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Help bring fiber optics to your community.
Fiber for All is dedicated to the mission of advancing the development and expansion of fiber technology in America. We believe that every American should have access to the speed and freedom that fiber to the home can offer.
Join the movement and support Fiber for All!
Verizon Fios Consumer Reports, Reviews, and Deals
DSL Reports Rate's Fios
When Verizon Fios first appeared on the scene in 2005, their service was one of the very few true fiber-to-the-home providers. Today there is over 740 different companies offering a fiber connection. 1 while many business only, there is no doubt that consumers want fiber connections.
Though Fios's reception was mixed at rollout when it launched, even the New York Times asking whether it was worth the investment, 2 over the years it has gone on to become the best rated internet service by many consumer organizations including Consumer Reports, 3 The ACSI (which rates consumer's opinions), 4 and even the FCC. 5
While Fios isn't available in all areas, (here is a map of where it is), consumers that live in areas served by Fios still have a though choice: "Is having a fiber-optic internet connection worth while?"
To help answer this question, along with the question of "Is Fios worth the money?" we've compiled a quick list of third party resources that have reviewed Verizon Fios. Continue Reading
BroadbandNow's breakdown of every Fiber Provider. ↩
Verizon's Fios: A Smart Bet or a Big Mistake? ↩
Consumer Report's announcement of their results. ↩
The ACSI release of broadband results. ↩
The FCC's 2012 measuring broadband report ↩
Finally a Verizon Fios Availability Map
Update: This map is out of date due to the recent the sale of parts of Verizon's network to Frontier. For the most up-to-date coverage map, check out BroadbandNow's Verizon Fios availability map.
Despite being the largest fiber-to-the-home provider in the North America, Verizon doesn't provide a map that shows where Fios is available. As demand for faster broadband grows, many of us want to know if were even close to a Fios area. That's why we created this map with a little data help from broadbandnow.com.
Turns out, Verizon Fios is available to about 39 million people in the U.S. based on coverage estimates. This makes it the largest residential fiber provider by far, but it also means that most of us can't get it. Who can get it? Well, for the most part, Verizon has concentrated it's Fios deployment to larger metro areas like New York City, Washington D.C. and Tampa, Florida. It makes economic sense to deploy new infrastructure to population-dense areas, but it doesn't make a very impressive map like the wireless coverage maps we're used to seeing.
It doesn't look like much, but the coverage equates to about 12% of the U.S. population. It is broken down by county for a complete visual representation. If you don't live near a Fios area, it's not likely you'll see it anytime soon.
Just because Fios is available in a county, doesn't mean it's available everywhere in that county. You'll still have to use Verizon's address check to know availability at a specific address.
How America's Broadband Ranks and Why Adopting Fiber is Essential
A publication by the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation in February 2013 paints a concerning picture for the state of America's broadband infrastructure in comparison to other countries.
How the United States Trails other Countries
While the United States is an international leader in entry-level pricing of broadband, ranking first in 2008 and second in 2010 among OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) member countries, the United States trails other developed countries in many other metrics.
For example, the Net Index by Ookla ranks the United States at 34th place in average download speed behind countries such as Japan, Korea, Switzerland, and Luxembourg. There is a graphical representation of this data below with the y-axis being the number of megabits per second 1.
http://www2.itif.org/2013-whole-picture-america-broadband-networks.pdf ↩
Google and Verizon Pry Open Big Metal's Grasp
It is no mystery that Big Metal has had its way in the market for far too long. The combination of money that can be used to lobby politicians and distort the perception of the public with disingenuous advertisements has been a strong deterrent to smaller and medium sized businesses that want to deploy FTTH (Fiber To The Home) solutions. After all, the economic and political might wielded by Big Metal (telecoms and cable companies) is considerable, and easily capable of crushing smaller interests.
What happens when they face someone their own size? This is a question that has only recently been answered, and only then by a few extremely large corporations such as Verizon and now Google. With major companies capable of defending themselves legally and in the public eye, there are lots of questions for Big Metal and even for smaller companies.
Brigham.Net Served Brigham, UT With Fiber
The lucky residents of Brigham have access to one of the nation's fastest fiber optic broadband services. Better yet, the same provider offers digital video and digital telephone services. Not bad for a town of under 20,000 that got its first ISP in the mid-1990s. There are a few downsides to this provider, and the big one might just be the unimaginative name: Brigham.net. The next biggest downside is that this particular writer (And probably most readers) probably do not live in Brigham.net's relatively modest service range.
150 Mbps Fiber Optic Service Available in Unexpected Place
With news that Google's fiber optic broadband service will offer a stunning 1 Gbps of performance, the entire nation has been in an uproar about fiber optics. The FCC has even stepped in and established a program to reward broadband providers that can serve up 100 Mbps connections by the close of the decade, which is not that much faster than some of the fastest connections available today. In fact, one utility company/city-owned ISP is about to offer residents and businesses alike a 150 Mbps connection. Take 10 seconds and try to guess just where this service will be released…we can wait.
Did You Say…?
Did you say Chattanooga and Hamilton County, Tennessee? If so, you seem to have a special gift, and so we will let you have a cookie if you e-mail us next week's winning lottery numbers ahead of time. For those of you who are not clairvoyant, the situation is worth looking at a bit closer. It all starts with EPB Fiber Optics.
Big Metal is Scared of Fiber, Here's Why
Fiber optics are easily the next big thing, but there is a problem: Big Metal does not want fiber to be available to the general public. Why? The answer is simple: Big Metal has had it far too easy for far too long. This is the story of Big Metal, and it explains why so many consumers simply cannot get fiber optic connections despite their interest.
Investment Means Everything
Businesses are designed to make money, and that is their key purpose; they make money and employ people. Big Metal is no exception to this rule. Big Metal has invested countless billions of dollars in deploying networks based on metal wires. This money is accounted for in salaries, advertising budgets, leases, lobbying firms, lawyers, and so on, but all for one purpose: making money by selling data services. Continue Reading
Galaxy Fiber Optic Provider is a Superstar
While many companies deploying fiber optic solutions are doing so with a value added approach that includes digital cable and digital telephone services, some providers are sticking with what they do best: being an ISP. While the value added approach is probably a long term goal of companies in this group, they may also hope to one day be acquired by firms with greater reach and scope. One such firm that offers fiber optic broadband services to select parts of Rhode Island and Massachusetts is Galaxy Internet Services.
Big Metal vs. The Little Guys
With the broadband doors flung open, the question is whether there is truly open competition between fiber optics and Big Metal. There is certainly no doubt that fiber optics are faster and more future-proof than metal wiring, which is currently on its last leg, but this question has less to do with physics than it does with business and legal matters. Simply put, will Big Metal being jumping ship to join the fiber optic future, or will they continue to impede progress as much as they are able?
Big Metal is Ruining Broadband
For the longest time broadband has been more hype than fact. Why? The answer has a lot to do with business realities and physics. While it is possible to tackle these subjects independently, it is easier to look at them collectively. After all, these two realities collide rather frequently, and the reason for this will become clear after looking at the physics behind why fiber optics are so vastly superior to copper wiring.
Fios Triple Play Bundle
Google Fiber Race
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Disclaimer: Verizon FiOS and associated logos are registered trademarks of Verizon Communications, Inc. U-verse is a registered service mark of AT&T Intellectual Property. All other product and service marks are trademarks of their respective owners.


It hit me the other day.
One moment, I was on top of the world, rejoicing over the fact that my words were down on paper and would soon be in the hands of readers. The next, I was scared witless over the fact that my words were down on paper and would soon be in the hands of readers.
What ever made me think I was called to write? How dare I think that I can string together a handful of words and make them into a coherent sentence that actually touches a reader's heart? What if people hate my book? What if I get bad reviews and never sell another manuscript? For days, fear plagued me. Fear of failure, of bad sales figures, of. . .rejection. Now there's a word.
I sank into uncertainty, felt its paralyzing effect on my writing. Not a word flowed from my fingers into my wip. I wrote a doggie devotional—three, in fact. I wrote a book review, a blog article, and a check to the electric company. But nothing for my wip.
"How's the book coming?" a kind hearted soul at church asked.
"Fine," I said, and then skipped the following Sunday so I didn't have to answer that question again.
But God isn't so easily dissuaded. I felt His pull upon my heart, the gentle question, 'what are you hiding from?' sounding in my brain.
Uh-huh. There it is. I'm afraid I just got lucky the first time. I'm afraid that God wasn't in it at all, and that I pulled a cosmic joke on the universe and somehow managed to get around the system. I'm afraid that there are other writers out there who are so much more deserving than I am, and that somehow, my shameful secret will be found out. Let me tell you, if I had any doubts before, they've certainly doubled now.
The good news is God isn't into moody blues. He's more interested in pulling me from my funk and reminding me of who HE is. I'm not writing for me, or my readers, or for reviewers. Fear and doubt? Those are the devils tools. God sees me where I am, whether it be high on the mountaintop, rejoicing over a victory, or deep in the valley, struggling with feelings of failure and doubt.
Faithful to remind me how and when I knew I was called to write, to heal my insecurities, and renew in me a peace that passes understanding.
So yesterday, I got out my laptop and hesitantly typed the first words I've managed since before my writer's conference. I wrote and erased the same line several times. The next line came a little easier. Soon, I'd written an entire chapter. It felt so good, and it reminded me. . .I'm not alone in my funk. God is there, helping me, sustaining me. He's just not interested in staying there. And neither am I.


11-12 October 2018 marks the 7th occasion that CIS BANKERS organize the Ukrainian Banking Forum, which is recognized by all participants of the Eastern European Financial Ecosystem as the biggest and most important industry event of the year.
The agenda has been set with the help of the country's leading law and policy makers, bankers and industry experts. More than 250 people will gather over two days to share experiences, views and ideas to improve Ukraine's financial services sector.
Since our launch event in 2011, CIS BANKERS has built a reputation of having the best speakers among banking and finance conferences in the region, from the central bank, government, commercial banks and leading local and foreign industry experts. Two days of interactive presentations and dynamic round table discussions between experts will take place at the luxury Opera-Hotel in Ukraine's capital of Kyiv.
CIS BANKERS started out as a networking community for top executives in banking and finance and we have always stayed close to our roots. This means that during the Ukrainian Banking Forum there are a lot of opportunities for networking. Besides coffee breaks and a buffet lunch, we also have a cocktail reception on both days of the conference. Are you looking to meet anyone specific, please let us know and we will be glad to help!


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St. John's Facebook Page
Online Pledges/Gifts
The Episcopal Diocese of Maryland
An open, vibrant worship community where everyone is welcome!
Service Times During COVID19 Restrictions
All in-person worship is currently suspended until further notice. The 9:30 am Holy Eucharist will continue to be broadcast live online.
Click the FB & Worship Tab for Links
Wednesday Midday Eucharist - Currently Postponed
Evening Prayer, Mon, Tue, and Thur from 5:30 - 6:00 for groups of fewer than 10 (Enter through the south doors between the church and parish house)
FB & Worship
The Clergy & Staff
Participation Schedule
Vestry Minutes
Christian formation is a lifelong process. It begins in our being gathered together in worship, being called to share, to participate, in Word and Sacrament. There it takes root and is further nourished in a variety of ways. The work of Christian Formation at St. John's includes a number of educational opportunities for adults and children.
Sunday morning Christian Education at St. John's has offerings for ages 4 through adults, beginning at 9am on Sunday mornings. New participants are always welcome. If you are bringing a new child to one of the classes, please stop to fill out a registration form and leave it with the teacher.
Classes for children ages 4 through high school meet in the classrooms above Trimble Hall. There are three class levels:
Primary: Pre-K through First Grade
Elementary: Second through Fifth Grade
Middle/High School: Sixth-Twelfth Grade
The Primary and Elementary Classes use the Episcopal Children's Curriculum, a three year Christian Education cycle which explores the Bible, the church calendar, liturgy and sacraments.
The Middle/High School class is in the first year of the two-year Journey to Adulthood (J2A) program. J2A uses Bible study, prayer, rites of passage, and outreach ministries to help young people discover their place in the world and God's family.
Sunday Morning Adult Forum
Adults gather in St. Mary's Chapel at 9am. A new series will begin on January 7, with a trip through the Hebrew Scriptures with Prof. Amy-Jill Levine, professor of New Testament Studies at Vanderbilt University. Dr. Levine is a much sought after speaker and Biblical scholar, author of numerous books, articles and essays on topics as diverse as Second-Temple Judaism, Christian Origins, and Biblical Women's Role and Representation. Join us Sundays at 9:00 a.m. in Saint Mary's Chapel for a look at our pre-Christian history and legacy. New participants are always welcome to join in.
Monday Night Adult Education
Adults gather in St. Mary's Chapel from 6-7pm on Monday Evenings, for this year-round series led by the Rector. Beginning on January 22, the series will focus on stories from the Bible, and the different ways in which similar stories are told in different parts of Scripture. The series will begin with the Gospels. New participants are always welcome.
Father Todd Young
Fr. Todd Young, 28th Rector of St. John's Episcopal Church.
Deacon Susan Wert
Sue was born and primarily raised in Annapolis, Maryland.
She... (more)
Mark King - Minister of Music
In addition, to his work at the church, Mark is... (more)
Melonie Orr - Church Administrator
Current Vestry Members
Name (Serving Until) - Commission
Karla Davis ('21) --... (more)
The history of Saint John's Parish began when a priest from All Saints,... (more)
We Are Episcopalians
The Episcopal Church is a branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Like... (more)
101 S. Prospect St. Hagerstown, Maryland. Phone: (301) 733-2560 Email: info@stjohnshagerstown.org

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Death For 7-Year-Old Hasini's Killer: Madras HC Confirms!
Dhasvanth, who sexually assaulted and murdered the 7-year-old girl, will definitely be hanged to death.
On July 10 (Tuesday), the Madras High Court upheld the verdict of the Chengalpet Court with respect to the case pertaining to the sexual assault and murder of a 7-year-old girl named Hasini from Chennai. The Court dismissed convict Dhasvanth's appeal to quash his death sentence.
Hasini was raped and killed by 23-year-old IT man, Dhasvanth, last year. Let out on bail, he later committed another murder, that of his mother. The court held him guilty on all charges including those under Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses (POCSO) Act, convicted under sections 363 (kidnapping), 366 (kidnapping, abduction), 354-b (assault or use of criminal force on woman with intent to disrobe), 302 (murder), and 201 (causing disappearance of evidence) of the IPC and section 8 read with 7, 6, 5(m) of POCSO (punishment for aggravated sexual assault).
Dhasvant had lured the 7-year-old, who stayed in the same apartment complex as his, on February 2017 and brought her home. He sexually assaulted her and then suffocated her to death. Using some petrol, he put the body in a travel bag and burned her body by the highway near his home. The police arrest him on the grounds of the Goondas Act then. The case was registered at Chennai's Mangadu police station with the cross-examination of 34 witnesses done in a span of two months.
His father had applied for his bail in Mahila Court in Chengalpet. He also filed a habeas corpus petition with the Madras High Court, and he was then out on bail during September.
His father, Sekar, left for work when his wife, Sarala, was found murdered and gold jewellery including her thaali and a pair of bangles went missing. Dhasvant was missing from the flat with his bike gone and mobile switched off.
He was then caught at Mahalaxmi Race Court in Mumbai by a special team. He had even tried escaping, with police successfully nabbing him wherein he confessed to the murders.


Lots of benefits of Laser Dentistry. Procedures are performed using soft tissue dental lasers, minimizing bleeding and damage to surrounding tissue. Wounds also heal faster.
It all begins with an initial comprehensive dental examination. We lay the groundwork for the future and get a good close up view of your teeth and gums.
Are you unhappy with the appearance of your smile? We offer many procedures to improve your overall satisfaction with the appearance of your teeth.
The main goal of our practice is to be able to restore the mouth to the best possible form and function to allow you to look and feel more comfortable.
Botox is a proven treatment to help with wrinkle reduction in the forehead lines, frown lines, crow's feet and eyebrow lifts.


Consider skydiving while you are in Munich or Stuttgart?
Discover Southern Germany from 4000m with a Tandem Skydive with Tandemmichl in you next adventure!
Experience the ultimate thrill of freefall at over 200 kp/h for up to an insane 60 seconds, and then float under canopy for 5-7 minutes soaking up spectacular views of southern Germany. Skydiving just doesn't get any better.
We jump at various locations between Munich - Augsburg - Ulm - Stuttgart, till Lake of Konstanz and the beginning of the Alps.
Tandemmichl Tandem Skydive - Book your Tandem Skydive for Season 2019 now!
Happy news! We are starting the Skydiving Season in April!
We have updated our site with fresh new dates and events.
Check it out for your new Tandem Skydiving adventure in 2019!
This is also a perfect gift for you friend to share the experience with and get the absolute acceleration kick, action, adventure and adrenaline together.
Why are we jumping out of perfectly good flying aeroplanes?
Are we achieving our goal of decelleration by more acceleration?
Plan your trip ahead and book your adventure now.
Contacting us is the best way to book your adventure in 2018!
Do You want to do something special that not everyone dares to do?
Do You want to experience the extraordinary?
If you want to do a tandem skydive you will have a terrific remembrance that you'll never forget.
Contact us now to book your skydiving event in 2018.
Amazing experience. All the staff were professional, beginning to end. My instructor Michl and all the staff were great. No hidden costs, no push to buy "extras" – it was everything that was promised, and more.
A great experience with a lot of entertainment value from rushing freefall until soundless partially self-guided fast floating and finally a buttery soft landing - highly recommendable!
Don't miss any updates of our special events and all the astonishing offers we bring for you.


When I asked my son if he wanted a fruit pizza he looked at me like I was crazy. I instantly knew what he was thinking. "Not with red sauce! With cream cheese or ricotta and fresh fruit." "Ooooh", he says, "Yeah, totally." He's 11 years old and one of my all-time favorite people. He cracks me up.
Any fruit pizza recipe I have ever seen starts with a cookie. That's not a pizza…that's just a cookie with yummy fruit on top. This is my slightly healthier version that my kids gobbled up!
Roll out pizza dough in a greased and floured cookie sheet. Carefully pull the dough towards the edges until you have a nice even sheet.
Melt butter and add brown sugar and cinnamon. Brush butter mix all over dough and bake according to package directions.
Once pizza dough is done let cool completely. While it is cooling, in a small bowl, mix your cheese (ricotta or cream) and powdered sugar and set aside. Wash and cut if necessary your fruit and set aside. When you crust is completely cool spread cheese mixture all over your cinnamon butter crust. Place fruit however you like! I actually used both cream cheese and ricotta and spread the cream cheese mix on one side and the ricotta mix on the other. My kids both preferred the ricotta. Go figure!
You can also create a build-your-own pizza station by setting out bowls of fruit so your kids or guests can create to their hearts content.
I hope you enjoy this recipe for fruit pizza. When my kids asked for it for breakfast I was perfectly happy to oblige!


PROVIDENCE — The Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence has announced the diaconal ordinations of seminarians Brendan Rowley and Eric Silva, on Saturday, May 26 at 10:00 a.m. in the Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul in Providence. Auxiliary Bishop Robert C. Evans will be the main celebrant and ordaining bishop.
Rowley, son of James and Deborah Rowley, of Saunderstown, graduated from Bishop Hendricken High School, Warwick and Rhode Island College where he received a B.A. degree in Elementary Education. He entered seminary in 2013 and was assigned to St. John Seminary in Boston, Massachusetts for his formation for the priesthood. His summer assignments as a seminarian included St. Joseph, Woonsocket; St. Luke, Barrington; St. Francis de Sales, North Kingstown; and St. Pius X, Westerly.
After his diaconal ordination, Rowley will serve as a deacon for the summer at St. John Paul II Parish, Pawtucket before returning to the seminary to complete his formation for the priesthood.
Silva, son of Antonio and Theresa Silva of Cranston, graduated from Bishop Hendricken High School, Warwick and University of Rhode Island where he received a B.A. degree in Communications. In 2013, he entered seminary and was assigned to St. John Seminary in Boston, Massachusetts for his formation for the priesthood. As a seminarian, his summer assignments included Our Lady of Mercy Parish, East Greenwich; Jesus Saviour Parish, Newport; St. John Paul II Parish, Pawtucket, and the Institute of Priestly Formation at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska.
After his diaconal ordination, Silva will serve as a deacon for the summer at St. Philip Parish, Greenville before returning to the seminary to complete his formation for the priesthood.
As transitional deacons, they may baptize, proclaim the Gospel and preach at Mass, distribute Communion, witness marriages and lead rites for Christian burials.


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Sports Ministry releases Rs 5 lakh for archery great Limba Ram treatment
The 46-year-old, who came close to winning a bronze medal at the Barcelona Olympics in 1992, is being treated for a neuro-degenerative disease at the AIIMS here in a six-bed unit of the general ward. It's learnt that Limba has developed Parkinson's disease as he needs a good medical treatment.
New Delhi, PTI | Updated : 08 May 2019, 08:02 AM
National observer (archery) Sanjeeva Singh had written to the Sports Ministry making a plea for financial support for Limba Ram's treatment.


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package org.apereo.cas.authentication.principal.resolvers;

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.apereo.cas.authentication.AuthenticationHandler;
import org.apereo.cas.authentication.Credential;
import org.apereo.cas.authentication.principal.Principal;
import org.apereo.cas.authentication.principal.PrincipalResolver;
import org.apereo.services.persondir.IPersonAttributeDao;
import lombok.ToString;

/**
 * This is {@link EchoingPrincipalResolver}.
 *
 * @author Misagh Moayyed
 * @since 5.1.0
 */
@Slf4j
@ToString
public class EchoingPrincipalResolver implements PrincipalResolver {

    @Override
    public Principal resolve(final Credential credential, final Principal principal, final AuthenticationHandler handler) {
        LOGGER.debug("Echoing back the authenticated principal [{}]", principal);
        return principal;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean supports(final Credential credential) {
        return StringUtils.isNotBlank(credential.getId());
    }

    @Override
    public IPersonAttributeDao getAttributeRepository() {
        return null;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Off The Beat: 'I'll kill you, I'll kill everybody!' says man denied squeegee, report shows
A flap over a squeegee turned into a machete and razor blade attack that landed one man behind bars, records show.
Off The Beat: 'I'll kill you, I'll kill everybody!' says man denied squeegee, report shows A flap over a squeegee turned into a machete and razor blade attack that landed one man behind bars, records show. Check out this story on tcpalm.com: https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/blogs/off-the-beat/2019/04/02/ill-kill-everybody-says-man-denied-squeegee-report-shows/3277739002/
Will Greenlee, Treasure Coast Newspapers Published 5:00 a.m. ET April 2, 2019 | Updated 9:10 a.m. ET April 2, 2019
PORT ST. LUCIE — A flap over a squeegee turned into a machete and razor blade attack that landed one man behind bars, records show.
Ferdinand Velez Latorre (Photo: CONTRIBUTED PHOTO BY ST. LUCIE COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE)
Ferdinand Velez Latorre, 37, was arrested March 20 after an investigation by Port St. Lucie police.
One man identified as a victim on March 11 told police that Latorre was drunk and began arguing with a second male victim about a squeegee. He said Latorre cut the second victim's arm with a razor blade.
More: Pile of burning pot plants attracts attention
Next, he said, Latorre got a machete and chased the second victim. He said the second victim jumped on a pickup truck, and Latorre followed.
"I'll kill you, I'll kill everybody!" Latorre is quoted as saying.
A squeegee is a T-shaped tool with a cross piece edged with leather or rubber. Squeegees are designed to facilitate the removal of water from a surface, such as a window, by dragging it across the surface.
Parenthetically, the world's fastest window cleaner is Terry "Turbo" Burrows, who set a record in October 2009 in the United Kingdom by using an 11.75-inch squeegee to clean three, 45-inch by 45-inch windows in 9.14 seconds, according to Guinness World Records, formerly the Guinness Book of Records.
More: Why are sweat pants strings 'flying in the air?'
Meanwhile, the second victim said Latorre "was upset with him over a squeegee," records show.
The second victim said Latorre cut his arm with a razor blade after the second victim declined to give Latorre the squeegee. The second victim also said Latorre chased him with a machete.
More: 'Naked and belligerent' woman jailed after sex caper
Police initially couldn't find Latorre. One of the victims said he lived in his car and was staying in his driveway.
Latorre, of Port St. Lucie, surrendered to authorities March 20 at the St. Lucie County jail on three felony warrants in connection with the incident.
Want more "Off The Beat" coverage? If you already subscribe to TCPalm, thank you! If not, please subscribe to keep coverage of Treasure Coast "Off The Beat" news coming.
Read or Share this story: https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/blogs/off-the-beat/2019/04/02/ill-kill-everybody-says-man-denied-squeegee-report-shows/3277739002/


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The sport of cricket has a known history beginning in the late 16th century. Having originated in south-east England, it became an established sport in the country in the 18th century and developed globally in the 19th and 20th centuries. International matches have been played since the 19th-century and formal Test cricket matches are considered to date from 1877. Cricket is the world's second most popular spectator sport after association football (soccer).

Internationally, cricket is governed by the International Cricket Council (ICC), which has over one hundred countries and territories in membership although only twelve currently play Test cricket.

The game's rules are defined in the "Laws of cricket". The game has various formats, ranging from one-day cricket played over a few hours to Test matches which can last up to five days.

Early cricket

Origin
Cricket was created during Saxon or Norman times by children living in the Weald, an area of dense woodlands and clearings in south-east England that lies across Kent and Sussex. The first definite written reference is from the end of the 16th century.

There have been several speculations about the game's origins, including some that it was created in France or Flanders. The earliest of these speculative references is from 1300 and concerns the future King Edward II playing at "creag and other games" in both Westminster and Newenden. It has been suggested that "creag" was an Old English word for cricket, but expert opinion is that it was an early spelling of "craic", meaning "fun and games in general".

It is generally believed that cricket survived as a children's game for many generations before it was increasingly taken up by adults around the beginning of the 17th century. Possibly cricket was derived from bowls, assuming bowls is the older sport, by the intervention of a batsman trying to stop the ball from reaching its target by hitting it away. Playing on sheep-grazed land or in clearings, the original implements may have been a matted lump of sheep's wool (or even a stone or a small lump of wood) as the ball; a stick or a crook or another farm tool as the bat; and a stool or a tree stump or a gate (e.g., a wicket gate) as the wicket.

First definite reference

In 1597 (Old Style – 1598 New Style) a court case in England concerning an ownership dispute over a plot of common land in Guildford, Surrey, mentions the game of . A 59-year-old coroner, John Derrick, testified that he and his school friends had played  on the site fifty years earlier when they attended the Free School. Derrick's account proves beyond reasonable doubt that the game was being played in Surrey circa 1550, and is the earliest universally accepted reference to the game.

The first reference to cricket being played as an adult sport was in 1611, when two men in Sussex were prosecuted for playing cricket on Sunday instead of going to church. In the same year, a dictionary defined cricket as a boys' game, and this suggests that adult participation was a recent development.

Derivation of the name of "cricket"
A number of words are thought to be possible sources for the term "cricket". In the earliest definite reference, it was spelled . The name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch krick(-e), meaning a stick; or the Old English  or  meaning a crutch or staff, or the French word  meaning a wooden post. The Middle Dutch word  means a long low stool used for kneeling in church; this resembled the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket. According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of the University of Bonn, "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for hockey,  (i.e., "with the stick chase").

It is more likely that the terminology of cricket was based on words in use in south-east England at the time and, given trade connections with the County of Flanders, especially in the 15th century when it belonged to the Duchy of Burgundy, many Middle Dutch words found their way into southern English dialects.

The Commonwealth
After the Civil War ended in 1648, the new Puritan government clamped down on "unlawful assemblies", in particular the more raucous sports such as football. Their laws also demanded a stricter observance of the Sabbath than there had been previously. As the Sabbath was the only free time available to the lower classes, cricket's popularity may have waned during the Commonwealth. However, it did flourish in public fee-paying schools such as Winchester and St Paul's. There is no actual evidence that Oliver Cromwell's regime banned cricket specifically and there are references to it during the interregnum that suggest it was acceptable to the authorities provided that it did not cause any "breach of the Sabbath". It is believed that the nobility in general adopted cricket at this time through involvement in village games.

Gambling and press coverage
Cricket thrived after the Restoration in 1660 and is believed to have first attracted gamblers making large bets at this time. It is possible, as believed by some historians, that top-class matches began. In 1664, the "Cavalier" Parliament passed the Gaming Act 1664 which limited stakes to £100, although that was still a fortune at the time, equivalent to about £ in present-day terms . Cricket had become a significant gambling sport by the end of the 17th century, as evidenced in 1697 by a newspaper report of a "great match" played in Sussex which was 11-a-side and played for high stakes of 50 guineas a side.

With freedom of the press having been granted in 1696, cricket for the first time could be reported in the newspapers. But it was a long time before the newspaper industry adapted sufficiently to provide frequent, let alone comprehensive, coverage of the game. During the first half of the 18th century, press reports tended to focus on the betting rather than on the play.

18th-century cricket

Patronage and players
Gambling introduced the first patrons because some of the gamblers decided to strengthen their bets by forming their own teams and it is believed the first "county teams" were formed in the aftermath of the Restoration in 1660, especially as members of the nobility were employing "local experts" from village cricket as the earliest professionals. The first known game in which the teams use county names is in 1709 but there can be little doubt that these sort of fixtures were being arranged long before that. The match in 1697 was probably Sussex versus another county.

The most notable of the early patrons were a group of aristocrats and businessmen who were active from about 1725, which is the time that press coverage became more regular, perhaps as a result of the patrons' influence. These men included the 2nd Duke of Richmond, Sir William Gage, Alan Brodrick and Edwin Stead. For the first time, the press mentions individual players like Thomas Waymark.

Cricket expands beyond England
Cricket was introduced to North America via the English colonies in the 17th century, probably before it had even reached the north of England. In the 18th century it arrived in other parts of the globe. It was introduced to the West Indies by colonists and to the Indian subcontinent by East India Company mariners in the first half of the century. It arrived in Australia almost as soon as colonisation began in 1788. New Zealand and South Africa followed in the early years of the 19th century.

Cricket never caught on in Canada, despite efforts by the upper class to promote the game as a way of identifying with the "mother country". Canada, unlike Australia and the West Indies, witnessed a continual decline in the popularity of the game during 1860 to 1960. Linked in the public consciousness to an upper-class sport, the game never became popular with the general public. In the summer season it had to compete with baseball. During the First World War, Canadian units stationed in France played baseball instead of cricket.

Development of the Laws

It's not clear when the basic rules of cricket such as bat and ball, the wicket, pitch dimensions, overs, how out, etc. were originally formulated. In 1728, the Duke of Richmond and Alan Brodick drew up Articles of Agreement to determine the code of practice in a particular game and this became a common feature, especially around payment of stake money and distributing the winnings given the importance of gambling.

In 1744, the Laws of Cricket were codified for the first time and then amended in 1774, when innovations such as lbw, middle stump and maximum bat width were added. These laws stated that "the principals shall choose from amongst the gentlemen present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes". The codes were drawn up by the so-called "Star and Garter Club" whose members ultimately founded the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord's in 1787. The MCC immediately became the custodian of the Laws and has made periodic revisions and recodifications subsequently.

Continued growth in England
The game continued to spread throughout England, and, in 1751, Yorkshire is first mentioned as a venue. The original form of bowling (i.e., rolling the ball along the ground as in bowls) was superseded sometime after 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball and study variations in line, length and pace. Scorecards began to be kept on a regular basis from 1772; since then, an increasingly clear picture has emerged of the sport's development.

The first famous clubs were London and Dartford in the early 18th century. London played its matches on the Artillery Ground, which still exists. Others followed, particularly Slindon in Sussex, which was backed by the Duke of Richmond and featured the star player Richard Newland. There were other prominent clubs at Maidenhead, Hornchurch, Maidstone, Sevenoaks, Bromley, Addington, Hadlow and Chertsey.

But far and away the most famous of the early clubs was Hambledon in Hampshire. It started as a parish organisation that first achieved prominence in 1756. The club itself was founded in the 1760s and was well patronised to the extent that it was the focal point of the game for about thirty years until the formation of MCC and the opening of Lord's Cricket Ground in 1787. Hambledon produced several outstanding players including the master batsman John Small and the first great fast bowler Thomas Brett. Their most notable opponent was the Chertsey and Surrey bowler Edward "Lumpy" Stevens, who is believed to have been the main proponent of the flighted delivery.

It was in answer to the flighted, or pitched, delivery that the straight bat was introduced. The old "hockey stick"–style of bat was only really effective against the ball being trundled or skimmed along the ground.

First-class cricket began in 1772. Three surviving scorecards exist of 1772 matches organised by the Hambledon Club which commence a continuous statistical record. Those three matches were all between a Hampshire XI and an England XI, the first played at Broadhalfpenny Down on 24 and 25 June. The two leading online archives begin their first-class coverage with this match which is numbered "first-class no. 1" by ESPNcricinfo and "f1" by CricketArchive. Broadhalfpenny Down continued in regular use by Hambledon/Hampshire teams until 1781.

19th-century cricket

The game also underwent a fundamental change of organisation with the formation for the first time of county clubs. All the modern county clubs, starting with Sussex in 1839, were founded during the 19th century. No sooner had the first county clubs established themselves than they faced what amounted to "player action" as William Clarke created the travelling All-England Eleven in 1846. Though a commercial venture, this team did much to popularise the game in districts which had never previously been visited by high-class cricketers. Other similar teams were created and this vogue lasted for about thirty years. But the counties and MCC prevailed.

The growth of cricket in the mid and late 19th century was assisted by the development of the railway network. For the first time, teams from a long distance apart could play one other without a prohibitively time-consuming journey. Spectators could travel longer distances to matches, increasing the size of crowds. Army units around the Empire had time on their hands, and encouraged the locals so they could have some entertaining competition. Most of the Empire embraced cricket, with the exception of Canada.

In 1864, another bowling revolution resulted in the legalisation of overarm and in the same year Wisden Cricketers' Almanack was first published. W. G. Grace began his long and influential career at this time, his feats doing much to increase cricket's popularity. He introduced technical innovations which revolutionised the game, particularly in batting.

International cricket begins
The first ever international cricket game was between the US and Canada in 1844. The match was played at the grounds of the St George's Cricket Club in New York.

In 1859, a team of leading English professionals set off to North America on the first-ever overseas tour and, in 1862, the first English team toured Australia. Between May and October 1868, a team of Aboriginal Australians toured England in what was the first Australian cricket team to travel overseas.

In 1877, an England touring team in Australia played two matches against full Australian XIs that are now regarded as the inaugural Test matches. The following year, the Australians toured England for the first time and the success of this tour ensured a popular demand for similar ventures in future. No Tests were played in 1878 but more soon followed and, at The Oval in 1882, the Australian victory in a tense finish gave rise to The Ashes.

South Africa became the third Test nation in 1889.

National championships
A significant development in domestic cricket occurred in 1890 when the official County Championship was constituted in England. Soon afterwards, in May 1894, the sport's first-class standard was officially defined. This organisational initiative has been repeated in other countries. Australia established the Sheffield Shield in 1892–93. Other national competitions to be established were the Currie Cup in South Africa, the Plunket Shield in New Zealand and the Ranji Trophy in India. The ICC re-defined first-class status in 1947 as a global concept.

The period from 1890 to the outbreak of the First World War has become one of nostalgia, ostensibly because the teams played cricket according to "the spirit of the game", but more realistically because it was a peacetime period that was shattered by the First World War. The era has been called The Golden Age of cricket and it featured numerous great names such as Grace, Wilfred Rhodes, C. B. Fry, Ranjitsinhji and Victor Trumper.

Balls per over
During most of the 19th-century standard overs were made up of four deliveries. In 1889 five-ball overs were introduced in first-class cricket, with a move to generally use six-ball overs in 1900.

In the 20th century, eight-ball overs were used at times in a number of countries, primarily Australia, where eight-balls were the standard over length between 1918/19 and 1978/79, South Africa and New Zealand. Since the 1979/80 Australian and New Zealand seasons, six balls per over have been used worldwide, and the most recent version of the Laws only permits six-ball overs.

20th-century cricket

Growth of international cricket

The game of cricket was exported to other colonies around the world. The Imperial Cricket Conference was founded in 1909 with England, Australia and South Africa as the founder members. It had been set up with the Marylebone Cricket club, the Australian Board of Control for International Cricket, and the South African Cricket Association as the original associations of the ICC. This aimed to regulate international cricket between the three sides, considered the only three of equal status at the time. In 1926, both New Zealand and the West Indies were admitted as members, allowing them to play Test cricket against the other sides. However, at this time in the West Indies, cricket was primarily dominated by the white population. Originally, the ICC was not interested in broadening the international popularity of cricket. The organization was reluctant to invite non-commonwealth nations to play. New Zealand was restricted to play three-day test matches. New Zealand and India both became Test playing nations before World War II and Pakistan joined soon afterwards in 1952.

At the initial suggestion of Pakistan, the ICC was expanded to include non-Test playing countries from 1965, with Associate members being admitted. At the same time the organisation changed its name to the International Cricket Conference. The first limited-overs World Cups were played during the 1970s and Sri Lanka became the first Associate member to be raised to Test playing status in 1982. Because the ICC was predominantly a Western organization, the founding countries decided who was allowed to join the conference or engage in test cricket. There was no desire or attempt to create a set of Associate nations that would play in Test status, which is why countries such as Sri Lanka were not permitted to partake until the 1980s.

The international game continued to grow with the introduction of Affiliate Member status in 1984, a level of membership designed for sides with less history of playing cricket. In 1989 the ICC renamed itself the International Cricket Council. Zimbabwe became Full Members in 1992 and Bangladesh in 2000 before Afghanistan and Ireland were both admitted as Test sides in 2018, bringing the number of full members of the ICC to 12.

Suspension of South Africa (1970–1991)

The greatest crisis to hit international cricket was brought about by apartheid, the South African policy of racial segregation. The situation began to crystallise after 1961 when South Africa left the Commonwealth of Nations and so, under the rules of the day, its cricket board had to leave the International Cricket Conference (ICC). Cricket's opposition to apartheid intensified in 1968 with the cancellation of England's tour to South Africa by the South African authorities, due to the inclusion in the England team of Basil D'Oliveira, a Cape Coloured player. In 1970, the ICC members voted to suspend South Africa indefinitely from international cricket competition.

Starved of top-level competition for its best players, the South African Cricket Board began funding so-called "rebel tours", offering large sums of money for international players to form teams and tour South Africa. The ICC's response was to blacklist any rebel players who agreed to tour South Africa, banning them from officially sanctioned international cricket. As players were poorly remunerated during the 1970s, several accepted the offer to tour South Africa, particularly players getting towards the end of their careers for which a blacklisting would have little effect.

The rebel tours continued into the 1980s but then progress was made in South African politics and it became clear that apartheid was ending. South Africa, now a "Rainbow Nation" under Nelson Mandela, was welcomed back into international sport in 1991.

World Series Cricket

The money problems of top cricketers were also the root cause of another cricketing crisis that arose in 1977 when the Australian media magnate Kerry Packer fell out with the Australian Cricket Board over TV rights. Taking advantage of the low remuneration paid to players, Packer retaliated by signing several of the best players in the world to a privately run cricket league outside the structure of international cricket. World Series Cricket hired some of the banned South African players and allowed them to show off their skills in an international arena against other world-class players. The schism lasted only until 1979 and the "rebel" players were allowed back into established international cricket, though many found that their national teams had moved on without them. Long-term results of World Series Cricket have included the introduction of significantly higher player salaries and innovations such as coloured kit and night games.

Limited-overs cricket
In the 1960s, English county teams began playing a version of cricket with games of only one innings each and a maximum number of overs per innings. Starting in 1963 as a knockout competition only, limited-overs cricket grew in popularity and, in 1969, a national league was created which consequently caused a reduction in the number of matches in the County Championship. The status of limited overs matches is governed by the official List A categorisation. Although many "traditional" cricket fans objected to the shorter form of the game, limited-overs cricket did have the advantage of delivering a result to spectators within a single day; it did improve cricket's appeal to younger or busier people; and it did prove commercially successful.

The first limited-overs international match took place at Melbourne Cricket Ground in 1971 as a time-filler after a Test match had been abandoned because of heavy rain on the opening days. It was tried simply as an experiment and to give the players some exercise, but turned out to be immensely popular. limited-overs internationals (LOIs or ODIs—one-day internationals) have since grown to become a massively popular form of the game, especially for busy people who want to be able to see a whole match. The International Cricket Council reacted to this development by organising the first Cricket World Cup in England in 1975, with all the Test-playing nations taking part.

Analytic and graphic technology
Limited-overs cricket increased television ratings for cricket coverage. Innovative techniques introduced in coverage of limited-over matches were soon adopted for Test coverage. The innovations included presentation of in-depth statistics and graphical analysis, placing miniature cameras in the stumps, multiple usage of cameras to provide shots from several locations around the ground, high-speed photography and computer graphics technology enabling television viewers to study the course of a delivery and help them understand an umpire's decision.

In 1992, the use of a third umpire to adjudicate run-out appeals with television replays was introduced in the Test series between South Africa and India. The third umpire's duties have subsequently expanded to include decisions on other aspects of play such as stumpings, catches and boundaries. From 2011, the third umpire was being called upon to moderate review of umpires' decisions, including lbw, with the aid of virtual-reality tracking technologies (e.g., Hawk-Eye and Hot Spot), though such measures still could not free some disputed decisions from heated controversy.

21st-century cricket
In June 2001, the ICC introduced a "Test Championship Table" and, in October 2002, a "One-day International Championship Table". As indicated by ICC rankings, the various cricket formats have continued to be a major competitive sport in most former British Empire countries, notably the Indian subcontinent, and new participants including the Netherlands. In 2017, the number of countries with full ICC membership was increased to twelve by the addition of Afghanistan and Ireland.

The ICC expanded its development programme, aiming to produce more national teams capable of competing at the various formats. Development efforts are focused on African and Asian nations, and on the United States. In 2004, the ICC Intercontinental Cup brought first-class cricket to 12 nations, mostly for the first time. Cricket's newest innovation is Twenty20, essentially an evening entertainment. It has so far enjoyed enormous popularity and has attracted large attendances at matches as well as good TV audience ratings. The inaugural ICC Twenty20 World Cup tournament was held in 2007. The formation of Twenty20 leagues in India – the unofficial Indian Cricket League, which started in 2007, and the official Indian Premier League, starting in 2008 – raised much speculation in the cricketing press about their effect on the future of cricket.

Formats shorter than Twenty20 have also arisen at the domestic level, such as the T10 format, which is played in leagues organised by various Associate and Full Members, as well as the 100-ball format, which is played in The Hundred, a major limited-overs competition in England.

See also
 History of women's cricket

References

Bibliography

 Bateman, Anthony. Cricket, literature and culture: symbolising the nation, destabilising empire (Routledge, 2016).

 Lang, Andrew. "The History of Cricket" in Steel A. G.; Lyttelton R. H. Cricket, Longmans 1898 (6th edn)
 Light, Rob. "'In a Yorkshire Like Way': Cricket and the Construction of Regional Identity in Nineteenth-century Yorkshire." Sport in History 29.3 (2009): 500–518.

  McKibbin, Ross.  Classes and Cultures. England 1918–1951 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998). online pp. 332–39
 Russell, Dave. "Sport and identity: the case of Yorkshire County Cricket Club, 1890–1939." Twentieth Century British History 7.2 (1996): 206–30.
 Stone, Duncan. "Cricket's regional identities: the development of cricket and identity in Yorkshire and Surrey." Sport in Society 11.5 (2008): 501–16. online

 Wisden Cricketers' Almanack (annual): various editions

External links

Cricket

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Budapest Audio guides
Our most recommended Budapest Audio guides
1. Budapest: Evening Sightseeing Cruise and Unlimited Prosecco
Discover Budapest at night on a boat trip along the Danube River. Sip on unlimited glasses of high-quality prosecco or homemade lemonade as you admire the Hungarian capital's top sights from the water. See the Hungarian Parliament Building, Liberty Bridge, and much more, and learn about the landmarks from the included audio guide. Choose whether to include a local food platter in your cruise experience. Board the boat on the Pest side of the river. Check in, choose your seat and settle down with a welcome drink of Hungarian sparkling wine, spritzer, or homemade lemonade. Take in the amazing views of Budapest's key attractions from your seat as you listen to the recorded English commentary. When you get thirsty, visit the bar for unlimited free refills on your sparkling wine, spritzer, or lemonade, or buy other drinks if you prefer. Head to the top deck to capture incredible photos of Budapest from the water or you on the boat. Relax as you enjoy the views, drinks, and lounge music. If you choose the option with food, tuck into an assorted platter of Hungarian specialties: cured Mangalica ham, 2 types of homemade sausage, handcrafted hard cheese, marinated fresh goat cheese, grilled red peppers, pickled vegetables, and ciabatta bites. Once you've indulged, return to the dock.
2. Budapest: 1-Hour Evening Sightseeing Cruise with Drink
Enjoy this 1-hour evening sightseeing cruise on the legendary blue Danube and sail between the Buda and Pest sides of magical Budapest. Board the boat directly at the pier in central Budapest, and sip a drink of your choice. Sip a glass of champagne, wine, beer, a soft drink or mineral water along with a complimentary special Duna Bella lemonade. During the cruise you'll see the majestic Chain Bridge and Elisabeth Bridge, admire the massive Budapest Parliament Building, see the Buda Castle on the hill and circle the Margaret Island. You'll learn about the main sights from the 30-language audio guide. Once the tour has concluded, the boat will take you back to the pier in central Budapest.
3. Budapest Parliament 45-Minute Guided Tour
On this 45-minute guided tour you'll visit the interior of the magnificent House of Parliament in Budapest. Built in the Gothic Revival style, it is the third-largest Parliament building in the world. The building was designed by the renowned Hungarian architect, Imre Steindl, whose inspiration was the Palace of Westminster. It stretches along the Pest side of the Danube River from the Chain Bridge to the Margaret Bridge, and is 268 meters in length. Your guide will show you the splendid session room, the richly decorated central staircase, and the great vaulted hall. You'll have the opportunity to visit the cupola room as well, which houses the Hungarian Crown Jewels and the Hungarian Holy Crown.
4. Budapest: Hop-On Hop-Off Bus with Cruise and Walking Tour
Discover Budapest on your own terms with a 24, 48, or 72-hour pass for the hop-on-hop-off sightseeing bus with a boat and walking tour. See sights such as the Hungarian Parliament, Buda Castle, and Chain Bridge. Explore the Citadel, and see the Jewish Synagogue, Memorial, and Museum on Dohány Street. Set off on a 1-hour cruise of the Danube River to enjoy panoramic views of the imperial city by day and night, including the vast Gothic Revival façade of the Hungarian Parliament Building complex. Explore both Buda and Pest, hopping off at any of the 19 stops along the route. Your ticket includes a fantastic discount booklet, that provides great discounts at some of the city's most popular attractions, as well as a walking tour. Listen to informative commentary in multiple languages as you explore. Red Route Stops: Stop 1. St Stephen's Basilica Stop 2. Chain Bridge (Pest) Stop 5. Kalvin Square Stop 8. Opera Stop 9. Liszt Ferenc Square Stop 10. Heroes Square Stop 11. Keleti Railway Station Stop 19. Margaret Bridge (Buda) Stop 20. WestEnd Shopping Centre Stop 21. Parliament
5. Budapest: Daytime Sightseeing Boat Cruise
Enjoy this daytime sightseeing cruise on the legendary blue Danube and sail between the Buda and Pest sides of magical Budapest. Board the boat directly at the pier in central Budapest, and sip a drink of your choice. You can choose a glass of champagne, wine, beer, a soft drink, or mineral water along with a complimentary special Duna Bella lemonade. During the cruise, you'll see the majestic Chain Bridge and Elisabeth Bridge, admire the massive Budapest Parliament Building, see the Buda Castle on the hill, and circle Margaret Island. You'll learn about the main sights from the 30-language audio guide. In the summer, you can make an optional stop at the cool and green Margaret Island, if you like. You'll receive a free map of the small island with recommended walking tours and information about sights to see. Afterward, you'll board the boat for the return trip to central Budapest.
6. Budapest: 24, 48 and 72-Hour Hop-On Hop-Off Bus Tour
Get a perfect introduction to Budapest on a hop-on hop-off sightseeing bus. Cruise around in style, hopping on and off at the more than 20 stops along carefully designed routes. See the magnificent Basilica, the leafy and classical Andrassy Avenue, Chain Bridge, and much more. Listen to the audio commentary provided in 16 languages, visit the city's most famous landmarks, and join an optional walking tour of Pest. Experience Hungary's capital in all its glory with the Danube River cruise and witness Budapest from a different perspective. Ticket holders will also enjoy a guided walking tour through the stately Pest side of the city. All of the buses are air-conditioned during the summer and heated during the winter, providing you with the most comfortable and convenient way to explore Budapest.
7. 3-Hour Budapest Tour with Russian Jeep
Don't wait with the crowds for a traditional city tour. Lean back in your authentic, vintage Russian Military Jeep, buckle up, and leave the rest to the guides! Enjoy the spectacular beauty of Budapest. This tour is highly recommended for those who wish to see a "bit more" of Budapest, as you will be taken to where city tours have no access. See the wonders and secrets of this city. The tour takes you along the Hungarian Champs Elysees (Andrassy Ut). Make a stop at Heroes Square (Hosok Teren) for sightseeing and for photos. From here you can see the Western Railway Station (Nyagati Palyaudvart) designed by August De Serres, built by the Eiffel Company of Paris,12 yrs before the Eiffel Tower. The tour continues towards the beautiful Parliament Building, St Stephens/St Istvan Basilica and then you will make your way to Buda. Make a short detour/stop at the medieval castle, then venture onwards to the city's highest lookout point where you will see breathtaking panoramic views of Budapest, The Danube, Buda Castle. While heading back you can admire the city as you cross the Danube by bridge and head towards the Jewish Quarter. Here you will find Europe's largest functioning Synagogue and historical neighborhood with its own unique & interesting atmosphere. Throughout the tour, your driver will be sharing interesting stories on points of interest and is open to questions. There is also the option of using your audio guide or you can listen to music with the JBL hi-fi system. Grab your camera and tour Budapest!
8. Budapest: Sightseeing Danube River Cruise Ticket
Your sightseeing cruise begins at Dock no.6 Mahart Terminal, where you'll board the boat for the hour-long cruise. An audio guide is available onboard, in both English and German. There is one stopover during the cruise, and you can get off to see the sights of the city, taking your time, your ticket is valid for 1 hour. You'll pass by the imposing building of the Parliament as you cruise along the Danube River, and you'll enjoy panoramic views of Margaret Island as well. See the attractions of Castle District, including the Royal Castle, the Matthias Church, and the Fisherman's Bastion. On Gellért Hill you'll see the Liberty Monument and the Citadel. The tour continues in a southerly direction, and you'll have views of the bridges of Budapest, the National Theater, and the Palace of Arts. On the return cruise, you'll see the universities of Budapest and the Central Market Hall, before the tour ends back at Vigadó Square, in the city center.
9. Budapest: Festive & Jewish Quarter Self-Guided Walking Tour
Discover at your own pace the old Jewish quarter of Budapest, known today as the festive but also cultural and artistic district of the city! The only thing you need to explore for 1 hour? Your smartphone! The voice of a local guide will guide you throughout the visit and the stories will be triggered automatically as you go along. Start your tour whenever you want, alone or with friends, far from tourist groups... During this 1h30 audio-guided tour, start your walk on the elegant Andrassy Avenue. Sometimes called the "Champs Élysées" of Budapest, it's been a Unesco World Heritage Site since 2002. Then discover the communist period of Budapest by passing in front of the House of Terror. You will then continue on your way along Andrassy Avenue where many must-see places, stories and anecdotes await you. You will pass the first Budapest Department Store, admire the magnificent City Opera House and walk along the Hollywood Boulevard of Budapest. Continue your journey by entering the Jewish quarter of Budapest to discover the largest Synagogue in Europe! You will understand why this district has nowadays lost part of its identity... You will pass by buildings such as the Monument of the Righteous or the Memorial Park which bear witness to the tragic history of the Jews in Budapest. You will then discover why today this district is especially known as a place for festivities and artistic and cultural events. You will learn for example the history of the famous ruin bars in Budapest! Many anecdotes will enrich your walk in the city. A short stop at a terrace or a shop, a small craving? Resume the visit when you want, right where you paused. It's impossible to get lost. The guide provides clear audio directions and a map indicates clear directions to follow in real time. And if you take a wrong turn, the integrated geo-localization feature will get you back on track in no time! customize your itinerary as you wish, relax and enjoy a fun and entertaining tour of Castle district, at your own pace. As all good things must come to an end, you will finish your visit with the most famous ruin bar of the city: the Szimpla Kert. A unique place to discover absolutely if you come in the district.
10. Budapest: Digital 100-Sights City Tour
This is a new way for independent-minded travelers to discover the majesty and culture of Budapest, including its fashionable shopping streets and its artist treasures. This self-guided sightseeing method is a state-of-the-art application that uniquely combines public transportation and walking tours with high-quality audio narration, rich visuals, helpful text and offline navigable mapping to transform your smartphone into an intelligent assistant and reliable travel companion. Live the city at your own pace, while discovering more than any guide could ever tell you. You'll learn about curiosities, culture, stories, and secrets at over 100 points of interest, while listening to your local story tellers in a choice of 6 languages. You can navigate to personal drop-pins, and travel across the city while enjoying auto-play commentary on carefully mapped routes using buses, trams, walking or bicycles. You will even receive help seeking out the best photo-spots and free WiFi areas. Whether you follow the suggested itineraries, or simply explore at your own will, you will uncover Budapest's glories in your own way and at your own pace, by day or night.
Budapest: Evening Sightseeing Cruise and Unlimited Prosecco
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Budapest: 1-Hour Evening Sightseeing Cruise with Drink
Budapest: Daytime Sightseeing Boat Cruise
Budapest: Floating Bus Tour by Land and Water
Budapest: 24, 48 and 72-Hour Hop-On Hop-Off Bus Tour
3-Hour Budapest Tour with Russian Jeep
Budapest: Sightseeing Danube River Cruise Ticket
Budapest: Festive & Jewish Quarter Self-Guided Walking Tour
Budapest: Digital 100-Sights City Tour
Budapest: City Park Self-Guided Walking Tour
Frequently asked questions about Budapest
What top attractions are a must-see in Budapest?
The must-see attractions in Budapest are:
St. Stephen's Basilica
Március 15. Square
Castle-bazaar
Fisherman's Bastion
Margaret Bridge
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What are the best tours in Budapest?
The best tours in Budapest are:
Budapest: 1-Hour Sightseeing Cruise with Welcome Drink
Budapest: Széchenyi Spa Full Day with Optional Pálinka Tour
Budapest: Nighttime Sightseeing Cruise
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What are the best day trips and excursions from Budapest?
The best day trips and excursions from Budapest are:
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What are the best tours to do in Budapest with kids?
The best tours to do in Budapest with kids are:
Budapest: Hungarian Chimney Cake Workshop
Budapest: Adventure Caving Tour with Guide
Budapest: Guided City Sights Tour by E-Scooter
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What are the best outdoor activities to do in Budapest?
The best outdoor activities to do in Budapest are:
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What are the best indoor activities in Budapest for rainy days?
The best indoor activities in Budapest for rainy days are:
Budapest: The Great Synagogue Skip the Line Ticket
Budapest Card: Public Transport, 30+ Top Attractions & Tours
Budapest: Classical Music Concerts in St Stephen's Basilica
Budapest: Buda Castle Vampires & Myths Evening Walking Tour
Organ Concert in St. Stephen's Basilica
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What are the best inexpensive tours in Budapest?
These are the best activities when you are visiting Budapest on a budget:
Budapest: Shared Airport Shuttle Bus Transfer
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What are the best deals and discounts on activities and attractions in Budapest?
These are the best deals and discounts on activities and attractions in Budapest:
Budapest: 70-Minute Sightseeing Cruise on the Danube
Budapest: MonsteRoller E-Scooter Tour
Budapest: Fat Tire MonsteRoller E-Scooter Rental
Budapest (BUD): Ferenc Liszt Airport Premium Lounge Access
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What are the most popular museums and exhibitions in Budapest?
These are the most popular museums and exhibitions in Budapest:
Budapest: Communist History Tour with House of Terror Option
Jewish Heritage Guided Walking Tour in Budapest
Budapest: Guided Tour to the Hospital in the Rock & Castle
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Other Sightseeing Options in Budapest
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What people are saying about Budapest
It was a great experience. They were very friendly, the atmosphere was amazing, music was good and Prosseco was unlimited. We were two couple and we had a lot of fun. I recomand you to arrive early so you can be on the first ones that enters the boat. You will get a good table with a beautiful view.
Budapest: Evening Sightseeing Cruise and Unlimited Prosecco Reviewed by Iacob, 1/6/2023
I had a booking for 4 people and my friends missed the cruise by just a minute. The manager of the cruise was very kind to let them ride the following cruise. +1 for their kindness. The cruise itself (Ambience, Music and champagne) was very elegant. Definitely recommend.
Budapest: Evening Sightseeing Cruise and Unlimited Prosecco Reviewed by Pradeep, 1/8/2023
It was pretty good and the food was great as well. I would recommend going to the meeting spot early as it gets crowded and the spots on the cruise is first come first serve.
Budapest: Evening Sightseeing Cruise and Unlimited Prosecco Reviewed by Bünyamin, 1/7/2023
We went for the night cruise and was really amazing seeing all prominent building light up.
Budapest: 1-Hour Evening Sightseeing Cruise with Drink Reviewed by Mario, 1/6/2023
It was a really nice experience. The night view of the parliament especially amazing.
Budapest: Evening Sightseeing Cruise and Unlimited Prosecco Reviewed by Lkira, 1/8/2023


Make potential lawbreakers think twice about their actions by posting Police Signs within your area. Part of Seton's large selection of Property Security signs, these signs are specifically designed to discourage criminal activity by simply letting people know that someone is watching them. These prohibition signs are constructed with the industry's highest standards to guarantee long service life. With different mounting options available – you can choose between self-adhesive signs or pre-drilled signs – you can easily use these signs in and around your facility to boost your existing security policies.
Improve facility security with the help of signs that can deter the perpetration of crimes. You can improve your existing security procedures by using Seton's Police Signs. These property security signs contain standard wordings and easily recognized symbols that will efficiently help get your message across. By letting people know that your facility is constantly under watch, you can minimize theft, property damage, and other types of crimes. These signs are available in different sizes, materials, and installation options to suit all your facility's needs.
Never let crime get ahead of you. At Seton, we offer a wide variety of security products to help boost safety policies in your facility. From Police signs, labels, police barricades, and property signs– we have it all in store for you. We also carry Emergency Procedure signs to constantly remind people that law enforcement is just a call away whenever needed. Use these Police signs with our wide range of Notice and Prohibition signs and other security products to guarantee a safe and well-protected facility.


Object Lessons is about transformation and the shifting identity of the self and the body from subject to object (and vise versa). The text is erasure poetry created from Object Lessons on the Human Body—a transcript of lessons given in the primary department of school no. 49, New York City, 1894. Imagery was created from a copperplate etching of an X-ray of a human hand. The etching was subjected to an open source glitch art program to create an altered image. That image was then subjected to the same program and so on—each iteration moving further from the original, eventually transforming into something else entirely.
Drumleaf binding, archival pigment printing, clamshell box enclosure. Book: 5.5 x 8.5 x .5 inches (closed). Clamshell box: 6 x 9.125 x 1 inches (closed). Limited edition of 10.