text:
Trope, Pages with broken file links, The Beautiful Tropes,
Rule of Glamorous
Princess Tropes
Magical Girl Tropes
Everything's Better with Sparkles
Everything's Better with Indexes
File:Super sparkle princesses 5453.jpg
All That Glitters... glitters a lot.
"It's the Magical Girl with two transformations, a Greek goddess, and sparkles!
Oh, so very many sparkles."
—Trailer for Wedding Peach Abridged
Sparkles everywhere! Must be Magic!
For the longest time, humanity has an historical fascination with shinies. That might have to do with how some of the more precious materials tend to sparkle, but in the end, there is just something in how stuff shines or sparkles that leaves people staring on with, well, shiny eyes. That goes double when the effect is of a mysterious nature.
Because of this universal fascination, the trope's simple logic is that if you want to indicate visually how valuable, magical, or just special anything is, then put a lot of shiny sparkles, or anything that makes sparkles (like glitter or small crystals) around it.
Even when the sparkles are justified for the inherent qualities of the materials used, it's still a bit exaggerated in fiction.
Fairies are often prone to sparkling. And this is often associated with Fairy Tales and Princess Classic.
Many video games use sparkles as a form of Notice This.
Definitely on the shiny end of the Sliding Scale of Shiny Versus Gritty.
A Super-Trope to Bishie Sparkle, Sparkling Stream of Tears.
Compare Everything's Sparkly with Jewelry, Gold Makes Everything Shiny.
Examples of Everything's Better with Sparkles include:
7 New Media
9 Theater
Loads of it in a Magical Girl show.
And Girls Love. Kannazuki no Miko is a good example.
Mobile Suit Gundam 00's GN tech. Just watch the opening.
In The Wallflower and its anime adaptation Yamato Nadeshiko Shichi Henge (Perfect Girl Evolution), all the pretty people are represented with sparkles, which is referenced by Gorn-loving protagonist Sunako; the people that do this are known as "people of light" (Sunako is one of the "people of darkness," of course).
Alex Louis Armstrong and his Bishie Sparkle.
Just not to his fellow officers, who get creeped out.
Princess Fala/Allura sometimes sparkles.
Just to give the infamous potato chip scene in Death Note that much more oomph, this trope was invoked.
Rakuto sparkles an awful lot in Wild Ones.
In one episode of Gankutsuou, Haydee attends an opera wearing what can only be described as the sparkliest dress ever.
Pokémon Contests feature these in spades, especially in Sinnoh. And we mean literally; there are plenty of spore-based attacks that resemble sparkles.
Starting from Diamond and Pearl, Pokémon now sparkle when released from their Poké Balls, which means that, as of 2006, every single episode invokes this trope!
Karakuridouji Ultimo. They had to have spilt glitter glue on the pages. Ultimo with all his Bishie Sparkle scenes. (Yamato gets in on it too.) the bonus comic Ultimo Ulate had entire pages with nothing but sparkles for backdrop. There was even a sparkly rainbow on one page. Oh did we mention the food yet?
By the way, this is a science fiction, mecha/robot, shonen series.
Soushi Miketsukami does that often when talking to or about Ririchiyo Shirakiin in Inu x Boku SS
All over the place in Rose of Versailles, with Bishie Sparkle being one of the many types being used in the series.
In fact, '70s shoujo manga have this as standard practice to have sparkles.
Miracleman is a tall, superstrong superhero who routinely rips people apart. And he sparkles.
Ramona and Beezus "Every princess needs a little sparkle"
Used in Leonard Part 6, showing that sparkles are better, but not funny.
Velvet Goldmine loves its glitter - which is appropriate as it's about a Bishonen glam rock star.
Sparkle Motion!
Dreamgirls: Jimmy "Thunder" Early claims he invented flashy costumes, four cannons of confetti go off in the finale, and the credits look like they're set in a starfield.
The 1984 movie Legend (with a very young Tom Cruise) is FULL of sparkles. Each of the characters is covered in glitter (including the devil-esque character's hooves). As are many of the sets, especially after the planet flash-freezes. The treasure trove scene where Tom Cruise gets his golden sword and shield takes it especially far over the top.
Speaking of The Eighties and glitter, David Bowie in Labyrinth, anyone?
Snow White's fur-trimmed staking dress in Snow White and The Three Stooges is loaded with sequins.
In The Return of Hanuman, Swarglok (an equivalent of Fluffy Cloud Heaven) has lots of sparkles for the background. Maruti's Dream Sequence also has lots of sparkles.
Glinda's pink dress and hat in The Wizard of Oz have sequins sewn into them.
In The Wizard Of Speed And Time, the television special's producers argue over whether the use of sparkle F/X will exceed the program's budget. They eventually agree to use one sparkle.
Twilight's vampires sparkle in direct sunlight (you'd usually think vampires burn, but that's Common Knowledge from Hollywood films).
In the Discworld novels, the Glingleglingleglingle Fairy has the job of heralding major fairy magic by ringing a handbell and throwing some chopped tinsel in the air. Discworld magic usually happens without any fuss, but fairies know what's expected of them.
In one scene near the end of the Discworld novel Hogfather, when Susan (Death's grand-daughter) hurls the nursery room poker (made of rather cheap metal) through Death's ribcage at the assassin Mr. Teatime behind him, where it embeds itself in Teatime's chest and kills him, the flying poker "made a ripping noise as it shot through the air, and trailed sparks". Death later admits to Susan that he did add the sparkly stars and the noise, because he thought it would be appropriate (because there were two small children watching).
Odd hard sci-fi example: in The Diamond Age it's say that radio waves are too long to be practically used by Nanomachines and they instead communicate on visual light frequencies. yeah... nanobots talk with sparkles
Magnus Bane sure loves his body glitter.
The subsea pioneers in Dark Life eat bioluminescent fish--which eventually makes their skin shiny.
The Nutcracker and The Mouse King practically rolls in this trope, especially in the Land of Dolls.
"Wheel! Of! Fortune!"
There was an Anti Role Model type TV ad for heroin, with a sparkly logo, a song beginning "Everybody's doin' it, doin' it, doin' it," and black-and-white footage of a guy throwing up in a toilet.
The transporters and replicators in Star Trek do this.
On The Daily Show, magic is usually indicated with a bit of hand-waving and the word "Magic!" The reason they don't use sparkles becomes clear when they briefly experiment with them - either the desk gets covered in glitter which someone will have to clean up, or Special Effects Failure Ensues.
The old (1998-2005) set was pretty sparkly itself. I'm thinking particularly of that glittery splash of magenta on the backdrop behind Jon's head.
The Stargate Atlantis fanvid "Another Sunday".
In the Bruce Kalish seasons of Power Rangers the fire effects in the original Super Sentai footage were replaced with fire-type sparkle effects, when not cut altogether.
Dancing With the Stars, especially for the ladies.
The magic on Buffy the Vampire Slayer occasionally comes with extra sparkles. Especially when it comes from Willow.
The Doctor Who story The Stones of Blood features the Megara, entities of the law that manifest as two clusters of floating sparkles. With quite masculine voices.
Whenever a contestant wins the top prize on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, he or she is covered with falling confetti. And in the UK version, the confetti is metallic...or sparkly.
"Glitter in the Air" by P!nk
"Give it Away" by the Red Hot Chili Peppers had glitter used.
The entire genre of "Glam" Rock. All about the glitter.
The sparkly synthesizer/electric piano used in many Award Bait songs.
Almost every Ke$ha song has at least one reference to glitter in it.
The Japanese music video LOVE Dokkyun by Club Prince is a comically notable abuser: random sparkles cheaply overlayed throughout a large portion of the video, intersecting with Bishie Sparkle. The sparkles eventually digress into pink spinning hearts.
Fandom Wank denizens parodies this by using sparkly text to mocking out stupid or self-evident statements, calling it "The Sparklies of Truth" . The trend (and the nickname) began after reviewing a wank where the main person involved expressed her thoughts by using bold text with a sparkle background in a failed attempt to impose her point of view, which was as batshit insane as you'd expect from anyone who uses sparkle text for emphasis, boiling down to "fan fiction is evil but child abuse is just fine!"
The NORAD Santa Tracker shows Santa's current location as an icon of Santa surrounded by sparkles.
Some editions of D&D feature the spell 'Glitterdust', whose entire point is to create a cloud of sparkles. (Which have some combat applications, mostly by potentially blinding creatures in the area for a short time...but still.) A blinded combatant can't get line of sight to anything. All targeted attacks and most area attacks require line of sight.
"The Firefly Boy" in Cirque Du Soleil's Kà is a guy who swings from a trapeze and is covered in sparkles.
27.84% of every Cirque show is glitter.
In Mark Siano's Modern Luv, Mark and his chorus dancers don Sparkletards for several numbers, and in the 2012 run, Mark wore a green Sparkletard in the second act for St. Patrick's Day.
The majority of Zelda's attacks in the Super Smash Bros games involve sparkles. The fairies in the Zelda games sparkle too, so much that you can't actually see their bodies.
Shiny (or Alternate Colored) Pokémon sparkle upon leaving their Poké Balls (or being randomly encountered in the case of wild Pokémon). It used to be so that you could tell they were special even if you were playing on a monochrome Game Boy, but the effect became so characteristic of Shinies that it's appeared in all games since.
Starting with FireRed and LeafGreen, Poké Balls now sparkle after a Pokémon is caught.
A lot of invincibility power-ups in video games do this, such as the 2D Sonic games (in which the invincibility power-up was actually indicated by a picture of sparkles).
The Sims 2 features sparkles as often as it can get away with: in age transitions, during sex WooHoo, in Pets, kittens and puppies are born in a puff of sparkles, food made with fresh ingredients in Seasons sparkles and refills a lot more hunger more quickly, and in Apartment Life, witches sparkle in colors appropriate to their Character Alignment.
The Sims 3 ditches the WooHoo sparkles, but adds sparkles for the mundane act of building walls.
And in the World Adventures expansion pack, a Lifetime Reward called "Eye Candy" gives pink sparkles to your sim (and a positive moodlet to any other Sim who speaks with the sparkly one).
In Persona 4, Teddie eventually grows a human form. It always sparkles; and he is very bishonen. His ham-handed attempts at "scoring chicks" prevents him from taking advantage of it fully; although it probably does prevent women from beating him up for trying.
In World of Warcraft most healing spells DO sparkle, making whoever is being healed better, well, medically better.
Not strictly a video game, but closest category, I think; a recent update for the {{Playstation3 PlayStation 3}} (among other things) added a new home background theme, naming it "Original" and setting it as the default, while renaming the old one "Classic." The difference? "Original" has sparkles!
Used in Glider PRO for a Notice This effect... or whenever else the level designer feels like making something sparkle.
Same with the Resident Evil games. Any important item will sparkle like a little star. Lesser items in later games will have a white gleam running over them.
Appears in various places in Dissidia Final Fantasy, due to Square Enix's love of razzle-dazzle, but perhaps most notably in the Ex Mode of each character, wherein they gain, along with various powerups, a colored aura and cloud/trail of sparkles. Sephiroth's are purple.
Sparkle Dust is the fifth gag of the Toon-up gag track (or the third strongest healer) in Toontown Online.
THE iDOLM@STER will have several outfits that glitter.
Robot Unicorn Attack
The webcomic Strange Candy has one Adventure Town based on this principle. It's full of Amazons that use sparkles as a weapon to weaken the will of the enemy. The climax comes when Petra uses her mastery of weapons (she loves to use Hyperspace Mallets) to "hammersparkle". In other words, she "suffocated" the enemy by sparkling so much that even the sparkle-loving Amazon couldn't handle the overload.
Louise Dem-Five shows how it's done.
In Candi it's caused by ummmm... errrr... welll...
In the Sluggy Freelance comic book "Sampire," Sam tries to invoke this trope by throwing glitter on himself, in order to look like those Twilight vampires.
Freefall does a heavy-handed Take That to the Twilight series and it's portrayal of vampires, by having cute, sparkly Hitler dolls at the colony's equivalent of a Halloween / Day of the Dead festival.
In Scandinavia and The World, Iceland and his sister both sparkle to show their "prettiness".
In Question Duck a donut
In Protectors of the Plot Continuum, sparkliness is associated with Mary Sues and Gary Stus.
Defied in the Anti Cliche and Mary Sue Elimination Society. Since Chrys's foundations are in weeaboo-ism, she likes to emit "desu" sparkles (which are not to be associated with the Japanese verb of "to be"). This is a problem as people can be physically or mentally harmed at the sight of sparkles (they drive Tyler crazy and shock Karissa into a daze). On the other hand, they can be useful in diffusing an angsty atmosphere or can be used like ninja stars. Yes, you heard me.
Excessively colorful and over-decorated canine characters are often referred to as "Sparkledogs".
Disney Princess merchandise uses them, often liberally. And as in the picture, sometimes it's just making it look like their Pimped Out Dresses are loaded with glitter.
Also used to show off magic in Disney movies like Cinderella, Peter Pan, and Sleeping Beauty. Even Jafar from Aladdin is Better With Sparkles.
The logo for Richie Rich, and a similar show, Goldie Gold and Action Jack.
Justified Trope in that the logos for their shows were supposed to be made of polished gold and/or diamond which do sparkle naturally.
The Animated The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, and The Return of the King rely on sparkles to an insane degree to illustrate magic... and also sword strikes, accompanied by "pew pew" sounds.
Hanna-Barbera character Mightor finishes his Transformation Sequence with a sparkly aura around him and his Non-Human Sidekick.
Mr. Sparkle MIISTAHH SUPAAKURU!
Barbie in general uses this trope to the max, but Barbie and the Diamond Castle deserves special mention for featuring sparkly puppies. One of which is actually named Sparkles.
Jessica Rabbit's red dress in Who Framed Roger Rabbit?. It only sparkles during her stage show, but that was due to the expense of doing it the rest of her screen time.
An episode of Jimmy Two-Shoes had a sleeping Heloise get covered in sparkles to go along with a bit of Ship Tease.
The Secret of NIMH. "You've got a sparkly!
The sparkles in the Shrek movies were nicknamed "Disney Dust" by the animators.
Jem. Many of the terrifyingly fashionable clothes the band wears have sparkles...and then there's the videos. SPARKLE VIDEOS.
P.J. Sparkles is overflowing with sparkles. The title even tells us so.
Winx Club has each of the girls' fairy wardrobe sprinkled in sparkles.
Some of the girls have even worn sparkly wardrobe once...or twice...or more.
Twilight Sparkle, anyone? In the show, magic is indicated by sparkly halos, so it's not surprising that the pony with "Sparkle" in her name represents the Element of Magic.
The The Legend of Korra episode "Welcome to Republic City" has a Bishie Sparkle...for a Hobos's bush. When the trope title says "everything", it means "everything".
When the true Princess in The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland revives dying plants, it's in a shower of sparkles.
Kathy Cano Murillo and her crafty video campaign to get Ellen DeGeneres to use glitter.
Pretty much every single outfit by Lady Gaga.
Ke$ha cites glitter as her hangover cure.
Figure skating. One male figure skater once commented about his costumes, "I am a glitter bomb and loving it."
Women's gymnastics.
Synchronized swimming.
Apparently Sarah Palin's televised presence is "so sparkling it was almost mesmerizing. It sent little starbursts through the screen and ricocheting around the living rooms of America."
Sparkle World magazine is exactly what you'd expect from the title-- it features My Little Pony, Rainbow Brite, Strawberry Shortcake, and similar sickly sweet and sparkly stuff aimed at young girls.
Disney Theme Parks: "it's a small world". This also applies to a lot of there parades and stage shows.
When snow sparkles as it falls, that usually means it's good for making snowballs and snowmen.
Retrieved from "https://allthetropes.fandom.com/wiki/Everything%27s_Better_with_Sparkles?oldid=69893"
The Beautiful Tropes


text:
Северная Уньга — река в России, протекает в Кемеровской области. Сливаясь с Южной Уньгой образует реку Уньга в 25 км от её устья. Длина реки составляет 72 км.

Притоки
1 км: Тамбовка
8 км: Смотрик
19 км: Маручак
49 км: Таловка

Данные водного реестра
По данным государственного водного реестра России относится к Верхнеобскому бассейновому округу, водохозяйственный участок реки — Томь от города Новокузнецк до города Кемерово, речной подбассейн реки — Томь. Речной бассейн реки — (Верхняя) Обь до впадения Иртыша.

См. также
 Уньга

Примечания

Притоки Уньги
Реки Топкинского района
Реки Промышленновского района
Реки Крапивинского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Construction, calibration, and validation of the RBM10 water temperature model for the Trinity River, northern California
Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Bureau of Reclamation
By: Edward C. Jones, Russell W. Perry, John C. Risley, Nicholas A. Som, and Nicholas J. Hetrick
Document: Report (7.9 MB pdf)
First posted March 31, 2016
For additional information, contact:
Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
http://wfrc.usgs.gov/
We constructed a one-dimensional daily averaged water-temperature model to simulate Trinity River temperatures for 1980–2013. The purpose of this model is to assess effects of water-management actions on water temperature and to provide water temperature inputs for a salmon population dynamics model. Simulated meteorological data, observed streamflow data, and observed water temperatures were used as model inputs to simulate a continuous 34-year time series of historical daily mean water temperature at eight locations along 112.2 river miles from Lewiston Dam near Weaverville, California, downstream to the Klamath River confluence. To demonstrate the utility of the model to inform management actions, we simulated three management alternatives to assess the effects of bypass flow augmentation in a drought year, 1994, and compared those results to the simulated historical baseline, referred to as the "No Action" alternative scenario. Augmentation flows from the Lewiston Dam bypass consist of temperature-controlled releases capable of cooling downstream water temperatures in hot times of the year, which can reduce the probability of disease outbreaks in fish populations. Outputs from the Trinity River water-temperature model were then used as inputs to an existing water-temperature model of the Klamath River to evaluate the effect of augmentation flow releases on water temperatures in the lower Klamath River.
We structured the Trinity River water-temperature model in River Basin Model-10 (RBM10), which uses a simple equilibrium flow model, assuming discharge in each river segment on each day is transmitted downstream instantaneously. The model uses a heat-budget formulation to quantify heat flux at the air-water interface. Inputs for the heat budget are calculated from daily mean meteorological data, including net shortwave solar radiation, net longwave atmospheric radiation, air temperature, wind speed, vapor pressure, and a psychrometric constant needed to calculate the Bowen ratio. The modeling domain was divided into eight reaches ranging in length from 8.8 to 20.6 miles, which were calibrated and validated separately with observed water temperature data collected irregularly from 1980 to 2013. Root mean square errors of observed and simulated water temperatures for the eight reaches ranged from 0.25 to 1.12 degrees Celsius (°C). Mean absolute errors ranged from 0.18 to 0.89 °C. For model validation, a k-fold cross-validation technique was used. Validation root mean square error and mean absolute error for the eight reaches ranged from 0.24 to 1.11 °C and from 0.18 to 0.89 °C, respectively.
Augmentation scenarios were based on historical hydrological and meteorological data, combined with prescribed flow and temperature releases from Lewiston Dam provided by the Bureau of Reclamation. Water releases were scheduled to achieve targeted flows of 2,500, 2,800, and 3,200 cubic feet per second in the lower Klamath River from mid-August through late September, coinciding with the upstream migration of adult fall-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Water temperatures simulated at river mile 5.7 on the Klamath River showed a 5 °C decrease from the No Action historical baseline, which was near or greater than 23 °C when augmentation began in mid-August. Thereafter, an approximate 1 °C difference among augmentation scenarios emerged, with the decrease in water temperature commensurate to the level of augmentation. All augmentation scenarios simulated water temperatures equal to or less than 21 °C from mid-August through late September. Water temperatures equal to or greater than 23 °C are of particular interest because of a thermal threshold known to inhibit upstream migration of salmon. When temperatures exceed this approximate 23 °C threshold, Chinook salmon are known to congregate in high densities in thermal refugias and show extended residence times, which can potentially trigger epizootic outbreaks such as of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis ("Ich") and Flavobacterium columnare ("Columnaris") that were the causative factors of the Klamath River fish kill in 2002. A model with the ability to simulate water temperatures in response to management actions at the basin scale is a valuable asset for water managers who must make decisions about how best to use limited water resources, which directly affect the state of fisheries in the Klamath Basin.
Jones, E.C., Perry, R.W., Risley, J.C., Som, N.A., and Hetrick, N.J., 2016, Construction, calibration, and validation of the RBM10 water temperature model for the Trinity River, northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1056, 46 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161056.
References Cited
Appendix A. River Geometry, Time Series and Water Temperatures, and Prediction Error, Trinity River, Northern California
Western Fisheries Research Center
vi, 46 p.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Can we finally say oil prices have found a floor?
Demand for oil is, in the words of OPEC, in a phase of "devasting contraction." That lack of appetite was again on display in the U.S., where weekly crude inventories again soared past analysts' worst-case scenarios, a sure sign that whatever glimmers of economic recovery there may be, they haven't yet trickled down to the oil industry.
And where are crude prices, which in any rational market would have sunk? Slightly up today, at about $49.67. No amount of bearish news, it seems, can push oil far away from the $50 barrier.
U.S. crude-oil inventories rose 5.6 million barrels to their highest levels since 1990, a much bigger jump than the 1.75 million barrel increase analysts were expecting. That came the same day that OPEC presented its revised monthly outlook, in which it pared an additional 430,000 barrels off its 2009 global oil-demand forecast.
"World oil demand is already out of its high demand seasonality achieving nothing but devastating contraction. Oil demand is suffering more and more from the world economic recession," the cartel noted, in between taking potshots at U.S. subsidies for ethanol.


text:
Меда́ль «В па́мять 200-ле́тия Миню́ста Росси́и» — ведомственная медаль Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации, учреждённая приказом Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации № 141 от 29 мая 2002 года. Упразднена приказом Минюста России от 16 октября 2007 г. № 201 «О внесении изменений в приказ Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации от 29 апреля 2002 г. N 120».

Правила награждения
Согласно Положению награждение медалью «В память 200-летия Минюста России» производилось за достижение высоких показателей в служебной деятельности и значительный личный вклад в развитие органов, учреждений и организаций Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации.

Медалью награждались:
 работники органов, учреждений и организаций Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации;
 другие работники федеральных органов государственной власти, граждане Российской Федерации и иностранные граждане.

Награждение медалью «В память 200-летия Минюста России» оформлялось приказами, которые подписывал Министр юстиции Российской Федерации либо лицо, его замещающее. Повторное награждение медалью «В память 200-летия Минюста России» не производилось.

Приказом Минюста РФ от 16 октября 2007 года № 201 приказ № 141 от 29 мая 2002 года «Об учреждении медали "В память 200-летия Минюста России"» признан утратившим силу.

Правила ношения
Медаль «В память 200-летия Минюста России» носится на левой стороне груди и располагается после серебряной медали «За укрепление уголовно-исполнительной системы».

Описание медали

Медаль «В память 200-летия Минюста России» изготовлена из латуни и имеет форму правильного круга диаметром 32 мм. На лицевой стороне медали по окружности расположен венок из лавровых веток, перевитый в верхней и нижней его части лентой. В центре — фигура двуглавого орла с поднятыми вверх крыльями, увенчанного одной большой и двумя малыми коронами. В правой лапе орла — скипетр, в левой — держава. Короны соединены лентой. На груди орла — фигурный щит. В поле щита — «столп Закона». На оборотной стороне медали, в центре, в два ряда расположены цифры «1802-2002». По окружности медали — надпись «Министерство юстиции Российской Федерации» и изображение двух лавровых веток. Все изображения и надписи на медали выпуклые. Края медали окаймлены бортиком.

Медаль при помощи ушка и кольца соединяется с пятиугольной колодкой, обтянутой шёлковой муаровой лентой шириной 24 мм. На ленте три продольные зелёные полоски шириной 5 мм каждая и две оранжевые полоски шириной 4,5 мм каждая. Колодка с медалью при помощи булавки крепится к одежде.

Литература

Источники
 Приказ Минюста РФ от 29 мая 2002 г. № 120 «Об учреждении медали "В память 200-летия Минюста России"» // Бюллетень Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации. — 2002. — № 7
 Приказ Минюста РФ от 16 октября 2007 г. № 201 «О внесении изменений в приказ Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации от 29 апреля 2002 г. № 120» // Бюллетень Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации. — 2007. — № 11

В память 200-летия Минюста России


text:
Q: Connect android phone to pc localhost not working loading the localhost in mobile browser works fine, it is loading xampp at address https://192.168.100.53 but not working for android app.i have also connected my app to online database at 000webhost.com..it also worked but in case of localhost my android app is not working...
the following things are done
1.pc and android mobile is connected in same network
2.i have used the pc ip address using ipconfig in run command
3.started apache
public class BackgroundTask extends AsyncTask<String,Void,String> {
        @Override
        protected void onPreExecute()
        {
            super.onPreExecute();
        }

        @Override
        protected String doInBackground(String... params) {
            String myurl = "https://192.168.100.53/PhpAndroid/getTD.php";
            try {
                URL url = new URL(myurl);
                try {

                    HttpURLConnection httpURLConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
                    httpURLConnection.setRequestMethod("POST");
                    httpURLConnection.setDoOutput(true);
                    httpURLConnection.setDoInput(true);
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text:
\section{Introduction}

Although the majority of massive stars are situated in their
parent clusters and OB associations, a significant population of
young massive stars exists in the field, some of which are
separated by hundreds of parsecs from known clusters and OB
associations (Garmany, Conti \& Chiosi \cite{ga82}; Garmany
\cite{ga90}; Massey \& Conti \cite{ma83}; Massey et al.
\cite{ma95}). Some Galactic field stars have high measured
peculiar (either radial or transverse) velocities and are
therefore most likely runaway stars ejected from a cluster (Blaauw
\cite{bl61}; Gies \& Bolton \cite{gi86}; Stone \cite{st91};
Zinnecker \cite{zi03}). A straightforward way to prove the runaway
nature of the field OB stars is to use the available kinematic
data on these stars to back-trace their orbits to parent clusters
(e.g. Hoogerwerf, de Bruijne \& de Zeeuw \cite{ho01}). Schilbach
\& R\"{o}ser (\cite{sc08}) make extensive use of this approach to
show that most Galactic field OB stars are formed in clusters.
Alternatively, the runaway nature of the field OB stars can be
proved via detection of their bow shocks -- the natural attributes
of supersonically moving objects (e.g. Baranov, Krasnobaev \&
Kulikovskii \cite{ba71}; Van Buren \& McCray \cite{va88}). The
geometry of detected bow shocks would allow one to infer the
direction of stellar motion (Van Buren, Noriega-Crespo \& Dgani
\cite{va95}), thereby determining the possible parent clusters
even for those field OB stars whose proper motions are still not
available or measured with a low significance (Gvaramadze \&
Bomans \cite{gv08b}; Gvaramadze et al. \cite{gvar10b}). It is
therefore tempting to search for bow shocks around field OB stars
in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) where accurate proper motion
measurements are difficult, while bow shocks can still be resolved
with modern infrared telescopes.

In this paper we present the results of a search for bow shocks in
the LMC using archival {\it Spitzer Space Telescope} data. Our
prime goal was to detect bow shocks produced by isolated, very
massive stars that have previously been qualified as runaways on
the basis of their large peculiar radial velocities (Sect.\,2). We
discovered a bow shock associated with one of these stars, the
O2\,V((f*)) star \object{BI\,237}. A by-product of our search is
detection of bow shocks produced by several other isolated OB
stars, and two of these stars are located around the 30\,Doradus
nebula (Sect.\,3). Implications of our findings for the problem of
the origin of runaway stars and the early dynamical evolution of
star clusters are discussed in Sect.\,4. We use a distance of 50
kpc for the LMC (Gibson \cite{gi00}) so that $1\arcmin$
corresponds to $\simeq 14$ pc.

\section{Very massive field stars as runaways}

The study of the massive star population in the LMC by Massey et
al. (\cite{ma95}) has shown that a large number of young very
massive (O2-type) stars is located at $\sim 100-200$ pc in
projection from star clusters and OB associations. This finding
was interpreted as indicating that the field can produce stars as
massive as those born in clusters (Massey et al. \cite{ma95}). An
obvious alternative to this interpretation is that the massive
field stars were actually formed in a clustered environment and
subsequently ejected from their birth sites via dynamical
processes (e.g. Clarke \& Pringle \cite{cl92}; Pflamm-Altenburg \&
Kroupa \cite{pf06}); i.e., the field massive stars are runaway
stars (Walborn et al. \cite{wa02}; Brandl et al. \cite{br07}). The
large separations from the possible parent clusters and the young
($\sim 2$ Myr) ages of the very massive field stars imply that
their (transverse) velocities should be as high as $\sim 50-100 \,
\kms$ (Walborn et al. \cite{wa02}). The large offsets from the
parent clusters and the high peculiar velocities are not unusual
for Galactic massive runaway stars. For example, the O4\,If star
\object{BD+43$\degr$ 3654} ejected from the Cyg\,OB2 association
is located at about 80 pc from the core of the association
(Comer\'{o}n \& Pasquali \cite{co07}; Gvaramadze \& Bomans
\cite{gv08a}), while the heliocentric radial velocity of the star
is offset by $56 \, \kms$ from the systemic velocity of Cyg\,OB2
(Kobulnicky, Gilbert \& Kiminki \cite{ko10}), which with the
transverse peculiar velocity of the star of $\simeq 40 \, \kms$
(Comer\'{o}n \& Pasquali \cite{co07}) corresponds to the total
peculiar velocity of $\simeq 70 \, \kms$.

The runaway interpretation of the massive field stars in the LMC
received strong support after the discovery that some of them have
high peculiar radial velocities, much greater than the systemic
velocity of the LMC (Massey et al. \cite{ma05}; Evans et al.
\cite{ev06}, \cite{ev10}). Earlier, Nota et al. (\cite{no94}) and
Danforth \& Chu (\cite{da01}) had found that the systemic velocity
of the candidate luminous blue variable S119 (HD\,269687) and its
circumstellar nebula is $\sim 100 \, \kms$ lower than that of the
LMC, so they suggested that S119 could be a runaway star.

To prove the runaway nature of the field massive stars in the LMC
unambiguously, it is necessary to ascertain their parent clusters.
The proper motion measurements cannot help solve this problem in
the near future. At the distance of the LMC, the transverse
velocity of $\sim 50-100 \, \kms$ corresponds to a proper motion
of $\sim 0.2-0.4 \, {\rm mas} \, {\rm yr}^{-1}$, which is too low
to be measured with high confidence using the ground-based
observations. The simpler solution is to infer the direction of
stellar motion via the geometry of bow shocks produced by runaway
stars (Gvaramadze \& Bomans \cite{gv08b}) or, in the case of
evolved massive runaway stars, through the asymmetry in the
brightness distribution of associated circumstellar nebulae
(Danforth \& Chu \cite{da01}; Gvaramadze et al. \cite{gvar09}). It
is worth noting that two very massive Galactic runaway stars,
BD+43$\degr$\,3654 and \object{$\lambda$\,Cep} (O6\,I(n)f; Walborn
\cite{wa73}), are both associated with spectacular bow shocks
(Comer\'{o}n \& Pasquali \cite{co07}; Van Buren et al.
\cite{va95}). One can therefore expect that some of the field
stars in the LMC will manifest themselves in such secondary
attributes of high-velocity runaway stars.

\section{Search for bow shocks in the LMC}

To search for bow shocks, we selected four isolated massive stars
with high peculiar radial velocities (Massey et al. \cite{ma05};
Evans et al. \cite{ev06}, \cite{ev10}) and added two isolated
O2-type stars, \object{BI\,253} (O2\,V((f*))) and
\object{Sk\,$-$68$\degr$137} (O2\,III(f*)), which Walborn et al.
(\cite{wa02}) suggests are runaways owing to their large
separation from their plausible birthplace in the central cluster,
R136 (\object{HD\,38268}), of the 30\,Doradus nebula. The details
of these stars (listed in order of their RA) are summarized in
Table\,\ref{tab:run}. For the first four stars, we give their
peculiar radial velocities, while the transverse velocities are
listed for the remaining two, inferred under the assumption that
both stars were ejected $\sim 2$ Myr ago from R136 (Walborn et al.
\cite{wa02}).

\begin{table}
  \caption{Summary of candidate runaway stars in the LMC.}
  \label{tab:phot}
  \renewcommand{\footnoterule}{}

\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\hline \hline
Star & Spectral type & $v$ ($\kms$) \\
\hline
\object{N11-026} & O2.5\,III(f*) & $\simeq 35^{(a)}$ \\
\object{Sk\,$-$67$\degr$22} & O2\,If* & $\simeq 150^{(b)}$ \\
\object{BI\,237} & O2\,V((f*)) & $\simeq 120^{(b)}$ \\
\object{30\,Dor\,016} & O2 III-If* & $\simeq 85^{(c)}$ \\
\object{BI\,253} & O2\,V((f*)) & $\sim 55^{(d)}$ \\
\object{Sk\,$-$68$\degr$137} & O2\,III(f*) & $\sim 100^{(d)}$ \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\tablefoot{
 \tablefoottext{a}{Evans et al. \cite{ev06}.}
 \tablefoottext{b}{Massey et al. \cite{ma05}.}
 \tablefoottext{c}{Evans et al. \cite{ev10}.}
 \tablefoottext{d}{Walborn et al. \cite{wa02}.}}
 \label{tab:run}
\end{table}

From our experience in the search for bow shocks produced by OB
stars ejected from Galactic star clusters (Gvaramadze \& Bomans
\cite{gv08a},b; Gvaramadze et al. \cite{gvar10b}) using the
archival data from the {\it Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX)}
satellite (Price et al. \cite{pr01}) and the {\it Spitzer Space
Telescope} (Werner et al. \cite{we04}), we know that the bow
shocks are visible mostly in $21.3\,\mu$m ({\it MSX} band E)
images and $24\,\mu$m images obtained with the Multiband Imaging
Photometer for {\it Spitzer} (MIPS; Rieke et al. \cite{ri04}). The
resolution of {\it Spitzer} $24 \, \mu$m images ($\sim 6\arcsec$)
is three times better than those of the {\it MSX}, so that in the
search for bow shocks in the LMC we utilized the MIPS data alone.

The typical (transverse) size of bow shocks generated by Galactic
OB stars (i.e. the extent of a bow shock in the direction
perpendicular to the vector of the stellar motion) is several
parsecs; e.g. the size of the bow shocks associated with the
above-mentioned massive runaway stars, BD+43$\degr$\,3654 and
$\lambda$\,Cep, is $\simeq 5.0$ and 2.3 pc, respectively. If
placed at the distance of the LMC, these bow shocks will have an
angular size of $\simeq 10\arcsec-20\arcsec$, which is comparable
to or several times greater than the angular resolution of the
MIPS $24\,\mu$m images. Thus, the bow shocks in the LMC can be
resolved with the {\it Spitzer} imaging data!

Visual inspection of MIPS $24\,\mu$m images\footnote{The images,
obtained in the framework of the {\it Spitzer} Survey of the Large
Magellanic Cloud (Meixner et al. \cite{me06}), were retrieved from
the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive
(http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu).} of fields containing our
programme stars revealed a bow shock associated with only one of
them, namely BI\,237. The non-detection of bow shocks around the
remaining five programme stars is consistent with the
observational fact that only a small fraction ($\la 20$ per cent)
of runaway OB stars produce (observable) bow shocks (Gvaramadze \&
Bomans \cite{gv08b} and references therein).

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{14871fg1.ps}
\centering \caption{MIPS $24\,\mu$m image of the associations
LH\,82 and LH\,88 (indicated by dashed circles). The position of
the O2V((f*)) star BI\,237 and its bow shock are marked by a black
solid circle, while the position of the O2\,III(f*) star
Sk\,$-$67$\degr$211 in LH\,82 is indicated by a white circle. At
the distance of the LMC, $1\arcmin$ corresponds to $\simeq 14$
pc.} \label{fig:BI237}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{14871fg2.ps}
\centering \caption{{\it Left}: MIPS $24\,\mu$m image of the bow
shock associated with the O2V((f*)) star BI\,237. The position of
BI\,237 is marked by a circle. {\it Right}: 2MASS J band image of
the same field.} \label{fig:BI237bow}
\end{figure}

Figure\,\ref{fig:BI237} gives an overview of the region northwest
of BI\,237 with two associations, \object{LH\,88} and
\object{LH\,82}, whose centres are separated in projection by
$\simeq 65$ and 120 pc from the star. (The approximate boundaries
of the associations are indicated by dashed circles; Bica et al.
\cite{bi99}.) The orientation of the bow shock generated by
BI\,237 (see Fig.\,\ref{fig:BI237bow}) suggests that the more
likely parent association of the star is LH\,82. LH\,82 contains
another very massive star, \object{Sk\,$-$67$\degr$ 211}
(O2\,III(f*); Walborn et al. \cite{wa04}). Assuming that BI\,237
was indeed ejected from LH\,82 and given the young ($\sim 2$ Myr)
age of the star, one finds that its transverse velocity should be
$\sim 60 \, \kms$ if the star escaped from the core of LH\,82 soon
after the birth or higher if the ejection event occurred later on,
so that the total peculiar velocity of the star is $\geq 130 \,
\kms$. The angular size of the bow shock of $\simeq 20\arcsec$
corresponds to the linear size of $\simeq 4.8$ pc, i.e., a figure
typical of massive runaway stars (see above). Using these
estimates, one can constrain the number density of the ambient
interstellar medium, $n_{\rm ISM}$. For the characteristic
(transverse) size of a (parabolic) bow shock of $\sim 2\sqrt{2}
R_0$, where $R_0 =(\dot{M} v_\infty /4\pi \rho _{\rm ISM}
v_{\star} ^2 )^{1/2}$ is the stand-off distance of the bow shock,
$\dot{M}$ and $v_\infty$ are the mass-loss rate and terminal
velocity of the stellar wind, $\rho _{\rm ISM} =1.4m_{\rm H}
n_{\rm ISM}$ is the density of the interstellar medium, $m_{\rm
H}$ the mass of the hydrogen atom, and $v_{\ast}$ ($\geq 130 \,
\kms$) the velocity of the star relative to the ambient medium,
and using the wind parameters of BI\,237, $\dot{M} =7.8\times
10^{-7} \, \msun \, {\rm yr}^{-1}$ and $v_\infty =3400 \, \kms$
(Mokiem et al. \cite{mo07}), one finds $n_{\rm ISM} \leq 0.1 \,
{\rm cm}^{-3}$, i.e., a reasonable number.

A by-product of our search is the detection of bow shocks
associated with four other OB stars in the field of the LMC
(Fig\,\ref{fig:4bow}). The details of these stars are given in
Table\,{\ref{tab:bow}. The spectral types of the stars were found
using the VizieR catalogue access
tool\footnote{http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR}. The last
column gives the possible birthplaces of the stars.
\begin{table}
  \caption{Details of bow shock-producing stars.}
  \label{tab:phot}
  \renewcommand{\footnoterule}{}

\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\hline \hline
Star & Spectral type & Association \\
\hline
\object{Sk\,$-$66$\degr$ 16} & O9.7\,Ib$^{(a)}$ & KMHK\,268 \\
\object{Sk\,$-$68$\degr$ 86} & B1:$^{(b)}$ & [SL63] 495  \\
\object{Sk\,$-$69$\degr$ 206} & B2:$^{(b)}$ & 30\,Doradus \\
\object{Sk\,$-$69$\degr$ 288} & B0.5$^{(b)}$ & 30\,Doradus ? \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\tablefoot{

\tablefoottext{a}{Evans et al. \cite{ev06}.}
\tablefoottext{b}{Rousseau et al. \cite{ro78}}. } \label{tab:bow}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{14871fg3.ps}
\centering \caption{MIPS $24\,\mu$m images of bow shocks
associated with (a) Sk\,$-$69$\degr$ 206, (b) Sk\,$-$69$\degr$
288, (c) Sk\,$-$66$\degr$ 16, and (d) Sk\,$-$68$\degr$ 86. The
orientation and the scale of the images are the same.}
\label{fig:4bow}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=18.5cm]{14871fg4.ps}
\centering \caption{MIPS $24\,\mu$m image of the 30\,Doradus
nebula and its surroundings. The positions of Sk\,$-$69$\degr$ 206
and Sk\,$-$69$\degr$ 288 and their bow shocks are marked by solid
circles. The positions of the three programme stars,
Sk\,$-$68$\degr$ 137, BI\,253, and 30\,Dor\,016, are marked by
crosses. The diamond point shows the position of R136. The dashed
ellipsoid indicates the approximate boundary of the association
LH\,113.} \label{fig:30Dor}
\end{figure*}

The bow shock produced by Sk\,$-$69$\degr$ 206 is located at
$\simeq 17\arcmin$ ($\simeq 240$ pc) to the west of R136 -- the
central cluster of the \object{30\,Doradus} nebula
(Fig.\,\ref{fig:30Dor}). The orientation of the bow shock is
consistent with the possibility that the associated star was
ejected from the 30\,Doradus nebula. Assuming that the ejection
event occurred $\sim 2$ Myr ago, one finds the transverse velocity
of Sk\,$-$69$\degr$ 206 of $120 \, \kms$, which is comparable to
the peculiar velocities of the candidate runaway stars in the LMC
(see Table\,\ref{tab:run}).

The bow shock produced by Sk\,$-$69$\degr$ 288 is situated (at
least in projection) within the association LH\,113. The geometry
of the bow shock suggests that Sk\,$-$69$\degr$ 288 is moving away
from the 30\,Doradus nebula, which is located at $\simeq
21\arcmin$ ($\simeq 300$ pc) to the west of the star
(Fig.\,\ref{fig:30Dor}). Although we have no arguments against the
association between Sk\,$-$69$\degr$ 288 and LH\,113, one cannot
exclude the possibility that the actual birthplace of the star is
the 30\,Doradus nebula. In this connection, it is worth noting
that the O5\,V star ALS\,19631 (Hanson \cite{ha03}) was suggested
as a member of the Cyg\,OB2 association on the basis of its
location within the confines of the association (Comer\'{o}n et
al. \cite{co02}). The astrometric data on \object{ALS\,19631} and
the geometry of the bow shock generated by this star, however,
suggest that this runaway was instead ejected from the open
cluster \object{NGC6913} centred $\simeq 3\fdg4$ west of the star
(Gvaramadze \& Bomans \cite{gv08a}).

The bow shocks associated with Sk\,$-$66$\degr$ 16 and
Sk\,$-$68$\degr$ 86 are located, respectively, at $\sim
3.5\arcmin$ ($\simeq 50$ pc) and $\simeq 2.5\arcmin$ ($\simeq 35$
pc) from the clusters \object{KMHK\,268} (Fig.\,\ref{fig:N11}) and
\object{[SL63]\,495} (Fig.\,\ref{fig:Sk}). Sk\,$-$66$\degr$ 16 is
located in the N11 star-forming region, not far from our programme
star N11-026 (see Fig.\,\ref{fig:N11}). We note the detection of a
bow shock-like structure associated with one of the most massive
stars in N11, the ON2\,IIIf*: star \object{N11-031} (Evans et al.
\cite{ev06}). This structure is facing towards the centre of the
parent association \object{LH\,10} (Fig.\,\ref{fig:N11+R81}a).
Interestingly, the radial velocity of N11-031 is $\simeq 30 \,
\kms$ greater than the median velocity of stars in N11 (Evans et
al. \cite{ev06}), which could be considered as indicating that
this star is a runaway as well.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{14871fg5.ps}
\centering \caption{MIPS $24\,\mu$m image of the N11 star-forming
region with the programme star N11-026 marked by a large cross.
The small cross indicates the position of the ON2\,IIIf*: star
N11-031. The solid circle shows the position of Sk\,$-$66$\degr$
16 and its bow shock. The positions of the association LH\,10 and
the cluster KMHK\,268 are indicated by a dashed ellipse and a
dashed circle, respectively.} \label{fig:N11}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{14871fg6.ps}
\centering \caption{MIPS $24\,\mu$m image of the bow shock
associated with Sk\,$-$68$\degr$ 86 (marked by a solid circle).
The position of the cluster [SL63] 495 is indicated by a dashed
circle.} \label{fig:Sk}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{14871fg7.ps}
\centering \caption{MIPS $24\,\mu$m images of (a) a bow shock-like
structure associated with N11-031 and (b) an arc-like nebula
attached to the candidate luminous blue variable R81 (HD\,269128).
The positions of both stars are indicated by circles. The
orientation and the scale of the images are the same.}
\label{fig:N11+R81}
\end{figure}

For the sake of completeness, we note also the detection of an
arc-like nebula (Fig.\,\ref{fig:N11+R81}b) attached to the
candidate luminous blue variable R81 (\object{HD 269128}; Wolf et
al. \cite{wo81}; van Genderen \cite{va01}; cf. Gvaramadze, Kniazev
\& Fabrika \cite{gvar10a}) and the $24 \, \mu$m counterpart to the
circumstellar nebula around the O9f star \object{Sk\,$-$69$\degr$
279} (Weis et al. \cite{we97}).

\section{Discussion and conclusion}

The discovery of a bow shock produced by BI\,237 lends strong
support to the idea that this and other isolated massive stars in
the field of the LMC are runaway stars (Walborn et al.
\cite{wa02}; Massey et al. \cite{ma05}; Evans et al. \cite{ev06},
\cite{ev10}). The young ages ($\sim 2$ Myr) of BI\,237 and other
O2-type field stars decidedly argue for their peculiar velocities
being explained by supernova explosions in binary systems (Blaauw
\cite{bl61}); the massive companion (primary) stars would simply
have no time to end their lives in supernovae. Moreover, the high
(measured or inferred) peculiar velocities of these stars cannot
be accounted for within the framework of the binary-supernova
scenario since it requires that the stellar supernova remnant (a
$5-10 \, \msun$ black hole) receive an unrealistically high ($\ga
200-300 \, \kms$) kick velocity at birth (Gvaramadze \& Bomans
\cite{gv08a}; cf. Gvaramadze \cite{gv09}). The only viable
alternative is that the massive stars were ejected in the field
via dynamical three- or four-body encounters (Poveda et al.
\cite{po67}; Leonard \& Duncan \cite{le90}; Kroupa \cite{kr98};
Pflamm-Altenburg \& Kroupa \cite{pf06}; Gvaramadze, Gualandris \&
Portegues Zwart \cite{gva08}, \cite{gva09}). Naturally, less
massive (late B-type) stars are also ejected from their birth
clusters by dynamical interactions (e.g. Kroupa 1998), but they
would be difficult to observe in the LMC.

The large separation of some of the O2-type field stars from their
plausible birthplaces implies that these stars were ejected soon
after birth (which also argues against the binary-supernova
scenario). This implication has an important consequence for
understanding the early dynamical evolution of star clusters since
it suggests that mass segregation in young clusters (the necessary
condition for effective production of runaway OB stars) should be
primordial rather than caused by the Spitzer instability. For
example, R136 was found to already be mass-segregated at its age
of about 2 Myr or younger (Campbell et al. \cite{ca92}; Hunter et
al. \cite{hu95}; Brandl et al. \cite{br96}; de Grijs et al.
\cite{de02}). But the Spitzer instability could be a very fast
($\la 0.5$ Myr) process if the birth cluster is very dense (e.g.
Kroupa \cite{kr08}). High-precision proper motion measurements for
the massive field stars are therefore required to determine the
timing of their ejections, thereby distinguishing between the
primordial and the dynamical origins of mass segregation in young
clusters (Gvaramadze \& Bomans \cite{gv08b}). Future proper motion
measurements with the space astrometry mission {\it Gaia} will
allow us to solve this problem. At the same time, N-body
experiments are required to quantify the expected differences
between the two types of mass segregation in terms of the ejection
of massive stars.

To conclude, the search for bow shocks in star-forming regions and
subsequent identification of their associated stars serve as a
useful tool for detecting runaway OB stars (e.g. Gvaramadze \&
Bomans \cite{gv08b}; Gvaramadze et al. \cite{gvar10b}), hence for
constraining the dynamical evolution of their parent clusters.
Further search for bow shocks around young massive clusters and OB
associations in the LMC (when necessary, accompanied by follow-up
spectroscopy of their associated stars) is therefore warranted.

\begin{acknowledgements}
We are grateful to S.R\"{o}ser, H.Zinnecker, and the anonymous
referee for carefully reading the manuscript and for useful
comments, allowing us to improve the presentation of the paper.
VVG acknowledges financial support from the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft. This research has made use of the
NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive, which is operated by the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under
contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
the SIMBAD database, and the VizieR catalogue access tool, both
operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France.
\end{acknowledgements}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


I haven't been to Bali, Indonesia yet, but I'll tell you, this place is really amazing! Though, I didn't know that we can see Mount Makiling from there. LOL. I could have taken a picture of Mount Makiling.
The house itself is what I call my dream vacation house —- great view, isolated, lots of plants, lots of mirrors, comes with a pool and jacuzzi (w/c during this time was not working), and wonderful landscapes.
We came here on the first weekend of May for our Team Building activities and we just honestly just enjoyed the place.
Getting here was a challenge though. We actually got lost. Better use Waze just to make sure. It is located in Brgy Tadlak, Los Banos, Laguna—just a 2 hr drive from Manila.
I'm not really good at describing things and leaving them to one's imagination, so here are some of pics that show how beautiful this place is.
Hope this made you feel like going to this place. For the contact numbers and rates, you can just google it. 🙂 (I wasn't the organizer so I actually don't know, lol).


text:
Wall Wasteland
Jesse Miller, AIA July/August 2018
The border wall runs the length of two Brownsville parks, dramatically altering the space. Photo by Veronica Gaona.
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The view from Anzalduas Park across the Rio Grande to Reynosa, Mexico. Photo by Veronica Gaona.
La Lomita Mission is tucked behind the levee where the border wall is planned to be built. Photo by MPC Studios.
A Border Patrol vehicle drives on top of the levee at the National Butterfly Center. Photo by Veronica Gaona.
At Sabal Palm Sanctuary, visitors must drive through the border wall. Photo by Jesse Miller, AIA.
The World Birding Center helps to highlight one of the few remaining beautiful natural areas along the Rio Grande. Photo by Paul Hester.
The levee and an irrigation canal sit between the state park and the World Birding Center. The wall will be built on the levee. Photo by Paul Hester.
The inspiring architecture and landscape architecture will be disrupted by the border wall. Photo by Daniel Lieberman.
I'm driving down a small, quiet road, the border wall in front of me stretching off into the horizon. As I get closer, I see the cornfield next to me end at the wall, the lines of corn continuing up into the sky along the steel slats that make up the wall. And then I drive through the border wall because the road goes through the border wall. I'm headed to Sabal Palm Sanctuary, a nature preserve situated behind the wall but still in the U.S. There is a lot of public and private land stuck between the U.S.-Mexico border and the border wall. Some of this land is home to public parks, as well as significant contemporary and historic architecture.
I visit Sabal Palm Sanctuary in Brownsville at different times throughout the year — to see the birds and butterflies on their migrations, to enjoy the tranquility of nature, and in hope of spotting the ever-elusive ocelot. Each time I turn onto Sabal Palm Grove Road, I'm met by the long rust-colored wall in the distance. The border wall doesn't keep me or others out of the preserve. The sensation of driving through the border wall may even attract people to the preserve. But, after the gross novelty wears off, it's clear that this is a detrimental neighbor to Sabal Palm. The wall interferes with the movement of wildlife, such as the pygmy owl, which can't fly high enough to clear it. The wall is intimidating. It looks bad. And it doesn't make me feel safe. It makes me feel on edge.
Contrast this with driving into Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge. Both Sabal Palm and Santa Ana were early-20th-century plantations built on the banks of the Rio Grande, carefully transformed into wildlife refuges. But there's no wall at Santa Ana. Just a calm drive with a gradual adjustment from rural surroundings into the "jewel of the National Wildlife Refuge System." It's an inviting transition, and Santa Ana is a great place.
A lot of reporting has been done on the border wall. Some people support the wall in their reporting, but most tell how the wall is ineffective, inhumane, environmentally harmful, and a waste of time and money. The Rio Grande Valley (RGV) in South Texas is the backdrop for much of this reporting. Brownsville is one of the cities in the RGV and is where I live. Here in the RGV, the line separating the U.S. and Mexico is a beautiful place. After all, it is formed by the Rio Grande as it calmly meanders back and forth until it reaches the Gulf of Mexico at Boca Chica beach. The banks of the river are made up of cities, fields, and natural areas — a culmination of centuries of rich and complicated history.
If we set aside the greater border wall discussion for a moment and narrow our focus to the context of the architectural profession, I believe architects must see the border wall as deplorable. The built world always suffers from poor public policy and bad infrastructure, and the wall is staggeringly bad policy and infrastructure.
There are two important points to state clearly up front. The first regards terminology. The government refers to the border wall in the RGV as a fence. Most people call it a wall because when you stand next to the 18-ft-tall structure made of vertical steel slats with horizontal steel bracing, it feels like a wall. Since most people call it a wall, I'm using that term, here. Second, the wall is not built at the border. The Rio Grande Valley is a river delta that received its name from a marketing ploy in the early 20th century. Like other deltas, the river winds back and forth dramatically before meeting the Gulf of Mexico. To build a wall in the middle or on the shore of the river is extremely impractical. So the existing border wall was built in lines and arcs a distance from the real border. Much of the Brownsville-area wall was built on existing levees. The nearest the wall comes to the river is around a quarter mile, give or take, but the distance stretches to over a mile from the river, in some places. Again, this means there is private and public land caught between the border wall and the border.
The federal omnibus spending bill passed in late March approves $1.6 billion for border security. $445 million of that money is for 25 miles of levee fencing (border wall), $196 million for primary pedestrian fencing, and $445 million for replacement of existing fencing. The majority of that $1.086 billion border wall is set for the Rio Grande Valley. The existing border walls built in the Rio Grande Valley under the 2006 Secure Fence Act have negatively impacted public and publicly accessible open space. The new border wall, soon be built, will impact more open space and significant architecture.
Brownsville is named after Jacob Brown, an army officer who was killed at an earthen fort on the banks of the Rio Grande in a battle leading up to the Mexican-American War. Most of the fort was damaged during the construction of the levees, and all that remains is a small raised area of earth. This same piece of land became the public Fort Brown Memorial Golf Course. In 2009, the border wall was built along the levee between the golf course and the rest of the city, and in 2015, the golf course shut its doors due to a massive drop in business. People debate whether the wall was the main reason membership fell off, but what is clear is that the wall is a definite indication of where the Border Patrol patrols heavily and where it doesn't. It's a clear marker of where you feel you freely have the right to be, and where you don't. Every time I've gone through the border wall opening at this place, I've been questioned by Border Patrol, some friendly, some not friendly. It's clear that this is their turf, and what makes it their turf is the wall. Before the wall, Border Patrol did not question every golfer and every tourist visiting a piece of history. This loss of freedom is part of what is at stake.
Less than a mile away from the original Fort Brown is Alice Wilson Hope Park in downtown Brownsville. This is the site where ferries docked, when ferries were the only way to cross the river between Brownsville and Matamoros. Years ago, an overlook was built in this park, providing a view of the river and across to Matamoros. In 2009, the border wall was built along the entire length of the park, cutting the park off from the river and blocking the view from the overlook. Today, the park is dead. It's a shady place for Border Patrol agents to park their dusty SUVs under lonely trees. This loss of value of public parks is part of what's at stake.
Brownsville and other cities in the RGV have strikingly low amounts of public open space. Brownsville has approximately .02 acres of park per 100 people. The average for other similarly sized U.S. cities is 2.6 acres per 100 residents. The border wall runs along two of Brownsville's parks. Upriver, the non-walled Anzalduas Park in Hidalgo County is an incredible park on the banks of the Rio Grande. Like Sabal Palm and the former Fort Brown Memorial Golf Course, Anzalduas Park will soon be separated from residents by a new border wall. There are other spaces, as well as historic and award-winning architecture, that will also be impacted, including La Lomita Mission, the National Butterfly Center, and the World Birding Center at Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park. Santa Ana has been spared, for now, thanks to the hard work of activists lobbying members of Congress. The omnibus bill specifically forbids funding for any border wall at Santa Ana.
La Lomita Mission was built in 1899 and is part of the Catholic Diocese of Brownsville. The tiny 800-sf chapel is the namesake of the nearby town of Mission and is on the National Register of Historic Places. This example of turn-of-the-century architecture sits approximately 100 ft away from the levee where the border wall will be built. With a wall towering over the humble chapel and clearly delineating the off-limits portion of the United States, fewer people will feel comfortable visiting the site. This may hamper any future efforts to continue restoration of the building.
I'm not going to be naive about this chapel: It's not a wildly popular attraction. There are few people who visit the chapel, some lighting candles on the altar, and the municipal park that shares the land with the chapel is overgrown and clearly unused. Moreover, the informational plaques on site tell an incomplete story of the history of the mission and the historical period it represents. The mission was given to oblate priests by René Guyard "for the propagation of the faith among the barbarians." An acknowledgement on site of the enslavement and genocide of native peoples by Spanish and Anglo colonizers would go far in making the site more historically accurate. The point is, La Lomita's faults are not causing us to lose a significant piece of historic architecture. We're losing it because an illogical public policy is being implemented. The irony here is the wall reiterates the history of indiscriminate colonial expansion.
The World Birding Center at Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park faces a proximity dilemma similar to that of La Lomita Mission. The Lake|Flato-designed building sits next to the levee where the border wall will be built. The levee at this point is more than a mile from the river, the actual border. This award-winning example of sustainable architecture was designed to gracefully integrate into the natural surroundings. The landscape architecture highlights the natural systems of the surrounding site. The juxtaposition of this architectural design and a steel slatted wall may make for an esoteric academic inquiry someday, but the reality is, this space will be damaged.
On the other side of the levee is the rest of the state park — most of it, in fact. There, you can find a hawk tower, an inviting structure that takes visitors up above the treetops to get a bird's-eye view of the park — where, it is to be hoped, they catch a glimpse of a hawk soaring across the sky. This structure, along with the trails and other attractions, will be behind the border wall but possibly still accessible via a gate. But the wall flies in the face of the architectural design of the visitor's center, and not everyone will feel comfortable visiting the public park. All of this for a wall that won't stop any of the things its proponents say it will.
The National Butterfly Center (NBC) is a nonprofit organization on 100 acres located one mile east of Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park. The same levee that runs through the Bentsen-Rio Grande and beside La Lomita runs through the NBC, dividing the land into approximately 30 acres to the north and 70 acres to the south. On the northern 30 acres sits a simple but striking building designed by Cooper Joseph Studio (now Studio Joseph), one that gives visitors a sense of the beauty and importance of the NBC and its mission. The landscape architecture by Thomas Balsley Associates and Studio Outside provides a delightful and engaging transition from the parking lot to the building and butterfly gardens beyond. This will be interrupted by the border wall when it's built on the levee. The wall may not have as strong a visual impact on NBC as on Bentsen-Rio Grande or La Lomita; the real impact will be on the expansion the NBC is currently building.
The 70 acres between the levee (and future wall) and the Rio Grande is being planted, and a constructed wetland is being built. This piece of land bumps right up against the Rio Grande. The educational and ecotourism potential of these 70 acres is incredible. This habitat is no place for a border wall.
What is particularly infuriating about this new round of border wall is that we are not learning from our past. The first real border wall was built in 1994 in California, approved by President Clinton. Since then, more walls have been built, more people are crossing, and more drugs are crossing. The real impact of the border walls is that they make border crossing deadlier. Smugglers have told refugees and migrants it is easier to cross at the more desolate parts of the border, rather than navigating through the more populated areas where the border walls are. While some migrants do climb over the walls, many use the smugglers and choose the desolate areas. This has led to at least 7,000 border crossing deaths since the 1990s when the first border wall was built. 7,000 is an underestimate.
International politics are complicated, and simple proposals too often get the most attention. People understand boots on the ground, drones in the sky, and big construction projects. People don't as readily understand comprehensive border policy. Because of this, in an oversimplified world, a border wall is a solution to stop people, drugs, and other things from crossing the border. We don't live in an oversimplified world.
Every day, thousands of people cross the US-Mexico border to go to work or school on the other side. Every day, thousands of people visit their family members on the other side. Twice a year, millions of birds and insects cross the border during their migrations. Crossing the border is a necessary activity. This everyday need to cross the border is becoming more and more difficult with increased militarization of the border.
Each part of the border is unique in its culture, climate, tradition, history, and future. The idea of a single, unvarying wall along the entire border goes against all of these realities. A single border wall sets out to accomplish the impossible: stopping people and things from crossing the border. Undocumented crossings of people and things is fluid and cannot be addressed by an immovable wall. Refugees will always find a way to get to a safer place. Drug-runners will always find a way to get their products to the people who want to buy them. Controlling these things will not be a consequence of border walls. Policy is the effective tool.
A consequence of the border wall that I find particularly troubling is that there are future public spaces and architecture projects that will never come to be because of this wall. Walling ourselves off from the Rio Grande is extraordinarily short-sighted. In the U.S., we are only recently rediscovering how valuable our rivers are — the ways in which they are great hosts for incredible public spaces and architecture. Imprudently, we are going to spend more than a billion dollars to prevent future development of our southernmost river.
To make the point one more time: The border wall does not prevent crossings of people or things. So why are our elected leaders pushing this? Why are some of us architects in favor of this idea? There are many other big-mistake infrastructure lessons we have learned from. Why are we not learning from the already failing existing border walls? Why do public spaces, property values, great architecture, and basic human decency need to be diminished? As architects, we should be adamantly opposed to ideas like the border wall, not only because they diminish public spaces and interfere with significant architecture, but because they create a future that is worse than the present.
Jesse Miller, AIA, is an architect with Megamorphosis in Harlingen.
View all posts by Jesse
J. Tom Ashley III, FAIA on 25th July 2018, 4:16 pm
Very true, Jesse, as you point out using the pointless, costly and dehumanizing
border wall as example. America, a multi ethnic nation with a Constitutional foundation
of ideals, aspirations and hope seem – blindly – to disregard past lessons of history.
War not peace; separation not integration. Hopefully this drought of logic and humanity
will one day be overcome. Thanks for your touching narrative.
Lewis Faulkner, AIA on 23rd August 2018, 7:50 pm
Jesse and Tom, do you lock your car or home when you leave it or your home at night? If we don't have borders that are controlled, we don't have a nation. If you don't like it here, why stay?
Make America Great and Strong!
Caren Burns AIA, IIDA NCARB on 24th August 2018, 11:47 pm
The wall is not needed if a massive move migration would not cause severe overpopulation in the United States. Dealing with overpopulation is far greater than a wall. Resources would be dwindled by staggering amounts. Present laws cause existing citizens to pay for food, shelter and healthcare. As the wall will prove out, society will move on and adjust. If only the southern border countries were not societies set up for the rich and the poor were left behind in horrible numbers. Imagine your present taxes being 60% of your salary. We learn in school to take care of our resources, land, fish, wildlife, forest, air quality. A sudden move migration of 40,000,000 people would devastate our environment. The wall is just temporary to allow a controlled flow of new citizens to our country.
Janie Martinez on 11th November 2018, 8:55 pm
For many residents, non residents who have yet realized the destructiveness of this wall, the certain anti freedom that has been built with such arrogance. To minimize south american entrance that is politically viewed as illegal is a catastrophe within the nation and especially the city of Brownsville. Not to mention the destruction it will cause in the environment, the unvoiced animals, historical buildings, all for the continuation of such wall. Great job in bringing these issues forward during times like this Jesse.


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text:
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are lost in patients with diabetic nephropathy
H. Makino, S. Ikeda, T. Haramoto, Z. Ota
Okayama University
The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy relative to the changes in the glomerular extracellular matrices was investigated. Renal tissues from 10 diabetic patients were immunostained with antibodies directed against heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HS-PGs), laminin, type IV collagen and fibronectin. Seven patients were nephrotic and had advanced glomerulosclerosis with nodular lesion, while the other 3 had no renal manifestations or minor glomerular tissue alterations. Controls included kidneys removed from patients with renal tumors and specimens obtained by renal biopsy from patients with IgA nephropathy. Relationships among proteinuria, intensity of fluorescence and glomerular changes were studied. In diabetes 3 patients with minor glomerular lesions were found to have no changes in various components of extracellular matrices. A marked reduction in the intensity of staining with anti-HS-PG antibodies was observed in renal specimens from patients with nodular glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria, while a mild decrease in the intensity of fluorescence was observed in tissues stained with antilaminin antibodies. An increase compared to normal control sample findings in type IV collagen and fibronectin was observed in the mesangium of sclerosing glomeruli. No loss of HS-PG was observed in patients with IgA nephropathy. These results indicate that glomerular extracellular matrix HS-PG is lost in association with diabetic nephropathy; this loss results in alteration of the charge-selective properties of glomerular capillaries. This alteration may, in part, be the cause of the proteinuria associated with diabetic nephropathy.
Nephron
Glomerular basement membrane
Glomerulosclerosis
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan
IgA nephropathy
Laminin
Type IV collagen
Dive into the research topics of 'Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are lost in patients with diabetic nephropathy'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Diabetic Nephropathies Medicine & Life Sciences 82%
Proteinuria Medicine & Life Sciences 32%
Extracellular Matrix Medicine & Life Sciences 28%
Fibronectins Medicine & Life Sciences 21%
Immunoglobulin A Medicine & Life Sciences 20%
Antibodies Medicine & Life Sciences 18%
Makino, H., Ikeda, S., Haramoto, T., & Ota, Z. (1992). Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are lost in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Nephron, 61(4), 415-421. https://doi.org/10.1159/000186959
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are lost in patients with diabetic nephropathy. / Makino, H.; Ikeda, S.; Haramoto, T.; Ota, Z.
In: Nephron, Vol. 61, No. 4, 1992, p. 415-421.
Makino, H, Ikeda, S, Haramoto, T & Ota, Z 1992, 'Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are lost in patients with diabetic nephropathy', Nephron, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 415-421. https://doi.org/10.1159/000186959
Makino H, Ikeda S, Haramoto T, Ota Z. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are lost in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Nephron. 1992;61(4):415-421. https://doi.org/10.1159/000186959
Makino, H. ; Ikeda, S. ; Haramoto, T. ; Ota, Z. / Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are lost in patients with diabetic nephropathy. In: Nephron. 1992 ; Vol. 61, No. 4. pp. 415-421.
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AB - The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy relative to the changes in the glomerular extracellular matrices was investigated. Renal tissues from 10 diabetic patients were immunostained with antibodies directed against heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HS-PGs), laminin, type IV collagen and fibronectin. Seven patients were nephrotic and had advanced glomerulosclerosis with nodular lesion, while the other 3 had no renal manifestations or minor glomerular tissue alterations. Controls included kidneys removed from patients with renal tumors and specimens obtained by renal biopsy from patients with IgA nephropathy. Relationships among proteinuria, intensity of fluorescence and glomerular changes were studied. In diabetes 3 patients with minor glomerular lesions were found to have no changes in various components of extracellular matrices. A marked reduction in the intensity of staining with anti-HS-PG antibodies was observed in renal specimens from patients with nodular glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria, while a mild decrease in the intensity of fluorescence was observed in tissues stained with antilaminin antibodies. An increase compared to normal control sample findings in type IV collagen and fibronectin was observed in the mesangium of sclerosing glomeruli. No loss of HS-PG was observed in patients with IgA nephropathy. These results indicate that glomerular extracellular matrix HS-PG is lost in association with diabetic nephropathy; this loss results in alteration of the charge-selective properties of glomerular capillaries. This alteration may, in part, be the cause of the proteinuria associated with diabetic nephropathy.
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KW - Heparan sulfate proteoglycan
KW - IgA nephropathy
KW - Laminin
KW - Proteinuria
KW - Type IV collagen
JO - Nephron
JF - Nephron


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Discover the Rue de l'Etroit Degré and the Gloriette quayside and wash-house by Lumière de verre.
The cooperative enterprise of muralists known as CitéCréation has been creating monumental mural works of all kinds since 1978: murals, decorations, scenographies, urban design, etc. And with all types of content, dimensions, styles and forms. These creations focus on meeting places or discussion areas. Their vocation is to reveal, highlight, and enhance monuments, industrial areas and services, or even whole districts or towns. As both designer and producer, CitéCréation is happy to bring together architects, landscape designers and other actors in the urban scene, visual artists, illustrators, graffiti artists, lighting designers... And, of course, the local people themselves.
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Each year, the City's graphic designers create colourful graphic creations to decorate the Saint-André Collegiate Church. They compete in creativity and originality to give life in the night to this magnificent building that has passed through the ages, today hosting exhibitions of contemporary art.
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"National has promised for seven years to lift exports from 30 per cent to 40 per cent of GDP. The latest drop in exports continues the downward trend, which see exports at 28 per cent of GDP, a drop of 32 per cent since National took office.
"National's economic policies have failed in the crucial area of exports. This is driving a low-value economy which leads directly to low wages.
"We cannot get wealthier as a country by selling houses to each other and milk powder to one market.
"National campaigned on economic management and have since cherry-picked their statistics to pretend the outlook is bright. It's time John Key and Bill English were straight with Kiwis: the economy is becoming increasingly vulnerable and the risks to jobs and incomes are rising.
"New Zealand needs a long term plan to deliver sustainable and diverse export growth. After seven years New Zealanders are yet to see one – the Government needs to lift its head out of the sand," says Grant Robertson.


A nano-brewery which started production late in 2017. As far as can be ascertained, their production seems to all be bottled.
Address uncertain; the map on their website points at the Thoroughfare, though the web domain is registered at Chichester Road. More details if they respond to our enquiries.


Locale errors are some errors regarding the language of a system. This typically occurs to new instances in the Wikimedia Labs cluster (running Ubuntu 12.04/precise). This page would walk you through solving that issue.
Using the pywikipediabot's interwiki.py script as an example here.
Such errors can break the interwiki bot script, making the script totally useless on that instance. Below is the way to solve this troublesome issue.