Pittsburgh, Pa – Allegheny Health Network's West Penn Burn Center is stressing the importance of burn prevention as the American Burn Association (ABA) kicked off its National Burn Awareness Week on Sunday. In 2018, the West Penn Burn Center saw burn-related injuries increase by 15 percent with scalds being the top reason for pediatric admissions.
Every year, the ABA designates the first week of February to mobilize organizations across the country to increase awareness of the frequency and causes of burn injury in America. In particular, the week sheds more light on the susceptibility of children when it comes to burn-related injuries. Each day, more than 300 children are seen in emergency rooms and two children die from burn injuries across the country.
West Penn Burn Center is the only burn center in the region to receive the honorable verification seal acknowledging excellence in pediatric burn management from the ABA and the American College of Surgeons. Every year, the clinical team treats roughly 500 new patients, averaging three to five pediatric admissions every month due to scalds.
Extending beyond clinical care, the West Penn Burn Center understands the psychological impacts of burn injuries, especially those that occur during adolescence. In addition to clinical consultation for patients, the Center hosts an annual summer Burn Camp at Camp Kon-O-Kwee in Zelienople.
"Burn Camp offers the opportunity for kids to feel truly comfortable talking about their shared experiences, knowing that they will not be judged by their peers and reassured that they comprise their own unique community. We recognize that burns in children can be traumatic, life changing events," continued Aballay.
And these events continue to occur at a consistent pace, according to the ABA. The proportion of burn center admissions due to scalds continues to increase each year, with scalds comprising 35 percent of all admissions to U.S. burn centers.
Celebrating its 50th anniversary milestone, the West Penn Burn Center was established in 1969 and is a national leader in innovative burn care. For more information on the Center or to learn more about its community-based programs, visit ahn.org or call 412-578-5295.


The LBI is closed on national holidays and on Jewish holidays.
In 2013, LBI – New York established a branch office in Berlin to maintain and deepen relations with scholars, Jewish Communities, government and corporate sponsors, and the wider public in Germany.
Since the early 2000's, researchers have had access to LBI materials at the Jewish Museum Berlin, where LBI maintains duplicate copies of its microfilm collections. Approximately one-third of the collections are available on over 2,500 microfilms at the Jewish Museum Berlin Reading Room.


Auro 402 Natural Hardwood Floor Lye is ideal for creating light-coloured, Scandinavian-style wooden floors without using conventional chemical-heavy products. This floor lye is lightly pigmented with white and is specially formulated for new, sanded, solid deciduous wood indoors. If you're aiming to create the archetypal Scnadinavian look, this is the perfect all-natural way to capture this unique and relaxing style.
Providing an open-pored, entirely moisture vapour-permeable finish with a very light-coloured and natural look, this product is ideal for use in less-frequented rooms such as bedrooms or guest rooms, as it is only slightly dirt repellent. This ready-to-use lightly pigmented lye for pre-treatment and keeping bright new ground hardwood before treatment with Auro 403 or Auro 404 wood soaps. This product is only for indoor use and is unsuitable for coniferous softwood.
Ingredients: water, citrates, alcohol, titanium dioxide, xanthane, orange oil, rosemary oil, titanium dioxide, xanthane, swelling clay, and gum arabic.
Can be further treated with Auro 403 or 404 after about 4-16 hours depending on the air circulation rate,environmental humidity and temperature. Considerable drying delay is possible under high relative humidity, at low temperatures and when ventilation is poor or large amounts are applied.
If you're looking for a top quality natural floor lye, make sure you order Auro 402 Natural Hardwood Floor Lye online today.


Your wedding day will be remembered as one of the best days of your entire life. You will remember this day for the rest of your life. Planning for a wedding, due to how important the occasion is, could be a very stressful and difficult time. The following paragraphs contain a number of helpful hints you can use to plan and execute a memorable wedding.
You want to think about and practice your aisle walk prior to your wedding day. Practice at your wedding venue, so you can see if the flooring works well with your footwear. This can help you feel more confident during your special day.
Do not go on a crash diet to fit in the dress. Like a fighter getting ready for a big fight, you will wind up light headed from dehydration by rushing to lose a little weight. You don't want to faint as you're saying your I do's! Buy a dress that has a corset back instead for more flexibility.
The earlier you buy things for your wedding and plan things out the cheaper they should be. You can even find great deals online so be sure to shop around. Even though a gown can be fairly cheap, having it altered to fit your perfectly can sometimes be more costly. Make sure to include this added cost in your wedding budget.
It is obvious that that most important aspect to think about in a marriage is the one whom you will marry. This choice will affect you forever, so take your time and don't rush. Your decision to get married should take into account everything that you love–or can't stand–about your potential mate.
Use the property of a relative or friend to hold your wedding. If you're friends with someone who owns a large backyard, you can have a cheaper wedding there. Offer to pay someone to come in ahead of time and after the event to do the cleaning for them, but that should be your only cost.
To add spice to your wedding reception, select a caterer that prepares ethnic foods. Steak and chicken are both overrated, not to mention boring. Make sure that your wedding feast is something that everyone will remember for years to come.
Do not under-eat in an effort to fit into your dress. Just like an athlete who is training, starving yourself could cause dehydration. You definitely don't want to end up fainting on your big day. Rather, get a dress with an integrated corset so that it can be easily adjusted.
You need to tell your DJ what you do want to be played, but also make sure he or she understands what not to play. Perhaps it's heavy metal, or country music, or even a previous lover's "special song". No matter what it is, make sure the DJ knows so that you don't have any unpleasant surprises playing at the wedding.
When picking out a makeup artist, make sure you see what looks they have created previously. Are you impressed with their style? You need to be sure you're going to really like the style. You don't want to wait till the last minute only to find out that you are not pleased with the makeup job they will be doing.
Even if your gut tells you otherwise, you should never commit to a wedding photographer without considering several other options. You never want to hire a photographer who doesn't fit your style. There are online reviews readily available to you, and you can also ask people you know that might have planned a wedding recently.
Too many flower arrangements on the guest tables at your reception are usually an interference and an extra unnecessary expense. A lot of the time flowers in the middle of the table are an annoyance. Additionally, many people are allergic to flowers. Consider placing non scented candles on the table for a romantic look.
A multi-tiered wedding cake can set you back well over a thousand dollars. You can save money by serving cupcakes, small tarts, or cake pops. Arrangements like these are loved because they offer versatility, convenience and are budget friendly Guests can just grab one or two cupcakes on their way out, putting them inside an embellished cardboard box.
Schedule your reception for midday. You will find that people are not so ready to drink heavily during the day, which will cut back on the costs of an open bar. By having a lunch reception, the costs for food will also normally be less expensive. This could allow you to put the money saved towards other services required for your wedding.
Even if you've already chosen and bought your dress, it's wise to leave it in the bridal store until the day of your wedding. It can get damaged or wrinkled while hanging in your closet. When the big day arrives, your dress will still be in brand new condition.
If you have a destination wedding, offer a basket full of goodies delivered to guests in their rooms. You can include tidbits like tourist maps, sunglasses, novelty towels or even information on nearby attractions. It may also be nice to give them a guide to a restaurant in the area so they have an easier time finding a place to get food.
See that the lighting at the reception venue has the ability to be dimmed. While this may appear trivial, you want to have this option, perhaps for your first dance, then brighter for the remainder of your ceremony. Discuss this with the venues you're considering before making your final choice.
One of the most costly parts of a wedding reception are the centerpieces, which also have a big impact on your overall aesthetics. Use a small, simple center piece instead of a large one that takes up a lot of table space. Simple centerpieces help keep the table from feeling cluttered and make it easier for guests to talk to each other.
For receptions that don't include dinner, consider renting less traditional seating arrangements rather than tables and chairs. Soft sectional furniture, lounges and chaises can make it easier for guests to interact with each other. You can use sectional pieces to create areas for relaxing throughout the reception venue. In addition, your guests will relax more when sitting on plush, comfortable seats and be more likely to have a good time.
For couples who enjoy the jet-setting lifestyle, incorporate thematic decorations that convey a love for travel. Your invitations, notices, and R.S.V.P. cards can be designed to match the theme or your wedding. Distinctive props can be used to hold items for the wedding guests to see.
A great way to place live flowers around your wedding without spending an arm and a leg on flowers that will end up in the bin is to use potted plants. You can decorate terracotta stoneware using lacy ribbons and paint or by purchasing already glazed ceramic pots in coordinated colors. Once the wedding is over, the plants can be taken home as wedding favors by the guests, or they can be planted by the newlyweds in their yard.
Gift registries are traditional parts of weddings. In order to make the occasion more pleasant for your guests, don't have them bring anything. Provide a large assortment of gifts to choose from at varying prices. Your guest should be comfortable about affording a gift that will please you.
Get the most from your wedding planner by doing your homework prior to your first meeting. There are books and publications put out by fashion industry leaders as well as all other kinds of beneficial information out there that can assist you with your planning. Make use of clippings from magazines, photos and even lyrics from songs to get your vision across.
Choose a tuxedo that fits you perfectly. Solicit the input from others before you make your choice of tuxedo. You will want to look your best for your wedding as the photographs taken that day will be a reminder for a lifetime of your special day.
Finding alternatives for flower arrangements can help you save lots of money on your big day. You can use something as simple as a ribbon for the flower girl vs a flower wreath. Silk flowers are great because they do not die and have to be thrown away. Silk flowers are not only more affordable, they can be kept forever. They provide a nice keepsake, too.
As previously noted, your wedding day will be one of, if not the most memorable and endearing events in your life. There is no need to become stressed out when planning a wedding. It is difficult but can be less stressful through proper planning. Using this advice you can have the wedding of your dreams.
Keep up-to-date on the weather conditions as you approach your wedding day. If you have an outdoor wedding and the day is very humid, your attendees may not be up to celebrating for too long. On the other hand, if it is too cold, your guests may exit early. Always remember to accommodate your guests, and provide fans for a summer wedding or portable heaters for a wedding in the cold winter months.
Someone's wedding day is possibly the day that you will never forget as long as you live. It is something that you're going to have memories of forever. Planning your wedding is very important, but it can also be stressful and hard. This guide contains a lot of strategies that will help you in planning for your wedding making it an unforgettable and wonderful event.
One thing to take into consideration is when you get married. The off seasons can save quite a bit of money that can be used elsewhere. This would be anytime other that May through September. During the wedding season, venues are generally more expensive. If it is imperative that your wedding be at this time, be sure to make your reservations far ahead of the date.
When you're getting plans together for your wedding, consider the types of alcoholic beverages you're going to be serving. Also be aware of the cost. Having an open bar can be very expensive if it stays open for hours. Wedding venues will have different options, such as a limited open bar or a offering fewer options to help keep alcohol costs down.
Have your wedding at a friend's home. If someone you know owns a large piece of property, like a farm or a place with a large backyard, you can cut down a major cost. Pay them in advance to do this for you.
You can make great use of big box stores, like Costco, when planning your own food service for your wedding day. Wholesale prices are generally lower. Think about asking friends to contribute to the food bill.
Tie in small decorative items to your wedding decor. If you have a ribbon on the bouquet, use it for other things like your gown, centerpieces or on chairs. The little details like this help you pull all of the various aspects of the wedding together into one coordinated event.
Buying a wedding gown can be very expensive. To save money, consider looking at dresses that have the same appeal as a wedding gown, but aren't categorized as such. A bridesmaid dress could be perfect and not as costly as a wedding dress. You can also make additions and changes to these dresses to make them more wedding appropriate and still come out ahead financially.
Think about your guests when planning flower arrangements for the reception. Usually, the flowers are only in your guests' way. Also, you must consider that a guest may be allergic to the flowers. Instead, you could place candles (non-scented) on the table tops to add a romantic feel to the reception.
Look for a unique touch with your food such a ethnic theme, a style of cooking or something else to add flair. Chicken and steak are over-served, so why not pick some other foods in your desired cuisine? Variety is the spice of life and it is sure to make your wedding dinner something to remember!
Shop around for your photographer before making a commitment for the big day. You want your photographer to know exactly what they are doing. For advice on great photographers in your area, you can check out reviews online or ask family members if they know of one.
The most critical factor to keep in mind when you are getting married is of course the person you are marrying! You should never rush into a marriage just because others are pushing your or because you are caught up in wedding planning. Weigh everything you know about your loved one, and think about everything involved with living with this person forever.
If you will be serving a meal served over multiple courses, keep your guests entertained while food is being served with small dishes filled with sweets at each table. Just about anything will do, even crackers with a bit of flavor.
Do not crowd tables with too many flowers. The majority of the time, these flowers are in the guests' way. It's possible that there might be a few guests with flower allergies. Try putting some scent free candles on your wedding tables.
When you are planning a multi-course meal for your guests, offer some sort of appeasement on the tables to keep people occupied during the change in courses. Try sugar roses which subtly match your decor, or thin crackers that whet the appetite.
Maximize your first session with a planner by doing some research first. You can plan the perfect wedding by accumulating all of your ideas into one look book. Use clippings from magazines or pictures and even lyrics to songs to let your planner know what you want.
Make sure the style of your wedding is reflected in your choice of flowers too. Retro and vintage themes that use bright and happy color palettes need bold flowers to showcase that air of nostalgia. Bright daisies, red poppies, and pink peonies are some good ideas.
If dramatic floral arrangements are out of your budget, you can use a variety of different potted plants instead. Ceramic pots that have been painted or decorated with ribbons make a wonderful table centerpiece. You can even used the potted plants as a favor for guests after the wedding or plant them in your yard as a memory of the wedding.
You can have beautiful arrangements on a budget by opting to place potted plants throughout your ceremony and at reception sites, instead of ordering expensive floral arrangements. Seek out plants in lovely glazed pots, or make a simple stone look elegant with some ribbons and paint. When the wedding is over, the bride and groom can plant them at their new home, or the guests can bring home as wedding favors.
Hire a professional wedding photographer in order to create memories, not only to take photographs. As you interview your photographers, find out how they think the day should go. Ask them how they see the day playing out in their mind. You need to be sure that their work style is compatible with your needs.
As previously noted, your wedding day will be one of, if not the most memorable and endearing events in your life. There is no need to become stressed out when planning a wedding. It is difficult but can be less stressful through proper planning. Follow the suggestions offered in this article and hopefully, you will enjoy the wedding of your dreams with complete success.
Try serving small meals at the reception. The more money you save, the more people you can invite. A smaller meal can help you stick within your budget. If you have to have a large meal, consider not inviting so many people to your wedding.
Your wedding should be a time of magic, but in attempting to make your ceremony the elaborate dream you aspire it to be, you might wind up running up some serious expenses. There's a lot you can do if you're worried about spending too much on your wedding. Take action to get your wedding budget back under control. Use these tips to keep your wedding within your budget, but to still have a memorable event.
Go ethnic with your catering and get your guests talking for days to come. Chicken, steak and other common choices are overused, so you should go with a unique menu. Make sure that your wedding feast is something that everyone will remember for years to come.
Do not avoid eating just so your wedding dress will fit. If you rush the weight loss process, your health will surely suffer. Passing out at the altar in the middle of exchanging vows? Not a pleasant thought. A good idea is to get a dress that has a corset back; this way, you can keep it on or take it off on your wedding day.
If you're doing your own catering, Costco is a place that can save you a lot on wedding food. If you shop wholesale, you will be able to get lots of food at much better prices. You may even ask for help with food costs from family or friends.
Take your time when writing your wedding vows; this shows that you care about your significant other. It's important to understand that a marriage is a strong commitment that takes both of you making sacrifices. When you speak your vows, you want to let out in front of everyone just how much you truly love the person you're marrying.
Do not starve yourself just to fit into the wedding dress you want. You are going to find yourself dehydrated and lightheaded if trying to lose weight too quickly prior to your wedding. The last thing you will want to do is faint. You would do better to choose a dress that has a corset back, as this allows you to adjust the fit with out the need for tailoring.
Before choosing a photographer for your wedding day, browse around for ones with the most skill and experience. You don't want to end up with a photographer that you're not going to be happy with. To identify good local photographers, solicit advice and referrals from family and close friends.
There's nothing more important in a wedding than the person who you are marrying. There is not need to hurry this important choice. Give this person's habits and peccadilloes a great deal of consideration.
When you are looking for a wedding makeup artist, look at examples of what has been done for other clients. Are you comfortable with the makeup they've done before? Be absolutely certain that you are happy. The last thing you want is to walk down the aisle with a last-minute makeup job.
For aesthetic purposes, centerpieces are necessary, but they can really take a bite out of your budget. Avoid overbearing table decor; instead, opt for something simple yet elegant pieces. This way, your guests are able to talk among themselves a lot easier, without having to try to do so through foliage.
You should put a great deal of thought into writing your wedding vows. Keep in mind that the union of marriage is a long term commitment and will require both parties to make some sacrifices. Make sure your vows truly reflect your feelings for your spouse.
Do some homework on wedding planning before meeting with a planner. You can create a board with different books, fabrics, and elements that you want to incorporate into your wedding. Use clippings from magazines or pictures and even lyrics to songs to let your planner know what you want.
When starting out with plans for your wedding, create a list of what you want in a prioritized order. Some people place a greater importance on the flowers over the cake, or consider the guest list less important than the venue. You can allocate funds from your budget more easily toward each need or want, when you see them listed in order of importance.
Don't forget the gift registry, which is a wedding tradition. Let your guests know that they are not obligated to buy anything from the registry. Give them options if they insist on bringing something. Your guests should feel welcome no matter what their budget can afford.
If you are the groom, make sure your tuxedo fits perfectly. Solicit the input from others before you make your choice of tuxedo. The tux you wear will represent you in your photographs for many years to come, so choose wisely!
It is better to select your bridesmaids gowns before you select your bridesmaids. Disagreement over the bridesmaid's gown can strain a friendship. Pick something affordable, matches any theme you have for your wedding, and that your bridesmaids love. This will help ensure there aren't any misunderstandings.
Using potted plants can be a great alternative to expensive floral arrangements and the plants can be rented, planted at your new home afterwards, or given to guests as a memento. You also have several choices for pot decorations. For example, two common pot options are ceramic pots and terracotta stoneware. You can also decorate the pots yourself by painting them, or dressing them up with ribbons. You can even used the potted plants as a favor for guests after the wedding or plant them in your yard as a memory of the wedding.
When looking for music for your wedding, be sure to research the DJ or band that you are considering using. Contact several references first. Before hiring a DJ or band, be sure that the date of the wedding is set in stone. Further, there should always be a signed contract. These things are of utmost importance in making sure there will be music instead of silence for your wedding.
When planning your wedding, decide if you would like any children to attend. If you want to save a little money and stress, you can avoid inviting children. But, some people may not be able to come to your wedding because they do not have a babysitter.
Try to get flowers that match the location you have selected. As an example, over-the-top floral displays are stunning inside but will not last five minutes outside. There might be a need for special equipment when it comes to certain outdoor wedding locations.
Make sure to interview a handful of videographers and review their work before hiring one. The quality in the editing and sound is important when it comes to videographers. It used to be popular to get videos of your wedding on VHS, but ensure that you are receiving a DVD or a digital video that you can play for years to come. Decide based on those factors and your impression of each photographer.
Plan properly ahead of time. You will need 8-12 months in advance for planning. Try to do this fast so that you do not stress during crunch time.
Don't have too much money to spend on your wedding? No problem. You do not have to spend money you do not have just to have the perfect wedding. To save money, you can create your own invitations, ask family or friends to help, make your own party favors, arrange your own flowers, and pick a venue that can host both the wedding and reception.
Asking your vendors to recommend other services you may need is a great idea. If you found the perfect photographer already, ask him to recommend a good band. Ask the band to recommend another service that you need. You may also find that you can get better prices by hiring someone through one of your other wedding vendors, plus they will likely have worked well together before.
A beautiful wedding on a budget is possible if you plan carefully and have realistic expectations. It is possible to have your dream wedding and keep your wallet full by choosing to follow the advice from this article.


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Students and teachers frequently operate on the assumption that learning merely comprises storing facts somewhere in the brain. This is hopelessly inadequate as a model for teaching and learning in clinical medicine. Schema theory specifically addresses the mechanisms whereby we actively make meaning of information. A schema is a mental structure for representing generic concepts stored in memory – a framework, plan, or script.
Imagine a post-intake round at King Edward VIII Hospital. Ask yourself whether a student would make any sense of, let alone learn anything useful from, them.
First patient:
Registrar: The next patient is a 15 year old female. We admitted her in coma at 4 am this morning.
Consultant: Stiff neck?
Registrar: No.
Consultant: Diabetic?
Consultant: Any history of fits?
Consultant: Hm. Are you sure she hasn't overdosed on something?
Registrar: Yes right. Her Mom attends psychiatric clinic for anxiety and depression. Toxicology came back positive for benzodiazepines and she woke up after a dose of flumazenil.
Second patient:
Registrar: Wentworth Hospital sent us this man last night in respiratory distress.
Consultant: HIV positive?
Registrar: Oral candidiasis.
Consultant: X-ray?
Registrar: Diffuse bilateral infiltrates.
Consultant: Ground glass?
Registrar: Yes. I started Bactrim and prednisone.
Consultant: How is he?
Registrar: He's desaturating on 60% facemask.
Consultant: ICU candidate?
Registrar: I thought so. The anaesthetic registrar is on his way.
Both the registrar and the consultant possess well-developed schemata which adequately encompass both these patients. In the first case, the consultant possesses a suitable schema for young woman in coma, which allows him to come to the most probable diagnosis with a just few well-directed questions. In the second case, both consultant and registrar clearly share a suitable schema for the patient with pneumocystis pneumonia. Hence they are perfectly in tune with each other's thinking despite the absolutely minimalistic exchange of information. Indeed, the diagnosis has not even been mentioned but is just assumed to be shared. Note that their schema is comprehensive and encompasses context, presentation, diagnosis, treatment, recognition of severity and prognosis. There is no need to pull out each of these aspects either individually or sequentially.
Clearly none but the most precocious of students would be able to follow such a conversation. Lacking the same schema, all the nuances would be lost on them. Indeed, they would probably have to tug at a sleeve and ask: "Excuse me Prof, but what's the diagnosis?"
As an aside, this is a reason why working ward rounds are not an ideal environment in which to teach students. If the student actually does benefit, then it is in fact more likely to have been a teaching ward round in which some work was done, rather than the reverse!
Properties of Schemata
In the context of our clinical learning, the features set forth by Stein and Trabasso (1982) might be illustrated as follows:
1. Schemata constitute a framework or template. They are composed of generic or abstract knowledge.
In the example above, both doctors have a mental picture of the hypothetical patient with pneumocystis, the likely symptoms and signs, the possible causes, the differential to be considered, the exceptional presentations, the likely outcomes… And all of these not as a list, but weighted in shades of probability according to the context in which they occur.
2. Schemata are used to guide the storage, organization and retrieval of information.
It is this which allows the expert to remember and retrieve a vast amount of information, to make a quick, accurate diagnosis with minimal information, and to proceed to a plan of action often without any conscious process of thought or deliberation at all.
3. Schemata reflect prototypical properties of experiences encountered by an individual, developed over many instances.
Schemata are laid down by experiential learning, continually modified by reflection, reading, discussion and further experience. This allows the clinical to develop abstract, generic templates - the schemata – out of a number of individual and very specific experiences.
4. Schemata may be formed and used without conscious awareness.
This is often the case. The examples above illustrate this. The doctors have a high-level conversation which comes completely naturally to them: they are probably unaware of the quite astonishing fact that they have successfully exchanged a textbook's worth of information in just a few sentences.
5. Once formed, schemata are relatively stable over time.
This is why older clinicians often remain outstanding diagnosticians, even if they fail to keep up with the literature. Fact-based knowledge will have changed, and they can't tell the students all about the latest molecular tests or biological treatments, but the diagnostic schemata developed over 40 years of clinical practice will persist and they remain powerful and effective bedside teachers, at least until Alzheimer's supervenes!
6. Although they reflect an individual's experience, schemata are frequently shared between individuals.
This allows the consultant and registrar to work effectively despite the exceedingly brief, laconic and minimalistic interchanges illustrated above. These are completely opaque to a student since he or she does not yet share the schema.
Driscoll suggests that a schema is analogous to:
1. A play, in that it has a basic script, but each time it's performed, the details will differ.
Once the student has a generic schema for heart failure, he can quickly and confidently recognise, investigate, manage and treat many patients with heart failure, despite considerable variation in the actual clinical presentations and contexts of those patients.
2. A theory, in that it enables us to make predictions from incomplete information, by filling in the missing details with "default values."
As illustrated in the hypothetical exchanges above. The clinician whose patient has oral candidiasis, a serious respiratory complaint and comes from a population with a high HIV-prevalence is quite prepared to assume that his or her patient has AIDS in the absence of all the other evidence that a junior student might think essential, from lymphadenopathy to an actual laboratory HIV result.
3. A computer programme, in that it enables us to actively evaluate and parse incoming information.
As illustrated in the examples above. The diagnostic programme is running as the information comes in. Data are not gathered first, then thought through, then a diagnosis made.
How are Schemata created and modified?
Three processes are proposed to account for the modification of schemata:
1. Accretion: New information is remembered in the context of an existing schema, without altering that schema. (The student picks up additional detail, which is added to the schema.)
The student learns that viral myocarditis is another cause of heart failure (along with the ischaemia, hypertension etc that he already knows about).
2. Tuning: New information or experience cannot be fully accommodated under an existing schema, so the schema evolves to become more consistent with experience.
A student understands from her reading that cardinal signs of heart failure include a raised JVP, an enlarged liver and pedal oedema. She now meets a patient who has no pedal oedema, no hepatomegaly and a normal JVP. The patient does however have a displaced apex, a sinus tachycardia, a gallop rhythm and extensive basal crackles. Initially she struggles with a diagnosis as she has difficulty equating this with her understanding of heart failure. After some thought, discussion and reading, she realises that this patient has predominantly left ventricular failure, and she comes to appreciate that her previous schema was incomplete.She now modifies her schema for heart failure to incorporate patients with predominantly left ventricular failure, as may be seen after myocardial infarction.When she meets another, similar patient with a tachycardia, basal crackles and a third heart sound, she will have no difficulty at all in recognising that the problem is one of heart failure.
3. Restructuring: When new information cannot be accommodated merely by tuning an existing schema, it results in the creation of new schema.
The student examines a patient with the lateral medullary syndrome. He cannot account for the combination of ipsilateral cranial nerve and cerebellar signs in the context of contralateral long tract signs. This does not tie in with his concept of an internal capsule-type stroke with a facial nerve palsy and hemiparesis. He is forced to read, learn and construct a new schema, which require a whole new conceptualisation of the anatomy of the brainstem, the position of the cranial nerve nuclei and medulla and the connections between them, etc.
Schemata are powerful forces in learning. In an article on the role of schemata in story comprehension, Stein and Trabasso (1982) noted that:
1. Schematic knowledge has a significant effect on organization of ambiguous or disorganized stories.
2. Narrative schemata specify expected components of a story, such as the time-sequence of events, and causal relations that should connect the events; during encoding or retrieval of a story, missing events may be inferred to fill in omitted information, and events may be reordered to correspond to a real-time sequence.
Clinical tutors used to listening to student present their cases, particularly the history, will identify immediately with these two postulates. Weak students are unable to organise their disjointed information. They cannot rework the information to flow in a cause-effect or start-finish format, or recognise the gaps in the history which arose when they failed to ask the patients about certain key issues. This is because they see the elements of information in isolation, and are unable to assemble them into a coherent schema-based framework.
Adapted from http://www.indiana.edu/~p540alex/P540summer2004/P540Summer2004online/unit4.html
© R J Hift
Proceed to Solo taxonomy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Many injured in Pulwama clashes
Anantnag, February 18
Several persons, including policemen, were injured during widespread clashes amid a complete shutdown in Pulwama district of south Kashmir against the detention of youth by the police. Sources said a complete shutdown was observed after a police crackdown on the youth protesting against the hanging of Afzal Guru, the 2001 Parliament attack convict.
Residents face shortage of kerosene
Kupwara February 18
Residents of remote Jumagund village near the Line of Control, nearly 55 km from Kupwara, are facing severe shortage of kerosene for the past many months. A delegation of residents said they were not getting kerosene and shortage of firewood and cooking gas had worsened their problems.
Villagers protest against power cuts in Handwara
Handwara, February 18
Residents of many villages in Handwara tehsil of Kupwara district staged a demonstration against the Power Development Department (PDD) for its failure to supply power according to the curtailment schedule.
SHO found dead
Curfew lifted, people rush to buy essentials
Crucial security meet today
Around 8,000 students left in the lurch
Lending helping hand amid crisis
14 firearms injuries in Srinagar
Valley's Tourism industry fears heavy losses
Residents block highway
Woman died of heart attack during raid, allege villagers
Kulgam, February 18
Violent protests erupted after a 55-year-old woman died following a heart attack, which the residents alleged, was caused during a raid by personnel of the police and the Army at Chidar village of Kulgam district last night. The police as well as the Army have refuted the allegations.
Protesters throw stones at security personnel at Kulgam on Monday. Tribune photo: Amin War
Cheques worth Rs 1.18 cr given to saffron growers
Srinagar, February 18
Incentive cheques worth Rs 1.18 crore were distributed under the National Mission on Saffron among 220 saffron growers of Zewan, Balhama and Khunmoh areas today. The cheques were distributed among the farmers in the city.
Kashmir Agriculture Director Farooq Ahmad Lone hands over a cheque to a saffron grower in Srinagar on Monday. A Tribune photograph
3 held for causing 2 pedestrians' death
Kupwara, February 18
The Kupwara police on Sunday arrested three persons, including the driver of a vehicle, on charges of killing two residents of Khumriyal village in a road accident on February 16.
Two attempt suicide
Two persons, including a woman, attempted to commit suicide in Kupwara and Baramulla districts of north Kashmir, said the police here today. The woman, a resident of Wavoora village of Kupwara district, consumed some poisonous substance at her house, a police spokesman said.
Back on track: Train services resume at Budgam Railway Station on Monday after remaining suspended for nine days following a strike by separatist organisations after the hanging of Parliament attack convict Afzal Guru. Tribune photo: Amin War
Business as usual: A woman buys artificial flowers from a roadside vendor on the Amira Kadal bridge in Srinagar on Monday. Photo: Yawar Kabli
A job seeker buys employment form at Lal Chowk in Srinagar on Monday. A Tribune photograph
Ski C'ship postponed
The Winter Games Association of Kashmir has postponed the National Junior Ski Championship, which was scheduled to be held from February 11 to February 15 in Gulmarg, indefinitely in the wake of curfew.
Handing over of Guru's body: MLA to 'knock doors' of separatists, moves resolutions
A day after his suggestion to hold an all-party meet to chalk out a joint strategy for handing over of Parliament attack convict Afzal Guru's body to his family found no favour, MLA Langate Engineer Rasheed today said he would "knock the doors" of the separatist leaders.
Moderate Hurriyat flays house arrest of Mirwaiz
The moderate Hurriyat today flayed the "continuous house arrest" of the chairman of the conglomerate, Mirwaiz Umar Farooq. In a statement issued here, the spokesman for the moderate Hurriyat said Mirwaiz had been placed under "continuous house arrest" in New Delhi after the recent execution of Parliament attack convict Afzal Guru.
13-day educational tour concludes
A group of 20 youth from Ganderbal district have returned after a 13-day educational tour, which concluded on Saturday, organised by the Army under Operation Sadhbhavana.
State's legendary scout passes away
Legendary scout of Jammu and Kashmir Ahmadullah Affandi, who was awarded the Bharat Scouts and Guides Silver Elephant National Award by the President of India in 1999, passed away today at his residence in Wonagam village of Bandipora district in north Kashmir.
Man dies in road accident
A 55-year-old man's body was found on the national highway in south Kashmir's Kulgam district, said a police spokesman here today. The body bore injuries in the head and was apparently hit by an unknown vehicle, the police spokesman said.
Security forces resort to tear gas shelling to disperse protesters
Suhail A Shah
"People took to the streets in many areas of Pulwama town and the adjoining areas," said a source, adding that they were demanding the release of the youth detained by the police.
Residents of the town alleged that the police was making the life of the youth miserable. "While many have been detained, others have left their homes and are on the run," said a protester.
Huge contingents of the police and the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) were deployed to tackle the protesters.
The security forces resorted to tear gas shelling to disperse the protesters. "However, clashes between the protesters and the forces continued throughout the day, injuring many," reports from the area said.
An undeclared curfew has been imposed in the area. Contingents of the police and the CRPF have been deployed throughout the town.
Meanwhile, some media personnel in the area alleged that they were not allowed to perform their duties by the police.
"I was warned by a police officer against covering the protests," said Bilal Khan, a correspondent with Hyderabad-based TV channel.
He said he had complained to the higher ups of the police department and they had assured that they would look into the matter.
Say they have not received oil quota since October last year
Amin Masoodi
"We have not seen kerosene since October last year. Shortage of cooking gas and firewood have compounded our problems. In spite of repeated requests to officials concerned, we have not been provided with the oil so far," said Muzzafar Khan, leader of the delegation.
The residents said due to heavy snowfall early this season they were unable to store firewood. "We could not store enough firewood this season due to early snowfall in upper reaches. At least two feet of snow is still accumulated on the ground in many parts of Jumagund. Cooking gas is also not available as the road leading to the village remained closed for traffic for many weeks," said Sonuallah Khan.
The residents demanded that they should be provided with a separate depot at the village for distribution of kerosene oil.
They alleged that officials of the department were in nexus with the dealer had shown oil distribution on papers each month but on ground the same had never been provided to them since October last year.
"Ironically on paper, the kerosene stands distributed to each household but no family has received the same. The officials in nexus with the dealer at Zurhama village sell the quota of oil meant for Jumagund in blackmarket to drivers and others," said a local.
"We should be provided with a separate dealer for smooth and equal distribution of oil according to ration cards," he added.
Minister for Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution Chowdary Mohd Ramzan said, "I will look into the matter. The problems of residents of border area would be resolved at the earliest."
The villages reeling under power crisis include Rajpora, Behnipora, Satkochi, Budnamal, Ashpora, Magam and Wadipora. The protesters blocked the Handwara-Kupwara road near the office of the power department in Handwara for at least two hours. They demanded that instead of 25 KV transformer, which often develops snags due to overloading, the villages be provided with 63 KV transformer for smooth supply of power. They said their villages were reeling in darkness for the past three days and power was playing hide and seek in some other villages, including Bakiakar, Vodhpora, Kulangam, Wadipora and Magam.
"We have not seen electricity for the past three days. The power division, Handwara, snaps the supply if consumers fail to pay power tariff in time. If the supply is not restored till this evening, we will not pay the tariff for February," said Aijaz Ahmad.
Some shopkeepers also joined the protest. The protesters raised slogans against Electrical Division, Handwara. "What is the point in paying the tariff when power is not supplied according to the schedule given by the department? Every now and then, we are made to suffer for want of power," said Sameer Mushtaq.
Leading the protest, Rajpora Youth Club president Imtiyaz Ahmad said, "The villages must be provided with 63 KV transformer to avoid load shedding and ensure smooth supply of power."
Executive Engineer, Electrical Division, Handwara, Abdul Qayoom said, "The division will provide 63 KV transformer to the villages in a few days."
Army, police say victim's house was away from cordoned-off area
Violent protests erupted after a 55-year-old woman died following a heart attack, which the residents alleged, was caused during a raid by personnel of the police and the Army at Chidar village of Kulgam district last night. The police as well as the Army have refuted the allegations. "The house of the woman was out of the cordoned-off area," a police statement said.
The deceased has been identified as Nazira Bano, widow of Late Ali Muhammad Dar, of Chidar Motalhama village in the Ashmuji area of this south Kashmir district.
Several persons, including some policemen, were injured during the protests that lasted for nearly three hours. Protesters tried to march towards the national highway with the body but were stopped by the police and the CRPF personnel at Qaimoh village.
Villagers said the Kulgam police and 9RR of the Army had cordoned-off the area on Sunday night at around 11pm.
"They went berserk and smashed windows and doors of several houses, including that of Late Ali Muhammad Dar," said Altaf Ahmad, a resident of the village.
Sartaj Ali, younger son of the deceased, said his mother ventured out after the Army tried to take away one of the boys in their neighbourhood.
"She was harassed by the police and the Army personnel," said Ali. "They pointed guns at her, which triggering the heart attack," he alleged.
He said the family was not allowed to take her to a hospital for more than an hour. "When they finally did allow us, she had died by then," Ali said.
Neighbours alleged that they were restricted to their homes by the forces from 11pm to 1am.
In the morning, when the villagers tried to march towards the national highway, violent clashes erupted between the villagers and the police and CRPF personnel.
"The security forces resorted to aerial firing and tear gas shelling," said a villager. "Many people were injured," he added.
The police and the Army have denied the allegations levelled by the villagers.
"The police and the Army had cordoned some houses of the village on a tip-off that militants were hiding in one of the houses," the police statement said.
The statement, however, stated that the house of the victim was outside the cordoned-off area.
"The house of Late Ali Muhammad Dar was not searched at all," the police statement said, adding: "The woman died a natural death."
The Army too in a statement issued by Spokesperson Lt Col JS Brar has said that they have no hand in the death of the woman.
Meanwhile, the district administration has ordered an inquiry into the death. A report will be submitted by the Additional Deputy Commissioner, Kulgam, within a week.
Kashmir Agriculture Director Farooq Ahmad Lone said the National Mission on Saffron is aimed to increase productivity, maintaining quality and improving marketing facilities of saffron."
Lone said, "The country has to import saffron to meet the domestic demand of 20 tonnes per year and the government has launched this programme to increase saffron production in the state so that country's demand is met." The official said the need of the hour was to initiate steps for protection of saffron crop besides increasing productivity and improving its quality. He said Spice Park worth Rs 22.6 crore would be established at Drusoo, Pampore, to facilitate online national and international marketing of growers' produce at their doorstep besides provide quality control facilities to them.
He said five borewells at the cost of Rs 2 crore had been installed at Khunmoh, Balahama, for irrigation facilities to saffron areas.
Lone directed officers of the department to put their efforts and utilise modern technology in boosting the production and enhancing the quality of saffron.
Chief Agriculture Officer, Srinagar, GM Rather said during current year, 54 hectares of land had been covered under replanting of corms programme and the remaining area would be covered under rejuvenation programme in the next year.
Meanwhile, the Director, Agriculture, Kashmir, chaired a meeting with saffron growers of Pulwama district in which the growers of the area apprised the officer about situation that had developed due the untimely rain and change in weather conditions.
Mohd Jamal Mir (52), son of Khazir Mohd Mir, and Mohd Shafi Lone (38), son of Ghulam Rasool Lone, both residents of Khumriyal village were killed in a road accident near Goose on the Kupwara-Lolab road.
The police on Sunday arrested driver Ishfaq Ahmad Khan of Manigah, and Bashir Ahmad, owner of the vehicle, and Mohd Amin Khan (who were travelling in the vehicle at the time of accident).
Sources said the speeding vehicle hit pedestrians near Goose, killing Jamal on the spot and injuring Shafi. "Had the driver informed the police in time, injured Shafi's life could have been saved. Instead, the driver or others travelling in the vehicle tried to destroy the evidence and pushed the deceased and the injured towards a nullah," said a source. Relatives of the victims said they were returning to their homes after offering Friday prayers and the accident claimed their lives near Goose. They demanded stern action against the accused.
The woman was shifted to the Sub-District Hospital, Sogam, from where she was referred to the Sub-District Hospital, Kupwara, for treatment, the spokesman said adding that a case had been registered in this regard.
In Baramulla district, a 22-year-old youth identified as Mushtaq Ahmad Khan consumed some poisonous substance at his home in Girdannowa-Nowshera village near Boniyar town.
Khan was shifted to the Public Health Center, Boniyar, for treatment from where he was referred to the District Hospital, Baramulla, the spokesman said.
"We have postponed the National Ski Championship indefinitely due to the prevailing crisis," said Muhammad Yusuf, spokesperson, Winter Games Association of Kashmir.
"There are no directions as to when this championship can begin. Also we have a limited time at our disposal since this is the most opportune time to conduct Alpine skiing sports activities in the snow-clad Gulmarg valley," he said.
The spokesperson said the decision about whether to conduct the championship would depend on the security situation in the Valley.
This was the first-ever National Junior Ski Championship in which 200 skiers (in the age group of 10-19 years) from Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, Punjab, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh were to participate.
Jammu and Kashmir was to field its 40 skiers for the competition (20 girls and 20 boys).
The state Department of Tourism had agreed to provide the logistical support for holding the championship.
The Gulmarg Gandola Cable Car Corporation and Gulmarg Hoteliers had tied up with hosts for rent and transport facilities to participants.
Addressing a press conference here, MLA Langate said he would start "knocking their doors" in the coming days and that he would also take his fight over handing over of Guru's body to his family to the Legislative Assembly.
Rasheed had yesterday urged all the mainstream parties to bury their differences and form a joint strategy for return of Guru's body. While flaying the ruling National Conference for rejecting the offer, he said the opposition People's Democratic Party (PDP) had sought time in this regard. "I am waiting for them (PDP) as they told me, I should have given them two to four days time. I am also willing to support them if they have their own strategy," Rasheed added.
Ruling out his resignation as MLA, he said: "Even though the mainstream (leadership) has failed me, I will continue to fight." Rasheed said he had moved four resolutions on February 12 that included seeking return of mortal remains of Maqbool Bhat and Guru for the upcoming session of the Assembly.
He also sought the support of the PDP over his resolutions seeking handing over of Bhat's and Guru's bodies that lie buried in Tihal Jail, New Delhi.
Maintaining that Guru was "innocent", Rasheed warned New Delhi against a "hushed burial" as many quarters had upped the ante for the handing over of Parliament attack convict's body to his family members. "Recent rumours that Afzal Guru's body was being brought here were floated only as feelers to check the reactions of Kashmiris," he added.
The spokesman claimed that Mirwaiz was also being denied communication facilities. Asserting that Mirwaiz was not only a "leader of the masses" but also a religious head, the spokesman said: "The restrictions against him and the continuous house arrest is giving a moment of introspection for international organisations. It is also a matter of concern for people of Jammu and Kashmir."
The moderate Hurriyat also appealed to international organisations to take strong notice of the alleged "human rights violations" in Kashmir.
A Defence spokesman said during the tour, the selected youth visited the Indian Military Academy in Dehradun and the National Defence Academy in Pune, apart from other places of interest in the two cities, from February 4 to February 16.
The team interacted with senior officials of the IMA and the NDA. The objective of the tour was to give Kashmiri youth a glimpse of the culture and heritage of the country, the spokesman said.
The youth also played two friendly cricket matches with the Abhimaniyu Cricket Club and the CEME, Pune team. The tour was organised by 49 Air Defence Regiment and was officially flagged in by its Commanding Officer Col Sanjay Chauhan on Sunday.
Affandi passed away after a prolonged illness at the age of 91 years. He is survived by his wife, four daughters, three sons and grandchildren. Ahmadullah Affandi had the privilege of being the leader of the Indian contingent which was invited to Saudi Arabia in 1967 by the then Saudi Arabian King Shah Faesal.
He played as a goalkeeper for the Kashmir 11 hockey team, which participated in different matches at Lahore in 1948 and 1949.
He had raised a scouts troop at Eaglet's Public School in Bandipora, where he taught for more than two decades after his retirement from government services.
Born on February 22, 1922, he was appointed as teacher in 1941 on the basis of his scouting skills. As a teacher, Affandi taught in a unique style based on the spirit and basic principles of scouting to kindergarten students.
The victim has been identified as Abdul Majee Shiekh of Vessu village near Qazigund town. Shiekh's body was found near Palpora Mir Bazar on the Srinagar-Jammu highway.


It's not only the special occasions that inspire me, often I find it in the everyday.
or finding Pea, who always has a marker or crayon in hand….
I have my camera out.
Yes, I'm a bit snap happy. A mamarazzi, if you will. 35 mm, point-and-shoot or iPhone, it doesn't matter. One is usually at close reach.
There is a simplicity in these everyday moments that I love.
In years from now, we'll look back at these moments with fondness. (Or with the thought "why the hell did she take a picture of that?") I prefer the former, thankyouverymuch.
This is week 104 of The Gallery: The Everyday.


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Like most bioethical discussion, examination of human biobanks has been largely framed in terms of research subjects' rights, principally informed consent, with some gestures toward public benefits. However, informed consent is for the competent, rights-bearing individual: focussing on the individual, it thus neglects social, economic and even political matters; focussing on the competent rights-bearer, it does not serve situations where consent is plainly inappropriate (eg, the young child) or where coercion can obviously be justified (the criminal).
Using the British experience of large-scale biobanking, I argue that the focus on consenting individuals distorts our ways of thinking about biobanks and has serious practical ramifications. This becomes clear if we contrast the case of adult biobanks intended for medical research with two other forms of biobanking. Thus child cohort studies - vital for sound scientific investigation of the interplay of genetics and environment in health - have been very badly funded next to adult studies. On the other hand, forensic databases have attracted massive investment, but little debate - partly owing to a sense that here, at least, is a case where consent is not relevant.
Contrasting these central types of biobanking, I will suggest that there are powerful factors at work in limiting 'ethics' to individual rights. Projects of this size should direct our attention to more overtly political questions concerning priority setting and organisation of medical research.


text:
Joseph has graduated from the University of Adelaide with a Bachelor of Laws (Honours) and has completed the Graduate Diploma in Legal Practice from the Australian National University. He is admitted as a barrister and solicitor in the Supreme Courts of South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory as well as the High Court of Australia.
Upon graduation, Joseph commenced practise at an Adelaide commercial law firm, focusing predominantly upon commercial litigation and corporate insolvency. Joseph acted for clients in a number of complex matters in varying jurisdictions including the High Court, the Federal Court and the Australian Football League Commission.
Joseph was then appointed as the Associate to the Honourable Justice David of the Supreme Court of South Australia, where he worked closely with Justice David on a number of high profile criminal trials and appeals. This experience provided Joseph with an excellent working knowledge of practice and procedure in South Australia's criminal Courts.
After the completion of his Associateship, Joseph commenced working with Ms Rachael Shaw at a large Adelaide law firm, specialising in criminal, traffic, disciplinary and defamation law. Joseph and Rachael worked closely together on a wide range of matters. They have successfully represented clients charged with summary offences such as drink/drug driving, disorderly behaviour and resist arrest to major indictable offences such as trafficking in a controlled drug, abuse of public office, rape and murder.
Joseph draws on his breadth of experience to provide his clients with pragmatic and effective advice and representation.
Prior to commencing practise in law, Joseph undertook a year's service with the Royal Australian Navy.


Letter A, again! We are just jumping around, not following any particular order anymore. We were using a curriculum but decided just to do our own thing. We are using the animal ABC printables from 1+1+1=1http://www.1plus1plus1equals1.com/AnimalABC.html and also her printables for Songs for Saplings ABChttp://www.1plus1plus1equals1.com/RaisingRockStars.html as well as many other theme related printables from all over the place. Samuel chose the letter A for this week so that is what we did and our theme for this week and next week is Noah's ark and rainbows.
Samuel's desk set up on Monday morning.
Reading our letter a book.
We made rainbows in milk using food colouring and detergent. He thought this was brilliant!
Working on our pencil grip with cotton bud painting.
Cutting out and sticking together this weeks Bible verse.
Finding the cards in our mystery box and matching them to the sheet.
Adding the animals to Noah's ark.


text:
Comoros must address past mercenaries' impact on present human rights situation – UN experts
GENEVA, Switzerland, May 16, 2014/African Press Organization (APO)/ — Ending a nine-day official visit to Comoros today, the Working Group on the use of mercenaries called upon the Government to prioritize effective governance and respect for human rights in order to move forward from a past tainted by mercenarism.
"Over the past three decades, Comoros' painful and complex history has been marked by more than 20 coups or attempted coups d'etat involving mercenaries," said the Chairperson of the Working Group, Patricia Arias, at the end of the visit which took place from 8 to 16 May at the invitation of the Government.
"Although many Comorians seem to view mercenarism as a phenomenon of the past, during our visit, we noted that today's social, political and economic struggles are intrinsically linked to the upheavals caused by this past instability," she added.
Multiple coups were instigated when Comoros became independent from France in 1975. A long period of instability ensued, worsened by separatist divisions. Many of those who met the delegation of the Working Group expressed the view that mercenarism and separatism were used to destabilize the country, particularly in the early days of independence. The contentious issue of Mayotte was also repeatedly raised as an important factor in the country's difficult past.
The UN experts noted that a number of issues, including weak state institutions and a severe lack of resources, result – directly or indirectly – from this past mercenarism and have a clear impact on the enjoyment of economic, social, civil and political rights by Comorian people.
The issue of impunity is also of concern, noted the experts. "Despite the heavy involvement of mercenaries in Comoros' turbulent history, we were informed that not a single one has been convicted to date," stated the experts. The Working Group also noted that difficulties in obtaining information from the countries of origin of mercenaries contributed to the lack of accountability.
Many Comorians met by the Working Group stated that the relative stability experienced by the country since 2001, and particularly since 2009, is due to the Government's decision to amend the Constitution and allow for the rotation of the presidency among Comoros' different islands. The rotation rule has been seen to counter the problem of separatism and threats of attempted coup d'états.
Despite these positives developments, the Working Group stressed the need to strengthen State institutions, including the judicial system.
"Comoros should adopt preventive strategies against mercenarism by strengthening the country's legal framework, and by developing institutional capacity. Government officials need to be trained and evaluated," said Gabor Rona, a member of the Working Group.
"What the country needs now is to adopt a strong legislative framework, improve the functioning of governmental entities and enhance respect for human rights. This combined strategy will help prevent mercenarism and other grave offences that may threaten the stability of the state," he said.
In line with its mandate, the Working Group also looked into the issue of private security companies in the country. Noting that there is no legislation to regulate the establishment and operation of such companies, the UN experts urged the Government to take prompt action to fill in this legislative gap.
They also urged the Government to ratify the UN Convention on mercenaries as well as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
A complete report on the Working Group's visit to Comoros including specific recommendations to the Government will be submitted to the UN Human Rights Council in September 2014. The recommendations will be aimed at assisting the Government to better protect human rights, particularly the right of its people to self-determination.
United Nations – Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
Posted in Comoros, UNITED NATIONS - ONU
« Distribution de semences et d'outils aux agriculteurs victimes de la crise en République centrafricaine / La FAO fournit aussi une aide à long terme pour rebâtir les moyens d'existence et accroître la résilience
Les Comores doivent faire face à l'impact laissé par les mercenaires sur la situation des droits l'homme aujourd'hui »


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The worst of both worlds: Zooming from the office
Nov. 16, 2021 at 4:41 pm Updated Nov. 16, 2021 at 10:27 pm
Emma Goldberg
For months, the putt-putt course sat unused. The beanbag chairs lay empty. The kitchen whiteboard, above where the keg used to live, displayed in fading marker "Beers on Tap" from a happy hour in March 2020.
But on a recent weekday, over in the common area was a sign of life — fresh bagels.
As employees at financial technology startup CommonBond got COVID-19 vaccines, and grew stir-crazy in their apartments, they started trickling back into the office.
"We call it Work From Work Wednesday," said Keryn Koch, who runs human resources at the company, which has 15,000 square feet of sunlit real estate in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City.
At one point, autumn had been billed across corporate America as the Great Office Reopening. The delta variant intervened, and mandatory return-to-office plans turned optional. Still, many people chose to report back to their desks: The share of employed people who worked remotely at some point during the month because of COVID, which had peaked in May 2020 at 35%, dropped in October to 11%, the lowest point since the pandemic began, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
A closer look at the New York workforce, from a November survey of 188 major employers, showed that 8% of Manhattan office workers are back in the office full time, 54% are fully remote, and everyone else — nearly 40% — is hybrid.
Few are finding it a smooth transition period. Some companies used their tentative RTO dates as an unwitting excuse to avoid questions about how to balance the needs of their remote and in-person employees, according to Edward Sullivan, an executive coach.
That has resulted in a mushy middle ground: video calls where remote workers have trouble hearing, a sense that people at home are missing out on perks (teammates), while those in the office are, too (pajamas). And the stakes are not just who is getting talked over in meetings. It is whether flexibility is sustainable, even with all the benefits it confers.
"We're going to see a lot of companies get this wrong," said Chris Herd, an entrepreneur and expert on hybrid work.
Recently Brett Hautop, head of workplace at LinkedIn, sat in a conference room listening to an in-person pitch from a global vendor. The firm wanted to sell its services to LinkedIn to help facilitate effective hybrid work. But the people making that pitch had turned their back to the video camera, so the LinkedIn employees joining by videoconference could not see them.
"As they're talking about how hard it is for people who are remote to keep up with conversations, they're covering the camera," Hautop said. "People on my team were pinging me saying, 'I can't believe they're doing this.' And I was apologizing, saying, 'Hey, guys, I'm sorry this is happening; they're apparently not aware.'"
Last summer, LinkedIn told its 16,000 employees worldwide that its return-to-office plan announced in October 2020 had been scrapped and that individual departments would decide where their people could work, becoming one of more than 60 major companies that have promised some permanent form of flexibility. Hautop and his team took stock of the difficulties bred by that approach. They upgraded audiovisual equipment in conference rooms and considered distributing ring lights to in-person workers at their desks so their faces would not be awkwardly lit on calls. They planned "on-site off-sites," so employees could remember what it was they loved about the office.
"Hybrid is most definitely tougher than completely in person or completely remote," Hautop said. "It takes a lot more forethought, and none of us, or anybody else at any company, has figured out exactly how it's going to work."
If hybrid is a challenge for even the people of LinkedIn — the gurus of connectivity, the maestros of professional networking — where is the hope for everyone else?
Asana, which makes collaboration software, recently gathered its executives for a discussion planning for the office's official reopening. Half the participants were at the San Francisco headquarters, and the other half joined by videoconference. The remote workers, including the company's CEO, started to lose patience as people in the room talked over one another and made side comments.
"We were joking that if we didn't like what somebody was saying on the screen, we could just mute them," said Anna Binder, the company's head of people.
"We all had such a terrible experience that we made a decision at the end of that meeting that all executive meetings going forward will be in person," she said. "Or they will be fully remote. We're not doing the in between."
Binder worries about which teammates are most likely to suffer from the headaches of hybrid. Many executives said employees with caretaking responsibilities were more likely to work remotely when given the option. A survey from jobs platform FlexJobs found that 68% of women preferred their jobs to stay remote long term, compared with 57% of men. Another study, from Qualtrics and theBoardlist, found that 34% of men with children had received promotions while working remotely, compared with just 9% of women with children.
"If you give people full choice about what they do and where they work," Binder said, "women are more likely to take advantage of that work-from-home flexibility. Which means they, in turn, are going to be less in the room where it happens."
It is not hard to imagine all of the ways remote workers might be undercut: muted in a heated discussion, shut out of lunchtime bonding. But Nicholas Bloom, a Stanford professor who has surveyed hundreds of hybrid companies, said that at many workplaces the in-person employees felt just as neglected.
"It's the American-in-Europe rule," Bloom said. "When an American is traveling abroad, you look around the room, and everyone is speaking English for your benefit. If there's one person working from home, everyone in the office dials into the meeting."
Hasbro, owner of Wizards of the Coast, to lay off 15% of workforce
That's the case at Zillow, the real estate website currently facing a wave of losses and layoffs, where a quarter of people are hybrid workers, and nearly two-thirds are working fully remote. The company's "One Zoom All Zoom" rule stipulates that if even one person is participating in a meeting virtually, everyone in the office is required to join on separate laptops. Zillow went so far as to take audiovisual equipment off the conference room walls.
Will remote workers get left behind in the hybrid office?
The Zoom rule is in keeping with Zillow's broad attitude toward remote work, which has included an announcement that its headquarters moved from Seattle to the cloud.
"I go into the office every day," said Meghan Reibstein, vice president for product management and flexible work, who moved to Asheville, North Carolina, during the pandemic. "It just happens to be in the attic of my house."
But when the attic becomes the office, and the office becomes a site for weekly bagels and banter, executives are left to answer: What's the point of paying rent? For many employers, luxe spaces occupied by just a handful of office stalwarts have come to stand as reminders of the real costs associated with the ambiguity of hybrid work.
Court Cunningham felt that sense of unease recently as he toured New York buildings to lease a new office for his online homebuying company, Orchard: If just 15% of his employees were working from the office, was the rent worth 2% of revenue? He went back-and-forth. Then he signed a new lease in October, making a bet on some future in which people will want to be in the office.
"In two years this is either going to be a genius move where we locked in a long-term rate in the depths of COVID, or the world is going to go completely remote, and we're going to have this millstone hanging on us," Cunningham said.
Meanwhile, the experts helping companies navigate this period are hopeful that the pains of hybrid work are not permanent. Or at least that they might be manageable: Some advise their clients to be explicit with their staff about whether to prioritize the needs of office workers or remote ones, especially when it comes to facilitating meetings.
"Back in Vietnam the prisoners of war who accepted that they had no idea when they would be saved were the ones who survived," said Sullivan, CEO of coaching firm Velocity Group, reaching for a reference — what's known as the Stockdale Paradox — far from the circumstances of the office water cooler. "The companies that accepted that this is going to be difficult and communicated that clearly to their teams, they're going to thrive. There's no more hoping for Christmas, hoping for Easter. Let's just accept that this will be hard."
And after acceptance comes decision-making. So Asana chose to label itself "office-centric hybrid," with bosses articulating that at some point most people will be expected back at their desks. CommonBond calls itself "remote first," with its CEO farther from the Manhattan office than the junior workers who come in Wednesdays. ("Our center of gravity is the Zoomisphere," said CEO David Klein.) Both companies rejected the choose-your-own-adventure approach, where people have no sense of where their managers want them to be.
"Imagine people could choose whether they drive on the left side of the road or the right side," Bloom said. "There'd be accidents all the time. You need coordination."


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Join the City of Cincinnati's Department of Community & Economic Development, 3CDC, OTR Chamber, the Cincinnati Health Department, & other business owners at the Open Kitchen Series Tuesday, March 5.
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