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Miscellaneous Bills: Hearing Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, Eighty-third Congress, First Session on S. 1949, to Amend the Act of September 8, 1916 ; S. 1995, Construction and Other Authority for Military Departments in Time of War Or National Emergency--see Also June 29 and July 2, 1953 ; S. 1996, Information and Educational Activities for Military Personnel--see Also July 2, 1953 ; S. 2038, to Amend Act of July 8, 1937, Authorizing Cash Relief for Certain Employees of the Canal Zone Government ; S. 2077, Authorizing Loan of Two Submarines to Government of Italy ; S. 2078, Providing for Deputy Disbursing Officer to Act in Event of Death Or Separation of Office of Disbursing Officer: S. 2194, to Authorize Sales of Army, Navy, and Air Force Stores at Military Establishments to Civilian Employees ; S. 2248, to Authorize Loan of Small Aircraft Carrier to Government of France. July 2, 1953
Judul Miscellaneous Bills: Hearing Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, Eighty-third Congress, First Session on S. 1949, to Amend the Act of September 8, 1916 ; S. 1995, Construction and Other Authority for Military Departments in Time of War Or National Emergency--see Also ...


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Should parents whose children are removed be ordered to pay support?
Updated: Jan. 02, 2013, 12:45 a.m. |
Published: Jan. 01, 2013, 11:45 p.m.
Rachel Dissell, The Plain Dealer
View full size A juvenile court judge's decision to order child support from parents whose kids are taken away from them has sparked some debate in the court. John Kuntz, The Plain Dealer
CLEVELAND, Ohio -- A juvenile court judge's decision to order child support from parents whose kids are taken away from them has sparked some debate in the court.
While Ohio law says the issue of child support should be addressed in all cases, some say that it could hamper the ultimate goal of reuniting families and that it is unfair that parents who draw a certain judge are treated differently.
For years, judges in the Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court have not routinely ordered support in those cases.
In some cases, judges have tacked a few sentences onto a custody order saying that any current support be redirected to the person or agency responsible for the child.
"But frankly there's been a period where we weren't really addressing it," said Judge Kristin Sweeney, who has been on the bench since 2005.
A clerk brought the issue to Sweeney's attention and she and others began exploring -- and debating -- what to do.
She decided, at least in her court, to try to follow the law. Court officials said that while each judge has discretion on interpreting the law, the conversation on the topic is courtwide and at least one other judge is working to find a way to address the support issue.
Assistant County Prosecutor Joe Young said Sweeney's decision to have her magistrates order support was met with some resistance.
"There is some philosophical opposition to this by the public defender's office," Young said.
Juvenile Public Defender Sam Amata said his office is not opposed to child support directives. But, he said, to have them ordered unevenly across the court is unfair, and absent basic guidelines, they could harm the reunification of some children with their parents, leaving them in county care longer -- which will be more costly.
"This was kind of treated as an experiment of sorts," said Brant DiChiera, the assistant public defender who handling the cases in which support has been ordered. "In fairness to [Sweeney], she can't force other judges to deal with this issue."
Sweeney said she thinks it is best to broach the issue of support at a later hearing, when a decision on custody is being made.
If parents are reunified with their children, the issue goes away, she said. If the county takes permanent custody, parents don't have rights or the responsibility to pay anymore. But if temporary custody stays with relative or the county, the parents can be ordered to help pay for their child's care.
The judge said if the decision is made at the tail end of the abuse, neglect or dependency case, parents will still represented by an attorney.
Amata said the public defender's office would prefer the matter be addressed after the case is settled through child-support magistrates -- the way it is done with other custody cases. That way, the issue of support isn't used against often poor parents.
DiChiera said that under Sweeney's current system, it appears parents will be ordered to pay a minimum of $50 per child a month -- though he can and does argue for a zero support order. For a parent working at a minimum-wage job or who is going through substance-abuse treatment and trying to maintain stable housing, even $50 can be a challenge, he said.
Those orders could snowball and if a parent isn't able to pay they could be held in contempt of court or pile up an arrearage that they could struggle to pay of once they get their child back.
In extreme cases, they could be charged years later with a felony if they don't pay back the money.
Sweeney said she wants to prevent new support cases from being pushed onto already overburdened child-support magistrates -- many of whom are scheduling hearings 10 months out.
Sweeney said the actual support decision is pretty simple. Information and numbers are fed into a software program and the amount of support that should be ordered is calculated.
But she agrees that the philosophical issues -- and the possible fallout -- are more difficult to parse.
Does someone who is incarcerated pay support? What about people who have six kids and no job? If someone is homeless, is he or she still ordered to pay $50 a month?
"Honestly I can see the arguments both ways," Sweeney said. "If orders are too high, will some people just give up?"
Young thinks that some of the arguments against ordering support are shortsighted.
He said anecdotal evidence shows that ordering support can help parents figure out how to budget to support their children in the long term. In some cases it can speed up the reunification process, he said.
Young also pointed out that the amounts of support ordered are not unreasonable and are based on a formula that includes the person's income and other obligations.
Judges also have the discretion to order no support.
'The public defender's office is likely to appeal one of the cases in the near future in which support was ordered, setting up a chance that a higher court will weigh in on the debate.
Juvenile courts in other counties said they routinely order support -- though the processes differ.
In Summit County, a court administrator said that for at least a decade support has been addressed in every case, mostly toward the end when other issues have been sorted out.
In Franklin County, the decision on whether to ask for support is made in conjunction with prosecutors for the children's-services agency, Administrative Magistrate Gina Palmer said.
If the county's support payments, they file a motion with a child support magistrate, she said. That is done after a decision had been made in the child maltreatment case. "They are in a unique situation to make that decision," she said."They know the details of the case, and they may know it would be worthless to ask [for support]. I think it has got to be done that way, on a case-by-case basis," Palmer said.
Lawyers for Cuyahoga County Children and Family Services are not taking an active part in the debate, Sweeney said. But as a matter of routine, each of their complaints against parents asks for support and continued medical coverage, a spokeswoman for the agency said in an email.
Crystal Ward Allen, executive director of the Public Children Services Association of Ohio, said that children come into the custody of county agencies for a number of reasons and ordering support in some might make sense and in others it might not.
"That's why the law gives judges discretion," she said.
In cases where a child is removed because of maltreatment, a judge can examine whether ordering support could hinder a parent from having the resources to follow through with steps to get their children back, she said.
But in other cases, she said, children may be in custody because of unruly behavior or their parents may have asked for their removal. Those families can be middle- or upper-class and able to contribute to the often high cost of government care for their child.
"In those cases, when a child's behavior is the issue, having a support order can be effective to keep a family engaged," Allen said.
DiChiera said he agrees with that. But he said that since Cuyahoga County is not ordering support in cases in which unruly or troubled children are removed, it creates an unequal standard.
"If you are going to follow the law, why not follow the whole law," DiChiera said.
DiChiera said a courtwide conversation and standard, like what was agreed on in Franklin County, would make the most sense.
"Otherwise we are going to just end up having a lot of court hearings and spending a lot of money on this issue, probably a lot more than they'll ever get in child support," he said.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Nakh peoples, also known as Vainakh peoples (Chechen/Ingush: , apparently derived from Chechen , Ingush  "our people"; also Chechen-Ingush), are a group of North Caucasian peoples identified by their use of the Nakh languages and other cultural similarities. These are chiefly the ethnic Chechen (including the Chechen sub-ethnos, the Kists, in Georgia), Ingush and Bats peoples of the North Caucasus, including closely related minor or historical groups.

The ethnonyms «Vainakh», «Nakh» and «Nakhchi»
Nakh peoples and Vainakh peoples are two terms that were coined by Soviet ethnographers such as the Ingush ethnographer Zaurbek Malsagov. The reasoning behind the creation of these terms was to unite the closely related nations of Chechen and Ingush into one term. The terms "Vainakh" (our people) and "Nakh" (people) were first used as a term to unite two peoples in 1928. It was subsequently popularized by other Soviet authors, poets, and historians such as Mamakaev and Volkova in their research. According to the historian Victor Schnirelmann, the terms "Vainakh" and "Nakh" were introduced more actively during the period from the 1960s through the 1980s.

History
Before 1920s however, there was a unifying term for both Chechens and Ingush used by some 19th century Russian generals, historians, ethnographers and cartographers. This term was "Nakhchi", or the modern lowland version of "Nokhchi", the term today is only used by Chechens and Kists. Some 19th century authors would include neighbouring peoples such as Ingush and sometimes Batsbi. The famous 19th century historian B.K. Dalgat who worked extensively in Ingushetia, wrote a lot about Chechen and Ingush ethnography. According to him, the term "Nakhchuy/Nakhchiy" was already a unifying term for both Ingush and Chechens.

This is not the case today, as most, if not all, Ingush would reject the Nakhchi ethnonym and consider it foreign. The rejection of this ethnonym was also recorded in 1872 by the ethnographer Umalat Laudaev who wrote:

However, it was mentioned by Peter Simon Pallas in the late 18th century that a clear distinction between self-designation of the Ingush and Chechens had already existed:

Russian historian Adolf Berge used this term for both Chechens and Ingush in 1859. The famous Russian linguist Peter von Uslar, who studied the North Caucasian languages, also referred to both nations in 1888 as "Nakhche". This term was also used by Potto, Veidenbaum, Gan, Dubrovin and many others during the 19th century.

The oldest mention of Nakhchiy occurred in 1310 by the Georgian Patriarch Cyril Donauri, who mentions the "People of Nakhche" among Tushetians, Avars and many other Northeast Caucasian nations. The term Nakhchiy has also been connected to the city Nakhchivan and the nation of Nakhchamatyan (mentioned in the 7th-century Armenian work Ashkharhatsuyts) by many Soviet and modern historians. Chechen manuscripts in Arabic from the early 1820s do mention a certain Nakhchuvan (near modern-day Kagizman, Turkey) as the homeland of all Nakhchiy.

Etymology
The etymology of "Nakhchi" is believed to have come from "Nakh" (people) + "-chi" (suffix) or "Nakh" (people) + "Chuo" (territory). Chechen researcher Ahmad Suleymanov claimed that the terms "Nakh" and "Nakhchi" are not the same, and have different foundations and different origins. Whatever the case, contempary historians and linguists agree that the ethnonym includes the term "Nakh" (people). Many historians such as Potto, Berger, Gan, Dubrovin believed that it meant "the nation".

Chechen ethnographer U. Laudaev offered a different etymology for the origin of the ethnonym Nakhchi:

Historical mentions of Nakhchi

The ethnonym «Ghalghaï»

The Ingush, a nationality group indigenous to the Caucasus, mostly inhabit Ingushetia. They refer to themselves as Ghalghai (from Ingush: Ghala ("fortress" or "town") and ghai ("inhabitants" or "citizens"). Some scholars associate it with the ancient Gargareans and Gelaï mentioned in the 1st century in the work of the ancient historian and geographer Strabo. In Georgian sources, in the form of Gligvi, modern researchers mention them living in the Darial Gorge at the time of the deployment of Mirian I's forces into the Darial Pass in the 1st century. They are also mentioned in the 18th century edition of   Georgian Chronicles during the reign of Kvirike III. In Russian sources, "Ghalghaï" first becomes known in the second half of the 16th century, in the form of "Kolkans"/"Kalkans", "Kolki"/"Kalki", "Kalkan people".

History

9th–12th centuries An association of clans called Durdzuks (Durdzuki) is mentioned by the Persian writers Ibn al-Faqih and al-Baladzori in the 9th to 10th centuries, stating "the construction of Chosroes Anushirvanom (VI) in Durzukia 12 gates and stone fortifications".
1239 Destruction of the Alania capital of Maghas (both names known solely from Muslim Arabs) and Alan confederacy of the Northern Caucasian highlanders, nations, and tribes by Batu Khan (a Mongol leader and a grandson of Genghis Khan). "Maghas was destroyed in the beginning of 1239 by the hordes of Batu Khan. Historically, Maghas was located at approximately the same place on which the new capital of Ingushetia is now built." However, there are many other theories as to where Maghas was originally located, such as in Chechnya, Kabardino-Balkaria or North-Ossetia.
13th–14th centuries Independence wars against Tatar-Mongol hordes and the army of Tamerlane.
14th–16th centuries The State of Simsir was a union of Vainakh teips. They started a national struggle of liberation from the Golden Horde. After the Mongol invasion, Islam started its spread in the region. The spread of Islam seems to have started in the lowland part of the Vainakh states at this time, associated with the advent of the Arabic language and Arabic writing. Inscriptions on monuments from this time, preserved in some Vainakh villages, also testify to this.
17th century – present Ongoing struggle over the independence of Chechnya; Ingush remain less openly rebellious, but still have a particularly problematic conflict with the Ossetes; Batsbi and Kists are considered Georgians and are part of Georgia (living mainly in the Tusheti region).
1829–1859 Caucasian Imamate
1917–1922 Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
1919–1920 North Caucasian Emirate
1921-1924 Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Russian SFSR

Social structure

Traditionally, Nakh peoples were known as a society with a highly developed and complex clan system. Individuals are united in family groups called "Tsa" – house. Several Tsa's are part of the "Gar" -branch or "Nekh"-road, a group of Gar's is in turn called a teip, a unit of tribal organization of Vainakh people. Teip has its own Council of Elders and unites people from the political, economic and military sides. Teips leave all cases to the democratically elected representatives of houses i.e. "Tsa". The number of participants of Teipan-Kheli depends on the number of houses.

Some believe that most teips made unions called shahars and tukkhums, a military-economic or military-political union of teips. However, this has been heavily disputed by several historians and ethnographers, including Dalgat who claims that most Chechens never used tukkhums. He also claims that they were only used by some societies in the lowlands.

The national scale issues were addressed through Mehk-Khel, the People's Council. Representatives of the Council were elected by each Teip Council and had an enormous influence on the destiny of the people. They could start a war or prohibit and prevent any teip from starting one. Mehk-Khel could gather in different places at different times. It used to gather in Terloy-Mokhk and Akkhi-Mokhk's Galain-Chozh region. A gigantic Mehk-Kheli stone still stands in Galain-Chozh, around which Mehk-Kheli members solved issues.

Political structure

Chechen-Ingush society has always been egalitarian, unstratified, and classless. Traditionally, there was no formal political organization and no political or economic ranking.
Many observers, including famous Russians such as Leo Tolstoy, have been very impressed by the democratic nature of the indigenous Chechen governments prior to Russian conquest. According to the Western Ichkerophile Tony Wood, the Vainakh peoples, in particular the Chechens (as the Ingush and the Batsbi have fallen under foreign domination much more frequently and as a result, the indigenous system and democratic values are less deeply ingrained), could be described as one of the few nations in the world with an indigenous system highly resemblant of democracy (others cited are often Scots, Albanians and Basques; notably, all three, much like the Vainakh peoples, are mountain dwelling peoples with a clan-based social organization and a strong attachment to the concept of freedom). In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a couple of Circassian tribes overthrew their traditional aristocracy and established a democratic, egalitarian society, with some adoptions from the Nakh system. This advance, which may have spread eventually to all of the Circassian tribes, was halted by their political state being annihilated by Russian conquest, a fate later shared by the rest of the Caucasus.

It is notable that the Chechen and Ingush systems, as well as the system later adopted from them by some Eastern Circassian tribes, resembles the typical Western democratic republic. It has a central government with a legislative body (the Mehk-Khel), a body resemblant of an executive branch (the Mehk-Khetasho) as well as a judicial branch (the other councils). The adat and other bodies have served as the constitution. The members of all three of the main national councils of the nation were elected, producing an indigenous democracy of the Nakh peoples.

During the Soviet Union period, as well as during the Ramzan Kadyrov's regime, the Teip-Council system was strongly criticized by the federal and local administration installed in Chechnya and Ingushetia, who viewed it as a destabilizing force and an obstacle to maintaining order. They said that such a system was illustrative of the anarchic nature of the Caucasian ethos.

The democratic and egalitarian nature, the values of freedom and equality of Chechen society have been cited as factors contributing to their resistance to Russian rule (in addition, there was no elite to be coopted by Tsarist authorities, as Wood notes).

Tower architecture

A characteristic feature of Vainakh architecture in the Middle Ages, rarely seen outside Chechnya and Ingushetia, was the Vainakh tower. This was a kind of multi-floor structure that was used for dwelling or defense (or both). Nakh tower architecture and construction techniques reached their peak from the 15th to 17th centuries.

Residential towers had two or three floors, supported by a central pillar of stone blocks, and were topped with flat shale roofing.  These towers have been compared in character to the prehistoric mountain settlements dating to 8000 BC.

Military ("combat") towers were 25 meters high or more, with four of five floors and a square base approximately six meters wide. Access to the second floor was through a ladder. The defenders fired at the enemy through loopholes. The top of the tower had mashikul – overhanging small balconies without a floor. These towers were usually crowned with pyramid-shaped roofing built in steps and topped with a sharpened capstone.

Buildings combining the functions of residential and military towers were intermediate in size between the two types, and had both loop-holes and mashikuls. Nakh towers used to be sparingly decorated with religious or symbolic petrographs, such as solar signs or depictions of the author's hands, animals, etc. Military towers often bore a Golgotha cross.

Traditional economy

Agricultural structures

Lack of arable land in sufficient quantities in the mountainous areas forced Vainakhs to use their territory of residence as efficiently as possible. They leveled the steep slopes, organized terraces suitable for agriculture. On the barren rocky slopes of rocks, which are unsuitable for agriculture, Vainakhs hew foundations for terraces. On carts harnessed donkeys and oxen, they brought black soil of the lowlands, and filled with it artificial terraces. For maximum harvest was organized by the entire irrigation system, which consisted of a small artificial stream canals connected with the mountain rivers, these canals were called Taatol, they also built a small stone canals called Epala, and quite small wooden troughs Aparri. Some scholars notably I. Diakonov and S. Starostin proposed that Epala and Aparri may correspond to Urartian irrigation canal name "pili" and Hurrian "pilli/a".
Some irrigation structures were built also on lowlands but they were less complicated.

Vehicles
Carts and carriages made by Vainakh masters were highly valued in the region and beyond. Products of Vainakh masters brought power not only to the Caucasian peoples, but also by such excess power to the established industry of Russia. To support non-competitive domestic producers, Russia overlaid Vainakh manufacturers with large fees. At this complaining Terek Cossacks in their letters to Russian Government, despite the fact that they are a natural enemy of the tree. In 1722 the Russian Army bought 616 vehicles for 1308 rubles, at a time when the annual salary of the governor of the three villages was only 50 rubles.

Carpet weaving

Since ancient times, the Ingush and Chechens have been producing thin felt carpets called Istang. Ingush and Chechen rugs are distinguished by a peculiar pattern and high quality. Jacob Reineggs, who visited the region in the 18th century, noticed that Chechen and Ingush women skillfully manufactured carpets and fringes. Istang - in translation into the Ingush language, it literally means "wives", since this was more of a female occupation.  Vainakh carpets were divided among themselves into different groups dependent on patterns:
 Сarpet with colorful ornaments (), ().
 Rug with fringe (), ().
 Plain rug, without any decorations or ornaments.
 Thick floor rugs ()
 Expensive wall carpet ()

Legends and mythology

Only a few fragments of Vainakh mythology have survived to modern times. These fragments consist of the names of deities personifying elements of animist ideas, Nart saga, cosmogonic tradition, remnants of stock-breeding and landtilling, totemic beliefs and folk calendar.

The greatest samples of Nakh mythology are the legends of Pkharmat, Galanchoge Lake, the epic war of Pkhagalberi (hare riders) dwarves against Narts, Kezanoi Lake, and myths about how sun, moon and stars appeared.

The Nakh myth of the legendary Pkharmat being shackled on Mount Kazbek by God Sela because he has stolen heavenly fire from him shows some parallels with Greek Myth of Prometheus and Georgian Amirami.
The legendary war of Pkhalberi (hare riders) dwarves against Narts can be compared to Greek "Crane and Pygmies war" by Said-Magomed Khasiev
The Golden Fleece myth seems to be bound to Nakh 11 years calendar tradition. In such a myth, ram skin was placed in an oak frame "Jaar" for 11 years, and produced golden fleece named "Dasho Ertal".

Legend of Kouzan-Am Lake

This legend has explicit parallels with Biblical Sodom and Gomorrah, Grecian Baucis and Philemon, and the Islamic Lot. It relates that there once stood a very rich town at the place where now there is only a lake. Despite their great wealth, the people of this town were afflicted with insatiable greed and covetousness. Thus it came to pass that the supreme god Dela sent his representatives in the guise of beggars, to test them. They begged the wealthy citizens to give them food, but were driven away with only blows and curses in return. Only one poor family in the village shared their food with them, keeping only a morsel of burnt bread for themselves, while giving an unburnt loaf of fine white bread to their guests. On leaving the house, the grateful strangers told the family that after some time had passed, water would begin to form puddles outside their front door, and that when this happened they should gather up only the barest of necessities, leave their home, and go to the mountains. The poor family heeded this advice, but, before departing for higher ground, warned the rich of the town of the impending disaster, and begged them to follow them, but, such was the avarice of the rich folk, that they would not abandon their treasures - not even to save themselves from a watery grave. That evening, the family watched from the mountains as a terrible catastrophe unfolded: they saw the water cover their house and with it the greedy folk who had stayed behind. To commemorate the terrible flood, the  Vainakhs named the newly-formed lake Kouzan-am/Kezenoyam 'lake of sorrow and cruelty'.

Interestingly, the tradition of an ancient settlement associated with the lake is borne out by the archeological record for the area: traces of human habitation dating back as far as 40,000 BC have been found near Kouzan-am. Cave paintings, artifacts, and other archaeological evidence bear witness to continuous habitation for some 8,000 years. People living in these settlements used tools, fire, and clothing made of animal skins.

Legend of Galain-Am Lake

Legend has it that two women once decided to wash their laundry in the purest water to be found near their village, and that this water proved to be that of the sacred Lake Galain-am, abode of Tusholi, daughter of the Vainakh supreme deity Dela. The goddess, outraged at such sacrilege, punished the offenders by  turning them into two stones. This, however, did not solve the problem of the ritually impure lake and the enraged goddess could no longer bear to dwell in its sullied waters. Emerging from them, she assumed the form of a supernatural bull, and began systematically to destroy the villages that dotted the hillside. This destruction continued until, at last, the bull was tamed in the aul of Ame in the area named Galain-Chazh (after the Galay-teip, a clan later deported en masse to Kazakhstan in 1944). The inhabitants of Galain-Chazh harnessed the energies of the newly-tamed animal, availing themselves of its mighty strength to plough their fields; but the following Spring torrential rain began to fall upon the fields which the sacred animal had ploughed. This pelting rain continued to flood the fields until at last they disappeared beneath the waters of a new lake, into which Tusholi gratefully disappeared, rejoicing in the purity of her newly-formed abode.

Cosmology and creation

In ancient Nakh cosmology, the universe was created by the supreme god Dela. Earth, created in three years, was three times larger than the heavens and was propped up on gigantic bull horns. The realm of the Vainakh Gods lay above the clouds. Ishtar-Deela was the ruler of the subterranean world, Deeli-Malkhi. Deeli-Malkhi was larger than the human realm  and took seven years to create. Nakhs believed that when the sun sets in the west it goes to the netherworld and rises out of it in the East. Deeli-Malkhi was not an evil realm of the dead or undead, but not far removed in morality from the upper world - even superior to it in some respects - most notably in its social structures. Unlike in certain other religions, there was no judgment in the afterlife.
Dela-Malkh was the sun god playing a central role in religious celebrations. On 25 December Nakhs celebrated Sun Festival in honour of the Sun God's birthday.

The names of stars and constellations were also connected to myths:
 Milky Way as the route of scattered straw ()
 Great Bear as the seven brothers' seven stars () meets 7 sons of the god of the universe Tq'a. In the Ingush version of the legend Pkharmat, seven sons of Tq'a were punished by his wife Khimekhninen for help Magal, stealing fire from Tq'a. She lifted them up into the air, far from land that they have become the seven stars.
 Gemini ()
 Sirius, Betelgeuse and Procyon as Tripodstar ()
 Orion as Evening star ()
 Capricornus as Roofing towers  ()
 Venus depending on daytime as sunset star () and sunrise star (). The name of the planet is Dilbat

Religion

During the Middle Ages, Vainakh society felt a strong Byzantine influence that led to the adoption of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in some parts of the country (particularly the mountainous South). However, Christianity did not last long. After the devastation of the country by Tamerlane, Christianity was extinguished (due to the temporary loss of contacts between Georgia and Nakh Christians) and gradually the Chechens and Ingush returned to their native, pagan beliefs (while the Bats were permanently Christianized). Islam began to spread on Nakh peoples lands from 16th and 17th centuries.

Vainakhs are predominantly Muslim of the Shafi`i school of thought of Sunni Islam. The majority of Chechens (approx. 2 million) and Ingush (approx. 1 million people) are Muslim of the Shafi`i school. Kists (about 15,400 people) are mainly Sunni Muslims with a Georgian Orthodox minority, while Bats (approx. 3,000 people) are Christian (Georgian Orthodox).

By rite, most Chechens are Qadiris, with a considerable Naqshbandi minority. There is also a tiny Salafi minority (Sunni sect). The two main groups (Salafism is more of a modern introduction to the region, and is still considered to be completely foreign) have often had divergent responses to events (for example, the Qadiri authorities initially backing the Bolsheviks who promised to grant freedom to the Chechens from Russia; while the Naqshbandis were more sceptical of the Bolsheviks' sincerity).

However, as is also the case with other North Caucasian groups, such as the Avars, Abkhaz, and Circassians, Islam did not wipe out all traces of the native religion. Many Chechens and Ingush even refer to the God of the Muslim religion (usually "Allah", from Arabic) as "Dela", who is the head god of the original Nakh pantheon (parallel to how Georgians refer to the Christian God as Ghmerti, their original main god). The Nakh interpretation of Sharia often is more resemblant of the adat than of Sharia as practiced in other Muslim countries, though some note that this may actually be closer to the original intent in some ways. There is a saying that "Muhammad may have been an Arab, but Allah is Chechen for sure", emphasizing this attitude towards the restrictive Islam of the Middle East that is often imagined in the West as representing the behavior and culture of all Muslims. Despite syncretism, most Nakh peoples are often regarded as either "Muslim people" (in the case of Ingush, Kists and Chechens), or as "Orthodox Christian people" (Batsbi). Nonetheless, worship of the original pantheon for the most part has no modern continuity and was replaced by Islam, despite some syncretism (i.e. building mosques consistently near streams, where temples were, reverence for the adat, etc.).

There is considerable tension among Chechens about religion. This largely asserts itself in the conflict between the pan-Islamist/Wahhabi/Salafi creed which vows to "cleanse Islam of impurity and syncretism" (i.e. de-Chechenize Islam in Chechnya to bring it more in line with global Islam), and those who view the indigenous form as superior, or otherwise as a national custom to be defended. Among the claimant governments for the land of Ichkeria, both the Western exiled Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and the Russian installed Kadyrov regime are largely hostile to Wahhabism/Salafism, while the reaction of the Caucasus Emirate is considerably more positive, though still at times rather uncomfortable towards it (see certain statements by Dokka Umarov, for example). The Kadyrov government, meanwhile, opposes Wahhabism in name, but still rules Chechnya with a rather harsh interpretation of Sharia law, including banning of bare-headed women in public, mandatory Qu'ran study in schools (with the interpretation favored by the government promoted), the death penalty for suspected homosexuality and so on. The exiled Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, meanwhile, has consistently stated both that the indigenous interpretation is a national trait (to be preserved) and that Ichkeria should be a secular national state, and while Islam may certainly be a part of the Chechen identity at times, it is certainly neither a requirement nor more important than any other aspect.

This attitude has been largely prevalent (except for in 1998 when Maskhadov briefly allowed Sharia courts to appear due to intense pressure from his opponents, including Shamil Basayev and Salman Raduyev, in an attempt to find unity by compromise). It is noted by many observers, Chechen, Russian (such as Valery Tishkov) and Western (such as Paul B. Henze, as well as Tony Wood and Anatol Lieven), that often, as seen in countries like Turkey and Albania, nationalist imagery and symbols — particularly the wolf, an animal viewed as symbolic of the Chechen nation — is given far more importance than religion.

Burial vaults or crypts remained from the pagan period in the history of Vainakhs, before some of them converted to Islam in the 16th century (Islam has spread throughout the entire region only in the 17th century). They were built either a bit deepening into the ground or half underground and on the surface. The latter formed whole "towns of the dead" on the outskirts of the villages and reminded sanctuaries from the outside, with a dummy vaults constructed of overlapping stones. The deceased were placed on the special shelves in the crypts, in clothes and decorations and arms.

The general Islamic rituals established burials with the further penetration of Islam inside the mountainous regions of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Stone steles, churts, inscribed with prayers and epitaphs, began to be erected at the graves and more prosperous mountaineers were honoured with mausoleums after death. The Borgha-Kash Mausoleum dating to the very beginning of the 15th century and built for a Noghai prince is a good example of this.

Genetics

A 2011 study by Oleg Balanovsky and a number of other geneticists showed that the Y-DNA haplogroup J2a4b* (a subclade of J2, located mainly in the Middle East, Caucasus and Mediterranean) was highly associated with Nakh peoples. J2a4b* accounted for the majority of the Y-chromosomes of Ingush and Chechen men, with the Ingush having a much higher percentage, 87.4%, than Chechens, who had 51–58% depending on region (the lowest being in Malgobek, the highest in Dagestan and Achkhoy-Martan). In their paper, Balanovsky et al. speculated that the differences between fraternal Caucasian populations may have arisen due to genetic drift, which would have had a greater effect among the Ingush than the Chechens due to their smaller population. The Chechens and the Ingush have the highest frequencies of J2a4b* yet reported (other relatively high frequencies, between 10 and 20 percent, are found in the Mediterranean and Georgia).

Hypotheses of origins
The Vainakh have been referred to by various names, including Durdzuks in medieval Arab, Georgian and Armenian ethnography.

Historical linguists, including Johanna Nichols, have connected ancestral Nakh languages and their distant relatives to a Neolithic migration from the Fertile Crescent.

Another view, not necessarily contradicting the previous one, posits a migration of Nakh into their present location in the North Caucasus during the classical era, following the collapse of Urartu.

Igor Diakonoff and Sergei Starostin have suggested that Nakh is distantly related to Hurro-Urartian, which they included as a branch of the Northeastern Caucasian language family (which were dubbed Alarodian languages by Diakonoff). Several studies argue that the connection is probable. Other scholars, however, doubt that the language families are related, or believe that, while a connection is possible, the evidence is far from conclusive. Various interpretations of the Nakh-Urartian relationship exist: another, held by Kassian (2011), is that Urartian and Nakh's common vocabulary instead reflects a history of intense borrowing from Urartian into Nakh.

According to Amjad Jaimoukha, the mythological Gargareans, a group who migrated from eastern Asia Minor to the North Caucasus mentioned by Greek writer Strabo, are connected to the Nakh root gergara, meaning "kindred" in proto-Nakh. However, Jaimoukha's theory is unlikely as Strabo and other ancient Greek writers considered the Gargareans to be Greeks.

List of Nakh peoples

Contemporary

Vainakh (Chechen-Ingush dialect continuum)
The Chechen people are a North Caucasian native ethnic group, they refer to themselves as Nokhchiy (pronounced ). Their worldwide population is around 2 million, approximately 75% of which live in the Republic of Chechnya, a subdivision of the Russian Federation. Most Chechens are Sunni Muslims of the Shafi'i school.
The Ingush people are a North Caucasian native ethnic group of the North Caucasus, mostly inhabiting the Russian republic of Ingushetia. The endonym they use for self-designation is Ghalghai. The Ingush people are predominantly Sunni Muslims and speak the Ingush language, which, according to some authors, is mutually intelligible with Chechen, despite popular misconceptions, and they are closely related. Their total population is estimated to be ca. 1 million worldwide.
The Kist people are a Chechen sub-ethnos, belonging to Chechen teips, living in Georgia. They primarily live in the Pankisi Gorge, in the eastern Georgian region of Kakheti, where there are approximately 5,000 Kist people. Majority of Kists are Sunni Muslim, however, there are still remaining small pockets of Christian Kists in Pankisi, Tusheti and Kakheti.
The Bats people or the Batsbi are a small Nakh-speaking community in Georgia who are also known as the Ts'ova-Tush after the Ts'ova Gorge in the historic Georgian province of Tusheti (known to them as "Tsovata"), where they are believed to have settled after migrating from the North Caucasus in the 16th century. Their population is estimated to be ca. 3000. Unlike the other Nakh peoples the Bats people are overwhelmingly Orthodox Christians.

Historical
The following is a list of historical or prehistoric peoples who have been proposed as speakers of Nakh languages.

Sophene
According to Georgian scholars I. A. Djavashvili and Giorgi Melikishvili the Urartuan state of Supani was occupied by the ancient Nakh tribe Tzov, the state of which is called Tsobena in ancient Georgian historiography. Sophene was part of the kingdom of Urartu from the 8th to 7th centuries BCE. After uniting the region with his kingdom in the early 8th century BCE, king Argishtis I of Urartu resettled many of its inhabitants to his newly built city of Erebuni. However, Djavashvili's and Melikishvili's theory is not widely accepted.

Gargareans
Jaimoukha argued that the Vainakhs are descended from the Gargarei, a mythological tribe who are mentioned in the Geographica of Strabo (1st century BCE) and in Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder (1st century CE). Strabo wrote that "... the Amazons live close to Gargarei, on the northern foothills of the Caucasus mountains". Gaius Plinius Secundus also localizes Gargarei as living north of the Caucasus, but calls them Gegar. Some scholars (P. K. Uslar, K. Miller, N. F. Yakovleff, E. I. Krupnoff, L. A. Elnickiy, I. M. Diakonoff, V. N. Gamrekeli) supported the proposal that Gargarei is an earlier form of the Vainakh ethnonym.  Jaimoukha notes that "Gargarean" is one of many Nakh root words - gergara, meaning, in fact, "kindred" in proto-Nakh. If this is the case, it would make Gargarei virtually equivalent to the Georgian term Dzurdzuk (referring to the lake Durdukka in the South Caucasus, where they are thought to have migrated from, as noted by Strabo, before intermixing with the local population) which they applied to a Nakh people who had migrated north across the mountains to settle in modern Chechnya and Ingushetia.

Despite Jaimoukha's claims, Strabo suggests that the Gargareans were Aeolian Greeks and locates their homeland Gargara in Troad, in the far west of modern Turkey.

Tsanars and Tzanaria
The Tsanars were a people of East-Central Northern Georgia, living in an area around modern Khevi. Tsanaria was their state, and it distinguished itself by the decisive role it and its people played in fending off the Arab invasion of Georgia.  Their language is thought by many historians (including Vladimir Minorsky and Amjad Jaimoukha) to be Nakh, based on placenames, geographic location, and other such evidence. However, there is opposition to the theory that theirs was a Nakh language. Others claim they spoke a Sarmatian language like Ossetic. The Tsanars, too, eventually were assimilated within Georgiandom.

Ghlighvi
Ghlighvi has been a historical name for the Ingush, deriving from their ethnonym Ghalghaï. It was mentioned by Vakhushti of Kartli in 1745, a Georgian noble.

Dvals and Dvaleti
The Dvals were a historic people living in modern-day South Ossetia and some nearby regions, as well as the southern parts of North Ossetia (South and West of the Gligvs, South and East of the Malkh). They integrated themselves into the Georgian kingdom and produced a number of fine Georgian calligraphers and historians. They also produced an Orthodox saint: Saint Nicholas of Dvaleti. The language of the Dvals is thought to be Nakh by many historians, though there is a rival camp which argues for its status as a close relative of Ossetic. Another theory posits that the Dvals were of Karvelian (Georgian) origin. Various evidence given to support the Nakh theory (Different scholars use different arguments.) includes the presence of Nakh placenames in former Dval territory, taken as evidence of Nakh–Svan contact, which probably would have indicated the Nakh nature of the Dvals or of people there before them, and the presence of a foreign-origin Dval clan among the Chechens. The Dvals were assimilated by the Georgians and the Ossetians. It is thought that Dval did not become fully extinct until the 18th century, making the Dvals the most recent Nakh people known to have disappeared.

Malkhs
The Malkhs were a Nakh people, who were deemed to be the westernmost Nakh people, and made an alliance with the Greek Bosporus Kingdom.

Durdzuks and Durdzuketi
Durdzuk is a medieval ethnonym used mainly in Georgian, Armenian and Arabic sources in the 9th-18th centuries, in which most researchers identify the Durdzuks as the ancestors of modern Chechens and Ingush. Some researchers localize the Durdzuks in the mountainous Ingushetia and identify them with the Ingush, others believe that during the Middle Ages the population of Chechnya was known to the South Caucasian peoples under the name "Durdzuks" (or "Dzurdzuks"),  and the population of Ingushetia under the names "Gligvi" The Georgian historian V. N. Gamrekeli claims that "Durdzuk" is definitely and, with all its references, uniformly localized, between Didoet-Dagestan in the east and the gorge of the Terek River, in the west.

The Durdzuks constructed numerous kingdoms, notably Durdzuketi; and they were noted for their exceptionally fierce devotion to freedom and their ability to resist invaders, ranging from the Arabs to the Scythians to Turkic peoples to the Mongolian invaders. They seemed also to have been employed as mercenaries by various parties. They had a written language using Georgian script (It is not known whether they spoke that language however.), but most of these writings have been lost, with only a few pieces surviving. After the 14th-century Second Mongol Invasion of Durdzuketi and the destruction wrought by the two invasions (including, as Amjad Jaimoukha notes, the destruction of their memory of their past), they radically changed their culture.

Isadiks
The Isadiks were an ancient Nakh people of the North Caucasus who were farmers. They were probably undone by Scythian invaders. A remnant of them may have been absorbed by the Vainakh, as their name can now be seen in the Chechen teip Sadoy.

Khamekits
The Khamekits were another ancient Nakh people of the North Caucasus who were farmers. They were also probably undone by Scythian invaders. A remnant of them may have been absorbed by the Vainakh, as their name may now be reflected in the Ingush teip Khamki.

Arshtins
Before the 19th century, the Arshtins were a Vainakh tukkhum living in between the Ingush and Chechens, with vague affinities to both groups, along the Sunzha River's middle reaches and its tributaries. The Arshtins were mostly known as Karabulaks, which they are called in Russian, from their Kumyk name. They also called themselves "Baloi".  They were variously considered to be an independent people, a subgroup of Chechens, or a subgroup of Ingush (further complicated by the fact that many in the 19th century, including many Ingush themselves, considered the Ingush to be a subgroup of the Chechens). Their language is thought to have been similar to Chechen and Ingush (not unlike today's Galanchozh dialect spoken by the Myalkhi tukhum).

The Arshtins eventually were wiped out by Russian imperialism. The late 1850s saw the end of the Eastern and Central Caucasian resistance to Tsarist rule; and in 1865, the Deportation of Circassians occurred. Although the Russians mainly targeted Circassians for expulsion or murder, the Arshtins also were victims. In May–July 1865, according to official documents, 1366 Arshtin families disappeared and only 75 remained. These 75 families joined (or rejoined) the Chechen nation as the Erstkhoi tukhum.

See also

Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush
Peoples of the Caucasus
Northeast Caucasian languages
Nakh languages
Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus
List of Chechen people

References

Jaimoukha, A., The Chechens: A Handbook, London and New York: Routledge, 2005.

Bibliography

External links

Vainakh information portal

Peoples of the Caucasus
Chechnya
History of the North Caucasus
Ingushetia
Muslim communities of the Caucasus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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We have just had our annual audit from SSAIB, our security inspectorate. Delighted to say we passed with flying colours for the sixth year running. Well done to the engineers for the excellent installations.
We are delighted to have upgraded the CCTV system at Ironsides Lubricants, Stockport to a High Definition remotely monitored system. This system gives four times the image quality of a typical analogue system, as well as notifying our Alarm Receiving Centre of any unlawful intruders.
Ironsides Director, Neil Cork says "We are delighted to have Security Services North West upgrade our CCTV once again. We have dealt with them now for 18 years and always find them excellent value for money, coupled with excellent service back up"
Hi, Peter, thanks again for the CCTV you supplied on the 24th 10th 2014. And a big thank you to Steve who fitted it. He was very polite, courteous, and efficient. I would no doubt use your company again, and recommend them anyone who's considering CCTV.
PS Still no e-mail from the other firm, glad I didn't use them!
It's 2.20am on 03 March 2014, and two men are detected by one of our remotely monitored CCTV systems at a scrap metal yard near Chester - at that time of the morning, obviously not out for an early morning stroll. One of our operators tannoyed the site and the men quickened their pace and ran off. Prior to this system being installed, this site had been targeted by thieves on several occasions. Since the system has been installed, they have not had any losses.


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I went to the farmer's market on Wednesday with these dreamy muffins on the mind—but the muffin booth wasn't there! So I took inspiration from the bunch of overripe bananas at home and made my own (but the oven wouldn't get hot, so I turned the batter into waffles).
I spent the next three days snacking on delicious waffles. Now I want some pancakes.
I got this necklace in my swag bag from the Create & Cultivate conference back in early May. I didn't put it on until a week and a half ago and I'm really digging it. I think it's fitting too, because I've been noticing all things three.
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Comedy/Drama is right, I laughed a lot and then cried at the end. It's not earth-shattering, but it's a nice story with some hilarity and heart.
I want my car to have working A.C.


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Four Theatre Superstitions, Turned To Traditions
There's no denying it, theatre folk are a superstitious bunch!
La Boite shares four theatre superstitions, where they originated from, and how they've become traditions to this day.
1. The Ghost Light is always left on
The superstition of leaving a theatre's Ghost Light on stems from a simple safety measure! A Ghost Light is a small bulb, that shines across the dark stage when the theatre is closed. At the end of the night, someone will turn on the light for late workers so they can see where they're going, given stages have many crevices and set-up equipment, including the orchestra pit.
BUT, that's not where the story ends...
Almost every theatre is said to be haunted by a ghost or supernatural being. Many superstitious folk say the tradition of leaving the light on started to ward off unwanted spirits in the theatre.
The origin of this superstition is unknown, with some claiming the Ghost Light is used for protection from 'restless ghosts' that wreak havoc, while others claim that ghosts will haunt cast members and bad luck will befall on the production. Whether you're a believer or not, leaving on the Ghost Light has been a tradition in the theatre for centuries, and continues to this day.
2. No one whistles backstage
Before the wonderful world of technology and advanced machinery, theatre companies employed theatrical fly systems made of rope and counter weights, to lift a production's scenery or props into place.
The fly systems date back to the 1600's, handled by backstage crewmen that would physically hoist items into the air. To do so safely, a combination of whistles were used as a cue to manually lift scenery into the air with ropes.
An actor who whistled backstage ran the risk of accidentally cueing stagehands to move, lift or drop scenery or props, which proved dangerous, and potentially life-threatening, for cast and crew that may be unaware of roaming items. To avoid creatives becoming the next 'theatre ghost', whistling was avoided altogether.
Decades later, it remains a tradition - with many deeming it an 'unlucky omen' for the performers and production.
3. Mirrors and peacock feathers are replaced as props
Did you know that mirrors and peacock feathers are often not used for props? While this superstition is less apparent in modern times, these two items are known to be 'bad luck' on stage.
The mirror superstition is a simple one - a mirror can easily reflect lighting and become a distraction or annoyance for audience members. However, the peacock feather is a bit more interesting...
A peacock feather's design is commonly said to resemble an 'evil eye', and while producers tend to ignore this omen, it's said to bring bad luck in the form of technical difficulties, forgotten lines and falling props or scenery.
4. A theatre is never 'closed'
Last but definitely not least, a theatre is never closed...
It's considered to be a bad omen to say a theatre is 'closed', as superstitious folk will say that this means the theatre will never reopen! When a theatre closes for the night, it is said to be 'Dark' rather than 'Closed'.
La Boite is only dark, and will only be dark, until beautiful, provocative and meaningful art can be created once again.
Whether you're new to the performing arts or a seasoned patron, it's smart to be in touch with the 'do's and don'ts' of the theatre! Believe it or not, the theatre is abundant with superstitions and traditions - so keep an eye out for more on La Boite's website and social channels.
6-8 Musk Avenue
At La Boite, we acknowledge the country on which we work, and the traditional custodians of this land - the Turrbal and Jagera people. We give our respects to their Elders past, present, and emerging. We honour the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, the First Australians, whose lands, winds and waters we all now share, and their ancient and enduring cultures. This country was the home of storytelling long before La Boite existed, and we are privileged and grateful to share our stories here today.
LaBoiteTheatre
Photography by Dylan Evans
Graphic Design by Sean Dowling
Website by Bigfish


The Audio Information Network of Colorado (AINC) is the only radio reading service for the blind/visually impaired in Colorado.
In 1990, David Dawson knew there was a need for greater access to information contained in print materials for the blind community. Dawson, who is blind, and a small group of volunteers began reading and recording newspapers, magazines and educational materials on reel-to-reel tapes in a tiny workspace. The Radio Reading Service of the Rockies gave its first broadcast in 1991. It was later renamed The Audio Information Network of Colorado (AINC) and is still the only radio reading service for the blind/visually impaired in Colorado.
The service has since grown to include more than 200 volunteers providing statewide programming 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Volunteers read from area and national publications, including The Denver Post, The Daily Camera, The New York Times and The Christian Science Monitor. The program that features reading of grocery ads and discounts is also quite popular. The service broadcasts in both English and Spanish over donated television audio bandwidth from Rocky Mountain Public Media. AINC also provides any equipment listeners may require to access AINC services for free. Dawson realized that not every person has access to a computer with Internet, so he worked with an electrical engineer to design and produce a special pre-tuned digital receiver with an antenna that can be used by itself to access the broadcast.
AINC also focuses on reaching and providing services to the state's Latino community, led by longtime AINC reader and board president Helen Moran. A former news anchor in South America, Moran moved to Boulder in 1996, obtained a master's degree in engineering at CU Boulder and is now CEO of Peregrine IT consulting company. Along with Moran, AINC has three bilingual staff members and many Spanish-speaking volunteers who have a strong commitment to expanding outreach and programming for the Latino community.


The Kentucky Chamber Day Dinner is SOLD OUT!
If you are interested in being placed on a wait list please contact Lori Jo Golf at lgoff@kychamber.com or 502-848-8727. We will contact you sometime after January 3rd if space should open up.
Visit the Kentucky Chamber Day Dinner website.
At the opening of the 2019 General Assembly, you are cordially invited to join hundreds of business leaders from across Kentucky as the governor and the state's top four legislative leaders (all invited) share their visions for Kentucky's economy, government and politics in the year ahead at Kentucky Chamber Day.
NOTE: Since this event always sells out in advance, you must cancel your registration 30 days prior to the event to receive a full refund.
Email Lori Jo Goff at lgoff@kychamber.com or phone her at 502-848-8727.
Overnight sleeping rooms are available at the Hyatt Regency Lexington Downtown for $135. The cutoff date to book a room at the discounted event rate is December 20, 2018.


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text:
Bordeaux Rock est un festival de musique rock créé en 2004 par l'association Bordeaux Rock. Il a lieu chaque année à Bordeaux pendant le mois de janvier. Créé afin de mettre en valeur la scène indépendante et rock bordelaise, la programmation est composée d'artistes locaux mais aussi d'artistes internationaux.

Chaque année, le festival se déroule dans différents lieux de la ville: des bars et clubs (L'Avant Scène, le VOID...), l'iBoat, La Salle des Fêtes du Grand Parc, le Cinéma Utopia etc.

Historique

L'association Bordeaux Rock a été créée, dans un premier temps, afin de célébrer la scène rock bordelaise des années 1980. L'association œuvrait alors en tant que label et sortait des compilations retraçant l'histoire du rock à Bordeaux. Le festival était, dans un premier temps, un moyen de fêter la sortie de ces compilations en invitant les groupes mis à l'honneur.

Aujourd'hui, le festival Bordeaux Rock est devenu un évènement important dans le paysage culturel bordelais, en réunissant plus de  en 2019.

Programmation

Le Rock en ville est une soirée traditionnelle du festival qui a lieu tous les ans dans plusieurs bars à concerts du quartier Saint-Michel. Cette soirée est consacrée à la scène locale et sont programmés chaque année une vingtaine de groupes bordelais du moment. Tous les styles se côtoient durant cette soirée : rock, pop, punk, folk etc. Ainsi, des artistes comme TH Da Freak, Queen of the Meadow, Cosmopaark ou encore Ad Patres ont été programmés lors de cette soirée.

Le festival programme également des artistes de renommée internationale tels que Ride et Nitzer Ebb en 2020 ou encore Peter Hook and the Light et Thurston Moore Group en 2019.

Ils ont aussi joué au festival : Aline, Andy Butler (Hercules & Love Affair), Kele Okereke (Bloc Party), Jacco Gardner, Cass McCombs, White Fence, Rendez-Vous, Bertrand Burgalat, Dani...

En 2020, Bordeaux Rock a également accueilli une conférence sur le post-punk et la new wave ainsi qu'une projection d'un film sur Joy Division.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de festivals de musique
Musical Ecran

Liens externes

Notes et références

Festival de rock en France
Festival fondé en 2004
Festival de musique en Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Festival de musique en Gironde
Festival dans la Gironde
Musique à Bordeaux
Événement à Bordeaux


text:
Stitching through it
Jennifer Drinkwater preserves a disposable news cycle in her series, '168 hours'
Amanda Moutinho
A piece from Jennifer Drinkwater's series '168 Hours.'
Jennifer Drinkwater
The week of Feb. 11, 2013, Time Magazine looked at the impact caused by the rising number of drones, while People Magazine ran a cover story about the love life of American Idol winner Kelly Clarkson. Each publication stayed on the newsstand for seven days, highlighting the widespread interests of the country: everything from warfare to love affairs. While those covers are long forgotten by most five years later, they are forever preserved in artist Jennifer Drinkwater's series 168 Hours.
In her work, Drinkwater uses embroidery to re-create life-size versions of two of America's most popular magazines. She juxtaposes two covers from the same week such as from April 22, 2013, when Time analyzed manufacturing jobs in the U.S. and People looked at royal baby fever; or from Oct. 14 when Time tackled the lack of majority rule and People covered Meg Ryan. Pairing the two together, Drinkwater leaves it to the viewer to draw their own conclusions.
The title of the series serves as a double entendre: a one-week news cycle amounts to 168 hours, and that's also the amount of time it takes for Drinkwater to complete one cover.
"It's super, super long and super, super short at the same time," she says. "A curator once said that it was like I was carefully preserving all this disposable information."
Drinkwater first conceived of the work with a desire to utilize her cross-stitching skills, which her grandmothers taught her at a young age. Then at a bookstore, Drinkwater was drawn to the spectacle presented on magazine covers.
"The rhetoric in our country is so horrible. Every cover we see on the newsstand is heightened to elicit a purchase response. 'The end of the world is happening,' or, 'Everything is terrible,'" she says. "Then you look at the People side of it, and it's this sort of high-intensity personal situations, and they're so dramatic too. But they both leave the newsstand seven days later and are replaced by a story that's equally dramatic.
A piece from Jennifer Drinkwater's series '168 Hours.' Jennifer Drinkwater
"So I began stitching through it," she continues. "Breaking down that image gave me a bit of distance from it. … We're supposed to buy these things; it's supposed to trigger a sense of impending doom or heightened drama in order for you to want to read more about it. It's like clickbait but on the newsstand."
Drinkwater's art begs the question of the lasting impact of the weekly news cycle — what gets preserved? There are common themes thread throughout the work from both magazines: family, love, war, international relations and more. Even the small sample size of 14 covers in 168 Hours serves as an archive of what is significant in society at a particular point in time.
Along with assessing social values, Drinkwater's work also begins to unravel the façade being presented. Sitting with the covers for so long, Drinkwater began to notice the not-so-subtle manipulation tactics each cover can have with its language, color scheme, subject matter, lack of diversity and the way certain people in society are cast in certain roles.
"Everything seems really seamless on these magazine covers because they're airbrushed and Photoshopped, but when you break it down into stitches you see that they're all elaborate constructions," she says. "It takes the charade out of it."
Drinkwater is continuing to add to the series of 2013 covers. She's currently creating a set from late July of that year — one cover that features Trayvon Martin's hoodie and the other featuring the fatal overdose of Glee star Cory Monteith.
"People Magazine celebrates this white guy's life, and with Trayvon Martin's life all you see is his fucking sweatshirt," she says. "And they were released on the same day. This is what we value in this country."
Even though Drinkwater's first purpose is to create art, making these pieces coincidentally helps her cope with the constantly revolving, constantly aggravating news cycle.
"I have a propensity, maybe not for anxiety, but for falling into that cynical doomsday, 'The world's coming to an end,' mentality. There's something about having to sit with these images and work through them which makes it a calming process," she says. "I'm working through the negativity and the clickbait of it by preserving it. It almost reverses that anxiety of seeing something flash.
"The stitching has become more of a respite," she continues. "It's a weird meditation of, 'Fuck this shit,' with each stitch. You stab through it and move through it over and over."
And if there's one upside of handling media from five years ago, it's that it was before the era of Trump, she says. "So it's great that I don't have to do any cross-stitching of his face."
On the Bill: Making Headlines featuring Jennifer Drinkwater, Joel Swanson and Mario Zoots. Firehouse Arts Center, 667 Fourth Ave., Longmont, Through Dec. 8.
nov 22 2018 issue
Previous articleLetters: 11/15/18
Next articleStressfest


July has been a dramatic month for the 85 million residents of Egypt.
After days of nationwide protests where millions of Egyptians took to the streets to demand the removal of their president, Mohamed Morsi, who was elected on a thin margin in June 2012, the Egyptian military forcibly removed Morsi as president, and installed a caretaker government until elections can take place at a later date.
How do aging monarchs lead effectively?
Read more about How do aging monarchs lead effectively?
Who is Britain's Most Powerful Woman?
A first ever power list compiled by the BBC Radio 4 show Woman's Hour voted her Royal Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II, as Britain's most powerful woman. The runner-up is Home Secretary Theresa May.
Read more about Who is Britain's Most Powerful Woman?
Tonight, February 12, 2013, US president Barack Obama will be presenting his State of the Union address to the United States, outlining his goals and the challenges he sees as pressing issues for his administration.
Read more about What does the Fiscal Cliff mean for retirees?


text:
Astros fire Hinch, Luhnow following MLB suspensions
Houston Astros general manager Jeff Luhnow speaks during media availability at the Omni Scottsdale Resort & Spa at Montelucia. -- JOE CAMPOREALE-USA TODAY SPORTS/FILE PHOTO
LOS ANGELES — Houston Astros owner Jim Crane fired manager A.J. Hinch and general manager Jeff Luhnow on Monday after both received one-year suspensions from Major League Baseball in the sign-stealing scandal.
"Neither one of them started this, but neither one did anything about it," Crane told reporters. "We need to move forward with a clean slate."
Commissioner Rob Manfred also fined the team the maximum allowable amount of $5 million and took away the Astros' first- and second-round draft picks in 2020 and 2021.
"I find that the conduct of the Astros, and its senior baseball operations executives, merits significant discipline," Manfred said as part of the nine-page ruling. "I base this finding on the fact that the club's senior baseball operations executives were given express notice in September 2017 that I would hold them accountable for violations of our policies covering sign stealing, and those individuals took no action to ensure that the club's players and staff complied with those policies during the 2017 postseason and the 2018 regular season.
"The conduct described herein has caused fans, players, executives at other MLB clubs, and members of the media to raise questions about the integrity of games in which the Astros participated. And while it is impossible to determine whether the conduct actually impacted the results on the field, the perception of some that it did causes significant harm to the game."
In November, reports first surfaced in The Athletic that the Astros had stolen signs using a center field camera during the 2017 regular season. Former Houston pitcher Mike Fiers was the whistleblower.
Former Astros bench coach Alex Cora was identified as the mastermind of the scheme. Cora, now the manager of the Boston Red Sox, was not disciplined, but the report indicates he could still face penalties when MLB concludes its investigation into allegations of sign-stealing by the Red Sox in 2018.
Hinch's suspension is the longest for an MLB manager since Pete Rose accepted a lifetime ban in 1989.
"I appreciate Commissioner Manfred's unwavering commitment to upholding the best interests of baseball," Hinch said in a statement. "I regret being connected to these events, am disappointed in our club's actions within this timeline, and I accept the Commissioner's decision. As a leader and Major League Manager, it is my responsibility to lead players and staff with integrity that represents the game in the best possible way.
"While the evidence consistently showed I didn't endorse or participate in the sign-stealing practices, I failed to stop them and I am deeply sorry."
The commissioner's report revealed no evidence that Mr. Crane was aware of the sign-stealing.
"Crane is extraordinarily troubled and upset by the conduct of members of his organization, fully supported my investigation and provided unfettered access to any and all information requested," Manfred said.
Luhnow released a statement Monday saying that he accepted responsibility for the rules violations on his watch and issued an apology to the organization and its fans, although he denied knowing rules were being broken at the time.
"I am not a cheater," Luhnow said. "Anybody who has worked closely with me during my 32-year career inside and outside baseball can attest to my integrity. …
"I did not personally direct, oversee or engage in any misconduct. The sign-stealing initiative was not planned or directed by baseball management. … I am deeply upset that I wasn't informed of any misconduct because I would have stopped it."
On Monday, Crane said he would oversee Houston's baseball operations department for now.
In addition, former Astros assistant GM Brandon Taubman was suspended for one year for making insensitive and offensive comments to a group of female reporters during the 2019 American League Championship Series.
The MLB suspensions of Hinch, Luhnow and Taubman are effective immediately and end on the day following the completion of the 2020 World Series. — Reuters


THE "COSTS OF CANONIZATION" of Martin Luther King, Jr., as Brandon Terry notes, have been the stripping of much of the civil rights leader's political thought and praxis. We cherry-pick the quotes, refusing the broader indictment he leveled at the country. And we trap King in the South, missing his challenge to northern injustice and the limits of American liberalism from the beginning of the 1960s.
Our popular rendering of King makes it seem like he only recognized the racial problem outside of the South after the 1965 Watts riots. Yet King had crisscrossed the North and West in the early 1960s, joining with movements there and criticizing the willful disregard of black protest long before the uprisings. He was severely attacked for it—often, as he pointed out, by people who supported his work in the South. King doubled down, insisting that racial problems outside the South did not begin with the riots of the mid-1960s—as citizens, political officials, and the media suggested—but with the long history of injustice and frustrated black struggle that preceded them. Ignoring this component of King's activism furthers the myth, popular then and now, that U.S. racism is peculiarly southern, brutal, and redneck rather than national, firm, and stubborn.


text:
St. Caedmon
Author and Publisher - Catholic Online
Caedmon St. Caedmon (d. c. 680) is the first known poet of the vernacular in English. He is thought to have been a Celt, who was already old at the time he came to Whitby to tend the animals. Too shy to join in the communal singing after meals, he slipped out to work with the animals. One night, according to Bede, Cćdmon fell asleep and had a vision in which he learned a hymn; when he awoke, he knew the song and could recite it perfectly. After his performance, Hilda urged him to become a monk. Cćdmon remained illiterate but retained his ability to versify. He listened to the lessons the monks read and reworked them into English verse, which made the Scripture accessible to the laity. His verse form is said to have been the traditional, oral form of the Anglo-Saxons. His only surviving poem is the "Hymn of Creation," the poem he learned in his dream.
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Lynne Barrett-Lee is a successful novelist and ghostwriter with several Sunday Times bestselling titles to her name, including the Julie Shaw series of gritty Bradford-based dramas, and the global bestseller The Girl With No Name, which has been translated into 26 languages. Her recent bestseller, Able Seacat Simonhas recently been adapted for children. When not busy writing books, Lynne runs a novel writing course at Cardiff University, and pens a weekly column for The Western Mail. To find out more about Lynne and her books, visit www.lynnebarrett-lee.com.


Rudolph Libbe Group of Walbridge, Ohio; a national contractor with a family of multiple offices, needed to improve Audio/Video communications with employees, vendors, and customers. They needed a more efficient and reliable video conferencing system which could be used as a training center, meeting hall, and central hub for its many company activities. Audio and video clarity would be essential as their old system was unable to meet their growing needs.
Sound Solutions of Ohio, LLC was chosen to provide, create, install, and train for a new system which could meet the company's requirements. Starting with new microphones and speakers installed in the main conference room for local reinforcements; new easy to operate software was integrated to link all of the other remote office. New PTZ (pan, tilt, zoom) cameras were added for the speaker and the audience for a more personal interactive presentation.
Sound Solutions of Ohio engineers tested the system displaying the optimum capability of its features and competed the project as budgeted and in the time line required.
Rudolph Libbe Group was please and excited with the results; an important part of their company communications issues was resolved.
For more information on how Sound Solutions of Ohio can help your company with audio/video needs, contact us today. We look forward to providing a free consultation and proposal.


Azealia Banks is currently suspended from using Twitter and no one is mad about it.
After making racist comments directed at several people, including 14-year-old Disney star Skai Jackson (who completely put Banks in her place and shut it down), Twitter has decided enough is enough and has officially suspended her account.
Immediately after, the internet had a field day using the hashtag #AzealiaGotSuspendedParty so much that it has been trending all day and we are loving every petty second of it.
While it won't be the last we hear from the social media beef-starting veteran, for now, Twitter users are celebrating and having fun in her absence.


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The Jade Eggs Exercise are encased in a black jewelry box with a velvet carrying pouch.
Your order will be processed and shipped with complete confidentiality in neutral packaging.
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text:
Q: Better way to get div to extend across the page? I have an html page with a header across the top here is the sum total of the html:
<html>
<head>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
<css link here>
</head>

<body onload="prettyPrint()">
<div class="header">
</div>
</body>
</html>

and css:
body
{
    background-color: rgb(200, 200, 200);
    z-index: 0;
    margin-top: 50px;
}
/* */
.header
{
    width: 100%;
    background-color: rgb(8, 36, 86);
    color: white;
    height: 2em;
    padding: .5em;
    z-index: 1000;
    top: 0px;
    position: fixed;
    font-family: times, serif;
    display: inline-block;
    /*margin-left: -9999px;*/
}

but whenever I run this, the header doesn't extend across the page and there's a small patch that doesn't appear in either chrome or firefox like so:

I've modified the css so that the header tag has a width of 1000% and a left margin of -9999px, but it feels like a hack - is there a better way to do this?

A: The html and body elements often have margins and paddings set to non-zero values. Make sure your html and body has
html, body {
    width:100%;
    margin:0;
    padding:0;
}

A: Use Viewport units: vw, vh, vmin, vmax and box-sizing
html {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}
*, *:before, *:after {
  box-sizing: inherit;
  margin:0;padding:0;
}
.body{
  width: 100vw;
  height: 100vh;
  background-color: rgb(200, 200, 200);
  z-index: 0;
  margin-top: 50px;
}

A: Use this css property for whatever element you want to be as wide as the page:
width: 100%

A: browser's have a default value for their tags, for example, body have a margin:8px in my firefox browser, so you have to remove it by explicitly define it.
So its seems necessary to have a reset css for yourself, and in there put all the default value you want, to have a unique result in different browsers.
frameworks such as bootstrap have it inside them.
body
{
    background-color: rgb(200, 200, 200);
    z-index: 0;
    margin:0;
}
/* */
.header
{
    width: 100%;
    background-color: rgb(8, 36, 86);
    color: white;
    height: 2em;
    padding: .5em;
    font-family: times, serif;
}

A: Every browser has a default margin and padding, so the first thing to do when writing a css is to set all element to 0
*{padding:0;
   margin:0;}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Show off your assortment of souvenir shot glasses in the handsome Black Wood Collectible Shot Glass Frame. It holds up to 35 shot glasses and has a hinged glass door to both protect and provide easy access to your collection.
Preserve your child's handprint with this adorable Hanging Frame Handprint Kit from Mud Pie. The kit includes paper and non-toxic paint to create a 4" square print and the distressed wood frame hangs on a door or wall with jute twine.
Perfect for a collector or hobbyist, this Doll Display Case with Glass Door beautifully frames and encases a doll, action figure, or other collectible, keeping your treasured item safe and protected. Displays vertically or horizontally.


The following company was the Maxi distrubutor in Holland from 1996 to 2003.
They still have staff experienced in working on Maxis and have some spare parts in stock.
If you need assistance in Holland please contact them.
MOA Members' 5% discount – for details see "Member's Discounts" in the members-only area.


Description: Dc Wiring Diagram Symbols Another Blog About Wiring Diagram Dc Wiring Diagram Symbols 25 Wiring Diagram Images Electrical Schematics Symbols #2332 from the above 712x1197 resolutions which is part of the "DIY Needed" directory. Download this image for free in HD resolution the choice "Save full resolution" below. If you do not find the exact resolution you are looking for, then go for a native or higher resolution.
Considered one of the most typical electrical wiring issues is regarding how to wire a switch. While applying switches at your house is sort of quick, wiring a person may well not be that simple for everybody. An ON-OFF switch is really quite simple to wire. There are actually different kinds of switches, but for this example, let us say you will be installing a single-pole toggle switch, an exceedingly common switch (and also the most straightforward).
There are actually three colours of wires inside a usual single-pole toggle switch: black, white, and green. Splice the black wire in two and connect them over the terminal screws - one particular on leading as well as the other on the base screw with the change. The white wire serves being a supply of uninterrupted energy and is typically related into a gentle coloured terminal screw (e.g., silver). Join the environmentally friendly wire to your ground screw of the swap.
These measures would commonly be adequate for making an average switch operate and not using a challenge. Then again, if you are usually not self-confident which you can achieve the undertaking appropriately and properly you better let the pros do it rather. Following all, you will find a purpose why this job is without doubt one of the most popular electrical wiring issues questioned by many people.
For a few explanation, ways to wire a ceiling fan is additionally one of one of the most prevalent electrical wiring inquiries. To simplify this undertaking, you should utilize an individual swap for your single ceiling fan. To wire the supporter, it truly is only a make any difference of connecting the black wire on the ceiling fan towards the black wire on the change. When there is a light, the blue wire really should be connected into the black wire in the switch likewise.
You'll find motives why these are probably the most usually requested electrical wiring issues. A person, many think it is uncomplicated to perform, and two, these are the popular electrical tasks in the home. But then you certainly should not put your security at risk in the aim to save cash. The stakes could even be a lot higher if you attempt to cut costs and do an electrical wiring career with out enough information or encounter.


text:
How breakthrough technology in China is helping care for its aging population
Written by Stephanie Walden
By 2050, the number of people who live to be 100 or older is expected to increase by 1,000%.
Olives and wine: the keys to a long life?
Image: SEAN GALLUP/Getty Images
The country where people devour pasta, wine and olive oil is the world's healthiest. Really.
This boot-shaped nation ranks No. 1 among the list of 163 countries.
An elderly Korean woman receives makeup from volunteers before a free funeral photo session on the last day of a ten-week program for 'well dying' in Seoul, South Korea.
South Korean women will live longer than the rest of us in the future
Written by Yi Shu Ng
We'll all live longer in the future. Here's why.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Director Thomas Frieden pictured above, issued a report Wednesday that life expectancy for white women has fallen by a small margin.
Life expectancy takes a rare dip for white women in the U.S.
Written by Andrew Freedman
Data reveals that life expectancy among white women has declined in the U.S.
106-year-old Beatrice R. Payne poses for a portrait in her apartment in Provo, Utah. Payne was honored recently by Utah Gov. Gary Herbert as one of 145 centenarians in the state of Utah.
Image: Sammy Jo Hester/The Daily Herald/Associated Press
Study: Rich Americans live much longer than poor ones
Written by Sergio Hernandez
For some Americans, the wealthy can live an more than a dozen years longer than the poor.


A good old-fashioned thank you note can fix any social error. Technology has made the modern social landscape tougher to navigate—and that's where Terrapin Stationers come in.
When Ted Harrington took the helm of his family's century-old engraved stationery company, he injected a few hundred CCs of contemporary irreverence to the stylized charm of handwritten notes.
Tongue-in-cheek messages aside, Terrapin takes their craft seriously. Every piece is made from the highest quality cotton and card stock, and their engraving is as precise as it comes.
Ted and team set up shop at the Annex from March 4th-10th, even creating custom notecards for Warby Parker.
Frames pictured above: Preston eyeglasses in Gimlet Tortoise. Photos by Pat Wright.


With Boomers Retiring, Where are the Millennials?
Driven by the improved economy, more Baby Boomer government workers are beginning to retire. This has been expected for some time. But the Millennials—people born in the 1980s and 1990s, who were supposed to replace them—aren't stepping up the way they were expected to.
Consequently, it was expected that Millennials would flock to the public sector. And this was true—for a while. But studies are finding that they aren't staying in government, particularly the federal government.
In fact, a recent survey found that government-wide employee satisfaction and commitment drops 10 points after the first year of federal employment, and while the satisfaction rate does creep up a bit after that, it never reaches the same level during an individual's time in government.
So why are they leaving? And why are they unhappy?
Hiring—It's hard to get hired in the federal government, especially for less-experienced people. "Since 2003, less than half of employees agreed with the statement, 'My work unit is able to recruit people with the right skills,'" writes the Partnership. "In 2014, only 39.2 percent of the federal employee survey respondents said their teams can attract the right people." A similar survey found that 42 percent of federal agency leaders reported that they were unable to recruit the best employees, due to the slow hiring process, the outdated civil service system, and the hard-to-navigate USAJOBS. gov federal employment job site. "For those millennials who still want to land a government job, the hiring process can be an infuriating mystery," writes Lisa Rein in the Washington Post.
Advancement—Another well-known trait of Millennials is that they like to move on to other things. But the pace of government is too slow for them, especially with a number of political challenges that have kept promotions and raises in check in recent years. Moreover, government promotions tend to be predicated on experience and seniority rather than by merit.
Training—Millennials like to keep learning, and have complained that they don't have the opportunity in government. "Less than half of all federal employees (46.8 percent) surveyed in 2014 reported being satisfied with the training they receive, and this number has dropped by 8.6 points from the highest level in 2005," according to the report. In comparison, 62 percent of private sector employees are satisfied with their training. Similarly, the PwC report, Millennials at Work: Shaping the Workplace, found that "The opportunity for personal development" came in first as the reason why a Millennial chose a particular job. The salary? That was fourth.
"The reality is that Millennials are attracted to government work because they want to feel like they're giving back to the community, but quickly leave when they feel caught in a slog of forms and red tape upon taking up the position," writes Rachel Burger in The Hill.
All this wouldn't be a problem, except that the long-awaited wave of Baby Boomer retirements in government—sometimes known as the "silver tsunami"—is finally happening. It was postponed for a few years due to the recession, because potential retirees were nervous about the value of the investments they expected to live on. But now that the economy is improving, they're feeling more comfortable about retiring, and they're leaving—taking their institutional memory with them.
"By 2016, 42 percent of the Department of Housing and Urban Development workforce will be eligible to retire," Rein writes. "At the Small Business Administration, it's 44 percent." More generally, by 2016, more than a third of the federal workforce will be eligible to retire, she adds—including nearly three in five senior executives and almost half the ranks of top managers.
The Partnership's report offers a number of suggestions for retaining Millennials—provide training, define career paths, use social media in hiring, and so on. However, the OPM has also had a tough year, recent security problems that made it harder to focus on hiring and retention. The next President may find that they have their work cut out for them on the recruiting front.


Drimpy is a leading organization in medical software development solution in Dutch market. The Drimpy online social platform and medical record is already implemented in hospitals in The Netherlands with a positive feedback. The coordinator knows the international market and the business model behind a solution as Many-Me and will also be in charge of the Business Plan and exploitation of results.
The Drimpy team is formed by experienced project leaders on innovative development in international projects, and comprises vast experience with bringing successful innovations to market.


text:
Il 15 cm Feldkanone L/40 o 15 cm FK L/40 fu un cannone campale pesante impiegato dal Esercito imperiale tedesco durante la prima guerra mondiale. Fu anche realizzata, in minor numero, una versione con canna allungata denominata 15 cm FK L/45.

Storia
Nel 1915 la penuria di artiglierie campali pesanti spinse l'Esercito imperiale a riutilizzare le bocche da fuoco da 15 cm SK L/40 delle obsolete corazzate pre-dreadnought adattandole ad affusti ruotati campali, in attesa dello sviluppo di un nuovo pezzo specifico. Il cannone era dotato di una elevata gittata di quasi 20 km, a scapito di un peso quasi proibitivo per una normale mobilità. Nel 1916 questi mostri furono gradualmente sostituiti da nuovi 15 cm Kanone 16, di pari prestazioni ma più leggeri. Durante la seconda guerra mondiale la Germania nazista trasferì alla Guardia alla Frontiera italiana alcuni esemplari di questo pezzo, denominato "cannone da 149/37", assegnati alle batterie da posizione.

Tecnica
La canna del 15 cm SK L/40, da 40 o da 45 calibri è costituita da un'anima rigata e da due ordini di cerchiatura. L'otturatore è di tipo Krupp a cuneo orizzontale cilindro-prismatico. La versione L/40 è riconoscibile per i tre cilindri del freno di sparo poste superiormente alla culla, mentre sull'L/45 i due cilindri sono disposti uno per lato alla canna. Inoltre la canna L/40 ha due ordini di fasciatura, che sono tre sulla L/45. .

.

Note

Bibliografia
 Herbert Jäger, German Artillery of World War One, Wiltshire: Crowood Press, Ramsbury, Marlborough, 2001. ISBN 1-86126-403-8
 Ian Hogg, Twentieth-Century Artillery, Barnes & Noble Books, New York, 2000. ISBN 0-7607-1994-2

Voci correlate
 15 cm SK L/40

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Artiglierie di calibro da 127 mm a 155 mm
Armi d'artiglieria della prima guerra mondiale
Armi d'artiglieria della seconda guerra mondiale


Great Victoria Street, Belfast, BT2.
Based in Great Victoria Street, 22 Great Victoria Street, Brian Spence & Partners is a financial services company.
Brian Spence & Partners is in Great Victoria Street, 22 Great Victoria Street. You can view a list of neighbouring businesses by going to the Great Victoria Street page.
Note: the pin is positioned at the postcode centre, and may not correspond with the precise location of Chamber Of Commerce House, 22 Great Victoria Street.


When I was in third grade, my Dad quit his engineering job in Silicon Valley to start a small business out of our home. The business was computer-related, and by the time I was in high school (which is when we started homeschooling) my dad had moved the business into an outside office with a demo-room, office space, warehouse and shipping area. Naturally my younger brothers and I spent a lot of time at the office, doing our school work in the warehouse loft and helping out with the family business. Now homeschooling with a family business certainly had its ups and downs. While my parents were both nearby to answer questions and they made resources and support available to us, they weren't able to focus on education and we did most of our work independently. A family business isn't for everyone, but our family benefited greatly from the closeness and the business experience we gained at a young age.
One year in particular my sister and her husband, who also ran a small business, rented space within my parents' office. John and Darlene were very interested in academics and we had lots of interesting discussions about astronomy, math and philosophy. Lunchtimes were the best because my two older brothers (who were both married) often dropped in from their nearby jobs to join us at lunch. This was such a rich experience for the three of us who were homeschooled (who at this time were in upper grade school to mid high school). Our four older siblings had a huge impact on our academic interests, our developing philosophies of life and our interest in getting into college. One of the best parts of homeschooling, for me, was the extra time I was able to spend with them and their families that would have never been possible if I was attending high school.
Besides the ability to interact with our family more, my younger brothers and I benefited greatly from our work experience under my Dad. He was a tough boss who expected a lot from us because he loved us. I learned to answer telephones, work various computer programs and handle various stages of customer orders. I can testify that when I worked through a secretarial temp agency during my college summers, I was offered a job by every single place I worked for. I think this was very largely due to the time I spent in high school working with my dad.
The family business never offered my parents better security, less stress or a better income than a traditional office job would have given. But my parents have never regretted this as it allowed them to raise their family the way they wanted to. It played an integral role in who our family was and who we have become.


The Waterford Lamp is part of the first collection for our own product brand NTN. This pendant lamp consists of a thick, clear glass shade hand blown in Waterford, Ireland. A machined aluminium hanger suspends the shade from the grey braided cable. The lamp is finished with a hand stitched filament bulb.