text:
Q: Retrieve json from database and display in html form in symfony4.3 I want to retrieve JSON data from database and display it the form(twig
file).
My form has various text fields.My question is how to display values in text field relevant to that text field.I am new to symfony and even new to programming.Please guide me,should I use Javascript for this??  Please help.
This is my twig file--

{% for key in id %}
<form>

入 居 申 込 書  (法人用)

    <fieldset>
      物件名:
    <input type="text" name="name" id="1" value="{{key.id}}">
        号室:)
   <input type="text" name="roomNumber" id="2" value="
{{key.applicationNo}}">

This is my controller--
class ListPageController extends AbstractController
{
/**
 * @Route("/list/page/{id}", name="list_page",methods="GET")
 */
public function index($id)
{

    $repository = $this->getDoctrine()->getRepository(NewEntity::class);

    $em = $repository->findAll();
    $encoders = array(new JsonEncoder());
    $normalizers = array(new ObjectNormalizer());

   $serializer = new Serializer($normalizers, $encoders);
   $jsonContent = $serializer->serialize($em, 'json');
   var_dump(json_decode($jsonContent));
   var_dump(json_decode($jsonContent,true,2));

   return $this->render('list_page/index.html.twig',
  ['id'=>$jsonContent]);

    }
  }

  I am getting output like this--
  array(18) { [0]=> object(stdClass)#565 (5) { ["id"]=> int(1)
  ["applicationNo"]=> int(201) ["dataJson"]=> string(5) "Hello"
  ["careteTime"]=> object(stdClass)#558 (3) { ["timezone"]=>
  object(stdClass)#548 (3) { ["name"]=> string(3) "UTC" ["transitions"]=>
  array(1) { [0]=> object(stdClass)#556 (5) { ["ts"]=>
  int(-9223372036854775808) ["time"]=> string(33) "-292277022657-01-
  27T08:29:52+0000" ["offset"]=> int(0) ["isdst"]=> bool(false) ["abbr"]=>
  string(3) "UTC" } } ["location"]=> object(stdClass)#557 (4) {
  ["country_code"]=> string(2) "??" ["latitude"]=> int(0) ["longitude"]=>
  int(0) ["comments"]=> string(0) "" } } ["offset"]=> int(0) ["timestamp"]=>
  int(1566800940) } ["updateTime"]=> object(stdClass)#562 (3) {
  ["timezone"]=> object(stdClass)#559 (3) { ["name"]=> string(3) "UTC"
  ["transitions"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(stdClass)#560 (5) { ["ts"]=>
  int(-9223372036854775808) ["time"]=> string(33) "-292277022657-01-
  27T08:29:52+0000" ["offset"]=> int(0) ["isdst"]=> bool(false) ["abbr"]=>
  string(3) "UTC" } } ["location"]=> object(stdClass)#561 (4) {
  ["country_code"]=> string(2) "??" ["latitude"]=> int(0) ["longitude"]=>
  int(0) ["comments"]=> string(0) "" } } ["offset"]=> int(0) ["timestamp"]=>
  int(1566800940) } } [1]=> object(stdClass)#563 (5) { ["id"]=> int(2)
  ["applicationNo"]=> int(201) ["dataJson"]=> string(50) "
  {"name":"jshjs","roomNumber":"nxns","lay":"nxmsm"}" ["careteTime"]=>
  object(stdClass)#551 (3) { ["timezone"]=> object(stdClass)#564 (3) {
  ["name"]=> string(3) "UTC" ["transitions"]=> array(1) { [0]=>
  object(stdClass)#549 (5) { ["ts"]=> int(-9223372036854775808) ["time"]=>
  string(33) "-292277022657-01-27T08:29:52+0000" ["offset"]=> int(0)
  ["isdst"]=> bool(false) ["abbr"]=> string(3) "UTC" } } ["location"]=>
  object(stdClass)#550 (4) { ["country_code"]=> string(2) "??"
   ["latitude"]=> int(0) ["longitude"]=> int(0) ["comments"]=> string(0) ""
  } } ["offset"]=> int(0) ["timestamp"]=> int(1566802183) } ["updateTime"]=>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


After months of taking a pounding over release of his tax returns, Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney finally complied.
The move didn�t quiet his opponents. Now, they�re publicly dissecting those returns. Thus goes another round of irrelevant political maneuvers that emerged during this campaign season.


It's strange to take a look back at my life and take inventory of things I have come back to over and over and realize these are some of my true loves...as random as they may seem to others.
In January, I decided to try offering custom wedding stationary to anyone I came across that was recently engaged. I was inspired when the sister of one of my college friends randomly found me on Facebook and I saw that she was engaged in her profile. I sent her a message offering my services and she accepted. A week later, I noticed one of my former Resident Assistant's at Meredith was engaged and offered her my services as well - she, too, accepted and also had a friend that was interested! A few weeks later, Seth's long-time friend, Patrick, got engaged and they, too, accepted my offer! WOW. 4 clients in less than a month. Maybe this wouldn't be too hard.
I'm nearing completion of wedding #1 which is June 1, 2007. The bride has been pleased so far, but it's my own quest for absolute perfection which is difficult to work with. I love designing and laying out invitations but I've been let down on the things which I have no control over (i.e. printers & software). Luckily, I have the smartest & most patient husband in the universe and he's helped me though it all - each time coming up with a solution that makes me happy with my products. It's frustrating when your brain knows something is possible, but the machinery you rely on lets you down. It's clear that to do this type of business to the level of perfection which I seek, I'd need a massive budget and top of the line machinery which is just not going to happen. In any case, I'm making do with what I've got and my little home office is coming together nicely.
Once I get my work pattern established, I think the other weddings I'm working on will go much smoother. This first wedding has been a lot of trial and error, but I've made sure that didn't reflect in my product. I think this bride will be pleased - as I am - and hopefully I'll have produced something for her that she wouldn't have imagined otherwise.


text:
Cristiano Ronaldo rejects new Real Madrid contract
Cristiano Ronaldo has allegedly rejected a big-money offer to stay at Real Madrid.
The Portugal international has turned down a contract worth £26.7m from Los Blancos, according to Tuttosport.
The five-time Ballon d'Or winner's future was cast into doubt in May when he hinted that Real's 3-1 victory over Liverpool in the Champions League final would be his final game for the club.
Ronaldo's former club, Manchester United, were immediately installed as the favourites to sign him, but the latest reports suggest that they face competition from Juventus and Paris Saint-Germain.
SEE ALSO: Deputy Superintendent of Prisons arrested for alleged armed robbery
The player's agent Jorge Mendes is said to be plotting his client's departure from Real.
Sportsmole/Reuters
Ronaldo reaches 801 career goals with Arsenal double
Juve offices searched by police over suspect player transfer
Principal urges brands to promote sports among students
FG boosts sports with N140bn
Laurie Cunningham, the Cristiano Ronaldo of his era
Ballon d'Or: Ronaldo looks to equal Messi's record as France Football release list of 30 nominees

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
PlayJunkie
Home Trending This YouTuber Turned "Coolness" into a Career
This YouTuber Turned "Coolness" into a Career
There are plenty of paths for success in life, and being cool isn't usually one of them – that's what most parents will tell you, anyway. But one girl has turned coolness into art – and became a star overnight.
Emma Chamberlain is an 18 years old YouTube star from San Bruno, California. Like most teens these days, she grew up with social media – YouTube was launched when she was just five years old, and her pass-time as a child was watching YouTubers.
So it wasn't too surprising when at age fifteen she decided to try and make it on YouTube herself. She started posting videos daily, focusing on her day-to-day experiences and making fun of the more nonsensical aspects of her life.
Then, one day, she posted a video titled We All Owe The Dollar Store An Apology, where she ranted about the amazing (and ridiculous) finds we can only get at dollar stores. The video went viral, gaining thousands of views. In one month, she went from having 4,000 subscribers to having 150,000 – and her YouTube career finally started gaining momentum.
Today, just three years after that first video, she has a whopping 8.5 million subscribers and is being featured in media outlets across America. Recently she was even featured on the front page of Cosmopolitan! She's still creating funny, quirky videos, and proves that sometimes, all you need to become a start is a decent sense of humor.
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text:
Die Evolutionäre Emotionsforschung ist ein Ende der 1980er Jahre entstandener Zweig der Evolutionären Psychologie (Evolutionspsychologie), der fast ausschließlich in den Vereinigten Staaten praktiziert wird. Er geht von der Prämisse aus, dass angeborene (endogene) und damit erbliche Emotionen des Menschen ein Ergebnis der Evolution seien, und erklärt das Wirken der Emotionen im heutigen Menschen (Homo sapiens) mit dem Zweck, den die betreffenden Emotionen in der stammesgeschichtlichen Vergangenheit des Menschen hatten.

Besondere Bedeutung hat die Evolutionäre Emotionsforschung bei der Erklärung von Emotionen, deren Auswirkungen sich in sogenannten "zivilisierten Gesellschaften" als schädlich oder destruktiv erweisen.

Zu den Hauptvertretern der Evolutionären Emotionsforschung zählen der US-amerikanische Evolutionspsychologe David M. Buss und der US-amerikanische Evolutionsmediziner Randolph M. Nesse.

Hinweis: Alle weiteren Ausführungen in diesem Artikel beziehen sich nur auf angeborene Emotionen.

Zentrale These
Gemäß der Evolutionären Emotionsforschung haben sich angeborene Emotionen im Laufe der Stammesgeschichte durch das Zusammenwirken von Evolutionsfaktoren (v. a. Mutation, Rekombination und Selektion) zu ihrer heutigen Form entwickelt. Dies geschah, weil die Emotionen (bzw. die aus ihnen resultierenden Verhaltensweisen) ihren Akteuren oder deren Verwandten Überlebens- und Fortpflanzungsvorteile – allgemein: Selektionsvorteile – boten, während Artgenossen das Nachsehen hatten, die diese Emotionen z. B.
 generell nicht empfinden konnten (Apathie, Indolenz),
 in Situationen, in denen die Emotionen von Vorteil gewesen wären, zu schwach oder gar nicht empfanden (Alexithymie, Anhedonie) oder
 (zu stark) empfanden, obwohl die Emotionen (in dieser Stärke) in den betreffenden Situationen von Nachteil waren (z. B. bei affektiven Störungen wie Phobien, Manien, Depressionen).

Bedeutung der Soziobiologie
Einen besonderen Stellenwert für die Evolutionäre Emotionsforschung hat die Soziobiologie, da sie bei der Bewertung des Nutzens von Verhaltensweisen auch die Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen zwischen Individuen berücksichtigt. Der "Wert" einer Emotion ergibt sich somit
 zum einen aus den Folgen, die eine Emotion (bzw. das daraus resultierende Verhalten) für das Überleben und die Fortpflanzung des Lebewesens selbst hat,
 zum anderen aus den Folgen, die das Verhalten auf verwandte Lebewesen (z. B. Nachkommen) hat, die ebenfalls einen Anteil der Gene des Lebewesens in sich tragen.

Parallelen zu anderen Wissenschaften
Die Evolutionäre Emotionsforschung versteht sich als Parallele zu anderen, meist biologischen Wissenschaftsdisziplinen (z. B. Morphologie, Physiologie, Verhaltensbiologie), die die Strukturen, Funktionen und Verhaltensweisen von Lebewesen schon seit dem 19. Jahrhundert als Ergebnisse der Evolution betrachten und deuten. Besonders eng sind die Parallelen zum evolutionären Ansatz in der Kognitionsforschung, der den evolutionstheoretischen Ansatz auf den Wahrnehmungsapparat der Lebewesen anwendet (Evolutionäre Erkenntnistheorie).

Abgrenzung zu verwandten Forschungsgebieten
Im Gegensatz zur Verhaltensforschung, die das Verhalten (z. B. die Kommunikation) von Lebewesen studiert, konzentriert sich die Emotionsforschung auf die "hinter" den Verhaltensweisen stehenden Emotionen. Dies gilt auch für die nonverbale Kommunikation (z. B. angeborene Formen von Mimik und Körpersprache), bei der Lebewesen ihre Emotionen äußern bzw. die Emotionen anderer Lebewesen erkennen und verstehen. Forschungen über evolutionsbiologische Aspekte nonverbaler Kommunikation zählen daher zur Verhaltensforschung und sind kein Bestandteil der Evolutionären Emotionsforschung (vgl. auch den Begriff "Ausdrucksverhalten").

Methodische Probleme
Die Aussagen der Evolutionären Emotionsforschung sind mit einigen Problemen bei der Erkenntnisgewinnung verbunden:

 Die einem Verhalten zugrunde liegende Emotion lässt sich oft nur indirekt erschließen, z. B. durch eine Beobachtung von Gesichtsausdruck (Mimik) und Körpersprache oder durch eine nachträgliche Befragung des Akteurs (mit allen damit verbundenen Problemen der Verzerrung und Verfälschung, wie Rationalisierung, Vergessen, Beschönigen usw.).

 Menschliches Verhalten ist nur zum Teil von Emotionen geleitet. Viele Verhaltensweisen sind auch von der Vernunft (Ratio) geleitet. Welchen Anteil Emotionen bzw. vernünftige Überlegungen in einem konkreten Verhalten haben, lässt sich im Einzelfall oft schwer bestimmen.

 Selbst wenn ein Verhalten stark emotionsgeleitet ist, herrscht in der Emotionsforschung möglicherweise keine Übereinstimmung darüber, ob die betreffende Emotion überhaupt angeboren ist oder ob sie im Laufe des Lebens erworben wird (vgl. Diskussion der Basisemotionen).

 Die allgemeine Evolutionsforschung bedient sich zur Untermauerung ihrer Theorien zahlreicher materieller Indizien, etwa aus der Morphologie (Körperbau), der Physiologie (Funktionen), der Verhaltensbiologie, der Paläontologie (Fossilien) und der Embryonalentwicklung. Wegen der Immaterialität von Emotionen stehen der Evolutionären Emotionsforschung die meisten dieser Indizien nicht zur Verfügung – ein Problem, das sich auch dem evolutionstheoretischen Ansatz in der Verhaltensforschung stellt. Eine Ausnahme bilden paläoanthropologische Befunde (z. B. Bestattungsplätze archaischer Gesellschaften), die manche Rückschlüsse auf menschliche Verhaltensweisen und deren mutmaßliche emotionale Hintergründe zulassen.

 Ungeachtet der Frage, welche Emotionen angeboren und welche erworben sind, besteht doch Übereinstimmung darüber, dass der Mensch mit angeborenen Emotionen auf die Welt kommt. Die Fähigkeit, diese Emotionen zu empfinden, ist also in den Erbanlagen (Genen) hinterlegt. Daraus folgt, dass die Gene, die dem Menschen das Empfinden dieser Emotionen ermöglichen, wie andere Gene auch, aus der Stammesgeschichte hervorgegangen sind, wo sie den Regeln und Prinzipien der Evolution unterlagen. Aussagen der Evolutionären Emotionsforschung resultieren daher aus einer Übertragung von Erkenntnissen aus anderen Bereichen der Evolutionsforschung auf das Gebiet der Emotionsforschung (Analogieschlüsse), ohne sich im strengen Sinne beweisen (verifizieren) oder widerlegen (falsifizieren) zu lassen.

Würdigung
Trotz dieser methodischen Probleme wäre es unklug, auf die Evolutionäre Emotionsforschung zu verzichten. Deren evolutionstheoretische Begründungen sind oft die einzigen oder zumindest die plausibelsten Deutungen von menschlichen Verhaltensweisen bzw. der ihnen mutmaßlich zugrunde liegenden Emotionen, deren Sinn sich anderenfalls nur schwer oder gar nicht erschließen würde. (Beispiele finden sich im Abschnitt "Evolutionstheoretische Deutungen von Emotionen" dieses Artikels.)

Die größte Bedeutung haben Interpretationen der Evolutionären Emotionsforschung bei Verhaltensweisen, die impulsiv und spontan (als plötzliche, weitgehend unüberlegte Reaktion auf einen Impuls) getätigt oder stark affektgesteuert sind (vgl. Affekttat). Bei diesen Verhaltensweisen (z. B. Morden) heißt es in der Schilderung des Hergangs oft, dass diese "aus niederen Beweggründen / Motiven / Instinkten" oder "im Affekt" begangen wurden.

Argumentationskette
Die Theorie der Evolutionären Emotionsforschung besteht aus folgender Argumentationskette:
 Ein Lebewesen nimmt eine Situation wahr (Kognition), deutet sie (Interpretation) und bewertet sie (Evaluation). Die Bewertung hat einen vernunftmäßigen (d. h. rationalen) und einen gefühlsmäßigen (d. h. emotionalen) Anteil.
 Die Richtung der Emotion (angenehm bzw. unangenehm) signalisiert, ob die Situation, so wie sie vom Lebewesen interpretiert wurde, für das Lebewesen oder seine Verwandten von Vorteil oder von Nachteil ist. Die Stärke der Emotion spiegelt die Bedeutung der Situation für das Überleben bzw. die Fortpflanzung des Lebewesens oder seiner Verwandten wider.
 Das Lebewesen reagiert auf das Ergebnis der Evaluation mit einem bestimmten Verhalten. Emotionen haben somit eine verhaltenssteuernde Funktion:
 Angenehme Emotionen bestärken das Lebewesen, in der aktuellen Situation zu verweilen bzw. auf eine Erhaltung der aktuellen Situation hinzuwirken.
 Unangenehme Emotionen bestärken das Lebewesen, sich von der aktuellen Situation abzuwenden oder auf eine Beendigung der aktuellen Situation hinzuwirken. Die Emotionen lösen z. B. ein Aversions- oder Fluchtverhalten zur Vermeidung der unangenehmen Situation bzw. die gezielte Suche nach einer angenehmen Situation aus.
 Im Nachhinein erweist sich, ob und inwieweit das von der Emotion ausgelöste Verhalten eine angemessene (adäquate, geeignete, passende) Reaktion auf die Situation war oder nicht. Das Verhalten war umso angemessener, je mehr es zum Überleben oder Fortpflanzungserfolg des Lebewesens oder seiner Verwandten beitrug. Ein in Bezug auf die Situation unangemessenes Verhalten aufgrund einer "falschen", ausbleibenden, zu schwachen oder zu starken Emotion kann das Lebewesen oder seinen Verwandten im ungünstigsten Fall das Leben kosten bzw. seine Fortpflanzung verhindern.
 Die tendenziell größten Chancen, seine Gene, die das Empfinden einer bestimmten Emotion ermöglichen, an die nächste Generation zu vererben, hat ein Lebewesen, wenn es
 eine angenehme Emotion (z. B. Wohlbehagen, Lust, Euphorie) umso intensiver empfindet, je vorteilhafter die Situation für das Überleben bzw. die Fortpflanzung des Lebewesens oder seiner Verwandten ist, bzw.
 eine unangenehme Emotion (z. B. Angst, Hunger, Langeweile) umso intensiver empfindet, je nachteiliger die Situation für das Überleben bzw. die Fortpflanzung des Lebewesens oder seiner Verwandten ist,
und
 auf die Emotion mit einem Verhalten reagiert, das der Situation angemessen ist.
 Mit der Vererbung der Gene an die nächste Generation wird jener die Chance geboten, an den Überlebens- und Fortpflanzungserfolg der Elterngeneration anzuknüpfen, sofern sich das durch Kognition, Interpretation und Evaluation ausgelöste Verhalten weiterhin als situationsadäquat erweist.

Hinsichtlich der oben genannten Punkte ist Folgendes zu beachten:
 Eine angeborene Emotion wird nicht durch ein einzelnes Gen (z. B. ein "Angst-Gen") repräsentiert.
 Das Objekt der natürlichen Auslese ist weder die einzelne Emotion noch das emotionale "Repertoire" eines Lebewesens, sondern der Phänotyp des Lebewesens, d. h. die Gesamtheit seiner morphologischen, physiologischen, Verhaltens- und psychologischen Merkmale. In diesem komplexen Gefüge spielen Emotionen eine wichtige, aber nicht die einzige Rolle.
 Eine Emotion ist stets nur einer von mehreren Bestandteilen der oben beschriebene Kette "Situation → Kognition → Interpretation → Evaluation (mit Vernunft und Emotion) → Verhalten". Diese Kette hat häufig keinen starren, zwingenden (deterministischen) Verlauf (Reflex), sondern weist in vielen Fällen beträchtliche Freiheitsgrade auf.
 Nur der Fortpflanzungserfolg eines Lebewesens und seiner Verwandten entscheidet, ob der Genotyp, d. h. die genetische Ausstattung des Lebewesens, an die nächste Generation vererbt wird.

Evolutionstheoretische Deutungen von Emotionen (Beispiele)
Dieser Abschnitt beschreibt anhand einiger Emotionen, welche Bedeutung diese aus Sicht der Evolutionären Emotionsforschung in der stammesgeschichtlichen Vergangenheit des Menschen hatten:

 Eifersucht entsteht, wenn ein Artgenosse (z. B. Nebenbuhler, Bruder, Schwester) um die Zuwendung oder Zuneigung einer für das Lebewesen wichtigen Bezugsperson (z. B. Fortpflanzungspartner, Elternteil) konkurriert. Durch die Konkurrenz mindert der Artgenosse die Überlebens- bzw. Fortpflanzungschancen des Lebewesens und erhöht den Selektionsdruck auf dessen Gene. Eifersucht hatte daher den Zweck, das Lebewesen zu alarmieren sowie den unliebsamen Artgenossen zu vertreiben, auf Distanz zu halten oder zu einer Beendigung des Konkurrenzverhaltens zu veranlassen. (Siehe auch: Geschlechtsspezifische Ursachen von Eifersucht.)

 Kulturübergreifende Studien haben gezeigt, dass der gelegentliche Wunsch zum Morden im menschlichen Denken relativ weit verbreitet ist, auch wenn er in den seltensten Fällen in einen tatsächlichen Tötungsversuch mündet. (Gängige Motive sind Eifersucht, Hass oder Mitleid mit einem unheilbar kranken Lebenspartner.) Zudem werden Morde meist nicht von krankhaften Außenseitern oder abgebrühten Kriminellen begangen, sondern von "ganz normalen" Menschen. Die Evolutionäre Evolutionsforschung begründet dies z. B. folgendermaßen: In der stammesgeschichtlichen Vergangenheit sollten die Tötung einer Fortpflanzungspartnerin, die von einem anderen Artgenossen geschwängert wurde, sowie die Tötung von Stiefkindern verhindern, dass das Lebewesen Ressourcen in die Aufzucht von Kindern investiert, die nicht die Gene des "betrogenen" Lebewesens tragen.

 Das rauschähnliche Gefühl des Orgasmus hatte den Zweck, das Lebewesen zu Geschlechtsakten zu animieren, bei denen das Lebewesen seine Gene an die nachfolgende Generation weitergibt und dadurch für den Fortbestand dieser Gene sorgt (siehe auch: Entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Hintergrund des Orgasmus).

Weitere Beispiele: siehe Ekel, Flow, Neid.

Schlussfolgerungen
Die Evolutionäre Emotionsforschung erklärt die angeborenen Emotionen des Menschen mit deren Anpassungswert für die Vorfahren des heutigen Menschen. Damit weist die Evolutionäre Verhaltensforschung über den reinen Bereich der Psychologie (als Humanwissenschaft) hinaus und impliziert Schlussfolgerungen, die tief in die Stammesgeschichte und weit in die Tierkunde (Zoologie) hineinreichen:

 Die zum Teil sehr komplexen Emotionen heutiger Lebewesen dürften sich im Laufe der Stammesgeschichte aus weniger komplexen bzw. wenigen einfachen, elementaren Emotionen ("Ur-Emotionen") entwickelt haben. Im Extremfall begann die Geschichte der Emotionen mit nur einer einzigen elementaren Emotion. Vermutlich entstanden elementare Emotionen jedoch zu verschiedenen Zeiten an verschiedenen Punkten der Stammesgeschichte. Es gibt keinen Anlass für die Annahme, dass diese Entwicklung abgeschlossen ist.

 Es gibt keinen zwingenden Grund für die Annahme, dass nur der Mensch (Gattung Homo) in der Lage ist, Emotionen zu empfinden. Obwohl die materiellen (physiologischen) Grundlagen für das Empfinden von Emotionen beim Menschen erst teilweise bekannt sind, herrscht doch breite Übereinstimmung, dass bei der Erzeugung von Emotionen stammesgeschichtlich ältere Teile des Gehirns (insbesondere das Limbische System) eine zentrale Rolle spielen. Diese Strukturen existieren nicht nur beim Menschen, sondern in mehr oder weniger ähnlicher Form auch bei vielen Tierarten. Daher muss davon ausgegangen werden, dass letztere ebenfalls imstande sind, Emotionen zu empfinden.

 Erfahrungen der Biosystematik mit morphologischen und physiologischen Merkmalen legen den Schluss nahe, dass auch das emotionale Repertoire von Lebewesen (bzw. biologischen Arten) tendenziell umso größere Übereinstimmungen aufweist, je mehr die Lebewesen (bzw. Arten) stammesgeschichtlich miteinander verwandt sind. Umgekehrt dürfte die Übereinstimmung mit abnehmendem stammesgeschichtlichen Verwandtschaftsgrad tendenziell sinken. – Angehörige derselben Art (Artgenossen) verfügen folglich über ein relativ hohes Maß an Übereinstimmung in ihren emotionalen Repertoires. – Tierische Emotionen dürften den menschlichen umso ähnlicher sein, je näher die Tierart mit dem Menschen (Homo sapiens) stammesgeschichtlich verwandt ist. Da auch Tiere eine stammesgeschichtliche Entwicklung durchmachen, unterliegen auch deren angeborene Emotionen den Regeln der Evolution.

 Es gibt keinen zwingenden Grund für die Annahme, dass das Gefühlsleben des heutigen Menschen (Homo sapiens) das komplexeste aller biologischen Arten sei.

 Emotionen können unterschiedliche Grade an stammesgeschichtlicher Stabilität aufweisen. Stabile Emotionen treten in sehr vielen aufeinanderfolgenden Generationen (nahezu) unverändert auf. Labile (oder instabile) Emotionen treten im Extremfall nur bei einem einzigen Lebewesen auf und sterben mit diesem aus, wenn es sich nicht fortpflanzen kann. Elementare Emotionen sind in der Regel stabiler als komplexe Emotionen, da erstere vielseitiger "einsetzbar" sind und sich auch in einer wandelnden Umwelt als "verlässliche Ratgeber" erweisen.

 In der Stammesgeschichte kann es Emotionen gegeben haben, zu denen nur eine bestimmte biologische Art fähig war und die mit dem Aussterben der betreffenden Art ebenfalls ausgelöscht wurden.

 Es kann Emotionen geben, die nur eine begrenzte Anzahl von Lebewesen (z. B. nur Angehörige einer bestimmten Art, im Extremfall nur ein einziges Lebewesen) empfinden kann.

Weitere Folgen der evolutionären Sicht der Emotionen
 Die Evolutionären Emotionsforschung macht es möglich universelle, naturalistische Erklärungen für das Auftreten und den Charakter von Emotionen anzunehmen. Das eröffnet weiter Möglichkeiten einer naturwissenschaftlichen Erforschung.

 Die von der Evolutionären Emotionsforschung vertretene Annahme, dass Menschen aufgrund ihrer stammesgeschichtlichen Verwandtschaft große Übereinstimmungen in ihren emotionalen Repertoires aufweisen, führt auch zur Vorstellung, dass sich damit eine Perspektivenübernahme sowie Empathie, Mitgefühl, Anteilnahme, Mitleid o. ä. erklären lässt.

 Die von der Evolutionären Emotionsforschung vertretene Annahme, dass auch Tiere imstande sind, Emotionen (z. B. Angst, Schmerz) zu empfinden, fügt dem religiös oder philosophisch-weltanschaulich motivierten Tierschutz (vgl. auch Tierrechte, Tierethik, pathozentrische Ethik) eine evolutionsbiologische Begründung hinzu.

Siehe auch
 Emotionstheorien

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

Bücher
In chronologischer Reihenfolge der Erstausgabe:
 David M. Buss: The Evolution of Desire. Strategies of Human Mating; New York (Basic Books) 1994, ISBN 0-465-07750-1; (4th revised edition, 2003, ISBN 0-465-00802-X); deutsch: Die Evolution des Begehrens; München (Goldmann) 1997, ISBN 3-442-12584-7
 Denys deCatanzaro: Motivation and Emotion. Evolutionary, Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives; Upper Saddle River, N.J. (Prentice Hall) 1999, ISBN 978-0-13-849159-8
 David M. Buss: The Dangerous Passion. Why Jealousy is as necessary as Love and Sex, New York (Free Press), 2000, ISBN 978-0-684-85081-8; deutsch: "Wo warst du?" – Der Sinn der Eifersucht; Reinbek bei Hamburg (Rowohlt Taschenbuch) 2003, ISBN 978-3-499-61442-2
 Frank Schwab: Evolution und Emotion. Evolutionäre Perspektiven in der Emotionsforschung und der angewandten Psychologie; Stuttgart (Kohlhammer) 2004, ISBN 978-3-17-017188-6
 David M. Buss: The Murderer Next Door. Why the Mind is designed to kill; New York (Penguin Press) 2005, ISBN 978-1-59420-043-4; deutsch: Der Mörder in uns. Warum wir zum Töten programmiert sind; 2. Aufl., Heidelberg (Spektrum Akademischer Verlag) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-2083-1
 Cindy M. Meston, David M. Buss: Why Women have Sex. Understanding sexual Motivations from Adventure to Revenge (and everything in between); New York (Times Books) 2009, ISBN 978-0-8050-8834-2

Aufsätze
In chronologischer Reihenfolge:
 Randolph M. Nesse: Evolutionary explanations of emotions. In: Human Nature. 1, 1990, S. 261–289, .
 Denys de Catanzaro: Evolutionary limits to self- preservation. In: Ethology and Sociobiology. 12, 1991, S. 13–28, .
 R. M. Nesse: Is depression an adaptation? In: Archives of general psychiatry. Band 57, Nummer 1, Januar 2000, S. 14–20, . PMID 10632228. (Review).
 Leda Cosmides, John Tooby: Evolutionary Psychology and the Emotions, in: Michael Lewis, Jeanette M. Haviland-Jones (eds.): Handbook of Emotions; 2nd ed., New York (Guilford Press) 2000, pp. 91 – 115 (PDF)
 Martie G. Haselton, Timothy Ketelaar: Irrational Emotions or Emotional Wisdom? The Evolutionary Psychology of Emotions and Behavior; in: J. Forgas (ed.): Hearts and Minds. Affective Influences on Social Cognition and Behavior, New York (Psychology Press) 18. August 2005 (PDF)

Emotion
Evolution
Psychologische Schule

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Davide Appollonio (født 2. juni 1989 i Vitolini) er en professionel italiensk landevejscykelrytter. Han cykler for den britiske hold Team Sky. Han har cyklet for Team Sky siden starten af 2011. I 2010 kørte han for Cervélo TestTeam. Som cykelrytter er hans styrke sprint.

Eksterne henvisninger

Mandlige cykelryttere fra Italien


As part of its ongoing efforts to examine evolving internet marketing practices, earlier today the Federal Trade Commission released a report on self-regulation of online behavioral advertising. This report analyzes the comments received from interested parties in response to proposed self-regulatory principles issued by the Commission in December 2007. It covers a wide range of issues including the increasingly blurred line between personally identifiable information and non-personally identifiable information and the applicability of regulations to "first party" versus contextual advertising.
Links to the report and the concurring statements of Commissioners Harbour and Leibowitz, as well as FTC Congressional testimony on behavioral advertising, can be found here.


text:
We're Arsenal 'Til We Die
Blog on You Gunners
Arsenal make absolutely no case for the defence as they claim Manchester City draw
April 2, 2017 by blogonyougunners, posted in Arsenal, premier-league
Arsenal and Manchester City put on a masterclass in defensive ineptitude in their clash at the Emirates on Sunday, playing out an entertaining 2-2 draw that, in truth, benefitted neither side.
Heading into the game, the smart money was on a lot of goals and so it proved as Arsenal's defensive frailties were matched by Pep Guardiola's City, perhaps the only other side in the Premier League which has a similarly laissez-faire attitude to defending.
After some truly rotten showings in recent months, it was nice to see a performance with a little more incision and intent from Arsenal, and yet, despite that, it still felt as though something was not quite right.
Whether it's a crippling fear of making mistakes, general discontent among the players, or the protracted saga surrounding the manager's future – the team is not clicking as it did even six months ago. They don't even look like they are enjoying their goals as they should.
I had hoped the team might come out fired-up and fighting from the first whistle but, by the 10-minute mark, I feared we were in for a real thrashing as City ran amok. That is just not right.
To the Gunners' credit, they did enough to peg the visitors back twice and they should be commended for that, for continuing to play and for forcing their way back into the match.
But the manner in which they ended up falling behind on both occasions is such a cause for concern. It was so easy for City simply to shift through the gears when they needed to, so easy for them to get numbers in the Arsenal box and find acres of space as and when required. Why was that?
Yet again, defensive solidity, concentration and organisation eluded Arsenal in the most woeful fashion. The only saving grace was that their fallibility was equalled by the visitors, allowing us a way back into the game that many sides might not have – take West Bromwich, for example.
After the Baggies defeat, and long before that in fact, it was clear that defensive lapses urgently needed addressing but we don't seem to have addressed them in any meaningful way. If anything, we look as bad now as we did back then.
The team is as open and exposed now as we were in two crushing defeats to Bayern Munich, or in a fortunate draw at Bournemouth way back in January.
When I saw the team sheet, I felt the decision to include Danny Welbeck and Francis Coquelin was a wise one. It seemed they might provide a touch of pace and power in defence and in attack. Sadly though, it didn't seem to be the case. There was no appreciable improvement in our defensive efforts, even if it was against a supremely talented City attack. The team is surviving on its wits and the seats of its pants and that has to come down to a lack of direction from the manager and his coaching staff.
I will admit that the draw was more than I expected from Arsenal, particularly given the mood around the club at the moment, but the result is still tinged with disappointment. City are a top club, there is no doubting that, but Arsene Wenger's side really did need the win.
A failure to get that victory has left us seven points adrift of Manchester City in fourth place and hope of closing that gap is fading very fast indeed.
We have two or three games coming up in which, once upon a time, you would have fancied this side to pick up some points but, given how we are playing at the moment, I'm not sure what will happen.
With Andy Carroll bound to be a starter for West Ham on Wednesday, can we trust the team not to allow him free reign in the penalty area as the free-kicks, long balls and corners rain in? One thing is for sure, we are due a half-decent run or a few slices of luck and now would be a great time for either to kick in.
We won't come up against a side as talented and as festooned with talent as City every week but you don't have to boast a squad full of world beaters to fashion yourself a goal-scoring opportunity or two and you never feel as though a goal is far away against Arsenal this year.
So if you're expecting a comfortable win against West Ham on Wednesday, strap yourself in, because, as today proved, there's plenty more turbulence ahead.
Tagged Arsene Wenger, Manchester City
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Gunners miss opportunity to move into European mix with Palace stalemate
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text:
Word-Built World: Abracadabra
(worldwidewords.org)
Q From Speranza Spiratos: Can you shed some magical clarity on the word abracadabra please?
A Let me wave my wand … Ah, a brief sputter, then nothing. It seems the origin isn't known for certain.
These days it's just a joking conjuror's incantation with no force behind it, like hocus pocus and other meaningless phrases. But the word is extremely ancient and originally was thought to be a powerful invocation with mystical powers.
What we know for sure is that it was first recorded in a Latin medical poem, De medicina praecepta, by the Roman physician Quintus Serenus Sammonicus in the second century AD. It's believed to have come into English via French and Latin from a Greek word abrasadabra (the change from s to c seems to have been through a confused transliteration of the Greek). Serenus Sammonicus said that to get well a sick person should wear an amulet around the neck, a piece of parchment inscribed with a triangular formula derived from the word, which acts like a funnel to drive the sickness out of the body:
A B R A C A D A B R A
A B R A C A D A B R
A B R A C A D A B
A B R A C A D A
A B R A C A D
A B R A C A
A B R A C
A B R A
A B R
However, it seems likely that abracadabra is older and that it derives from one of the Semitic languages, though nobody can say for sure, because there is no written record before Serenus Sammonicus. For what it's worth, here are some theories:
It's from the Aramaic phrase avra kehdabra, meaning "I will create as I speak".
The source is three Hebrew words, ab (father), ben (son), and ruach acadosch (holy spirit).
It's from the Chaldean abbada ke dabra, meaning "perish like the word".
It originated with a Gnostic sect in Alexandria called the Basilidians and was probably based on Abrasax, the name of their supreme deity (Abraxas in Latin sources).
Fans of the Harry Potter books will know the killing curse, Avada Kedavra, in which J K Rowling seems to have combined the supposed Aramaic source of abracadabra with the Latin cadaver, a dead body.
(Contributed by Ugur Yilmaz)
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Account2000 offers a rich set of options to implement differen kinds of workflow structures, from simple reminders for follow-ups up to complex workflow trees, that are distributed across different employees and departments.
You can create any number of workflow tasks which can be organized into different categories like sales, support and finances. A workflow tasks consists of an arbitrary number of 'task steps' each of them marking a state in task execution. A task can be only on one step at a time during execution.
While fulfilling the task instructions, comments can be added to each task step in order to keep all actions and decisions transparent for investigation at later times.
Besides the reminder functions any task step can be assigned a timeout value, to set the maximum amount of time that a step may take until task processing continues. If the selected amount of time is exceeded a selectable user (task-owner, step-owner or any other person) will be notified.
Alle notifications are delivered by e-mail. Those e-mail messages contain a link that directly opend the customer form associated with the task.
Certain actions in the Account2000 system (like scanning a letter printing a price quote etc.), can be configured to trigger creation of a new workflow taks, which can be mandatory or user selectable.


text:
Q: Proguard causes problems with SSL keystore on Android In an Android app, I fetch content from a https url; in order to avoid SSL cert verification errors, I add the SSL public key to my keystore, which then resides in my res/raw folder of the app.
Following the instructions as on http://blog.crazybob.org/2010/02/android-trusting-ssl-certificates.html, which all works fine so far.
..until I activate Proguard and obfuscation. With Proguard activated, I am getting the following error,
ERROR/Login(4401): Could not login.
    javax.net.ssl.SSLException: hostname in certificate didn't match: <store.mydomain.com/185.165.192.15> != <store.mydomain.com> OR <store.mydomain.com>
    at xyz.fd.a(Unknown Source)

which I don't quite understand. Why would the idenfitication of the url change in a way that it's also fetching the /<ipAddress> together with the domain name, whereas it works fine without Proguard obfuscation.
As the httpClient for fetching the https content, I use sources as in MyHttpClient at:
http://blog.crazybob.org/2010/02/android-trusting-ssl-certificates.html
proguard.cfg:
-optimizationpasses 5
-dontusemixedcaseclassnames
-dontskipnonpubliclibraryclasses
-dontpreverify
-verbose
-optimizations !code/simplification/arithmetic,!field/*,!class/merging/*

-keep public class * extends android.app.Activity
-keep public class * extends android.app.Application
-keep public class * extends android.app.Service
-keep public class * extends android.content.BroadcastReceiver
-keep public class * extends android.content.ContentProvider
-keep public class * extends android.app.backup.BackupAgentHelper
-keep public class * extends android.preference.Preference

-keep class * extends DefaultHttpClient

-ignorewarnings
-repackageclasses 'xyz'
-allowaccessmodification

-keepclasseswithmembernames class * {
    native <methods>;
}

-keepclasseswithmembers class * {
    public <init>(android.content.Context, android.util.AttributeSet);
}

-keepclasseswithmembers class * {
    public <init>(android.content.Context, android.util.AttributeSet, int);
}

-keepclassmembers class * extends android.app.Activity {
   public void *(android.view.View);
}

-keepclassmembers enum * {
    public static **[] values();
    public static ** valueOf(java.lang.String);
}

-keep class * implements android.os.Parcelable {
  public static final android.os.Parcelable$Creator *;
}

Update:
Also removing -repackageclasses 'xyz' and -allowaccessmodification doesn't make a difference, same error.

A: I was using the latest httpclient 4.1.2. Now when I switch back to 4.1.1, the problem is gone.
Also see: http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.apache.httpclient.user/262


text:
The Ghana WASH Journalists Network (GWJN) is a voluntary not-for-profit organization of Ghanaian journalists who are interested in using their professional skills to promote high quality standards in the country's water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector.
The Network was formed in 2008 by a group of practicing journalists with specialization in environmental reporting. WaterAid in Ghana (WAG) initiated the network formation as part of its multi-country program in West Africa to integrate the media as partners in WASH advocacy efforts.
Similar networks are in operation in Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Mali and Cote d'Ivoire. WaterAid in Ghana has since 2008 been GWJN's major sponsor.
Since its formal inauguration in March 2009, the Network has witnessed a gradual growth in membership and as of September 2011 stands at 70 drawn from both the private and public media in five of Ghana's ten administrative regions.
To champion the rights of all to quality water, sanitation and hygiene services through media advocacy, research and education in collaboration with sector stakeholders.
VALUES (Guiding principles)
The Network commits itself to the following guiding principles:
Trust:
"We inspire confidence in our network by adhering to the highest ethical and professional standards, demonstrating honesty, fairness, objectivity and transparency in every action that we take while not compromising the truth."
Accountability:
"We are committed to promoting and upholding the highest standards of good stewardship and responsibility within the Network and the WASH sector as a whole."
"We believe in building and sustaining a positive working relationship with other stakeholders to achieve synergy on WASH issues."
Teamwork:
"We are committed to a teamwork environment where every Network member is valued, treated with respect, encouraged to contribute and recognized and rewarded for his/her efforts."
Environmental consciousness:
"We believe in communicating and advocating for the highest standards of environmental protection and conservation in the WASH sector. "
To become the leading media advocacy, communication and education network that ensures sustained delivery of quality Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for all.
Mole XXXII participants urge Ghana to plan ahead to preempt future emergencies
November 3, 2021 nhxr9
Some participants at the Mole XXXII conference have urged the government of Ghana and its partners in the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector to…
Motor Court convicts driver of water pollution
The Sanitation and Motor Court in La convicted a driver of a waste management company, of pollution Tuesday. The court found Nuru Musah, driver of…
WASH sector critical to Ghana's socio-economic development: Dapaah
The Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector is critical to the socio-economic development of Ghana, Cecilia Abena Dapaah, the Minister for Sanitation and Water Resources,…
03/11/2019 – Ghana Power Compact | Procurement Opportunities Presentation
03/07/2019 – REMINDER | AmCham Ghana Energy Forum
02/28/2019 – AmCham Ghana February Newsletter
02/25/2019 – Invitation | AmCham Ghana – MiDA Procurement Seminar
02/21/2019 – AmCham Ghana Weekly Member Newsletter
02/18/2019 – Reminder| Breakfast Meeting With Members Of The National Black MBA Association
One-ON-One Meeting
As a member you can talk to the Secretariat to schedule a meeting with you and other GWJN members.
Click here to get access to documents and resources related to GWJN and other related industry documents


text:
Corporate Finance & Accounting Corporate Insurance
The History of Insurance
From ancient Babylonia to the American Colonies
Andrew Beattie
Andrew Beattie was part of the original editorial team at Investopedia and has spent twenty years writing on a diverse range of financial topics including business, investing, personal finance, and trading.
Chip Stapleton
Reviewed by Chip Stapleton
Chip Stapleton is a Series 7 and Series 66 license holder, CFA Level 1 exam holder, and currently holds a Life, Accident, and Health License in Indiana. He has 8 years experience in finance, from financial planning and wealth management to corporate finance and FP&A.
Corporate Finance & Accounting
Guide to Accounting
What Is the History of Insurance?
If risk is like a smoldering coal that may spark a fire at any moment, insurance is civilization's fire extinguisher. The main concept of insurance—that of spreading risk among many—is as old as human existence. Whether it was hunting giant elk in a group to spread the risk of being the one gored to death or shipping cargo in several different caravans to avoid losing the whole shipment to a marauding tribe, people have always been wary of risk. Countries and their citizens need to spread risk among large numbers of people and to move risk to entities that can handle it. This is how insurance emerged.
What some consider the first written insurance policy was found on an ancient Babylonian monument.
In Medieval Europe, the guild system emerged, with members paying into a pool that covered their losses.
In 1600s, ships sailing to the New World would secure multiple investors to spread the risk around.
The horrific Great Fire of London in 1666 gave rise to fire insurance.
Life insurance became more widespread and affordable after the invention of mortality tables, which helped predict longevity.
Understanding the History of Insurance
The concept of insurance dates back to at least the 18th century B.C., with the Code of Hammurabi.
King Hammurabi's Code and Early Insurance
By some accounts, the earliest written insurance policy appeared in ancient times on a Babylonian monument with the code of King Hammurabi carved into it. Hammurabi's Code was one of the first examples of written laws.
These ancient laws were extreme in most respects, but one offered basic insurance in that a debtor didn't have to pay back their loans if some personal catastrophe made it impossible (disability, death, flooding, etc.).
Medieval Guilds Provided Group Coverage
In the Middle Ages, most craftsmen were trained through the guild system. Apprentices spent their childhoods working for masters for little or no pay. Once they became masters themselves, they paid dues to the guild and trained their own apprentices.
The wealthier guilds had large coffers that acted as a type of insurance fund. If a master's practice burned down—a common occurrence in the largely wooden cities of medieval Europe—the guild would rebuild it using money from its own funds. If a master was robbed, the guild would cover their obligations until money started to flow in again. If a master was suddenly disabled or killed, the guild would support them or their surviving family.
This safety net encouraged more people to leave farming to take up trades. As a result, the amount of goods available for trade increased, as did the range of goods and services. The basic style of insurance used by guilds is still around today in the form of group coverage.
Spreading Risk in Dangerous Waters
In the late 1600s, shipping was just beginning between the New World and the Old, as colonies were being established and exotic goods were ferried back. The practice of underwriting emerged in the same London coffeehouses that operated as the unofficial stock exchange for the British Empire. A coffeehouse owned by Edward Lloyd, later of Lloyd's of London, was the primary meeting place for merchants, ship owners, and others seeking insurance.
A basic system for funding voyages to the New World was established. In the first stage, merchants and companies would seek funding from the venture capitalists of the day. They, in turn, would help find people who wanted to be colonists, usually those from the more desperate areas of London, and would purchase provisions for the voyage.
In exchange, the venture capitalists were guaranteed some of the returns from the goods the colonists would produce or find in the Americas. It was widely believed you couldn't take two left turns in America without finding a deposit of gold or other precious metals. When it turned out this wasn't exactly true, venture capitalists still funded voyages for a share of the new bumper crop: tobacco.
After a voyage was secured by venture capitalists, the merchants and ship owners went to Lloyd's to hand over a copy of the ship's cargo manifest so the investors and underwriters who gathered there could read it. Those who were interested in taking on the risk signed at the bottom of the manifest beneath the figure indicating the share of the cargo for which they were taking responsibility (hence, underwriting). In this way, a single voyage would have multiple underwriters, who tried to spread their own risk by taking shares in several different voyages.
By 1654, Blaise Pascal, the Frenchman who gave us the first calculator, and his countryman Pierre de Fermat, discovered a way to express probabilities and better understand levels of risk. That breakthrough began to formalize the practice of underwriting and made insurance more affordable.
Fire Insurance Rises Out of the Ashes
In 1666, the Great Fire of London destroyed more than 13,000 buildings. London was still recovering from the plague that had begun to ravage it a year earlier, and many survivors found themselves without homes. As a response to the chaos and outrage that followed the burning of London, groups of underwriters who had dealt exclusively in marine insurance now formed companies that offered fire insurance.
History of Life Insurance
Life insurance began to emerge in the 16th and 17th centuries in England, France, and Holland. The first known life insurance policy in England was issued in 1583. But, lacking the tools to properly assess the risk involved, many of the groups that offered insurance ultimately failed. That started to change in 1693, when the first modern mortality table was developed by the astronomer and mathematician Edmund Halley, best known today as the namesake of Halley's Comet.
Insurance Immigrates to America...Slowly
Insurance companies thrived in Europe, especially after the Industrial Revolution. Across the Atlantic, in America, the story was very different. Colonists' lives were fraught with dangers that no insurance company would touch. For example, starvation and related diseases killed almost three out of every four colonists in the Jamestown settlement between 1609 and 1610, a bleak period that came to be known as "The Starving Time."
Ultimately, it took more than 100 years for insurance to establish itself in America. When it finally did, starting around the 1750s, it brought the maturity in both practice and policies developed during that same period of time in Europe. For more about that, see "The History of Insurance in America."
Risk Engineering. "Insurance and Risk: Some History." Accessed Dec. 31, 2020.
R. Tee Williams. "An Introduction to Trading in the Financial Markets: Market Basics," Page 29. Accessed Dec. 31, 2020.
Lloyd's of London. "Corporate History." Accessed Dec. 31, 2020.
Swiss Reinsurance Company Ltd. "A History of Insurance," Page 7. Accessed Dec. 31, 2020.
London Fire Brigade. "The Great Fire of London." Accessed Dec. 31, 2020.
The National Archives. "Great Plague of 1665 - 1666." Accessed Dec. 31, 2020.
Museum of London. "How the Great Fire of London Created Insurance." Accessed Dec. 31, 2020.
V.T. Covello, Joshua Menkes, and J.L. Mumpower. "Risk Evaluation and Management," Pages 523 and 527. Accessed Dec. 30, 2020.
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. "A New Look at Halley's Life Table." Accessed Dec. 30, 2020
Encyclopedia Virginia. "The Starving Time." Accessed Dec. 31, 2020.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Historical Development of Insurance." Accessed Dec. 31, 2020.
The History of Insurance in America
What Is the History of the Market Economy?
The History of Money: From Barter to Banknotes
Looking at the History of Discrimination in Insurance Underwriting
Episode 3 of The Green Investor podcast from Investopedia (Jan. 6, 2021)
What Impact Does Industrialization Have on Wages?
What Is an Underwriter?
An underwriter is any party that evaluates and assumes another party's risk for a fee in the form of a commission, premium, spread, or interest.
What You Should Know About Tontines
A tontine is a kind of capital investment plan that began in the 17th century in Italy and peaked in the early 1900s in Europe and the U.S.
What Is Finance?
Finance is the study and management of money, investments, and other financial instruments. Learn about the basics of public, corporate, and personal finance.
Lloyd's of London is a British insurance market where members operate as syndicates to insure and spread out the risks of different businesses.
Bicameral System Definition
A bicameral system refers to a government with two legislative houses or chambers.
Mercantilism was the primary economic system of trade between the 16th and the 18th centuries with theorists believing that the amount of wealth in the world was static.


text:
Pesto suspected in Italian botulism case
By News Desk on May 12, 2022
A type of pesto has been linked to a case of foodborne botulism in Italy.
The laboratory confirmed case of botulism occurred in Rome and was reported by Italian officials this week. No details were given about the condition of the patient.
An epidemiological investigation has placed suspicion on a Sicilian broccoli and almond pesto.
The label on the jar stated it was packed by La fattoria biodinamica in the city of Viterbo but the product did not have a batch number or expiration date.
Food has been analyzed by the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) and found to be negative for botulinum toxins.
Officials believe it was a gift
It is currently believed that the product was given as a gift about two months earlier.
Following investigations by local authorities at the farm, it was found that the pesto was made for self-consumption and beginning in November 2021 the production was suspended.
It was not possible to trace the number of jars of Sicilian broccoli and almond pesto produced or how many could have been given away.
Italian officials advised people not to consume the implicated pesto, possibly received as a gift, and told them to pay attention to any non-compliant labeling.
Italy has one of the highest rates of foodborne botulism in Europe, according to a study published in the journal Food Control. This work found that out of 2,187 samples provided by food businesses for their own control protocols, 16 were positive for the presence of botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia, including dairy products, fruit, vegetables, sauces, bakery products, meat products, and spices and flavorings.
Botulism is a rare but life-threatening condition caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. In foodborne botulism, symptoms generally begin 18 to 36 hours after eating a contaminated food. However, they can start as soon as six hours after or up to 10 days later.
It can cause symptoms including general weakness, dizziness, double-vision, and trouble with speaking or swallowing. It paralyzes respiratory muscles so most patients must be placed on life support. Difficulty in breathing, weakness of other muscles, abdominal distention and constipation may also occur. People experiencing these problems should seek immediate medical attention.
(To sign up for a free subscription to Food Safety News, click here.)
Tags: botulism, Clostridium botulinum, Italy, pesto


Congratulations Children's Hospital on New Bicycle Service Center!
Seattle Children Hospital celebrates the grand opening of its new Staff Bicycle Service Center. This onsite full-service bike shop will offer staff convenient access to free tune-ups and safety checks, discounts on bicycle commuting gear, and free classes and demos.
The service center is just the newest part of a larger Children's strategy to reduce barriers to bike commuting. Children's was instrumental in getting the 39th Ave NE Greenway built and has exceptional support for biking. For example, staff have free use of a bicycle when they pledge to bike to work at least two times per week year-round.
The service center is part of a broader strategy to reduce barriers to bike commuting, thereby increasing the number of Children's staff biking to work and decreasing the number of staff driving alone to work. This larger goal is a key element of Children's 2010 Major Institution Master Plan and is intimately tied to the expansion of Children's clinical space. Increasing clinical space is of critical importance to Children's ability to be able to provide care to every child in the region who needs us. In order to expand its clinical space, Children's made a commitment to the City of Seattle to mitigate traffic congestion associated with the expansion of the hospital.
Read more about Wendy, the Willing But Wary Cyclist by clicking on the image below.


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Destiny 2 Guide: Leviathan Raid Walkthrough
Destiny 2's Leviathan Raid is here -- and it's definitely not easy. Assemble your fireteam and head to Nessus. With this guide, you're sure to become legend, Guardian.
by Synzer
Destiny 2's first raid is finally out and there is plenty of new loot and rewards waiting for you. Some people like to go in with no info and figure things out as they go, while others like to get some tips before venturing out into the unknown to save on precious time.
Regardless of which category you're in, this guide is sure to help you. In this Destiny 2 Leviathan Raid guide, I'm going to go over each section of the raid and explain in detail how to complete them.
Note: Be warned -- the following Destiny 2 raid showcase solutions for each major encounter. However, they do include chat audio from my clan's first time playing through the raid, and each of them contains some mature language throughout.
Let's dive in, Guardian!
Leviathan Raid Entrance
To begin the Leviathan Raid, go to the director and navigate to the solar system map. You will see the Leviathan Raid in orbit above Nessus (in the top right-hand corner of the map). Select that, and once you drop in, simply make your way up into the massive palace before you. You can ignore the guards you see and continue forward.
Once you make it inside, you'll see a room of Cabal enemies. Now, you're ready to start the Raid in earnest.
Castellum Standard Puzzle
After you've cleared out the enemies, you'll find yourself going through several corridors before you exit into an area that looks like a courtyard. You'll see a golden statue in the center of the area. The enemies in this area spawn around the location you need to protect, and the idea is to take three standards, one from each location, and place them in the middle area you are guarding.
Each standard has an icon -- axes, a cup, a beast, or a guard -- that corresponds to a spot in which you need to place it. If you look at the middle, you will see a holograph of one of the icons. This means it is the next standard you need to get.
As you are facing the middle of the area, where the enemies come from, this is the icon sequence: the left is the cup, the bottom middle is the dog, and the bottom right is the axes.
There will also be two special enemy types that spawn near the golden statue:
Councilor Psion -- These enemies are surrounded by a white/clear bubble, and they will shield the Standard Liberators so that you can't kill them.
To defeat these enemies, simply walk into their bubbles and melee them once.
Standard Liberator -- These enemies are huge Cabal that will try and take the standard that you've already placed. You must kill them before they reach it, or you will have to get the standard all over again.
After you've placed all three standards, the door will open behind you and you will be able to get your first loot chest of the Leviathan Raid. This chest will give you rep token you can turn in after you've finished the raid, raid shaders, and a powerful legendary engram.
Note: You will need to come back to this room between each fight and do the same thing to open each encounter. It's also important to point out that the sequence of the following challenges changes from week to week, from reset to reset.
Royal Pools Encounter
This is the first real encounter in the Leviathan Raid and will reward you with raid-specific loot.
When you walk into the room, you will notice five plates with icons, one in the center, one in the front, one in the back, and one on each side. The icons themselves are not important to the fight other than calling out to your team where you are going.
This is mostly a survival fight where your fireteam needs to stay on each of the corner plates. To initiate the battle, have the designated members of your fireteam jump on their respective plates at the same time -- two on the middle plate and the others on the plates around the room.
Note: All plates have protection orbs before the encounter begins, but only the central plate will have a respawning orb. This is important for ...
Psionic Protection
This is a buff that you get when you touch any of the orbs on any of the plates. It protects you from the void water that would otherwise constantly damage you. However, whether you stand in the water or on a plate, the defense shield that each orb creates will degrade over time. When the shield erodes (reaches zero hit points), you will lose protection and must run back to the middle plate to refresh it.
How to Win the Royal Pools Encounter
When you stand on any of the plates around the room sans the center plate, the chains in front of it will start to move. You must stay on the plate until the chains stop moving. Each plate will lock into place once its gray block touches the water at its base. To advance to the next section of the encounter, you will need to do this for all four plates.
The problem is that as soon as you leave a plate, it will start moving in the opposite direction. To solve this predicament, split your raid party into two groups of three. At the beginning, players A, B, C, and D are those on the plates around the room, and Players E and F stay out of the water and help kill the adds that spawn.
Players A and B are on one side, while players C and D are on the opposite side.
When Players A, B, C, and D get to around 20 hit points left on their psionic protections, Players E and F will switch with Players A and C to keep the chains moving in the correct direction. You will need to constantly rotate players from the plates around the side they are on to the middle plate in order to keep protections up across your fireteam.
As you do this, powerful enemies called Ceremonial Bathers will appear from the chain pools. You will want to kill them as quickly as possible because they do a lot of damage and are very difficult to take down.
Bell Destruction
Once you get all the chains to stop moving, everyone will need to go into the middle section and stand on the plate. This gives you protection and you will see bells all around the room with purple centers. Shoot them in the center to cause damage. If you AoE weapons, such as rocket launchers and grenade launchers, these work wonders on the bells as you can damage multiple bells with a single shot.
However, be wary when your shield buffs erode and reach zero because you will begin to burn. Go to the sides of the room and be careful of the Sol Councilor that spawns in the middle. Kill him and return to the middle and continue the fight.
Once you destroy all the bells (there are three sets of three), you win and can get your loot.
You might need to do the chain section more than once. If so, you will need to melee kill a bubble psion that spawns on the middle plate. If you don't do it fast enough, you will also need to shoot another psion that spawn in the air nearby.
Pleasure Gardens -- aka Dogs of Doom
As you enter the room, there will be small beasts and a Beast Handler Cabal that you will have to take out before you progress. After you eliminate these enemies, two prism weapons will spawn on a platform in the back of the room. As this happens, Royal Beasts will spawn, six large, dog-like creatures you'll have to elude while contending with a safe-room mechanic and other adds.
When you pick up both of the prism weapons, the fight starts. However, before you do this, you will want to split the prism weapon holders, one on each side of the platform in the back of the room.
Everyone else should stand in the middle (where the prism weapons spawned) and drop down into the safe room after the fight starts. This room will have four purple spores you can pick up. The four members of your fireteam in the safe room will then need to take one each of these purple spores to one of the glowing purple flowers around the room.
Once at a flower, a prism wielder can shoot the flower to grant everyone on the ground a buff called Empowering Spores. This stacks depending on how many players with spores are near the flower when it explodes. There are many ways to deal with this, but we found the quickest way was to have all the spore holders stack to get the buff quickly. The buff stays, so anyone who goes to the ground will get it as long as they stay there.
Dog Patrol
During all this, there is a very important mechanic that must be heeded at all costs -- the six Royal Beasts on patrol. No one in your raid party can be seen by these giant dog-like creatures as they make their way through the labyrinthine Pleasure Gardens. If someone on your fireteam is spotted, the Royal Beasts will start howling and your team will need to run back to the safe room or they will instantly die. However, you can only do these three times before the safe room stops working -- so be careful.
You will need to learn the patrol routes of each dog so you don't run into them while trying to shoot the flowers. But keep in mind: a Beast Handler will spawn each time you shoot a flower and get the buff. The prism wielders can easily kill them, but they shouldn't kill any of the Royal Beasts, yet ...
Defeating the Pleasure Garden's Royal Beasts
Once you've gathered enough of the buff from the flowers, or the Beasts become restless and howl, you will need to attack the Beasts. The higher your team's buff, the more damage you deal to the Beasts. At 60 stacks, each member in the team was able to kill a Beast.
However, there is an easier method if your damage multiplier isn't high. Simply lower each Beast's health (without killing them the first time), and run back to the safe room. The next time the safe room door opens, gather up a bunch of the empowering spores again and run out to kill them all.
This room has four platforms with symbols on them -- the same symbols that you've already seen throughout the raid -- beast, axes, chalice, and sun. On top of that, there is an outside area protected by an energy gate. To start the fight, you must jump on all four plates in this area.
If you look toward the energy barrier from the plates, you will see three triangles: top, middle, and bottom. Later in the fight, you will need to have two people shoot specific triangles, but I'll get to that a bit later.
At the beginning of the Gauntlet, you must kill enemies until an elite Cabal appears near each platform. After you kill this Cabal, an orb charge will spawn at the Beast and Cup underneath the triangles. Two fireteam members (runner) will need to grab these orbs (one each), while the other four stay put -- two at each of the platforms at which the orbs spawned.
Now, for the fun part ...
The Gauntlet Running Section
After the runner picks up the orb, he will be transported outside of the shield and a wall with nine holes will appear in front of him. Above this wall, there will be a symbol that corresponds to a shooter's platform -- beast, axes, chalice, and sun. As long as someone is standing on that icon's platform, you will notice that one of the holes in the wall is red.
This part's important: The guardians outside of the barrier (the shooters) will need to shoot the other two holes in the same row at the same time to turn all the holes green. A purple orb will spawn in the hole that was previously red. This will increase the time you can hold the charge when you run through it.
You will need to continue doing this until you have gone through all four symbols. After that, you will make it back to the inside. Run to the middle and your character will automatically slam the charge into one of the nine openings.
After you slam the orbs, repeat the steps two more times, starting from when the enemies spawn again. After that, the final phase begins.
Note: During all of this, your shooters will also have a few adds to deal with, such as regular Cabal and Centurions. Bubble psions will spawn under the triangles -- which you must melee to kill.
Final sprint
If you do everything correctly, you will have lit up six of the nine spots in the middle of the chamber. The final phase will spawn orbs in the middle where you slammed the charges. Everyone must pick these orbs up to progress.
And this is where things get intense. Once everyone picks up an orb, the entire fireteam will be transported into a more difficult version of the obstacle course that the runners just completed. Four purple orbs will spawn at each wall, all of which need to be picked up. However, since there are six members in a fireteam, you will need to alternate who grabs these purple orbs as you make your way through the course.
We made up an order of which two team members would skip the purple orbs at each wall so that everyone would get an orb every other time. Why? If you miss more than one orb in a row, your charge will run out of time and detonate, killing you. It's best for your Raid party to be especially vocal during this section (calling out which orb who is picking up) to speed things up and prevent confusion.
As long as you get three members back to the center in time to slam the middle, you win. Note: If you ever miss slamming one in during the first three running sections, you will need to get more charges in at the end.
Collect your rewards and your Raid gear and move on to the final challenge of the Leviathan Raid.
Emperor Calus
The final boss fight is not as complicated as you might think, but it is unforgiving and requires clear voice communication. When you enter the room, you will see a huge Emperor Calus sitting with a cup in his hand. If you shoot or melee this out of his hand, the fight will commence.
When the battle starts, you will need to kill all the enemies in the room. But be careful because Calus will be in the room as well, raining attacks upon your party. However, he will be immune, so it will be a little longer before you can engage him directly.
Eventually, elite Cabal Councilors will spawn that you need to kill. When everything is dead, the next part begins.
Another Dimension
Councilors will begin to spawn on the four plates around the room with the same symbols you've seen earlier in the raid. After a short time, everyone will be teleported into a Dark Realm. Ahead of you will be a giant projection of Calus' head, a small void wall (which looks more like a small wave), and three orbs. The wall stops you from being sucked in by Calus, which otherwise kills you.
Here, the fireteam will essentially be split in half. Three people will perform a small jump into the orbs, which takes them back to the throne room. The three left in the dark realm must stay behind the void wall, which will continually move toward Calus. Each time this happens, you'll need to look at his forehead for a symbol.
Each of the three team members in the dark realm will see a different symbol and must call out, one by one, which symbol they see. The other half of the fireteam back in the throne room must kill the Councilor showing the symbol that was not called out by those in the dark realm. To top things off, they will also need to deal with additional enemies while they for the call from their teammates.
Back in the dark realm, those fireteam members will see regular psions and floating psions. They need to kill all of them, but the floating ones are the priority because they will instantly kill everyone if they aren't eliminated fast enough.
Damage Phase
Once your fireteam reaches the last wall in the dark realm, the Callus projection will start spitting out skulls in a huge plume. You and your teammates will need to destroy as many as you can to gain stacks for a Force of Will buff that will affect the entire team.
The members in the throne room must shoot Calus to drop his shield. This needs to be done before he finishes his attack or everyone will die. Start doing this when you have a decent number of stacks, 20-40.
When Calus' dark realm apparition has shot enough skulls, orbs will spawn that will take the dark realm fireteam back to the throne room. Now the real damage begins.
Everyone (all six players) needs to jump on the platform that's glowing and damage the boss. Calus will eventually initiate an explosion attack that will affect the plate upon which your fireteam is standing. And although his arm will telegraph the attack, you'll want to make sure that you're paying attention and jumping off the targeted plate and to another one.
When this phase is over, you repeat everything until you get his health all the way down.
Final Assault
After you've done enough damage, Calus will start his final attack. You must damage him enough to drop his shield before he finishes -- or your entire team will die. If you do this in time, you finally win the fight and can collect your loot, watching the story unfold.
That's it for our Destiny 2 Leviathan Raid Walkthrough. If you find any better ways to complete each fight, drop your strategies in the comments and we'll update this guide. And be sure to check out our other Destiny 2 guides! Here are a few to get you started:
Destiny 2 Location Guide: Where is Xur?
Destiny 2 Exotics and How to Get Them
Destiny 2 Beginner's Guide
How to Replay Story Missions
Destiny 2 Clan Guide
How to Unlock Challenges
Activating Heroic Public Events
How to Get the Kill Tracker Ghost
What to Do at Max Level
Synzer
After gaming for 25 years, Synzer leveraged his vast knowledge of RPGs and MMOs into a job as a games journalist, covering the games he loves. Five years later, he's still writing about Kingdom Hearts, Pokemon, and Knights of the Old Republic. Synzer has a bachelor's degree in English and creative writing. You can see him in action on his YouTube channel (https://bit.ly/2F97BrR) and Twitch (https://www.twitch.tv/synzergaming).
Games Destiny 2 Genres ActionAdventureMassively MultiplayerShooter	Platforms PCPlaystation 4Xbox One	Tags destiny 2 guides
Published Sep. 19th 2017
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