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Project acronym ASA
Project Understanding Statehood through Architecture: a comparative study of Africa's state buildings
Researcher (PI) Julia Catherine GALLAGHER
Host Institution (HI) SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES ROYAL CHARTER
Summary The project will develop a new ethnography of statehood through architecture. It goes beyond conventional approaches to statehood, which describe states as an objectively existing set of tools used to run a country, and critical approaches that understand them as discursive constructs. Instead, this research understands statehood as a result of the relationship between functions and symbols, and will read it through an innovative new methodology, namely a study of state architecture. The study will focus on state buildings in Africa. African statehood, uncertain and often ambiguous, in many cases profoundly shaped by colonial heritages and post-colonial relationships, is reflected in classical-colonial, modernist-nationalist and post-modern or vernacular styles of architecture. African state buildings reveal the complex interplay of ideas, activities and relationships that together constitute an often uncomfortable statehood. They symbolise the state, embodying and projecting ideas of it through their aesthetics; they enable its concrete functions and processes; and they reveal what citizens think about the state in the ways they describe and negotiate them. The study is comparative, multi-layered and interdisciplinary. It focuses on seven countries (South Africa, Tanzania, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea Bissau), exploring politics and statehood on domestic, regional and international levels, and drawing on theory and methods from political science, history, sociology, art and architecture theory. It employs innovative ethnographic methods, including the collection and display of photographs in interactive exhibitions staged in Africa to explore the ways citizens think about and use state buildings. This project will provide an innovative reading of how African statehood is expressed and how it looks and feels to African citizens. In doing this, it will make a distinctive new contribution to understanding how statehood works everywhere.
The project will develop a new ethnography of statehood through architecture. It goes beyond conventional approaches to statehood, which describe states as an objectively existing set of tools used to run a country, and critical approaches that understand them as discursive constructs. Instead, this research understands statehood as a result of the relationship between functions and symbols, and will read it through an innovative new methodology, namely a study of state architecture. The study will focus on state buildings in Africa. African statehood, uncertain and often ambiguous, in many cases profoundly shaped by colonial heritages and post-colonial relationships, is reflected in classical-colonial, modernist-nationalist and post-modern or vernacular styles of architecture. African state buildings reveal the complex interplay of ideas, activities and relationships that together constitute an often uncomfortable statehood. They symbolise the state, embodying and projecting ideas of it through their aesthetics; they enable its concrete functions and processes; and they reveal what citizens think about the state in the ways they describe and negotiate them. The study is comparative, multi-layered and interdisciplinary. It focuses on seven countries (South Africa, Tanzania, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea Bissau), exploring politics and statehood on domestic, regional and international levels, and drawing on theory and methods from political science, history, sociology, art and architecture theory. It employs innovative ethnographic methods, including the collection and display of photographs in interactive exhibitions staged in Africa to explore the ways citizens think about and use state buildings. This project will provide an innovative reading of how African statehood is expressed and how it looks and feels to African citizens. In doing this, it will make a distinctive new contribution to understanding how statehood works everywhere.
Project acronym ASIAPAST
Project From herds to empire: Biomolecular and zooarchaeological investigations of mobile pastoralism in the ancient Eurasian steppe
Researcher (PI) Cheryl Ann Makarewicz
Host Institution (HI) CHRISTIAN-ALBRECHTS-UNIVERSITAET ZU KIEL
Summary The emergence of mobile pastoralism in the Eurasian steppe five thousand years ago marked a unique transformation in human lifeways where, for the first time, people relied almost exclusively on herd animals of sheep, goat, cattle, and horses for sustenance and as symbols. Mobile pastoralism also generated altogether new forms of socio-political organization exceptional to the steppe that ultimately laid the foundation for nomadic states and empires. However, there remain striking gaps in our knowledge of how the pastoralist niche spread and evolved across Eurasia in the past and influenced cultural trajectories that frame the human-herd systems of today. Little is known about the scale of pastoralist movements connected with the initial translocation of domesticated animals, how mobility became embedded in pastoralist life, or how movement contributed to the formation of sophisticated political networks. There is a poor understanding of the character of herd animal husbandry strategies that were central to pastoralist subsistence and how these co-evolved alongside pastoralist dietary intake and ritual use of herd animals. We have a remarkably poor understanding of what pastoralists ate, especially the dietary contribution of dairy products - the quintessential dietary cornerstone food of pastoralist societies. ASIAPAST addresses these gaps through a biomolecular approach that recovers the dietary and mobility histories of pastoralists and their animals recorded in bones, teeth, and pottery. This project pairs these methods to detailed analyses of the economic and symbolic use of herd animals preserved in zooarchaeological archives. These investigations draw from materials obtained from key sites that capture the transition to mobile pastoralism, its intensification, and emergence of trans-regional political structures located across the culturally connected regions of Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan.
The emergence of mobile pastoralism in the Eurasian steppe five thousand years ago marked a unique transformation in human lifeways where, for the first time, people relied almost exclusively on herd animals of sheep, goat, cattle, and horses for sustenance and as symbols. Mobile pastoralism also generated altogether new forms of socio-political organization exceptional to the steppe that ultimately laid the foundation for nomadic states and empires. However, there remain striking gaps in our knowledge of how the pastoralist niche spread and evolved across Eurasia in the past and influenced cultural trajectories that frame the human-herd systems of today. Little is known about the scale of pastoralist movements connected with the initial translocation of domesticated animals, how mobility became embedded in pastoralist life, or how movement contributed to the formation of sophisticated political networks. There is a poor understanding of the character of herd animal husbandry strategies that were central to pastoralist subsistence and how these co-evolved alongside pastoralist dietary intake and ritual use of herd animals. We have a remarkably poor understanding of what pastoralists ate, especially the dietary contribution of dairy products - the quintessential dietary cornerstone food of pastoralist societies. ASIAPAST addresses these gaps through a biomolecular approach that recovers the dietary and mobility histories of pastoralists and their animals recorded in bones, teeth, and pottery. This project pairs these methods to detailed analyses of the economic and symbolic use of herd animals preserved in zooarchaeological archives. These investigations draw from materials obtained from key sites that capture the transition to mobile pastoralism, its intensification, and emergence of trans-regional political structures located across the culturally connected regions of Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan.
Project acronym ASIBIA
Project Arctic sea ice, biogeochemistry and impacts on the atmosphere: Past, present, future
Researcher (PI) Roland Von Glasow
Host Institution (HI) UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA
Summary The Arctic Ocean is a vast expanse of sea ice. Most of it is snow covered as are large continental regions for about half of the year. However, Global Change is arguably greatest in the Arctic, where temperatures have risen more than anywhere else in the last few decades. New record lows occurred in snow extent in June 2012 and sea ice extent in September 2012. Many observations show that widespread and sustained change is occurring in the Arctic driving this unique environmental system into a new state. This project focuses on the biogeochemical links between sea ice and snow and the composition and chemistry of the troposphere (the lowest ~10km of the atmosphere). This is an important topic because the concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosol particles, which scatter sunlight directly and influence cloud properties, play key roles for our climate. Additionally, changes in the composition of the troposphere also affect the so-called oxidation capacity, the capability of the atmosphere to cleanse itself from pollutants. This project aims to deliver a step change improvement in our quantitative understanding of chemical exchanges between ocean, sea ice, snow and the atmosphere in polar regions, especially the Arctic and of Arctic tropospheric chemistry. Answering these fundamental questions is essential to predict future change in the Arctic and globally. To this end a unique sea ice chamber will be constructed in the laboratory and used to quantify exchange processes in sea ice. Furthermore a hierarchy of numerical models will be used, operating at different spatial and temporal scales and degree of process description from a very detailed 1D to a global Earth System model. This will allow a breakthrough in our understanding of the importance of the changes for the composition and oxidation capacity of the atmosphere and climate and will allow us to calculate adjusted Greenhouse Warming Potentials that include these processes.
The Arctic Ocean is a vast expanse of sea ice. Most of it is snow covered as are large continental regions for about half of the year. However, Global Change is arguably greatest in the Arctic, where temperatures have risen more than anywhere else in the last few decades. New record lows occurred in snow extent in June 2012 and sea ice extent in September 2012. Many observations show that widespread and sustained change is occurring in the Arctic driving this unique environmental system into a new state. This project focuses on the biogeochemical links between sea ice and snow and the composition and chemistry of the troposphere (the lowest ~10km of the atmosphere). This is an important topic because the concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosol particles, which scatter sunlight directly and influence cloud properties, play key roles for our climate. Additionally, changes in the composition of the troposphere also affect the so-called oxidation capacity, the capability of the atmosphere to cleanse itself from pollutants. This project aims to deliver a step change improvement in our quantitative understanding of chemical exchanges between ocean, sea ice, snow and the atmosphere in polar regions, especially the Arctic and of Arctic tropospheric chemistry. Answering these fundamental questions is essential to predict future change in the Arctic and globally. To this end a unique sea ice chamber will be constructed in the laboratory and used to quantify exchange processes in sea ice. Furthermore a hierarchy of numerical models will be used, operating at different spatial and temporal scales and degree of process description from a very detailed 1D to a global Earth System model. This will allow a breakthrough in our understanding of the importance of the changes for the composition and oxidation capacity of the atmosphere and climate and will allow us to calculate adjusted Greenhouse Warming Potentials that include these processes.
Project acronym ASICA
Project New constraints on the Amazonian carbon balance from airborne observations of the stable isotopes of CO2
Researcher (PI) Wouter Peters
Host Institution (HI) WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY
Summary Severe droughts in Amazonia in 2005 and 2010 caused widespread loss of carbon from the terrestrial biosphere. This loss, almost twice the annual fossil fuel CO2 emissions in the EU, suggests a large sensitivity of the Amazonian carbon balance to a predicted more intense drought regime in the next decades. This is a dangerous inference though, as there is no scientific consensus on the most basic metrics of Amazonian carbon exchange: the gross primary production (GPP) and its response to moisture deficits in the soil and atmosphere. Measuring them on scales that span the whole Amazon forest was thus far impossible, but in this project I aim to deliver the first observation-based estimate of pan-Amazonian GPP and its drought induced variations. My program builds on two recent breakthroughs in our use of stable isotopes (13C, 17O, 18O) in atmospheric CO2: (1) Our discovery that observed δ¹³C in CO2 in the atmosphere is a quantitative measure for vegetation water-use efficiency over millions of square kilometers, integrating the drought response of individual plants. (2) The possibility to precisely measure the relative ratios of 18O/16O and 17O/16O in CO2, called Δ17O. Anomalous Δ17O values are present in air coming down from the stratosphere, but this anomaly is removed upon contact of CO2 with leaf water inside plant stomata. Hence, observed Δ17O values depend directly on the magnitude of GPP. Both δ¹³C and Δ17O measurements are scarce over the Amazon-basin, and I propose more than 7000 new measurements leveraging an established aircraft monitoring program in Brazil. Quantitative interpretation of these observations will break new ground in our use of stable isotopes to understand climate variations, and is facilitated by our renowned numerical modeling system "CarbonTracker". My program will answer two burning question in carbon cycle science today: (a) What is the magnitude of GPP in Amazonia? And (b) How does it vary over different intensities of drought?
Severe droughts in Amazonia in 2005 and 2010 caused widespread loss of carbon from the terrestrial biosphere. This loss, almost twice the annual fossil fuel CO2 emissions in the EU, suggests a large sensitivity of the Amazonian carbon balance to a predicted more intense drought regime in the next decades. This is a dangerous inference though, as there is no scientific consensus on the most basic metrics of Amazonian carbon exchange: the gross primary production (GPP) and its response to moisture deficits in the soil and atmosphere. Measuring them on scales that span the whole Amazon forest was thus far impossible, but in this project I aim to deliver the first observation-based estimate of pan-Amazonian GPP and its drought induced variations. My program builds on two recent breakthroughs in our use of stable isotopes (13C, 17O, 18O) in atmospheric CO2: (1) Our discovery that observed δ¹³C in CO2 in the atmosphere is a quantitative measure for vegetation water-use efficiency over millions of square kilometers, integrating the drought response of individual plants. (2) The possibility to precisely measure the relative ratios of 18O/16O and 17O/16O in CO2, called Δ17O. Anomalous Δ17O values are present in air coming down from the stratosphere, but this anomaly is removed upon contact of CO2 with leaf water inside plant stomata. Hence, observed Δ17O values depend directly on the magnitude of GPP. Both δ¹³C and Δ17O measurements are scarce over the Amazon-basin, and I propose more than 7000 new measurements leveraging an established aircraft monitoring program in Brazil. Quantitative interpretation of these observations will break new ground in our use of stable isotopes to understand climate variations, and is facilitated by our renowned numerical modeling system "CarbonTracker". My program will answer two burning question in carbon cycle science today: (a) What is the magnitude of GPP in Amazonia? And (b) How does it vary over different intensities of drought?
Project acronym ASSESS
Project Episodic Mass Loss in the Most Massive Stars: Key to Understanding the Explosive Early Universe
Researcher (PI) Alceste BONANOS
Host Institution (HI) NATIONAL OBSERVATORY OF ATHENS
Summary Massive stars dominate their surroundings during their short lifetimes, while their explosive deaths impact the chemical evolution and spatial cohesion of their hosts. After birth, their evolution is largely dictated by their ability to remove layers of hydrogen from their envelopes. Multiple lines of evidence are pointing to violent, episodic mass-loss events being responsible for removing a large part of the massive stellar envelope, especially in low-metallicity galaxies. Episodic mass loss, however, is not understood theoretically, neither accounted for in state-of-the-art models of stellar evolution, which has far-reaching consequences for many areas of astronomy. We aim to determine whether episodic mass loss is a dominant process in the evolution of the most massive stars by conducting the first extensive, multi-wavelength survey of evolved massive stars in the nearby Universe. The project hinges on the fact that mass-losing stars form dust and are bright in the mid-infrared. We plan to (i) derive physical parameters of a large sample of dusty, evolved targets and estimate the amount of ejected mass, (ii) constrain evolutionary models, (iii) quantify the duration and frequency of episodic mass loss as a function of metallicity. The approach involves applying machine-learning algorithms to existing multi-band and time-series photometry of luminous sources in ~25 nearby galaxies. Dusty, luminous evolved massive stars will thus be automatically classified and follow-up spectroscopy will be obtained for selected targets. Atmospheric and SED modeling will yield parameters and estimates of time-dependent mass loss for ~1000 luminous stars. The emerging trend for the ubiquity of episodic mass loss, if confirmed, will be key to understanding the explosive early Universe and will have profound consequences for low-metallicity stars, reionization, and the chemical evolution of galaxies.
Massive stars dominate their surroundings during their short lifetimes, while their explosive deaths impact the chemical evolution and spatial cohesion of their hosts. After birth, their evolution is largely dictated by their ability to remove layers of hydrogen from their envelopes. Multiple lines of evidence are pointing to violent, episodic mass-loss events being responsible for removing a large part of the massive stellar envelope, especially in low-metallicity galaxies. Episodic mass loss, however, is not understood theoretically, neither accounted for in state-of-the-art models of stellar evolution, which has far-reaching consequences for many areas of astronomy. We aim to determine whether episodic mass loss is a dominant process in the evolution of the most massive stars by conducting the first extensive, multi-wavelength survey of evolved massive stars in the nearby Universe. The project hinges on the fact that mass-losing stars form dust and are bright in the mid-infrared. We plan to (i) derive physical parameters of a large sample of dusty, evolved targets and estimate the amount of ejected mass, (ii) constrain evolutionary models, (iii) quantify the duration and frequency of episodic mass loss as a function of metallicity. The approach involves applying machine-learning algorithms to existing multi-band and time-series photometry of luminous sources in ~25 nearby galaxies. Dusty, luminous evolved massive stars will thus be automatically classified and follow-up spectroscopy will be obtained for selected targets. Atmospheric and SED modeling will yield parameters and estimates of time-dependent mass loss for ~1000 luminous stars. The emerging trend for the ubiquity of episodic mass loss, if confirmed, will be key to understanding the explosive early Universe and will have profound consequences for low-metallicity stars, reionization, and the chemical evolution of galaxies.
Project acronym ASSIMILES
Project Advanced Spectroscopy and Spectrometry for Imaging Metabolism using Isotopically-Labeled Endogenous Substrates
Researcher (PI) Arnaud Comment
Host Institution (HI) THE CHANCELLOR MASTERS AND SCHOLARS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
Call Details Consolidator Grant (CoG), PE4, ERC-2015-CoG
Summary A technological revolution is currently taking place making it possible to noninvasively study metabolism in mammals (incl. humans) in vivo with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution. Central to these developments is the phenomenon of hyperpolarization, which transiently enhances the magnetic resonance (MR) signals so much that real-time metabolic imaging and spectroscopy becomes possible. The first clinical translation of hyperpolarization MR technology has recently been demonstrated with prostate cancer patients. I have played an active role in these exciting developments, through design and construction of hyperpolarization MR setups that are defining the cutting-edge for in vivo preclinical metabolic studies. However, important obstacles still exist for the technology to fulfill its enormous potential. With this highly interdisciplinary proposal, I will overcome the principal drawbacks of current hyperpolarization technology, namely: 1) A limited time window for hyperpolarized MR detection; 2) The conventional use of potentially toxic polarizing agents; 3) The necessity to use supra-physiological doses of metabolic substrates to reach detectable MR signal I will develop a novel hyperpolarization instrument making use of photoexcited compounds as polarizing agents to produce hyperpolarized solutions containing exclusively endogenous compounds. It will become possible to deliver hyperpolarized solutions in a quasi-continuous manner, permitting infusion of physiological doses and greatly increasing sensitivity. I will also use a complementary isotope imaging technique, the so-called CryoNanoSIMS (developed at my institution over the last year), which can image isotopic distributions in frozen tissue sections and reveal the localization of injected substrates and their metabolites with subcellular spatial resolution. Case studies will include liver and brain cancer mouse models. This work is pioneering and will create a new frontier in molecular imaging.
A technological revolution is currently taking place making it possible to noninvasively study metabolism in mammals (incl. humans) in vivo with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution. Central to these developments is the phenomenon of hyperpolarization, which transiently enhances the magnetic resonance (MR) signals so much that real-time metabolic imaging and spectroscopy becomes possible. The first clinical translation of hyperpolarization MR technology has recently been demonstrated with prostate cancer patients. I have played an active role in these exciting developments, through design and construction of hyperpolarization MR setups that are defining the cutting-edge for in vivo preclinical metabolic studies. However, important obstacles still exist for the technology to fulfill its enormous potential. With this highly interdisciplinary proposal, I will overcome the principal drawbacks of current hyperpolarization technology, namely: 1) A limited time window for hyperpolarized MR detection; 2) The conventional use of potentially toxic polarizing agents; 3) The necessity to use supra-physiological doses of metabolic substrates to reach detectable MR signal I will develop a novel hyperpolarization instrument making use of photoexcited compounds as polarizing agents to produce hyperpolarized solutions containing exclusively endogenous compounds. It will become possible to deliver hyperpolarized solutions in a quasi-continuous manner, permitting infusion of physiological doses and greatly increasing sensitivity. I will also use a complementary isotope imaging technique, the so-called CryoNanoSIMS (developed at my institution over the last year), which can image isotopic distributions in frozen tissue sections and reveal the localization of injected substrates and their metabolites with subcellular spatial resolution. Case studies will include liver and brain cancer mouse models. This work is pioneering and will create a new frontier in molecular imaging.
Project acronym Asterochronometry
Project Galactic archeology with high temporal resolution
Researcher (PI) Andrea MIGLIO
Host Institution (HI) THE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM
Summary The Milky Way is a complex system, with dynamical and chemical substructures, where several competing processes such as mergers, internal secular evolution, gas accretion and gas flows take place. To study in detail how such a giant spiral galaxy was formed and evolved, we need to reconstruct the sequence of its main formation events with high (~10%) temporal resolution. Asterochronometry will determine accurate, precise ages for tens of thousands of stars in the Galaxy. We will take an approach distinguished by a number of key aspects including, developing novel star-dating methods that fully utilise the potential of individual pulsation modes, coupled with a careful appraisal of systematic uncertainties on age deriving from our limited understanding of stellar physics. We will then capitalise on opportunities provided by the timely availability of astrometric, spectroscopic, and asteroseismic data to build and data-mine chrono-chemo-dynamical maps of regions of the Milky Way probed by the space missions CoRoT, Kepler, K2, and TESS. We will quantify, by comparison with predictions of chemodynamical models, the relative importance of various processes which play a role in shaping the Galaxy, for example mergers and dynamical processes. We will use chrono-chemical tagging to look for evidence of aggregates, and precise and accurate ages to reconstruct the early star formation history of the Milky Way's main constituents. The Asterochronometry project will also provide stringent observational tests of stellar structure and answer some of the long-standing open questions in stellar modelling (e.g. efficiency of transport processes, mass loss on the giant branch, the occurrence of products of coalescence / mass exchange). These tests will improve our ability to determine stellar ages and chemical yields, with wide impact e.g. on the characterisation and ensemble studies of exoplanets, on evolutionary population synthesis, integrated colours and thus ages of galaxies.
The Milky Way is a complex system, with dynamical and chemical substructures, where several competing processes such as mergers, internal secular evolution, gas accretion and gas flows take place. To study in detail how such a giant spiral galaxy was formed and evolved, we need to reconstruct the sequence of its main formation events with high (~10%) temporal resolution. Asterochronometry will determine accurate, precise ages for tens of thousands of stars in the Galaxy. We will take an approach distinguished by a number of key aspects including, developing novel star-dating methods that fully utilise the potential of individual pulsation modes, coupled with a careful appraisal of systematic uncertainties on age deriving from our limited understanding of stellar physics. We will then capitalise on opportunities provided by the timely availability of astrometric, spectroscopic, and asteroseismic data to build and data-mine chrono-chemo-dynamical maps of regions of the Milky Way probed by the space missions CoRoT, Kepler, K2, and TESS. We will quantify, by comparison with predictions of chemodynamical models, the relative importance of various processes which play a role in shaping the Galaxy, for example mergers and dynamical processes. We will use chrono-chemical tagging to look for evidence of aggregates, and precise and accurate ages to reconstruct the early star formation history of the Milky Way's main constituents. The Asterochronometry project will also provide stringent observational tests of stellar structure and answer some of the long-standing open questions in stellar modelling (e.g. efficiency of transport processes, mass loss on the giant branch, the occurrence of products of coalescence / mass exchange). These tests will improve our ability to determine stellar ages and chemical yields, with wide impact e.g. on the characterisation and ensemble studies of exoplanets, on evolutionary population synthesis, integrated colours and thus ages of galaxies.
Project acronym ASTROFLOW
Project The influence of stellar outflows on exoplanetary mass loss
Researcher (PI) Aline VIDOTTO
Summary ASTROFLOW aims to make ground-breaking progress in our physical understanding of exoplanetary mass loss, by quantifying the influence of stellar outflows on atmospheric escape of close-in exoplanets. Escape plays a key role in planetary evolution, population, and potential to develop life. Stellar irradiation and outflows affect planetary mass loss: irradiation heats planetary atmospheres, which inflate and more likely escape; outflows cause pressure confinement around otherwise freely escaping atmospheres. This external pressure can increase, reduce or even suppress escape rates; its effects on exoplanetary mass loss remain largely unexplored due to the complexity of such interactions. I will fill this knowledge gap by developing a novel modelling framework of atmospheric escape that will, for the first time, consider the effects of realistic stellar outflows on exoplanetary mass loss. My expertise in stellar wind theory and 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations is crucial for producing the next-generation models of planetary escape. My framework will consist of state-of-the-art, time-dependent, 3D simulations of stellar outflows (Method 1), which will be coupled to novel 3D simulations of atmospheric escape (Method 2). My models will account for the major underlying physical processes of mass loss. With this, I will determine the response of planetary mass loss to realistic stellar particle, magnetic and radiation environments and will characterise the physical conditions of the escaping material. I will compute how its extinction varies during transit and compare synthetic line profiles to atmospheric escape observations from, eg, Hubble and our NASA cubesat CUTE. Strong synergy with upcoming observations (JWST, TESS, SPIRou, CARMENES) also exists. Determining the lifetime of planetary atmospheres is essential to understanding populations of exoplanets. ASTROFLOW's work will be the foundation for future research of how exoplanets evolve under mass-loss processes.
ASTROFLOW aims to make ground-breaking progress in our physical understanding of exoplanetary mass loss, by quantifying the influence of stellar outflows on atmospheric escape of close-in exoplanets. Escape plays a key role in planetary evolution, population, and potential to develop life. Stellar irradiation and outflows affect planetary mass loss: irradiation heats planetary atmospheres, which inflate and more likely escape; outflows cause pressure confinement around otherwise freely escaping atmospheres. This external pressure can increase, reduce or even suppress escape rates; its effects on exoplanetary mass loss remain largely unexplored due to the complexity of such interactions. I will fill this knowledge gap by developing a novel modelling framework of atmospheric escape that will, for the first time, consider the effects of realistic stellar outflows on exoplanetary mass loss. My expertise in stellar wind theory and 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations is crucial for producing the next-generation models of planetary escape. My framework will consist of state-of-the-art, time-dependent, 3D simulations of stellar outflows (Method 1), which will be coupled to novel 3D simulations of atmospheric escape (Method 2). My models will account for the major underlying physical processes of mass loss. With this, I will determine the response of planetary mass loss to realistic stellar particle, magnetic and radiation environments and will characterise the physical conditions of the escaping material. I will compute how its extinction varies during transit and compare synthetic line profiles to atmospheric escape observations from, eg, Hubble and our NASA cubesat CUTE. Strong synergy with upcoming observations (JWST, TESS, SPIRou, CARMENES) also exists. Determining the lifetime of planetary atmospheres is essential to understanding populations of exoplanets. ASTROFLOW's work will be the foundation for future research of how exoplanets evolve under mass-loss processes.
Project acronym ASTRUm
Project Astrophysics with Stored Highy Charged Radionuclides
Researcher (PI) Yury Litvinov
Host Institution (HI) GSI HELMHOLTZZENTRUM FUER SCHWERIONENFORSCHUNG GMBH
Summary The main goal of ASTRUm is to employ stored and cooled radioactive ions for forefront nuclear astrophysics research. Four key experiments are proposed to be conducted at GSI in Darmstadt, which holds the only facility to date capable of storing highly charged radionuclides in the required element and energy range. The proposed experiments can hardly be conducted by any other technique or method. The weak decay matrix element for the transition between the 2.3 keV state in 205Pb and the ground state of 205Tl will be measured via the bound state beta decay measurement of fully ionized 205Tl81+. This will provide the required data to determine the solar pp-neutrino flux integrated over the last 5 million years and will allow us to unveil the astrophysical conditions prior to the formation of the solar system. The measurements of the alpha-decay width of the 4.033 MeV excited state in 19Ne will allow us to constrain the conditions for the ignition of the rp-process in X-ray bursters. ASTRUm will open a new field by enabling for the first time measurements of proton- and alpha-capture reaction cross-sections on radioactive nuclei of interest for the p-process of nucleosynthesis. Last but not least, broad band mass and half-life measurements in a ring is the only technique to precisely determine these key nuclear properties for nuclei with half-lives as short as a millisecond and production rates of below one ion per day. To accomplish these measurements with highest efficiency, sensitivity and precision, improved detector systems will be developed within ASTRUm. Possible applications of these systems go beyond ASTRUm objectives and will be used in particular in accelerator physics. The instrumentation and experience gained within ASTRUm will be indispensable for planning the future, next generation storage ring projects, which are launched or proposed at several radioactive ion beam facilities.
The main goal of ASTRUm is to employ stored and cooled radioactive ions for forefront nuclear astrophysics research. Four key experiments are proposed to be conducted at GSI in Darmstadt, which holds the only facility to date capable of storing highly charged radionuclides in the required element and energy range. The proposed experiments can hardly be conducted by any other technique or method. The weak decay matrix element for the transition between the 2.3 keV state in 205Pb and the ground state of 205Tl will be measured via the bound state beta decay measurement of fully ionized 205Tl81+. This will provide the required data to determine the solar pp-neutrino flux integrated over the last 5 million years and will allow us to unveil the astrophysical conditions prior to the formation of the solar system. The measurements of the alpha-decay width of the 4.033 MeV excited state in 19Ne will allow us to constrain the conditions for the ignition of the rp-process in X-ray bursters. ASTRUm will open a new field by enabling for the first time measurements of proton- and alpha-capture reaction cross-sections on radioactive nuclei of interest for the p-process of nucleosynthesis. Last but not least, broad band mass and half-life measurements in a ring is the only technique to precisely determine these key nuclear properties for nuclei with half-lives as short as a millisecond and production rates of below one ion per day. To accomplish these measurements with highest efficiency, sensitivity and precision, improved detector systems will be developed within ASTRUm. Possible applications of these systems go beyond ASTRUm objectives and will be used in particular in accelerator physics. The instrumentation and experience gained within ASTRUm will be indispensable for planning the future, next generation storage ring projects, which are launched or proposed at several radioactive ion beam facilities.
Project acronym Atto-Zepto
Project Ultrasensitive Nano-Optomechanical Sensors
Researcher (PI) Olivier ARCIZET
Summary By enabling the conversion of forces into measurable displacements, mechanical oscillators have always played a central role in experimental physics. Recent developments in the PI group demonstrated the possibility to realize ultrasensitive and vectorial force field sensing by using suspended SiC nanowires and optical readout of their transverse vibrations. Astonishing sensitivities were obtained at room and dilution temperatures, at the Atto- Zepto-newton level, for which the electron-electron interaction becomes detectable at 100µm. The goal of the project is to push forward those ultrasensitive nano-optomechanical force sensors, to realize even more challenging explorations of novel fundamental interactions at the quantum-classical interface. We will develop universal advanced sensing protocols to explore the vectorial structure of fundamental optical, electrostatic or magnetic interactions, and investigate Casimir force fields above nanostructured surfaces, in geometries where it was recently predicted to become repulsive. The second research axis is the one of cavity nano-optomechanics: inserting the ultrasensitive nanowire in a high finesse optical microcavity should enhance the light-nanowire interaction up to the point where a single cavity photon can displace the nanowire by more than its zero point quantum fluctuations. We will investigate this so-called ultrastrong optomechanical coupling regime, and further explore novel regimes in cavity optomechanics, where optical non-linearities at the single photon level become accessible. The last part is dedicated to the exploration of hybrid qubit-mechanical systems, in which nanowire vibrations are magnetically coupled to the spin of a single Nitrogen Vacancy defect in diamond. We will focus on the exploration of spin-dependent forces, aiming at mechanically detecting qubit excitations, opening a novel road towards the generation of non-classical states of motion, and mechanically enhanced quantum sensors.
By enabling the conversion of forces into measurable displacements, mechanical oscillators have always played a central role in experimental physics. Recent developments in the PI group demonstrated the possibility to realize ultrasensitive and vectorial force field sensing by using suspended SiC nanowires and optical readout of their transverse vibrations. Astonishing sensitivities were obtained at room and dilution temperatures, at the Atto- Zepto-newton level, for which the electron-electron interaction becomes detectable at 100µm. The goal of the project is to push forward those ultrasensitive nano-optomechanical force sensors, to realize even more challenging explorations of novel fundamental interactions at the quantum-classical interface. We will develop universal advanced sensing protocols to explore the vectorial structure of fundamental optical, electrostatic or magnetic interactions, and investigate Casimir force fields above nanostructured surfaces, in geometries where it was recently predicted to become repulsive. The second research axis is the one of cavity nano-optomechanics: inserting the ultrasensitive nanowire in a high finesse optical microcavity should enhance the light-nanowire interaction up to the point where a single cavity photon can displace the nanowire by more than its zero point quantum fluctuations. We will investigate this so-called ultrastrong optomechanical coupling regime, and further explore novel regimes in cavity optomechanics, where optical non-linearities at the single photon level become accessible. The last part is dedicated to the exploration of hybrid qubit-mechanical systems, in which nanowire vibrations are magnetically coupled to the spin of a single Nitrogen Vacancy defect in diamond. We will focus on the exploration of spin-dependent forces, aiming at mechanically detecting qubit excitations, opening a novel road towards the generation of non-classical states of motion, and mechanically enhanced quantum sensors.


There is no SPYWARE, ADWARE or VIRUSES in any program on this site!
PcWinTech.com is up and running! I will be porting over my CS Fire monitor to there with a all new version and redone to work better on vista.
For now on all my new tools I am making will be on the new site. See you all there!


text:
"""Download handlers for http and https schemes"""

import re
import logging
from io import BytesIO
from time import time
import warnings
from six.moves.urllib.parse import urldefrag

from zope.interface import implementer
from twisted.internet import defer, reactor, protocol
from twisted.web.http_headers import Headers as TxHeaders
from twisted.web.iweb import IBodyProducer, UNKNOWN_LENGTH
from twisted.internet.error import TimeoutError
from twisted.web.http import PotentialDataLoss
from scrapy.xlib.tx import Agent, ProxyAgent, ResponseDone, \
    HTTPConnectionPool, TCP4ClientEndpoint

from scrapy.http import Headers
from scrapy.responsetypes import responsetypes
from scrapy.core.downloader.webclient import _parse
from scrapy.core.downloader.tls import openssl_methods
from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object
from scrapy.utils.python import to_bytes, to_unicode
from scrapy import twisted_version

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

class HTTP11DownloadHandler(object):

    def __init__(self, settings):
        self._pool = HTTPConnectionPool(reactor, persistent=True)
        self._pool.maxPersistentPerHost = settings.getint('CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN')
        self._pool._factory.noisy = False

        self._sslMethod = openssl_methods[settings.get('DOWNLOADER_CLIENT_TLS_METHOD')]
        self._contextFactoryClass = load_object(settings['DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY'])
        # try method-aware context factory
        try:
            self._contextFactory = self._contextFactoryClass(method=self._sslMethod)
        except TypeError:
            # use context factory defaults
            self._contextFactory = self._contextFactoryClass()
            msg = """
 '%s' does not accept `method` argument (type OpenSSL.SSL method,\
 e.g. OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD).\
 Please upgrade your context factory class to handle it or ignore it.""" % (
                settings['DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY'],)
            warnings.warn(msg)
        self._default_maxsize = settings.getint('DOWNLOAD_MAXSIZE')
        self._default_warnsize = settings.getint('DOWNLOAD_WARNSIZE')
        self._disconnect_timeout = 1

    def download_request(self, request, spider):
        """Return a deferred for the HTTP download"""
        agent = ScrapyAgent(contextFactory=self._contextFactory, pool=self._pool,
            maxsize=getattr(spider, 'download_maxsize', self._default_maxsize),
            warnsize=getattr(spider, 'download_warnsize', self._default_warnsize))
        return agent.download_request(request)

    def close(self):
        d = self._pool.closeCachedConnections()
        # closeCachedConnections will hang on network or server issues, so
        # we'll manually timeout the deferred.
        #
        # Twisted issue addressing this problem can be found here:
        # https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/ticket/7738.
        #
        # closeCachedConnections doesn't handle external errbacks, so we'll
        # issue a callback after `_disconnect_timeout` seconds.
        delayed_call = reactor.callLater(self._disconnect_timeout, d.callback, [])

        def cancel_delayed_call(result):
            if delayed_call.active():
                delayed_call.cancel()
            return result

        d.addBoth(cancel_delayed_call)
        return d

class TunnelError(Exception):
    """An HTTP CONNECT tunnel could not be established by the proxy."""

class TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint(TCP4ClientEndpoint):
    """An endpoint that tunnels through proxies to allow HTTPS downloads. To
    accomplish that, this endpoint sends an HTTP CONNECT to the proxy.
    The HTTP CONNECT is always sent when using this endpoint, I think this could
    be improved as the CONNECT will be redundant if the connection associated
    with this endpoint comes from the pool and a CONNECT has already been issued
    for it.
    """

    _responseMatcher = re.compile(b'HTTP/1\.. (?P<status>\d{3})(?P<reason>.{,32})')

    def __init__(self, reactor, host, port, proxyConf, contextFactory,
                 timeout=30, bindAddress=None):
        proxyHost, proxyPort, self._proxyAuthHeader = proxyConf
        super(TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint, self).__init__(reactor, proxyHost,
            proxyPort, timeout, bindAddress)
        self._tunnelReadyDeferred = defer.Deferred()
        self._tunneledHost = host
        self._tunneledPort = port
        self._contextFactory = contextFactory

    def requestTunnel(self, protocol):
        """Asks the proxy to open a tunnel."""
        tunnelReq = tunnel_request_data(self._tunneledHost, self._tunneledPort,
                                        self._proxyAuthHeader)
        protocol.transport.write(tunnelReq)
        self._protocolDataReceived = protocol.dataReceived
        protocol.dataReceived = self.processProxyResponse
        self._protocol = protocol
        return protocol

    def processProxyResponse(self, rcvd_bytes):
        """Processes the response from the proxy. If the tunnel is successfully
        created, notifies the client that we are ready to send requests. If not
        raises a TunnelError.
        """
        self._protocol.dataReceived = self._protocolDataReceived
        respm = TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint._responseMatcher.match(rcvd_bytes)
        if respm and int(respm.group('status')) == 200:
            try:
                # this sets proper Server Name Indication extension
                # but is only available for Twisted>=14.0
                sslOptions = self._contextFactory.creatorForNetloc(
                    self._tunneledHost, self._tunneledPort)
            except AttributeError:
                # fall back to non-SNI SSL context factory
                sslOptions = self._contextFactory
            self._protocol.transport.startTLS(sslOptions,
                                              self._protocolFactory)
            self._tunnelReadyDeferred.callback(self._protocol)
        else:
            if respm:
                extra = {'status': int(respm.group('status')),
                         'reason': respm.group('reason').strip()}
            else:
                extra = rcvd_bytes[:32]
            self._tunnelReadyDeferred.errback(
                TunnelError('Could not open CONNECT tunnel with proxy %s:%s [%r]' % (
                    self._host, self._port, extra)))

    def connectFailed(self, reason):
        """Propagates the errback to the appropriate deferred."""
        self._tunnelReadyDeferred.errback(reason)

    def connect(self, protocolFactory):
        self._protocolFactory = protocolFactory
        connectDeferred = super(TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint,
                                self).connect(protocolFactory)
        connectDeferred.addCallback(self.requestTunnel)
        connectDeferred.addErrback(self.connectFailed)
        return self._tunnelReadyDeferred

def tunnel_request_data(host, port, proxy_auth_header=None):
    r"""
    Return binary content of a CONNECT request.

    >>> from scrapy.utils.python import to_native_str as s
    >>> s(tunnel_request_data("example.com", 8080))
    'CONNECT example.com:8080 HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: example.com:8080\r\n\r\n'
    >>> s(tunnel_request_data("example.com", 8080, b"123"))
    'CONNECT example.com:8080 HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: example.com:8080\r\nProxy-Authorization: 123\r\n\r\n'
    >>> s(tunnel_request_data(b"example.com", "8090"))
    'CONNECT example.com:8090 HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: example.com:8090\r\n\r\n'
    """
    host_value = to_bytes(host, encoding='ascii') + b':' + to_bytes(str(port))
    tunnel_req = b'CONNECT ' + host_value + b' HTTP/1.1\r\n'
    tunnel_req += b'Host: ' + host_value + b'\r\n'
    if proxy_auth_header:
        tunnel_req += b'Proxy-Authorization: ' + proxy_auth_header + b'\r\n'
    tunnel_req += b'\r\n'
    return tunnel_req

class TunnelingAgent(Agent):
    """An agent that uses a L{TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint} to make HTTPS
    downloads. It may look strange that we have chosen to subclass Agent and not
    ProxyAgent but consider that after the tunnel is opened the proxy is
    transparent to the client; thus the agent should behave like there is no
    proxy involved.
    """

    def __init__(self, reactor, proxyConf, contextFactory=None,
                 connectTimeout=None, bindAddress=None, pool=None):
        super(TunnelingAgent, self).__init__(reactor, contextFactory,
            connectTimeout, bindAddress, pool)
        self._proxyConf = proxyConf
        self._contextFactory = contextFactory

    if twisted_version >= (15, 0, 0):
        def _getEndpoint(self, uri):
            return TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint(
                self._reactor, uri.host, uri.port, self._proxyConf,
                self._contextFactory, self._endpointFactory._connectTimeout,
                self._endpointFactory._bindAddress)
    else:
        def _getEndpoint(self, scheme, host, port):
            return TunnelingTCP4ClientEndpoint(
                self._reactor, host, port, self._proxyConf,
                self._contextFactory, self._connectTimeout,
                self._bindAddress)

    def _requestWithEndpoint(self, key, endpoint, method, parsedURI,
            headers, bodyProducer, requestPath):
        # proxy host and port are required for HTTP pool `key`
        # otherwise, same remote host connection request could reuse
        # a cached tunneled connection to a different proxy
        key = key + self._proxyConf
        return super(TunnelingAgent, self)._requestWithEndpoint(key, endpoint, method, parsedURI,
            headers, bodyProducer, requestPath)

class ScrapyAgent(object):

    _Agent = Agent
    _ProxyAgent = ProxyAgent
    _TunnelingAgent = TunnelingAgent

    def __init__(self, contextFactory=None, connectTimeout=10, bindAddress=None, pool=None,
                 maxsize=0, warnsize=0):
        self._contextFactory = contextFactory
        self._connectTimeout = connectTimeout
        self._bindAddress = bindAddress
        self._pool = pool
        self._maxsize = maxsize
        self._warnsize = warnsize
        self._txresponse = None

    def _get_agent(self, request, timeout):
        bindaddress = request.meta.get('bindaddress') or self._bindAddress
        proxy = request.meta.get('proxy')
        if proxy:
            _, _, proxyHost, proxyPort, proxyParams = _parse(proxy)
            scheme = _parse(request.url)[0]
            proxyHost = to_unicode(proxyHost)
            omitConnectTunnel = b'noconnect' in proxyParams
            if  scheme == b'https' and not omitConnectTunnel:
                proxyConf = (proxyHost, proxyPort,
                             request.headers.get(b'Proxy-Authorization', None))
                return self._TunnelingAgent(reactor, proxyConf,
                    contextFactory=self._contextFactory, connectTimeout=timeout,
                    bindAddress=bindaddress, pool=self._pool)
            else:
                endpoint = TCP4ClientEndpoint(reactor, proxyHost, proxyPort,
                    timeout=timeout, bindAddress=bindaddress)
                return self._ProxyAgent(endpoint)

        return self._Agent(reactor, contextFactory=self._contextFactory,
            connectTimeout=timeout, bindAddress=bindaddress, pool=self._pool)

    def download_request(self, request):
        timeout = request.meta.get('download_timeout') or self._connectTimeout
        agent = self._get_agent(request, timeout)

        # request details
        url = urldefrag(request.url)[0]
        method = to_bytes(request.method)
        headers = TxHeaders(request.headers)
        if isinstance(agent, self._TunnelingAgent):
            headers.removeHeader(b'Proxy-Authorization')
        if request.body:
            bodyproducer = _RequestBodyProducer(request.body)
        else:
            bodyproducer = None
            # Setting Content-Length: 0 even for POST requests is not a
            # MUST per HTTP RFCs, but it's common behavior, and some
            # servers require this, otherwise returning HTTP 411 Length required
            #
            # RFC 7230#section-3.3.2:
            # "a Content-Length header field is normally sent in a POST
            # request even when the value is 0 (indicating an empty payload body)."
            #
            # Twisted Agent will not add "Content-Length: 0" by itself
            if method == b'POST':
                headers.addRawHeader(b'Content-Length', b'0')

        start_time = time()
        d = agent.request(
            method, to_bytes(url, encoding='ascii'), headers, bodyproducer)
        # set download latency
        d.addCallback(self._cb_latency, request, start_time)
        # response body is ready to be consumed
        d.addCallback(self._cb_bodyready, request)
        d.addCallback(self._cb_bodydone, request, url)
        # check download timeout
        self._timeout_cl = reactor.callLater(timeout, d.cancel)
        d.addBoth(self._cb_timeout, request, url, timeout)
        return d

    def _cb_timeout(self, result, request, url, timeout):
        if self._timeout_cl.active():
            self._timeout_cl.cancel()
            return result
        # needed for HTTPS requests, otherwise _ResponseReader doesn't
        # receive connectionLost()
        if self._txresponse:
            self._txresponse._transport.stopProducing()

        raise TimeoutError("Getting %s took longer than %s seconds." % (url, timeout))

    def _cb_latency(self, result, request, start_time):
        request.meta['download_latency'] = time() - start_time
        return result

    def _cb_bodyready(self, txresponse, request):
        # deliverBody hangs for responses without body
        if txresponse.length == 0:
            return txresponse, b'', None

        maxsize = request.meta.get('download_maxsize', self._maxsize)
        warnsize = request.meta.get('download_warnsize', self._warnsize)
        expected_size = txresponse.length if txresponse.length != UNKNOWN_LENGTH else -1

        if maxsize and expected_size > maxsize:
            error_message = ("Cancelling download of {url}: expected response "
                             "size ({size}) larger than "
                             "download max size ({maxsize})."
            ).format(url=request.url, size=expected_size, maxsize=maxsize)

            logger.error(error_message)
            txresponse._transport._producer.loseConnection()
            raise defer.CancelledError(error_message)

        if warnsize and expected_size > warnsize:
            logger.warning("Expected response size (%(size)s) larger than "
                           "download warn size (%(warnsize)s).",
                           {'size': expected_size, 'warnsize': warnsize})

        def _cancel(_):
            txresponse._transport._producer.loseConnection()

        d = defer.Deferred(_cancel)
        txresponse.deliverBody(_ResponseReader(d, txresponse, request, maxsize, warnsize))

        # save response for timeouts
        self._txresponse = txresponse

        return d

    def _cb_bodydone(self, result, request, url):
        txresponse, body, flags = result
        status = int(txresponse.code)
        headers = Headers(txresponse.headers.getAllRawHeaders())
        respcls = responsetypes.from_args(headers=headers, url=url, body=body)
        return respcls(url=url, status=status, headers=headers, body=body, flags=flags)

@implementer(IBodyProducer)
class _RequestBodyProducer(object):

    def __init__(self, body):
        self.body = body
        self.length = len(body)

    def startProducing(self, consumer):
        consumer.write(self.body)
        return defer.succeed(None)

    def pauseProducing(self):
        pass

    def stopProducing(self):
        pass

class _ResponseReader(protocol.Protocol):

    def __init__(self, finished, txresponse, request, maxsize, warnsize):
        self._finished = finished
        self._txresponse = txresponse
        self._request = request
        self._bodybuf = BytesIO()
        self._maxsize  = maxsize
        self._warnsize  = warnsize
        self._reached_warnsize = False
        self._bytes_received = 0

    def dataReceived(self, bodyBytes):
        self._bodybuf.write(bodyBytes)
        self._bytes_received += len(bodyBytes)

        if self._maxsize and self._bytes_received > self._maxsize:
            logger.error("Received (%(bytes)s) bytes larger than download "
                         "max size (%(maxsize)s).",
                         {'bytes': self._bytes_received,
                          'maxsize': self._maxsize})
            self._finished.cancel()

        if self._warnsize and self._bytes_received > self._warnsize and not self._reached_warnsize:
            self._reached_warnsize = True
            logger.warning("Received more bytes than download "
                           "warn size (%(warnsize)s) in request %(request)s.",
                           {'warnsize': self._warnsize,
                            'request': self._request})

    def connectionLost(self, reason):
        if self._finished.called:
            return

        body = self._bodybuf.getvalue()
        if reason.check(ResponseDone):
            self._finished.callback((self._txresponse, body, None))
        elif reason.check(PotentialDataLoss):
            self._finished.callback((self._txresponse, body, ['partial']))
        else:
            self._finished.errback(reason)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Welcome to Hectic & Healthy!
When we look around, it seems that simplicity has gone out the window when it comes to the way in which we think about our health: complicated and unrealistic diets, misleading health claims on packaging, and none of it seems to really work.
Hectic & Healthy keeps it simple to help you crack the code on achieving optimal health, despite our hectic lives. It's possible!
About Me: I am a certified Holistic Health Coach who strongly believes that you can fit health and fitness into your day no matter how busy it is. Having worked in Corporate America for over 7 years, I know what it means to be busy, but I also know about the consequence of not putting your health first.
Join our ongoing health journey to learn, coach, cook, eat, move, and of course keep it fun.


text:
10 Years NALED
Special Edition of CorD Magazine in collaboration with NALED, celebrating 10 Years of NALED
Goran Kovačević, President of NALED's Managing Board and CEO of Gomex Company
We Have the Formula for Reform
NALED is the first organisation to truly succeed in consolidating and synchronising the work of the private and public sectors and to ensure that its main objective is comprehensive and commonly accepted: to create a business-friendly environment that will provide a better life for all Serbia
Aleksandar Vučić, Prime Minister of the Republic of Serbia
Working With NALED Opens Doors To The Civil Sector
The Government is open to the idea of including the civil sector in its administrative work and unburdening the administration, which is the trend in the developed world. NALED is a positive example, having developed the e-permit software with help from donors and then handed it over to the state. This was a great help, and other organisations are certainly able to contribute to the common good in the same way.
Coffee With The First Three Presidents Of NALED's Managing Board
NALED Has Changed Both Us And Serbia
The first three presidents of NALED's Managing Board agree that NALED's greatest successes were to become a partner of the Serbian Government in implementing reforms, to raise the awareness of the public and decision-makers about the importance of dialogue, and to harmonise the interests of different parts of society
Goran Pitić Chairman of the NALED Fair Competition Alliance
Extending Fiscalisation Would Have The Greatest Effect In Curbing The Grey...
The issue of competitiveness has to be one of the priorities of any government agenda, especially this new one, since it is crucial for the regional 'game'…because there is no successful economy without it, here or anywhere else", says our interviewee Goran Pitić, Ph.D, when we put it to him that he is "the staunchest advocate for higher compet¬itiveness of Serbian products and fair competition".
Olivera Papić, President of Fair Competition Working Group For Raising Awareness, Head of Corporative Affairs and Marketing, Moj Kiosk Group
Educating Citizens On Grey Economy Is Crucial
Raising the awareness of citizens about the harmful effects of illegal business
Vladimir Tipsarević, Vice-president of Fair Competition Alliance and Corporate Affairs Manager, JTI
Success Will Depend On Government Decisiveness
As a socially responsible company, JTI was involved in drafting and implementing the National Programme for Countering the Shadow Economy, which is focusing in particular on improving inspection work
Dragan Lupšić, Vice-president of Fair Competition Alliance and Communications and Legal Affairs Director at Coca Cola HBC Serbia Ltd.
National Programme For A Fair And Competitive Market
As a member of the NALED and the Fair Competition Alliance, Coca-Cola HBC Serbia will participate actively in implementing the National Programme for Countering the Shadow Economy
Tihomir Petković, Mayor Of Užice And One Of The First Members Of NALED
Local Governments Need Stable Financing
NALED will continue to be an integral part of expert groups that will analyse and propose changes to laws regulating the development of local governments
Nebojša Zelenović, Mayor Of The City Of Šabac And Member Of NALED Managing Board NALED
Has A Powerful Development Tool For Local Administrations
The innovative and capable city administration has applied 21st century tools and has been able to fulfil its objectives with ease, preserving its long established reputation as a commercial hub for this part of Europe
David Lythgoe, President Of NALED Ethics Committee And Director Of Halifax Consulting
Culture Eats Strategy For Breakfast
Most people will behave honestly if they think others will. But if they expect the law will not be enforced, they will accept criminal behaviour without complaint even if they are its victims, and no amount of policing will help
Neven Marinović, Director Of Smart Kolektiv And One Of The First Members Of NALED
We Have Established The First National CSR Standard
Cooperation between the business and other sectors is indispensable for the creation of sustainable communities and a better environment for citizens
Nataša Sekulić, President of the E-Government Alliance and IBM Country Leader for Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Albania
E-Government Is One Condition For A Successful Economy
Serbia has begun digitalisation of the state administration and it is my belief that this trend will continue in future, benefiting both businesses and the general public
Jasmina Vignjević, Government Affairs Manager at Telenor Serbia
Mobile Phones Instead Of Counters
Both Telenor and NALED are celebrating 10 years of successful operation in Serbia. NALED was among the first to recognise the importance of e-government, and in cooperation with IBM experts it has produced a credible study that should serve as a basis for further development of e-government in Serbia
Kyle Scott, U.S. Ambassador to Serbia
NALED Values Are As Important As The Results
Over the years, NALED has grown into a leading institution in Serbia and the region. Its ability to unite local self-governments, SMEs, and civil society makes it one of the key forces behind Serbia's reform achievements, and makes NALED an important partner for U.S. Government-supported economic growth projects
Ambassador Michael Davenport, Head of the EU Delegation to Serbia
Next Five Years Crucial For Reforms
The European Commission has recommended opening a further chapter – on bringing Serbian public procurement into line with EU standards, a crucial step in tackling corruption. Beyond that, Serbia is working on its negotiating position for a number of other chapters, so I am confident that we will see further movement in the next few months.
Jeremy Lang, Head of the Department for International Trade, British Embassy to Serbia
Progress On The Doing Business List Requires More Than Reforms On...
Effective, efficient and transparent local government benefits business, which in turn precipitates stronger overall development across a country as a whole
H.E. Narinder Chauhan, Indian Ambassador to Serbia
Training In India Is Very Useful For Serbian Officials
Indian companies are looking at privatization opportunities in Serbia including in agro-machinery and pharma. At the same time, NALED has done a lot in the last decade to improve the business environment, growing ties between business leaders of India and Serbia and contributing to the traditionally good relations between Belgrade and New Delhi
H.E. Alona Fisher-Kamm, Israeli Ambassador to Serbia
All Serbian Municipalities Know About Courses In Israel
The main Israeli investors came following the democratic changes in 2000. Overall investment reached around €1 billion over the years and is mainly focused in the real estate sector which made us the top investor in this sector in Serbia
July 2019, no 177 issue
July 2019 issue, no 177
CorD 1st July 2019
Peter Pellegrini, Prime Minister of Slovakia
Enlargement is a Strategic Investment
Interviews 1st July 2019
Candidate countries must meet all accession criteria, while the enlargement process must be credible with respect to both the EU and candidate countries. The EU should also show empathy for the difficulties being dealt with by accession countries. It is a complex process that implies a shared vision of the future, commitments and their implementation, hard work and mutual trust – Peter Pellegrini
H.E. Oana-Cristina Popa, Ambassador of Romania to Serbia
Reviving the EU's Fundamental Mission
Enlargement remains high on the EU agenda. The trio of presidencies - starting with Romania and continuing with Finland and Croatia – will maintain this priority, says Ambassador Oana-Cristina Popa
Dejan Šoškić, Professor at the Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade (EFB)
Real Measure of Our Success
Comment 1st July 2019
It is true that Serbia recently borrowed on the external market at an extremely low interest rate compared to the previous borrowing of our country, but it remains three times higher than the interest rate paid by Portugal or Bulgaria. Greece's experience shows that a country mustn't give in to the temptation to substantially raise its public debt in conditions of low interest rates
Dr Stuart Kohlhagen PSM, Director of Science and Learning at Questacon
Education for a Future-Proof Society
Feature 1st July 2019
Society, technology and the world around us are changing rapidly. It is difficult to even orientate oneself in the midst of the 5th industrial revolution, with global and large-scale challenges like the climate crisis and accelerating environmental threats, risks related to population growth, political instabilities or autonomous intelligence. Can a future-proof education lead to a future-proof society and spark innovation?
FOCUS: Does conventional agriculture (still) represent our chance on the world market?
Serbia Can Utilise It's Potentials More Intelligently
Focus 1st July 2019
If the export of conventional agriculture products implies wheat and corn, then we have long since learned the lesson that their production contributes little to economic growth and profitable exports. However, if we diversify production, focus on products with higher added value and introduce high standards in production, the possibility exists that we can generate profits on the resources we possess
5 Lessons from the European Election
If European elections used to be a sedate affair, the 2019 iteration was anything but. Besides the obvious — a growing fragmentation of European politics, a solid but not dominant position of the far right and an increasingly green left — five lessons emerge from EU's vote
Aleksandra Todorović Sučević, Director
Delta Inženjering – Renowned Name for 30 Years Already
Business Dialogue 1st July 2019
For this company that launched independent operations at the start of 1990, the first decade was conditioned by tough economic and political conditions, representing a major professional challenge
Luštica Bay
A Summer Like No Other
The 2019 summer season has arrived and Luštica Bay is readier than ever. With the opening of its Marina Village and the five-star Chedi Hotel last year, this unique and sustainable coastal town is now a fully operational and flourishing Montenegrin destination. With bustling shops and cultural spaces, restaurants spilling onto the sunny promenade, boats cutting through the sparkling waters and flowers blooming, life has never been more active or colourful, enriched by a calendar of tantalising events to keep everyone satisfied throughout the summer months
Jelena V. Jonovska, Lawyer, Law Firm Jonovski
Language and Customs Connect the Slavic Countries
Thanks to authorised permanent court interpreters for Macedonian, Bosnian, Slovak and English, Jonovski Law Office provides its clients with additional security in business negotiations when concluding a contract, and in any judicial or other proceedings
Alkiviades 'Alki' David
Hollywood's Biggest Troublemaker
Entrepreneurship 1st July 2019
Alkiviades 'Alki' David is heir to the Coca-Cola Hellenic shipping and bottling company, and is one of the most famous entrepreneurs, known for his diverse interests and business ventures. He is also a successful producer and actor, but also one of Hollywood's biggest troublemakers
Francine Pickup, Resident Representative, UNDP Serbia
Creating Change Through Innovation and Strong Partnerships
Profile 1st July 2019
I am excited to be in Serbia, because it has the potential to create regional change by addressing critical development concerns that go beyond...
Contemporary Portuguese Art
An Exciting Combination
Art 1st July 2019
Lisbon has all the ingredients needed to become Europe's next red-hot art destination: new galleries are opening there, international dealers are setting up outposts, and dozens of artists are flocking there for its affordable housing and studio rents. The city, which boasts a refreshing mix of commercial and non-profit spaces, also has a contemporary art fair, ARCOlisboa
Marko Nicović, Lawyer
The Serbian Eliot Ness
My Life 1st July 2019
There is no film frame that could encompass the entire career and "life story" of the gentleman (former comrade) Marko Nicović. The glory he earned with his police badge while wearing the highest quality blazer and Ray-Ban sunglasses is on a par with the heroes of Hollywood action films like Rambo or the real fighter against smugglers in America during the 1930s - Eliot Ness!
Summer Gadget Trends 2019
Fashion 1st July 2019
Hit the beach in style this season with chic summer essentials, cool accessories and high-tech devices designed to take your sunny escape to the...
June 2019, no 176 issue
June 2019 issue, no 176
CorD 31st May 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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		<title>PImage::set() \ Language (API) \ Processing 1.0</title>

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		<meta name="Author" content="Casey Reas & Ben Fry" />
		<meta name="Publisher" content="Processing" />
		<meta name="Keywords" content="Processing, Processing, Interactive Media, Electronic Arts, Programming, Java, Ben Fry, Casey Reas" />
		<meta name="Description" content="Processing is an electronic sketchbook for developing
				ideas. It is a context for learning fundamentals of computer programming
				within the context of the electronic arts." />
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<input type="hidden" name="as_sitesearch" value="processing.org" />
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					Language (A-Z) \
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Reference for Processing version 1.5. If you have a previous version, use the reference included with your software. If you see any errors or have suggestions, please let us know.
		If you prefer a more technical reference, visit the Processing Javadoc.

		Class

PImage

		Name

set()

		Examples

PImage img = loadImage("tower.jpg");
color black = color(0, 0, 0);
img.set(30, 20, black);
img.set(85, 20, black);
img.set(85, 75, black);
img.set(30, 75, black);
image(img, 0, 0);

		Description
		Changes the color of any pixel or writes an image directly into the image. The x and y parameter specify the pixel or the upper-left corner of the image. The color parameter specifies the color value.

Setting the color of a single pixel with set(x, y) is easy, but not as fast as putting the data directly into pixels[]. The equivalent statement to "set(x, y, #000000)" using pixels[] is "pixels[y*width+x] = #000000". Processing requires calling loadPixels() to load the display window data into the pixels[] array before getting the values and calling updatePixels() to update the window.

As of release 0149, this function ignores imageMode().

		Syntax

img.set(x, y, color)

		Parameters

		img
		PImage: any variable of type PImage

		x
		int: x-coordinate of the pixel or upper-left corner of the image

		y
		int: y-coordinate of the pixel or upper-left corner of the image

		color
		color: any value of the color datatype

		Returns
		None

		Usage
		Web & Application

		Related
		get()
pixels[]
copy()

Updated on August 30, 2010 04:29:39pm EDT

Processing was initiated by Ben Fry and Casey Reas. It is developed by a small team of volunteers.

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                    Site hosted by Media Temple!


Ladies...YOU are invited to IF:Table at The Well Kingsburg!
On September 23rd 2018, we officially launched multiple new If:Table Groups. Fill out the form below to let us know that you'd be interested in joining an If:Table group.
IF:Table happens once a month from September 2018 through May 2019. Your group can determine what day works best. IF:Table can happen at your dining table, a local restaurant, or coffee shop - wherever you can gather around a table!
If you are a mama or a nursing mama: Don't forget to set up childcare! Your monthly IF:Table meetings will sneak up on you. We want this to be a two-hour window of just us ladies sitting around a table enjoying each other and answering heart questions without the distractions of little people and boys and babies (as cute as they all are!).
Couldn't attend launch but would like to be added to a table!
I would prefer to meet with my table group weekday mornings!
I do NOT want to meet with my table group weekday mornings.
Return to Women's/Men's Ministry Page.


I have the blocks sewn together now for my Tic Tac Kiss quilt. The borders now need to be added on. I changed the X to a darker background fabric and I like it much better now. My daughter has been a big help in helping me to choose the colours.
For the X blocks I tried out a technique that I have been working on lately. To do the Stitch and Flip I have been cutting the square before I sew it. I make sure to leave on the quarter inch allowance. The remaining triangle becomes part of my leader and enders. I am finding that my blocks are become more accurate using this method.
Linking to Let's Bee Social and WIP Wednesday.
So good to find what works for you and conquer the challenges! This looks terrific!
This is a Flickr badge showing public photos and videos from dresdenquilter. Make your own badge here.


Cosmetic dentistry in New York City helps you get more attractive teeth so you feel more confident about your smile. Your dentist can provide in-office or take-home bleaching kits that help you get brighter, whiter teeth.
During this procedure, you might experience some sensitivity. Without the guidance of a dental professional, the original stains could return a few weeks after you get the whitening treatment. Check out this video to learn more about bleaching your teeth and how to get the most out of the procedure.
Whether you want to get a whiter smile or you are interested in dental implants, Dr. Jeffrey Rabinowitz is here for you. Dr. Rabinowitz offers the safest and most effective of today's dental treatments to ensure that you get the care you need to keep your teeth healthy and beautiful. To learn more about cosmetic dentistry treatments, visit Dr. Rabinowitz online or call (646) 395-3624.
Since dental implants provide functional benefits that can decrease the risk for future oral health issues, many major insurance companies pay for at least part of the dental implant procedure. If you and your dentist have decided that implants are right for you, you should call your insurance company to find out exactly what they will cover. Your dentist can also offer financing options that make it easier to cover the cost.
You will need to visit your dentist a few different times over the span of several months to complete the entire dental implant procedure . Your dentist can put temporary replacement teeth into place throughout different phases so you can still eat and speak as naturally as possible while certain areas heal. The final step of the procedure is to place permanent replacement teeth over the implants that serve as new tooth roots.
If you properly care for your dental implants, they can last a lifetime. Once the implant sites are fully healed, you should brush and floss as you normally would to keep plaque and bacteria from causing gum disease. Though the implants themselves cannot be affected by disease, periodontal problems can threaten their stability and longevity. It is also important to visit your dentist regularly to make sure the implants are working as they should.
If you are interested in using dental implants to replace one or more missing teeth, contact the dental practice of Dr. Jeffrey Rabinowitz. Dr. Rabinowitz gives you the dental treatments you need to maintain a healthy and beautiful smile. Whether you want dental implants or cosmetic treatments to improve your smile, we can help. Visit us online or call (646) 395-3624 to find out how.
Because some patients experience minor discomfort after surgery, your dentist might prescribe painkillers or simply recommend over-the-counter pain relief medications. You will also have to take antibiotics to optimize your healing by preventing infection. Using a prescription mouthwash for 2-10 weeks after surgery is another way to ensure that you get the best results. The dentist will remove your dressings about 10-14 days after the procedure and clean and care for the area. You might experience some swelling immediately after the surgery.
Whether you need gum surgery or a teeth-whitening treatment, Dr. Jeffrey Rabinowitz is here for you. As one of the best dentists in New York City , Dr. Rabinowitz makes it easy to get the treatments you need. To learn more, call (646) 395-3624.


text:
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Tag: bobby bright
Alabama's Martha Roby: It's still 'very emotional' recalling horrific Planned Parenthood videos that sparked passionate floor speech
by Rachel Blackmon Bryars in NewsComments Off on Alabama's Martha Roby: It's still 'very emotional' recalling horrific Planned Parenthood videos that sparked passionate floor speech on June 28, 2018
It's been nearly three years since Alabama Republican Congresswoman Martha Roby was the first member to give an impassioned one-minute speech on the House floor decrying Planned Parenthood after alarming undercover videos surfaced about the abortion provider's sale of fetal body parts.
Roby, who will next month face former Democrat Congressman Bobby Bright in a GOP primary runoff for Alabama's 2nd congressional district, appeared on Alabama-based EWTN last week and recalled what it was like to see the Center for Medical Progress videos and speak out about them.
"Even to hear [a replay of the speech] now is very emotional," Roby said, with tears coming to her eyes. "I remember I was sitting in an appropriations markup, committee mark, that morning, and was scrolling through Twitter on my phone and came across the article and just couldn't believe what I was reading, and I immediately texted the link to my staff and said, 'Is this real? Is this really happening?' So as soon as the committee mark was over, I immediately went to the floor to give that one-minute speech … and one minute was not nearly enough. I distinctly remember there were other members waiting in line to give their one-minutes and they too were filled with emotion at hearing this for the first time."
WATCH Roby's July 2015 speech:
© Copyright - J. Pepper Bryars.


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Some people have to take a day off from work in order to come here and what is sad is that you spend an entire day to get a service that lasts 15 minutes, he said.
aptd will soon be enabling online payment facility.
In case of cooking craze athens bonus level doubt contact our help desk facility at any of the RTO office do NOT PAY any one for a slot booking even if demanded.
Some people ask others to queue for them and also bribes are paid from the security gate onwards.If you clicked on the submit button.Take the trouble and book your slot! .The new network of the transport department is called the three tier network. .The department said that online services will ease the application process and will promote efficient service delivery and combat corruption by minimising the manipulation of the process by unscrupulous officials.Welcome to Ministry of Road Transport Highways.Top, effective from 11th feb 2009, all driving tests will have to be booked in advance before having a test. .We are also hoping that this will go towards eliminating corruption.Visit the site and click on Need a confirmatin slip/Cancellation/Modify of slot For the present this faciltiy is free but we will soon be charging a small fee for cancelling or modifying the date.Remember when you renew yourr licence you will have to wait for a minimum of thirty days from the date of renewal.The booking availability keno 7 number jackpot information is updated in real-time by the dltc.Rtmc project manager Kevin Kara-Vala said the service made it easier for the public to obtain bookings at the centres.
For the present the following test tracks are available under this facility: Nagole Central Driving Test Facility (All categories of vehicles).
Transport minister Blade Nzimande said he was hopeful the system would assist in shortening long queues experienced at the testing stations.
DO NOT PAY anything extra even if demanded. .
We hope that at least with online bookings you can be your own master and book for yourself and not have to go through someone who will ask you to pay, he said.Applicant's Information, name middle Name, surname.It is Cleint-Server Network where each office has its own server. .In case you are not sure if you booking has been confirmed or if you logged out accidently, you can once again visit the site and click on want to modify, print etc and you can get the document as desired.The service is fully automated.
Why do you want to get exploited? .
If you have booked at an RTO office you will have to make a payment at the RTO office.


text:
Natural dissolved organic matter plays dual role in cycling of mercury
by Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Findings published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Liyuan Liang and Baohua Gu help explain previously reported seemingly contradictory findings. (ORNL photo by Jason Richards)
(PhysOrg.com) -- Nature has a bit of a Jekyll and Hyde relationship with mercury, but researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have made a discovery that ultimately could help explain the split personality.
While scientists have known that microbes in aquatic environments make methylmercury, a more toxic form of mercury that accumulates in fish, they also know that nature and other types of bacteria can transform methylmercury to less toxic forms. What they haven't completely understood are the mechanisms that cause these transformations in anoxic environments - lacking in oxygen - in nature.
"Until now, reactions between elemental mercury and dissolved organic matter have rarely been studied in anoxic environments," said Baohua Gu of the the lab's Environmental Sciences Division.
In a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a team led by Gu reports that compounds from the decay of organic matter in aquatic settings affect mercury cycling. Low concentrations of these compounds can chemically reduce mercury, but as those concentrations increase, that reaction is greatly inhibited. They performed their experiments by simulating conditions found in nature.
"This study demonstrates that in anoxic sediments and water, organic matter is not only capable of reducing mercury, but also binding to mercury," said co-author Liyuan Liang. "This binding could make mercury less available to microorganisms for making methylmercury."
The authors also noted that their paper offers a mechanism that helps explain the seemingly contradictory reports on the interaction of organic matter and mercury in nature.
Gu and Liang hope this newly gained knowledge will play a role in helping to understand how mercury cycles in aquatic and sediment environments and help in informed decision-making for mercury-impacted sites around the nation.
"Our long-term goal is to understand the mechanisms controlling the production of methylmercury in the environment, " Liang said. "This understanding could lead to ways to reduce levels of mercury in fish as this is a global problem of enormous significance."
Mercury is distributed around the globe mainly through the burning of coal, industrial uses and through natural processes such as volcano eruptions. Various forms of mercury are widely found in sediments and water.
This research benefits from ORNL's expertise in field-to-laboratory geochemistry and microbiology, computational modeling and simulation, world-class neutron sources and high-performance computing.
Other authors of the paper, "Mercury reduction and complexation by natural organic matter in anoxic environments," are Carrie Miller and Wenming Dong of ORNL and Yongrong Bian and Xin Jiang, visiting scientists from the Chinese Academy of Science.
Provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Citation: Natural dissolved organic matter plays dual role in cycling of mercury (2011, January 11) retrieved 29 January 2023 from https://phys.org/news/2011-01-natural-dissolved-dual-role-mercury.html
How Mercury Becomes Toxic In The Environment
Why mercury is more dangerous in oceans
Waterborne carbon increases threat of environmental mercury
Mercury concentrations in fish respond quickly to increased deposition
Study: Mercury can travel long distances
Mercury reduction tied to emissions laws


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Black felt fabric under peak to reduce sun-glare and shield your eyes.
The TUG Viking ship logo is discreetly embroidered on left front and subdued text on adjustment strap.


There may be very few smart speakers out in the Indian market right now but we wager it'll grow by next year. For the moment, let's present the best one out there with a Digit Zero1 award.
We believe that the smart speakers market has expanded in India to a point where the best one out there merits a Digit Zero1 award. Sure, the market may still be tiny and the number of offerings may be single-digit, but we expect the competition only to stiffen in the coming years. So, let's take a look at the best smart speakers we have in our country this year. Which model will win a Digit Zero1?
Though it was launched in 2016 globally, the Google Home made it to India only this April. Google's flagship smart speaker in a manner of speaking, the Home uses a 2-inch driver for vocals and dual 2-inch passive radiators for low-frequency thumps. It employs two microphones to listen actively for 'OK, Google' calls. Google Assistant is the virtual assistant Google employs in the Home smart speaker. Is it impressive enough to bag a Digit Zero1 award though? Let's find out.Click here to buy.
The second-generation Amazon Echo Plus was launched this year along with ten other Echo devices. It sports a 0.8-inch tweeter and a 3-inch woofer to deliver a balanced sound output. On the top it has a seven-microphone array to listen actively for wake calls. It also doubles up as a hub device to connect wirelessly to ZigBee-enabled home equipment. Alexa is the virtual assistant inside the Echo Plus. Will she show her skills off enough to win a Digit Zero1 award? Let's wait and watch. Click here to buy.


text:
Q: Django/Python - where to define a global immutable dictionary Using Python with a Django framework, I need to define a dictionary of tuples. These need to be global and referenced across multiple python files within the application. They will be global across all the user threads and completely immutable ie. constants. These values will be displayed on the pages and printed in reports.
I want to know where is the best place to define these dictionaries, eg. in the views.py file? Please let me know what is the best practice. Thanks so much!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


As a very proud Australian Why is Australia Day not listed on any Create a Forum,EzyPortal or SMF calenders?
USA's 4th July and Canada Day are both listed. Why not other national days?
We are based on SMF and looks like the core software did not include I would bring that up to the SMF devs and maybe they can add it.


text:
Tunas Spring, formerly Escondido Spring, a spring along Tunas Creek (formerly Arroyo Escondido), a tributary of the Pecos River in Pecos County, Texas.

History
Known originally as Escondido Spring, Tunas Spring was a watering and resting place on the San Antonio-El Paso Road for travelers and for the stagecoaches of the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line and other lines.  It was 8.58 miles east of were that road met the Arroyo Escondido and 19.4 miles from Comanche Springs.

In one of the earliest descriptions of the road from the Pecos to Escondido Springs and the springs themselves is found in the December 21, 1849 report Captain S. G. French, of the Quartermaster's Department:

Leaving the Pecos, the [San Antonio-El Paso] road turns directly to the west, up a wide valley or plain, with hills in broken ridges on both sides. As the distance increases, the soil becomes more and more sterile, without grass, and yielding support to nothing but dwarf bushes, Spanish bayonets, and stunted cactus. Continuing over a gently-swelling hill, another valley is entered, following which about six miles, water is found in ponds, some of them quite deep, surrounded by a tall growth of rushes and cane. The water rises from a rocky bottom, and, as it imperceptibly glides away, gives life and freshness to the coarse grass and cane. This water is distant from the Pecos about eighteen miles, and has been called Escondido creek. The grazing is not good, and wood for fuel is scarce. Eight miles further on are the Escondido springs. The water gushes out from beneath a shelf of rocks, and flows some distance down the creek. The country around is rocky and barren, covered with chaparral and prickly pear. The grazing is limited, and wood by no means plenty.

On July 13, 1857, Edward Fitzgerald Beale described it:

Started at 4 a m. and travelled over an almost level country until we came to the Escondido spring. This water is beautifully clear, though slightly brackish. There is sufficient grass here, but of a coarse innutritious quality.

References

External links
 Photo of Replica Of "Tunis Creek Stage Coach Stop"

Bodies of water of Pecos County, Texas
Springs of Texas
San Antonio–El Paso Road
San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line
Stagecoach stops in the United States

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia