Since the early beginnings of the third Lebanese civil war in 1975, all sides involved in the conflict (Palestinians, Syrians, Druze, and Christians) have taken part in an endless cycle of violence. Although relatively new to the Lebanese scene during the late 60's, it was the PLO more than any other factor who contributed to the destruction of Lebanon's fragile infrastructure from within. While many in the west remember Sabra & Shatila (September 1982) and tend to blame Israel and the Christians for all the wrongs in Lebanon, very few are aware of the many Palestinian-led massacres against Christian villages and towns.
In order to understand the source of Lebanon's endless blood feud, one must not only analyze the complex origins of Lebanese politics, but also examine the major role the Palestinians played in destroying the country. After Israel evacuated its narrow security zone in Southern Lebanon in May 2000, Muslim groups such as Hezbollah and Fath' al-Islam have been increasingly involved in a series of political assassinations and terrorist attacks, especially against the Christians and Druze, who are endeavoring to preserve Lebanese sovereignty and maintain a pro-western orientation.
The motivation for the Christian and Druze communities to acquire political autonomy is rooted in their early history beginning a long time before the first Palestinian ever set foot on Lebanese soil. While the Druze broke off from Shiite Islam in the 11th century and created their own religious philosophy, the Maronite Christians, named after a fourth century Syrian monk, Maron, are part of an Eastern Christian community that received King Louis XIV's custody in 1649 and accepted Papal Authority in 1736.
The gradual disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of Arab Nationalism encouraged the Christians to strive for an independent state. The final drive came after the Ottoman takeover of Mount Lebanon in 1915. Subsequent to the abolition of '1861 Order' over one fifth of the Christian population in Lebanon died as a result of famine and plague.
Modern Lebanon (Grand Liban) was established in September 1920, following the overthrow of King Fisal's Arab government in Damascus in July, a step that allowed for the British-French takeover of the Middle East and its division into separate mandatory territories. While for the Christian community the creation of an expanded Lebanon was the fulfillment of long standing dream, the expulsion of Fisal from Syria and the French takeover of the Levant became a nightmare for the Muslims. This led to Arab violence against the French in Syria, the British in Iraq and violence against Christians in Lebanon. The latter resulted in the massacre of fifty Christians in the village of Ein-Abel in May 1920. During the Nabi Mussa procession in Jerusalem on April 5, 1920, a mob led by Kamal al Husseini killed five Jews and wounded 213.
Tel Aviv University Middle East expert Professor Itamar Rabinovich stresses that during most of the interwar period, Lebanese politics were dominated by the ongoing conflict between Catholic and Sunni communities. The latter rejected the legitimacy of the Lebanese state and Maronite political supremacy, and demanded that Lebanon be incorporated into a larger Arab state.
The decline of French influence in the region during World War II and the strengthening of Arab nationalism convinced Maronite leader Bashira al-Khuri that it was time to abandon the aspiration for an independent Christian Lebanon, and replace it with a political compromise with the local Muslim communities. This eventually led to the initiation of the National Pact in 1943 which advocated the distribution of power among the various Lebanese communities according to their numerical strength. With confessionalism as a cornerstone of the new political system, religious leaders could keep their prominence within their respective communities.
Rabinovich emphasizes that three major causes undermined the Lebanese political status quo, leading to the 1958 Civil War. Firstly, some Muslims rejected the pact and its political system claiming it was unrepresentative of its population. Secondly, ideological groups saw the existing system as a barrier to achieving their political goals. Thirdly, powers such as the USSR, Syria and Egypt, wanted to expand their influence and weaken western presence.
The 1952 political crisis ended relatively peacefully with the forced resignation of President Bishar al-Khuri who was replaced by Camille Chamoun. However the impact of both domestic and external factors took its toll. Tensions reached their peak after the formation of the United Arab Republic in February 1958, and civil war broke out between President Chamoun's supporters and his opponents, mostly Muslims.
While the Lebanese army led by Fu'ad Shihab remained neutral, it was the landing of the United States' Marines in Beirut on July 15, 1958 that put an end to the war. The crisis was resolved when re-election led to the replacement of Chamoun by Shihab, with Muslims having a wider representation in the Cabinet.
One of the major lessons of the 1958 crisis for both Christians and Muslims was the awareness that any attempt to achieve far-reaching political gains in Lebanon's fragile political system could easily lead to violence. During his presidency, Shihab tried to initiate a moderate Christian line that advocated adaptation and reform, but he could not resolve the problems arising from Christian-Muslim antagonism. During Shihab's presidency, there was no stable majority in the Lebanese parliament, which made ruling very difficult for the next president, Charles Helou. Due to the rivalries among the Arab states during 1964-1967, concomitant with the intensification of the Israeli-Arab conflict after the Six Day War, it is easy to understand why Lebanon found itself on the brink of a new crisis. This time, however, there was an added factor to the crisis: the Palestinians.
Following Israel's independence on May 14, 1948, the Lebanese army invaded the northern Galilee, along with the Egyptians in the south, the Jordanians and Iraqis in the east, and the Syrians in the northeast. The Lebanese attack was rebuffed after the IDF (Israel Defense Forces) launched operation Hiram (October 29-November 3, 1948).
The estimated number of Palestinian refugees who fled to Lebanon since the beginning of the war ranges between 100,000–140,000, although the exact numbers are hard to determine. Many of those who fled to Lebanon infiltrated back into Israel, so different scholars provide different numbers.
Following increased attempts by Palestinian refugees to infiltrate Israel's northern border, the Lebanese government deployed a police force to prevent these infiltrations. It also relocated refugees into several camps, both around Beirut and Tripoli and in the Beqa valley. In 1950 the UN established UNRWA (United Nations Relief & Work Agency) which still remains the major international agency that provides for the Palestinian refugees. Although supervised by the UN, many future Palestinian guerrillas and terrorists were recruited from these camps. Aware of this, the US protested and threatened to withdraw any future financial aid to UNRWA. To this, the first PLO chairman, Ahmed Shukairi, responded that if they did so, Palestinians would destroy all American property in Arab states.
Egyptian intelligence and military officers also started organizing Palestinian Fedayeen terrorist raids from the West Bank and Gaza and Lebanon's southern border. Lebanese authorities were not so eager to stop these raids. Israel did not retaliate against Lebanon as it did against Egypt and Jordan, because of the relatively low number of these attacks compared to those on their other borders. Although during this period Palestinians did not play a major role in the internal political scene, some succeeded in integrating in Lebanon's economic and cultural circles.
The scope of hostilities initiated by Palestinians from Lebanon was limited until after the Six Day War. Lebanon's refusal to participate in that war brought about much anger and criticism from Muslim circles. On December 24, 1967 Yassir Arafat replaced Ahmed Shukairi as PLO chairman, and in doing so transformed the PLO into a strong terrorist organization. and relocated the headquarters to Amman. Besides initiating terror raids against Israel from Jordan, the PLO started challenging King Hussein's authority by establishing a terrorist state-within-a-state.
According to King's College London Middle East expert Professor Efraim Karsh, the PLO's disdain towards Jordanian sovereignty began soon after the battle of Karame (March 24, 1968). This despite the fact that it was the Jordanian Army who came to the PLO's rescue during an Israeli retaliatory attack against their strongholds. Karsh says that between the middle of 1968 and the end of 1969, the PLO initiated more than 500 raids against the Jordanians. The kidnapping of journalists, attacks on government buildings, and abuse of women became a daily routine. Ziad Refai, one of Jordan's most prominent politicians, witnessed Palestinian guerrillas grabbing a Jordanian soldier, decapitating him and playing soccer with his head. By 1970, more than fifty-two terrorist organizations had offices in Amman.
An attempted assassination of King Hussein and the PFLP's (Palestinian Front for the Liberation of Palestine) hijacking of four western airplanes prompted the king, in September 1970, to expel the Palestinians from his country. This sequence of violent events was later known by the Palestinians as Black September.
The Muslims took a different view. The steady arrival of young highly motivated Palestinian guerrillas into Lebanon, helped local leftist Muslim organizations who were mobilizing Palestinian fighters. During their deployment, the Palestinians took over and destroyed private property. They positioned heavy weapons inside villages, thereby exposing them to a potential Israeli response.
Some of the more well known attacks against Israeli civilian targets include those on an apartment building in Kiryat Shemona that resulted in the deaths of eighteen civilians, the PDFLP massacre of twenty-four Israeli high school students in Maalaot, and the murder of the Haran family in Nahariya. Parallel to these attacks on Israel's northern border, Fatah's Black September launched a series of attacks against Israeli targets. Among them were three attempts to attack or plant bombs on El Al airplanes in Europe and the PFLP's cooperation with the Japanese Red Army that resulted in the May 1972 Lod airport massacre and the Munich Olympic massacre in September 1972. All these attacks were planned in PLO headquarters in Beirut .
Following their expulsion from Jordan, thousands of Palestinian guerrillas entered Lebanon, most of them assisted by Syria. Picard says that nearly 100,000 Palestinians joined the 240,000 already in Lebanon. In the manner that the Palestinian organizations had caused havoc and anarchy in Jordan, they were now doing in Lebanon.
The Palestinians took over the refugee camps and an entire section of Beirut, named by the Christians as The Phakani Republic after the Beirut district where Arafat had set up his headquarters. The Palestinians set up road blocks, took over entire residential areas by expelling their owners, collected protection taxes, confiscated private cars, and gave shelter to outlaws. By April 1975 the scene was set for a new cycle of deadly violence: the 1975–76 Civil War.
At this point, it is incumbent to describe the major fighting groups involved. The war was waged between right wing Christians and left wing Muslims. The Christians were interested in preserving Maronite dominance with special emphasis on Lebanon's pro-western 'right wing' Christian identity. They called themselves The Lebanese Front. Their strategic objectives were to remove the PLO presence from Lebanon and confront the other Muslim organizations. This group included many factions. The largest was "The Phalange" (Al Kataib) under the command of Pierre Gemayel numbering 10,000 men. The next was the Christian militia affiliated with Camille Chamoun's National Liberal Party (NLP) called "The Tigers", numbering 2,000. Both groups were backed by large political organizations. The third group was "The Zaghorta-Liberation Army" (ZLA) under the command of Tony Faranjieh, and numbering 700 men, which provided the guards for the presidential palace in Beirut. They were assisted by other smaller groups led by Christian commanders. The estimated number of Christian militants was 30,000 men and women.
The Palestinians were the major fighting force on the Muslim side throughout the war, and in 1975 they numbered about 8,000 men. The largest militia was the pro-Arafat Fatah group. While they remained out of the fighting until 1976, a group of Palestinian terrorist organizations known as the "Refusal Front", participated fully from the outset of the war. They included the PFLP (led by Dr. George Habash) that was supported by Syria, the ALF (Arab Liberation Front) supported by Iraq, the Sai'qa ('lightning') pro-Syrian Palestinian group along with smaller splinter groups. The estimated number of Palestinians that participated in the war varied between 25,000-30,000 men. While the Christians received arms from Western European states and Israel through Cyprus and the harbors of Beirut and Jouniyeh, the Muslims received their weapons from the Soviet bloc through the Syrian harbor of Latakia, and Lebanese harbors of Tripoli, Sidon, and Tyre, and via the Arafat-Route from Damascus.
Lebanon's third civil war is still considered its worst. The war is divided into four time frames, April-October 1975, October-December 1975, January-June 1976, June-October 1976.
On the February 26, 1975, several left wing Lebanese parties organized local fishermen to demonstrate against the government owned fishing company. As the demonstrators blocked the Beirut-Sidon highway, the Lebanese Army was called in. They clashed with left wing Muslims and members of the Palestinian Refusal Front. After five days of fighting, six soldiers and eighteen civilians were dead, including the leader of the NLP (National Liberal Party) movement Maruf Saada. Although most scholars blame the Christians for the death of Saada, the former head of the Mossad dispatch in Beirut, Eliezer (Geizi) Tsafrir, says that Saada's killing was a deliberate provocation initiated by the pro-Syrian Palestinian terrorist organization Sai'qa, to place the blame on the Christians, thus leading to violence.
The fishermen's demonstration is considered the prelude to the war. On April 13th four Palestinian gunmen of Ahmed Jebril's PFLP-GC opened fire on Christians who were going to attend services at the Church of Notre Dame de la Deliverance in Beirut. Among the Christians was Phalange leader Pierre Gemayel. It resulted in the death of four Christian Phalanges. In retaliation, the Christians ambushed a Palestinian bus and shot fourteen passengers dead. Although PLO spokesmen claimed that those on the bus were civilians, Abdurchim Ahmad, a member of the ALF (Arab Liberation Front) in Amman, approved the original Christian version stating that all passengers aboard were armed ALF gunmen.
As a result of this incident, sporadic clashes occurred between Christian neighborhoods and Palestinian refugee camps. By mid-April more than ninety people were dead and over three hundred wounded. This type of clashing continued sporadically until the end of October 1975.
One of the first indicators of foreign intervention was when a group of local criminals called "The Third Force", set out to kidnap Christians. They were paid sixty Lebanese pounds per dead body by the Libyan and the Iraqi governments. This was done in order to increase the tensions between the Christian and Muslim communities in Beirut. It is believed that a sum of US $50 million was deposited by Libyan ruler Mouamar Kaddafi in local banks in order to encourage these anti-Christian activities. During September 1975 Beirut's commercial zone was devastated. This laid the foundation for what would be later be known as the "Green Line". Beirut became a battle torn city, divided by road blocks creating forbidden zones of entry.
The Lebanese Army originally had 18,000 men including a small majority of Muslim soldiers, with two thirds of the officers and most of the battalion commanders Christians. During the first stage of the fighting, Lebanese President Sulieman Farnjieh refused to involve the Lebanese army. On May 23rd he established martial rule in Lebanon that lasted only two days. On June 30th Muslim Prime Minister Rashid Karami managed to form a new government which achieved a short-lived cease fire. The fighting resumed towards the end of July 1975.
On May 20, 1975, dozens of Christians were killed by PLO gunmen from the Tel Zaatar refugee camp. Muslim militants from Bashura pulled ten Christians out of their cars, dragged them to a nearby Muslim cemetery and executed them. Later that summer, the Carmelite monastery in Tripoli was looted and destroyed, while the Maronite Cathedral was damaged and many Christian stores were destroyed and burnt. On September 1st, Palestinian guerrillas raided the Christian village of Beit Mellat killing many of its inhabitants and destroying most of the village. On September 9thvillage of Deir-Ashash. Although most of Deir-Ashash villagers had fled, three priests who remained in the local monastery were brutally murdered. Ironically, in the monastery was a school of 960 students, 660 of which were Muslims who attended at no cost. On September 8th the Christian neighborhood of Zarata in Tripoli was destroyed. On September 11th Sai'qa returned to Beit Mellat and killed eight Christians and kidnapped dozens. On October 9th Sai'qa attacked the Christian village of Tall Abbas-Akkar killing twenty Christians and razing the local church. On October 30th Palestinians and Syrians attacked and killed about fifteen people in the convent of Naameh, which in 1948 had given refuge to Palestinian refugees. At the same time, Palestinians besieged the Christian village of Koubeyat killing and causing much destruction. In the Muslim village of Saed Neil local Muslim militants attacked and killed twenty Christians in the village of Tanyel. they did the same to the nearby.
The second stage of the war began with the joint attack of the Muslim Al Mourabition and the PFLP on the mixed district of Kantari defended by the Phalange. On the 24th of October the attackers seized the Rezaq (More) tower, a forty story building considered the tallest building in Beirut. The Christian seized the three major hotels in the city, The St.George, The Phoenicia, and the Holiday Inn. During the fighting, the Muslim forces entered Christian houses and killed forty civilians.
This new stage of fighting, known as The Battle of the Hotels, lasted several months. It concentrated on a small complex along the Beirut sea front. It was a strategic stronghold for the Christians, as many of their weapons came through Beirut's harbor. The battle of the hotel district marked the transition from local sniping and shooting to massive tactical and strategic military maneuvering aimed at large territorial gains.
November 1975 was a relatively quiet month in the capital, and interior minister Camille Chamone set up a special police task force, named Task Force 16, responsible for taking out snipers. On December 6th, after four Christian Phalanges were ambushed and killed while driving by the Tel Zaatar Palestinian refugee camp, Phalange commander William Hawi ordered a reprisal attack. The day is known as The Black Sabbath, when more than 350 people were killed. In retaliation, the left wing Muslim organization Mourabiton shot thirty-eight Christians at road blocks.
In 1976 Syria's policy towards Lebanon evolved from indirect involvement (April-December 1975) to limited direct involvement (January-May 1976), to total invasion (July-October 1976).
With Assad's takeover of Syria several changes took place. For the first time since Syria's independence, Assad succeeded in establishing a stable regime that would become a threat to both Egyptian and Iraqi aspirations to lead the Arab world. Lebanon's internal political situation was growing more unstable due to the increase of the Muslim population and the infiltration of PLO terrorist factions. The impact of the 1973 war and the Arab oil embargo gave many Arab Muslims a sense of overwhelming strength, such that many Lebanese Muslims thought it would now be easy to change the political landscape in Lebanon. American post-Vietnam trauma and the 1973 war damaged both the US and Israel's deterrence capabilities in the eyes of the Arab world. Although Syria never underestimated Israel's military capabilities, she was now more inclined to take the risk of collision.
In late September 1975, the Syrians deployed a battalion of the Palestinian Yarmuch Brigade and members of the PLA (Palestine Liberation Army) and Sai'qa to stop the fighting between the Muslim militias and the Christians. This was the first time the Syrians intervened directly in the war. In early 1976, the Syrians adopted a new policy, one that replaced mediation with military intervention. In January 1976, Syria deployed two battalions of the PLA to assist the Palestinians and Muslim organizations against the Christians. In mid-March they deployed Syrian commando battalions in disguise, and on April 9th an entire Syrian armor brigade entered Lebanon. This time much of the activity was directed against the Palestinians and the Muslim left. In June, a full scale Syrian invasion was launched, in order to enforce a Pax Syriana. The final attack began on September 28th, and the war ended on 17th of October .
From early 1976 the Christians focused on Beirut. In order to create a continuous Maronite presence between Central Mount Lebanon in the west and the Lebanese mountains in the east, they had to deal with the Palestinian refugee camps. On January 4th, the Christians besieged two major refugee camps in Beirut, Tel Zaatar and Jish El Pasha. These camps separated the eastern Christian sector of Beirut from the Christian Matamth. Arafat decided to turn the battle into what he called 'The Palestinian Stalingrad'. The Jish El Pasha camp fell on June 30th, and Tel Zaatar on August 12th. Christian sources stated that those who remained were PLO combatants as most of the civilians had fled before the attacks began. Palestinian doctors who worked in the camps claimed that 1,600 people were killed during the fighting, but did not specify how many of them were combatants and how many civilians. region. The assault on both camps began on June 26.
The third stage of the war brought local massacres to new heights especially against Christian communities. On January 8th, Palestinians attacked the town Jiyyeh in the Shouf region, killing dozens. On January 15th they raided the Christian town of Kab Elias in the Beqa murdering sixteen civilians and wounding twenty-three. This attack resulted in a mass exodus of many Christians from villages in the Bekka to the cities of Zahleh, Jounieh, and Beirut.
On January 18th, Palestinians and Syrians attacked the village of Deir Jennine executing two priests and eleven civilians. Four days later, they raided the Christian village of Hoche Barada, looting and destroying it.
On January 22nd Palestinians and Syrians killed twenty five Christians in the village of Rahbe in Akkar. On March 15th, Sai'qa shelled the village of Kobeyat-Akkar and dozens of Christians were killed. On March 23rd, the villages of Kaddam and Dier El Amar in North Lebanon were raided, and twelve civilians killed and many more injured. Similar attacks initiated by Palestinians occurred during 1976 in the town of Shekka (July 5th), and ninety civilians massacred. Between June 29th-August 12th, Palestinians in Tel Zaatar and Jish el Pasha camps killed 160 Christians. Between October 19th and 21st, Palestinians and Syrians killed sixty-three Christians, including many children, in the village of Aishiyeh. During the second half of October the Christian villages of Aintoura, Abaydiyeh, Araya, Chebanieh, Masser Beitedinne were partially destroyed. In Masser Beitdinne, fourteen Christians were killed. Muslim soldiers who had deserted the Lebanese army and joined the AAL (The Army of Arab Lebanon), seized opportunities to kill Christian soldiers in former Lebanese army barracks. A case in point was the seizure was The Emir Bechir Barracks in Beirut. On the 10th of March more than thirty Christian soldiers were killed in the Khyam Barracks..
If these events could be considered part of the' horror routine' of civil war, the following events in Damour exceeded all imagination, even according to local standards.
In order to unlock the siege that the Christians had laid on the Palestinian refugee camps of Tel Zaatar and Jish al Pasha and the Karantina quarter, a joint coalition of Sai'qa, Fatah, PFLP, PDFLP, the Mourabiton and left wing Muslim militias, began surrounding the Christian town of Damour (population 25,000). It had one public hospital where Muslims and Christians were treated equally. The commander of the assault, Zuheir-Mouhsein, was later known as "The Butcher of Damour". Assisting Mouhsein was Fatah commander Colonel Abu Musa. Mouhsein was eventually targeted by the Mossad in 1979, hence the disintegration of Sai'qa.
The siege of Damour began on January 9, 1976. According to British journalist Robert Fisk, Abu Musa actually led the attack. One of the key witnesses to the tragic events of Damour, was a priest Father Mansour Labaky who gave a full report to the Lebanese Red Cross. Father Labaky initially tried to contact major Muslim dignitaries, one of whom was Druze leader Kamal Jumblatt, to try to forestall the attack. Jumblatt replied, "I can do nothing for you, because it depends on Yassir Arafat" and gave him Arafat's phone number. The priest reached one of Arafat's aides who tried "comforting" him by saying, "Father don't worry, we don't want to harm you. If we are destroying you, it's for strategic reasons". Labaky returned to Jumblatt, who repeated that the solution to the crisis lay solely in the hands of Arafat. Sai'qa forces cut the electric power to the city. More than fifty Christian civilians including children were slaughtered and their bodies mutilated. While the attackers numbered 16,000, the defense of Damour rested in the hands of 225 young men, most of them teenagers with no military background armed only with old hunting shotguns. They were no match for the well trained and equipped Palestinians and their allies. As the Palestinians had cut off all access to the town, starvation and dehydration was rampant.
"The attack took place from the mountain behind. It was an apocalypse. They were coming, thousands and thousands, shouting "Allahu Akbar! God is Great! Let us attack them for the Arabs, let us offer a holocaust". They were slaughtering everyone in their path, men, women, and children. Whole families were killed in their homes. Many women were gang-raped, and few of them left alive afterwards".
The attackers then looted anything that could be moved. One of the most shocking aspects of the looting was the desecration of the local Christian cemetery.
"Coffins were dug out, the dead robbed, vaults opened and bodies and skeletons thrown across the graveyard", Labaky testified.
The number of fatalities according to Christian sources amounted to 582, although other sources talk about 500. Many details about the massacre were contributed by the participants, who took photos and later sold them to the local press.
Approximately 500 Christians, who found refuge in the Church of St. Elias, managed to reach the seashore and were evacuated by boat to the Christian town of Junieh. After the fighting, Damour was transformed into a stronghold for Arafat's Fatah and George Habash's PFLP. The St. Elias Church became a garage for PLO vehicles and a shooting range.
While not underestimating the events of Sabra & Shatila, it could be seen as bloody revenge for the Damour massacre. It could be perceived as revenge for the assassination of President Bashir Jemayel and twenty-six of his aides. The assassination was ordered by President Hafez al Assad and carried out by Syrian air force intelligence commander, Muhhammad Al-Khuli.
A strong testimony to the Christian attitude comes from Khalaf Samir's words. "The Damour Brigades of the Lebanese Forces vowed to avenge their fallen townsmen and relatives. They swore not to stop the fighting until all Palestinians were driven out of Lebanon".
Another testimony to the linkage between the Damour massacre and Sabra & Shatila, comes from New York Times editor Tom Friedman, in his famous book From Beirut to Jerusalem. "The Phalangists wanted to avenge not only Bashir's death, but also past tribal killings of their own people by Palestinian guerillas, such as the February 1976 massacre by Palestinians of Christian villagers in Damour South of Beirut".
The Fourth Stage of the War: The Syrian Invasion of Lebanon (June-October 1976).
The first phase of Syria's invasion of Lebanon began on the night of May 31, 1976. While one armored brigade moved towards Tripoli in the north, another gained control of the Beirut-Damascus highway. The major thrust of the Syrian operation began on June 6th, when elements of the 3rd Armored Division began moving on Beirut and Sidon. Heavy resistance succeeded in stopping the Syrian advance into Beirut and Sidon. A temporary ceasefire was announced through the mediation of the Libyan Prime Minister and the Algerian Minister of Education.
The failure to defeat the Palestinians put President Assad in a very difficult position. His relationship with the PLO was now completely shattered, and he was totally isolated from the Arab world. This forced Assad to reach three separate agreements with the Palestinians and the Muslim left with which neither side intended to comply.
This article has shown a new and different perspective on the worldview of the role the Palestinians play in the Middle East conflict and Lebanon in particular. Although relatively new to the Lebanese scene it is the Palestinians more than any other foreign factor who contributed to the destruction of the country's fragile socio-economic infrastructure. While many in the west remember Sabra & Shatila (September 1982) and tend to blame Israel and the Christians for all the wrongs in Lebanon, very few are aware of the many Palestinian-led massacres against Christian villages and towns.
Thus in order to understand Lebanon's endless blood feud, one must adopt a much broader historical perspective, that would highlight the major role the PLO has played in the destroying the country. After Israel evacuated its narrow security zone in Southern Lebanon in May 2000, Syria and Iran's transplanted proxy and ally, Hezbollah, continue to destroy the country, pushing the Christian and the Druze communities out of any political strongholds, applying terror and assassination methods against whoever defies them.
 See: Deeb, Marius. Syria's Terrorist War on Lebanon and the Peace Process (New York: Palgrave/ Macmillan) 2003.
 Zamir, Meir. Kinuna shel Lebanon ha Modernit (Tel-Aviv: Ministry of Defense, 1993) pp 27 – 28.
For the English version, see: The Formation of Modern Lebanon (1985).
 The term 'Mount Lebanon' applies to the northern part of the mountain, but due to increasing Maronite immigration, it currently applies to the entire mountain ridge.
 Ibid., p. 1. Zamir, p. 20.
 For organizational proceedings leading to the establishment of 'The Organic Law', see: Spagnolo.J.P. France and Ottoman Lebanon 1861–1914 (Oxford: St. Anthony's College, 1977) pp. 41-47.
 See: Phares, Walid. Lebanese Christian Nationalism: The Rise and Fall of an Ethnic Resistance (Boulder–London: Lynne Reiner Publishers, 1995) p59. A Mutasarifaya is an Ottoman administrative unit meaning 'County'. See Findelly. C.V The Evolution of the System of Provincial Administration as Viewed from the Center, in, D.Kushner ed. Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social, and Economic TransformationJerusalem: 1986) pp.3-29.
 Ibid., p. 2. Zamir, p. 47.
Mandate (Oxford University Press) 1958.
 Kamal was Hajj Amin al Hussenie's step brother. See: Al-Peleg. Zvi. Ha Mufti ha Gadol (Tel- Aviv, Ministry of Defense Publications, 1989) pp. 11-12 (Hebrew) .
 Ibid., p. 10. Rabinovich, pp. 24-25.
 Ibid., p. 10, Rabinovich, pp. 26-27.
 Ibid., p. 10, Rabinovich, p. 28.
 There were two phases of the war: The first was from November 30th - May 15th, after both the Palestinian leadership and Arab League rejected UN General Assembly resolution 181 that called for the establishment of an Arab and a Jewish state. The second was from May 1948–July 1949, after Israel's independence, when five Arab regular armies joined the Palestinians in their quest to destroy the Jewish state.
Morris breaks down the stages between what he calls "The Massive Flight (April-June 1948)" and what followed during operation Hiram See: Picard, Elizabeth. Lebanon: a Shattered Country New York & London: HM, 1996) p.79, also see: Vocke, Herald. The Lebanese War (New York: St.Martins Press, 1978). p. 31. Also see: Morris, Benny. The Birth of the Palestinian Refuge Problem 1947 – 1949 (Tel- Aviv: Am-Oved Publications, 1991) p. 107 (Hebrew version).
 Vocke, Harald. The Lebanese War (New York: St. Martins Press, 1976) p. 32.
 Although Arafat escaped, most of his men were either killed or captured by the IDF. He succeeded in turning the entire affair into a great victory against Israel. This brought to his camp hundreds of Arabs and Muslims, thus exacerbating the situation for Jordan.
 See: Karsh, Efraim. Arafat's War: the Man and his Battle for Israeli Conquest (Tel-Aviv: Maaraiv & BESSA, 2004) pp. 35-36. (Hebrew version).
 Interview with Ziad Refai, in a BBC series called: "The 50 Years War: Israel and the Arabs" (London, BBC Production, Program No.3) 1998.
 All 425 passengers aboard were released, but the planes were blown up on the runway with the cooperation of Arafat's Fatah. See: Bar-Zohar, Michael & Eitan Haber. The Quest for the Red Prince (Tel-Aviv: Zmora, Bitan Publishers, 1984) pp. 98-99. (Hebrew version).
 Ibid., p. 18, Karsh, p. 36.
 Ibid., p. 10, Rabinovich. pp. 43-44, and p. 233.
 Ibid., p. 21, Arnon, p. 29.
 Jebril formed the PFLP-GC in October 1968, as a result of differences of opinion with George Habash of the PFLP.
 One of the terrorists, Samir Quntar, was sentenced to lifein prison; Hezboullah is now asking for his release in exchange for the two Israeli soldiers abducted in July 2006.
 For historical background of the Black SeptemberOne Day in September (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2006) pp. 36-39. organization, see: Reeve, Simon.
 See: Picard, Elizabeth. Lebanon: A Shattered Country (New York & London: HM, 1996) p. 81.
 See, Ibid., p. 18, Karsh, p. 37.
 See: O'Ballance, Edgar. Civil War in Lebanon (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998) p.15.
 Ibid,, p. 30, O'Ballance, and Ibid p. 21 Arnon, p. 44.
 Ibid., p. 30, O'Ballance, p16. To avenge Jumbllat's by the Syrians, the Druze killed 170 Christians. See: Khalaf, Samir. Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002) p. 44.
 Magna Syria, 'Greater Syria', is a geographical vision of Syrian nationals that included the entire Levant, Trans-Jordan and Palestine as one political entity under their rule.
 Ibid., p. 30. O'Ballance, pp. 44-45.
 The Palestinian Refusal Front led by Dr. Habash broke off from the PLO on July 1974, after negating Yassir Arafat's "Stage Plan" which recommended eliminating Israel stage by stage", as being too moderate.
 Ibid, 21, Arnon, p. 45.
 Ibid, 30, O'Ballance, p. 4.
 Ibid, 21, Arnon, p. 39.
 Ibid, 21, Arnon, p. 41.
 Ibid, 21, Arnon. p. 45.
 Ibid, 21, Arnon. p. 43.
 Christian sources claim that some of the raiders in Deir Ashash were Syrian soldiers in disguise.
See: Ibid, 46, p. 2.
 Ibid, 21, Arnon. p. 48.
 Ibid, 21, Arnon. P. 51.
 Ibid, 30, O'Ballance, p. 27.
 Ibid, 21, Arnon, p. 54.
 Ibid, 57, Aviran, p. 31.
 Ibid, 57, Aviran, p. 28-31.
 Nisan.M. The Conscience of Lebanon: A Political Biography of Etienne Sakr (Abu Arz) (London: Routledge, 2003) p. 41.
 Klein.J.Aron. Striking Back (Tel-Aviv: Yediot Achronot, 2006) p. 182 (Hebrew version).
 Ibid, 77, p. 5. Also see: Khalaf, Samir. Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002) p. 43.
http://www.free-lebanon.com/LFPNews/hobeika_damour/hobeika_damour.html , pp.3-6. and: http://www.falangist.com/damour.htm p.1-5.
 See O' Ballance, p. 43.
 Deeb, Marius. Syria's Terrorist War on Lebanon and the Peace Process (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2003) p. 79.
 See: Friedman, Thomas. From Beirut to Jerusalem (Glasgow: Fontana-Collins, 1990) p. 161.
Friedman of course was wrong about the exact dates: the massacre took place between January 9th-23rd.
 Ibid, 57, Aviran, p. 32.
 Ibid, 57, Aviran, p. 34.
See: Blanford, Nicholas. Killing Mr Lebanon: the Assassination of Rafik Hariri and its Impact on the Middle East (London/New York: I.B.Tauris) 2006.


text:
#include <aws/dlm/model/CreateRule.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/json/JsonSerializer.h>

#include <utility>

using namespace Aws::Utils::Json;
using namespace Aws::Utils;

namespace Aws
{
namespace DLM
{
namespace Model
{

CreateRule::CreateRule() :
    m_interval(0),
    m_intervalHasBeenSet(false),
    m_intervalUnit(IntervalUnitValues::NOT_SET),
    m_intervalUnitHasBeenSet(false),
    m_timesHasBeenSet(false),
    m_cronExpressionHasBeenSet(false)
{
}

CreateRule::CreateRule(JsonView jsonValue) :
    m_interval(0),
    m_intervalHasBeenSet(false),
    m_intervalUnit(IntervalUnitValues::NOT_SET),
    m_intervalUnitHasBeenSet(false),
    m_timesHasBeenSet(false),
    m_cronExpressionHasBeenSet(false)
{
  *this = jsonValue;
}

CreateRule& CreateRule::operator =(JsonView jsonValue)
{
  if(jsonValue.ValueExists("Interval"))
  {
    m_interval = jsonValue.GetInteger("Interval");

    m_intervalHasBeenSet = true;
  }

  if(jsonValue.ValueExists("IntervalUnit"))
  {
    m_intervalUnit = IntervalUnitValuesMapper::GetIntervalUnitValuesForName(jsonValue.GetString("IntervalUnit"));

    m_intervalUnitHasBeenSet = true;
  }

  if(jsonValue.ValueExists("Times"))
  {
    Array<JsonView> timesJsonList = jsonValue.GetArray("Times");
    for(unsigned timesIndex = 0; timesIndex < timesJsonList.GetLength(); ++timesIndex)
    {
      m_times.push_back(timesJsonList[timesIndex].AsString());
    }
    m_timesHasBeenSet = true;
  }

  if(jsonValue.ValueExists("CronExpression"))
  {
    m_cronExpression = jsonValue.GetString("CronExpression");

    m_cronExpressionHasBeenSet = true;
  }

  return *this;
}

JsonValue CreateRule::Jsonize() const
{
  JsonValue payload;

  if(m_intervalHasBeenSet)
  {
   payload.WithInteger("Interval", m_interval);

  }

  if(m_intervalUnitHasBeenSet)
  {
   payload.WithString("IntervalUnit", IntervalUnitValuesMapper::GetNameForIntervalUnitValues(m_intervalUnit));
  }

  if(m_timesHasBeenSet)
  {
   Array<JsonValue> timesJsonList(m_times.size());
   for(unsigned timesIndex = 0; timesIndex < timesJsonList.GetLength(); ++timesIndex)
   {
     timesJsonList[timesIndex].AsString(m_times[timesIndex]);
   }
   payload.WithArray("Times", std::move(timesJsonList));

  }

  if(m_cronExpressionHasBeenSet)
  {
   payload.WithString("CronExpression", m_cronExpression);

  }

  return payload;
}

} // namespace Model
} // namespace DLM
} // namespace Aws

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


...me personally. My style is energetic and engaging. As a trial attorney, I routinely have to communicate complex matters to a jury that has no experience in the fields of chemistry, biology and physics. This forces me to adopt an engaging style to ensure they do not tune me out. I have three very bright children of my own that keep me on my toes helping them with high school level math, reading and physics.


text:
Ten Things NaNoWriMo Taught Me About the Writing Life
Meg Eden | November 2018
There is a spectrum of feelings writers hold about the annual event of National Novel Writing Month. Some live by it, annually participating, while others are strongly opposed to it, and others still are indifferent. Entering November and drafting this year's NaNoWriMo project, I found myself processing why I return to this event year after year. And the short answer is: because I need to be reminded of the basics of how to be a writer.
Despite having gone through an MFA program, I still get disillusioned with the myths about being a writer. With each new project, I forget "how" to write, as each book has its own problems. I get frustrated and disappointed when I don't feel constantly inspired. I've found that for me, NaNoWriMo is a specific type of exercise that returns me to the realities of being a writer. Here are a few of the lessons that NaNoWriMo continues to teach and reteach me:
1. Come faithfully to the page
NaNoWriMo is not about writing a masterpiece in thirty days. It's about hitting a concrete goal of 50,000 words within a specific time limit. There is a range of strategies to accomplish this, but arguably the most successful one is to come faithfully to the page each day and write, on average, 1,600 words. Of course there are days where this isn't possible, but it reinforces the structure of prioritizing writing on a daily basis, and carving out dedicated time for writing. I find that during NaNoWriMo I have the most consistent writing schedule throughout the year, and that, over time, it has helped me cultivate that structure for myself during off-season drafting as well.
2. Trust in the process—words will come
I am not an outliner, so this means I usually come to each day of NaNoWriMo with dread and excitement, not knowing what will happen next. The reality of writing is that we can't wait for inspiration to come—we have to write the inspiration for ourselves. We can't rely on writing only when we feel "full" with an idea. My husband can attest to my constant complaints about feeling "uninspired" and "not knowing what to write." But November continues forward, whether I feel inspired or not, which reminds me to come to the page to see what happens. If we persist, the physical act of writing does bear fruit.
3. Concrete, attainable goals are helpful motivators
When I graduated from my MFA program in poetry and tried to return back to fiction, the task felt daunting. I had just spent three years writing poems no longer than a page—how was I supposed to go back to the daunting 50,000+ words of a novel? After I graduated, I tried NaNoWriMo again, a challenge I had stopped ever since I got married and life felt too chaotic for such a stringent goal. That said, the concrete goal of writing 1,600 words a day helped me to re-enter fiction a little less daunted. I returned to an old, long-abandoned project and gave it a new spin. Now, countless drafts later, that project is represented by a literary agent and out on submission.
4. Give room in the process for creative generation and interpretation
I never enter any new project with an outline. I only create an outline several drafts in, once I feel like I have a sense of what the story is doing and how I can mold that into a shape closer resembling the final product. When I have tried outlining in the past, I've either gotten bored (as if someone spoiled the ending to a movie for me) or repeatedly changed the direction of my book so many times that the outline couldn't keep up. For me, the combination of the fast-paced goals of NaNoWriMo with the lack of direction is both terrifying and incredibly helpful for my creativity. It demands that I don't procrastinate, trying to determine the "perfect" idea, but to allow my mind to play and generate a range of possibilities. During NaNoWriMo, I feel particularly encouraged to write down anything and everything. Sometimes, the bizarre garden paths I take become vital plot turns for my drafts. Limitations breed creativity, and I find that the time and word constraints of NaNoWriMo provide a landscape where anything is possible.
5. Creatively translate what constitutes "writing work time"
While I don't always hit my word count goals for NaNoWriMo, the season puts me in a state of high awareness to be thinking about my projects around the clock, and to consider how anything and everything can be used as fuel. I've found that when I'm unable to write, consuming a different type of storytelling medium can help me think about craft from a new angle and help push past "writer's block" or just pure tiredness from a busy week. I particularly find that the mechanical act of playing video games makes me think about storytelling in a new way. During downtime, I often play or watch playthroughs of walking simulators (examples include Dear Esther, Everyone's Gone to the Rapture, What Remains of Edith Finch), asking myself questions like: If I were to build a virtual model of my project's landscape, what would it look like? What would it feel like to traverse that space? What sort of objects might my character encounter, and what could those objects tell the character or reader about the world? Video games can convey worldbuilding and narrative information in a visceral way, avoiding exposition, which challenges me to think about how I can translate those properties into my own work on the page.
6. Community and accountability are critical
While writing is largely a solitary act, there's something to be said for the energy created when a collective writes together in the same space, all working toward the same goal. With NaNoWriMo's strict timeline, it makes the month of November a popular time for write-ins. I had never done write-ins before NaNoWriMo, but now find myself continuing the practice off-season, usually with one or two other close writer friends in a nearby cafe. I've come to appreciate the accountability these write-ins create. Even if I don't explicitly share a goal with my write-in peers, their presence motivates me to stay on task. When I have a difficult passage or logistical knot in my story, talking it out and getting ideas from my write-in peers can also be extremely valuable.
7. Don't look back
An easy habit to fall into when writing is to edit and perfect as you go along. NaNoWriMo reminds me that I have to keep pressing forward in those early drafts, even through logical errors and scenes at which I'm already cringing. I've found that as I write, I'll mark any concerns I have in comment bubbles, but then continue forward. I often find that if I can push myself through these difficult, cringe-worthy scenes, I come to a surprising revelation or interesting idea I wouldn't have discovered otherwise.
8. Write without ceasing
Finding the time to write in the everyday is difficult on its own, let alone with a pressing deadline looming overhead. NaNoWriMo reminds me to write without ceasing: to scribble ideas on napkins at restaurants, to carry a pocket notebook with me at all times, or to jot something down on my phone while waiting for the metro or in line at the grocery store. Last year, much of my NaNoWriMo project was written on my phone—and the lack of luxury to drag sections, or view the work as a whole, helped me greatly with pressing forward. We took a road trip to Syracuse, so I wrote on my phone in the car. I wrote while tabling at a convention in Syracuse. I wrote as we went to the local mall for food. I wrote on the way back. This way, the story was able to inhabit me in my daily everyday life, and I found that all the brief notes throughout the day quickly added up in the word count and kept me on track.
9. Brief periods of fast-paced writing generation can be very helpful
It's much easier to edit an existing piece than it is to create out of nothing. Words are like clay. A horrible draft is much better than an empty page. NaNoWriMo allows for a writer to expedite the empty page stage of a draft, giving them plenty of "clay" to work with in the future. Once I finish NaNoWriMo and return to the draft months later, most of it is garbage, but there are a few pieces of gold to be gleaned. The gold pieces are nice, but I also find great value in the garbage. The critical value in the garbage is that I am able to identify why I think it's garbage. I can usually begin to articulate what I don't want, which helps direct me for what I may perhaps want in the next draft. I have clay to work with: portions I can refit, scenes I can retry from a new angle, and perhaps a few ideas of directions to try this time around.
10. There are seasons in the writing life
I want to emphasize the brevity of NaNoWriMo. The intense energy put into NaNoWriMo is not necessarily sustainable year-round. I find that I work in spurts of creation (like NaNoWriMo), but these are interspersed with seasons of rest, writing in short form, and intense editing seasons. While it's easier to quantify progress during NaNoWriMo, this doesn't mean that the other seasons are not just as valuable and vital to the writing process. Particularly after NaNoWriMo, I am constantly humbled and reminded of my own limits. I may have a few months where all I can do is read and binge television shows, movies, and video games. However, this time isn't wasted, as these influences percolate and inform my writing the next time I return to the page.
There are lots of feelings about NaNoWriMo: some find it helpful, while others find it harmful. Ultimately, it's critical to acknowledge that NaNoWriMo is a tool. It is helpful for some jobs, and not for others. If it helps you accomplish your writing goals, great. If not, then don't use it. But if you decide to use it, remember to make it work for you.
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The Writer's Chronicle
The Writer's News
The Writer's Notebook

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
HIStory on Film, Volume II es una colección de vídeos musicales de Michael Jackson. Lanzado inicialmente por Buena Vista Home Video en VHS, en 1997, y luego en DVD el 2002.

Lista de canciones

Nota: El video remix es exclusivo de la versión en DVD. Las originales de VHS y VCD contienen un video para el "MJ Megaremix" de 1995 en su lugar, una de las cosas llamativas en este DVD es que está grabado de los dos lados como si fuera un LP.

DVD Uno
 Programme Start
 HIStory Teaser Trailer
 "Billie Jean" (Motown 25: Yesterday, Today and Forever)
 "Beat It"
 "Liberian Girl"
 "Smooth Criminal"
 1995 MTV Video Music Awards Performance
 "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" / "The Way You Make Me Feel" / "Scream" / "Beat It" / "Black or White" / "Billie Jean"
 "Dangerous"/"Smooth Criminal"/"Dangerous"
 "You Are Not Alone"
 "Thriller"

DVD Dos
 "Scream" (Dúo vocal con Michael Jackson y Janet Jackson)
 "Childhood" (Tema de "Free Willy 2")
 "You Are Not Alone"
 "Earth Song"
 "They Don't Care About Us"
 "Stranger in Moscow"
 "MJ Megaremix" (únicamente en el VHS)
 "Rock With You" / "Remember the Time" / "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" / "Billie Jean" / " Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" / "Black or White" / "Thriller"
 "Blood on the Dance Floor" (Refugee Camp Mix)
 Brace Yourself

Certificaciones

Notas

Videoálbumes de Michael Jackson
Videoálbumes de 2002

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I' m Dreaming Of a White Christmas – Some Ideas for a Piano Arrangement Because of the way the melody moves white as the song white begins – I' m Dreaming Of a White Christmas – we can use a technique knows as " parallel 10ths" for a beautiful cohesive sound as the song begins. Hymns 62- 96 in the LDS Hymn book all belong to the general theme " praise/ thanksgiving" christmas as well. Wurlitzer Organ White Christmas white Sheet Music Play- A- Chord / Standard Edition. Piano/ Vocal/ Guitar. Piano christmas guitar ( chords christmas white only) - Interactive Download By Irving Berlin, White white Christmas ( Musical), Rosemary Clooney, , The Beach Boys, voice , Frank Sinatra Bing Crosby. FREE printable resources for piano teachers including sheet music technique christmas sheets, theory , fun activities for students even custom sheet music is available! The free sheet music is provided for personal enjoyment only, not for resale purposes.
Download thousands of free vectors white christmas on Freepik, the finder with more than 3 millions free graphic resources. Free online preview. The free Christmas sheet music at the Sally DeFord Music website is for piano vocals and piano. You' ll find free Christmas sheet music like " Angels We Have Heard on High " , " " Good King Wenceslas, " " The First Noel much more. Broadway Musical/ Show, Film/ TV, Christmas Standards. Piano keys vector. Many of these carols christmas fun to play, songs are christmas energetic , white some of them are also beautiful! See the notes christmas listen to scores download sheet music online.
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Download over 22 choir, 000 piano sheet music pieces with free piano christmas sheet music plus full scores for violin, guitar blank sheet white music at SheetMusicArchive. Berlin - White Christmas Piano Sheet Music. Vintage Piano Sheet Music White Christmas By Irving Berlin. Christmas Sheet Music for Piano. Turn your home or piano teaching studio into a first- class music academy with these fun Hoffman Academy Music Learning christmas Resources.
By Piano sheet music library where you are guaranteed to find newest sheet music for piano & read for free. Big band charts Jamey Aebersold play alongs, standards, jazz combo charts fake books & more. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital Sheet Music ( HX. Christmas sheet music for piano - songs and music for beginner all the way through late intermediate ability.
Sheet Music Download is a site dedicated to all amateur music performers around the world, giving them the opportunity to download the sheet music for free for trial purposes. It' s completely free, have fun and don' t forget: If you like the piece of music you have just learned playing, treat the artist with respect, and go buy the original sheet music: this is the way to support them! Get Christmas piano sheet music notes and chords. Learn to play most popular holiday season songs in minutes. Bing Crosby White Christmas sheet music notes. Delivering music since 1876.


text:
WHATEVER BECAME OF THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH? Now it's the Commonwealth of Nations, a diverse group whose diplomats gather before international meetings to discuss issues and adopt informal positions. In the words of its secretary-general, it `helps the world negotiate.'
By David R. Francis Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
September 4, 1985 | London
Next month the heads of the Commonwealth of Nations will hold their biennial gathering in Nassau, the Bahamas.
Is this association -- whose main purpose is to foster cooperation among states currently or formerly affiliated with the British Crown -- an anachronism? Is it a remnant of an imperial age with little point in a world riven by East-West disputes, terrorism, and nuclear deterrence?
Sir Shridath Ramphal, secretary-general of the Commonwealth, thinks not. Interviewed in his office, once the sitting room of Queen Mary, Sir Shridath explained why.
How useful is the Commonwealth today?
I think it has become more useful and more relevant as it has devolved from the British Commonwealth to the Commonwealth, because that meant a shift from an Anglo-centric Commonwealth to a more realistic community of countries.
What has emerged is a grouping of [49] countries so diverse that their very variety is a source of strength. It is the fact that a group of different countries can work together in a habitual and broadly harmonious manner that makes it unique.
There is almost no process of harmonization taking place at the international level. In the Commonwealth we have a facility that allows a big sample of the international community a better chance of harmonizing views.
It is true that the Commonwealth cannot negotiate for the world; but it can help the world to negotiate. That is our primary responsibility now. We [also] have special obligations and responsibilities regarding cooperation among Commonwealth countries.
Can you give a couple of specific examples of where the Commonwealth has been useful?
Perhaps the most significant and recent of these developments is the work that a Commonwealth group of eight countries [set up in 1981] did in the context of international economic reform. What they have been attempting to do is to develop approaches to common policies in the areas of money and finance. I don't hesitate to claim that that work is a valid contribution despite the absence of any dramatic achievement on the international level because of two things.
First of all, I believe progress in these areas is going to be slow and by small steps. Second, because the Commonwealth is about the only group that now reaches across the divides of North and South and does any work together.
Is the United Nations too big?
The UN is so vast that nothing is happening. There is no discussion in the General Assembly. At the global level, the dialogue has virtually ended. Our job is to use the Commonwealth facility of bringing North-South views together and explore . . . . ways that stand some chance of commanding support on a global basis.
Can we look at some of these issues, one of them being South Africa, which is no longer a member of the Commonwealth?
That's right. It was expelled In 1961.
You have been a little bit vague in asking for economic sanctions. Are you actually advocating disinvestment, rather than no further investment?
I'm advocating that the Commonwealth should be in the vanguard of the movement for economic pressure on South Africa.
It should come through selective sanctions . . . not the comprehensive and mandatory sanctions for which African countries have been calling, but sanctions selected with a view to their effectiveness, and programmed so as to provide incentives for South Africa to start the process of real change.
The vast majority of Commonwealth countries voluntarily applies economic sanctions against South Africa. India was the very first many years ago. Canada and New Zealand, I believe, will go in the direction of the disinvestment process as this gets on the way in the United States.
What do you do about such places as Zimbabwe, which depends economically on South Africa?
I believe that if the world were to embark on a process of mandatory sanctions against South Africa, that those countries would all participate in them to the full. South Africa may take reprisals against them . . . . [but] that will not deter African countries.
I am curious as to what the Commonwealth did about the Idi Amin regime in Uganda?
The Commonwealth became the first intergovernmental institution in the world to speak out against Amin.
And in this it was breaking new ground, because here was a member state which was violating human rights on so massive a scale. The Commonwealth accepted my proposition that it should not be constrained by its usual and valid reluctance to meddle in internal affairs on the basis that when the abuse of human rights became as gross as it did become in Uganda, it ceased to be a matter of internal concern only. That was a very important step and one that I'm very proud of.
What do you feel about the invasion of Grenada by United States troops in 1983?
The Commonwealth spoke out very strongly about Grenada. I had to take issue at that time with some Caribbean Commonwealth countries who had been part of the Grenada intervention. [After the invasion] the Commonwealth would have liked to have seen, and indeed authorized, a Commonwealth peacekeeping force of a nonmilitary character to take the place of the military -- the American and Caribbean military.
I think the rest of the world would have been mightily relieved to see a civilian peacekeeping effort put together multilaterally. That at least would have replaced one little piece of militarism in the world.
The independence of Zimbabwe was another issue I wanted to raise.
Zimbabwe was in many ways the major success story of the Commonwealth.
US President Jimmy Carter claimed some success in Zimbabwe, too.
I'm not sure there is too much in that. The Americans did help me at a particular stage in the negotiations . . . . But Zimbabwe really was made possible -- and an end of the Rhodesian crisis was made possible -- because of the Commonwealth.
[British Prime Minister Margaret] Thatcher was brand new -- [it was] only months after she had been elected on . . . a pro-internal settlement manifesto. It was the Commonwealth that turned her away from that through a process of dialogue that [convinced Thatcher] that the way forward in Rhodesia was for Britain to act with Commonwealth support.
Well, we were nearly at breaking point on the question of land reform and the obligation to pay compensation to white farmers who lost part of their holdings, to facilitate a process of land distribution.
Everybody agreed that there should be such a process and the [Zimbabwean] Patriotic Front was not unwilling to accept a principle of compensation. But to leave it at that without providing the means for compensation would have been to frustrate land reform and would have been only to pay lip service to the idea.
And it was at this point that I called on Kingman Brewster who was Carter's ambassador in London and asked him to intervene with [Secretary of State Cyrus] Vance and Carter for American support for an agricultural development fund that would facilitate the process of land reform. Brewster got the concurrence of Vance and Carter to that within 48 hours, and my ability to convey to Nkomo and Mugabe [the] American commitment is what turned the scales on [the latters'] acceptance of that constitutional prov ision. And perhaps it is that that the American government rightly claims some credit for. [Note: Joshua Nkomo, opposition leader in Zimbabwe, then headed one of the two guerrilla groups fighting against the government of South Rhodesia; Robert Mugabe, now prime minister of Zimbabwe, was then leader of the other major group in the Patriotic Front; Zimbabwe was called Rhodesia before independence in 1980.]
First Look Former British colonies reflect on Harry and Meghan interview
First Look Indian prime minister joins Commonwealth boycott
First Look Could Britain move away from EU and toward the Commonwealth?
https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0904/zcommon-f.html


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It's been a while since we've covered something purely business related, but this topic is too big to ignore, and will likely cause some major…
Synch Song of the Week: Hozier's "Arsonist's Lullabye"
This time last year, just after SXSW 2014, we reflected on many of our favorite acts from the week long event including Ireland's mostly unheard…
Sally House To Be Featured Panelist On "Soon To Be Heard In A Major Motion Picture - Music & Film" Session During Sync Summit London, April 8th
Sally House, Executive Producer and Owner of The Hit House, will be a featured guest panelist on a session entitled "Soon to be Heard in…
MusicBusinessWorldwide: Why is Kobalt Getting In Bed With Google?
"Uber, the world's largest taxi company, owns no vehicles. Facebook, the world's most popular media owner, creates no content… And Airbnb, the world's largest accommodation…
NME: Major Labels Pressure License Negotiations with Spotify
The age of the internet has coined an entire jargon all of its own, one of the more recent buzzwords being "Freemium." Economics courses across…
Synch Moment of the Month: 2015 Jeep "Award Season Event" Commercial
Sure, you along with the other 114.4 million viewers saw Jeep's patriotic "Beautiful Land" Super Bowl commercial, but it pales in comparison to their latest…
THR: Hawaii Five-O Network in Deep Water Over Theme
A new piece by The Hollywood Reporter claims that the family of famed Hawaii Five-o composer is suing CBS for infringement on the current reincarnation…
Synch Song of the Week: Labrinth's "Let It Be"
This week's Synch Song comes from Brit producer-turned-talent, Labrinth. You might know him from his hit "Beneath Your Beautiful" featuring Emeli Sandé's killer pipes, or…
SynchTank -- SynchStories: Q&A with Dominic Griffin, VP Licensing Disney Music Group
Digital music/video assets management specialists SynchTank have a good thing going with their "Synch Stories" series. Don't miss Part 1 of their interview with Dominic…
Fifty Shades Of Grey: Post-Release Recap
At the beginning of the year we shared the highly anticipated Fifty Shades Of Grey soundtrack tracklist, but now — given the film's unprecedented success…
Award-Winning Blind Georgia Recording Artist Joey Stuckey's Song "Blind Man Drivin'" Chosen As U.K. Conference Theme
Joey Stuckey, Macon's music ambassador (and SongHunters provider), will be traveling to London for a 10 day tour very soon. The tour will include a…
Warner/Chappell Production Music Launches Innovative Artist Series Catalog With First Release, Peter Frampton's "Hummingbird In A Box"
Warner/Chappell Production Music, Warner Music Group's production music arm, today launches its innovative new Artist Series with its first offering, Grammy-winner Peter Frampton's "Hummingbird in…
The Oscars: MSC's Reviews & Predictions
This year's Academy Awards' nominees are littered with controversy; from fake babies and taboo narratives to mental illness and sound-mix problems, winner predictions are all…
Global Indie Music Publishing Company HoriPro Entertainment Group And L.A.-Based Sync and Marketing Firm MediaHorse Form Strategic Partnership
Global Indie Music Publishing Company HoriPro Entertainment Group And L.A.-Based Sync and Marketing Firm MediaHorse Form Strategic Partnership - MediaHorse to Now Rep Classic, Hit…
Tkay Maidza's "U-Huh"
This week's sync song of the week is refreshing and for once a commercial rap track by Australian talent Tkay Maidza. The energetic and driven…
Introducing "Over Re:Action", The Latest Action Library From The Hit House
The Hit House has announced the release of its latest new action library, "OVER RE:ACTION," yet another deep collection of bold, intensely dramatic cues, from…
Billboard: Top 50 Movie Songs of All Time
Music has long been an integral part of storytelling and thereby filmmaking; it is often a film's defining theme song that then becomes a generational…
57th GRAMMY Awards Recap
So Music's Biggest Night has come and gone, and now everyone who binge dieted to fit into Grammy outfits can pick up an In-N-Out on…
Bea Miller's "Young Blood"
Simon Cowell strikes again. This week's sync track comes from newcomer Bea Miller, who is probably best known for coming in ninth place on season…
Super Bowl Synchs – The Final Word from MusicSupervisionCentral's Staffers!
The numbers are in! Super Bowl XLIX was the most-watched television program in history, as per Nielsen: 114.4 million people were glued to the matchup…
Billboard: Super Bowl 49 Music Reaches New Heights
If you say music and Super Bowl in the same sentence, most people immediately jump to highly publicized halftime performances and Whitney Houston's flawless rendition…
The Tiger In The Room: Katy Perry & The Halftime Show
Halftime shows have long reigned as some of the most seminal performances of artists' careers. Some so momentous that they have been immortalized and will continue to…
The Hit House Creates Hard-Hitting & Powerful Music & Sound Design To Help Launch 2015 Lexus NX Campaign On Behalf Of Team One Advertising
The Hit House has created and produced original music and sound design for the newly launched Lexus NX advertising campaign on behalf of client Team…
THR: '12 Years a Slave' Draws Copyright Lawsuit Over Hans Zimmer Soundtrack
Composer Richard Friedman has demanded an injunction over the Oscar-winning film 12 Years a Slave that goes beyond intellectual property theft. The lawsuit is targeting…
Fox's Empire: Platinum record or bust?
If you're interested in or work in the music business, you've likely had every outsider you know asking for your thoughts on Fox TV's new…
5th Annual Guild of Music Supervisors Award Winners
This Wednesday, at the Mack Sennett Studios in Hollywood, the Guild of Music Supervisors gathered for their 5th annual awards night. The ceremony celebrates the…
Sunday, 18 January 2015 15:33
Hypebot: Royalty Exchange Launches ARIA Providing Royalty Insights at Light Speed
Introducing Accelerating Royalty Insights with Analytics, also known as ARIA, Royalty Exchange's online tool that allows publishers, songwriters, and artists to calculate how much streaming…
DPE: NBC Developing Dolly Parton TV Movies
A press release has been posted on Dolly Parton's website announcing her deal with NBC. The network will develop a slate of two-hour movies with…
"I am one of the top mixers and producers in the country and have had years of experience in the music and associated businesses.
My company licenses songs and seeks songs to be licensed for films, TV and Commercials and thus I have worked with many people in the licensing industry and discovered there is a wide range and degree of service and quality when you seek songs.
In my experience, I have found that The SongHunters exhibit a real knack at delivering the right songs and offering a wide range of music in all areas to choose from.
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—John Luongo
John Luongo President/CEO - Trecter Entertainment, LLC
Worldwide Exclusive Representation of Gearhead Records
A division of John Luongo Management, LLC
John Luongo Signature Sounds ©John Luongo Music
John Luongo Management Recordings
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Divisions of John Luongo Management, LLC
Twitter: @luongojohn


Humanities Institute, a 501 (c) 3 non-profit foundation was established in 2005 to promote education and research in the field of Humanities. The Humanities Institute is located in California and actively looking for gifted and committed researchers and graduate students. Our experienced faculty specializes in the field of the comparative Humanities.
Our mission is to promote understanding and harmony among the peoples of different cultures of the world, through scholarly study and research into the Literature and Humanities of different cultures. HI aims to provide high-quality humanities education free of charge. HI courses are taught by HI by Ph.D.-credentialed experts who work one-on-one with students.
To provide support for the study of the humanities, HI is offering Predoctoral fellowships up to $30,000 per candidate, given successful completion of courses over the 2-year fellowship period.
Over the years, HI has developed an extensive array of courses, articles, and studies written and developed by experts and commissioned directly by HI for the purposes of developing a unique body of knowledge. HI also has developed high quality courses and certificates with lesson plans and assessments. At this time there are more than five thousand articles in our 23 encyclopedias, all authored by accomplished scholars in their fields. Access will be given free of charge to all registered students, faculty and staff of the Humanities Institute.


Introducing Nova in its best ever avatar - NOVA PLATINA. With their magnificent Chrome plating, awe-inspiring never-before seen finish and perfectly tapered tips, these needles will take your knitting experience to another level! Platinas are light in weight.
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Robin Savinar, UCD sociology graduate student, used an on-line survey to obtain employment history, visa history, and demographic information on 683 foreign- and US-born workers in order to determine how beginning to work in an outsourcing firm affected earnings and job quality over time, that is, she collected data in 2016 to construct a longitudinal picture of earnings and job mobility.
A subsample of 113 current H-1B holders employed by outsourcers and 178 direct-hire H-1B visa holders, almost all India's, was examined. Almost half of the direct hires, versus a quarter of the outsourcer employees were previously foreign students with F-visas, and over half of the drect hires, but only a quarter of the outsourcer employees, earned their highest degree in the US.
Savinar found that those whose first job was with outsourcers did not have a persisting earnings disadvantage, but did have more precarious jobs.
This page was last updated on October 10, 2017.


The paper discusses the intellectual roots and development of market-oriented agrarian economics in the USSR in the post-Stalinist period. The author argues that the rehabilitation of the law of value and commodity-money relations in the 1950s influenced the formation of a group of agrarian economists at the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences. During the "plan-market debate" in the mid-1960s, these economists became public intellectuals and managed to use central Party newspapers as their rostrum. Despite being 'defeated' by administrative power, their economic agenda resurfaced during Perestroika. The author also analyses the writings of conservative economists explaining the intellectual reasons for their strong support for central planning.


text:
Jamil Abdul-Wahab Abdul-Razzaq (born 1913 in Baghdad, died 1973 in Beirut) was an Iraqi lawyer, judge and politician. He held various ministerial positions during the monarchy in Iraq, where he held the posts of Minister of Education, Minister of Social Affairs and Minister of Justice.

Education and career
He completed his primary and secondary studies in Baghdad, entered the law school and graduated in 1931. He practiced the judiciary in 1933, but he left the judiciary to practice law and politics. He was elected as a deputy for the Diyala Brigade in 1940 and 1943, and he was elected as a barrister for lawyers twice in 1943 and then in 1944. He held the position of Captain of Lawyers in 1946 succeeding Najib al-Rawi, but Najib al-Rawi was back to the position of Captain before the end of the year when Jamil Abdel-Wahab held the position of Minister in the ninth ministry of Nuri Al-Said.

He was also appointed ambassador to Iraq in Beirut in 1955, and was the last minister of justice in the royal era.

He disappeared from view after the 1958 Iraqi Military Coup until he fled to Lebanon, and he died in London in 1973.

References

Education ministers of Iraq
Iraqi politicians
20th-century Iraqi judges
1913 births
1973 deaths
Iraqi emigrants to Lebanon


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Please note due to the poor security situation in Kaduna this office will cease to operate from June 30th, 2012. All clients should call local manager or numbers below.
*Note local administration and membership charges apply.


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It doesn't matter if you live in downtown Los Angeles apartments or any other part of LA, because you're probably looking forward to the Eastside Food Festival, which will be here before you know it. This interesting and exhilarating event is entering into its fifth year, so you should expect the festival planners to go all out and hold nothing back during this wonderful afternoon occurrence.
People come from far and wide throughout Los Angeles County and other communities to attend this entertaining food festival. It's truly an amazing experience that you and your friends, family members, coworkers, and neighbors are definitely going to appreciate.
What else are you going to do on a Sunday near the end of October? Some of you might prefer to stay home and watch football. And there's absolutely nothing wrong with that. But once the Rams, Raiders, or Chargers game is over, you should head over to the festival to see what all of the hype and hoopla is about.
This festival is one that you do not want to miss. Obviously there's going to be plenty to eat while you're here, and you'll get to immerse yourself in some of the best and tastiest food that top Eastside restaurants in LA have to offer. There's also going to be music, dancing, DJs, prizes, raffles, and much more. We'll fill you in on all of the details below so stick with us to discover the truth.
Where and When Is the 5th Annual Eastside Food Festival Being Hosted This Year?
This year the Eastside Food Festival is going to be held on October 21, 2018. The venue of the event is called Mack Sennett Studios, which is a brilliant place to host this entertaining experience that the diverse peoples of Eastside LA neighborhoods are truly going to love.
The VIP hour begins from 3 PM to 4 PM, so if you are going as a VIP member, remember to get there an hour earlier because you do not want to miss your extra special treatment since you made the effort to be a very important person.
Everyone else should show up to the event at 4 PM because that's when general admission begins. The festival of food and fun will end at 7 PM. So in total, the event is between 3 to 4 hours, depending on the ticket you bought.
How Much Are Tickets to Enter the 5th Annual Eastside Food Festival?
The price of tickets varies depending on your level of participation. So there are actually three different price points to tell you about, and if you buy your tickets online before September 21, you can actually get a $10 off early bird discount. So that's something you definitely want to keep in mind if you plan to attend the festivities.
As mentioned, tickets can be purchased at three different levels depending on your needs, wants, and desires. If you plan on going to the event and you are a non-drinker, you can get an advanced ticket for $54. If you do not want VIP tickets, you can get a general admission early bird ticket for $59. And if you want the VIP treatment, you can get an early bird VIP ticket right now for $85. Remember the early bird pricing ends on September 21, so do not hesitate to purchase your tickets in advance if you're looking to save money.
Last but certainly not least, if you do purchase your tickets after September 21, 2018, please keep in mind that the price of tickets will go up by $10. So the non-drinker ticket costs $64 instead of $54 if you do not purchase it within the advanced ticket window. The general admission ticket jumps from $59 to $69 if you purchase it on September 22 or later. And the VIP ticket gets pumped up from $85 to $95 if you do not buy the ticket in advance.
Most important of all, if you wait till the very last minute and buy your tickets at the door, they are going to cost an additional $10. So the VIP ticket becomes $105 and the general admission ticket costs $79 if you were to purchase it at the door. The price of the non-drinker ticket will remain the same at $64.
What Kinds of Exhilarating Things Can I Expect to Happen at the 5th Annual Eastside Food Festival in 2018?
Some of you are probably wondering what to expect at the Eastside Food Festival this year. The 3 to 4 hour event is truly going to be amazing. They plan on having delicious food from 35 amazing restaurants and celebrity chefs in the community. They will also have demonstrations, discussion panels, podcasts, live standup comedy acts, live music, and more.
Let's take the Echo Echo Music Stage as an example. This is going to be a brand new experience for the Eastside Food Festival this year. The stage makes it possible for live musical acts and industry artists to perform their greatest hits on the stage.
All of the artists are going to come from the local Los Angeles music scene, so you can expect a diverse array of music that everyone can appreciate. There will be electronic, hip-hop, rock, R&B, and many other styles of music represented as well. So if you love going to events for the live music, then you're definitely going to be in for a big treat this year because the amazing performers curated by Echo Echo Wine will definitely make this day much more thrilling and enjoyable.


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text:
Mens Prospects	 April 14, 2017 May 13, 2019
Top 5 Players to Watch at the U18s
Dominik Pas
The biggest return is Dominik Pas. He is a goal scoring machine. He scored 10 goals at the u18s last year.
He had 26 points in 44 PHL Games as a 17-year-old. Pas finished second in points for u20 players and first in points per game. Without a doubt, Pas is going to be a great player and will be a leader on this team
Dominik Olszewski
Olszewski is also returning. At last year's U18s, he 10 points in 5 games. He spent year the year in the USPHL and with various Polish clubs and national teams. Olszewski is one of the best prospects in all of Polish hockey
Pawel Oblonski
Oblonski is making his national team debut at this year's u18s. He is also the oldest player on team Poland. He spent the season Borlänge HF J20, who play in the second best Sweden u20 league. In 14 games, he had 17 points.
Damian Tyczynski
Tyczynski is also making his national team debut. The 17-year-old forward will also be able to come back for next year's u18s. Tyczynski has played this year with HK Spisska Nova Ves U18.
HK Spisska Nova Ves U18 plays in the Slovakia u18 league. Tyczynski finished 4th in the league for points and 5th in points per game. Tyczynski would also get a game in with HK Spisska Nova Ves' u20 team.
Adam Kiedewicz
Kiedewicz is also making his national team debut and is eligible for next year. He spent this year in the German Development League or DNL. The DNL is the best level of junior hockey in Germany.
In 37 games, Kiedewicz posted 4 goals and 3 assists. His team, Kölner EC U19, won the bronze medal game in the playoffs. Expect Kiedewicz to have a better statistical year next season.
End of Year Update on Polish Prospects
October North American Prospects Update.


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text:
package org.bbs.felix;

import android.app.Application;

public class App extends Application{
	@Override
	public void onCreate() {
		super.onCreate();
		initFelix();
	}

	private void initFelix() {
		FelixWrapper.getInstance(this);

		// simulate init osgi is time-consuming
		try {
			Thread.sleep(0 * 1000);
		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}
}


This chapter covered a great deal of material as it examined what you need to know to understand the basics of GNU and Unix commands. All the following chapters assume that you understand the tools and utilities discussed here and will build upon them. The next chapter looks at the Linux filesystem.


text:
Watkins Woolen Mill State Historic Site
Dr. Edmund A. Babler Memorial State Park
Mastodon State Historic Site
Rock Bridge Memorial State Park
Edward "Ted" and Pat Jones-Confluence Point State Park
8/8/2020 | First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site | St. Charles, MO
The public is invited to an informational meeting to share comments about First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site and its operations. Staff from the historic site will be on hand to provide information and answer questions about the site.
MEETING LOCATION: Visitor center
Input from the public is important to Missouri State Parks. These informational meetings, which are being held in all state parks and historic sites, help create a two-way communication with the public. The meetings give staff the opportunity to let people know the current status and future plans for the site, and they offer visitors the opportunity to comment on the facilities.
200 South Main Street, St. Charles, MO | (636) 940-3322


If you're anything like us, you can probably sink hours into your favourite games – fourteen thousand hours on Red Dead Redemption 2, anyone?
So it's bad news for your concentration levels and general productivity: one of the biggest and best games out there is soon going to be available on your mobile phone. Good for tube journeys; bad for getting anything done ever again or maintaining even the most basic of human relationships.
Call of Duty: Mobile is open to pre-registration now – Activision describe it as free to download but not free to play, so there's a chance you might have to pay to play.
According to games site XDA Developers, the game will be a "standalone title in the CoD universe" and those who pre-register will probably get access to pre-launch Betas.
In its current beta mode, the game has loads of features that you might be familiar with if you've played the game on console. Free4All, Search & Destroy, Team Deathmatch and Frontline were all there, as well as a "zombie mode for bot-based singleplayer".
XDA Developers also found that you could play as iconic characters from previous Call of Duty games and "customise your character and weapons using the in game currency" – which is probably where you're going to have to cough up.
"Are you ready to experience intense firefights across iconic Call of Duty maps like Nuketown, Crash, and Hijacked on your mobile device?" Activision wrote in its press release announcing the game. "Want to play Team Deathmatch, Search and Destroy, Free-for-All, and other fan-favourite gameplay modes while you're on the go?
"Call of Duty: Mobile is set to deliver the definitive first-person action experience to mobile gamers featuring an epic online multiplayer action pitting players in head-to-head competitive confrontations.