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Home » Way Makers » Charles de Foucauld » Links & Resources » Booklets
Illustrated Life Story of Charles
Nomad friends El Abiodh
"I believe there are no words of the Gospel which have made a deeper impression on me or transformed my life more than these: 'In so far as you did this to one of the least of these brothers or sisters of mine, you did it to me.'(Mt.25:40) When we think that these are the words of Uncreated 'This is my Body, this is my Blood', how imperative it is that we go out to find and love Jesus in these his little ones'."
Charles and his sister Marie and their mother
Brother Charles of Jesus was born in Strasbourg, France on September 15th, 1858. By the age of seven both his parents had died, and he and his little sister were brought up by their grandparents; but he always kept very fond memories of his mother.
"From my childhood I was surrounded by many graces. The son of a saintly mother, I learnt from her to know and love you, 0 God, and as soon as I could speak, to pray to you..."
"My upbringing was very pious, with visits to churches, a little altar in my bedroom and so on. My catechism lessons and instruction for first confession were guided by my grandfather, a good Christian.
I made my first Communion after long and careful preparation... Further studies followed with a holy and wise priest."
But Charles' grandparents spoilt the children, and a total lack of guidance accentuated his melancholy loneliness. He loved reading, but this only isolated him more and tended to undermine his capacity for faith and trust in others.
"From the time I was sixteen, I lived without any faith at all. Nothing seemed proved with enough evidence; if people could follow such different religions with equal degrees of faith, that seemed to me reason to reject them all. I spent twelve years without denying anything or believing anything, giving up hope that truth existed. I lived, getting along as someone can when the last spark of his faith has been put out."
At the age of eighteen the young Charles was sent to a well-known military school to prepare for the French Army. Though a bright young man, he made no effort to study, but somehow managed to graduate. Later, he was to meditate on this time in humble gratitude for the gift of faith:
Lieutenant de Foucauld"Although I had completely lost the faith, I could still feel esteem for others. You also kept alive in me, Lord, a taste for serious reading, for study, for beautiful things and at the same time a repugnance for evil and vice. I indulged in wrong-doing but neither approved of it nor enjoyed it... You gave me a feeling of depression and sadness that I have never felt at any other time. It came every evening when I was alone, and made me morose and gloomy during our so-called festivities. I organized them but when the time came I went through them in silence, disgusted and bored. You gave me an indefinable restlessness, the sign of an uneasy conscience which is dormant, but not altogether dead! I have never felt that sadness, unhappiness and lack of peace since. It was your gift, O God, while I was still far from you in my confusion.
On receiving his commission, Charles was sent to Algeria. He experienced, however, a growing feeling of futility and hopelessness. Soon he was discharged for misconduct.
Charles went off to a resort town in Switzerland, but when his regiment was called up for a dangerous assignment, he suddenly found reason to pull himself together. He applied for readmission and served as an officer in Algeria with distinction. He was then twenty-three. His strength, authority, responsibility and self-forgetfulness were to win him the esteem of the soldiers.
After the campaign, Charles applied for leave from the army, only to return to Morocco to explore its unknown interior. His vivid scientific curiosity and strong will to understand, led him into ever deeper contact with the Muslim people whose daily existence was so profoundly marked by their faith in God.
Explorer in Morocco
"The Islamic faith affected me deeply. Witnessing such faith and meeting people living in the continual presence of God gave me insight into something bigger and more real than worldly occupations."
Morocco mosque
Charles wandered even further into the interior, disguised as an itinerant Jew. He slowly discovered the call to search for meaning and faith in the depths of his own being.
Back in France again, he was thankful when his family welcomed him home. His respect and love for them influenced him and he could no longer dismiss their religion as groundless:
"While I was in Paris getting the account of my journey in Morocco printed, I found myself with people who were very intelligent, virtuous and Christian. I began to think that perhaps their religion wasn't absurd. At the same time, grace was at work, and I began to visit churches, without believing however..."
"0 God, you gave me the certainty that I might find, if not truth, I did not believe we could know the truth, at least knowledge in the paths of virtue. And you inspired me to look f or it in Christian books. In this way you familiarized me with the mysteries of religion...! felt the need for solitude, for deep thinking and serious reading. There was a restlessness, an anguish in my soul, a desire for truth, and I used to pray over and over again, 'My God, if you exist, make me know you!'"
Church of St Augustin
Still searching, Charles entered the Church of St. Augustin in Paris. He was as if driven by some interior force. He presented himself at the confessional of Father Huvelin. This was the turning point of his life.
When Charles explained that he did not "believe "but wanted to study Catholic doctrine, Fr Huvelin replied, "Make your confession and you will "believe". He then invited him to receive Communion.
Brother Charles called this moment of conversion, "my second First Communion". From then on, he consecrated his whole life to the loving imitation of Jesus, his "Beloved Lord and Brother". Fr. Huvelin wrote about him: "For Charles, religion meant only love".
Icon of St John at the last supper
"The Gospel shows me that the first commandment is to love God with all my heart and that it is necessary to do everything out of love. Everyone knows that love leads to imitation."
Charles' religious vocation was one with his conversion.
"As soon as I believed that there was a God, I understood that I could not do otherwise than to live only for Him: my religious vocation dates from the same hour as my Faith. God is so great! There is such a difference between God and all that is not Him!"
Charles wanted to discern what God was calling him to do. He wanted to live like Jesus. First of all, there was a phrase from one of Fr. Huvelin's sermons: "Jesus of Nazareth took the lowest place in such a way that no one has ever been able to take it from him."
He said later that these words were inviolably engraved in his soul. He referred to them constantly, for they showed him Jesus as a poor man, the least among the poor.
"To be rich and live in comfort among my possessions when you were poor, deprived, living in misery and burdened by heavy manual work...I just could not do it, 0 God, I could not love like that."
View over Jerusalem
The pilgrimage to the Holy Land that Fr Huvelin advised him to make also left a deep impression on him. In Bethlehem, where he spent Christmas, he came to know Jesus in the mystery of his littleness and poverty, and later he was to write:
"By being so small, so gentle a child, I am crying out to you, trust me, come close to me! Do not be afraid, come to me... Do not be frightened in the presence of such a gentle baby, smiling and holding out his arms to you. He is your God, but he is all smiles and gentleness. Be all fondness, love and trust."
"How happy are the poor in spirit; theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Happy the gentle: they shall have the earth for their heritage." (Mt. 5:3-4)
Charles also went to Jerusalem, and up to Calvary, where he meditated on the mystery of the Cross. And finally in Jesus' own town of Nazareth, he felt drawn "by the hidden life and was confirmed in his decision of wanting to model his life, on that of Jesus, to be poor like him.
Our Lady of the Snows
With the Trappists
As a Trappist
At the age of thirty-two, Charles entered the Monastery of Our Lady of the Snows in France because he heard it was so poor there.
"Why did I enter the Trappist monastery? Out of love, out of pure love. I love our Lord Jesus Christ, although I would like to love more and better. But I do love Him and could not bear to live a life other than His. I could not bear a soft and respected life, when His was the hardest and most disdained that ever existed."
Akbes monastery
Charles moved to a monastery in Akbes in Syria but his search was not ended. He felt called to greater insecurity, a lifestyle closer to that of a poor worker. From the Trappist monastery he wrote: "I long for Nazareth."
Seven years later Charles left the Trappist monastery and set out again for the Holy Land with Fr. Huvelin's encouragement. He arrived in Nazareth on foot, dressed as a poor man, and was received at the Poor Clares' convent.
At the Poor Clares Nazareth
At the Poor Clares in Nazareth
"I have a great thirst to lead at last the life which I have been seeking for seven years, and which I caught a glimpse of while walking in the streets of Nazareth, the same streets once trodden by our Lord, a poor workman, living here In abjection and obscurity."
Wooden hut where Charles lived
"I am settled at Nazareth. I live in a wooden hut outside the cloister. God has let me find here, as perfectly as possible what I have been seeking: poverty, solitude, abjection, very simple work, complete obscurity, a life as close as can be to that of our Lord Jesus when he lived in this same Nazareth. I have embraced here the humble and obscure existence of God, Worker at Nazareth."
Charles lived in Nazareth for three years, working and spending long hours of the day and night in silent adoration of Jesus in the Eucharist and in meditation of the Gospel, his living word. His prayer always kept a note of extreme simplicity.
"When we love someone, we want to speak to him endlessly. Prayer is nothing else: a familiar conversation with our Beloved. We gaze at him, we tell him we love him, we rejoice to be at his feet"
"To pray is to think of Jesus and love him."
In the silent hiddenness of Nazareth, Brother Charles, as he now called himself "became rooted in divine friendship. He perceived the Saviour's infinite tenderness for all people and His preferential love, because He is all mercy, for the poorest, the most abandoned, and the most despised.
Charles with his nephew
Brother Charles discovered that to love Jesus means to become like him, the friend and brother of everyone, and especially of those who seem the farthest away from knowing Jesus. He understood that he should not only share the labour of Jesus, Worker at Nazareth, but also enter with Him into his work as Saviour.
It was in order to follow Jesus more closely and to participate in his loving for the redemption of the world that Brother Charles accepted to become a priest. For a long time he had feared that this might tear him a-way from imitation of Jesus' poverty and wished to be a priest, "like Jesus, for the sheep without a shepherd". He wrote later on:
"During my retreats for the diaconate and for the priesthood, I understood that I should lead this life of Nazareth which seemed to be my vocation, not in the dearly loved Holy Land, but among the most forsaken of sheep. I should offer the divine Banquet, not to relatives, not to neighbours, but to the blind and the poor, that is to say, to those most in need of priests."
Beni Abbes—the fraternity begins
Hermitage in Beni-Abbes. Charles with Bishop Guerin of the Sahara
Brother Charles was forty-three when he became a priest. Soon after ordination he left for the Sahara and settled in a place called Beni Abbes, very close to the Moroccan border. He had never forgotten this country where there was still not a single priest.
He wanted everyone to look on him as their friend and "brother".
On December 1st 1901, he celebrated Mass for the first time in the Hermitage of Beni-Abbes.
Charles' Chapel
He wished his life there to be centered on the presence of Jesus in the Eucharist, and he longed to have companions. He started to write a rule of life for small family-like communities of Little Brothers who would lead the hidden life of Nazareth.
Charles' Monstrance
"Everything about us, all that we are, should 'proclaim the Gospel from the housetops'. All that we do and our whole lives should be an example of what the Gospel way of life means in practice, and should make it unmistakably clear that we belong to Jesus. Our entire being should be a living witness, a reflection of Jesus.
At his hermitage he welcomed a constant stream of visitors, and he often made long journeys into the desert to meet the nomads:
"I never stop meeting people and talking to them: slaves, poor people, soldiers, travellers, those who are ill or who come out of curiosity."
"I would like all the people here, the Christians, the Muslims and the Jews, to look on me as their brother, the universal brother. They are beginning to call my house 'the fraternity', and this makes me very happy."
Charles with the French soldiers
"The fraternity is a beehive from 5 to 9 a.m. and from 4 to 8 p.m."
The existence of slavery grieved Brother Charles deeply and he constantly tried to persuade the colonial government and friends in France to work to abolish it. He wrote in his Rule:
"We must stand up for the rights of our neighbour who is suffering from injustice; we must defend him all the more vigorously because we see Jesus present in him... Surely this is our duty because of our love for Jesus and our love for others for His sake. We have no right to be 'sleeping watchmen' or 'dumb watch-dogs'. Whenever we see evil, we must sound the alarm."
"When an injustice is being done to someone and there is something they can do to help, (the brothers and sisters) will not stand by idly, but will say or do all they can to help. Behind masks and outward appearances, they will see in everyone an inexpressibly sacred being in whom Jesus lives."
"Come to me, all you who labour and are overburdened, and I will give you rest. Shoulder my yoke and learn from me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. Yes, my yoke is easy and my burden light."(Mt 11:28-30).
"Should someone ask me why I am gentle and kindly, I would reply: 'Because I am the servant of One who is so much better than I am: if only you knew how good Jesus, my Master, is.'"
"My Lord Jesus, how quickly someone will become poor who, loving you with all his heart, cannot accept to be richer than his Beloved. How quickly he will become poor who accepts with faith your words, 'If you wish to be perfect, go and sell all you own and give the money to the poor'... 'Blessed are the poor.'"
"Set up home as did Jesus at Nazareth,
obscurely, poorly, humbly, as a hard-working labourer. Imitate as closely as possible the humble and hidden existence of the divine Workman of Nazareth, living only from the work of his hands."
"Praising God means to lose ourselves at his feet in words of admration and love. It means to tell him in all the ways we know, that he is infinitely worthy of love. It means to tell him over and. over again and never to stop saying that he is beautiful and that we love him."
"Our love can be measured by how closely we imitate the one we love."
"The amount of good we do does not depend on what we say or on what we do, but on what we are.
It depends on the grace that accompanies our actions, to the extent that Jesus lives in us and that it is Jesus himself who acts in and through us."
"Obedience is the measure of love: let our obedience then be perfect, that our love may be perfect."
"The more we are united to the Church, the more we are united to the Holy Spirit who gives the Church life. The more we love the Church, the more we love our Lord Jesus, whose Body she is."
"Our hearts, like that of the Church, like that of Jesus, must embrace all mankind."
"Down to the last mouthful of bread, let us share with every poor person, every visitor, every stranger who turns up, and let us receive every human being as a dearly loved brother."
"Weakness of human means is a source of strength...Jesus is Master of the Impossible."
"One thing we owe completely to our Lord is never to be afraid of anything."
"Live every minute of the day as if you were to die a martyr in the evening."
In his hermitage as elsewhere, Brother Charles was always concerned about remaining united to the Church. In his writings he often repeated our Lord's words: "Anyone who listens to you listens to me." He also wrote:
Crossing the Sahara
"Obedience is the most perfect expression of self-surrender to Love, because there is no greater manifestation of love than to do the will of the one we love."
But his availability to obey is far from passiveness. When he judged it necessary, he did not hesitate to take the needed initiatives, submitting' them to his Bishop in complete detachment, as we see in this letter written after he decided to leave Beni Abbes for the South:
"If at a later date I receive an order from you not to remain in the South, I will not stay on. I did not leave so hurriedly out of lack of obedience, but because the most perfect obedience, and this is part of its perfection, calls for initiative In certain cases. If I leave without hesitation, it is because I am ready to return in like manner."
First Hermitage in Tamanrasset
In Tamanrasset
Moussa Ag Amastane the leader of the Tuareg in the Hoggar welcomed Charles and trust and friendship grew between them.
" I live from day to day, trying to do God's will at every instant he gives me."
Moussa Ag Amastane
Moussa with Charles
Charles with the Tuareg
Brother Charles remained at Tamanrasset, in the heart of the Tuareg country, seeking simply to become the friend of this people he loved, making himself, as he wrote, "approachable and very little". Here he came to realize more deeply than ever that it was truly Jesus he met in the person of his poor and so deprived brothers.
Paul Embarek and his children who lived with Brother Charles for thirteen years and witnessed his death
With humble and respectful love, Brother Charles gave himself to his Tuareg brothers and sisters. He wished to become one of them, learning their language and doing an enormous work in linguistics.
He was interested in everything which made up their life and sought with them how to improve their future. He tried to advance step by step with them, whose deepest life he knew from within.
As early as 1904, he translated the Gospel into Tamasheq, the language of the Tuaregs.
Dasine from whom Charles learnt about Tuareg culture
From Charles' note book
The hour had not yet come to announce it by his words, hut he wished his whole life to be a living Gospel, a sign of the Love of Jesus. He prayed continually for Little Brothers and Sisters to join him.
First Fraternity in Tamanrasset
"Through their example, the brothers and sisters must be living witnesses: In seeing them, one should be able to see what the Christian life is, what the Christian religion is, what the Gospel is and who Jesus is."
"In order to save us, God came to us and lived among us, from the Annunciation to the Ascension, in a close and familiar way. For the salvation of all people, He continues to come to us and to live with us in a close and familiar way, each day and at every hour, in the Holy Eucharist. To work for the salvation of the world, we must go and live among our brothers and sisters in a close and familiar way."
Hermitage where Charles worked on the dictionary
Brother Charles had consecrated himself to a life of loving adoration of God and intercession for the Tuareg people, but imitation of Jesus had opened his heart to all people. His love went beyond the boundaries of the Hoggar mountains, reaching out to all the peoples of the world. In February 1910 he jotted in his notebook:
"Pray for the conversion of Japan, and do all you can to make it possible."
Charles with passing nomads
He had only one concern: to make:
"the salvation of all people the work of my whole life."
He had become the universal Little Brother.
The 'Frigate'chapel in Tamanrasset as it is today
His life is centred on adoration of the Blessed Sacrament:
"God with us, God in us, God unceasingly giving himself to us. Such is the Eucharist, Jesus whole and entire."
Brother Charles sought to enter ever more deeply into the mystery of Jesus' life as Saviour.
"It is by sharing the sufferings of Jesus that we can enter into the great mystery of his joy... profound joy which we experience in proportion to our love for Jesus."
Yet Brother Charles last years were marked "by extreme destitution, and he felt himself getting old. He was always alone.
"Jesus wants me to help build this double family, by suppliant prayer, by immolation, by dying, by becoming holy, in a word, by loving Him."
"This is my commandment: love one another as I have loved you. A man can have no greater love than to lay down his life for his friends." (Jn.15:12-13)
He lived his life of faith in obscurity:
"Loving has to do with wanting to love, not with feeling that one loves."
"Father,
I abandon myself into your hands;
do with me what you will.
Whatever you may do, I thank you:
I am ready for all, I accept all
Let only your will be done in me,
and in all your creatures.
I wish no more than this, 0 Lord.
Into your hands I commend my soul;
I offer it to you
with all the love of my heart,
for I love you, Lord,
and need to give myself,
to surrender myself into your hands,
without reserve,
and with boundless confidence,
for you are my Father."
A friend and brother to all
On December 1, 1916, at the age of fifty-eight, Little Brother Charles of Jesus died. He was shot by a frightened boy who had come along with raiding nomads from a neighbouring tribe, caught up in the confusion of the First World War. His death was hidden and silent, like the grain of wheat falling into the earth. He was alone, innocent and defenceless. For Little Brother Charles it was the final act of his loving imitation of Jesus:
"To become a martyr means to become like Jesus; it means to become his brother, his little brother, to the very end, following him hand in hand even to Calvary, and giving him the greatest proof of love: 'A man can have no greater love than Id lay down his life for his friends."
"Unless a wheat grain falls on the ground and dies, it remains only a single grain; but if it dies, it yields a rich harvest." (Jn. 12:24)
The grain bears fruit
Fr. Rene Voillaume set out for El Abiodh in the Sahara in 1933 with the first Little Brothers, and in 1936 the Little Sisters of the Sacred Heart "began in southern France. In 1939 Little Sister Magdeleine of Jesus started the first fraternity of the Little Sisters of Jesus at Touggourt also in the Sahara.
Since then many others priests lay people and religious, have followed Brother Charles in a life consecrated to the imitation of Jesus at Nazareth, and they all constitute his spiritual family. Like him, they are seeking to respond to the deep needs of a world more than ever marked by poverty, social division, and the need to believe.
"Only one thing is necessary: to love Jesus, to follow in His footsteps, hand in hand with Him, to live His life, to think His thoughts, to speak His words, to continue His action."
"Happy those who hunger and thirst for what is right: they shall be satisfied. Happy those who are persecuted in the cause of right: theirs is the kingdom of heaven."(Mt. 5:6,10)
Charles'motto
love life among people universality Jesus Bethlehem Brother Charles' example Nazareth trust littleness prayer friendship contemplative life


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Criminally Underrated #01: Be Here Now - Oasis
In the mid-90s there was only one band on everyone's lips: Oasis. Their first two albums Definitely Maybe and What's The Story Morning Glory were, not without reason, hailed as classics from their respective days of release. It was Britpop for the masses: combining classic elements from the history of rock n roll with a modern twist, they were onto a winner. The influences were obvious, the songs simple; yet it was the attitude of Liam Gallagher, and his older brother Noel's amazing sense for penning a classic song that allowed them to become so big. Besides, any albums with Cigarettes and Alcohol, Slide Away, Supersonic, Wonderwall, Don't Look Back In Anger or Some Might Say on their tracklistings rightly deserve to be up there with the rest of the best.
But then it came to following them up with a third. Be Here Now was possibly the most anticipated British album of the decade, if not the century. It broke all previous sales records when it was eventually released in 1997, two years after What's the Story, and was then roundly slated by both the band's fans and the press several weeks later. It certainly was mostly an abandonment of their usual style, and it reeked of cocaine, but the 12 sprawling, drug-addled whimsies offered up by Be Here Now are nothing to be ashamed of. Forget the background story of constant bickering, the insane amount of drugs being done and the arrogance that came with being potentially the biggest band on the planet (at the time), if you let the music do the talking and you'll be surprised at just how good Oasis' criminally underrated third album is.
The word to sum up Be Here Now would be 'huge'. It features layers of guitars, vocals and the odd orchestra all piled fantastically on top of each other, whilst the songs average at around 6 minutes in length. The production, since dubbed as 'overdone' by various music publications, simply echoed the album's size. Be Here Now would have been panned by the press even further had the production been low-key, something which would have resulted in an utter mess of an album. True, at over 70 minutes in length, its hard to take in all at once (very unlike, say, Whats the Story) but Be Here Now marked a change in direction. The band would probably not be around today had they not experimented in new sounds and methods and simply put out an album of Wonderwalls. The critics' response to the length of the album was, and is, also partially unfounded, as Champagne Supernova (closing track from Whats the Story) is hailed as a classic, despite being nearly 8 minutes in length and stylistically similar to a few tracks on Be Here Now.
But what of the songs? Opener D'You Know What I Mean? is pure arrogance; standing as an anthemic movement more than a short, catchy 3 minute pop song. It hit the number one spot on its release as a single despite being 7:45 of swirling psychadelica and crunching guitars, almost Pink Floyd crossed with the Britpop RnR of Definitely Maybe. Elsewhere, the Led Zeppelin-esque Fade In-Out would probably be hailed as a classic on any other album, complete with slide guitar by a certain Johnny Depp, whilst Its Getting Better (Man!!) is simply a fantastic rock n roll anthem, stretched out to 7 minutes thanks to Noel Gallagher's guitar heroics.
Be Here Now can't be criticised for being unlistenable or non-commercial, either, when songs such as the title track could walk onto any of their releases, or the sing-'em-loud quality possessed by the dirty, grungey ballads Stand By Me and Don't Go Away. True, songs such as Magic Pie and The Girl In the Dirty Shirt could have probably done with being a tad shorter, but they still hold enough charm and showcase Noel Gallagher's songwriting talents to such an extent that they shouldn't be dismissed so quickly. Around the World hits 11 minutes, if the reprise at the end of the album is included, but its wrong to be so picky with a song epic enough to rival that of Use Your Illusion-era Guns n Roses.
Despite being blasted by nearly everyone: the fans, the media and even the band members themselves, Be Here Now isn't nearly as bad as everyone says or thinks it is. Indeed, it is of my opinion that this is one of their better albums, certainly ranking above 2000's dodgy follow-up Standing On the Shoulders of Giants or the patchy, low-key Heathen Chemistry from 2002. Its too easy to dismiss acts based on the level of hype, mysticism or arrogance in which they become shrouded, and too many fall into such a trap when summing up Be Here Now. Give it a chance, and you could very much fall in love with this album.
Posted on March 3rd, 2008 at 11:51am
Be Here Now is the only Oasis album I have and I think it's excellent.
asthenia., March 9th, 2008 at 07:49:18pm
Now I'm jealous...
Seriously, great review. I'll down that and see the truth.
Chile D. Guy, March 4th, 2008 at 07:17:51pm
hey james hey neat review
steph., March 4th, 2008 at 07:09:46pm
rue, songs such as Magic Pie and The Girl In the Dirty Shirt could have probably done with being a tad shorter, but they still hold enough charm and showcase Noel Gallagher's songwriting talents to such an extent that they shouldn't be dismissed so quickly.
I agree, i love both those songs honestly.People who think they're too long can stfu and get over it.
Kurtni, March 4th, 2008 at 12:21:59am
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text:
package cc.mallet.classify.tui;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

import cc.mallet.classify.FeatureConstraintUtil;
import cc.mallet.topics.ParallelTopicModel;
import cc.mallet.types.Alphabet;
import cc.mallet.types.InstanceList;
import cc.mallet.util.CommandOption;
import cc.mallet.util.MalletLogger;

/**
 * Create "feature constraints" from data for use in GE training.
 * @author Gregory Druck gdruck@cs.umass.edu
 */

public class Vectors2FeatureConstraints {

	private static Logger logger = MalletLogger.getLogger(Vectors2FeatureConstraints.class.getName());

  public static CommandOption.File vectorsFile = new
    CommandOption.File(Vectors2FeatureConstraints.class, "input", "FILENAME",
    true, null, "Data file used to generate constraints.", null);

  public static CommandOption.File constraintsFile = new
    CommandOption.File(Vectors2FeatureConstraints.class, "output", "FILENAME",
    true, null, "Output file for constraints.", null);

  public static CommandOption.File featuresFile = new
    CommandOption.File(Vectors2FeatureConstraints.class, "features-file", "FILENAME",
    false, null, "File with list of features used to generate constraints.", null);

  public static CommandOption.File ldaFile = new
    CommandOption.File(Vectors2FeatureConstraints.class, "lda-file", "FILENAME",
    false, null, "File with serialized LDA object (if using LDA feature constraint selection).", null);

  public static CommandOption.Integer numConstraints = new
    CommandOption.Integer(Vectors2FeatureConstraints.class, "num-constraints", "FILENAME",
    true, 10, "Number of feature constraints.", null);

  public static CommandOption.String featureSelection = new
  CommandOption.String(Vectors2FeatureConstraints.class, "feature-selection", "STRING",
  true, "infogain | lda", "Method used to choose feature constraints.", null);

  public static CommandOption.String targets = new
  CommandOption.String(Vectors2FeatureConstraints.class, "targets", "STRING",
  true, "none | oracle | heuristic | voted", "Method used to estimate constraint targets.", null);

  public static CommandOption.Double majorityProb = new
  CommandOption.Double(Vectors2FeatureConstraints.class, "majority-prob", "DOUBLE",
      false, 0.9, "Probability for majority labels when using heuristic target estimation.", null);

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    CommandOption.process(Vectors2FeatureConstraints.class, args);
    InstanceList list = InstanceList.load(vectorsFile.value);

    // Here we will assume that we use all labeled data available.
    ArrayList<Integer> features = null;
    HashMap<Integer,ArrayList<Integer>> featuresAndLabels = null;

    // if a features file was specified, then load features from the file
    if (featuresFile.wasInvoked()) {
      if (fileContainsLabels(featuresFile.value)) {
      	// better error message from dfrankow@gmail.com
        if (targets.value.equals("oracle")) {
      	  throw new RuntimeException("with --targets oracle, features file must be unlabeled");
        }
        featuresAndLabels = readFeaturesAndLabelsFromFile(featuresFile.value, list.getDataAlphabet(), list.getTargetAlphabet());
      }
      else {
        features = readFeaturesFromFile(featuresFile.value, list.getDataAlphabet());
      }
    }

    // otherwise select features using specified method
    else {
      if (featureSelection.value.equals("infogain")) {
        features = FeatureConstraintUtil.selectFeaturesByInfoGain(list,numConstraints.value);
      }
      else if (featureSelection.value.equals("lda")) {
        try {
          ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream(ldaFile.value));
          ParallelTopicModel lda = (ParallelTopicModel)ois.readObject();
          features = FeatureConstraintUtil.selectTopLDAFeatures(numConstraints.value, lda, list.getDataAlphabet());
        }
        catch (Exception e) {
          e.printStackTrace();
        }
      }
      else {
        throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported value for feature selection: " + featureSelection.value);
      }
    }

    // If the target method is oracle, then we do not need feature "labels".
    HashMap<Integer,double[]> constraints = null;

    if (targets.value.equals("none")) {
      constraints = new HashMap<Integer,double[]>();
      for (int fi : features) {
        constraints.put(fi, null);
      }
    }
    else if (targets.value.equals("oracle")) {
      constraints = FeatureConstraintUtil.setTargetsUsingData(list, features);
    }
    else {
      // For other methods, we need to get feature labels, as
      // long as they haven't been already loaded from disk.
      if (featuresAndLabels == null) {
        featuresAndLabels = FeatureConstraintUtil.labelFeatures(list,features);

        for (int fi : featuresAndLabels.keySet()) {
          logger.info(list.getDataAlphabet().lookupObject(fi) + ":  ");
          for (int li : featuresAndLabels.get(fi)) {
            logger.info(list.getTargetAlphabet().lookupObject(li) + " ");
          }
        }

      }
      if (targets.value.equals("heuristic")) {
        constraints = FeatureConstraintUtil.setTargetsUsingHeuristic(featuresAndLabels,list.getTargetAlphabet().size(),majorityProb.value);
      }
      else if (targets.value.equals("voted")) {
        constraints = FeatureConstraintUtil.setTargetsUsingFeatureVoting(featuresAndLabels,list);
      }
      else {
        throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported value for targets: " + targets.value);
      }
    }
    writeConstraints(constraints,constraintsFile.value,list.getDataAlphabet(),list.getTargetAlphabet());
  }

  private static boolean fileContainsLabels(File file) {
    String line = "";
    try {
      BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
      line = reader.readLine().trim();
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      System.exit(1);
    }

    String[] split = line.split("\\s+");

    if (split.length == 1) {
      return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  private static ArrayList<Integer> readFeaturesFromFile(File file, Alphabet dataAlphabet) {
    ArrayList<Integer> features = new ArrayList<Integer>();

    try {
      BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));

      String line = reader.readLine();
      while (line != null) {
        line = line.trim();
        int featureIndex = dataAlphabet.lookupIndex(line,false);
        features.add(featureIndex);
        line = reader.readLine();
      }
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      System.exit(1);
    }
    return features;
  }

  public static HashMap<Integer,ArrayList<Integer>> readFeaturesAndLabelsFromFile(File file, Alphabet dataAlphabet, Alphabet targetAlphabet) {
    HashMap<Integer,ArrayList<Integer>> featuresAndLabels = new HashMap<Integer,ArrayList<Integer>>();

    try {
      BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));

      String line = reader.readLine();
      while (line != null) {
        line = line.trim();
        String[] split = line.split("\\s+");
        int featureIndex = dataAlphabet.lookupIndex(split[0],false);
      	// better error message from dfrankow@gmail.com
        if (featureIndex == -1) {
        	throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't find feature '"
        	  + split[0] + "' in the data alphabet.");
        }

        ArrayList<Integer> labels = new ArrayList<Integer>();
        for (int i = 1; i < split.length; i++) {
          // TODO should these be label names?
          int li = targetAlphabet.lookupIndex(split[i]);
          labels.add(li);
          logger.info("found label " + li);
        }
        featuresAndLabels.put(featureIndex,labels);
        line = reader.readLine();
      }
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      System.exit(1);
    }
    return featuresAndLabels;
  }

  private static void writeConstraints(HashMap<Integer,double[]> constraints, File constraintsFile, Alphabet dataAlphabet, Alphabet targetAlphabet) {

    if (constraints.size() == 0) {
      logger.warning("No constraints written!");
      return;
    }

    try {
      FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(constraintsFile);
      for (int fi : constraints.keySet()) {
        writer.write(dataAlphabet.lookupObject(fi) + " ");
        double[] p = constraints.get(fi);
        if (p != null) {
          for (int li = 0; li < p.length; li++) {
            writer.write(targetAlphabet.lookupObject(li) + ":" + p[li] + " ");
          }
        }
        writer.write("\n");
      }
      writer.close();
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      System.exit(1);
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A diverse crowd of about 300 people attended "Rejoice, O Mountains of Pennsylvania," a benefit concert for St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary sung by the Chamber Choir of St. Tikhon's Monastery on Sunday, May 29 at St. Stephen's Episcopal Pro-Cathedral in Wilkes-Barre.
In addition to several hierarchs, dozens of clergy, and many Orthodox faithful, the concert attracted at least 100 attendees who were not Orthodox.
"A husband and wife who were passing through the area on the day of the concert heard a recording of the Chamber Choir on WVIA, the NPR affiliate for Northeastern Pennsylvania," reported Benedict Sheehan, artistic director of the Chamber Choir and professor of Orthodox liturgical music at St. Tikhon's Seminary. "They were so taken with what they heard that they changed their plans, stayed in Wilkes-Barre, and ended up buying tickets. Many people received their first introduction to Orthodox sacred music, and perhaps even to Orthodoxy, because of this event."
The Chamber Choir is a professional vocal ensemble whose members include some of the finest solo and ensemble singers in the New York area and throughout North America. Several of the singers are also members of Grammy Award-winning ensembles and appear as soloists with professional opera companies around the country. Six members have direct ties to St. Tikhon's Seminary, either as current students, alumni, or wives.
The choir's debut album, "Till Morn Eternal Breaks: Sacred Choral Music of Benedict Sheehan," attracted the attention of the regional arts media, as well as various Orthodox media outlets, following its release in 2015 and a celebratory concert on November 12 in New York City.
In December, ArtScene with Erika Funke, a radio program which brings attention to arts and cultural events in Pennsylvania, featured an interview about the debut album with Archimandrite Sergius, abbot of St. Tikhon's Monastery, and the Sheehans. In March, Vladimir Morosan, a leading musicologist of Orthodox music, reviewed the album during an episode of his podcast on Ancient Faith Radio. Then, in April and May, WVIA featured two long-form broadcasts of the album itself, exposing the region's classical music fans to Orthodox sacred music.
"Beauty, as Dostoevsky said, saves the world. Beauty is one of the things that the Church has to offer, and making that beauty available to a wide audience can open people's hearts to deeper realities," Archimandrite Sergius said. "That's why the monastery is committed to supporting this choir and a regular cycle of performances."
A five-minute video from the concert is available on YouTube. It shows the program's very first piece and its very last: the final encore at the evening's conclusion.
"We look forward to hosting more concerts like this in this region of the country, and maybe even beyond," Archpriest Dr. Steven Voytovich, Dean of St. Tikhon's Seminary, said. "The Chamber Choir is one of the ways that the monastery and the seminary work together for the life of the world and its salvation."
The presenting sponsor for the evening was Renovation Angel, a national non-profit organization that recycles luxury kitchens and donates proceeds to charity. Other major sponsors included the Philadelphia Trust Company, the Patriarch Tikhon Russian-American Music Institute, and the Honesdale National Bank.
Sponsorships for the choir's 2016-2017 season are now available. For more information please contact Benedict Sheehan at benedict.sheehan@stots.edu.


Conquer a brand new loom stitch! This video is the first to demonstrate the the triple knit stitch on a loom. Create beuatiful works of woolen art by following the instructions in this video. Learn how to knit the triple knit stitch on a loom and take your knitting to a whole new level.


In our latest webinar, "Simple Lessons To Improve Your Law Practice And Your Life," Nora Bergman, law firm business coach and author of "50 Lessons for Lawyers," discussed strategies to help solo and small firm lawyers increase their productivity.
She explained how your daily, hectic routine can often take over, making it difficult for you to assess the efficiency of your law firm's processes. The good news is that things can change – you simply have to take the right steps! And in this webinar, Nora offered advice on exactly how to go about it.
MyCase Wyoming Bar Association Member Benefit Available Now!


text:
There are more than 100 Approved Specialist Programs at 56 schools across the State.
Sports, arts, academic and applied Approved Specialist Programs give children real-world skills and a head start in reaching their career goals.
Many programs are linked to sporting and industry bodies and training organisations, allowing children to gain industry recognised qualifications. Teachers and coaches are adept at recognising and developing children's skills in their areas of interest.
Children can select pathways that prepare them for full-time employment or trades, or future study at training organisations or university.
From aviation to music and from engineering to cricket, the programs are challenging and exciting. Graduates have gone on to become professional athletes, pilots, cinematographers, fashion designers, marine biologists, sports coaches and more.
View the full list of Approved Specialist Programs and the schools that offer them below.
Approved Academic and Applied Specialist Programs
Approved Arts Specialist Programs
Approved Sports Specialist Programs
Selection and how to apply
There are a number of programs including information and communication technology (ICT), agriculture, aviation, marine studies, environmental life studies and hospitality to name just a few.
Many programs include workplace learning which will allow your children to achieve nationally accredited qualifications which can be used in the workplace, in a trade or for further study.
Programs are enriched and endorsed by leading organisations creating essential links to the workforce and tertiary education.
List of programs available:
Advanced curriculum enrichment
This program promotes higher level thinking skills and academic achievement in English, mathematics, society and environment and science. Ballajura Community College
Advanced technology and design
This program enables children to develop their academic skills and demonstrate their creativity by teaching them to design and create industry standard products. Warnbro Community High School
The agriculture program provides children with an in-depth background in farming and agricultural science.
Kelmscott Senior High School
Kiara College
The aviation program teaches children skills including engineering, learning to fly and the skills needed to enter the aviation industry.
Greenwood College
Kent Street Senior High School
Melville Senior High School
Morley Senior High School
Children gain the knowledge and skills to develop and design electrical machines, products and systems.
Governor Stirling Senior High School
Enriched mathematics, information technology and science (EMiTS)
EMiTS is an academic based program specialising in science and mathematics and is designed for children with above average ability in these areas. The program aims to build children's knowledge and prepare them for further studies at university. Como Secondary College
Environmental life sciences
Children combine hands on experiences with academic learning, teaching them to become the environmental advocates, scientists and politicians of the future. Lynwood Senior High School
Health and medical program
Children with an interest in the health profession are given a realistic picture of what it is like to work in the industry. They have the opportunity to study mathematics, science and health subjects with a medical focus. Manea Senior College
This program gives children access to the latest technology, methods, content delivery and opportunities to explore this exciting fast paced industry.
Armadale Senior High School
Ashdale Secondary College
Fremantle College
Hampton Senior High School
Japanese program
Children expand their knowledge, skills and understanding of the Japanese language and culture in this program. Leeming Senior High School
LEAP (Lesmurdie extension and acceleration (science and mathematics))
LEAP provides academic and practical extension in science and mathematics, including problem solving, model making and field work. Lesmurdie Senior High School
Children combine theoretical and practical programs in marine studies including oceanography, navigation, marine biology and sustainability, as well as giving children the opportunity to obtain scuba qualifications.
Ocean Reef Senior High School
Children develop an understanding of the maritime environment with study including aquatics, snorkelling, boating and kayaking. Rockingham Senior High School
Mathematics program
Children who have an exceptional aptitude in mathematics will thrive in this program. Rossmoyne Senior High School
This program embeds philosophical concepts in the context of a structured lower school mathematics program. Australind Senior High School
Mining alliance program
Children gain the skills and experience to work in the mining industry before continuing their studies in an apprenticeship or at university. Newman Senior High School
Science and technology program
Children in this program become members of the Science and Technology Academy, providing them with opportunities to participate in programs, competitions and research projects. Leeming Senior High School
Science horizons
This academic based program provides extensions in science and mathematics. It is for children with above average abilities in these areas who are encouraged to think 'outside the box'. Newton Moore Senior High School
Surf science
This program extends children's knowledge in the areas of mathematics and science. The program is for children with above average ability in these areas. There is a strong focus on preparing children for further study. John Tonkin College
There is a huge selection of Approved Specialist Arts Programs to exercise your children's talents and stretch their individuality and creative boundaries.
Imagine your child being a world-class fashion designer or a renowned television producer! Or perhaps music, broadcasting, visual and performing arts or photography might hold the key for success.
The learning environment provides outstanding facilities. Classes can include workshops, studio work, competitions, enrichment opportunities and mentoring sessions by visiting professionals who provide real insight into the life of the artistic professional.
List of subjects available:
Arts media
Children who enjoy working with, and want to develop, their film, multimedia, visual arts and animation skills will thrive in this program. It integrates visual arts and media into a practical focus, using digital tools and computer technology. Governor Stirling Senior High School
Contemporary drama - arts
Contemporary drama introduces children to the practical world of theatre, including acting, stage management and production design. Belmont City College
This program is for children who are currently learning a musical instrument and wish to continue to develop their skills and learn composition, arrangement and production.
Rossmoyne Senior High School
This program is for children who play a musical instrument and wish to develop their performance skills (solo and ensemble).
Como Secondary College
Children explore two types of creative arts: studio work (media, multimedia and visual arts) and performance (dance, drama and music). Warnbro Community High School
The dance program gives children the freedom to express and learn dance forms and techniques. Children develop skills in contemporary dance, choreography, improvisation, jazz and classical dance. Balcatta Senior High School
Digital film and technology
This program offers an in-depth study of the theoretical and practical world of film and television such as cinematography, editing, writing for screen and acting for screen. Roleystone Community College
Children are provided with an outline of all elements of theatre including acting and production design. Swan View Senior High School
Children have the opportunity to develop their knowledge, skills and creativity in fashion, as well as apply and link these skills to practical applications.
Belridge Secondary College
Geographe Bay Music
This program is for children who are currently learning a musical instrument and wish to continue to develop their skills and learn composition, arrangement and production. Busselton Senior High School
Graphic design media
This program develops children's knowledge, skills and creativity in design through the use of state-of-the-art computer software programs and practical applications to tackle real-life situations. Melville Senior High School
Instrumental music and voice
This program provides opportunities for both ongoing and beginner instrumental or voice students to develop their skills to a high level in the areas of performance, theory, composition and music literature. Ellenbrook Secondary College
The jazz music program develops children's appreciation of jazz music at a high level.
Mount Lawley Senior High School
Multimedia and broadcasting
Children get to engage in drawing, digital photography, multimedia design and television production. Morley Senior High School
Canning Vale College
Eastern Hills Senior High School
John Forrest Secondary College
Woodvale Secondary College
This program aims to create the recording artists and music industry professionals of the future. It teaches students all aspects of the modern music industry including theory and analysis, performance, recording, sound editing and sound design for film and music. Lakeland Senior High School
This program provides children with the opportunity to develop skills and creativity in dance, drama and music.
Cecil Andrews Senior High School
Wanneroo Secondary College
Special arts program
This collaborative and integrated arts program includes music, dance, drama and visual arts. Hedland Senior High School
This comprehensive program allows children to learn a range of visual arts styles including drawing, painting and graphic design.
Bunbury Senior High School
This program teaches a broad array of visual and performing arts including drama, music and visual arts. Mount Lawley Senior High School
If your child is ready to take up the challenge of sports, they will get more than just physical activity.
Our Approved Specialist Sports Programs develop character, teach technical skills and self-discipline, and nurture a love of sport.
When your child graduates, they will have the opportunity and skills to pursue a career in sports science, physiotherapy, coaching, teaching, human movement, exercise science and, with determination and commitment, become a professional athlete.
These programs enable children to compete at the highest levels and develop their skills as athletes both on the field and in the classroom. In addition, they can choose to complete nationally recognised qualifications, such as umpiring, first aid, sports medicine and sports strategy.
And just to show how serious we are about developing young athletes, all programs have strong links to, or are endorsed by, peak sporting bodies.
Adventure recreation program
This program uses the great Australian outdoors as its classroom. Children develop leadership and self-esteem while also fostering an awareness of environmental issues. Warnbro Community High School
Outdoor adventure program
Children are given the skills and knowledge to participate in a wide range of outdoor activities. It is for children who have a strong interest in physical activity and learning about our unique environment. Kalamunda Senior High School
Bunbury Elite Sports Training (BEST) program
BEST targets athletic conditioning and performance for a range of sporting fields, by applying sports science. As well as physical development, the program offers an understanding of nutrition, injury management, play strategies, sports psychology and coaching. Bunbury Senior High School
Individual sports programs
These individual sports programs not only teach children to play the chosen sport to the best of their ability, but also game strategy, umpiring, coaching, fitness, event and team management and sports first aid.
Comet Bay College
Darling Range Sports College
Warwick Senior High School
Denmark Senior High School
Rockingham Senior High School
Willetton Senior High School
Cheer dance
Safety Bay Senior High School
Dalyellup College
Golf Como Secondary College
Hockey Como Secondary College
Rugby Thornlie Senior High School
John Curtin College of the Arts
Lynwood Senior High School
Surfing Margaret River Senior High School
Swimming Darling Range Sports College
Applecross Senior High School
Touch rugby Lakeland Senior High School
Triathlon Duncraig Senior High School
Children may apply for these programs no matter where they live in the State.
Selection into a program does not guarantee a place at the school if the child lives outside the local area.
All schools guarantee places for children in their local intake areas as the first priority. After taking local enrolments, a school may then take enrolments from children selected for Approved Specialist Programs who live outside the local area if the school has capacity.
To find out more about the programs that interest your child, including when applications open and entry processes, please contact the relevant school or check the school website for more information.
Applications are made directly to schools. As every program is unique, application processes and closing dates vary.


Sometimes life in Ottawa, Ontario can seem a little dull – that's why Narcity has compiled a list of the Top 20 Unexpectedly Fun Things To Do In Ottawa, and naturally, the Backyard Axe Throwing League (BATL) made the list. We brought axe throwing to our Nation's Capital over 2 years ago and haven't looked back. Since day one BATL has been involved with the community, playing host to fundraisers, local sports teams, and more!
BATL Ottawa offers many ways to get involved with our sport (much like all of our locations across North America). Our weekly leagues are what made us world famous, but each of our locations offers private group event bookings (perfect for adult birthdays, bachelor/bachelorette parties, corporate team building, holiday parties, and much more!) and public walk-in axe throwing sessions each weekend – for the more casual axe thrower!
It's time to Join the #BATL, Ottawa!


Should We Abandon Louisiana? Only a Non-Louisianan Would Say That.
Hillary Clinton Believes in Science. That Shouldn't Be Noteworthy.
Some Muslims Don't Believe in Evolution Either. Why Are Christians So Much More Zealous About It?
Texas Has a Chance to Teach Better Science—Will It?
Public Schools Are Visiting the Creation Museum on Field Trips. That's Not Constitutional.
Bobby Jindal Pins His Presidential Hopes on a Prayer Revival. It Was a Bust.
Texas Wants Moses in Its Social Studies Textbooks. Publishers Are Happy to Deliver.


text:
Q: regular expression eating first character when called from another function I'm trying to remove all non-ascii characters from an input string using a regular expression in VB.NET (3.5). I have a function that should run any input string through a regular expression:
Public Shared Function RemoveIllegalCharacters(ByVal inpTxt As String) As String

    'use a regular expression to replace any characters that are non-ascii
    inpTxt = Regex.Replace(inpTxt, "[^\u0000-\u007F]", String.Empty)

    Return inpTxt

End Function

Which seems to work properly within the Function. inpTxt = "123foobar" is "123foobar" throughout the function. However, when I access it elsewhere:
Public someOtherFunction(ByVal inpTxt As String) As String

    inpTxt = RemoveIllegalCharacters(inpTxt)

    Return inpTxt

End Function

the first character disappears:
inpTxt = "23foobar"

Other sources suggests I write
inpTxt = Regex.Replace(inpTxt, @"[^\u0000-\u007F]", String.Empty)

But the project refuses to compile without a string for the second parameter of Regex.Replace.

A: This function is meaningless:
Public Shared Sub RemoveIllegalCharacters(ByVal inpTxt As String)

    'use a regular expression to replace any characters that are non-ascii
    inpTxt = Regex.Replace(inpTxt, "[^\u0000-\u007F]", String.Empty)

End Sub

If inpTxt is passed ByVal, then this function does not do anything. It doesn't change the string from the caller, the assignment is only valid inside of the Sub. You can change your Sub to a Function and return it instead:
Public Shared Function RemoveIllegalCharacters(ByVal inpTxt As String) As String

    'use a regular expression to replace any characters that are non-ascii
    Return Regex.Replace(inpTxt, "[^\u0000-\u007F]", String.Empty)

End Function

And use it like so:
Dim cleaned = RemoveIllegalCharacters(inpTxt)

This appears to work:
Dim inpTxt = "1234FOOBARR" + Chr(&H80)
Console.WriteLine(inpTxt) 'Prints "1234FOOBARR?"
Dim cleaned = RemoveIllegalCharacters(inpTxt)
Console.WriteLine(cleaned) 'Prints "1234FOOBARR"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Complete Collection of 10 Retellings eAudiobook MP3
Narrated by Georgia Landers, Assad Zaman, Miles Jupp, Anne Odeke, Avita Jay, Dyfrig Morris, Alice Blundell, Patrick Osborne
Part of the Michael Morpurgo's Tales from Shakespeare series
eAudiobook MP3
Please note: eAudiobooks can only be purchased with a UK issued credit card.
Sir Michael Morpurgo retells ten of Shakespeare's best-loved plays in this stunning audio collection in association with the RSC, featuring readings by members of the Royal Shakespeare Company and Michael himself. This collection includes Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Macbeth, Hamlet, King Lear, Henry V, Twelfth Night, Taming of the Shrew, The Winter's Tale and The Tempest. Translating these iconic plays into thrilling prose, the nation's favourite storyteller preserves all the imaginative genius and spark of the originals, while bringing a contemporary and vibrant voice to their retelling.
The stories are revealed in a fresh, exciting and entertaining way, providing both an entry point for child readers and a fascinating dialogue with the original texts that will intrigue any Shakespeare scholar. Each tale, directed by Hal Chambers and Aaron Parsons, is introduced by Michael and includes incidental music composed by Phil James.
Format:eAudiobook MP3
Run-time:0 hours 0 mins
Publisher:HarperCollins Publishers
CD-Audio from £11.95
CD-Audio | Published 14/10/2021 | £11.95 | View now
Download and listen
Is this the right eAudiobook for my device? How do I download this eAudiobook? See help and FAQs pages
Also by Michael Morpurgo | View all
Kensuke's Kingdom
Also in the Michael Morpurgo's Tales from Shakespeare series
The Complete Collection of 10 Retellings


The Allegiance Flexfit 110® cap features a unique hybrid of adjustability and Flexfit® technology. It is adaptive, durable, and its universal versatility makes this an all time favorite cap worn time and time again. Named after its ability to fit 10 sizes and every size in between, the Flexfit 110® is an essential for all hat lovers.


text:
Survey: Career growth prioritized over salary
Certain segments of job-seekers remain out of work despite the tight market, a new survey by Jobvite says. Also, people are prioritizing career growth over money as they seek out new job opportunities.
The historically 4% unemployment rate means different things to different workers, depending on whether you're employed or searching for a job, according to the results of a survey by Jobvite.
The recruiting platform asked 1,500 people who were working full time, part time, or job searching about what they wanted and needed from their current or future employment.
Some people have been left behind by the employment boom – 45% of job searchers say it's been more difficult to find a job this year than last year. Those who said it's especially hard are people in rural areas (27%) and those without a college degree (21%.)
Industries, where people are having difficulty finding work, include mining, transportation, and real estate. Additionally, a quarter of the unemployed feared their job could be automated within five years.
Also, 59% of part-time workers say they're looking for full-time work.
Shifting priorities
For those seeking employment, there was a slight but noticeable shift of workers prioritizing career growth (61%) over healthcare and retirement benefits (58%) and salary (57%).
Younger workers were even more likely to prioritize career growth (65%). Those who were unemployed didn't prioritize it as much (51%), possibly because they couldn't afford to.
For those respondents who left a job in the last year, only 17% said it was for more money.
And for those who are employed, they're keeping their options open: although job satisfaction is at 68%, a majority of those said they were still open to more attractive offers. A majority of employees applied to at least one job last year even though they had no plan on leaving their current job.
How to change careers with no experience in your new field
Survey: 60 years old is the latest you can start a new career
How to find the answer to 'What career is right for me?'
7 Ways to Move Up by Moving Over
Self-Employed to Employee: Making the Switch
More:Career PathEmployerNewsPerksProductivitySuccess
Why summer is the best time to start a side hustleWhy you should compare apples and orangesWhy ambition is overrated when it comes to innovation7 techniques to remember anything6 tips from HR pros on what candidates can do to stand out in an interview
Sheila McClear|is a reporter for Ladders and can be reached at smcclear@theladders.com.
What to do when you think you don't matter
John P. Weiss
Study: Uber drivers are operating in the dark when it comes to pay
5 career (and work) lessons from wedding bridesmaids
Rachel Weingarten


A few types of iguanas are known to exist, but the green iguana is probably the most common. It is also the longest of the iguanas, usually growing to between 5 and 7 feet long from nose to tail. The smallest type of iguana is called the spiny-tailed iguana, which grows to 4.9 to 39 inches long. The heaviest iguana is the blue iguana, and can weigh up to 30 lbs. More than half of the body length of these very large lizards is due to their tail. When thinking of having an iguana, a very large tank or enclosure is thus to be considered, so this reptile can stretch out and turn around.
Because they are cold-blooded, iguanas like warm temperatures; usually, outside temperature is what keeps them warm since they cannot regulate internal heat with their own bodies. This is why iguanas are ectotherms, meaning their body temperatures are determined by their environmental temperatures. These lizards are found in Mexico, Central and South America, the Galápagos Islands, on some of the Caribbean islands, Fiji and Madagascar. When kept as pets, iguanas should be kept in a basking zone with a temperature of around 90 degrees Fahrenheit, provided with a cooler zone that shouldn't fall below the mid-70s.
Most iguanas are herbivores and only eat vegetation such as flower buds, fruits and young leaves. There are some exceptions, like the marine iguana, who gets its meal by scraping algae from rocks in the ocean or by munching on seaweed. Pet iguanas and some wild iguanas will also enjoy worms, crickets and baby mice along with vegetation.
Iguanas are very social and like to eat and live together. However, male iguanas are known to be territorial and fight other male iguanas when they feel invaded. Since they don't need to actively hunt for their food, iguanas are quite laid back, and typically spend their days lounging in the sun to keep warm. They will mostly be active to get some food from time to time. Iguanas have excellent vision and can see long distances, shapes, shadows, color and movement. In the wild, iguanas use their eyes to navigate through trees and forests, and for finding food. They also use their eyes to communicate with each other.
Iguanas can be great swimmers. While most are content to lounge on dry land or cling to shady tree limbs, the marine iguana of the Galapagos Islands spends a great deal of time under the sea. Even though this type of iguana still requires warmth to survive, thanks to its dark coloration, the marine iguana has no trouble soaking up the sun's rays.
Iguanas also have a third eye called the parietal eye, which is used to alert them of aerial threats. Unlike the other two eyes, this third eye can only detect changes in lightness and darkness, which is still more than enough to evade predators.
Want to know more about iguanas? Don't forget to download our extension IN Iguana for additional facts and pictures.


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Britain at a "Critical Point" Amidst Coronavirus Pandemic
Prime Minister Boris Johnson is in favor of a second lockdown which may be needed to stop the continuous spread of the disease.
Chief Medical Officer Chris Whitty plans to sound the alert, saying U.K. data are heading in the "wrong direction", according to a preview of remarks prepared for a public briefing.
Mayor Sadiq Khan will recommend tightened rules for the capital on Monday, LBC radio reported.
Johnson's government has been underscored by Whitty's comments, which is trying to keep infection under control without damaging their economy that fell compared to the economy of other developed countries during the pandemic.
With the daily cases rising at the highest level since May, Health Secretary Matt Hancock said Sunday that national restriction will be re-implemented unless people will comply with rules and limit gathers up to six people max.
London office workers may also be considered to start working from home to reduce risk of the disease to spread in workplaces.
The government also reinforced fines for people in England who refuses an order to self-isolate. For people not complying with the rules, they can be fined as high as 10,000 pounds ($12,917).
A new legal duty requires people tested positive for the test of COVID-19 to self-isolate starting September 28.
On Saturday, the government reported 4,422 new COVID-19 cases.
With the current rise in cases, local restrictions in the north and midlands could be extended to London where infection rates are the highest.
There are also reports that ministers are considering a two-week national lockdown in October as a virus "circuit breaker". Hancock once again refused to rule out any option, but insisted country-wide measure were a "last line of defense."
TECHNICAL OUTLOOK
In the daily charts of GBP/USD, the pair opened at 1.2924 on Monday morning in Asia session.
The GBP/USD pair was up 0.26% to 1.2949, although continued uncertainty over Brexit and a spike COVID-19 cases in Europe capped gains.
One of the reasons why GBP is gaining against the U.S. dollar is due to lost in investor confidence in the U.S. dollar. The dollar suffered losses ahead of the Fed's speech later in the week and speculations of investors looking back on the dollar as a safe haven is less likely to happen anytime soon.
Foreigners have been heavily buying on CNY and JPY as of the moment and further pushing the U.S. Index lower. This gives the GBP leverage and push the price higher for sterling bulls.
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Q: JavaScript InfoVis Toolkit Error loading JSON from external file using AJAX I have the code snippet shown below in my application . What I am trying to accomplish is this: anytime a checkbox is clicked, the bar chart should be updated.
In my error console I'm getting:
"Error: TypeError: values is undefined Source file:hit.js Line: 11017.
I tried assigning the JSON directly in the function  (var json = ...) and it works as it should but I can't get it to work by loading the JSON from the file. What am I doing wrong?
    $(':checkbox').click(function () {
   init();

   function init()
   {
       var request = new XMLHttpRequest( );
       request.open("GET", "GetGenes.php", false);
       request.send(null);
       var json = request.response;
       console.log(request.response);
    var barChart = new $jit.BarChart({
          //id of the visualization container
          injectInto: 'infovis',
          //whether to add animations
          animate: true,
          //horizontal or vertical barcharts
          orientation: 'horizontal',
          //bars separation
          barsOffset: 0.5,
          //visualization offset
          Margin: {
            top: 5,
            left: 5,
            right: 5,
            bottom: 5
          },
          //labels offset position
          labelOffset:5,
          //bars style
          type:'stacked',
          //whether to show the aggregation of the values
          showAggregates:true,
          //whether to show the labels for the bars
          showLabels:true,
          //label styles
          Label: {
            type: 'HTML', //Native or HTML
            size: 9,
            family: 'Arial',
            color: 'black'
          },
          //tooltip options
          Tips: {
            enable: true,
            onShow: function(tip, elem) {
              tip.innerHTML = "<b>" + elem.name + "</b>: " + elem.value;
            }
          }
        });

         barChart.loadJSON(json);
   }

})

genes.php contains:
echo "{'label': ['label 1', 'label 2', 'label 3', 'label 4'],'values': [{'label': 'date A','values': [20, 40, 15, 5]}, {'label': 'date B','values': [30, 10, 45, 10]}, {'label': 'date E','values': [38, 20, 35, 17]}, {'label': 'date F','values': [58, 10, 35, 32]}, {'label''date D','values': [55, 60, 34, 38]}, {'label': 'date C','values': [26, 40, 25, 40]}]};";

A: There is an error in your returned JSON :

'label''date D'

There is a missing colon there. Don´t know if that solves anything.


The BS shows on a certain date what the company has and what it owes others.
The IS shows the sources the profits come in.
The CF statement shows how cash flow in and out of the company.
When I study the balance, the first thing I look at are the current assets and the current liabilities. From this I work out the current ratio. If the current ratio is below 1, I take this as a red flag, and I shall not bother to dig deeper into the stock. This is my personal style; it is not a standard criteria for you to follow.
Cash is a very important item.The more the better. If a company has plenty of cash, it can do many things. It can expand its business, use it to acquire new businesses, purchase its own shares or distribute some of it to its shareholders.
Debt is the opposite. A high debt, especially one with high interest rate, relative to its paid-up capital is a red flag. Bear in mind that debt has to be serviced. This means interest has to be paid. A company that has a not of cash and much borrowings is not in a strong financial position.
Personally, I prefer small-cap stocks and mid-cap stocks instead of big-cap stocks. Big-cap stocks are suitable for institutions and fund managers. As a small player, you can't compete with them. Once institution or fund managers have taken notice of a stock, the stock will no longer be cheap.
There are many other things to consider when you look at the BS. For example, when you look at the accounts receivable or inventory, you need to concern yourself whether these can be easily turned into cash.
Many things are discussed in my Telegram Super Group. If you wish to learn more to invest intelligently in the stock market, you may join my group. To do this, ensure you have telegram in your phone, are willing to show your true identity via your profile picture, and willing to share with others your knowledge and skill in respect of stocks and shares.


Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012 Nov;14(11):727-30. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.3477. Epub 2012 Nov 15.
Study of the effect of mint oil on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
Pasha H1, Behmanesh F, Mohsenzadeh F, Hajahmadi M, Moghadamnia AA.
Fatemeh Zahra Fertility and Infertility Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
Approximately 80 percent of pregnant women suffer by some degree of nausea and vomiting. But the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is rarely successful.
The aim of this study was evaluation the effect of mint on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that its treatment in some recent research has been effective.
In this double blind RCT, 60 pregnant women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy were sampled and divided into two groups with Block-randomized method. mint group, in addition to giving the routine training, for four consecutive nights, before sleeping, a bowel of water whit four drops of pure mint essential oil placed on the floor near their beds and in control groups were used four drops of normal saline . The severity of nausea by using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and severity of vomiting by counting the number of its in 7 days prior, 4 days during, and 7 days after intervention were assessed.
The results showed that the severity of nausea and vomiting did not differ between the two groups in 7days before and after intervention by using repeated measurement test. But during intervention, the severity of nausea showed a decreasing trend (especially in 4th night) in the mint and an increasing trend in the control group. The severity of nausea within 7 days after the intervention had a decreasing trend in both groups; however, the intensity was lower in the mint than saline group but not statically significant. No meaningful relationship has been detected during and after intervention for the intensity of vomiting.
The results of study showed that peppermint essential oil hasn't the effect on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.
Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012 Nov;14(11):727-730.


Following on from the last blog that covered what gear to use for wildlife photography, I'm going to explain how I set up my X-Series cameras for capturing action. Though some cameras are better than others for this type of photography, there are little ways to help yourself help improve your chances of capturing action.
Though using a high burst rate will eat through your memory cards space, shooting at a high frame rate will hopefully get a good selection of action shots.
First of all make your focus point as large as possible: do this by pressing the AF button and zooming out as far as you can. With a moving subject it will be very difficult to keep the subject in a small selection zone, so give yourself the best chance possible. Continuous focus (This applies to the X-T1 and X-E2 as they have vastly improved continuous AF functionality) is really helpful with certain subjects, especially if they are coming towards you. For those of you with models that are best in single focus mode, fear not! Generally the Fujifilm lenses are quick to auto focus so if you're following a subject you can focus, take a shot and then focus again or alternatively prefocus if you know where the subject it going to go. Some photographers use cameras in MF mode and use the AFL/AEL button to focus. This is helpful because you can then use the manual focus ring on the lens and see what is in focus via focus peaking. Experiment and see what method works best for you.
This sequences was taken using the X-T1's tilting screen and the XF56mm at F2.8.
My standard ISO setting is 800. To some this might seem high but the output from this is so clean that it isn't a concern for me. If it's a bit cloudy and I'm wanting to freeze the action I'll push my 'ready' ISO to 1600. My philosophy is that it is better to have a sharp image that might be slightly noisy as you get up to than an image that might have some motion but has less or no noise.
For action photography you have to decide if you want to freeze a moment, capture the motion or something in the grey area. If you want to freeze the action you'll generally want to use a wider aperture to get a sufficiently high shutter speed. The shutter speed required to freeze depends on the pace of the action, and your chosen aperture is determined by the light conditions and your ISO choice. The thing to remember is that shutter speed, aperture and ISO are all intertwined. If you want to read more on apertures then read this previous blog (it contains puppies!). If you want to focus on one, say a faster shutter speed, then this has an adverse affect on the other two factors. If you're wanting to freeze the action with a fast shutter speed AND also have a large depth of field then you have to increase the ISO. It is also about prioritising the most important factor for you and then compromise with the others. When aiming to freeze the action I am generally in aperture priority mode, where I have set the ISO according to the conditions (usually over 800), and I then choose an aperture to obtain the shutter speed I want.
If you want to capture motion blur, say through panning with your subject, then your shutter speed is having less of a constraint on your ISO and aperture so you can change these accordingly to reduce your shutter speed. One way to control this is through shutter speed priority, where you set shutter speed to what you want and then have the aperture in auto mode so it will change to keep the same low shutter speed (with the ISO previously set).
Finally, another set up option for action is to set the aperture and shutter speed to what you want and then have the ISO in automatic mode. You could go fully manual but I find this can quickly lead to problems when trying to capture action, especially if there is a lot going on around you. This method can result in you missing fleeting moments.
A question regarding ISO on the XT-1… if I set fixed aperture and shutter speed (manual mode) but set ISO to Auto, exposure compensation is disabled. The camera is selecting an ISO based on metering, so it could apply my exposure compensation setting to the selected ISO value?


I was one of the speakers at the International Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence Summit 2011, New and Emerging Technologies in Rome last week. A host of excellent speakers, including Colin White, Claudia Imhoff, Cindy Howson, James Taylor, not to mention my modest self, covered a wide range of topics that are shaping the future outlook for BI. The event has been running for many years now and this year an additional and related event in Rome has been added to the schedule: the International Data Management and Data Warehousing Conference 2011, Nov 30 – Dec 2. To be highly recommended!
The concept is hardly new. Natural-language search and artificial intelligence have been around for decades. More recently, Google's legendary, minimalistic interface has been held up for years to BI tool vendors and developers as the ultimate goal in usability. Just type in a few keywords or phrases and the system will auto-magically find the results you're looking for. The reality behind the marketing hype is somewhat different. BI, its users and its context differs dramatically from those of Google. Google deals mainly with documents – soft information, BI with highly structured hard information. Google depends on the "wisdom of crowds", very large crowds indeed and statistical analysis of their behaviors to determine what is likely to be important in a particular search; BI lacks crowds of users and extensive cross-referencing (hyperlinks) to make similar inferences. So, how can BI become Google-like?
Until now, much of the thinking in this area has come from vendors from the content space, who seek to extend their inverted indexing approach from documents to relational databases. This approach is essentially post-cognitive – meaning and relationship is discovered after the information has been created and ingested (as content vendors say) into the system. This, of course, is the only viable approach where documents can contain any information, in any context and in any structure. This condition is not true for traditional business intelligence information, where structure and meaning are defined in advance, essentially a pre-cognitive approach. Pat Foody, Technical Director of Neutrino Concepts, clearly comes at the problem from this latter approach, based on extensive experience in, dare I say it, traditional hard data.
Neutrino Concepts' product, NIRA (the poetically named Neutrino Information Release Appliance!) demonstrates impressive ability to interpret free-form user input and return highly relevant sets of data the demonstration hard data set. Such hard data can come from the warehouse, but also from user-defined sources such as CSV files and spreadsheets. Soft data can be included in the search too, where required. An intuitive user interface allows easy filtering, querying and joining of results to produce the required answers. The success of this approach depends entirely on the quantity, breadth and quality of the metadata describing the data sources. Where such sources are part of the enterprise data warehouse environment, it may be expected that such metadata exists. Unfortunately, such metadata is often limited. For user-defined sources, such metadata is likely to e missing. NIRA, in its present incarnation, takes the pessimistic view: assuming that such metadata is unavailable, it requires that it be entered during the setup phase. This approach is probably more than sufficient for small projects; for larger, enterprise-wide projects it will be unlikely to suffice.
NIRA shows how BI can begin to approach "Google Nirvana" within the context of largely well-defined and well-documented sets of traditional business data. One needs to recognize, however, that there is more work to be done to enable automatic extraction of metadata, both business and technological, from existing metadata stores and similar repositories.


Recently, I came across this post by Charlie Bilello is the Director of Research at Pension Partners, LLC, an investment advisor that manages mutual funds and separate accounts.
Because the future and markets are unpredictable, and having the humility to admit that is very hard for us to do. We're simply not wired that way and instead suffer from the behavioral bias of overconfidence. Which is to say we overestimate our own abilities when it comes to sports, trading, driving or anything else.
While a little bit of confidence can be a good thing in many areas of life, overconfidence, particularly in the investment world, can be disastrous. With overconfidence comes the tendency to overtrade and make highly speculative, concentrated bets on the future.
Many studies have shown that these attributes tend to lead to lower overall returns (see, for example, Barber and Odean (1999)). The more confident you are, the more you trade, and the worse your returns are on average. And interestingly, as men tend to be more overconfident than women, they tend to have lower returns (see Barber and Odean (2000)).
What's the best way for investors to manage their overconfidence?
Diversification. Not putting all of your eggs in one basket, resisting the urge to trade, and sticking with a broad asset allocation plan. Boring, I know; not nearly as exciting as letting it ride in some penny stock. I completely agree, but successful investing is not supposed to be exciting or entertaining. By diversifying, you're removing your ego from the equation and accepting the fact that you're not likely to pick the next Apple or make the next Big Short.
To the contrary, you are saying three important words when it comes to making precise predictions or forecasts about the future: I Don't Know.
If I tried this know-nothing routine on TV they would never have me back on but as an investor it's your best weapon. You diversify because in any given year you don't know which asset class will be at the top and which will be at the bottom of the performance rankings (see table below). As an investor today, you don't know if the 7-year expansion/bull market will end this year or continue for a few more years. You don't know if U.S. stocks will continue to crush international/EM in the years to come or finally start to lag. You don't know if the 36-year secular bull market in Treasury bonds is going to continue or if yields will finally begin to rise. You don't know if the Fed will hike rates once, twice or not at all this year and what impact if any that will have on markets. You just don't know.
But that's alright, because as luck would have it "knowing" (or more accurately, thinking you know) the future is not a prerequisite to making money in markets. In fact, just the opposite is true: admitting you know nothing is just about the best thing you can do.
Here is the link to the entire post.
"The more I know, the more I realise how little I know".


Information is the result of processing, gathering, manipulating and organizing data in a way that adds to the knowledge of the receiver. In other words, it is the context in which data is taken.
Information as a concept bears a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.
Information is as vital to the healthy functioning of communities as clean air, safe streets, good schools and public health.
↑ Executive Order 13526, at §6.1(t).
↑ Auditing and Financial Management: Glossary of EDP Terminology, at 9.
↑ DCID 6/3, Glossary, App. B.
↑ NATO Standardization Agency, NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions 2-I-4 (2008) (full-text).
↑ Intelligence Warning Terminology, at 23.
↑ OMB Circular No. A-130, App. III, §6.j. See also Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information Disseminated by Federal Agencies; Republication, at 8460.
↑ Privacy, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties Compliance Verification for the Intelligence Enterprise, App. B, at 41.
↑ Designation and Sharing of Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) §(3)(h).