Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanostructured Materials .
The role of C incorporation in the microstructure and thermal stability of arc-evaporated Cr-C-N coatings is explored via reactive growth in a mixed C2H4-N-2 environment. C is found to react more readily than N at both the Cr cathode and the coating surfaces, so that a C2H4-to-N-2 flow ratio of only 1% yields a C-to-N ratio of approximately 10% within the coatings. The as-deposited microstructures consist primarily of the delta-Cr(C, N) phase and possess high compressive residual stresses, which decrease with increasing C content. Post-deposition annealing up to 700degreesC results in depletion of lattice defects, and concomitant reductions in stress and coating hardness, together with phase transformations which suggest metastable phase formation during growth. Apparent activation energies for this lattice defect are found to be in the range expected for bulk diffusion of N and C (2.4-2.8 eV). The results suggest that inclusion of small amounts of C in this system offers the ability to reduce internal stresses while maintaining defect-related hardness increases, permitting growth of thicker and thus more wear-resistant coatings.
Herein we report on the extraordinary thermal stability of similar to 35 nm Mg-nanograins that constitute the matrix of a Ti2AlC-Mg composite that has previously been shown to have excellent mechanical properties. The microstructure is so stable that heating the composite three times to 700 degrees C, which is 50 degrees C over the melting point of Mg, not only resulted in the repeated melting of the Mg, but surprisingly and within the resolution of our differential scanning calorimeter, did not lead to any coarsening. The reduction in the Mg melting point due to the nanograins was similar to 50 degrees C. X-ray diffraction and neutron spectroscopy results suggest that thin, amorphous, and/or poorly crystallized rutile, anatase, and/or magnesia layers separate the Mg nanograins and prevent them from coarsening. Clearly that layer is thin enough, and thus mechanically robust enough, to survive the melting and solidification stresses encountered during cycling. Annealing in hydrogen at 250 degrees C for 20 h, also did not seem to alter the grain size significantly.
The ternary nitride system Cr-Al-N has been investigated by sintering different powder compositions. The powder compositions belong to four groups, AIN- + Cr-powder (5 compositions between 20-90 molar% AlN), Al- + Cr 2N-powder (5 compositions between 15-80 molar% Cr2N), AlN-+ Cr2N-powder (50- and 90 molar% Cr2N) and Al- + Cr-powder. The powders were dry mixed and pressed into pellets by uniaxial pressing followed by cold isostatic pressing (ClP). Sintering took place in a graphite lined reaction bonding furnace under nitrogen atmosphere at three different temperatures, 1350C, 1500C and 1800C and in an alumina tube furnace in order to avoid access to carbon. Holding times were varied, from 2 hours up to 72 hours. The phase development was evaluated by thermal analysis and XRD. CrAlN was formed at 1350C but decomposed at higher temperatures. Both pure Al and Cr-powder were prone to react with carbon in the graphite furnace. Thermal analysis showed a sublimation of Cr2N at temperatures around 1050C and nitridation of pure Al-powder between 680-750C and of pure Cr-powder between 610-1080C. Samples with pure Al-powder showed a very large expansion due to melting of aluminium in combination with nitridation. AIN was found to be more stable than Cr 2N at higher temperatures and longer holding times. The mixtures of Al-+Cr-powder produced an intermediate Al-Cr-phase.
Budapest University of Technology and Economy.
Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Based on ab initio density-functional calculations in supercells of 3C-SiC, the stable configurations of hydrogen and dihydrogen defects have been established. The calculated formation energies are used to give semiquantitative estimates for the concentration of hydrogen in SiC after chemical vapor deposition, low temperature H-plasma anneal, or heat treatment in high temperature hydrogen gas. Vibration frequencies, spin distributions, and occupation levels were also calculated in order to facilitate spectroscopic identification of these defects. (V+nH) complexes are suggested as the origin of some of the signals assigned earlier to pure vacancies. Qualitative extrapolation of our results to hexagonal polytypes explains observed electrical passivation effects of hydrogen.
Using a CALPHAD approach together with a Cahn-Hilliard model, we describe the microstructure evolution in cubic Ti1-xAlxN including vacancies on the metal sublattice. Our results show that vacancy content has a pronounced effect on the decomposition kinetics. Furthermore, vacancies show a strong tendency to segregate to the coherent AlN-TiN interface regions. We illustrate how vacancies anneal to grain boundaries, and finally, we compare our prediction to experimental differential scanning calorimetry data and attribute the second peak in the thermogram to vacancy depletion.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanostructured Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
Hybrid material systems possess multi-functional properties which make them intriguing for the materials science community since very early dates. However, it is not straightforward to produce such material systems. A smart and efficient approach is necessary to extract the desired properties of each component under the desired conditions. This study evolved to its last form primarily around this notion, where the development of a hybrid material is the core of the work. This hybrid material is then further explored for two different applications in the catalysis and drug delivery fields.
A nanoassembly was established around a mesoporous silica support. SBA-15 was picked as this support among the other mesoporous silica due to its well-defined pore structure and accessible pore volume. The silica framework was doped with Zr atoms and the pores were partly infiltrated with Cu nanoparticles resulting in a hybrid material with tunable properties. SBA-15 was synthesized by a sol-gel method where a micellar solution was employed as a template for the silica framework. To achieve the doped version, a Zr precursor was added to the synthesis solution. The effects of different synthesis conditions, such as the synthesis catalyst (F-or a Cl-salt) and the Si source (tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) or sodium metasilicate (SMS)) on the characteristics of the final material were investigated. It was observed that these changes in the synthesis conditions yielded different particle morphology, pore size (11-15 nm), and specific surface area (400-700 m2/g). Cu nanoparticles (NPs) were grown in the (Zr-)SBA-15 support using infiltration (Inf) or evaporation induced wetness impregnation (EIWI) methods. The infiltration method is based on functionalizing the (Zr-)SBA-15 support surfaces before the Cu ion attachment whereas EIWI is based on slow evaporation of the liquid from the (Zr-)SBA-15 - Cu aqueous suspension. Both methods are designed to yield preferential growth of Cu NPs in the pores with a diameter smaller than 10 nm and in oxidized form. However, depending on the loading method used, different chemical states of the final material were achieved, i.e. Zr content and porous network properties are different.
Cu-Zr-SBA-15 nanoassemblies produced under various synthesis conditions were used for the catalytic conversion of CO2into valuable fuels such as methanol and dimethyl ether (DME). The effect of different chemical states of the catalyst arising from variations in the synthesis parameters was investigated. It was found that the Si precursor (TEOS or SMS) had a considerable impact on the overall performance of the catalyst whereas the Cu loading method (Inf or EIWI) changed the catalytic selectivity between DME and methanol. The activity of the catalyst was further investigated in a time-evolution study where the accumulation of each product in the gas phase and the molecular groups attached to the catalyst surface were recorded over time. Accordingly, thermodynamic equilibrium was achieved on the 14th day of the reaction under 250°C and 33 bar. The resulting total CO2conversion was 24%, which is the thermodynamically highest possible conversion, according to theoretical calculations. It was also concluded from the experimental results that, DME is formed by a combination of two methoxy surface groups. Additionally, the formation of DME boosts the total CO2conversion to fuels, which otherwise is limited to 9.5%.
The design of Cu-Zr-SBA-15 was also investigated for drug delivery applications, due to its potential as a biomaterial, e.g., a filler in dental composites, and the antibacterial properties of Cu. Also, the bioactivity of SiO2and ZrO2was considered to be an advantage. With this aim, Cu infiltrated Zr doped SBA-15 material was prepared by using TEOS as the silica precursor and the Inf-method to grow Cu NPs. The performance of the final material as a drug delivery vehicle was tested by an in-vitro delivery study with chlorhexidine digluconate.The nanoassemblies show a drug loading capacity of 25-40% [mg drug / mg (drug+carrier)]. The drug release was determined to be composed of two steps. First, a burst release of the drug molecules that are loosely held in the voids of the mesoporous carrier followed by the diffusion of the drug molecules that are attached to the carrier surface. The presence of Zr and Cu limits the burst release and beneficially slows down the drug release process.
The effect of pore properties of SBA-15 was explored in a study where the antibiotic doxycycline hyclate was loaded in SBA-15 materials with different pore sizes. It was observed that the pore size is directly proportional to the drug loading capacity [mg drug / mg (drug+carrier)] and the released drug percentage (the released drug amount/total amount of loaded drug). The drug release was fast due to its weak interactions with the SBA-15 materials.
In summary, this work demonstrates the multifunctional character of a smart-tailored nanoassembly which gives valuable insights for two distinct applications in catalysis and drug delivery.
A catalytically active nanoassembly comprising Cu-nanoparticles grown on integrated and active supports (large pore Zr-doped mesoporous SBA-15 silica) has been synthesized and used to promote CO2 hydrogenation. The doped mesoporous material was synthesized using a sal-gel method, in which the pore size was tuned between 11 and 15 nm while maintaining a specific surface area of about 700 m(2) g (1). The subsequent Cu nanoparticle growth was achieved by an infiltration process involving attachment of different functional groups on the external and internal surfaces of the mesoporous structure such that 7-10 nm sized Cu nanoparticles grew preferentially inside the pores. Chemisorption showed improved absorption of both CO2 and H-2 for the assembly compared to pure SBA-15 and 15% of the total CO2 was converted to methanol and dimethyl ether at 250 degrees C and 33 bar.
Time evolution of catalytic CO2 hydrogenation to methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) has been investigated in a high-temperature high-pressure reaction chamber where products accumulate over time. The employed catalysts are based on a nano-assembly composed of Cu nanoparticles infiltrated into a Zr doped SiOx mesoporous framework (SBA-15): Cu-Zr-SBA-15. The CO2 conversion was recorded as a function of time by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the molecular activity on the catalyst's surface was examined by diffuse reflectance in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The experimental results showed that after 14 days a CO2 conversion of 25% to methanol and DME was reached when a DME selective catalyst was used which was also illustrated by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. With higher Zr content in the catalyst, greater selectivity for methanol and a total 9.5% conversion to methanol and DME was observed, yielding also CO as an additional product. The time evolution profiles indicated that DME is formed directly from methoxy groups in this reaction system. Both DME and methanol selective systems show the thermodynamically highest possible conversion.
This thesis covers the synthesis and characterization of two types of mesoporous silica, SBA-15 silica with two-dimensional hexagonal arrangement, and SBA-16 silica with three-dimensional cubic arrangement. The obtained mesoporous materials were then used as hard templates for synthesizing of different types of nanostructures.
In the first part, the effects of some synthesis parameters on the morphology and texture properties of the mesoporous silica have been studied. By varying the synthesis temperature solid spheres of SBA-16 with different sizes were synthesized and by additions of heptane as a swelling agent, SBA-16 in a hollow-sphere morphology with a large pore size was obtained. In the case of SBA-15, dispersed rods were synthesized in the presence of heptane and NH4F in a low-temperature synthesis. The length of the rods was varied by changing the concentration of HCl, and the pore size was tuned by changing the hydrothermal treatment time and temperature. Furthermore, the reaction time was decreased with a well-retained pore size and morphology. This work has resulted in SBA-15 rods with large pore sizes for this morphology.
In the second part, SBA-15 and SBA-16 silica were used to synthesize different nanostructured materials such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. In fact, most of the work in this part is focused on the use of mesoporous silica as hard templates for synthesis of different types of nanoparticles. The synthesis of these nanoparticles was carried out by infiltration of a suitable precursor in the pores of the silica template. The mesoporous frameworks act as molds controlling the size and the final shape of the formed nanostructures. Subsequent dissolution of the silica templates by NaOH resulted in e.g., monodispersed zirconia, hematite, and cobalt nanoparticles with narrow size distributions.
Functionalization of the SBA-15 surfaces was carried out in the synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles. This functionalization plays a crucial role on the infiltration and reaction of the reagents in the pores of the silica. By functionalization of the external surface, a highly hydrophobic surface was achieved, which proved to be sufficient to avoid formation of large cobalt particles outside the silica channels, while the internal functionalization enhances the attraction of cobalt ions to the silica pores, and as a result the nanoparticles grew inside these pores.
Spherical particles of mesoporous silica SBA-16 with cubic Im3m structure were synthesized at low pH using Pluronic F127 as template and TEOS as silica source. The diameter of the spherical particles can be controlled in the range of 0.5–8 μm by varying synthesis temperature from 1 °C up to 40 °C. A sharp transition from large particle sizes at approximately 20 °C to smaller ones is observed when the temperature is increased. It is suggested that this morphology transition is due to a change in hydrolysis and condensation rate of the silica source and as a result the assembly of F127 micelles will differ. The SBA-16 samples were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nitrogen adsorption techniques.
Hollow silica SBA-16 spheres with cubic ordered mesoporous shells were synthesized by an emulsion-templating method, using Pluronic F127 as a structure-directing agent. tetraethyl orthosilicateas as a silica source and heptane as a cosolvent in the presence of NH4F. The size of these spheres is in the range of 10 to 30 mu m. The shell is about 700 nm thick and consists of large pores, similar to 9 nm in diameter, arranged in a cubic order. After calcination, the spheres maintain their mesoporosity and show a high surface area of 822 m(2)/g. The formation mechanism of the silica hollow spheres is discussed.
Dispersed SBA-15 rods have been synthesized with varying lengths, widths, and pore sizes in a low-temperature synthesis in the presence of heptane and NH4F. The pore size of the material can systematically be varied between 11 and 17 nm using different hydrothermal treatment times And/or temperatures. The particle length (400-600 nm) and width (100-400 nm) were tuned by varying the HCl concentration. All the synthesized materials possess a large surface area of 400-600 m(2)/g And a pore volume of 1.05-1.30 cm(3). A, mechanism for the effect of the HCl concentration on the particle morphology is suggested. Furthermore, it is shown that the reaction time an be decreased to 1 h, with well-retained pore size and morphology. This work has resulted in SBA-15 rods with the largest pore size reported for this morphology.
Nanoparticles of zirconium oxide (ZrO2)were synthesized by infiltration of a zirconia precursor(ZrOCl28H2O) into a SBA-15 mesoporous silicamold using a wet-impregnation technique. X-raydiffractometry and high-resolution transmission electronmicroscopy show formation of stable ZrO2nanoparticles inside the silica pores after a thermaltreatment at 550 C. Subsequent leaching out of thesilica template by NaOH resulted in well-dispersedZrO2 nanoparticles with an average diameter of*4 nm. The formed single crystal nanoparticles arefaceted with 110 surfaces termination suggesting it tobe the preferred growth orientation. A growth modelof these nanoparticles is also suggested.
Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Applied Physics.
Iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles with very small size, high crystallinity, and narrow size distribution were synthesized by infiltration of Fe(NO3)3.9H2O as an oxide precursor into mesoporous silica (SBA-15 and SBA-16) molds using a wetimpregnation technique. High resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that during the hydrothermal treatment of the precursor at 140 °C for 2 days, stable α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles inside the silica pores are formed. Subsequent leaching out of the silica template by NaOH resulted in well dispersed nanoparticles with an average diameter of ~ 4 nm.
Division of Engineering Materials, Department of Applied Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden..
Division of Engineering Materials, Department of Applied Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
Cobalt nanoparticles were prepared at room temperature by reducing cobalt sulfate heptahydrate with sodium borohydride and using functionalized SBA-15 mesoporous silica as a hard template. It was found that both external and internal fuctionalization of silica walls play a crucial role on the infiltration and reaction of the reagents in the silica framework. Subsequent heat treatment of the impregnated silica at 500 °C in air or nitrogen atmospheres leads to growth of crystals of the deposited cobalt and formation of cobalt and cobalt oxide nanoparticles, respectively. Dissolution of the silica template by NaOH resulted in well dispersed Co and Co3O4 nanoparticles ranging in size from 2 to 4 nm. The functionalization of the silica was studied by FTIR, N2-physisorption, and thermogravimetric techniques and the obtained nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, TEM and EDX analysis.
Gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) nanoparticles with very small size, and narrow size distribution were synthesized by infiltration of Gd(NO3)3.6H2O as an oxide precursor into the pores of SBA-15 mesoporous silica using a wet-impregnation technique. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction show that during the hydrothermal treatment of the precursor at 550 °C, gadolinium oxide nanoparticles inside the silica pores are formed. Subsequent dissolution of the silica template by NaOH resulted in well dispersed nanoparticles with an average diameter of 3.6 ± 0.9 nm.
We present how the conventional focused ion beam (FIB) lift-out method can be modified to obtain phase selective specimens for atom probe tomography (APT). The modified method combines selective deep etching with site-specific lift-out using a micromanipulator in a FIB/SEM workstation. This method is used for phase-selective sample preparation in alloys with complex microstructures such as the coral- and plate-like silicon structures in the eutectic phase of Al-Si castings. The method proves to be both, practical and robust, with a high success rate of high-quality phase-specific APT specimens.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanostructured Materials. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
The mechanical properties of Al-7 wt.% Si can be enhanced by structural modifications of its eutectic phase. Addition of low concentrations of certain elements, in this case 150 wt-ppm Sr, is enough to cause a transition from a coarse plate-like Si structure to a finer coralline one. To fully understand the operating mechanism of this modification, the composition of the eutectic Si phase in unmodified and Sr-modified alloys was analysed and compared by atom probe tomography and (scanning) transmission electron microscopy. The unmodified alloy showed nanometre sized Al-segregations decorating defects, while the Sr-modified sample presented three types of Al-Sr segregations: (1) rod-like segregations that promote smoothening of the Al-Si boundaries in the eutectic phase, (2) particle-like segregations comparable to the ones seen in the unmodified alloy, and (3) planar segregations favouring the formation of twin boundaries. Al and Sr solubilities in Si after solidification were determined to be 430 +/- 160 at-ppm and 40 +/- 10 at-ppm, respectively. Sr predominantly segregates to the Si phase confirming its importance in the modification of the eutectic growth.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. University of Saarland, Germany.
Atom probe tomography was used to compare Na and Sr modified Al-Si hypoeutectic alloys. Both Na and Sr promote the formation of nanometre-sized clusters in the Si eutectic phase. Compositional analyses of the clusters show an Al:Sr ratio of 2.92 +/- 0.46 and an Al:Na ratio of 1.07 +/- 0.23. It is proposed that SrAl2Si2 and NaAlSi clusters are formed at the Si/liquid interface and take part in the modification process by altering the eutectic Si growth.
In this laboratory experiment, students learn how to synthesize mesoporous silica of the SBA-15 type and explore how the different synthesis steps affect the final material. Mesoporous materials, especially SBA-15, are often used in the development of new methods for. drug delivery, catalysis, and separation because of the flexibility of tailoring these materials to optimize the performance in different applications. However, the synthesis of mesoporous materials is rarely introduced to undergraduate students. The material synthesis is a simple sol gel process, where small alterations in the synthesis steps can significantly change the material characteristics. The presented laboratory experiment aims to introduce undergraduate students to the synthesis of SBA-15 mesoporous silica with different pore sizes due to alterations in the hydrothermal treatment time and/ or temperature and to give students hands-on experience with important characterization tools, including physisorption, X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, to understand the effect of hydrothermal treatment and surfactant removal. Additional synthesis parameters to study, such as surfactant removal, the silica precursor, and pore swelling agents, are also presented. The experiment has been used in teaching of both bachelors and masters students and can be adapted to various instrumental techniques, e.g., scanning electron microscopy for morphology studies, transition electron microscopy for pore structure characterization, etc.
Catalyst supports, drug delivery systems, hosts for nanoparticles, and solar cells are just some examples of the wide range of exciting applications for mesoporous silica. In order to optimize the performance of a specific application, controlling the material's morphology and pore size is crucial. For example, short and separated particles are beneficial for drug delivery systems, while for molecular sieves, the pore size is the key parameter.
In this thesis, mesoporous silica building blocks, crystallites, with hexagonally ordered cylindrical pores were synthesized, with the aim to understand how the synthesis parameters affect the particle morphology and pore size. The synthesis of the particles is performed using a sol-gel process, and in order to increase the pore size, a combination of low temperature, and additions of heptane and NH4F was used. By variations in the amounts of reagents, as well as other synthesis conditions, the particle morphology and pore size could be altered. Separated particles were also grown on or attached to substrates to form films. Also, a material with spherical pore structure was synthesized, for the first time using this method.
It was found that a variation in the heptane concentration, in combination with a long stirring time, yields a transition between fiber and sheet morphologies. Both morphologies consist of crystallites, which for the fibers are joined end to end, while for the sheets they are attached side by side such that the pores are accessible from the sheet surface. The crystallites can be separated to a rod morphology by decreasing the stirring time and tuning the HCl concentration, and it was seen that these rods are formed within 5 min of static time, even though the pore size and unit cell parameters were evolving for another 30 min. Further studies of the effects of heptane showed that the shape and mesoscopic parameters of the rods are affected by the heptane concentration, up to a value where the micelles are fully saturated with heptane. It was also observed that the particle width increases with decreasing NH4F concentration, independent of heptane amount, and a platelet morphology can be formed. The formation time of the particles decrease with decreasing NH4F, and the growth mechanism for platelets was further studied. The pore sizes for various morphologies were altered by e.g. variations in the hydrothermal treatment conditions, or the method for removing the surfactants.
The separated particles can be attached to substrates, either during the particle synthesis or by post grafting prior to calcination. The film formation during the one-pot-synthesis was studied and a formation mechanism including nucleation of elongated micelles on the substrate was suggested. During the post grafting film synthesis, the medium in which the particles are dispersed, as well as functionalization of both particle and substrate are crucial for the post grafting process. The pores are easily accessible independent of the method, even though they are aligned parallel to the substrate when the one-pot-method is used, while post grafting gives a perpendicular pore orientation.
In summary, this work aims to give an understanding for the formation of the synthesized material, and how to tune the material properties by alterations in parameter space. Successful syntheses of four different particle morphologies and two new types of films were performed, and the pore size could easily be tuned by various methods.
Mesoporous silica SBA-15 in the form of 10-30 μm sized sheets with unusually large ordered pores has been synthesized using heptane as a cosolvent in the presence of NH4F. The resulting morphology of 400 nm thick sheets that contain easily accessed, hexagonally arranged, 18 nm sized pores running parallel to sheet normal has not been previously reported. The material has a BET surface area of 541 m2/g, large pore volume of 1.69 cm3/g and ordered mesopore structure with a narrow pore size distribution around 18 nm. A mechanism for sheet formation based on heptane droplets acting as sites for self assembling of silica crystallites is suggested.
The effect of heptane on the particle morphology and pore size in the synthesis of SBA-15 is presented. Heptane in the presence of NH4F works as a pore swelling agent, resulting in 13-18 nm sized pores in 400 nm long and 200-1000 nm wide crystallites. The pores are hexagonally arranged and run through the crystallites. Increasing the heptane to P123 molar ratio changes the morphology of SBA-15 from fibers to sheets when the crystallites rearrange during the synthesis. The pore order in the sheets is controlled by changing the molar ratio of water to P123. The surface areas of these materials are 500-800 m(2)/g with pore volumes of 1.2-1.7 cm(3)/g. The sheets have accessible pores with a size of 18 nm running parallel to the sheet normal, which makes them suitable for membranes.
The knowledge of how to control the pore size and morphology of separated mesoporous silica particles is crucial for optimizing their performance in applications, such as molecular sieves and drug delivery systems. In this work, we have systematically studied the effects of various synthesis parameters to gain a deeper understanding of how particle morphologies can be altered. It was found that the morphology for isolated particles of SBA-15 type, with unusually short and wide pores, could be altered from rods to platelets by variations in the NH4F concentration. The pore length is nearly constant (similar to 300 nm) for the different morphologies, but the particle width is increasing from 200 nm to >3 mu m when decreasing the amount of NH4F, and the pore size can be tuned between 10 and 13 nm. Furthermore, other synthesis parameters such as heptane concentration, pH, silica precursor, and additions of ions have also been studied. The trend regarding particle width is independent of heptane concentration, at the same time as heptane increases the particle length up to a plateau value of similar to 500 nm. In all, parameters controlling particle width, length, and pore size have been separated in order to evaluate their function in the particle formation. Additionally, it was found that the formation time of the particles is strongly affected by the fluoride ion concentration, and a mechanism for particle formation for this system, where micelles transform from a foam, to multilamellar vesicles, and finally to cylindrical micelles, is suggested.
Mesoporous silica films consisting of a monolayer of separated SBA-15 particles with unusually wide and short pores grown on silicon wafers have been fabricated in a simple single-pot-synthesis, and the formation of the films has been studied. A recipe for synthesizing mesoporous silica rods with the addition of heptane and NH4F at low temperature was used and substrates were added to the synthesis solution during the reaction. The films are ∼90 nm thick, have a pore size of 10.7–13.9 nm depending on the hydrothermal treatment time and temperature, and a pore length of 200–400 nm. All pores are parallel to the substrate, open, and easy to access, making them suitable for applications such as catalyst hosts and gas separation. The growth of the films is closely correlated to the evolution of the mesoporous silica particles. Here, we have studied the time for adding substrates to the synthesis solution, the evolution of the films with time during formation, and the effect of hydrothermal treatment. It was found that the substrates should be added within 30–60 s after turning off the stirring and the films are formed within 10 min after addition to the synthesis solution. The study has yielded a new route for synthesizing mesoporous silica films with a unique morphology.
A method for synthesizing mesoporous silica films with cylindrical pores perpendicular to the substrate has been developed. The films consist of SBA-15 platelets that are grafted on glass substrates. The grafting is studied in terms of parameters such as pH, substrate functionalization, salt additions, time for TEOS prehydrolysis, and calcination. The best coverage of particles on the substrate was achieved for a low pH in combination with OTS-treated glass substrate. Furthermore, the prehydrolysis time of the TEOS was found to be a key parameter in order to bind the particles to the substrate. These porous films have potential in applications such as catalysis, drug delivery, and as a template for nanoparticle or nanorod, growth.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanostructured Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. University of Nacl Rio Cuarto, Argentina.
University of Nacl Rio Cuarto, Argentina.
University of Nacl Rio Cuarto, Argentina; University of Nacl Rio Cuarto, Argentina.
Consejo Nacl Invest Cient and Tecn, Argentina.
The effects of catalyst matrix porosity composition on the catalytic performance have been studied using sulfonated mesoporous SBA-15 silica. The matrix was sulfonated with three different methods grafting, in situ oxidation, and carbon infiltration. Additionally, unordered sulfonated mesoporous carbon, and the commercial catalysts Amberlite IR-120 and Nafion 117 were tested. The catalytic performance was evaluated in a Fischer esterification using acetic acid and ethanol, as well as in a transesterification of triglycerides (sunflower oil) and ethanol to produce biodiesel. The study shows that for long carbon chains, the effective wetting of the porous catalyst matrix by the reactants is most important for the catalytic efficiency, while for shorter carbon chain, the mass transport of the reagents trough the porous structure is more important. The catalysts were analysed using electron microscopy and physisorption. The study shows that the reactions are faster with carbon infiltrated materials than the silica materials due to a higher concentration of sulfonic groups linked to the carbon. The in situ functionalized SBA-15 is a more efficient catalyst compared to the post grafted one. All the synthesized catalysts outperform the commercial ones in both reactions in terms of conversion. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanostructured Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Univ Ulm, Germany.
In situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to monitor the chemical evolution of the mesoporous silica SBA-15 from hydrolysis of the silica precursor to final silica condensation after the particle formation. Two silica precursors, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) or sodium metasilicate (SMS) were used, and the effects of additive (heptane and NH4F) concentrations were studied. Five formation stages are identified when TEOS is used as the precursor. The fourth stage correlates with the appearance and evolution of diffraction peaks recorded using in situ small angle X-ray diffraction. Details of the formed silica matrix are observed, e.g. the ratio between six-fold cyclic silica rings and linear bonding increases with the NH4F concentration. The TEOS hydrolysis time is independent of the NH4F concentration for small amounts of heptane, but is affected by the size of the emulsion droplets when the heptane amount increases. Polymerization and condensation rates of both silica precursors are affected by the salt concentration. Materials synthesized using SMS form significantly faster compared to TEOS-materials due to the pre-hydrolysis of the precursor. The study provides detailed insights into how the composition of the synthesis solution affects the chemical evolution and micellar aggregation during formation of mesoporous silica. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
This paper reports a new strategy for nanoparticle surface assembly so that they form anisotropic fibril like features, consisting of particles directly attached to each other, which can extend 500 nm from the surface. The particles are both formed and deposited in a single step process enabled via the use of a pulsed plasma based technique. Using this approach, we have successfully modified zinc oxide rods, up to several hundred nanometers in diameter, with 25 nm diameter copper nanoparticles for catalytic applications. The resulting structure could be modelled using a diffusion limited aggregation based approach. This gives the material the appearance of marine coral, hence the term nanocoral. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanostructured Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Univ Lorraine, France.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanostructured Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. SECO Tools AB, Sweden.
Nitrogen deficient c-(Ti0.52Al0.48)Ny, y = 0.92, y = 0.87, and y = 0.75 coatings were prepared in different N-2/Ar discharges on WC-Co inserts by reactive cathodic arc deposition. The microstructure of the y = 0.92 coating show that spinodal decomposition has occurred resulting in the formation of coherent c-TiN- and c-AIN rich domains during cutting. The y = 0.87 and y = 0.75 coatings have exhibited a delay in decomposition due to the presence of nitrogen vacancies that lowers the free energy of the system. In the decomposed structure, grain boundaries and misfit dislocations enhance the diffusion of elements from the workpiece and the substrate (e.g. Fe, Cr, and Co) into the coatings and it becomes more susceptible to crater wear. The y = 0.87 sample displays the highest crater wear resistance because of its dense grain boundaries that prevent chemical wear. The y = 0.92 sample has the best flank wear resistance because the decomposition results in age hardening. The y = 0.75 sample contains the MAX-phase Ti(2)AIN after cutting. The chemical alteration within the y = 0.75 sample and its high amount of macroparticles cause its low wear resistance. The different microstructure evolution caused by different amount of N-vacancies result in distinctive interactions between chip and coating, which also causes difference in the initial wear mechanism of the (Ti,Al)/N-y coatings.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanostructured Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. University of Lorraine, France.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanostructured Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Saarland University, Germany.
Aspects on the phase stability and mechanical properties of nitrogen deficient (Ti0.54Al0.46)N-y alloys were investigated. Solid solution alloys of (Ti,Al)N were grown by cathodic arc deposition. The kinetic energy of the impinging ions was altered by varying the substrate bias voltage from -30V to -80 V. Films deposited with a high bias value of -80V showed larger lattice parameter, finer columnar structure, and higher compressive residual stress resulting in higher hardness than films biased at -30V when comparing their as-deposited states. At elevated temperatures, the presence of nitrogen vacancies and point defects (anti-sites and self-interstitials generated by the ion-bombardment during coating deposition) in (Ti0.54Al0.46)N-0.87 influence the driving force for phase separation. Highly biased nitrogen deficient films have point defects with higher stability during annealing, which cause a delay of the release of the stored lattice strain energy and then accelerates the decomposition tendencies to thermodynamically stable c-TiN and w-AlN. Low biased nitrogen deficient films have retarded phase transformation to w-AlN, which results in the prolongment of age hardening effect up to 1100 degrees C, i.e., the highest reported temperature for Ti-Al-N material system. Our study points out the role of vacancies and point defects in engineering thin films with enhanced thermal stability and mechanical properties for high temperature hard coating applications. Published by AIP Publishing.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanostructured Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Saarland Univ, Germany.
Heteroepitaxial c-(Ti-0.37,Al-0.63)N thin films were grown on MgO(001) and MgO(111) substrates using reactive magnetron sputtering. High resolution high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron micrographs show coherency between the film and the substrate. In the as-deposited state, x-ray diffraction reciprocal space maps show a strained epitaxial film. Corresponding geometric phase analysis (GPA) deformation maps show a high stress in the film. At elevated temperature (900 degrees C), the films decompose to form iso-structural coherent c-Al- and c-TiN-rich domains, elongated along the elastically soft amp;lt;100amp;gt; directions. GPA analysis reveals that the c-TiN domains accommodate more dislocations than the c-AlN domains. This is because of the stronger directionality of the covalent bonds in c-AlN compared with c-TiN, making it more favorable for the dislocations to accumulate in c-TiN. The defect structure and strain generation in c-(Ti,Al)N during spinodal decomposition is affected by the chemical bonding state and elastic properties of the segregated domains.
Hard coating's thermal stability is essential due to the high temperature environment of high-speed cutting applications, while the phase and microstructure evolution induced by exposing the coating to high temperature affects the mechanical properties. In this thesis, the mechanical stability of arc-evaporated, hard, transition metal nitride coatings annealed at high temperature is analyzed and related to the phase and microstructure evolution. In addition to hardness, fracture toughness is evaluated by surface and cross-sectional investigations by scanning/transmission electron microscopy of damage events following mechanical tests.
The crack resistance of Ti1−xAlxN with a range of Al content (x = 0.23-0.82) was studied by contact fatigue tests, where the differences in the microstructure were found to play a major role. Superior mechanical properties were found in Ti0.63Al0.37N; in the as-deposited state as a result of a favorable grain size, and after annealing at 900o C due to the microstructure formed during spinodal decomposition.
The mechanical and high-temperature properties of hard coatings can be enhanced by alloying or multi-layering. Within this work, quaternary Ti-Al-X-N (X = Cr, Nb and V) alloys were studied and superior toughness was found for TiAl(Nb)N in both the as-deposited and annealed (1100◦ C) states. The hexagonal (h)-AlN formation in cubic (c)-TixAl0.37Cr1−0.37−xN (x = 0.03 and 0.16) was analyzed by in-situ x-ray scattering during annealing. The energy for h-AlN formation was found to be dependent on the microstructure evolution during annealing, which varies with the coating composition.
High Al content h-ZrAlN/c-TiN and h-ZrAlN/c-ZrN multilayers were investigated through scratch tests followed by focused ion-beam analysis of the crack propagation. A c-Ti(Zr)N phase forms in h-ZrAlN/c-TiN multilayers at high temperatures and that contributes to enhanced hardness and fracture toughness by keeping the semi-coherent sub-interfaces.
Finally, an in-situ analysis of coatings by x-ray scattering during a turning process was carried out. It demonstrates the possibility of observation of stress evolution and thermal expansion of the coatings or the work piece material during machining. This experiment provides real-time information on the coating behavior during cutting.
The phase evolution of cubic (c), solid solution TixCr-0.37Al1-0.37-x N alloys with x = 0.03 and 0.16, and the kinetics of the hexagonal (h)-AlN formation are studied via in situ wide angle x-ray scattering experiments during high temperature (1000-1150 degrees C) annealing. Spinodal decomposition was observed in Ti0.16Cr0.36Al0.48N while Ti0.03Cr0.38Al0.59N decomposes through nucleation and growth of h-AlN, c-TiN and c-CrAlN. h-AlN is formed from c-CrAlN domains in both cases and the formation rate of h-AlN depends on the stability of the c-CrAlN domains. In Ti0.16Cr0.36Al0.48N, the c-CrAlN domains are stabilized by crystallographic coherency with the surrounding c-TiCrN in a microstructure originating from spinodal decomposition. This results in lower formation rates of h-AlN for this composition. These differences are reflected in higher activation energy for h-AlN formation in Ti0.16Cr0.36Al0.48N compared to Ti0.03Cr0.38Al0.59N. It also points out different stabilities of the intermediate phase c-CrAlN during phase decomposition of TiCrAlN alloys. Additional contributions to the low activation energy for formation of h-AlN in Ti0.03Cr0.38Al0.59N stems from precipitation at grain boundaries. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyería Metal·lúrgica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE-Campus Diagonal Besòs, Barcelona, Spain.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanostructured Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science, Campus D3.3, Saarland University,Saarbrücken, Germany.
Sandvik Coromant, SE-126 80 Stockholm, Sweden.
Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Geesthacht, Germany.
Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science, Campus D3.3, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
The phase stability and mechanical properties of wurtzite (w)-Zr(0.25)A1(0.75)N/cubic (c)-TiN and w-Zr(0.25)A1(0.75)N/c-ZrN multilayers grown by arc evaporation are studied. Coherent interfaces with an orientation relation of c-TiN (111)[1-10]IIw-ZrAlN (0001)[11-20] form between ZrA1N and TiN sublayers during growth of the w-ZrAIN/c-TiN multilayer. During annealing at 1100 degrees C a c-Ti(Zr)N phase forms at interfaces between ZrA1N and TiN, which reduces the lattice mismatch so that the coherency and the compressive strain are partially retained, resulting in an increased hardness (32 GPa) after annealing. For the w-ZrAIN/c-ZrN multilayer, there is no coherency between sublayers leading to strain relaxation during annealing causing the hardness to drop. The retained coherency between layers and the compressive strain in the w-ZrAIN/c-TiN multilayer results in superior fracture toughness compared to the w-ZrAIN/c-ZrN multilayer as revealed by cross-sectional investigations of damage events under scratch and indentation tests. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Besòs-EEBE, 08019 Barcelona, Spain / Centre for Research in Multiscale Engineering of Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Besòs-EEBE, Barcelona, Spain.
R&D Material and Technology Development, SECO Tools AB, SE-737 82 Fagersta, Sweden.
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Besòs-EEBE, Barcelona, Spain / Centre for Research in Multiscale Engineering of Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Besòs-EEBE, Barcelona, Spain.
The effect of metal alloying on mechanical properties including hardness and fracture toughness were investigated in three alloys, Ti 0.33Al0.50(Me) 0.17N (Me = Cr, Nb and V), and compared to Ti0.50Al0.50N, in the as-deposited state and after annealing. All studied alloys display similar as-deposited hardness while the hardness evolution during annealing is found to be connected to phase transformations, related to the alloy's thermal stability. The most pronounced hardening was observed in Ti0.50Al0.50N, while all the coatings with additional metal elements sustain their hardness better and they are harder than Ti0.50Al0.50N after annealing at 1100 °C. Fracture toughness properties were extracted from scratch tests. In all tested conditions, as-deposited and annealed at 900 and 1100 °C, Ti0.33Al0.50Nb0.17N show the least surface and sub-surface damage when scratched despite the differences in decomposition behavior and h-AlN formation. Theoretically estimated ductility of phases existing in the coatings correlates well with their crack resistance. In summary, Ti0.33Al0.50Nb0.17N is the toughest alloy in both as-deposited and post-annealed states.
A solution based wet chemistry approach has been developed for synthesizing Li(2)SiO(3) using LiNO(3) and mesoporous silica as starting materials at 550 degrees C. A reaction path where NO and O(2) are formed as side-products is proposed. The crystals synthesized exhibit dendritic growth where the as-prepared nanodendrite is a typical 1-fold nanodendrite composed of one several microns long and some tenth of nanometers wide trunk with small branches, which are several hundreds of nanometers long and up to 70 nm in diameter. The effect of the structure of the mesoporous silica for the final morphology is discussed.
Carbon nanofibers with two different microstructures, herringbone and platelet have been used as substrates to study the influence of electroless deposition parameters on the growth of Cu deposits. Flat glassy carbon and graphite powder substrates were also included in the study for comparison. Samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, FT-IR, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in terms of microstructure and chemical composition. The specific surface area was determined by sorption techniques. High quality copper films can be grown on carbon nanofibers at room temperature if carbon nanofibers pretreatment is properly adjusted. The optimized process is easily up scaled to larger batches of carbon nanofibers.
This paper reports the stability and oxidation rate of five types of carbon nanofiber (CNF) with distinctly different orientation of their graphite sheets based on conversion to CO2 when heated in the presence of oxygen. A non-isothermal technique was used to determine the oxidation kinetic parameters including the activation energy (E-a) Graphite shows a similar activation energy (E-a = 158 kJ/mol(-1)) to CNF with longitudinal alignment (E-a = 156kJ/mol(-1)). CNF type herringbone (E-a = 126kJ/mol(-1)) and platelet (E-a = 145 kJ/mol(-1)) show the lowest oxidation resistance which improved dramatically after a heat treatment at 3023 K of the herringbone (E-a = 216 kJ/mol(-1)) and platelet (E-a = 174 kJ/mol(-1)) structures.
University of Tecnol Nacl UTN FRCU, Argentina.
Amorphous hydrogenated carbon (DLC) coatings have a high hardness depending on the relative amount of sp(3)/sp(2) bondings. They also exhibit an extremely low friction coefficient and are chemically inert. However, these coatings have some disadvantages which limit their applications. For instance, adhesion is poor when they are deposited on metallic substrates and they are also unstable at high temperatures, degrading into graphite and loosing hardness. In this work, DLC coatings were deposited on precipitation hardening stainless steel (PH Corrax) which was plasma nitrided before the coating deposition. The samples were submitted to annealing treatments for an hour at different temperatures from 200 to 600 degrees C, together with a control group, which was only coated but not nitrided. After each annealing cycle, Raman Spectroscopy, nanoindentation and microscopy were used to check film properties. It was demonstrated that the nitriding pre treatment improved not only adhesion but also the thermal stability of the DLC, slowing degradation and preventing delamination.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. SECO Tools AB, Fagersta, Sweden.
Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.


text:
Profile of Invited Expert "Gaeta"
Paola Gaeta, Ph.D.
http://www.adh-geneva.ch/master/faculty/permanent/paola-gaeta
An Italian citizen, Paola Gaeta graduated with a degree in Political Science from the University of Florence in 1991 and a PhD in Law from the European University Institute in 1997. After early experience as a legal assistant in the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, she pursued an academic career at the University of Florence. She joined the Faculty of Political Science as an Assistant Professor of International Law in 1998 and was subsequently named Associate Professor (2001) before being named Full Professor in 2005.
In 2007, she was appointed Full Professor if International Criminal Law at the Law Faculty of the University of Geneva and Director of the LL.M. Programme in International Humanitarian Law of the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. In February 2010, she has joined the Graduate Institute of International and Developments Studies in Geneva as Adjunct Professor. She is a Member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of International Criminal Justice and of the Editorial Board of the European Journal of International Law . Her publications include The UN Genocide Convention: A Commentary (ed.) (2009) and The Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary (co-editor with A. Cassese and J. R.W D. Jones) (2001).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Comments: This vehicle won't be on the lot long! A durable pickup truck seating as many as 5 occupants with ease! Ford prioritized practicality, efficiency, and style by including: heated and ventilated seats, adjustable pedals, and power seats. We pride ourselves in consistently exceeding our customer's expectations. Please don't hesitate to give us a call.


The Outstanding Tiger Alumni Award was established to honor, promote, and recognize alumni who have brought recognition and pride to the college community through their achievements in their chosen profession or in service to their community. It is also used to honor those that have made unusual contributions to the college, demonstrating outstanding leadership and promoting a positive collegiate atmosphere.
Alex Gottlob, the 2006-2007 Student of the Year at Cowley College and the recipient of the college's Young Achiever Award in 2014, was recently named the recipient of the Outstanding Tiger Alumni Award.
As a Cowley graduate Gottlob has been an active Alumnus supporting various events and also assisting with several landscape projects. Click here to read more about Alex Gottlob in News & Events.
If you wish to nominate someone to receive the Outstanding Tiger Alumnus award, click here.
Have provided sustained volunteer or other services that significantly benefited the college and community, or through philanthropic work to Cowley College.
The award may be given to friends, alumni, faculty, staff, or administrators of the college for service and/or support of the college.
During the 2018 Cowley College Foundation banquet, Dr. Gregg presented the Ambassador Award to Bob and JoLynn Foster. The award recognizes individuals who have given significant volunteer and other contributions to both Cowley College and the community, and consistently give of themselves and their time to make the community better. Click here to read more about Bob and JoLynn Foster in News & Events.
If you wish to nominate someone to receive the Ambassador Award award, click here.
Have had success in their educational achievements, careers, and community service, and/or service to Cowley College.
Individual(s) age is 40 or younger.
This award may be given to alumni, faculty, or staff. Nominee must be alumnus/alumna of Cowley College.
During the 2018 Cowley College Foundation banquet, Courtney (Crain) Sendall was announced as the recipient of the Young Achiever Award. The award recognizes individuals age 40 or younger that have had success in their educational achievements, careers and community service, and/or service to Cowley College. Click here to read more about Courtney Sendall in News & Events.
If you wish to nominate someone to receive the Young Achiever award, click here.


eKartingNews.com is proud to present the official Preview Program for the SKUSA SuperNationals XVIII. As the Official Media Partner of Superkarts! USA, EKN will preview each of the nine categories that will compete outside the Rio All-Suite Hotel and Casino from November 19-23 in Las Vegas.
A plan was put into place, and Superkarts! USA is now enjoying the fruits of its efforts. The large and growing numbers that SKUSA is experiencing in the S1 and S2 categories these days can be directly attributed to the launch of the S5 Junior division, which once again provided Junior racers with the chance to bang gears in the absence of the once-popular 80cc Junior class. The Stock Moto powerplant was deemed to be the future of the organization in 2007, and three years before the Pro Tour began its second version, the S5 laid the groundwork for the full grids were are enjoying in 2014. After what was a record number of drivers on the Pro Tour in 2013, a good handful graduated to the S2 category this year, allowing the next crop of S5 pilot the chance to move up the ranks to learn how to race at the front, and contend for a championship.
A majority of the top-10 from last year's S5 line-up at the SuperNationals have moved up, including race winner Kyle Kirkwood. One of the top returning drivers is 2012 winner Patricio O'Ward. After racing open wheel cars throughout last year, O'Ward came back to karting for Vegas and finished a disappointing ninth. The Mexican native has been competing in Formula 4 and Formula Renault races in Europe recently, and was a contender at the US Rotax Grand Nationals this summer until a rib injury took him out of the fight. Back for another shot at Vegas glory, O'Ward will be joining the Praga North America operation, and could give Praga its first SuperNationals victory. The one thing that could hamper his attempt at victory, is the extra work of competing in the TaG Junior division in the same morning sessions.
Four drivers will go into Las Vegas with a shot at the SKUSA Pro Tour title. The pilot with the percentages on his side is three-time race winner Trenton Estep. The Dallas Karting Complex / Sodi Kart USA pilot earned the main event victory in the first three rounds of the season, before sitting out of Round Four in Modesto. The Texan has a 100-point advantage when factoring in the drop, giving him some wiggle room when approaching SuperSunday. Second in the chase is Californian Christian Brooks. The Nash Motorsportz / Tony Kart driver won Round Four in Modesto, and is ready to attack the Rio's temp circuit. One factor that may either help or hurt the young driver is his double duty attempt, as he will be running both S5 and TaG Junior competing during the morning race groups – just like O'Ward. With very little time in between on-track sessions, he and his crew will have to be on their game to keep Brooks in the chase.
Raul Guzman (GP Texas USA) is third in the Pro Tour standings, just 25 points behind Brooks. The Texas ProKart Challenge S5 champion scored the most overall points during the first four rounds, but falls to third when factoring in the drop. His best finishes were runner-up results in the Sunday mains at both the SpringNationals and SummerNationals, although Guzman hopes to be up on the top step on SuperSunday in Vegas. Sitting fourth is one of the youngest drivers in the field – Mathias Ramirez. The 12-year old from Florida has shown well and was quick at the SpringNationals, getting over a few rookie hurdles, and then drove to a runner-up result on the temp circuit in Modesto. With a strong program supporting him under the Ocala Gran Prix stable, Ramirez is sure to carry over that speed into Vegas to contend for the victory.
In addition to the primary SKUSA Pro Tour title combatants, and the return of O'Ward, there are more drivers to watch in the S5 category. Two pilots who have developed at the regional level in California, and are looking to be contenders in Vegas for their S5 SuperNats debuts are California ProKart Challenge champion Nicky Hays (Phil Giebler Racing / FA Kart) and Callum Smith (Champion Racing / Intrepid). Hays was runner-up twice in California ProKart Challenge action, and won the final two rounds of the season to clinch the title over Brooks. This will be Nicky's first SuperNationals, so his adjustment to the big stage will be key on his success. Smith has made the switch from TaG to Stock Moto, and is quickly coming to grips with the six-speed powerplant. A podium at his California PKC debut on the Lake Elsinore temporary circuit was impressive, and he was leading at the Streets of Lancaster until he was caught up in a wreck. Those two weekends have him on the right path going to Las Vegas.
One of the highlights of the SKUSA Pro Tour this season has been the arrival and success of Trenton Estep. The Texan used his local track knowledge to win in Dallas, for sure, but he has shown great poise and maturity all year, which I believe will play to his favor on SuperSunday. O'Ward has singular focus on his side, as he'll be looking at the race win only, while Estep would love to win the Pro Tour title that would make him part of the SKUSA Circle of Champions for 2015. Likewise, Brooks will have to spread his focus on both S5 and TaG Junior, as well as his thoughts of flying to Spain immediately after the SuperNationals to race for Team USA at the Rotax Grand Finals. That may just be a hindrance, although it may also motivate him. With just the single race group, these guys will be duking it out all week to see who has the best set-up for the final on SuperSunday. My money is on Estep for the win.
Experience is key when going to the SuperNationals. With a temporary circuit, you have to be fast off the trailer and know what it takes to win. O'Ward has the experience, and his success depends on how he adjusts to the Praga chassis. My guess is he will learn very quickly how to handle the new kart, and score his third SuperNats victory (TaG Cadet 2010, S5 in 2012). Estep has been fast all season, in both the Intrepid and his new Sodi Kart. O'Ward's experience is the deciding factor in a close finish, but Estep will still celebrate the championship. Ramirez will be fast all week, but the young driver may make a mistake or two, which could keep him off the top step. Smith reaches the podium in his S5 SuperNats debut if he can keep the kart off the walls, while Brooks stands on the podium in his first S5 SuperNats start, battling hard to complete the double duty dip.


text:
Q: redux: Performance modifying property of an object in array using immutable approach. Pros and cons In my basic understanding about the functional programming way and the way that I need generate the next state in redux when a specific array's change, i've been trying this approach for modify a todo item by index in a todo list:
const toggleSelectedTodo = (todos, selectedIndex) => {
    return todos.map((todo, index) => (
        { ...todo, completed: index === selectedIndex ? !todo.completed : todo.completed  }
    ))
}

export default function reducer(state = INITIAL_STATE, action) {
    switch (action.type) {
        ...
        case "TOGGLE_SELECTED":
            return {
                ...state,
                todos: toggleSelectedTodo(state.todos, action.index)
            }
        ...

        default:
              return state
    }
}

So, my idea it's that I need re-map the all the todo item objects maintaining their values except for the target item. But, I think that isn`t performant and I'm worry about the performance for large arrays and the worst case.
Do you know a better strategies for modify a object property inside an array or this it's the right way for do this?

A: You should only modify the object with selected index. There's no need to use the spread operator for EVERY object in the array. That can be the potential performance bottleneck. To avoid that your toggleSelectedTodo function should look like this:
const toggleSelectedTodo = (todos, selectedIndex) => {
    return todos.map((todo, index) => {
        if(index === selectedIndex) {
          return { ...todo, completed: !todo.completed  }
        }
        return todo
    })
}

Besides that you shouldn't worry about the performance unless you're processing thousands of items.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: TCL: check if variable is list set var1 A

set var2 {A}

Is it possible to check if variable is list in TCL? For var1 and var2 llength gives 1. I am thinking that these 2 variables are considered same. They are both lists with 1 element. Am I right?

A: You can try string is list $var1 but that will accept both of these forms - it will only return false on something that can't syntactically be interpreted as a list, eg. because there is an unmatched bracket like "aa { bb".

A: Those two things are considered to be entirely identical, and will produce identical bytecode (except for any byte offsets used for indicating where the content of constants are location, which is not information normally exposed to scripts at all so you can ignore it, plus the obvious differences due to variable names). Semantically, braces are a quoting mechanism and not an indicator of a list (or a script, or …)
You need to write your code to not assume that it can look things up by inspecting the type of a value. The type of 123 could be many different things, such as an integer, a list (of length 1), a unicode string or a command name. Tcl's semantics are based on you not asking what the type of a value is, but rather just using commands and having them coerce the values to the right type as required. Tcl's different to many other languages in this regard.
Because of this different approach, it's not easy to answer questions about this in general: the answers get too long with all the different possible cases to be considered in general yet most of it will be irrelevant to what you're really seeking to do. Ask about something specific though, and we'll be able to tell you much more easily.


text:
Hyde Park, NY housing info
Hyde Park, New York
Hyde Park: sunset on the Hudson
Hyde Park: Bridge to Vanderbilt Mansion - Fall 07
Hyde Park: Fall in Hyde Park, NY
Hyde Park: Dogwoods in bloom at Vanderbuilt estate
Hyde Park: Crum Elbow Creek in the winter, Hyde Park New York
Hyde Park: View of Hudson River from Vanderbuilt estate
Hyde Park: FDR Estate Overlooking The Majestic Hudson
Hyde Park: Hudson River- Fall 07
Hyde Park: Culinary Institiute of America- Fall 07
Hyde Park: Home and Burial Site of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Hyde Park: Fall Trees
Hyde Park: Vanderbilt Mansion Hyde Park, NY
Population in 2010: 21,571.
Hyde Park:
Hyde Park town income, earnings, and wages data
Mean prices in 2017: all housing units: $326,269; detached houses: $332,628; townhouses or other attached units: $348,719; in 2-unit structures: $225,773; in 3-to-4-unit structures: $127,521; in 5-or-more-unit structures: $448,156; mobile homes: $38,718
March 2019 cost of living index in Hyde Park: 141.8 (very high, U.S. average is 100)
Hyde Park, NY residents, houses, and apartments details
Detailed information about poverty and poor residents in Hyde Park, NY
Roosevelt Inn
18,14384.1%White alone
1,2105.6%Black alone
1,2045.6%Hispanic
5262.4%Asian alone
550.3%Other race alone
270.1%American Indian alone
Pacific Islander alone
Races in Hyde Park detailed stats: ancestries, foreign born residents, place of birth
According to our research of New York and other state lists, there were 7 registered sex offenders living in Hyde Park, New York as of January 25, 2021.
The ratio of all residents to sex offenders in Hyde Park is 3,082 to 1.
Crime rates in Hyde Park by year
(per 100,000) 0
(18.5) 1
(44.5) 14
(per 100,000) 17
(159.6) 32
Thefts
(315.5) 142
(1,099) 147
Auto thefts
(per 100,000) N/A 0
City-Data.com crime index (higher means more crime, U.S. average = 274.0) 23.6 55.4 54.5 75.7 71.8 79.1 69.5 67.6 45.2 39.1 36.9 36.4 36.1
The City-Data.com crime rate weighs serious crimes and violent crimes more heavily. It adjusts for the number of visitors and daily workers commuting into cities.
Click on a table row to update graph
Crime rate in Hyde Park detailed stats: murders, rapes, robberies, assaults, burglaries, thefts, arson
Full-time law enforcement employees in 2018, including police officers: 17 (14 officers).
Officers per 1,000 residents here:
Recent posts about Hyde Park, New York on our local forum with over 2,200,000 registered users. Hyde Park is mentioned 2,880 times on our forum:
Houses in New Hyde Park (24 replies)
Purchasing in New Hyde Park (7 replies)
Watch parties/pubs for Serena Williams Wimbledon final match this Saturday - New Hyde Park or vicinity (0 replies)
New Hyde Park issue with National grid starting service. (6 replies)
New Hyde Park House (7 replies)
Train Station Near New Hyde Park (4 replies)
Latest news from Hyde Park, NY collected exclusively by city-data.com from local newspapers, TV, and radio stations
Ancestries: Irish (21.9%), Italian (19.6%), German (18.3%), English (11.2%), Dutch (4.5%), Polish (4.3%).
Population density: 584 people per square mile (low).
1,019 residents are foreign born (1.9% Europe, 1.6% Asia, 0.9% Latin America).
Hyde Park town:
Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: Danbury, CT (35.4 miles , pop. 74,848).
Haviland, NY (1.3 miles ),
Staatsburg, NY (2.1 miles ),
Fairview, NY (2.1 miles ),
Pleasant Valley, NY (2.3 miles ),
Highland, NY (2.4 miles ),
Salt Point, NY (2.4 miles),
Esopus, NY (2.5 miles ),
Poughkeepsie, NY (2.5 miles )
Hyde Park, New York accommodation & food services, waste management - Economy and Business Data
Most common industries in Hyde Park, NY (%)
Construction (7.0%)
Computer & electronic products (6.8%)
Educational services (7.3%)
Repair & maintenance (4.0%)
Food & beverage stores (3.8%)
Most common occupations in Hyde Park, NY (%)
Computer specialists (4.8%)
Other sales and related occupations, including supervisors (4.6%)
Secretaries and administrative assistants (3.5%)
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers (3.5%)
Retail sales workers, except cashiers (3.5%)
Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers (3.4%)
Average climate in Hyde Park, New York
AQI SO2 Ozone PM2.5
Air Quality Index (AQI) level in 2018 was 67.6. This is about average.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) [ppb] level in 2018 was 0.175. This is significantly better than average. Closest monitor was 5.1 miles away from the city center.
Ozone [ppb] level in 2018 was 26.7. This is better than average. Closest monitor was 6.2 miles away from the city center.
Particulate Matter (PM2.5) [µg/m3] level in 2018 was 6.16. This is better than average. Closest monitor was 6.7 miles away from the city center.
Hyde Park-area historical tornado activity is above New York state average. It is 30% smaller than the overall U.S. average.
On 5/29/1995, a category F4 (max. wind speeds 207-260 mph) tornado 37.5 miles away from the Hyde Park town center killed 3 people and injured 24 people and caused between $5,000,000 and $50,000,000 in damages.
On 7/10/1989, a category F4 tornado 41.2 miles away from the town center injured 20 people and caused between $5,000,000 and $50,000,000 in damages.
Hyde Park-area historical earthquake activity is near New York state average. It is 88% smaller than the overall U.S. average.
On 10/7/1983 at 10:18:46, a magnitude 5.3 (5.1 MB, 5.3 LG, 5.1 ML, Class: Moderate, Intensity: VI - VII) earthquake occurred 151.1 miles away from Hyde Park center
On 4/20/2002 at 10:50:47, a magnitude 5.2 (5.2 MB, 4.2 MS, 5.2 MW, 5.0 MW, Depth: 6.8 mi) earthquake occurred 186.7 miles away from Hyde Park center
On 1/19/1982 at 00:14:42, a magnitude 4.7 (4.5 MB, 4.7 MD, 4.5 LG, Class: Light, Intensity: IV - V) earthquake occurred 166.6 miles away from Hyde Park center
On 1/16/1994 at 01:49:16, a magnitude 4.6 (4.6 MB, 4.6 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi) earthquake occurred 150.1 miles away from Hyde Park center
On 6/17/1991 at 08:53:16, a magnitude 4.1 (4.0 MB, 4.0 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi) earthquake occurred 70.2 miles away from Hyde Park center
On 1/16/1994 at 00:42:43, a magnitude 4.2 (4.2 MB, 4.0 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi) earthquake occurred 149.1 miles away from the city center
The number of natural disasters in Dutchess County (17) is greater than the US average (13).
Causes of natural disasters: Storms: 5, Floods: 4, Hurricanes: 4, Blizzards: 2, Power Outage: 1, Snowstorm: 1, Water Shortage: 1, Winter Storm: 1, Other: 2 (Note: some incidents may be assigned to more than one category).
Hospitals and medical centers in Hyde Park:
GREYSTONE PROGRAMS, INC (568 VIOLET AVE)
GREYSTONE PROGRAMS, INC (593 NORTH QUAKER LANE)
VICTORY LAKE NURSING CENTER (419 NORTH QUAKER LANE)
Amtrak stations near Hyde Park:
7 miles: POUGHKEEPSIE (41 MAIN ST.) . Services: partially wheelchair accessible, enclosed waiting area, public restrooms, public payphones, snack bar, paid short-term parking, paid long-term parking, call for car rental service, taxi stand, public transit connection.
10 miles: RHINECLIFF-KINGSTON (RHINECLIFF, HUTTON & CHARLES STS.) . Services: ticket office, partially wheelchair accessible, enclosed waiting area, public restrooms, public payphones, vending machines, free short-term parking, free long-term parking, call for car rental service, taxi stand.
College/University in Hyde Park:
Culinary Institute of America (Full-time enrollment: 3,869; Location: 1946 Campus Drive; Private, not-for-profit; Website: www.ciachef.edu)
Other colleges/universities with over 2000 students near Hyde Park:
Dutchess Community College (about 5 miles; Poughkeepsie, NY; Full-time enrollment: 6,554)
Marist College (about 5 miles; Poughkeepsie, NY; FT enrollment: 5,536)
Vassar College (about 8 miles; Poughkeepsie, NY; FT enrollment: 2,469)
Ulster County Community College (about 13 miles; Stone Ridge, NY; FT enrollment: 2,207)
Bard College (about 16 miles; Annandale-On-Hudson, NY; FT enrollment: 3,137)
Mount Saint Mary College (about 21 miles; Newburgh, NY; FT enrollment: 2,166)
Public high school in Hyde Park:
FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (Students: 1,489, Location: 156 S CROSS RD, Grades: 9-12)
Private high school in Hyde Park:
RIDGE SCHOOL (Students: 18, Location: 1 CHURCH ST, Grades: UG-12)
Public elementary/middle schools in Hyde Park:
HAVILAND MIDDLE SCHOOL (Students: 964, Location: 23 HAVILAND RD, Grades: 6-8)
NETHERWOOD SCHOOL (Students: 396, Location: 648 NETHERWOOD RD, Grades: KG-5)
RALPH R SMITH SCHOOL (Students: 357, Location: 16 SMITH CT, Grades: KG-5)
NORTH PARK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (Students: 304, Location: 1593 RT 9G, Grades: KG-5)
Private elementary/middle schools in Hyde Park:
REGINA COELI SCHOOL (Students: 151, Location: 4337 ALBANY POST RD, Grades: PK-8)
KINDERHAUS MONTESSORI OF HYDE PARK (Students: 24, Location: 17 CRUM ELBOW RD, Grades: PK-2)
MILLENNIAL KINGDOM FAMILY SCHOOL (Students: 2, Location: 30 MANSION DR, Grades: 4-5)
See full list of schools located in Hyde Park
Library in Hyde Park:
HYDE PARK FREE LIBRARY (Operating income: $377,523; Location: 2 MAIN STREET; 39,149 books; 2,634 audio materials; 2,790 video materials; 14 state licensed databases; 8 other licensed databases; 51 print serial subscriptions)
User-submitted facts and corrections:
NATIONAL HISTORIC SITES IN HYDE PARK - National Park Service: Franklin D. Roosevelt Home, Library/Museum (First Presidential Library-National Archives)and Henry Wallace Visitor Center Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site (Val-Kill); Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val-Kill (ERVK) Vanderbilt National Historic Site
Notable locations in Hyde Park: James Roosevelt Memorial Library (A), Hyde Park Free Library (B), Hyde Park Town Hall (C), Hyde Park Fire House (D). Display/hide their locations on the map
Shopping Center: Hyde Park Plaza Shopping Center (1). Display/hide its location on the map
Churches in Hyde Park include: Hyde Park United Methodist Church (A), Regina Coeli Roman Catholic Church (B), Millennial Kingdom Family Church (C). Display/hide their locations on the map
Parks in Hyde Park include: Doty Park (1), Main Street-Albertson Street-Park Place Historic District (2). Display/hide their locations on the map
Tourist attractions: Hyde Park Historical Society Town Of (Historical Places & Services; 4389 Albany Post Road), Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val Kill (Cultural Attractions- Events- & Facilities; 56 Val-Kill Park Road).
Court: Hyde Park Town - Judge & Court Clerk- Town Justice Court- Planning & Zoning Boards- Asse (4383 Albany Post Road).
Birthplace of: Grace Roosevelt - Tennis player, Joan Slonczewski - Science fiction writer, John Aspinwall Roosevelt - Soilder, Rube DeGroff - Major League Baseball outfielder, Craig Capano - Major League Soccer player (Chicago, born: Jul 7, 1985), Isaac Roosevelt (businessman) - Businessman, Will Daniels - College basketball player (Rhode Island Rams).
Dutchess County has a predicted average indoor radon screening level greater than 4 pCi/L (pico curies per liter) - Highest Potential
Drinking water stations with addresses in Hyde Park and their reported violations in the past:
HYDE PARK BASEBALL (Population served: 425, Groundwater):
One routine major monitoring violation
OAKRIDGE PLAZA (Population served: 55, Groundwater):
55 regular monitoring violations
HYDE PARK SWIM AND TENNIS CLUB (Population served: 50, Groundwater):
LOYAL ORDER MOOSE #904 CLUB (Population served: 26, Groundwater):
Past health violations:
MCL, Acute (TCR) - In SEP-2011, Contaminant: Coliform. Follow-up actions: St Boil Water Order (SEP-19-2011), St Formal NOV issued (SEP-19-2011), St Public Notif issued (SEP-19-2011), St Compliance achieved (OCT-07-2011)
RED ROOSTER (Address: 96 Fallkill Road , Population served: 26, Groundwater):
MCL, Average - Between OCT-2011 and MAR-2012, Contaminant: Chloride. Follow-up actions: St Formal NOV issued (DEC-12-2011), St Compliance achieved (SEP-25-2012)
KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS - HYDE PARK (Address: 1278 ROUTE 9G , Population served: 25, Groundwater):
MCL, Monthly (TCR) - In AUG-2010, Contaminant: Coliform. Follow-up actions: St Formal NOV issued (AUG-13-2010), St Compliance achieved (SEP-16-2010)
Drinking water stations with addresses in Hyde Park that have no violations reported:
JULIANS DELI & MARKET (Address: 1574 ROUTE 9G , Population served: 29, Primary Water Source Type: Groundwater)
OVERLOOK DRIVE IN (Population served: 26, Primary Water Source Type: Groundwater)
MCDONALDS OF PLEASANT VALLEY (Population served: 25, Primary Water Source Type: Groundwater)
REACH OUT CHURCH / CAMP EXPEDITION (Population served: 25, Primary Water Source Type: Groundwater)
People in group quarters in Hyde Park in 2010:
1,666 people in college/university student housing
114 people in residential schools for people with disabilities
9 people in group homes for juveniles (non-correctional)
991 people in college dormitories (includes college quarters off campus)
44 people in religious group quarters
29 people in homes for the mentally ill
22 people in other group homes
10 people in other nonhousehold living situations
Banks with branches in Hyde Park (2011 data):
TD Bank, National Association: The Mall At Hyde Park Branch at 4240 Albany Post Road, branch established on 1974/03/23. Info updated 2010/10/04: Bank assets: $188,912.6 mil, Deposits: $153,149.8 mil, headquarters in Wilmington, DE, positive income, 1314 total offices, Holding Company: Toronto-Dominion Bank, The
Rhinebeck Bank: East Park Branch at 1075 Violet Avenue, Route 9g, branch established on 1980/05/10. Info updated 2012/03/29: Bank assets: $567.1 mil, Deposits: $476.8 mil, headquarters in Rhinebeck, NY, positive income, Commercial Lending Specialization, 12 total offices, Holding Company: Rhinebeck Bancorp, Mhc
JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association: Hyde Park Branch at 576 Albany Post Road, branch established on 1954/11/15. Info updated 2011/11/10: Bank assets: $1,811,678.0 mil, Deposits: $1,190,738.0 mil, headquarters in Columbus, OH, positive income, International Specialization, 5577 total offices, Holding Company: Jpmorgan Chase & Co.
HSBC Bank USA, National Association: Hyde Park Branch at 876 Violet Avenue, branch established on 1965/12/20. Info updated 2010/11/30: Bank assets: $206,009.7 mil, Deposits: $149,026.8 mil, headquarters in Mc Lean, VA, positive income, 474 total offices, Holding Company: Hsbc Holdings Plc
For population 15 years and over in Hyde Park:
Political contributions by individuals in Hyde Park, NY
Religion statistics for Hyde Park, NY (based on Dutchess County data)
Catholic 111,112 22
Mainline Protestant 20,556 87
Evangelical Protestant 12,799 69
Other 10,970 28
Black Protestant 2,898 11
Orthodox 854 5
None 138,299 -
Number of grocery stores: 100
Number of full-service restaurants: 302
Dutchess County:
0.02% of residents moved from foreign countries ($343 average AGI)
from Westchester County, NY 0.63% ($173,508 average AGI)
from Putnam County, NY 0.37% ($64,559)
0.04% of residents moved to foreign countries ($525 average AGI)
to Ulster County, NY 0.50% ($51,063 average AGI)
to Westchester County, NY 0.39% ($72,478)
to Orange County, NY 0.38% ($52,650)
Businesses in Hyde Park, NY
AT&T 1 McDonald's 1
Ace Hardware 1 Quality 1
CVS 1 RadioShack 1
DHL 1 Rite Aid 1
Dairy Queen 1 Stop & Shop 1
Dunkin Donuts 1 Subway 1
FedEx 2 T-Mobile 1
H&R Block 1 UPS 1
Strongest AM radio stations in Hyde Park:
WEOK (1390 AM; 5 kW; POUGHKEEPSIE, NY)
WGHQ (920 AM; 5 kW; KINGSTON, NY; Owner: CLEVELAND RADIO LICENSES, LLC)
WHVW (950 AM; 1 kW; HYDE PARK, NY; Owner: JOSEPH-PAUL FERRARO)
WKIP (1450 AM; 1 kW; POUGHKEEPSIE, NY; Owner: CLEAR CHANNEL BROADCASTING LICENSES, INC.)
WTIC (1080 AM; 50 kW; HARTFORD, CT; Owner: INFINITY RADIO OPERATIONS INC.)
Strongest FM radio stations in Hyde Park:
W292CM (106.3 FM; POUGHKEEPSIE, NY; Owner: JOHN KATONAH)
WRNQ (92.1 FM; POUGHKEEPSIE, NY; Owner: CLEAR CHANNEL BROADCASTING LICENSES, INC.)
WPKF (96.1 FM; POUGHKEEPSIE, NY; Owner: CLEAR CHANNEL BROADCASTING LICENSES, INC.)
WBPM (94.3 FM; KINGSTON, NY; Owner: CONCORD MEDIA GROUP, INC.)
WSPK (104.7 FM; POUGHKEEPSIE, NY; Owner: 6 JOHNSON ROAD LICENSES, INC.)
W206AW (89.1 FM; PAWLING, NY; Owner: SOUND OF LIFE, INC.)
WQQQ (103.3 FM; SHARON, CT; Owner: THE RIDGEFIELD BROADCASTING CORPORATION)
WKZE-FM (98.1 FM; SALISBURY, CT; Owner: JOHNSON DEVELOPMENT, INC.)
WLJP (89.3 FM; MONROE, NY; Owner: SOUND OF LIFE, INC.)
WFRH (91.7 FM; KINGSTON, NY; Owner: FAMILY STATIONS, INC.)
TV broadcast stations around Hyde Park:
WTBY (Channel 54; POUGHKEEPSIE, NY; Owner: TRINITY BROADCASTING OF NEW YORK, INC.)
W42AE (Channel 42; POUGHKEEPSIE, NY; Owner: DUTCHESS COMMUNITY COLLEGE)
WTIC-TV (Channel 61; HARTFORD, CT; Owner: TRIBUNE TELEVISION COMPANY)
WRNN-TV (Channel 62; KINGSTON, NY; Owner: WRNN-TV ASSOCIATES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP)
See more detailed statistics of Hyde Park fatal car crashes and road traffic accidents for 1975 - 2017 here
89ft / 26.9mTotal length
See full National Bridge Inventory statistics for Hyde Park, NY
FCC Registered Cell Phone Towers:
1 (See the full list of FCC Registered Cell Phone Towers in Hyde Park)
FCC Registered Antenna Towers:
18 (See the full list of FCC Registered Antenna Towers)
FCC Registered Commercial Land Mobile Towers:
Lat: 41.746194 Lon: -73.912361, Call Sign: KEK395,
Assigned Frequencies: 25.8700 MHz, 26.4700 MHz, Grant Date: 06/01/1978, Expiration Date: 06/01/1981, Cancellation Date: 09/24/2000, Registrant: Gregory Broadcasting Inc
Rte. 9g N. Dorsey Ln (Lat: 41.746194 Lon: -73.912361), Structure height: 18 m, Call Sign: KQO489,
Assigned Frequencies: 161.670 MHz, 161.730 MHz, Grant Date: 09/28/1982, Expiration Date: 06/01/1998, Cancellation Date: 09/24/2000, Registrant: Mid-Hudson Broadcasting Corp., 435 Violet Ave., Hyde Park, NY 12538
3 Cardinal Road (Lat: 41.789361 Lon: -73.910583), Type: Mast, Structure height: 10.6 m, Call Sign: KFF356,
Assigned Frequencies: 158.805 MHz, Grant Date: 11/26/2012, Expiration Date: 08/23/2022, Registrant: Ewa 20121113152554, 17750 Creamery Road, Suite B10, Emmitsburg, MD 21727, Phone: (703) 797-5146, Fax: (717) 337-9157, Email:
Lat: 41.747861 Lon: -73.929306, Call Sign: WNCA516,
Assigned Frequencies: 464.437 MHz, 469.437 MHz, Grant Date: 01/23/2015, Expiration Date: 03/21/2025, Registrant: New York Communications Co Inc, 53 W Cedar St, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601, Phone: (845) 471-5520, Fax: (845) 471-5593, Email:
MAIN BLDG, 48 South Drive (Lat: 41.776889 Lon: -73.939833), Type: Building, Structure height: 9.1 m, Overall height: 15.1 m, Call Sign: WRCA630, Licensee ID: L02203737,
Assigned Frequencies: 460.400 MHz, Grant Date: 08/09/2018, Expiration Date: 08/09/2028, Certifier: Tanya Clark, Registrant: Dutchess County Water And Wastewater Authority, 27 High Street, Poughkeepsie, NY 12401, Phone: (845) 486-3601, Email:
HYDE PARK R, 3.6 Mi Ne Of (Lat: 41.822306 Lon: -73.884278), Overall height: 50.3 m, Call Sign: WPJF457, Licensee ID: L00219539,
Assigned Frequencies: 10755.0 MHz, 10755.0 MHz, 10835.0 MHz, 10835.0 MHz, Grant Date: 03/13/2001, Expiration Date: 02/01/2011, Cancellation Date: 05/29/2002, Certifier: Heather B Gold, Registrant: Intermedia Service LLC, 3625 Queen Palm Drive, Tampa, FL 33619, Phone: (813) 829-2400, Fax: (813) 663-2312
HYDE PARK RTE 9G, 1146 Route 9g (Lat: 41.791694 Lon: -73.913500), Type: Pole, Structure height: 43.6 m, Overall height: 45.7 m, Call Sign: WQPL940,
Assigned Frequencies: 10895.0 MHz, Grant Date: 06/25/2012, Expiration Date: 06/25/2022, Certifier: John E Monday, Registrant: At&t Mobility LLC, 208 S Akard St., Rm 1015, Dallas, TX 75202, Phone: (855) 699-7073, Fax: (214) 746-6410, Email:
FCC Registered Paging Towers:
Cardinal Drive (Lat: 41.795917 Lon: -73.874556), Call Sign: KUS297,
Assigned Frequencies: 158.700 MHz, Grant Date: 02/18/2009, Expiration Date: 04/01/2019, Cancellation Date: 06/09/2009, Registrant: Blooston, Mordkofsky, Dickens, Duffy & Prendergast, LLP, 2120 L Street, Nw, Washington, DC 20037, Phone: (202) 659-0830, Fax: (202) 828-5568
97 (See the full list of FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses in Hyde Park)
Aircraft: AERONCA 7AC (Category: Land, Seats: 2, Weight: Up to 12,499 Pounds, Speed: 90 mph), Engine: CONT MOTOR A&C65 SERIES (65 HP) (Reciprocating)
N-Number: 2193E , Serial Number: 7AC-5767, Year manufactured: 1946, Airworthiness Date: 01/07/1956, Certificate Issue Date: 11/14/2001
Registrant (Individual): Ben Grey, 9 Carriage House Ct, Hyde Park, NY 12538
Aircraft: CESSNA 172H (Category: Land, Seats: 4, Weight: Up to 12,499 Pounds, Speed: 105 mph), Engine: CONT MOTOR 0-300 SER (145 HP) (Reciprocating)
N-Number: 3231L , Serial Number: 17256131, Year manufactured: 1967, Airworthiness Date: 05/05/1967, Certificate Issue Date: 11/21/2013
Registrant (Individual): Jill E Hess, 38 Rogers Rd, Hyde Park, NY 12538
Aircraft: MALLING B-8M (Category: Land, Weight: Up to 12,499 Pounds, Speed: 45 mph), Engine: MCCULLOCH 4318A&E/0-100 (72 HP) (Reciprocating)
N-Number: 12111 , Serial Number: 001, Year manufactured: 1968, Certificate Issue Date: 09/20/1967
Registrant (Individual): Klim Maling, Val-Kill Park, Hyde Park, NY 12538
Deregistered: Cancel Date: 02/04/2017
Aircraft: MALING SCORPION (Category: Land, Weight: Up to 12,499 Pounds, Speed: 86 mph), Engine: Reciprocating
N-Number: 9626 , Serial Number: 002
Registrant (Individual): Klim Maling, Valkill Park, Hyde Park, NY 12538
2002 - 2018 National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) incidents
According to the data from the years 2002 - 2018 the average number of fires per year is 100. The highest number of reported fire incidents - 133 took place in 2016, and the least - 26 in 2010. The data has a rising trend.
When looking into fire subcategories, the most reports belonged to: Structure Fires (70.7%), and Outside Fires (19.5%).
Fire incident types reported to NFIRS in Hyde Park, NY
1,20170.7%Structure Fires
33219.5%Outside Fires
1116.5%Mobile Property/Vehicle Fires
553.2%Other
See full National Fire Incident Reporting System statistics for Hyde Park, NY
Hyde Park compared to New York state average:
Black race population percentage below state average.
Hyde Park on our top lists:
#28 on the list of "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in industries: vending machine operators (population 5,000+)"
#31 on the list of "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in industries: pharmacies and drug stores (population 5,000+)"
#36 on the list of "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in occupations: other healthcare support occupations (population 5,000+)"
#37 on the list of "Top 101 cities with the lowest number of police officers per 1000 residents (population 5,000+)"
#39 on the list of "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in industries: computer and electronic products (population 5,000+)"
#57 on the list of "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in occupations: computer specialists (population 5,000+)"
#86 on the list of "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of females in occupations: plant and system operators (population 5,000+)"
#88 on the list of "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in occupations: food processing workers (population 5,000+)"
#95 on the list of "Top 101 cities with the largest percentage of people in schools, hospitals, or wards for the mentally retarded (population 1,000+)"
#95 on the list of "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of males in industries: social assistance (population 5,000+)"
#100 on the list of "Top 101 cities with largest percentage of females in industries: motor vehicles, parts and supplies merchant wholesalers (population 5,000+)"
#3 on the list of "Top 101 counties with the largest decrease in the number of infant deaths per 1000 residents 2000-2006 to 2007-2013 (pop. 50,000+)"
#4 on the list of "Top 101 counties with the lowest number of infant deaths per 1000 residents 2007-2013 (pop. 50,000+)"
#28 on the list of "Top 101 counties with the lowest number of births per 1000 residents 2007-2013"
#49 on the list of "Top 101 counties with the largest decrease in the number of births per 1000 residents 2000-2006 to 2007-2013 (pop 50,000+)"
There are 11 pilots and 5 other airmen in this city.
Top Patent Applicants
Louis W. Ricci (30)
Patrick M. West, Jr. (19)
Snehal S. Antani (17)
John Costakis (15)
Mark P. Bendyk (14)
Theodore J. Bohizic (13)
Adam B. Collura (11)
Scott B. Compton (11)
Benjamin P. Segal (9)
Brian Samuel Beaman (9)
Total of 298 patent applications in 2008-2021.


Kim Heechul made a statement reassure fans. Super Junior's personnel returned dismissed rumors that he is dating Son Dam Bi.
Heechul confirmed that she is indeed very close to the singer's birth 25 September 1983. But Heechul refused to confirm rumors that he and Dam Bi has a love affair. Heechul confirms they are just close friends who've known for 12 years.
"I had a friend who I have known for 12 years and it was a singer Son Dam Bi," said Heechul. "When we walk, we will link our arms and I will call her 'my girl, my girl, my wifey'."
"I never asked him one time if he ever thought that we were dating," said Heechul. "He then said, 'Why do I have to think about things like that?'"
Denials of an affair rumors Heechul and Bi Dam is also confirmed by other SuJu personnel. Kangin stated that Heechul is not the kind of guy craving Dam Bi. "Son Dam Bi as Heechul's most hated man," said Kangin.
It is also disclosed Ryeowook. Ryeowook explained that Heechul has many female friends but he's not dating.
Violence cases involving Kim Hyun Joong finally met the end. This is because a former lover Hyun Joong, decided to withdraw its claim to the singer of the song "Beauty Beauty" it.
Wednesday (17/9) afternoon, a lawyer expressed it in front of the media crew. "From the beginning. If he (Kim Hyun Joong) apologized, A had planned to withdraw demands unconditional completion or receipt of money. There will not be a problem anymore because A has accepted his apology," said attorney A.
Previously, Hyun Joong has apologized to a personal blog and via the telephone. Team of lawyers actor in the drama "Boys Over Flowers" is also publicly apologize to A.
Responding to an apology Hyun Joong, A and its legal counsel had not yet decided to withdraw their demands. They still want to learn apology Hyun Joong to know whether it is genuine or not.
Good news comes less than Gong Hyo Jin. Hyo Jin was already broken up with her boyfriend, Lee Jin Wook. Expiration of their relationship has been confirmed by the respective agency.
"It has been confirmed that they just broke up," Soop Management said, Hyo Jin's agency. "But because this is a matter of personal life, we can not confirm the details of their breakup. Understanding so we ask all of you."
The same thing also expressed by Will Entertainment, the agency that houses Jin Wook. They claimed that the actor in the series "Three Musketeers" and Hyo Jin has decided to end their relationship and become friends only. Similarly, Soop Management, Entertainment Will also do not disclose the reasons they broke up and requested that the public still supports the artist 2.
Breakup Hyo Jin and Jin Wook immediately received a response from the fans. Fans Hyo Jin idol directly connect it with Jo In Sung, his co-star in "It's Okay, It's Love".
"It is sad, but now he can go and get married to Jo In Sung," commented a fan. "This is one step closer to making Jang Jae Yeol and Ji Hae Seo (the character played by Jo In Sung and Hyo Jin in 'It's Okay, It's Love) to be real. They look so perfect in the drama and I hope so too in life real.


The brain box and monitor for our solar and charging system is the Victron Color Control GX. While it looks like it's just a pretty screen with data about our charging system, it actually helps to coordinate all of the separate pieces in our Victron full stack to work together. The pretty pictures are just a bonus.
The SmartSolar controls the power that our solar panels feed our charging system. It has built in Bluetooth and allows us to view the power that we're generating from the solar panels remotely!


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Millennials and the Silent Gen Agree: Walkability Wins
By Suzanne De Vita
Millennials are not the only generation preferring proximity to restaurants and retail.
Americans born between the mid-1920s up until 1945—the "Silent Generation"—are also on the lookout for walkability. Fifty-five percent of members of the Silent Generation recently surveyed by the National Association of REALTORS® (NAR) favor neighborhoods close for commuting and/or walkability—not far off from the 62 percent of millennials surveyed who prefer the same. Both generations would live in an apartment or townhouse if it meant a closer commute and/or walkability, according to findings from the survey. Fifty-one percent of all of the adults surveyed, regardless of generation, believe quality of life is impacted by walkability.
The generations between millennials and the Silent Generation, however—baby boomers and Generation X—are partial to the suburbs. Fifty-five percent of both boomers and Gen Xers are okay with the trade-off: driving to establishments, recreation and work for a single-family home.
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There are age- and gender-based interests, as well. When buying a home, younger women look for public transit and walkability more so than younger men, but both younger men and younger women seek short commute times, according to the survey.
All told, 60 percent of all of the adults surveyed would rather reside in a single-family home. Another 60 percent, though, would spend more to live in an area with greater walkability. The majority of adults with children (another 60 percent, still) are interested in the acreage and square footage of the suburbs.
Infrastructure plays a role, according to the survey. Eighty-six percent of all of the adults surveyed perceive sidewalks positively, and 73 percent believe road maintenance and repair is important.
"REALTORS® understand that when people buy a home, they are not just looking at the house; they are looking at the neighborhood and the community," says NAR President Elizabeth Mendenhall. "While the idea of the 'perfect neighborhood' is different for every homeowner, more Americans are expressing a desire to live in communities with access to public transit, shorter commutes and greater walkability."
Helping the movement are real estate professionals, Mendenhall says.
"REALTORS® work tirelessly at improving their communities through smart growth initiatives that help transform public spaces into these walkable community centers."
For more information, please visit www.nar.realtor.
Suzanne De Vita is RISMedia's online news editor. Email her your real estate news ideas at sdevita@rismedia.com.
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