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Trinidad and Tobago Public Holiday October 13
Source: Trinidad and Tobago Government Portal (Port of Spain)
Posted: Thursday, May 11, 2017
Updated: Friday, January 3, 2020
The Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, Keith Rowley, has announced that the First Peoples of Trinidad and Tobago would be given a one-off national non-working public holiday, on Friday, October 13, 2017, "in recognition of their contribution to the islands".
Ever since the passage, 20 years ago (1996-02-16), of Order No.32 establishing 2 new community public holidays (Spiritual Baptist/Shouter Liberation Day on March 30 and Indian Arrival Day on May 30) other communities, such as the Orisa (2012-07-10) and the Carib/First Pepole (2013-10-15 and 2007-09-02), have repeatedly asked for new public holidays dedicated to their community.
Finally, last autumn (2016-10-30), the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, Keith Rowley, had announced that the First Peoples of Trinidad and Tobago would be given a one-off national non-working public holiday, in 2017, in recognition of their contribution to Trinidad and Tobago, thus partially meeting a long-standing request of Trinidad and Tobago's Carib, aka. First Peoples.
At that time, although the First Peoples' requests have always involved the declaration of a non-working public holiday in Trinidad and Tobago on October 14, the Chief of Santa Rosa First Peoples Community, Ricardo Bharath-Hernandez, announced that he would prefer a holiday during the week, because a public holiday on a Saturday or Sunday is like a "semi-holiday", thus today's announced date of Friday, October 13, 2017, as a one-off national non-working public holiday in Trinidad and Tobago.
The aforementioned announcement of Friday, October 13, 2017, as a one-off national non-working public holiday in Trinidad and Tobago, is thus in addition to, and amends, the official list of Trinidad and Tobago bank holidays and of non-working public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago for the calendar year 2017, as announced earlier this year (2016-12-29).
Below are links to the news stories referred to in the above "Trinidad and Tobago Public Holiday October 13" news story, as well as links to subsequents news stories which refer to the present news story.
Trinidad and Tobago public holidays news and updates
Worldwide public holidays news updates (May 2017)
Trinidad and Tobago public holidays for 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
2020-01-03: Trinidad and Tobago 2020 Public Holidays Announced
2017-07-01: Trinidad and Tobago Public Holiday October 13 Official
2016-10-30: Trinidad and Tobago To Declare Carib Public Holiday Next Year
2013-10-15: Trinidad and Tobago Carib Public Holiday
2012-07-10: Trinidad and Tobago Sango Day Public Holiday Update
2007-09-02: Trinidad and Tobago Considering Carib Community Public holiday
1996-02-16: Trinidad and Tobago Declares 2 New Public Holidays


For Ajit Singh, a computer engineer who worked for companies like IBM for 15 long years in the US, politics was in his blood. But he never thought he would enter politics nor his father was keen that he succeeded him. Singh remembers that Charan Singh, the formidable Jat leader who rose to become Prime Minister, did not even know that his son had entered politics as he was bed-ridden and in coma then.
The 74-year-old leader, who still commands support among Jats though in diminished numbers, thus saw his life changing. He was elected to Rajya Sabha in 1986. The next year Charan Singh breathed his last and demands were there for Singh to assume the party leadership. But fellow partymen Mulayam Singh Yadav and H M Bahuguna had other plans. They revolted and split the party taking away the backward sections with them. Jats did not desert him and Singh's clout did not get diminished. Depicting political acumen, he merged his party with Janata Party next year to become its President. In 1989, Janata Party merged with V P Singh's Jan Morcha to form Janata Dal. Singh contested for Lok Sabha from Baghpat, his father's constituency for years, and won. He became Industries Minister.
Not the one to be left out of power for long, Singh joined Congress in mid-1990s with a large chunk of his Janata Dal colleagues and became a minister in P V Narasimha Rao government. In 1996, he won from Baghpat on a Congress ticket but same year he performed another somersault and formed Bharatiya Kisan Kamgar Party. He resigned from Lok Sabha and contested the by-poll to win again. He supported the United Front government and contested the 1998 elections but bit the dust for the first time from Baghpat. To date that was his only electoral defeat. The next year, he had a sweet revenge, overcame the challenge from the same candidate who defeated him. This time with BJP-led NDA in power, Singh switched sides to become Agriculture Minister in A B Vajpayee's regime. He also supported BSP only to withdraw support in 2001 resulting in collapse of the Mayawati government. When Samajwadi Party came to power in 2002, he supported the party but withdrew support just before Assembly polls. In 2009, he joined hands with BJP in the Lok Sabha elections. But two years later, he struck a deal with Congress before the UP Assembly elections and entered the Union Cabinet again.
Where will Ajit Singh land during coming elections? Rumours in capital's power corridors say he has struck a deal with BJP already.
Put the question to him on aligning with parties of every hue during his over 25 years of politics, Ajit Singh will shoot back — Mulayam Singh Yadav aligned with a number of parties, V P Singh crossed over from Congress, collaborated with the BJP and launched a third front and you say I am inconsistent.
Nobody may be able to read his mind but one should not forget his party's hold in western UP used to make him an important ingredient of any alliance. In a fractured mandate, even a few numbers will have its value. Last year's Muzaffarnagar riots seem to have eroded his hold over the region with his crucial Jat support withering away. This could spell trouble for RLD in long run as its mass base would be usurped by BJP. Already there is a feeling among Jats feel that Singh did not support the community during riots. It will be a hard task for Singh to maintain the grand Jat-Muslim alliance in tact.
TAILPIECE Singh is an alumnus of IIT-Kharagpur and Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. He has a son Jayant, an MP from Meerut, and two daughters. He announced his entry into politics in March 1986 in a rally, where he is said to have been gifted a green coloured Maruti Gypsy by his followers. A practical politician, he knows he cannot become Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. He is a votary of the movement for reorganising large and administratively unwieldy states, including Andhra Pradesh, Maharasthra and UP. So why not support proposal of dividing UP into four parts and that he can become Chief Minister of one?


You absolutely have to try our high protein, low calories Sweet & Sour Cod Fillets Recipe!
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When we talk about money and financial matters, it is easy to assume people are alike.
However, that is simply not the case. How we approach financial issues or handle money daily depends on what we know � or what we don�t know � and our past experiences.
Certain issues affect how women approach managing money and handling financial resources.
The University of Florida/IFAS Extension�s latest program, �Women & Money: Unique Issues� � which looks at financial management for women across the life cycle and through family transitions � begins Oct. 1 in Okaloosa County.
The program focuses on changes women may encounter and their impact on economic status. No matter what age you are, whether you are a novice at handling money or think you have it under control, these classes can teach you more and empower you to plan for successful financial future.
So, what are these unique issues that affect women when dealing with money?
�Are less financially secure throughout their life.
�Have lower earnings over their lifetime, earning 71 cents for every dollar a man earns.
�Are more likely to be a single parent.
�Are more likely to be widowed or divorced. Widowed women account for about 40 percent of women 65 and older; 13 percent of men 65 and up are widowed. The average widowhood age is 55 years old.
�Spend more years out of the workforce due to caregiving.
�Are less likely to participate in a retirement plan.
�The average monthly Social Security benefit amount for women is $1,023, contrasted with men�s benefit of $1,323.
�More than 4 million more women than men lived in poverty, as of 2010. This may be due to lower earnings but also because unmarried and divorced women are most likely to have responsibility for raising and supporting their children.
�Women & Money: Unique Issues� is designed to provide women with information and encouragement about being financially successful.
No matter where you are in your path toward understanding financial management, you likely will increase your confidence in managing your finances.
COST: $20; includes materials. Register by Sept. 27 at http://fcs-nw.eventbrite.com or in person at the Crestview extension office.
Elaine Courtney is a Family & Consumer Sciences Extension agent at the Okaloosa County Extension office in Crestview.


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Q: Extract lines with a matching pattern in log file delimited by some characters I have a log file in this format.
MATNR -- 0000000000090933887
Some text
in
between
*****Return Message** Successfully processed
some
more
text
blah
blah
-----------------------------------------
MATNR-000000000000090934206
some
text
in
between
*****Return Message** Successfully processed
some more text
blah
blah
between
--------------------------------------------

This is how my log file is structured. I plan to fetch the MATNR line and the message on the line **** Return Message***. In the log each new entry is delimited by ------------.Is there a way using grep,sed,tcl program which can efficiently perform this action for us.
I tried attempting this by using grep using z option. But i am still not sure how i can attempt to fetch matching lines within those.Below just gives the MATNR which is surrounded by some lines.
grep -zPo '(\n-+\n)\K(.|\n)+?MATNR(.|\n)+?(?=\n-+\n)'

Expected output is
MATNR -- 0000000000090933887
*****Return Message** Successfully processed
MATNR-000000000000090934206
*****Return Message** Successfully processed

A: This awk should do the job:
awk '/^MATNR/ {m=$0} /Return Message/ {print m, $0}' file

MATNR -- 0000000000090933887 *****Return Message** Successfully processed
MATNR-000000000000090934206 *****Return Message** Successfully processed

A: In Tcl, you'd do this (assuming you're piping the input in on standard input and writing it to standard output) when printing just matching lines:
 while {[gets stdin line] >= 0} {
     if {[string match "MATNR*" $line] || [string match -nocase "*Return Message*" $line]} {
         puts $line
     }
 }

To print the lines between those markers as well (a task that grep isn't good at):
 set printing false
 while {[gets stdin line] >= 0} {
     if {[string match "MATNR*" $line]} {
         # Start of interesting sequence
         puts $line
         set printing true
     } elseif {[string match -nocase "*Return Message*" $line]} {
         # End of interesting sequence
         puts $line
         set printing false
     } elseif {$printing} {
         # Middle of interesting sequence
         puts $line
     }
 }

It's not quite the shortest way to write that, but I think it's pretty clear.

A: This might work for you (GNU sed):
sed -nE '/^MATNR/{:a;N;/^-+$/M!ba;s/\n.*\n([*]{5}Return Message[^\n]*).*/ \1/Ip}' file

Turn off implicit printing -n and make regexp easier on the eye -E.
Gather up lines starting with MATNR and ending in a line that contains only -'s.
Pattern match for *****Return Message and if found print the desired format.
EDIT:
Since the OP has amended the question, this might be suffice:
sed -n '/MATNR/h;/Return Message/{H;g;p}' file

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text:
Around Australia & NZ
About Marzena
Marzena (or Maz) is an Australian tour guide and tour director accredited with English, Polish and Italian languages. She is a current member of the Professional Tour Guide Association of Australia and a former member of the Institute of Australian Tour Guides. She has over 20 years of experience in tourism and recreation.
The Vision of Marzena Tours is to make a sincere effort to fulfill people's dreams in the most personalised manner.
Marzena, or Maz, born in Poland, lived in Poland and Italy, and has been living in Australia for 25 years. She is fluent in English, Polish and Italian.
She can explain the Aussie culture from a local and immigrant perspective, provide advice on how to do business in OZ, how to settle down in OZ, how to find work, and how to communicate in Aussie English (Australian slang).
The name Marzena, has its origins in the Hebrew and Polish languages. It means 'one who dreams' or 'to dream', and it is pronounced 'ma-zhen'-a'.
Marzena has worked in a variety of roles across Australia and she can share her experiences. She worked as a project manager, manager, town planner, urban designer, ESL teacher, tour and charter coordinator, tour guide and tour manager, business analyst, recreation services officer and a recreational therapist (youth, elderly, people with disabilities and palliative care). She has an interest in ecotherapy, psychology, art, history, food and wine, architecture and property. Her guided tours aim to provide unforgettable happy experiences and help to understand the Australian way of life, Australian history and heritage.
Graduate Certificate in Management (MBA - Chifley Business School)
Master of Urban and Regional Planning (University of South Australia)
Bachelor of Applied Science (University of South Australia) (Recreation Planning, Health, Psychology, Sociology, Tourism)
Certificate IV in Training and Assessment (TAFE QLD)
Diploma in Project Management (Australian Institute of Management)
Certificate III in Tourism (Tour Guide) (TAFE SA)
Certificate III in Fitness (Adelaide Institute of Fitness)
Senior First Aid Certificate
Blue Card approved (safe work with children)
QLD Driver Authorisation Licence (Taxi/Limousine)
Booked Hire Licence (Uber, Shebah etc)
Approved Shebah driver (women for women)
25 years of experience as a local Tour Guide in Australia
2 years of experience as a Tour Director / Guide in Europe (English, Polish and Italian)
MEMBERSHIPS (Professional - full member):
The Professional Tour Guide Association Australia (PTGAA)
GUIDING ORGANISATIONS AUSTRALIA (GOA)
© 2014 Marzena Clarke. All Rights Reserved. QLD 4069, Australia

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2.1. For any question relating to this statement or to exercise Your rights on Your Personal Data, including but not limited to provisions of the GDPR, please contact Our Privacy Officer at the above postal address or at the following e-mail address: dataprotection@gresb.com.
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3.6. We may also keep a record of correspondence, in the event you contact us, and/or complete forms in response to our annual consultation period.
3.7. We may retain details of products and services provided by us to you including details of invoices and receipts, and records of transactions you carry out through our site and of the fulfillment of your orders.
3.8.Any and all of this information may be defined as 'Personal Data'. Our site includes password-protected areas of our site known by as the GRESB Portal, which may be web pages hosted by our external information technology service providers appointed by us. However, this statement only applies to Personal Data provided in the GRESB Portal and the public website for GRESB. Our website does not include the third party websites described below.
Its visitors to its website https://gresb.com/.
4.2. The Personal Data we collect concerning you are processed in full compliance with European regulations.
Purpose J To manage our IT system, on the basis of our legitimate interest.
When the processing of your personal data is based on your consent only, you have the right to withdraw this consent at any time. We will then erase your personal data and stop processing it.
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10.1. If you believe your data are unlawfully processed by GRESB B.V, you may lodge a complaint with the Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens (https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/en).
11.1. Any changes we may make to our Privacy Statement in the future will be posted on this page and, where appropriate, notified to you by e-mail. Changes to the Privacy Statement will be dated, and will be effective from the date specified forward.
This Privacy Statement was last updated on: October 3, 2018.


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FinTech Aviv is back, and this is set to be the BIGGEST and best one yet!
Normally, you're the nervous entrepreneur pitching VC's. Well, at this event at the stunning WeWork roof, the investors will be pitching you. Each investor will very briefly introduce themselves. They'll talk a little about their background, ticket sizes, sectors, investment thesis and portfolio. Then, the stage is yours. An audience Q&A will follow, as YOU the audience will grill our panel of investors.
Want to guarantee a LIVE question to our panel below? We're taking only 3 questions in advance. So, get in early and ping [masked] with your question. If accepted, you'll take the mic, introduce your company LIVE and fire your question to our investors on the night.
Tal is working with internet, mobile and enterprise companies in Israel. Prior to joining Sequoia, he was VP of product at Bink Financial Innovation, founded a company in the ed-tech space and worked as a consultant with the Boston Consulting Group. Tal holds a B.Sc in Biomedical Engineering from Tel Aviv University, and an MBA from the Stanford University Graduate School of Business.
Yael Elad is CFO of Aleph, a venture capital fund located on Rothschild Boulevard in Tel Aviv. In addition to her fund and investment responsibilities she holds various Board Seats at Castro and City Pass, to name a few.
Barak Rabinowitz is a serial entrepreneur and angel investor in Israel. He was Founder of Win, backed by bwin.party (LSE: BPTY), CEO of Mytopia, acquired by 888 Holdings (LSE: 888) and co-Founder and CEO of Amuso, acquired by BBC Worldwide. His angel investments include Crossrider (LSE: CROS), Optimove and Ubimo, among others. Prior to the game industry, Barak served in the Corporate Development Group at Yahoo! and Technology Mergers & Acquisitions Group at Morgan Stanley. Barak has a BA from Georgetown University and MBA from Harvard Business School.
As always, we will also be inviting 4 ambitious FinTech startups to deliver a 3 minute pitch.
PS – For the first time, we will be reserving an area at a cool bar nearby for people who want to carry on enjoying themselves after the event. STAY TUNED!


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Given consumers' ravenous appetite for them, it's little surprise that Kia is introducing a larger, more upmarket SUV in the Telluride as the newest entry in its lineup. But the automaker turned to classic SUVs of yesteryear as influences for the intentionally boxy and very American design that it hopes will translate with consumers.
Dubbed a midsize by Kia, the Telluride will slot above the entry-level, compact Sorento as the flagship of the Korean automaker's utility-vehicle lineup. Michael Cole, Kia's North America chief operating officer, said the midsize segment is forecast to grow from 1.6 million units sold in the U.S. in 2018 to 1.8 million in five years. "This was somewhere we needed to be," he said.
It's also the first Kia designed specifically for the U.S. market, with its off-road features like on-demand electronic all-wheel drive transferring torque between the front and rear wheels and its strong, stiff body, further emphasized by its unveiling in Detroit on a landscaped "torque track" assembled in surplus space on the Cobo show floor. It'll also be built at Kia's plant in West Point, Ga. "It's very much a U.S.-targeted vehicle," Cole said. "We will have some export. But the message is, made in America, made for America, it's a U.S.-centric car."
Designers at Kia's design center in Irvine, Calif. "wanted to get back to a traditional SUV styling," Chief Designer Tom Kearns said. "So many EVs and SUVs these days are trying to look sporty and more car-like, more sedan-like. We didn't want to go with that approach."
Kearns said his design team members referenced old-school SUVs like the Ford Bronco, old Land Rovers and the original Chevrolet Blazer when creating the Telluride, Kia's largest SUV yet.
Large, bold, capable and comfortable, the midsize Kia Telluride SUV opens the door to exploring in a whole new way. Imagined in America, designed at Kia's design studio in California, and assembled in Georgia , the Telluride is all about big skies, desert roads, mountain passes, shady forests, smooth highways, and long coastal drives. The largest Kia ever, it provides comfortable seating for up to eight, a powerful 291-hp 3.8-litre V6, available active on-demand all-wheel drive, and an inspiring view of the world. In short, the Kia Telluride offers potential for exploration and adventure every time it's on the road.
Wide console with emphasis on the horizontal through artistic use of premium trim features to convey spaciousness - more "luxe living room" than "utility vehicle"
Choice of four drive modes - Smart, Eco, Sport and Comfort - each using different settings for powertrain, drivetrain, and steering effort mapping to provide the desired driving experience. In addition to the four regular drive modes, drivers can select from two different settings, Snow and AWD Lock, for specific driving conditions.
Kia Telluride will be assembled at Kia's manufacturing facility in West Point, Georgia (KMMG) alongside certain trims of the Sorento and Optima. When it goes on sale in the US in 2019, Telluride will be available in four trims, LX, EX, S and SX with a choice of front-wheel or optional all-wheel drive. The Kia Telluride will not be sold in Europe.
Car looks really really great. Really nice specs. Never owned a Kia before, but would now. Do we have a sense yet of when it goes on sale and sticker price for various levels.
these new pictures are great! i actually hated that brownish looking modded up version that first started showing up a few months ago. now this looks really really good.
There's no mention of two-position memory seats but it looks like the buttons are right on on the door in front of the door latch.
There are quite a few things missing like you mention. I'm hoping we will be able to "build" and "customize" on their website soon!
Great info. Thank you. I really want to know when the Telluride will be ready for test drives.
If the Telluride is equipped with Lane Keep Assist (LKA), will it also have LFA by default?
I am looking at purchasing a Telluride from an overseas Kia Delaership. And the spec sheet only mentions LKA in the SX Trim.
So I'm trying to figure out LFA is also part of the package.
The sales team are clueless as the vehicle only just arrived yesterday.
I am trying to establish if the vehicle will be able to steer itself in the lane. The spec sheet says it has cruise control with stop and go.


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Those responsible for disposing sewage sludge in Cyberjaya will be prosecuted – KASA
PUTRAJAYA: The Department of the Environment (DOE) and the National Water Service Commission (SPAN), in collaboration with the Sepang Land and District Office, will open an investigation paper against parties responsible for illegal disposal of sewage sludge in Bukit Damar, Cyberjaya.
The Ministry of Environment and Water (KASA), in a statement today, said those responsible will be charged with violating the Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations 2009 and other relevant sections under the Environmental Quality Act 1974.
If found guilty, they face an imprisonment for up to five years, or maximum fine of RM10,000, or both, it said.
The ministry said investigations were also conducted to prosecute those responsible under Section 50 (1) of the Water Services Industry Act 2006 (Act 655), which provides a fine not exceeding RM300,000 or imprisonment for up to three years or both, upon conviction.
According to KASA, it received complaints regarding the illegal disposal of sewage sludge at Bukit Damar, Cyberjaya, at 4.30 pm on June 6, following which the area was sealed to prevent tresspasing and tampering of evidence.
"The location of the area involved, which is isolated, is believed to have prompted the parties concerned to carry out illegal waste disposal activities there.
"Based on checks by SPAN, the site is not registered for sewage waste disposal and the contractor involved is believed to be operating without a valid permit," it said.
It said the ministry viewed seriously cases on environmental pollution, especially with the country still plagued by the COVID-19 pandemic and with the Conditional Movement Control (Order (CMCO) still in force.
"Strict enforcement will continue to be conducted to ensure the environment and source of water supply continue to be protected from pollution," it said.
KASA thanked quarters who lodged the complaints and urged others with information on environmental pollution to lodge their complaints through the WhatsApp app at 019-9863247 or call toll-free numbert 1-800-88-2727.


In order to move forward, I am pursuing an MA degree in Mathematics from Eastern Michigan University.
This semester, I am taking Chaotic Dynamical Systems. We are studying such diverse subjects as Basins of attraction for the Newton-Raphson algorithm, and now Mandelbrot sets. Fractals are next.


2004 Argyle Pinot Noir Nuthouse Reserve Series: Retail $60. I am in trouble. Big trouble. My wife left with one of the boys today to visit her parents and we are going to join them soon. Alone, watching March Madness, I ached for a Pinot. I decided to grab this one since it was past the Cellar Tracker drinking window (2013) and the last bottle was, well, ho-hum. This one wasn't. By a long shot. Great from nose (blackberry and cassis), through the mid-palate (rich, deep, and profound), and on to the finish (Whoa), this was by far the best of the half-case I bought back in 2007. Whoa. And one more Whoa. Outstanding. Plus. 93-95 Points.
2010 Byron Chardonnay Santa Maria Valley: Retail $25. You know? This is fine, but it can't really decide what it wants to be. It is part big Cali Chard with butter and oak on both the nose and the palate. But it also has decent acidity and structure on the back-end. So what to make of it? I am not quite sure. Is it "good"? I guess. Would I buy more? Probably not. A bit of a cry from the Ken Brown wines of yore…. Very Good. 86-88 Points.
2006 Castelluccio La Mia Riserva Forlì IGT: Retail $25. 100% Sangiovese. Nice nose, but a little stewed. On the palate, a bit of fruit, but quite austere and reserved. Plenty of acid to go around though, making this a good food wine. I paired this with some spaghetti and meatballs. Overall, not a bad match-up, but the wine could have used a bit more fruit as the sauce had a bit of sweetness to it. Very Good. 86-88 Points.
2005 Domaine du Chateau de Meursault Beaune: Retail $30. 100% Pinot Noir. I bought several of these years ago for $10/bottle. Yeah, $10. The first few were a bit harsh, but if this bottle is any indication, they have settled down considerably. Some faint red berries and cassis in the glass, with subtle even faint fruit on the palate, but nicely balanced. Overall, Very Good–a nice bottle of wine…. 88-90 Points.
2005 Domaine du Mas Blanc (Docteur Parcé) Collioure Clos du Moulin: Retail $25. I pretty much spell "Collioure" incorrectly every time I try, which is why I hesitate to ever write about it. lt is also very difficult to find on these shores, but I got these online several years ago and it is time to start popping them. Although not technically in the Rhône (it is just across the line in Roussillon), the wines are a classic Rhône-style GSM (Grenache, Syrah, Mourvèdre) blend. The last bottle I had of this was corked, but not here. Very nice red berry fruit (stopping just short of being "stewed"). Good acidity and an ample finish. Very Good, but no need to go out and do any cartwheels. 87-89 Points.
The Mer Soleil bottle is the ceramic one on the left….
2011 Mer Soleil Chardonnay Silver Unoaked: Retail $25. As I have mentioned before, I am rather shallow–I bought this wine because of the bottle (and that it claimed to be an unoaked Chardonnay). One of the fruitier noses I have experienced in a while–melon and honeydew with a bit of pineapple. Good acid on the palate and an admirable finish. The extra time in my cellar seems to have done it well. Very Good. 88-90 Points.
2004 Domaine Bernard Moreau & Fils Chassagne-Montrachet 1er Cru Les Champs-Gain: Retail $60. 100% Chardonnay. It was a rather dubious anniversary for me, so I grabbed what I hoped would be a pretty good bottle. I have had a few of these, some great, a couple stinkers. The pale yellow was a welcomed sight, tipping its hand that this would be one of the good ones, perhaps the best of them all. A classic white Burgundy nose with lemon, vanilla, and just a hint of oak. Pure gold on the palate with seamless depth, wonderful flavors, and an enduring finish. Whoa. No wait, it's worth two: Whoa. Outstanding. 90-92 Points.
2008 Skewis Pinot Noir Anderson: Retail $50. When I looked up on Cellar Tracker for a nice bottle for #PinotClock, I noticed that the users of Cellar Tracker feel that many of the 2008 Skewis wines should have been consumed by 2013. Dubious (my experience with Hank Skewis' wines has been close to the opposite–they tend to age very well), I grabbed a bottle and headed upstairs–as I figured, this wine is doing just fine: cherry, anise and a hint of cassis, great balance with fruit up front and vibrant acidity on the back end. Outstanding. 91-93 Points.
2009 Villa Petriolo Chianti Rosae Mnemosis: Retail $25. 100% Sangiovese. More of a modern style wine with really juicy fruit and just a touch of tannin on the finish. This is a fantastic pizza/pasta wine, perhaps one of the better ones I have had. And there is enough depth to prevent your wine geek brother in law from kvetching about not serving the good stuff. Very Good to Outstanding. 88-90 Points.
WINE OF THE WEEK: Looking back over this week, it is clear that I am keeping up my New Year's Resolution to drink more Italian wine (2 bottles this week!) and both were very good, which will encourage me to keep following the resolution (still going strong in April!). France remains the go-to country, however, so when I had an anniversary of sorts, there was no doubt I was going to grab a Bourgogne. The 2004 Domaine Bernard Moreau & Fils Chassagne-Montrachet 1er Cru Les Champs-Gain certainly came through, which is good since my higher quality white Burgundies are dwindling and will likely not be replaced anytime soon (although if the Euro continues to fall…). It is also rather clear that the West Coast of this country is becoming my go-to region for Pinot Noir. Yes, that is a blasphemous statement, but as with the whites, Burgundy is just too expensive. The 2008 Skewis Pinot Noir Anderson was delightful and I am looking forward to another bottle of it, but this month's Wine of the Week is the 2004 Argyle Pinot Noir Nuthouse Reserve Series. Perhaps it was the taboo nature of its consumption, or that I drank it alone on the couch watching the NCAA tournament, free to scream or cry at will as my bracket slowly busted (remember context is everything in wine), but this was an incredible bottle.
This entry was posted in Chardonnay, GSM, Pinot Noir, Rhône Blends, Sangiovese, Wine and tagged Argyle Pinot Noir, Argyle Pinot Noir Nuthouse, berry fruit, California wine, cellar tracker, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Skewis Pinot Noir Anderson. Bookmark the permalink.
One pairing tip that you may want to give a try is not to pair wines having noticeable acidity with tomato sauce. This is because tomatoes have a natural acidic note which would only be increased by the wine's, generally resulting in a not ideal pairing.
Oh no, I know. I just thought it was going to be fruity rather than acidic. It was my first time with the wine–will know better next time!


text:
Работино — название населённых пунктов.

Россия
 Работино — деревня в Череповецком районе Вологодской области.
 Работино — деревня в Локнянском районе Псковской области.
 Работино — деревня в Новосокольническом районе Псковской области.

Украина
 Работино — село в Токмакском районе Запорожской области.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Basic fibroblast growth factor protects against rotenone-induced dopaminergic cell death through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pathways.
Synergetic Neuroprotective Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Aspirin in SH-Y5Y by Inhibiting miR-21 and Activating RXRα and PPARα.
Cholinergic Surveillance over Hippocampal RNA Metabolism and Alzheimer's-Like Pathology.


CHAU, LL; YU, Y ; CHAU, LL , UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT PHYS,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA.
Abstract We formulate matrix models with random interactions from normal matrices and construct the corresponding unitary polynomials. The unitary polynomials can be viewed as a set of one-body wave functions of a two-dimensional repulsive Coulomb gas of particles. We then construct the N-body ground state wave functions from these unitary polynomials according to symmetry and statistics requirements. Interestingly, in the case of the zero matrix-model random interaction we precisely obtain the Laughlin wave functions for the fractional quantum Hall effect. In the case of the nonzero matrix-model random interactions, we demonstrate that the N-body wave functions obtained from our normal matrix model describe electrons on a plane under the influence of nonuniform external electromagnetic fields. Thus, our solutions from the normal matrix model show that fractional quantum Hall effects do exist in complex situations of external electromagnetic fields. It will be interesting to observe such fractional quantum Hall effects experimentally.
GB/T 7714 CHAU, LL,YU, Y,CHAU, LL , UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT PHYS,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA.. UNITARY POLYNOMIALS IN NORMAL MATRIX MODELS AND WAVE-FUNCTIONS FOR THE FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL-EFFECTS[J]. PHYSICS LETTERS A,1992,167(41035):452-458.
APA CHAU, LL,YU, Y,&CHAU, LL , UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT PHYS,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA..(1992).UNITARY POLYNOMIALS IN NORMAL MATRIX MODELS AND WAVE-FUNCTIONS FOR THE FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL-EFFECTS.PHYSICS LETTERS A,167(41035),452-458.
MLA CHAU, LL,et al."UNITARY POLYNOMIALS IN NORMAL MATRIX MODELS AND WAVE-FUNCTIONS FOR THE FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL-EFFECTS".PHYSICS LETTERS A 167.41035(1992):452-458.


In segment 4.7, we're going to look at currency exchange markets.
businesses that are involved in trading between BitCoins and fiat currencies.
But now we want to look at this as a market.
we'll look a little bit at the economics of this market.
is that it operates in many ways like the market between two fiat currencies.
want to buy dollars on a particular day.
So in the Bitcoin markets, we can looks at data.
exchanges that trade dollars against BitCoins.
where you can trade dollars against BitCoins here from top to bottom.
BitStamp, on the day I took this screen shot, it was $582.54.
You can get graphs, you can look at the average, the volume, etc.
about $3.6 over the previous 24 hours.
So, you can see there's a lot of trading here.
you can see the prices move in real time as trades get made.
So this is an active market.
is it you can use sites that help you meet people to trade BitCoins in real life.
So here I went to localbitcoins.com, it's an example.
it gave me a bunch of results.
what price and for how many?
is and I could give them dollars and, in exchange, they would give me BitCoins.
you can find somebody you know.
I bought from one of my students who owned some BitCoins.
I just gave him some dollars and he pays in BitCoins into my digital wallet.
Another thing you can do is you can go to a physical place.
some regular meet ups where it's known that people go to trade bitcoins.
sell bitcoins and you can do business with them.
phones with their apps to transfer or verify transfer of bitcoins.
the popular ways that you can trade bitcoins against dollars.
who want to do one thing with sellers who are willing to do the opposite thing.
meaning millions of US dollars per day pass through it.
it's not like the dollars to euros market, which is vastly larger.
at least, will always be able to find the part.
like the price of anything in a liquid market, will be set by supply and demand.
what is the demand for bitcoins by people who have dollars?
that matches supply and demand.
But let's dig in to that a little bit more.
First of all let's talk about what is the supply of bitcoins.
first of all, equal to the supply of Bitcoins that are in circulation.
Currently, of course there's a fixed number of Bitcoins in circulation.
At the time of this filming it's about 13.1 million.
say that this number will slowly go up and hit a limit of 21 million eventually.
But you might also sometimes include demand deposits of Bitcoins.
than the number of coins that the exchange is holding.
might not be correct to include demand deposits in the supply.
So when should you include demand deposits?
when demand deposited money can be sold in that market.
that can happen in an exchange.
If I have Bitcoins demand deposited in an exchange, I can trade those for dollars.
demand deposits in that exchange as part of the supply.
metal money, but also the total amount of demand deposits.
deposited money to buy stock.
to include demand deposits, where those demand deposits function like money.
And so the supply might not be fixed in the way that some BitCoin advocates claim.
were talking about in order to understand what the proper money supply is.
based on what market we're analyzing.
Let's now look at demand.
There are really two main sources of demand for bitcoins.
there is demand for Bitcoins as an investment.
So, first let's look at mediating fiat-currency transactions.
So, here is the scenario.
wants to pay some money to Bob.
And Alice and Bob want to transfer, let's say, a certain number of dollars.
But they find it convenient to use Bitcoin to do this transfer.
Perhaps they're at a distance, Alice wants to be able email the money to Bob.
and lower than some other service.
Whatever the reason they want to use Bitcoins to mediate this transaction.
So, the way that works is this, that first, Alice buys Bitcoins for dollars.
Alice then sends those Bitcoins to Bob as a Bitcoin transaction.
satisfaction, Bob will sell those Bitcoins for dollars and get the dollars back.
So Alice starts by putting in dollars, Bob ends by getting out dollars.
devoted to serving this transaction during the time that the transaction's going on.
And that creates a demand for those BitCoins.
if they want to mediate transactions, that will generate demand for bitcoins.
So, that's the first source of demand.
of bitcoins will go up in the future and that they'll be able to sell them.
holding those bitcoins, those bitcoins are out of circulation.
But there's a demand to buy bitcoins at least depending on the price.
you might expect a lot of people to want to buy bitcoins as an investment.
Bitcoins as an investment won't be as high.
So that's the second source of demand.
understand how these markets will behave.
And I'm not going to do a full model here, although that's an interesting exercise.
what affect that might have on the price of bitcoins.
And we can build a simple model for doing that.
by transaction mediation and what it tells us about what the price should be.
mediated via bitcoins by everyone who's participating in the market.
And that's going to be measured in dollars per second.
transactions have in mind a certain dollar value of the transaction.
Or if it's some other fiat currency we'll translate it into dollars for simplicity.
held out of circulations in order to mediate a transaction.
able to sell them back into the market, and we'll measure that in seconds.
currency bitcoins, all of the 13.1 million or eventually up to 21 million bitcoins.
Not including those that are held out by people as long term investments.
around and available for this purpose.
Okay, and now we can do some calculations.
how many Bitcoins become available in order to service transactions per second.
Well, there are S bitcoins in total that are used.
become newly available because they will emerge from that out of circulation state.
transactions, well we have T dollars worth of transactions to mediate.
And in order to mediate $1 worth of transaction we need one over P bitcoins.
the result we get is bitcoins per second.
in order to serve all the transactions that people want to serve.
there is a supply of Bitcoins of S over D and there is a demand of T over P.
the price will fluctuate in order to bring supply into line with demand.
then there are Bitcoins that are going unsold.
price to try to sell those Bitcoins.
And so the price will come down if supply is higher than demand.
And when the price comes down, that will cause demand actually to go up.
if supply is bigger than demand, then demand will be pulled up.
who can't get them because there aren't enough bitcoins around.
And so those people will bid more, in order to get their Bitcoins.
that limited supply of Bitcoins.
the result is that price will go up.
that means demand will come back down.
Demand for Bitcoins will come back down as the price goes up.
then the demand will be pulled down toward the supply, right?
always be pulled toward the supply and, in fact, the two will come into equilibrium.
is where this supply S over D, is equal to the demand T over P.
that an equilibrium, the price should be equal to T times D divided by S.
All right, so what does this mean?
you need to hold the BitCoin to do a transaction, is not going to change.
transaction mediation as measured in dollars.
then the price of bitcoins should double.
transaction mediation and see whether they match up.
And when economists do this, they do tend to match up pretty well.
transaction mediation as you can estimated in hours per second.
when the economists do that, they tend to do the match up pretty well.
that supply includes only the BitCoins that aren't being held as investments.
are withdrawn from this status where they are available to mediate transactions.
And so the S that we're using here will go down.
therefore P will go up and so that makes sense.
then the price that you need to pay to mediate a transaction will go up.
Now this is not a full model of the market.
we need to take into account the activities of investors.
that the price will be higher in the future.
what is the expected total transaction value demand in the future.
And we could build a model that's more complex.
you get a flavor of the kind of thing that you can do.
although the price does go up and down.
supply and demand interact in this market and predict what the market might do.
want to use Bitcoin to mediate transactions in the future.
and I'm sure that there are people who are doing it in some detail today.
But a detailed economic model of this market is beyond the scope of this course.


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text:
Азербејџанска Демократска Република () позната и као Азербејџанска Народна Република () била је република која је у Тифлису 28. маја 1918. прокламовао Национални савет муслимана Закавказја. Република је проглашена у периоду Руске револуције и постојала је до краја априла 1920. када је проглашена Азербејџанска Совјетска Социјалистичка Република, једна од републике која су сачињавале Совјетски Савез.

Први главни град републике до септембра 1918. био је Генџе будући да су до тада бољшевице снаге контролисале Баку. Назив Азербејџан, који је из политичких побуда усвојила либерална пар-исламистичка и пан-турска партија Мусават, до 1918. користио примарно за перзијски Азербејџан. Нека од остварења Азербејџанске Демократске Републике било је давање права гласа женама (као једна од првих земаља на свету и прва већински муслиманска земља) и оснивање Државног универзитета у Бакуу.

За веме постојања држава је била у граничном спору са Демократском Републиком Грузијом и Демократском Републиком Јерменијом, друге две краткотрајне националне кавкашке државе настале су у истом периоду. Национални сукоби међу три групе довеле су се у друштвено и распадаја Закавкаске Демократске Федеративне Републике. Сукоби су ескалирали и у рат између Јерменије и Азербејџана понајвише око градова и региона Казах, Сјуник, Нагорно-Карабаха и Нахчивана.

Галерија

Види још
 Руски грађански рат
 Закавкаска Совјетска Федеративна Социјалистичка Република
 Азербејџанска Совјетска Социјалистичка Република

Извори

Спољашње везе

Бивше државе Европе
Бивше државе Азије
Историја Азербејџана у новом веку
Политичка историја Азербејџана


Comments: Sewn binding. Cloth over boards. 1204 p. Contains: Tables, black & white, Figures. Audience: General/trade.
This entry was posted in Book and tagged 0078110874, 978-0078110870, 9780078110870, Accounting Textbooks on July 24, 2014 by Textbooks.


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Category Archives: "Fashion & Shopping"


Last year I made it to my target. This year, I've got a new target, so I'm starting again from scratch!
awww happy days!!! Congratulations on being sooooo close to target and feeling so good that you have got a bikini! Fingers crossed that you lose those last 5lbs before your hols but even if you dont - wear it anyway! I'm quite sure you will look fab!! Have a lovely holiday and show off that new body!
where in n. ireland u from im in belfast.
Congrats, It's such a cool feeling isn't it, you must be so proud of your achievement!
For a mere 5lbs - get that kini on, girl! You must look fabulous now, so near to goal, so what's to stop you!
Well I've only gone and done it!


text:
Summon and Conquer
Summon and Conquer Introduction
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San Fernando Valley Art Club
About SFVAC
Upcoming Paint Outs
November 2019 Paint Rag
Paint Rag Archives
Journey into Spring
Autumn Awakening
Winners of 2017 Art Shows
All Artists Welcome
The San Fernando Valley Art Club began in 1943 and has provided a continuing forum for artists of all skill levels and working in oil, acrylic and other art mediums. Guests are welcome to attend the monthly meetings and demonstrations and learn more about the club.
San Fernando Valley Art Club and The Glendale Art Association hosted a dual association exhibition entitled "The Colors of Winter."
SHOW DATES: December 6 to December 20, 2016
OPENING RECEPTION: Sunday, December 11, 5:00-8 p.m. Awards will be presented.
DEADLINE FOR SUBMISSIONS: November 15, 2016
SFVAC & GAA 2016 Winter Show Prospectus
Names and photos of the winners will be shown in the upcoming January 2017 Paint Rag.
San Fernando Valley Art Club sponsored "All Things Bright and Beautiful" at the Thousand Oaks Community Gallery, 2331 Borchard Road, Newbury Park, CA 91320. The show ran from August 2 to August 27. The take-in day was August 1, and the show will closed on August 27. The reception took place on Saturday, August 6 from 2:00-6:00 pm. Peter Kraus, this year's March demonstrator, was the judge of the show and there will be $800 in prizes awarded.
Click here to see the winners and their paintings in the September 2016 Paint Rag.
The gallery was divided into spaces for approximately 12 artists with 15-foot wall spaces.
Special Mini Art Show on March 7, 2017 at the Monthly San Fernando Valley Art Club Meeting
This special mini show is for "mini" art done in February and March.
Size: no larger than 16 square inches (4×4, 3×5 or 2×8, or 1×16). Sculpture and 3D limited to 16 square inches (4x4x4). All media was welcome.
Prizes: First Place – $20, Second Place – $10, Third Place – $5 (Must attend March 7th meeting to enter or win). Winners were chosen by popular vote.
Mini easels were provided.
San Fernando Valley Art Club 2017 Membership Juried Show
June 9 through 29, 2017
Art from the Heart Prospectus
Art from the Heart Entry Form
Artdaily
Artists Network TV
Best Art Museums in Los Angeles
LA Art Guide
Norton Simon Museum
San Fernando Valley Arts & Cultural Center
The Getty Center and the Getty Villa
The Hammer Museum
The Huntington
The Museum of Contemporary Art


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AbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussion and ConclusionsAcknowledgmentsReferencesCopyright
Patrizia Laurenti, Stefania Bruno, Gianluigi Quaranta, Giuseppe La Torre, Antonio G. Cairo, Pierangela Nardella, Giovanni Delogu, Giovanni Fadda, Tommaso Pirronti, Salvatore Geraci, Salvatore Pelargonio, Francesco N. Lauria, Delia Goletti, Gualtiero Ricciardi, "Tuberculosis in Sheltered Homeless Population of Rome: An Integrated Model of Recruitment for Risk Management", The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2012, Article ID 396302, 7 pages, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/396302
Tuberculosis in Sheltered Homeless Population of Rome: An Integrated Model of Recruitment for Risk Management
Patrizia Laurenti,1 Stefania Bruno,1 Gianluigi Quaranta,1 Giuseppe La Torre,2 Antonio G. Cairo,1 Pierangela Nardella,1 Giovanni Delogu,3 Giovanni Fadda,3 Tommaso Pirronti,4 Salvatore Geraci,5 Salvatore Pelargonio,6 Francesco N. Lauria7 et al.Delia Goletti,7 Gualtiero Ricciardi1
1Department of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 00168 Rome, Italy
2Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 00185 Rome, Italy
3Department of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 00168 Rome, Italy
4Department of Radiologic Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 00168 Rome, Italy
5Caritas Health Service, Via Marsala, 00185 Rome, Italy
6Acisel Day Centre, Via Verzuolo, 00166 Rome, Italy
7National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Via Portuense, 00149 Rome, Italy
Academic Editor: Terri L. Meinking
The authors show the results of an integrated model for risk management of tuberculosis in a sample of sheltered homeless in Rome. Tuberculin skin test (TST) was used for evaluating the prevalence of latent infection (LTBI). In TST positives, expectorate was collected and chest X-ray was achieved. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate determinants of infection. Out of 288 recruited subjects, 259 returned for the TST reading; 45.56% were positive and referred to a specialized center; 70 accessed the health facility and completed the clinical pathway. The risk factors associated to LTBI were male gender ( O R = 3 . 7 2 ), age over 60 years ( O R = 3 . 5 9 ), immigrant status ( O R = 3 . 7 3 ), and obesity ( O R = 2 . 1 9 ). This approach, based on an integrated social network, guarantees high adherence to screening (89.93%), allowing patients testing positive for latent tuberculosis infection to be diagnosed and rapidly referred to a specialized center.
Together with other social factors, homelessness is one of the greatest risk factors for the acquisition of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active Tuberculosis (TB) [1]. In recent years, a few surveys have been carried out in Europe to evaluate the LTBI and TB prevalence in homeless people: the existing data (Rotterdam 29%, London 0.5%) show that adequate screenings and treatment pathways are needed to reduce the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in overcrowded shelters and in the community [2, 3].
In Italy, the incidence is extremely low in the general population. In 2008, crude incidence rate was 3.8/100,000 for those born in Italy and 50–60/100,000 for those born abroad. In recent years, the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis seems stable and around 5-6 cases per 100,000 residents. However, the concentration of the majority of TB cases was observed among certain risk groups: alcohol abusers and drug users, homeless people, HIV-infected people, and young migrants [4–6].
In Rome, in the time period 1996–2007, an annual average of 382.5 TB cases were notified (11.55% of the total notified in Italy). In spite of a decreasing trend from 1996 to 1999, in the years 2006 and 2007, the trend is again increasing, with an annual average of 448.5 cases, corresponding to a rate of about 16.6/100.00 population (Figure 1) [7].
Linear diagram showing TB cases notified in Rome in the time-period 1996–2007 (source of the data: [7]).
A considerable increase of people living on the road has been reported in recent years: in 1998, a figure of 5,000 homeless people was estimated in Rome, but nowadays the expected number is about 23,000 [8], and the numbers alone could probably be a contributing factor explaining the increased rate of TB cases reported in the period 2002–2005 (409 cases in 2004 and 460 cases in 2005, up from 341 in 2002).
Epidemiological studies of homeless populations have reported the prevalence rate of 1.2%–6.8% for active TB [9, 10]. No data about the incidence of TB in homeless people are to date available in Rome.
Better understanding of the characteristics of homeless people with TB disease is important for creating strategies to reduce TB incidence in this high-risk population [11].
Based on these assumptions, we enrolled homeless people from two shelters in Rome. A cross-sectional study was carried on with the following aims:(1)to assess acceptance to came back for TST reading in a sample of homeless people recruited from two shelters in Rome (subjects who returned for Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) reading, after 72 hours),(2)to measure the prevalence of skin-positive results, assumed as LTBI,(3)to investigate the associations between social risk factors and TST positive results,(4)to evaluate the access to a public specialized outpatient clinic for initiating an early therapeutic pathway.
The protocols of this research were cleared by the local ethical committee.
2.1. Population and Setting
The eligible individuals—male and female, Italians and foreigners, adults ≥ 18 years old—were recruited from two homeless refuges in Rome (named Caritas and Acisel) in the time period November 2006-November 2007.
These two shelters were selected by convenience among all the others in Rome. Individuals were recruited according to HUD (US Department of Housing and Urban Development) homeless definition, as "an individual who lacks a fixed, regular,…, and adequate night-time residence…" [12].
The sample size was calculated using 2004 available data, the most recent ones existing when the protocol of the study was drafted, taking into account the homeless number in Rome, fixing the confidence level at 95%, estimating the LTBI prevalence as 25%, and considering a 90% study compliance. According to these parameters, 276 individuals were eligible to be recruited.
A detailed anamnesis was collected using a form to record data about markers and risk factors: gender, age, height, and weight (for body mass index (BMI)), origin, past TB diagnosis and therapy, immigration condition (both irregular an regular condition, without and with National health assistance, resp.), smoking habits, alcohol abuse (according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)) and drugs use.
Previous Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination was investigated, with a specific question and an inspection verifying the presence of any scar on the deltoid muscle.
2.2. TST and Other Laboratory Tests
The TST (Biocine test PPD 5 UI) was performed by medical physicians in the surgery at the refuges, after informing the subjects about the study and obtaining their understanding and written consent by a translated form.
TST was read after 72 hours. According to the American Thoracic Society standards, which have provided new recommendations for targeted tuberculin testing and treatment regimens for persons with latent tuberculosis infections (LTBI), a reaction with an induration diameter >10 mm and with normal chest X-ray was considered as positive and we classified this as LTBI to send the subject towards a clinical pathway, managed by a specialized hospital [13].
Only positive subjects were invited to undertake a chest X-ray and to provide three sputum samples on alternate days. The chest X-ray was performed with an MPX+ (GE Healthcare, Italy) portable equipment for radiography and read by two different radiologists. The sputum was collected with a safe disposable device (Sputum Collection System, Becton Dickinson, USA).
The bacterioscopic examination (Ziehl-Nielsen staining) and cultures in solid (Lowenstein-Jensen) and liquid media (an automatic system MGIT, Becton Dickinson, USA), were performed by the Microbiology Unit, according to internal QC procedures.
Moreover, PCR was prepared to identify and confirm M. tuberculosis (Probetec, Becton Dickinson, USA).
In the case of M. tuberculosis isolates, a phenotypic study of drug resistance to streptomycin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and rifampicin and the genetic typing with random amplification of primers designed technique (RAPD), based on PCR technique, was prepared.
The positive subjects to TST were referred to INMI (National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani") in Rome for clinical evaluation.
Univariate analysis by logistic regression was performed using the chisquare test and the Mann-Whitney test for assessing differences between groups for categorical and quantitative variables, respectively.
A multivariate analysis was performed using the dichotomous variable LTBI risk as the dependent variable and the following variables as independent variables: gender (female as reference group), marital status (single as reference group), nationality (foreigners as reference group), nutritional status (no obesity as reference group), and age category (age under 60 as reference group). The results are presented as odds ratios ( O R ) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
A stepwise approach (backward elimination procedure) was followed, using the method suggested by Hosmer and Lemeshow. The variables were excluded from the model until a 𝑃 v a l u e > 0 . 1 0 . The goodness of fit of the model was assessed using the Hosmer and Lemeshow test.
The statistical significance was set at 𝑃 ≤ 0 . 0 5 .
The statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software (release 12.0).
From the two homeless shelters, 288 subjects were recruited; for each subject, a data collection form was filled in and a TST performed. In the same period, 133 expectorates were collected and 46 chest X-rays performed. Among all recruited subjects, 259 came back for the TST reading, with an acceptance rate of 89.93%. Of these, 204 subjects (78.8%) were males and 55 (21.2%) females; 31 (12%) were over 60 years old. As far as marital status, 122 subjects (47.1%) were single, 68 (26.2%) married, 51 (19.7%) divorced or separated, and 16 (6.2%) widows/widowers (Table 1).
Variable TST + N (%) TST − N (%) 𝑃
Male 102 (50) 102 (50) 0.006
Female 16 (29.1) 39 (70.9)
<60 99 (43.8) 127 (56.2) 0.135
≥60 18 (58.1) 13 (41.9)
Single 49 (40.2%) 73 (59.8%)
Married 38 (55.9%) 30 (44.1%) 0.158
Divorced or separated 22 (43.1%) 29 (56.9%)
Widowers 9 (56.2%) 7 (43.8%)
Yes 85 (49.7%) 86 (50.3%) 0.062
No 33 (37.5%) 55 (62.5%)
Italian National Health Service
Unknown 1 (33.3%) 2 (66.7%)
Temporary Present Foreigners
No 31 (49.2) 32 (50.8)
Yes 7 (41.2) 10 (58.8) 0.473
Not Known 3 (75) 1 (25)
No instruction title 5 (38.5) 8 (61.5)
Primary school 54 (43.5) 70 (56.5) 0.585
Secondary school 51 (50) 51 (50)
Degree 5 (33.3) 7 (66.7)
No 86 (44.6) 107 (55.4) 0.661
Yes 31 (47.7) 34 (52.3)
Previous TBC diagnosis
No 114 (46.2) 133 (53.8) 0.115
Yes 3 (75) 1 (25)
No smoker 42 (42.4) 57 (57.6)
Smoker 72 (49) 75 (51) 0.328
Former smoker 4 (30.8) 9 (69.2)
No 98 (44.3) 123 (55.7)
Yes 11 (52.4) 10 (47.6) 0.743
Exalcohol abuser 5 (50) 5 (50)
Illicit drug use
No 105 (45.5) 126 (54.5)
Yes 1 (33.3) 2 (66.7) 0.833
Former drug user 3 (37.5) 5 (62.5)
Characteristics of participants according to the TST result.
Regarding the social features, 171 (66%) were immigrants and 65 (25.1%) were employed during the recruitment period. Among them, 108 (41.7%) declared to be registered within the Italian National Health Service, while 17 (2.7%) reported to be foreigners temporarily present. Regarding educational level, 13 (5%) had no education title, 124 (47.9%) had completed Primary school, 102 (39.4%) had completed Secondary school, and 12 (4.6%) were graduates.
Four subjects (1.5%) reported a previous TB diagnosis. Regarding the smoking habit, 147 (56.8%) were smokers, 99 (38.2%) nonsmokers, and 13 (5%) former smokers.
Twenty-two individuals (8.5%) declared to be alcohol abusers and 10 (3.9%) exalcohol abusers. Most of the participants declared not to be illicit drug users, though three subjects (1.1%) declared to be drug-users and 8 (3.1%) exdrug users.
Out of the 259 compliant subjects, 141 (54.44%) were TST negative and 118 (45.56%) were positive, therefore suffering from LTBI. Among these, 18 (15.4%) were over 60 years old, 16 (13.6%) were females and 102 (86.4%) were males.
No chest X-ray, sputum, and culture sample was positive, respectively, for TB and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
In Table 2, the results of TST and the native land are reported: most people were Italians (33.2%) and Romanians (32%), as regards the TST positives, 27.1% were Italians and 39.8% Romanians.
Native Land No. of subjects T S T + 𝑁 (%) T S T − 𝑁 (%)
Italy 86 32 (37.2) 54 (62.8)
Romania 83 47 (56.6) 36 (43.4)
Afghanistan 22 9 (40.9) 13 (59.1)
Eritrea 14 6 (42.9) 8 (57.1)
Others 54 24 (44.4) 30 (55.6)
Total 259 118 (45.6) 141 (54.4)
Results of the TST by the native land.
All TST-positive subjects were referred to a specialized outpatient clinic and 70 of them (59,32%) accessed the health facility and completed the diagnostic pathway to receive the appropriate therapy.
The other 48 were lost to the study because of their homelessness condition, as all homeless were not stably residential in the shelter.
One subject (3.86‰) showed clinical suspicion of active disease and was promptly referred to hospital.
The results for LTBI risk, according to the multiple logistic regression analysis performed in order to discover the relationship with the risk factors, are shown in Table 3. Immigrant status, male gender, older age (over 60 years), and obesity were significant risk factors for developing LTBI, as shown from the O R and CI values.
Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis
O R (95% CI) O R (95% CI)
Native land
African (referent) 1
Eastern Mediterranean 0.68 (0.22–2.16)
Europe 1.42 (0.51–3.94)
America or Asia or Western Pacific 0.27 (0.04–1.90)
Female 1 1
Male 5.06 (2.29–11.17) 3.72 (1.83–7.58)
<60 years 1 1
≥60 years 3.64 (1.40–9.51) 3.59 (1.40–9.21)
Immigrant status
No 1 1
Yes 5.13 (2.15–12.25) 3.73 (1.89–7.39)
Yes 1.00 (0.52–1.94)
Yes 1.91 (0.93–3.91) 2.19 (1.10–4.35)
Lower (primary school) 1
High (secondary school or degree) 0.84 (0.52–1.35)
Married 1.81 (0.91–3.61)
Divorced, separated, or widowers 1.63 (0.77–3.43)
Results of the multivariate approach performed in order to find statistically significant determinants of LTBI. ( O R : Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval).
4. Discussion and Conclusions
In large European metropolitan areas, for example, in London [14], in Rotterdam [4], in Marseilles [15], and in the Warminsko-Mazurskie Province of Poland [16], a high prevalence of Tb was still observed in homeless people.
Immigration, under-nutrition [17], smoking [18], diabetes [19], and alcohol misuse [20] are individual risk factors that can double or triple the risk of active TB development and all these conditions are often associated with homelessness.
In these perspectives, the results of our study indicate a prevalence of LTBI of 45.56% among the homeless and of 3.86‰ for active TB.
The low rate of active TB, compared to cited experiences, could be interpreted as a sign of protection and full immune-competence of this group of subjects. It may be hypothesised that the incidence of active TB in this cohort of LTBI-positive homeless persons may be explained by the good quality of conditions available for the homeless living in Italian shelters, which warrant good nutritional status and, therefore, low risk of progression to active disease. Nevertheless, the remarkably high LTBI prevalence observed may indicate that the homeless may have a higher risk of contracting M. tuberculosis infection because of overcrowded environments or because they shelter in a community where the greater chance of an active TB patient transmitting the microorganism is not promptly recognized.
In this perspective, finally, immigrants should not be considered as spreaders of the disease but as persons at risk, and appropriate public health approaches should be oriented towards them, aimed at inclusion and at the promotion of barrier-free prevention and care measures [21].
In Italy, health is a constitutional right for everyone, migrants included, independent of their judicial condition. Nevertheless, in practice, a high level of inequality affects access to healthcare services, as this is noted when we compare the Italian population with migrants. Available data reveal a substantial failure of health and social policies for integration [22].
In 2008, European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC) published a framework action plan to fight TB in the European Union (EU), which recognizes the concentration of TB in "hard to find" and "hard to treat" populations as a major challenge to TB control efforts across the EU and encourages EU institutions to collaborate with partners to identify and disseminate good practice models for TB control [23].
On these foundations, our study applies this model of TB control in advance and for the first time in Rome and produced a high compliance amongst the homeless population. In fact, a high adherence to screening was observed (89.93%) if compared with a 65% adherence to TST reading registered in a preventive therapy programe carried out in an inner city population in Atlanta in 1994–1996 [24] and with a maximum adherence rate of 84% using economic incentive strategy to encourage test reading adherence in a high-risk population [25].
Our data confirm that active surveillance is an excellent tool for prevention. Active research in crowded areas gave the possibility to 59.32% of the positive subjects to access health care facilities and to complete the clinical pathway.
The strength of our experience was the opportunity to reach people in shelters (where people sleep and eat) and to start a clinical activity within the same place, with highly motivated staff, in order to facilitate access by the most disadvantaged persons.
Nevertheless, the compliance to the TST reading decreased from 89.93% to a 59.32% clinical compliance when health and social support was missing and people were invited to go to hospital by themselves. The active role of a social network also should be strengthened with the aims of prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and followup. For example, the Dutch TB control model is based on close collaboration between hospitals and municipal public health TB [23].
Moreover, guidelines should take into account the peculiarities of risk groups for whom health is not a priority [26].
Firstly, concerning internal validity, a possible bias could have been introduced by a 10% of refusal to come back for the test reading.
In any case, persons who came back for TST reading are substantially similar to the ones who did not regarding two important variables: age ( 𝑃 = 0 . 6 3 9 ) and gender ( 𝑃 = 0 . 7 1 8 ). As such, we expect that subjects who did not return for a TST reading did not influence the statistical analysis.
Secondly, some aspects could also affect external validity. In fact, the homeless evaluated were recruited in two shelters in Rome and this aspect could represent an important issue for the generalization of this study's results to the whole Italy. Perhaps the study's findings may not be generalized to all homeless shelters in Rome because the socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics of homeless people living in the other shelters are unknown.
A further limit of our study could be related to the impossibility to use the latest interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) because of blood sampling difficulties in the studied population, that would have been useful in the diagnosis of recent infection.
Lastly, atypical infection and effects of the BCG used in the country may impact on the results of TST.
This study has been supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (PRIN 2005 no. 2005060582). All authors read and approved the final manuscript and permit editing of the paper for readability.
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This lovely necklace is made up of purple frosted agate beads, tibetan silver leaf beads caps along with round tibetan silver beads. The necklace fastens with a tibetan silver flower toggle clasp.
This necklace measures about 43 cm ( about 16.9 inches).