With a CMS, you can create, manage, modify, and publish content in a user-friendly interface. You can customize the design and functionality of your site by downloading or purchasing templates and extensions, rather than coding. You can have multiple users working in the back-end of the same tool — and much more.
You might be wondering how one piece of software does all of this. To answer that question, let's take a closer look at how a CMS works.
How a CMS Works
To understand how a CMS works, you first have to understand what it's like to build a site from scratch.
You'd start with HTML to add text, images, navigation bars, and other building blocks of a site. Then you'd add CSS to style those elements to match the unique look and feel of your brand.
You'd finish up by writing some JavaScript to add more advanced functionality to your site, like slide-in CTAs. Then you'd have to upload this HTML file to your server to be filed away in your database.
Whenever you want to make changes — even simple ones like updating content — you have to download files from the server, open them, and change the HTML code by hand. Then you'll have to make sure you didn't break any links or something else before uploading the files back to the server.
Sounds complicated, yes? For developers and other advanced users with experience in website development, building a site from scratch might be ideal. But for those who don't have the coding skills or time and resources to build a site from scratch and maintain it, they can use a CMS. Let's talk about how.
How to Use a CMS
A CMS is made up of two core parts: a content management application (CMA) and content delivery application (CDA). Combined, these applications essentially handle all the code, database queries, and infrastructure in the back end so you can focus on the front end of your site.
Rather than start with a blank HTML page, for example, you'll open up the content editor and be able bold text, add links and CTAs, and insert images and tables by dragging and dropping some modules or clicking a few buttons rather than writing out HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
Here's a look at how easy it is to create a blog post using WordPress, for example.
To make other changes on your site, like changing the permalink structure or installing extensions, just navigate to the appropriate section in your admin panel. This is the CMA in action: all these changes are made in an intuitive interface that hides the code from you, the end user.
When you're done making changes, the CDA will take the content you entered into the CMA, assemble the code, display it to your front-end visitors, and store it. That means when you want to publish a new blog post, for example, you just have to hit the Publish button instead of manually uploading a page to your server.
Now that we understand what a CMS is, how it works, and how to use it, let's explore the benefits of using one over building a site from scratch or using another website building tool.
Why Use a CMS?
We've already alluded to some benefits of using a CMS, but let's look at some specific ways it can impact your set-up process, team's productivity, and visibility online.
1. No Coding Knowledge Required
By enabling non-developers and other users to build websites without coding, CMS systems have helped revolutionize web design. Gone are the days of relying on web developers and designers to establish an online presence for your business.
You can create and manage content, customize the design of your site, and install extensions to add functionality to your site — all without coding. (It's important to note that most platforms do allow you to add custom code for more granular control over your site, too.)
As a result, users with limited technical resources and time can still build a powerful website for their business.
2. Easy Collaboration
Multiple users can access and work in the back end of a CMS at the same time. That means on any given day, your marketers can be producing content, your IT professionals implementing security protocols, and your developers adding custom code to your theme. In fact, they could all be working on the same landing page.
In short, a CMS can help improve workflows and productivity across your team.
3. User Roles and Permissions
A CMS allows you to collaborate in the most efficient and safe way possible thanks to built-in (and often customizable) user roles and permissions. That means content writers, for example, can have all the permissions they need to write, publish, and manage content — but won't be able to delete plugins or otherwise significantly alter the site's functionality.
Here's a look at the User Role Editor in WordPress.
Without a CMS, you'd have to code some pretty complicated conditions and checks to create user roles and permissions in JavaScript.
4. SEO Features and Extensions
CMS platforms offer built-in features as well as add-ons to help you optimize your site for search engines.
Using built-in or third party tools, you can:
Customize page titles and meta descriptions
Choose SEO-friendly URL structures
Create XML sitemaps
Add image alt text
Create 301 Redirects
Include breadcrumb navigation
Optimize page load times
Implementing these best practices will help improve your chances of ranking on Google and other major search engines.
5. Security Features and Extensions
CMS platforms also offer built-in features and add-ons to help you secure your site. Some even offer a dedicated security team. CMS Hub, for example, provides a dedicated 24/7 security team, an enterprise-class web application firewall, SSL, custom CDN, SSO memberships, and and other out-of-the-box features.
6. Predesigned Templates
Most CMS platforms come with a selection of predesigned templates you can use to quickly customize the appearance of your site. They can also affect the behavior of your site.
Choosing a responsive template, for example, will ensure your site looks good on any device, without requiring you to write a bunch of code. Not only do templates save you design time before launching your site, they can also make a website redesign much faster and simpler down the road.
Webflow is just one CMS that offers hundreds of responsive templates.
7. Simple Updates
As discussed above, a CMS enables you to make changes on your site faster and easier — from major updates, like a website redesign, to minor updates, like changing the image on your home page. Rather than hiring a freelance developer or trying to edit the code yourself, you can go into the dashboard of your CMS to update and edit the content of your website. This allows you to keep your content dynamic and relevant.
8. Blogging Functionality
Blogging offers a range of benefits, particularly to businesses. It can help drive traffic to your website, convert traffic into leads, establish authority in a particular industry, generate backlinks, and achieve other long-term results. But building a blog from scratch is difficult, even for experienced developers.
A major advantage of using a CMS is that most provide built-in blogging functionality (or extensions) so it's easy to start creating and publishing blog content and reaping the benefits.
9. Content Scheduling
Scheduling content is essential to any editorial strategy. When building a site from scratch, you can schedule content — but it will require a combination of coding and tools like GitHub.
With a CMS, scheduling content is as easy as clicking a button. Most platforms allow you to schedule more than just blog posts, too. With CMS Hub for example, you can schedule blog posts as well as website pages, landing pages, and emails.
Here's a look at the scheduling tab within HubSpot's blog editor.
10. Easy Access
With a CMS platform, you can access and edit your site on virtually any device with an internet connection. That's much easier than the alternative of building a site from scratch, which requires you to be on a device connected to the server or connect remotely.
Plus, most CMS systems have a single dashboard or control panel where you can access your site's content, theme, plugins, settings, and more — all in one place.
If your site is growing, you may need to upgrade to a CMS to meet your needs. You can start your search by checking out a few of the best CMS systems below.
Let's unpack eight popular CMS platform examples to discover which might be the best fit for your website needs.
1. CMS Hub
Ideal for: Any-sized businesses
Price: $25 – $1,200 per month
Why Use CMS Hub: With CMS Hub, you can build websites that are secure, powerful, and optimized for search engines.
Using this all-on-one connected platform, you can create personalized content for visitors based on data from your HubSpot CRM, create custom templates and styles, run A/B tests on multi-language content, safely redesign and relaunch web pages, view performance analytics, and much more.
By combining ease of use and flexibility, this proprietary CMS is ideal for businesses with diverse teams of marketers, developers, and IT professionals that are looking to grow over time.
Learn more about CMS Hub's customization options, multi-lingual support, reporting dashboards, and more.
Ideal for: Small businesses and freelancers
Price: Estimated between $30 to $3,000
Why Use WordPress: WordPress is a self-hosted platform that powers millions of sites. You can easily and quickly build a WordPress site using the Gutenberg editor and then customize it with any of the thousands of plugins and themes available in the official WordPress directory or other third-party sites.
Want to add forms and live chat to your site? Want a theme that comes with a built-in visual builder and split testing? Leveraging WordPress plugins and themes like these, you can create a unique experience specific to your brand.
3. Joomla
Ideal for: Global companies
Price: Estimated between $700 to $6,500
Why Use Joomla: Site owners looking for more functionality built right into the platform may try a WordPress alternative like Joomla.
Like WordPress, Joomla is an open-source CMS. What sets Joomla apart is its built-in multilingual support and advanced user and content management options, which make it ideal for membership, community, and social networking sites. UIDAI, for example, is a multilingual website powered by Joomla.
4. Drupal
Ideal for: Corporatations and government agencies
Price: Estimated between $5,000 to $20,000
Why Use Drupal: Drupal is a highly flexible CMS favored by large corporations and government agencies like NASA. While you will need web development experience to fully leverage the power of this platform, you won't have to start from scratch.
In addition to its out-of-the-box features, you can choose among 47,000 modules available in its directory and thousands of free themes in its theme repository to build a complex site that handles large volumes of data and heavy traffic, like Rush University Medical Center's website.
5. Magento
Ideal for: Ecommerce businesses
Price: Estimated at $15,000 and up
Why Use Magento: The self-hosted version of Magento, known as Magento OpenSource, is like the Drupal of the ecommerce world. It's highly flexible and secure, but difficult to learn and take advantage of all its built-in functionality and extensions.
With Magento, you can manage multiple stores, use several worldwide shipping providers, and transact in different countries, languages, and currencies — all within the same dashboard.
So, if you have the time and resources to invest in set-up and maintenance, you'll be able to build an online store with a huge product inventory and global reach.
Ideal for: Web designers and agencies
Price: $15 – $235 per month
Why Use Webflow: Webflow is a "visual" content management system designed to fill a market gap for web designers who want to focus on creating and customizing sites without worrying about hosting, security, or performance.
With Webflow, you can start with one of the hundreds of pre-built templates or start from scratch using the Webflow Designer shown below.
You can also extend the functionality of your site through third-party integrations or embedding HTML code. Since it requires at least some knowledge of HTML, CSS, and web design, Webflow is best suited for freelancer designers or agencies.
Ideal for: Bloggers
Price: $9 – $2,400 per month
Why Use Ghost: If you're looking for a more simple and lightweight CMS dedicated to blogging, Ghost is a great option. Ghost is a headless CMS, which means that its body (the content repository) is separated from its head (the presentation layer).
Basically, this allows you to create and manage content and then deliver that content via their Node.js APIs (or another front-end tool you prefer) to any platform and channel, from smartwatches to virtuality reality headsets.
With an intuitive editor and built-in SEO tools, Ghost appeals to bloggers and beginners who want a basic site that's simple to create and manage.
8. Sitecore
Ideal for: Enterprise companies
Price: Must contact company for pricing info
Why Use Sitecore: Sitecore is an enterprise-level headless CMS that enables you to create and deliver personalized websites, emails, social media posts, and mobile experiences.
You can use its WYSIWYG editor with drag-and-drop functionality, session- and device-based personalization rules, and multilingual tools to scale your content creation and deliver content that's optimized to your users' interests, language, and device. And thanks to Sitecore's headless architecture, you can provide these relevant customer experiences across multiple channels, including web, social, voice, point of sale, and more.
This CMS powers more than 120,000 websites in industries ranging from sports to banking to travel and more. Some of its biggest brands are American Express, ASOS, L'Oréal, and Volvo Cars.
Use a CMS to Build Your Site
Using a content management system to build and manage your site can help you grow over time. Not only will a CMS store all of your web content in one place, it will also support collaboration across teams, allow for quick and easy updates, and offer templates and extensions to customize your site.
Editor's note: This post was originally published in December 2010 and has been updated for comprehensiveness.