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Cruise NewsPorts
New Bill for Alaska-bound Cruise Ships to Avoid Canada is Introduced to Congress
Alaska senator introduces a new bill to congress that allows cruise ships to be permanently exempt from the Passenger Vessel Services Act.
Modified Date: Sep 25, 2021
Photo Credit: Paolo Trovo / Shutterstock.com
The push to get Alaska-bound cruise ships exempt from the Passenger Vessel Services Act (PVSA) and being able to avoid calling in Canada has reached a significant step forward. The bill from U.S. Senator Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) has been introduced to congress.
Cruising for Alaska's Workforce Act Introduced to Congress
On September 15, 2021, U.S. Senator Lisa Murkowski announced a new bill to help Alaska avoid a repeat of no cruise ships being allowed to visit the state due to the Passenger Vessel Services Act. That bill named Cruising for Alaska's Workforce Act has now been introduced to congress and can be viewed here.
"A few months ago, we were able to move the Alaska Tourism Restoration Act over the finish line, providing a temporary legislative fix to the PVSA to help bring tourism back to a number of Alaskan communities that rely on the hundreds of thousands of visitors who come to the state by way of cruise ships. While the PVSA still serves its purpose in the Lower 48, it unintentionally put many Alaskan businesses at the mercy of the Canadian government when Canada closed its borders, including ports. The inability for cruises to travel to Alaska nearly wiped out our economies in Southeast—communities like Skagway for example saw an 80 percent drop in business revenues," said Senator Murkowski.
Photo Credit: Allen.G / Shutterstock
The bill aims to provide cruise ships sailing to Alaska from the U.S. a permanent exemption from the PVSA, which would result in the vessels not having to call in Canada before heading to visit Alaska.
The Cruising for Alaska's Workforce Act would then come to an end once there is a U.S.-built cruise ship that can carry more than 1,000 passengers. Currently, the only U.S. flagged cruise ship is the Pride of America, operated by Norwegian Cruise Line, based in Hawaii. All other cruise ships are flagged in countries such as Panama and the Bahamas.
Sen. Murkowski continues to say, "I'm proud to introduce new legislation to provide a permanent exemption for cruises between any U.S. port and Alaska from the PVSA. My new bill guarantees the PVSA will not intrude on Alaska's tourism economy, while also ensuring foreign-built ships do not compete with U.S.-built ships. This legislation is good news for every Alaskan whose livelihood relies on tourism."
Photo Courtesy: Senator Murkowski Office
The new bill introduced comes after the Senator was heavily involved in getting the Alaska Tourism Restoration Act (ATRA) passed through congress and signed by President Biden on May 24, 2021. That bill came to light after Canada banned cruise ships for more than a year, which resulted in cruises being unable to call in Alaska due to the Passenger Vessel Services Act.
During the suspensions of operations, Alaska got hit hard without any cruise ship calls. In 2019, the state hosted more than 1.3 million cruise visitors. In 2020 that number came down to nothing, which considerably impacted local businesses that rely on tourism.
Also Read: IDEAL Things to Do in Skagway, Alaska
How the bill is received by congress remains to be seen, but with the push from the Alaska senator, the Cruising for Alaska's Workforce Act could soon become a reality. The impact on cruises to Canada could be something of a worry. Still, for now, multiple cruise ships have already resumed operations from Seattle, Washington to Alaska, thanks to the successful work from the Senator on the Alaska Tourism Restoration Act.


Anyone involved in the construction industry knows that despite today's health and safety regulations, building sites remain one of the most dangerous places to work. Thousands of construction workers are injured on building sites across the UK every year.
The conditions often present on a construction sites, with the use of heavy machinery and equipment, can mean that any injury can be life changing. Many of these injuries can prevent people from being able to continue working in the building trade.


I have been a huge Harry Potter fan from the release of the first book. Since then I have been to the cinema to watch each of the eight films and I was one of those people who queued up at midnight when a new book was released. The Warner Brothers Studio Tour was obviously on my must do list. I was ecstatic when I was asked to review the Hogwarts In The Snow tour on the blog.
Admittedly, I was concerned about how Adam would cope with the tour. Sensory Processing Disorder can make days out tricky. It was quite a long drive for us to get to Watford in London and up until a few days before the tour Adam had never heard of Harry Potter. We asked Nana and Grandad to come with us to help. However, once Adam had watched half of the first film I knew he would be captivated.
We visited The Warner Brothers Studio on January 14th – sadly we were there the day it was announced that Alan Rickman, who played Professor Snape, had died from cancer. We attended the "Hogwarts In The Snow" special event that ran from November to the end of January. The difference between the special event and a usual tour at any other time of year was that the sets were decorated for festive scenes. We also got to see how filmmakers created fire, snow and ice.
When you book tickets you are allocated a set time to start your tour. The process is well run and we didn't have to wait long. Immediately, Adam fell in love with the ginormous Christmas tree in the main foyer as well as the Flying Ford Anglia.
After watching a short introduction film, we were led into the Great Hall. This was decorated for a grand feast. We got to hear about how the food was created as well as some insider information on the costumes.
From then on we were able to go around the tour at our own leisure. We got to experience iconic props, costumes and sets from across the Harry Potter series. It is hard to get across the attention to detail that went into each of the films. There was plenty to keep Adam entertained. Highlights for him included the huge clock pendulum, Weasley's Burrow with the moving objects and Dumbledore's room.
When researching the tour, I knew Adam would enjoy the Hogwarts Express. It opened in March 2015 and has the original Hogwarts Express steam engine, along with a recreation of Platform 9 3/4. Adam was simply enthralled. He spent ages at the edge of the platform waving to the steam engine expecting it to drive off. He then spent countless times going on the train to see the different carriages.
We never thought we would get Adam away from Platform 9 3/4. The promise of a Butterbeer icecream finally persuaded him. I got to enjoy a Butterbeer drink too and purchased the souvenir tankard.
Whilst enjoying our lunch break, we had great views of the Knight Bus, Privet Drive and Hagrid's motorbike. We were treated to a snow storm too, which added to the effect of the tour.
After walking down Diagon Alley, we got to experience my own personal highlight of the tour – seeing the Hogwarts Castle in the snow. When I had seen the Hogwarts castle on pictures I had expected it to be on a large table which you walked around. I hadn't expected the castle to take up an entire room and a huge room at that! The 1:24 scale model is nearly 50 feet in diameter. The snow effect made the castle even more impressive. Even Adam stood still to take in the castle.
In total we spent six hours on the Warner Brothers Studio Tour and still could have stayed longer. Adam thoroughly enjoyed the day and has talked non stop about the Hogwarts Express, the Knight Bus and the Hogwarts Castle. It was truly a wonderful experience.
UPDATE: The following May we were asked to attend the grand opening of Number 4 Privet Drive. You can read about our second Harry Potter adventure here.
Disclaimer: We were given four tickets to attend the Warner Brothers Harry Potter Tour: Hogwarts In The Snow to review. All thoughts and opinions are our own.


The Xpro 15 – the ultimate expression of pedal technology. The new carbon body and new design creates a more powerful structure to transfer power from the cyclist to the road. Power transfer and stability are also improved with a larger pedal surface area of 725mm2 compared with the already large surface area of the Xpresso at 700mm2. The Iclic system has been redesigned to allow for a more positive engagement and to be more comfortable. Finally, the Xpro 15 shares the same watt-saving CeramicSpeed bearings and super light hollow titanium spindle from the Xpresso 15 resulting in an overall weight of 87.3 grams per pedal. The carbon blade is also adjustable in 3 positions to optimize engagement tension. Like the Xpresso, the stack height is low, keeping the cyclist's sole as close to the centre of the pedal axle as possible. This, along with the large pedal surface area results in incomparable pedalling efficiency and comfort. We recommend a maximum weight of 90kg.


My little sister got married on Friday. What beautiful and perfect day. I am so happy for them. Here are some pictures from the big event.
Aleah and Sophi were flower girls. Instead of carrying baskets with flower petals they got to wear wings and hold wands. Boy, were they excited about this. They kept walking around the church turning people into different things.
The theme for the reception was a coffee house. Lots of black and white. Delicious coffee and tons of desserts everywhere.
There was even a kid area with special food and even crafts.


This breathtaking arrangement has a variety of our favorite flowers. Blush pink Mondial roses are paired with darker pink garden roses and carefully put next to lush peonies, calla lilies, tulips, dahlias and tropical green leaves. On top we've laid gorgeous Vanda orchids for the extra lush feel. The arrangement in the image is in the Grandiose box.


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United States Navy portal
October 13, 1775[1] – 17901797–present
321,053 active duty personnel[2]286 ships[2]3,700+ aircraft
11 aircraft carriers 9 amphibious assault ships 8 amphibious transport docks 12 dock landing ships 22 cruisers 61 destroyers 26 frigates 71 submarines 2 littoral combat ships
"Non sibi sed patriae" (Not for self but for country) (unofficial)[3]
"Anchors Aweigh" [2] Play (help·info)
Quasi-War Barbary Wars War of 1812 Mexican-American War American Civil War Spanish-American War World War I World War II Korean War Vietnam War Iranian Hostage Rescue Invasion of Grenada Bombing of Libya (1986) Invasion of Panama Persian Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War War in Afghanistan Iraq War Bombing of Libya (2011)
Presidential Unit Citation [4] Navy Unit Commendation [5] Meritorious Unit Commendation
Hon. Ray Mabus
Chief of Naval Operations
ADM Jonathan W. Greenert
ADM Mark E. Ferguson III
Master Chief Petty Officer
Naval Jack
F/A-18A/B/C/D, F/A-18E/F
Electronicwarfare
E-2C, EP-3E, E-6, EA-6B, EA-18G
UH-1, CH-53D, MH-53E, SH-60B/F, HH-60H, MH-60R/S
RQ-2, MQ-8B, RQ-4
F-5, F-16N, T-2C, T-6, T-34, T-39, T-44, T-45, TH-57
C-2, C-9, C-12, C-20, C-40, C-130
The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest navy in the world, with a battle fleet tonnage that is greater than that of the next 13 largest navies combined.[4] The U.S. Navy also has the world's largest carrier fleet, with 11 in service, one under construction (two planned), and one in reserve. The service has 321,053 personnel on active duty and 106,188 in the Navy Reserve. It operates 286 ships in active service and more than 3,700 aircraft.[2]
The Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was essentially disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. The United States Constitution provided the legal basis for a military force by giving Congress the power "to provide and maintain a navy".[5]
Depredations against U.S. shipping by Barbary Coast pirates in the Mediterranean Sea spurred Congress to employ this power by passing the Naval Act of 1794 ordering the construction and manning of six frigates.[6] These ships were used to end most pirate activity off the Barbary Coast. In the 20th century, American blue-water navy capability was demonstrated by the 1907–1909 world tour of the Great White Fleet.
The 21st century United States Navy maintains a sizable global presence, deploying in such areas as East Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world, engage in forward areas during peacetime, and rapidly respond to regional crises, making it an active player in U.S. foreign and defense policy.
The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, which is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Navy. The Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. Traditionally, the highest ranking naval officer (O-10 on the pay chart) is the Chief of Naval Operations, a position currently held by Admiral Jonathan Greenert, however one naval officer currently outranks him. The highest ranking naval officer is the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral James Winnefeld.
[hide] *1 Mission
2.1 Origins
2.2 From reestablishment to the Civil War
2.3 20th century
2.3.1 World War II
2.3.2 Cold War
3.1 Operating forces
3.2 Shore establishments
3.3 Relationships with other service branches
3.3.1 United States Marine Corps
3.3.2 United States Coast Guard
4 Personnel
5 Bases
5.1 Eastern United States
5.2 Western United States and Hawaii
5.3 United States territories
5.4 Foreign countries
6.1 Ships
6.1.1 Aircraft carriers
6.1.2 Amphibious warfare vessels
6.1.3 Surface vessels
6.1.4 Submarines
6.3 Weapons
7 Naval Jack
8 Notable sailors
[edit] Mission Edit
The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression and maintaining freedom of the seas.—Mission statement of the United States Navy[7]From the New Recruits Handbook: The mission of the United States Navy is to protect and defend the right of the United States and our allies to move freely on the oceans and to protect our country against her enemies.The United States Navy serves as a seaborne branch of the Military of the United States. 10 U.S.C. § 5062 prescribes the Navy's three primary areas of responsibility:
"The preparation of naval forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war"
"The maintenance of naval aviation, including land-based naval aviation, air transport essential for naval operations and all air weapons and air techniques involved in the operations and activities of the Navy"
"The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, and equipment of naval combat and service elements".
U.S. Navy training manuals state the mission of the U.S armed forces is "to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest". As part of that establishment, the U.S. Navy's functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to "sealift" duties.[8]
[edit] History Edit
Main article: History of the United States Navy===[edit] Origins=== It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, and with it, everything honorable and glorious.—George Washington[9]In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, the establishment of an official navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, and make it easier to seek out support from foreign countries. Detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the world's preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking.[6]
Commander in Chief George Washington commissioned seven ocean-going cruisers to interdict British supply ships, and reported the captures to the Congress. This effectively ended the debate in Congress as to whether or not to "provoke" the British by establishing a Navy as Washington's ships had already captured British ships, somewhat a provocation.
While Congress deliberated, it received word that two unarmed British supply ships from England were heading towards Quebec without escort. A plan was drawn up to intercept the ships—however, the armed vessels to be used were owned not by Congress, but by individual colonies. Of greater significance then was an additional plan to equip two ships that would operate under the direct authority of Congress to capture British supply ships. This was not carried out until 13 October 1775, when George Washington announced that he had taken command of three armed schooners under Continental authority to intercept any British supply ships near Massachusetts. With the revelation that vessels were already sailing under Continental control, the decision to add two more was made easier;[10] the resolution was adopted and 13 October would later become known as the U.S. Navy's official birthday.[11]
The Continental Navy achieved mixed results; it was successful in a number of engagements and raided many British merchant vessels, but it lost 24 of its vessels[12] and at one point was reduced to two in active service.[13] As Congress turned its attention after the conflict towards securing the western border of the new United States, a standing navy was considered to be dispensable because of its high operating costs and its limited number of roles.[6]
[edit] From reestablishment to the Civil War Edit
We ought to begin a naval power, if we mean to carry on our commerce.—Thomas Jefferson[14]The United States would be without a navy for nearly a decade—a state of affairs that exposed its merchant ships to a series of attacks by Barbary pirates. The sole armed maritime presence between 1790 and the launching of the U.S. Navy's first warships in 1797 was the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service (USRCS), the primary predecessor of the U.S. Coast Guard. Although USRCS Cutters conducted operations against these pirates, the depredations far outstripped the abilities of the USRCS and Congress ordered the construction and manning of six frigates on 27 March 1794;[12] three years later the first three were welcomed into service: the USS United States, USS Constellation and USS Constitution. [7][8]USS Constitution battles HMS Guerriere in the War of 1812.Following an undeclared Quasi-War with France, the U.S. Navy saw substantial action in the War of 1812, where it was victorious in numerous single-ship duels with the Royal Navy. The Navy drove all significant British forces off of Lake Erie and Lake Champlain and prevented them from becoming British controlled zones of conflict. Despite this, the U.S. Navy was unable to prevent the British from blockading American ports and landing troops on American soil.[6] After the war, the U.S. Navy again focused its attention on protecting American shipping assets, sending squadrons to the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, South America, Africa, and the Pacific.[12]
During the Mexican-American War the U.S. Navy contributed by instituting blockades of Mexican ports, capturing or burning the Mexican fleet in the Gulf of California and capturing all major cities in Baja California peninsula—later returned. In 1846-1848 the navy successfully used the Pacific Squadron under Commodore (Rear Admiral) Robert Stockton and its marines and blue-jackets to facilitate the capture of California with large scale land operations coordinated with the local militia organized in the California Battalion. The navy conducted the U.S. military's first large-scale amphibious joint operation by successfully landing 12,000 army troops with their equipment in one day at Veracruz, Mexico. When larger guns were needed to bombard Veracruz Navy volunteers landed large navy guns and manned them in the successful bombardment of the city and its surrender. This successful landing and capture of Veracruz eventually opening the way for the capture of Mexico City and the end of the war.[6] The United States Navy established itself as a player in American foreign policy through the actions of Commodore Matthew Perry in Japan, which resulted in the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.
Naval power would play a significant role during the American Civil War, where the Union had a distinct advantage over the Confederacy on the seas.[6] A Union blockade on shipping handicapped the Southern effort throughout the conflict. The two American navies would help usher in a new era in world naval history by putting ironclad warships into combat for the first time. The Battle of Hampton Roads in 1862, which pitted USS Monitor against CSS Virginia, became the first engagement between two steam-powered ironclads.[13] Soon after the war, however, the U.S. Navy's fleet slipped into obsolescence because of neglect.
[edit] 20th century Edit
[9][10]The Great White Fleet demonstrates U.S. naval power in 1907; it was proof that the US Navy had blue-water capability.Our ships are our natural bulwarks.—Woodrow Wilson[9]A modernization program beginning in the 1880s with the first steel hulled warships stimulated the American steel industry and "the new steel navy" was born.[15] This rapid expansion of the US Navy and its easy victory over the Spanish Navy in 1898 brought a new respect for American technical quality. Rapid building of at first pre-dreadnoughts, then dreadnoughts brought the U.S. in line with the navies of countries such as Britain and Germany. In 1907, most of the Navy's battleships, with several support vessels, dubbed the Great White Fleet, were showcased in a 14-month circumnavigation of the world. Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt, it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater.[12] By 1911, the US had begun building the super-dreadnoughts at a pace to eventually become competitive with even Britain.[16] [11][12]Columbia, personification of the United States, wearing a warship bearing the words "World Power" as her "Easter bonnet" on the cover of Puck, April 6, 1901.The Navy saw little action during World War I, but nevertheless the strength of the United States Navy grew under an ambitious ship building program associated with the Naval Act of 1916. Naval construction, especially of battleships was later limited by the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-22. Saratoga and Lexington were built on the hulls of partially built battle cruisers that had been canceled by the treaty. Construction of aircraft carriers continued however, accelerating after the New Deal, which provided funding for the construction of the USS Yorktown (CV-5) and USS Enterprise (CV-6). These ships would not have been built had it not been for the demonstrations of the capability of aircraft against ships by Gen Billy Mitchell. By 1936, with the completion of the USS Wasp (CV-7), the U.S. Navy possessed a carrier fleet of 165,000 tonnes displacement, although this figure was nominally recorded as 135,000 tonnes to comply with treaty limitations.
[edit] World War II Edit
Main article: United States Navy in World War II[13][14]A recruitment poster from 1917, emphasizing the U.S. Navy's transport functionThe U.S. Navy grew into a formidable force in the years prior to World War II, with battleship production being restarted in 1937, commencing with the USS North Carolina (BB-55). Though ultimately unsuccessful, Japan attempted to allay this strategic threat with the 1941 surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. Following American entry into the war, the U.S. Navy grew tremendously as the United States was faced with a two-front war on the seas. It achieved notable acclaim in the Pacific Theater, where it was instrumental to the Allies' successful "island hopping" campaign.[13] The U.S. Navy participated in many significant battles, including the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, the Solomon Islands Campaign, the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the Battle of Leyte Gulf, and the Battle of Okinawa. By 1943, the Navy's size was larger than the combined fleets of all the other combatant nations in World War II.[17] By war's end in 1945, the United States Navy had added hundreds of new ships, including 18 aircraft carriers and 8 battleships, and had over 70% of the world's total numbers and total tonnage of naval vessels of 1,000 tons or greater.[18][19] At its peak, the U.S. Navy was operating 6,768 ships on V-J Day in August 1945.[20]
Doctrine had significantly shifted by the end of the war. The United States Navy had followed in the footsteps of the navies of Great Britain and Germany which favored concentrated groups of battleships as their main offensive naval weapons.[21] The development of the aircraft carrier and its devastating utilization by the Japanese against the U.S. at Pearl Harbor however shifted U.S. thinking. The Pearl Harbor attack destroyed or took out of action a significant number of U.S.N. battleships. This placed much of the burden of retaliating against the Japanese on the small number of aircraft carriers.[22]
[edit] Cold War Edit
The potential for armed conflict with the Soviet Union during the Cold War pushed the U.S. Navy to continue its technological advancement by developing new weapons systems, ships, and aircraft. United States naval strategy changed to that of forward deployment in support of U.S. allies with an emphasis on carrier battle groups.[23]
The Navy was a major participant in the Vietnam War, blockaded Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis, and, through the use of ballistic missile submarines, became an important aspect of the United States' nuclear strategic deterrence policy. The United States Navy conducted various combat operations in the Persian Gulf against Iran in 1987 and 1988, most notably Operation Praying Mantis. The Navy was extensively involved in Operation Urgent Fury, Operation Desert Shield, Operation Desert Storm, Operation Deliberate Force, Operation Allied Force, Operation Desert Fox and Operation Southern Watch.
The U.S. Navy has also been involved in Search and Rescue/Search and Salvage operations, some times in conjunction with vessels of other countries as well as with U.S. Coast Guard ships. Two examples are the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash incident and search for the nuclear bombs, and the Task Force 71 of the Seventh Fleet operation in search for Korean Air Lines Flight 007 shot down by the Soviets on Sept. 1, 1983.
[edit] 21st century Edit
When a crisis confronts the nation, the first question often asked by policymakers is: 'What naval forces are available and how fast can they be on station?'—Admiral Carlisle A. H. Trost[24][15][16]Six modern amphibious assault ships of the US Navy in formationThe United States Navy continues to be a major support to U.S. interests in the 21st century. Since the end of the Cold War, it has shifted its focus from preparations for large-scale war with the Soviet Union to special operations and strike missions in regional conflicts.[25] The Navy participated in Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and is a major participant in the ongoing War on Terror, largely in this capacity. Development continues on new ships and weapons, including the Gerald R. Ford class aircraft carrier and the Littoral combat ship. Because of its size, weapons technology, and ability to project force far from U.S. shores, the current U.S. Navy remains a potent asset for the United States Commander-in-Chief (the President of the United States).
In 2007, the U.S. Navy joined with the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard to adopt a new maritime strategy called A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower that raises the notion of prevention of war to the same philosophical level as the conduct of war. The strategy was presented by the Chief of Naval Operations, the Commandant of the Marine Corps and Commandant of the Coast Guard at the International Sea power Symposium in Newport, R.I. on 17 October 2007.[26] The strategy recognized the economic links of the global system and how any disruption due to regional crises—man made or natural—can adversely impact the U.S. economy and quality of life. This new strategy charts a course for the Navy, Coast Guard and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent these crises from occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to prevent negative impacts on the United States.
During the George W. Bush administration, the fleet dropped to a total number of ships that was smaller than any time since 1917.[27]
In 2010, Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Gary Roughead noted that demands on the Navy have grown as the fleet has shrunk and that in the face of declining budgets in the future, the US Navy must rely even more on international partnerships.[28]
In its 2013 budget request, the Navy has focused on retaining all eleven big deck carriers, at the expense of cutting numbers of smaller ships and delaying the SSBN replacement.[29]
[edit] Organization Edit
Main article: Structure of the United States Navy[17][18]Simplified flowchart of U.S. Navy command structureThe Navy falls under the administration of the Department of the Navy, under civilian leadership of the Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV). The most senior naval officer is the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), a four-star admiral who is immediately under and reports to the Secretary of the Navy. At the same time, the Chief of Naval Operations is one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which is the second-highest deliberatory body of the armed forces after the United States National Security Council, although it only plays an advisory role to the President and does not nominally form part of the chain of command. The Secretary of the Navy and Chief of Naval Operations are responsible for organizing, recruiting, training, and equipping the Navy so that it is ready for operation under the command of the Unified Combatant Commanders.
[edit] Operating forces Edit
Main article: List of units of the United States NavyThere are nine components in the operating forces of the U.S. Navy: the United States Fleet Forces Command, United States Pacific Fleet, United States Naval Forces Central Command, United States Naval Forces Europe, Naval Network Warfare Command, Navy Reserve, United States Naval Special Warfare Command, Operational Test and Evaluation Force, and Military Sealift Command. Fleet Forces Command controls a number of unique capabilities, including Military Sealift Command, Naval Expeditionary Combat Command, and Navy Cyber Forces.
The United States Navy has six active numbered fleets — Third, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh Fleet and Tenth Fleets are each led by a three-star vice admiral, and the Fourth Fleet is led by a rear admiral. These six fleets are further grouped under Fleet Forces Command (the former Atlantic Fleet), Pacific Fleet, Naval Forces Europe-Africa, and Naval Forces Central Command, whose commander also doubles as Commander Fifth Fleet; the first three commands being led by four-star full admirals. The United States First Fleet existed after the Second World War from 1947, but it was redesignated Third Fleet in early 1973. In early 2008, the Navy reactivated the United States Fourth Fleet to control operations in the area controlled by Southern Command, which consists of US assets in and around Central and South America.[30]
[edit] Shore establishments Edit
[19][20]USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63) docks at the U.S. Navy base in Yokosuka, Japan.Shore establishments exist to support the mission of the fleet through the use of facilities on land. Among the commands of the shore establishment, as of April 2011, are the Naval Education and Training Command, the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command, the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, the Naval Facilities Engineering Command, the Naval Supply Systems Command, the Naval Air Systems Command, the Naval Sea Systems Command, the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, the Bureau of Naval Personnel, the United States Naval Academy, the Naval Safety Center, the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center, and the United States Naval Observatory.[31] Official Navy websites list the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) as part of the shore establishment, but these two entities effectively sit superior to the other organizations, playing a coordinating role.
[edit] Relationships with other service branches Edit
[edit] United States Marine Corps Edit
[21][22]A Marine F/A-18 from VMFA-451 prepares to launch from the USS Coral Sea (CV-43)In 1834, the Marines came under the Department of the Navy.[32] Historically, the United States Navy has had a unique relationship with the United States Marine Corps (USMC), partly because they both specialize in seaborne operations. Together the Navy and Marine Corps form the Department of the Navy and report to the Secretary of the Navy. However, the USMC is considered to be a distinct, separate service branch with its own uniformed service chief - the Commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC), a four star general.
The Navy and Marine Corps have a distinct relationship, the USMC depends on the Navy for religious support (i.e. chaplains) and medical support (i.e., dentists, medical doctors, medics known as "Corpsmen" and medical service staff); thus officers and enlisted sailors from the Navy fulfill these roles. When attached to Marine Corps units deployed to an operational environment they generally wear Marine camouflage uniforms, but otherwise they wear Navy dress uniforms unless they opt to conform to USMC grooming standards (appearance).
In the operational environment, as an expeditionary force specializing in amphibious operations, Marines often embark on Navy ships in order to conduct operations from beyond territorial waters. Marine units deploying as part of a Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) operate under the command of the existing Marine chain of command. Although Marine units routinely operate from amphibious assault ships the relationship has evolved over the years much as the "CAG" (Commander of the Carrier Air Group/Wing) does not work for the carrier Commanding Officer (CO), but coordinates with the ship's CO and staff. Some Marine aviation squadrons, usually fixed-wing assigned to Carrier Air Wings (CVW) train and operate alongside Navy squadrons, flying similar missions and often flying sorties together under the cognizance of the "CAG". Aviation is where the Navy and Marine share the most common ground, since aircrews are guided in their use of aircraft by standard procedures outlined in series of publications known as NATOPS manuals.
[edit] United States Coast Guard Edit
Main article: United States Coast GuardAlthough the Posse Comitatus Act, which prevents federal military personnel from acting in a law enforcement capacity, applies only to the Army and Air Force, Department of Defense rules effectively require the Navy and Marine Corps to act as if Posse Comitatus did apply, preventing them from enforcing Federal law. The United States Coast Guard fulfills this law enforcement role in naval operations. It provides Law Enforcement Detachments (LEDETs) to Navy vessels, where they perform arrests and other law enforcement duties during Navy boarding and interdiction missions. In times of war, or when directed by the President, the Coast Guard operates as a service in the Navy and is subject to the orders of the Secretary of the Navy until it is transferred back to the Department of Homeland Security.[33] At other times, Coast Guard Port Security Units are sent overseas to guard the security of ports and other assets. The Coast Guard also jointly staffs the Navy's Naval Coastal Warfare Groups and Squadrons (the latter of which were known as Harbor Defense Commands until late-2004), which oversee defense efforts in foreign littoral combat and inshore areas. Additionally, Coast Guard and Navy vessels sometimes operate together in search and rescue operations.
[edit] Personnel Edit
Main article: Personnel of the United States Navy==[edit] Bases== Main article: List of United States Navy installations[23][24]Map of Navy bases in the United StatesThe size, complexity, and international presence of the United States Navy require a large number of navy installations to support its operations. While the majority of bases are located inside the United States itself, the Navy maintains a significant number of facilities abroad, either in U.S.-controlled territories or in foreign countries under a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA).
[edit] Eastern United States Edit
The second largest concentration of installations is in Hampton Roads, Virginia, where the Navy occupies over 36,000 acres (146 km²) of land. Located in Hampton Roads are NS Norfolk, homeport of the Atlantic Fleet, NAS Oceana, a Master Jet Base, Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek, as well as a number of Navy and commercial shipyards that service Navy vessels. Also in Virginia is the Aegis Training and Readiness Center located at NSA Dahlgren. There is also a Naval base in Charleston, SC. This is home to the Nuclear A-School. The state of Florida is the location of three major bases, Naval Station Mayport, the Navy's fourth largest, in Jacksonville, Florida, Naval Air Station Jacksonville, a Master Air Anti-submarine Warfare base, and Naval Air Station Pensacola, home of the Naval Education and Training Command, the Naval Air Technical Training Center that provides specialty training for enlisted aviation personnel, and the primary flight training base for Navy and Marine Corps Naval Flight Officers and enlisted Naval Aircrewmen. There is also Naval Support Activity in Panama City Beach, Florida which is home to the Navy Diving and Salvage Training Center. The main U.S. Navy submarine bases on the east coast are located in Groton, Connecticut and Kings Bay, Georgia. There are also naval bases in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.[34] Naval Station Great Lakes, north of Chicago, Illinois is the home of the navy's boot camp for enlisted sailors.
[edit] Western United States and Hawaii Edit
The Navy's largest complex is China Lake, California, which covers 1.1 million acres (4,500 km²) of land, or approximately 1/3 of the United States Navy's total land holdings.[34]
Naval Base San Diego, California is principal home to the Pacific Fleet (although the headquarters is located in Pearl Harbor). NAS North Island is located on the north side of Coronado, and is home to Headquarters for Naval Air Forces and Naval Air Force Pacific, the bulk of the Pacific Fleet's helicopter squadrons, and part of the West Coast aircraft carrier fleet. The Naval Special Warfare Center is the primary training center for SEALs, and is also located on Coronado. The other major collection of naval bases on the west coast is in Puget Sound, Washington. Among them, Naval Station Everett is one of the newer bases and the Navy states that it is its most modern facility.[35] NAS Fallon, Nevada serves as the primary training ground for Navy Strike aircrews, and is home to the Naval Strike Air Warfare Center. Master Jet Bases are also located at NAS Lemoore, California and NAS Whidbey Island, Washington, while the carrier-based airborne early warning aircraft community and major air test activities are located at NAS Point Mugu, California. The naval presence in Hawaii is centered on Pearl Harbor Naval Base, which hosts the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet and many of its subordinate commands.[34]
[edit] United States territories Edit
Guam, an island strategically located in the Western Pacific Ocean, maintains a sizable U.S. Navy presence, including Naval Base Guam. The westernmost U.S. territory, it contains a natural deep water harbor capable of harboring even aircraft carriers in emergencies.[36] Its naval air station was deactivated[37] in 1995 and its flight activities transferred to nearby Andersen Air Force Base. Puerto Rico in the Caribbean formerly housed Roosevelt Roads Naval Station, which was shut down in 2004 shortly after the controversial closure of the live ordnance training area on nearby Vieques Island.[34]
[edit] Foreign countries Edit
The largest overseas base is in Yokosuka, Japan,[38] which serves as the home port for the Navy's largest forward-deployed fleet and is a significant base of operations in the Western Pacific. European operations revolve around facilities in Italy (Sigonella and Naples), Spain and Greece with Naples as the homeport for the Sixth Fleet and CNRE Command Naval Region Europe, which are based in Gaeta. In the Middle East, naval facilities are located almost exclusively in countries bordering the Persian Gulf, with Manama, Bahrain serving as the headquarters of U.S. Naval Forces Central Command and U.S. Fifth Fleet. Guantánamo Bay in Cuba is the oldest overseas facility and has become known in recent years as the location of a detention camp for suspected al-Qaeda operatives.[39]
[edit] Equipment Edit
Main article: Equipment of the United States NavyThe Navy operates 290 ships, 3,700 aircraft, 50,000 non-combat vehicles and owns 75,200 buildings on 3,300,000 acres (13,000 km2). The Navy plans to slash the dependence on fossil fuels.[40]
[edit] Ships Edit
Main article: United States Navy shipsSee also: List of United States Navy ships and List of current ships of the United States NavyThe names of commissioned ships of the U.S. Navy are prefixed with the letters "USS", designating "United States Ship".[41] Non-commissioned, civilian-manned vessels of the Navy have names that begin with "USNS", standing for "United States Naval Ship" The names of ships are officially selected by the Secretary of the Navy, often to honor important people or places. Additionally, each ship is given a letter-based hull classification symbol (for example, CVN or DDG) to indicate the vessel's type and number. All ships in the Navy inventory are placed in the Naval Vessel Register, which is part of "the Navy List" (required by article 29 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea). The Register tracks data such as the current status of a ship, the date of its commissioning, and the date of its decommissioning. Vessels that are removed from the register prior to disposal are said to be stricken from the register. The Navy also maintains a reserve fleet of inactive vessels that are maintained for reactivation in times of need.
The U.S. Navy was one of the first to install nuclear reactors aboard naval vessels;[42] today, nuclear energy powers all of U.S. active aircraft carriers and submarines. In the case of the Nimitz-class carrier, two naval reactors give the ship almost unlimited range and provide enough electrical energy to power a city of 100,000 people.[43] The U.S. Navy previously operated nuclear-powered cruisers and destroyers, but all have been decommissioned.
The U.S. Navy has identified a need for 313 combat ships, but under the current plans will only be able to afford 232 to 243.[44]
[edit] Aircraft carriers Edit
[25][26]USS Nimitz (CVN-68), a Nimitz-class aircraft carrierThe Navy has established a minimum requirement for 11 aircraft carriers, but will drop to 10 when the Enterprise retires before the Gerald R. Ford enters service.[45]
A carrier is typically deployed along with a host of additional vessels, forming a carrier strike group. The supporting ships, which usually include three or four Aegis-equipped cruisers and destroyers, a frigate, and two attack submarines, are tasked with protecting the carrier from air, missile, sea, and undersea threats as well as providing additional strike capabilities themselves. Ready logistics support for the group is provided by a combined ammunition, oiler, and supply ship.
Enterprise class (1 in commission)
Nimitz class (10 in commission)
Gerald R. Ford class (1 under construction, at least 2 more planned)
[edit] Amphibious warfare vessels Edit
[27][28]USS Bataan (LHD-5), a Wasp class amphibious assault shipAmphibious assault ships are the centerpieces of US amphibious warfare and fulfill the same power projection role as aircraft carriers except that their striking force comprises land forces instead of aircraft. They deliver, command, coordinate, and fully support all elements of a 2200-strong Marine Expeditionary Unit in an amphibious assault using both air and amphibious vehicles. Resembling small aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships are capable of V/STOL, STOVL, VTOL, tiltrotor, and rotary wing aircraft operations. They also contain a well deck to support the use of Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) and other amphibious assault watercraft. Recently, amphibious assault ships have begun to be deployed as the core of an expeditionary strike group, which usually consists of an additional amphibious transport dock and dock landing ship for amphibious warfare and an Aegis-equipped cruiser and destroyer, frigate, and attack submarine for group defense. Amphibious assault ships are typically named after World War II aircraft carriers.
Tarawa class (1 in commission, 4 decommissioned)
Wasp class (8 in commission)
America class (1 under construction, at least 3 more planned)
Amphibious transport docks are warships that embark, transport, and land Marines, supplies, and equipment in a supporting role during amphibious warfare missions. With a landing platform, amphibious transport docks also have the capability to serve as secondary aviation support for an expeditionary group. All amphibious transport docks can operate helicopters, LCACs, and other conventional amphibious vehicles while the newer San Antonio class of ships has been explicitly designed to operate all three elements of the Marines' "mobility triad": Expeditionary Fighting Vehicles (EFVs), the V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft, and the previously mentioned LCACs. Amphibious transport docks are named for cities, except for USS Mesa Verde (LPD-19), named for Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado, and three San Antonio class ships named in memory of the September 11, 2001 attacks. [29][30]USS San Antonio (LPD-17), a San Antonio class amphibious transport dock*Austin class (2 in commission, 10 decommissioned)
San Antonio class (6 in commission, 4 under construction, 1 more planned)
The dock landing ship is a medium amphibious transport that is designed specifically to support and operate Landing Craft Air Cushions (LCACs), though it is able to operate other amphibious assault vehicles in the United States inventory as well. Dock landing ships are normally deployed as a component of an expeditionary strike group's amphibious assault contingent, operating as a secondary launch platform for LCACs. All dock landing ships are named after locations in the United States.
Whidbey Island class (8 in commission)
Harpers Ferry class (4 in commission)
[edit] Surface vessels Edit
[31][32]USS Port Royal (CG-73), a Ticonderoga class cruiserCruisers are large surface combat vessels that conduct anti-air/anti-missile warfare, surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, and strike operations independently or as members of a larger task force. Modern guided missile cruisers were developed out of a need to counter the anti-ship missile threat facing the United States Navy. This led to the development of the AN/SPY-1 phased array radar and the Standard missile with the Aegis combat system coordinating the two. Ticonderoga-class cruisers became the first to equip Aegis and were put to use primarily as anti-air and anti-missile defense in a battle force protection role. Later developments of vertical launch systems and the Tomahawk missile gave cruisers additional long-range land and sea strike capability, making them capable of both offensive and defensive battle operations. All cruisers since CG-47 have been named for famous battles with USS Thomas S. Gates (CG-51) as the only exception. Previously, cruisers were either named for cities (until CG-12), former important navy figures (CG-15 to CG-35), or states (CGN-36 to CGN-41).
Ticonderoga class (22 in commission, 5 decommissioned)
Destroyers are multi-mission medium surface ships capable of sustained performance in anti-air, anti-submarine, anti-ship, and offensive strike operations. Like cruisers, the guided missile destroyers of the Navy are primarily focused on surface strikes using Tomahawk missiles and fleet defense through Aegis and the Standard missile. Destroyers additionally specialize in anti-submarine warfare and are equipped with VLA rockets and LAMPS Mk III Sea Hawk helicopters to deal with underwater threats. When deployed with a carrier strike group or expeditionary strike group, destroyers and their fellow Aegis-equipped cruisers are primarily tasked with defending the fleet while providing secondary strike capabilities. Destroyers have been named for important navy personnel and heroes since the USS Bainbridge (DD-1).
Arleigh Burke class (61 in commission, one awaiting commissioning, one under construction, at least three more planned)
Zumwalt class destroyer (3 building or planned)
[33][34]USS Bainbridge (DDG-96), an Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyerModern U.S. frigates mainly perform anti-submarine warfare for carrier strike groups and amphibious expeditionary groups and provide armed escort for supply convoys and merchant shipping. They are designed to protect friendly ships against hostile submarines in low to medium threat environments, using torpedoes and LAMPS helicopters. Independently, frigates are able to conduct counterdrug missions and other maritime interception operations. The U.S. Navy expects to retire and replace its current class of frigates by 2020 as the Littoral Combat Ships are introduced into operation.[46] As in the case of destroyers, frigates are named after naval heroes.
Oliver Hazard Perry class (19 in commission, 8 in active reserve, 24 decommissioned)
[edit] Submarines Edit
Main article: Submarines in the United States Navy[35][36]USS Kentucky (SSBN-737), an Ohio class ballistic missile submarineThe primary missions of submarines in the U.S. Navy are peacetime engagement, surveillance and intelligence, special operations, precision strikes, battlegroup operations, and control of the seas.[47] The U.S. Navy operates three types: ballistic submarines, guided missile submarines, and attack submarines. Ballistic missile submarines have only one mission: to carry and launch the nuclear Trident missile. Four Ohio class ballistic missile submarines were converted to guided missile submarines, which have a primary mission of attacking targets on land. Attack submarines have several tactical missions, including sinking ships and other subs, launching cruise missiles, gathering intelligence, and assisting in special operations. Earlier attack submarines (such as the Los Angeles class) are typically named for cities while Ohio class and later attack submarines are typically named for states. Attack submarines prior to the Los Angeles class were named for "denizens of the deep", while pre-Ohio class ballistic missile submarines were named for "famous Americans" (including foreigners with notable connections to the United States).
Ohio class ballistic missile submarines (18 in commission, with 4 converted into guided missile submarines)
Los Angeles class attack submarines (43 in commission, 2 in reserve, 17 decommissioned)
Seawolf class attack submarines (3 in commission)
Virginia class attack submarines (9 in commission, 5 under construction, 4 ordered, at least 4 more planned)
[37][38]Four Navy F/A-18F Super Hornets.Main articles: List of United States naval aircraft and List of military aircraft of the United States (naval)See also: List of United States Navy aircraft squadronsCarrier-based aircraft are able to strike air, sea, and land targets far from a carrier strike group while protecting friendly forces from enemy aircraft, ships, and submarines. In peacetime, aircraft's ability to project the threat of sustained attack from a mobile platform on the seas gives United States leaders significant diplomatic and crisis-management options. Aircraft additionally provide logistics support to maintain the Navy's readiness and, through helicopters, supply platforms with which to conduct search and rescue, special operations, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), and anti-surface warfare (ASuW).
The U.S. Navy began to research the use of aircraft at sea in the 1910s, with Lt Theodore G. "Spuds" Ellyson becoming the first Naval aviator on 28 January 1911, and commissioned its first aircraft carrier, USS Langley, in 1922.[48] United States naval aviation fully came of age in World War II, when it became clear following the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the Battle of the Coral Sea, and the Battle of Midway that aircraft carriers and the planes that they carried had replaced the battleship as the greatest weapon on the seas. Leading Navy aircraft in World War II included the Grumman F4F Wildcat, the Grumman F6F Hellcat, the Chance Vought F4U Corsair, the Douglas SBD Dauntless, and the Grumman TBF Avenger. Navy aircraft also played a significant role in conflicts during the following Cold War years, with the F-4 Phantom II and the F-14 Tomcat becoming military icons of the era. The Navy's current primary fighter and attack airplanes are the multi-mission F/A-18C/D Hornet and its newer cousin, the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. The F-35 Lightning II is presently under development and is scheduled to replace the C and D versions of the Hornet beginning in 2012.[49]
The Aircraft Investment Plan sees Naval aviation growing from 30 percent of current aviation forces to half of all procurement funding over the next three decades.[50]
[edit] Weapons Edit
Main article: List of United States Navy weaponsCurrent U.S. Navy shipboard weapons systems are almost entirely focused on missiles, both as a weapon and as a threat. In an offensive role, missiles are intended to strike targets at long distances with accuracy and precision. Because they are unmanned weapons, missiles allow for attacks on heavily defended targets without risk to human pilots. Land strikes are the domain of the BGM-109 Tomahawk, which was first deployed in the 1980s and is continually being updated to increase its capabilities. For anti-ship strikes, the Navy's dedicated missile is the Harpoon missile. To defend against enemy missile attack, the Navy operates a number of systems that are all coordinated by the Aegis combat system. Medium-long range defense is provided by the Standard Missile 2, which has been deployed since the 1980s. The Standard missile doubles as the primary shipboard anti-aircraft weapon and is undergoing development for use in theater ballistic missile defense. Short range defense against missiles is provided by the Phalanx CIWS and the more recently developed RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile. In addition to missiles, the Navy employs Mark 46 and Mark 50 torpedoes and various types of naval mines. [39][40]Aviation Ordnancemen loading GBU-12 bombs.Naval fixed-wing aircraft employ much of the same weapons as the United States Air Force for both air-to-air and air-to-surface combat. Air engagements are handled by the heat-seeking Sidewinder and the radar guided AMRAAM missiles along with the M61 Vulcan cannon for close range dogfighting. For surface strikes, Navy aircraft utilize a combination of missiles, smart bombs, and dumb bombs. On the list of available missiles are the Maverick, SLAM-ER and JSOW. Smart bombs include the GPS-guided JDAM and the laser-guided Paveway series. Unguided munitions such as dumb bombs and cluster bombs make up the rest of the weapons deployed by fixed-wing aircraft.
Rotary aircraft weapons are focused on anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and light to medium surface engagements. To combat submarines, helicopters use Mark 46 and Mark 50 torpedoes. Against small watercraft, they utilize Hellfire and Penguin air to surface missiles. Helicopters also employ various types of mounted anti-personnel machine guns, including the M60, M240, GAU-16/A, and GAU-17/A.
Nuclear weapons in the U.S. Navy arsenal are deployed through ballistic missile submarines and aircraft. The Ohio-class submarine carries the latest iteration of the Trident missile, a three stage, underwater launched, nuclear ICBM with MIRV capability; the current Trident II (D5) version is expected to be in service past 2020.[51] The Navy's other nuclear weapon is the air-deployed B61 nuclear bomb. The B61 is a thermonuclear device that can be dropped by strike aircraft such as the F/A-18 Hornet and Super Hornet at high speed from a large range of altitudes. It can be released through free-fall or parachute and can be set to detonate in the air or on the ground.
[edit] Naval Jack Edit
[41][42][43] [44] Former U.S. Naval Jack[45][46]U.S. Navy country music ensemble performs adjacent to Lone Sailor statueThe current naval jack of the United States is the First Navy Jack, traditionally regarded as having been used during the American Revolutionary War. On 31 May 2002, Secretary of the Navy Gordon England directed all U.S. naval ships to fly the First Navy Jack for the duration of the "War on Terror". Many ships chose to shift colors later that year on the first anniversary of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The previous naval jack was a blue field with 50 white stars, identical to the canton of the ensign (the flag of the United States) both in appearance and size, and continues to remain in use with vessels of the U.S. Coast Guard and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A jack of similar design was used in 1794, though with 13 stars arranged in a 3–2–3–2–3 pattern. When a ship is moored or anchored, the jack is flown from the bow of the ship while the ensign is flown from the stern. When underway, the ensign is raised on the mainmast. The First Naval Jack, however, has always been flown on the oldest ship in the active American fleet, currently the USS Constitution.
[edit] Notable sailors Edit
Main article: List of United States Navy peopleMany past and present United States historical figures have served in the Navy. Notable officers include John Paul Jones, John Barry (Continental Navy officer and first flag officer of the United States Navy),[52] James Lawrence (whose last words "don't give up the ship" are memorialized in Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy), Stephen Decatur, Jr., David Farragut, David Dixon Porter, Oliver Hazard Perry, Commodore Matthew Perry (whose Black Ships forced the opening of Japan), and Chester Nimitz, Admiral of the Pacific Fleet in World War II.
A number of presidents served in the Navy before or early in their political careers, including John F. Kennedy (who commanded the famous PT-109), Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and George H.W. Bush. Both Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt were the Assistant Secretary of the Navy prior to their presidencies. Many members of Congress served in the Navy, notably U.S. Senators Bob Kerrey, John McCain, and John Kerry. Other notable former members of the U.S. Navy include astronauts, entertainers, authors, and professional athletes.
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Retrieved from "https://worldwartwo.wikia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy?oldid=3305"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The above picture is DORS staffmember Zhang Guangtao interviewing an earthquake survivor. The hot summer weather has made it impossible for people to stay in the tents during the day, and some people have put mats on the ground outside to cool off. When we help people affected by the earthquake, we go to their homes—the ruined ones and their current tent homes—and then according to their family situation, determine the degree to which we will support them. Up to the present time, we have received earthquake relief contributions from all different places amounting to over 200,000 yuan RMB altogether (not including relief materials contributions). We have already spent 81,654.50 yuan on projects in the county town—of which 50,000 yuan was contributed to the government (see website), and 31,654.50 yuan was directly used on helping earthquake victims. Ya'an church's 1002.50 yuan worth of medicine was donated to the women and children's hospital in Hanyuan. We have passed on donated materials and funds to families most in need, and at the same time at times acted as informal counselors, chatting with people about their difficulties. Up to July 15, DORS had helped 68 households materially. In total 84 quilts were distributed (thin quilts, 45; thick quilts, 7; and army quilts, 32); 10 army tents; 15 camping tents (donated to Sichuan Province 5.12 Independent Relief Center); 15 folding beds, 28 containers of cooking oil, 6 cartons of water, and assorted clothes. Of these some of the quilts and the oil were bought by DORS, altogether spending 1654.50 yuan. Different amounts of flexible funds were given to 73 households, totaling 30,000 yuan. Some of these recipients also received in-kind assistance from DORS. For more detailed information and pictures please see our website: www.dors.org.uk. Now due to the earthquake assistance, Hanyuan county town residents have come to understand DORS much better. The fact that we went in person to the houses to see the families' situations gave people a deep impression, and many people were very grateful for the help we gave them. When we received the banner-award from Nongzheng Village Hamlet 7, they said that our care made them feel touched and brought everyone warmth. As a charity organization, this is what we were made to do! Many organizations, including companies and NGOs, have contacted us, wanting to know if we can cooperate to work on rebuilding after the earthquake. Although our future focus will be on our project villages' rebuilding, we will continue to follow the county town families we have helped, in order to be sure whether or not they need additional assistance.
Children washing a pan among the ruins
Beautiful flowers among the wreckage
Now they can smile for the camera
It has already been over two months since the earthquake, and although there are still sometimes aftershocks, in the busyness of work we have pretty much lost the fear or worry related to them. Those whose houses have no problems have already moved back to their homes, and the stores which haven't collapsed are back open for business. Despite the ruins which suddenly appeared, the buildings full of cracks, and the tents covering all available spaces in the city, people seem to have more or less resumed life as usual, each day working hard, eating well, and sleeping heavily. But people's eyes seem to have gained a bit of blankness. In any case, DORS staff believe everyone hit by the earthquake can afford to take a positive look at life after the earthquake and work hard together at the rebuilding. DORS has already begun to start other projects' planning and implementation.
Villages supported by Pr. Xiong Darun
Shiquan Village
Boar raising
The below picture is the next generation of pigs fathered by the little pig that everyone worried about, when it got sick, in Shiquan Village. Everyone's efforts to save him were not in vain, as his numerous children prove.
Construction of paths to hamlets
The construction work is completed, and at the appropriate time DORS will go inspect and evaluate them.
School playground paving
Formerly, due to funding issues, we continually dithered about whether or not to do this project, because Shiquan doesn't have sand, and transporting the sand from the Dadu River to the mountainside village would be too costly. Later, out of the generosity of friends at China's astronomy observatories, the funding problem was solved. We made a detailed construction plan, and signed a contract with the Party Secretary. But the roads to Shiquan are very poor, and its passability depends on the weather, so it will be a while before the materials can be transported there. Because they wanted to do what was in their power to do to help the victims, three days after the earthquake, caring friends in the field of astronomy began collecting funds, which up to now total 21,600 yuan (of which 10,000 is on its way). These funds are designated for Shiquan Primary School's repair and construction of supplementary facilities for it.
In June Pr. Xiong and some other astronomy friends came to Hanyuan to see the post-earthquake situation. They went to Shiquan, and Went China Normal University's Pr. Yang Shuzheng and Pr. Luo Zhiquan bought schoolbags and school supplies for the children. We hope these tokens of care gave the children some pleasure in a scary time. The below picture is Pr. Xiong and his student Deng Licai preparing to distribute the supplies to the children.
Maping Village
Raising Organic Chickens
In the middle of July, after signing the contract, 480 chicks were delivered to Maping village and given to 5 households. In one month, the boss of the farm where the chickens were purchased will come to Maping Village to conduct a training on how best to raise them.
Misereor Social Development Foundation
DORS and Misereor have once again signed a contract. This time 4 villages have been chosen in Hanyuan county—two integrated project villages and two income-generation project villages. According to previously done surveys, DORS is tentatively planning on doing the two integrated projects in Wanlin Village in Nimei Township and Gulu Village in Yongli Township; the income-generation project villages have not yet been determined. Because the risk in doing income-generation projects is rather large, in choosing the villages we must consider many factors. Therefore we are adopting a different village-choice procedure from before. We notified 8 villages at the same time, villages in whichDORS previously did integrated projects, so they already have good foundations, and a few of the leaders have also attended DORS' participatory methods training. The leaders are in charge of having a meeting with their villages to see which projects would be most suited to their villages. Next they will write a project proposal, and then we will read the proposals and analyze which projects, with our funding, are most feasible, along with doing budget approximations and market forecasts. We also try to determine whether the villagers are united in purpose, along with other factors, in order to determine where to implement projects.
Wanlin Village
Hamlets 1-3 Water Project
In June we did a final evaluation of Wanlin's water project. The water cistern was repaired, the pipes were completely installed, and the villagers were receiving clean drinking water directly to their homes.
The above picture is DORS' Bai Shihai (first from right) and Zhang Guangtao (first from left) inspecting the repair of the cistern to see whether it met the requirements previously agreed. The words written on the cistern moved us, and not just the "Drinking makes us think of DORS, their help has reached our homes" (left and right top to bottom), but "deep feeling and heavy meaning" next to the Olympic rings and "12 May 2008 Earthquake Memorial" at the bottom. We too are full of excitement for the Olympic Games in China and full of sorrow at the same time for our compatriots who suffered and died in the earthquake.
Charities Aid Foundation of Australia
Charities Aid Foundation of Australia (CAF) will support DORS building 400 fuel-efficient stoves and 150 biogas containers in various project villages. We have already constructed some demonstration stoves, and once the villagers see the advantages of the stoves in person, DORS will start the implementation of the stoves project in earnest.
Ranmo Village
This is a new project village, which is a neighbor to Chalin Village. DORS formerly hadn't done any projects in this village, but they requested that DORS help them construct fuel-efficient stoves. After doing a needs assessment we decided to do 5 demonstration stoves in Ranmo Village, and decide whether to proceed after that according to villagers' interest. The below picture is a woman in Ranmo Village using the old stoves to prepare food. Her house partially toppled in the earthquake.
Wanjia Village
This round of 53 fuel-efficient stoves continues to be in process, with about 30 already finished. Some of Wanjia's houses collapsed or became too damaged to use in the earthquake, so the stoves completion will have to be postponed.
Contacts, Visits and Donations News
In June we received a visit from a French sociologist living in Shanghai named Florence Padovani. She is interested in the earthquake relief work DORS is doing and wants to provide some help from Shanghai along with friends there. Our engineer Bai Shihai went with her to Chenhe Village.
In July Hong Kong Partners for Community Development (PCD)'s Ms. Fong and Ms. He Dexian came to visit, and vice-director Guo Yumei introduced them to Hanyuan county town's damage conditions and went with them to Hejiang Village. PCD would like to collect some funds to help DORS do some reconstruction work. In the city, they can help handicapped people with recovery training and prostheses/wheelchairs; in the country they would like to help a severely affected village rebuild, hoping to make it at the same time a healthful, environmentally friendly, fuel-efficient, earthquake-resistant and harmonious new village. As of June 30, the amount donated to DORS for earthquake relief in English pounds amounted to 14,485.92 pounds. As of July 31, the amount donated to DORS for earthquake relief in Renminbi included 21,600 yuan from astronomy friends, designated for Shiquan primary school; former DORS volunteer Li Caihong's 1,000 Renminbi, and Mr. Mo Guangwei from Guizhou's 500 yuan.
Shanghai Qiming book-publishing company, after finding out information about Hanyuan county's earthquake-affected schools, gave Daling Township Central School and Houyu Township Central School some school and living supplies.
DORS News and Information
At the beginning of July, after completing contract and completing work, respectively, DORS staffmembers Wang Zhifang and Yang Fangyuan left Fulin. They were especially hardworking, and sacrificed a lot for DORS. In the future they will continue to do some publicizing for DORS. We gratefully thank Wang Zhifang and Yang Fangyuan for all they did for DORS while in Hanyuan.
In early July DORS vice-director Guo Yumei was invited to Hong Kong by UBS bank, which works together with Charities Aid Foundation Australia, a donor to DORS, to give a talk to clients of the bank's interested in doing philanthropy work in Asia. It was good for both parties, we believe, DORS to get more publicity for projects and the clients to learn more about what a charity organization on the ground does to relieve poverty and the earthquake, and DORS was honored to be able to send Guo Yumei. We hope the talk contributed something to charity work in Asia.
At the end of July, DORS received four new volunteers: Hanyuan's Ren Li, Luo Xiaojuan, Mu Fan and Ganluo's Qian Ke. Luo Xiaojuan and Mu Fan will help primarily with office work for a month before they return to school, and Ren Li and Qian Ke will help DORS longer-term, mostly helping DORS survey and research local information.


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The Hon. Natalie Neita-Headley M.P., Minister with Special Responsibility for Sport, visited the training camp of the Jamaica Paralympic Association (JPA) at the Sir John Golding Rehabilitation Centre, Mona, on Thursday, July 26 as part of the Government's support of the paralympic athletes for the 2012 London Paralympic Games.
The Honourable Minister, during her visit, participated in a javelin competition with Jamaica's elite female paralympians, Sylvia Grant and Toni Greaves and thereafter a medal ceremony was simulated as part of the JPA's promotion of London 2012 Paralympic Games and its participation in the event.
Newport Fersan Jamaica, a leading fertilizer company not only in Jamaica but Santo Domingo and other territories in the Caribbean, is the principal official sponsor of Jamaica's London 2012 paralympic team and its Managing Director, Dennis Valdez, presented a cheque to the JPA as part of their support. Mr. Valdez and the company's principal, Domingo Viyella, in further demonstrating the company and their support of the JPA and its athletes will be attending the games in London and will make visits to our athletes in the paralympic village during the games.
The London Paralympic Games commences on August 29, 2012 and will conclude with the opening ceremony on September 9, 2012.
Please view additional photos below.


Hippocrates' wisdom still resonates, while finding "the right amount" continues to elude us. From Hippocrates to current times, nutrition and physical activity patterns have been defined mostly by economic, cultural, and social factors rather than scientific facts. Only recently, we began to make scientific progress in these two vital areas of human health. However, the road ahead remains long and arduous, with voluminous, and at times, esoteric information difficult to interpret or implement, with profiteers and flamboyant, self-proclaimed experts that lure the public by attractive half truths regarding weight management, fitness and overall health.
The article offers tips on how to lose five pounds with information on vacation workouts, a low-calorie barbecue sauce, and how one's mood level can boost weight loss.
Focuses on weight loss concerns among obese individuals in the U.S. Advantages of physical activity and improved nutrition; Association of physical fitness with reductions in all-cause mortality rates; Emphasis on life style changes in promoting public health.
The article offers step-by-step instructions for several exercises that help in reducing body calories including the diagonal lunge, the side chopper and the balancing chestfly.


Your home is very likely your biggest investment. We know that the quality of remodeling or repairs is crucial to the value of your home. We are available to help you with selection of materials, colors and any other element of design of your home. It is our promise that the new construction will be of the finest quality and structurally sound so that you may enjoy your home without worry.
Even more than an investment, your home is the place you most want to feel safe, comfortable and relaxed. These facts remain on our minds throughout each and every remodeling or repair job we execute. Our goal is to make these projects a pleasant experience. Cleanliness, courtesy and integrity are paramount when any worker enters your home. Our family does everything we cant to be sure that your family can feel at home at all times. We carefully select the employees and sub-contractors who will be working for you and continually emphasize our high standards of quality, trustworthiness and neatness.


Employed in natural gas purification, this gas separation membrane utilizes the membrane separation method of separating a specific gas from mixed gases by using differences in the permeation rates of the different gasses. Compared to other separation methods (chemical absorption, physical absorption, etc.), this method makes it possible to reduce production facility size and energy cost.
The partial pressure difference across the membrane causes gas permeation while allowing only the target gas across.
Ion-exchange membrane selectively allows ions in solvents to pass through and is widely used in various applications, such as softening hard water; producing ultrapure water; extracting salt from seawater; and desalinating brackish water, seawater, industrial wastewater, and materials used in food processing. The ion-exchange membrane process exhibits superior maintenance and cost benefits compared to the ion-exchange resin process, which requires periodic renewal using salt and replacing resin.
Verification tests for harvesting energy from differences in salt concentration between sea water and fresh water (Blue Energy) are currently underway in the Netherlands with the goal of constructing a power plant to supply 200 MW of electricity for 300,000 households by 2020. Fujifilm is participating in this project by providing ion-exchange membranes.


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Hon. Abayomi Sheba
State of Origin: Ondo State
Hon. (Barr.) Abayomi Sheba is a Seasoned Politician, Administrator and Lawyer from Ode—Irele, Irele Local Government Area of Ondo State. Registered in Irele Ward 3 of Irele Local Government, he is a leading member of the All Progressive Congress. Hon. Sheba was elected to the Federal House of Representative between 1999 and 2003 to represent Okitipupa/Irele Federal Constituency. He distinguished himself not just as a member but he was appointed the Chairman, House of Representatives Committee on Poverty Alleviation and Community Development for the four years he was in the National Assembly. He served as a member of the Presidential National Core Team that drafted Nigeria's Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP). While in the National Assembly, he led a delegation of the House Committee on Poverty Alleviation and Community Development to Peoples' Republic of China to understudy the poverty reduction mechanism of the Chinese Government. He also visited several countries around the world to understudy poverty reduction and sustainable development. Between 2004 and 2005, he served as a Director representing Ondo State on the board of Nigeria Wire and Cable Plc. He was appointed as the Head, Ondo State Government Liaison Office, Abuja and a Senior Special Assistant to Governor Olusegun Agagu between 2005 and 2009. In 2009, he was appointed a Federal Commissioner, representing Ondo state in the Board of the Federal Character Commission, Abuja, the position he held till September 19th 2018, when President Muhammad Buhari, appointed him as the Ag. Executive Chairman of the Commission. He is happily married with four Children.


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WSU quarantines COVID-19 student as hundreds still live on campus
Kim Kozlowski
The first Wayne State University student to test positive for COVID-19 is being transferred Sunday to a floor in a dorm that is being reserved for quarantining students as the coronavirus continues to spread, and hundreds of students are still living on campus.
The WSU student was self-quarantined where he lived at Anthony Wayne Drive Apartments after testing positive on Saturday. University officials notified the campus community of the case and said the student will be moved to WSU's Atchison Hall, where a floor is being reserved for quarantined students.
"We are following our protocol that was set up ahead of time in the event we had a student in a residence hall test positive who needed to quarantine,"said WSU spokesman Matt Lockwood. "An entire floor in Atchison Hall has been reserved for this purpose. The student is the first and only one currently on that floor."
The case is the third COVID-19 connected to Wayne State.
It comes as college campuses are not completely empty during the global pandemic created by the coronavirus that has been linked to the deaths of eight people n Michigan and infected more than 1,000 residents as of Sunday. Much of public life has been shut down as leaders have ordered businesses, schools and other institutions to suspend operations and asked residents to stay home to mitigate the spread of the disease.
WSU, like other universities, urged students to leave campus to return to their permanent residents. But it also pledged to support the housing and dining needs of those who are unable to go home or to an off-campus apartment.
WSU residence hall occupancy is currently at 25% and student apartments at 45%, or about 1,000 students, Lockwood said. But that could change since an $850 credit was announced for students to move between March 23 through April 9, 2020.
"Because we had an empty floor in Atchinson, it made it easy for us to set it aside and move any students needing to quarantine away from other students in university housing," said WSU spokesman Matt Lockwood.
Wayne State is not the only university that is still hosting students who are living on campus, in spite of officials shifting classes online, postponing commencement and asking students to leave campus to limit person-to-person interactions and spread of the virus.
There are about 20 percent of undergrads remaining in university housing at University of Michigan, according to UM spokesman Rick Fitzgerald. That's about 1,900 students, down fromabout 9,400 living in university housing during winter semester.
"Some students are not able to travel home at this time," Fitzgerald said.
Get instant updates via our app Subscribe to our daily COVID-19 newsletter Subscribe for more coronavirus coverage
Like WSU, UM is also offering funding to students if they are able to move out. UM is offering a $1,200 refund if they are able to move out by March 25.
"We anticipate that number could change in the coming days," Fitzgerald said.
Michigan State and Oakland University also still have 1,000 students and 550 students living in their campus housing respectively,
Many continue to go home every day.
Oakland University Ora Hirsch Pescovitz said she doesn't expect campus housing to be completely empty because some students are international students or live out of state. Still others don't have anywhere to go.
"We are going to have some students here though the duration," said Pescovitz. "I don't envision we are going to get every single students to another home."


Nate Lynch singled up the middle.
Brennan Laird grounded out to 2b, RBI; Nate Lynch scored.
Zack Reed doubled to left field.
Troy Konwinski singled to center field; Zack Reed advanced to third.
Glen Collier singled down the lf line, RBI; Troy Konwinski advanced to second; Zack Reed scored.
Kendal Baker struck out swinging, reached first on a passed ball.
Nate Lynch doubled to left field; Kendal Baker advanced to third.
Matt Barger reached first on a fielding error by 3b; Kendal Baker scored, unearned.
Matt Barger advanced to second; Nate Lynch out at third c to 3b, caught stealing.
Eric Elkus doubled to center field, RBI; Matt Barger scored, unearned.
Cody Krumlauf singled to left field.
Addison Robertson doubled to right center, RBI; Cody Krumlauf scored.
Kendal Baker singled, bunt; Addison Robertson advanced to third.
Tanner Stippich singled up the middle.
Quinten Harrington singled to center field; Tanner Stippich advanced to second.
Michael Gilliland singled through the right side, RBI; Quinten Harrington advanced to third; Tanner Stippich scored.
Nick Watkins singled to left field.
Zack Reed singled to left center; Nick Watkins advanced to second.
Cody Krumlauf singled up the middle.
Isaiah Shake singled to shortstop; Cody Krumlauf advanced to second.
Addison Robertson walked; Isaiah Shake advanced to second; Cody Krumlauf advanced to third.
Kendal Baker singled to center field, 2 RBI; Addison Robertson advanced to second; Isaiah Shake scored; Cody Krumlauf scored.
Nate Lynch singled through the left side; Kendal Baker advanced to second; Addison Robertson advanced to third.
Nate Lynch advanced to second; Kendal Baker advanced to third; Addison Robertson scored on a wild pitch.
Matt Barger flied out to rf, sacrifice fly, RBI; Kendal Baker scored.
Nate Lynch advanced to third on an error by p, failed pickoff attempt.
Tyler Weaver hit by pitch.
Tyler Weaver advanced to second on a wild pitch.
Tre' DeVoe pinch hit for Kody Fuller.
Drew Miller to p for Dave Blanch.
Everett Kissel to c for Tre' DeVoe.
Isaiah Shake advanced to second on an error by p, failed pickoff attempt.
Nick Watkins doubled down the lf line.
Troy Konwinski singled to left field, RBI; Nick Watkins scored.
Izzy Martinez to p for Drew Miller.
Nate Lynch singled to shortstop.
Matt Barger singled to shortstop; Nate Lynch advanced to third, scored on a throwing error by ss.
Eric Elkus singled up the middle, RBI; Matt Barger scored.
Danny Dopp advanced to third on a wild pitch.
Cody Krumlauf singled up the middle, RBI; Danny Dopp scored, unearned.
Tyler Weaver singled down the lf line; Quinten Harrington advanced to third.
Alec Bryan to rf for Kendal Baker.
Michael Gilliland singled to second base, RBI; Tyler Weaver advanced to second; Quinten Harrington scored.
Alec Bryan to rf for Nate Lynch.
Kendal Baker to cf for Alec Bryan.
Everett Kissel singled through the left side; Michael Gilliland advanced to second; Tyler Weaver advanced to third.
Nick Watkins singled to third base, RBI; Everett Kissel advanced to second; Michael Gilliland advanced to third; Tyler Weaver scored.
Anthony Morgan to ss for Brennan Laird.
Zack Reed grounded out to 3b, RBI; Nick Watkins advanced to second; Everett Kissel advanced to third; Michael Gilliland scored.
Troy Konwinski singled to left field, RBI; Nick Watkins advanced to third; Everett Kissel scored.
Troy Konwinski advanced to second on a wild pitch, scored, unearned; Nick Watkins scored on a throwing error by c, unearned.
Paris Creek to p for Izzy Martinez.
Matt Barger doubled to center field, RBI; Kendal Baker scored.


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Cet article présente les résultats détaillés du simple dames de l'édition 1992 de l'US Open de tennis qui est disputé du 31 août au . Ce tournoi est le dernier de la tournée du Grand Chelem.

Faits marquants
Monica Seles bat Arantxa Sánchez Vicario en finale de cette édition ; elle décroche à cette occasion son  du Grand Chelem et le  de sa carrière sur le circuit WTA.

En demi-finale, les deux protagonistes avaient respectivement battu Mary Joe Fernández et Manuela Maleeva.

Parcours

Résultats

Tableau final

Premiers tours

Première partie

Deuxième partie

Troisième partie

Quatrième partie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Palmarès du simple dames de l'US Open

Lien externe
  Site officiel du tournoi

Navigation

1992
US Open Simple dames
Tennis aux États-Unis en 1992
Tennis en août 1992
Tennis en septembre 1992

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COLUMBUS, GA (WTVM) - A Kansas City chief player was penalized for praying after scoring a touchdown on Sunday, September 28. Now the national football league is saying it should have never happened.
Referees penalized Husain Abdullah, who is a Muslim, for going to his knees after he intercepted a Tom Brady pass and ran it back for a touchdown. Many fans say they don't agree with the penalty.
"You definitely see some other celebrations with other religious backgrounds that haven't been called back," says NFL fan Omar Calleros.
"How is it you can make an exception for Tim Tebow and it should be an exception for Hussein," says NFL fan Doug.
Michael Signora, vice president for the NFL, issued a clarifying statement via twitter today, "Abdullah should not have been penalized. Officiating mechanic is not to flag a player who goes to ground for religious reasons."