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On Imperialism
Program #CHON178. Recorded in Cambridge, MA on September 11, 2003.
Download/Stream MP3 ($5) Download PDF ($3) Order CD ($14) Order Transcript ($5)
"Our fingers will be in every pie," declared Sen. Robert Taft. "Our frontiers today are on every continent," announced JFK. And indeed it has come to pass. In mainstream media and scholarship it has been rare to find the noun imperialism preceded by the adjective American. The cover for aggression is cloaked in the lofty rhetoric of democracy, nation building and humanitarian intervention. Alan Murray, CNBC Washington Bureau Chief wrote in the Wall Street Journal, "We are all, it seems, imperialists now." He might be speaking for the elites that run America not for voices of conscience like Noam Chomsky. Interview by David Barsamian.
Noam Chomsky, by any measure, has led a most extraordinary life. In one index he is ranked as the eighth most cited person in history, right up there with Aristotle, Shakespeare, Marx, Plato and Freud. The legendary MIT professor is a major contributor to 21st century linguistics. In addition to his pioneering work in that field he has been a leading voice for peace and social justice for many decades. Chris Hedges says he is "America's greatest intellectual" who "makes the powerful, as well as their liberal apologists, deeply uncomfortable." He is Institute Professor (emeritus) in the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy at MIT and Laureate Professor of Linguistics and Haury Chair in the Program in Environment and Social Justice at the University of Arizona. At 90, he still gives lectures all over the world. He is the author of scores of books, including Propaganda & the Public Mind, How the World Works, Power Systems and Global Discontents with David Barsamian.
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Inside the Company: CIA Diary
In the cavernous marble and glass lobby of CIA HQs in Langley, Virginia there is an inscription etched into the wall. Not some patriotic slogan, but words from the Gospel of John: "And ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free." No matter who is president, particularly since 1945, there has […]
The Amherst Interviews
8 CDs Ranking among the most important interviews Barsamian has ever done, this six hour-plus discussion with the noted Pakistani intellectual focuses on India, Gandhi, Tagore, Pakistan, Islam, Middle East, globalization, imperialism and encounters with Fanon, Said and Chomsky, a virtuoso performance by an original thinker. Interview by David Barsamian. Recorded at Hampshire College.
Today, Iraq. Tomorrow . . . ?
As'ad AbuKhalil
A Pax Americana is emerging in the Middle East. Today the U.S. stands astride Iraq. The Red Sea, the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean are virtually U.S. lakes guarded over by the largest naval armadas in the world. American planes command the skies. The Middle East is dotted with and surrounded by U.S. military bases. […]
The Clash of Barbarisms
Zbigniew Brzezinski, Carter's national Security Advisor and frequent talk show guest, contends that the main task facing the managers of American empire is "to prevent collusion and maintain dependence among the vassals, keep tributaries pliant and protected, and to keep the barbarians from coming together." Pax Americana, America uber alles is the order of the […]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The individuals performing must have trust in the authority figures who decide what outcome to be received by which individual. It talks about the extent to which the employee believes that getting a good performance appraisal leads to organizational rewards.
This will most likely lead to low expectancy. The theory states that the intensity of a tendency to perform in a particular manner is dependent on the intensity of an expectation that the performance will be followed by a definite outcome and on the appeal of the outcome to the individual.
Instrumentality Instrumentality, another component of the expectancy theory equation is based upon a reward system in an organization. Expectancy Expectancy, a component A study of vrooms expectancy theory the motivational force equation, is a belief about the future Vroom, Management must ensure that promises of rewards are fulfilled and that employees are aware of that.
In this case study, the value placed on the desired outcome varied amongst the teachers. The employees who accepted the bonus placed a higher value on money as opposed to job security, whereas teachers who did not accept the bonus may have placed a higher value on job security as opposed to money.
These in turn influenced the decision, or anticipated decision, to use the software. Analysis Motivational Force Motivational force is a result of the product of a three part component: This theory is relevant to the study of management.
Another thing to consider is that the rewards offered must be desired by the employees. In past research expectancy theory has been a valuable tool in analysing organisational behaviour and workplace motivation Van Eerde For instance, they used worker expectancy and worker instrumentality.
Valence is defined by Van Eerde as all the possible affective orientations toward outcomes such as the attractiveness or anticipated satisfaction with outcomes. Hitt, Vroom himself agreed with some of these criticisms and stated that he felt that the theory should be expanded to include research conducted since the original publication of his book.
Other constructs of the self-efficacy theory that impact attitudes and intentions to perform are: Having the right resources available e.
Edward Lawler claims that the simplicity of expectancy theory is deceptive because it assumes that if an employer makes a reward, such as a financial bonus or promotion, enticing enough, employees will increase their productivity to obtain the reward.
For the and school years, the following subjects qualify as high-need: So in that sense, in order to receive maximum performance from individuals, employers must use transparent systems that closely relate rewards with performance.
A study conducted by Chen, Gupta and Hoshower used expectancy theory to examine factors that motivate business faculty to conduct research by evaluating the attractiveness of 13 possible outcomes of performing research. It focuses on psychological extravagance where final objective of individual is to attain maximum pleasure and least pain.
An International Journal on Theory and Practice. Using expectancy theory and climate to explain stakeholder participation, its direction and intensity. Journal of Education for Business, 81 4 Key elements[ edit ] The expectancy theory of motivation explains the behavioral process of why individuals choose one behavioral option over the other.
For example, if someone is mainly motivated by money, he or she might not value offers of additional time off. Instead of just looking at expectancy and instrumentality, W.
Worker instrumentality is when an employee knows that any increase in their performance leads to achieving their goal. According to Holdford and Lovelace-Elmorep. Journal of Economic Psychology.
Retrieved January 30, from http: On the other hand, when an employee is not mandated, the employee may be influenced by these other factors self-confidene and confidence in outcome that it should be used. This leads to belief that the job is in fact under control. Due to low performance to outcome expectancy from poor direction and rewards from his superiors, Georges effort to performance expectancy decreased in regards to future work assignments.
Related theories[ edit ] Motivation Theory is a theory that attempts to explain how and why individuals are able to achieve their goals. Teachers form differential expectations for students early in the school year.
McFillen  found that expectancy theory could explain the motivation of those individuals who were employed by the construction industry. And the last thing to be considered is that the employee is well equipped for the job at hand with the resources, time and the required skills.Oct 31, · Understanding Vroom's Expectancy Theory for Workplace Motivational Success Melissa Andrew Literature Review Traditionally motivation theories have had a focus on human desire rather than the processes people go through to decide whether they act (Clayton ).
According to Lee"expectancy is a person's estimation of the probability that effort will lead to successful performance". The Expectancy Theory of motivation as developed by Victor Vroom is a process theory of motivation and it finds an important place in the literature of motivational theories.
The Expectancy Theory looks. In the study of organizational behavior, expectancy theory is a motivation theory first proposed by Victor Vroom of the Yale School of Management.
"This theory emphasizes the needs for organizations to relate rewards directly to performance and to ensure that the rewards provided are those rewards deserved and wanted by the recipients.".
Expectancy theory (or Expectancy theory of motivation) proposes an individual will behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be. (Wikipedia) This means that motivation for any behavior performed by an individual depends upon [ ].
Finding the right equation for motivating employees can be challenging. This lesson explains how expectancy theory is used to motivate employees by. Vroom's Expectancy Models and Work-Related Criteria: A Meta-Analysis Wendelien Van Eerde the use of the correlational material for the validity of expectancy theory is discussed.
Expectancy theory (Vroom, ) has held a major position in the study of work motivation. Vroom's () Valence - Instrumentality - Expectancy Model (VIE model.


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Home Technology Google lays off most employees part of its Area 120 incubator
Google lays off most employees part of its Area 120 incubator
Google's Area 120 division has been severely affected by the layoffs happening across Alphabet, according to Bloomberg and TechCrunch, which said the unit now has fewer than 100 employees after the most recent round of cuts. Area 120 is known as Google's in-house incubator, which works on experimental apps and products. Those include GameSnacks, an HTML5-based platform that enables users to load and play games quickly even on poor connections and basic smartphones. Sundar Pichai established the division in 2016 to "provide a purpose-built home for bottom-up innovation at Google." The division's website reads: "Area 120 teams work on new products, experiences, and services every day."
Alphabet recently admitted that it was cutting 12,000 jobs, which is around six percent of its global workforce. The layoffs "cut across Alphabet, product areas, functions, levels and regions," but it's bound to affect certain divisions more than others, seeing as the company performed "a rigorous review… to ensure that [its] people and roles are aligned with [its] highest priorities as a company."
A spokesperson told Bloomberg that the company has "made the difficult decision to wind down the majority of the Area 120 team." TechCrunch says the division typically works on 20 projects at any given time, but only three will "graduate" or will be folded into Google later this year. Almost everyone who isn't involved in those three projects has reportedly lost their jobs.
During a round of cuts at Area 120 back in September, a Google spokesperson said that the division is "shifting its focus to projects that build on Google's deep investment in AI and have the potential to solve important user problems." It's unclear if any of the three "graduating" projects are AI-related or if the remaining team members are working on anything artificial intelligence. According to a recent New York Times report, though, Google is gearing up to show off at least 20 AI-powered products and a chatbot for search this year.
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Sea lion still undergoing tests
The sea lion, named "San Tomas" after the expressway near where she was found, will undergo a more formal exam on Thursday, along with a brain test to see if the animal is suffering from domoic acid poisoning.
Center spokesman Jim Oswald said veterinarians will perform an electroencephalography on Thursday to see if the animal has abnormal brain waves from the possible poisoning.
"She's doing fine as far as we can tell," Oswald said. However, the poisoning, which affects sea lions that get exposed to harmful algal blooms, may have caused the sea lion to lose its way and enter the aqueduct, where it was trapped for more than a week.
"It's a possible reason. One of the effects of long-term exposure is that it can cause animals to get disoriented," Oswald said. "We don't know if it has that, which is why we have to do the proper testing."
The center has observed an increase in the harmful algal blooms, which can be fatal to sea lions, since its first diagnosed case in 1998, according to Oswald.


Electric Steam Humidifiers send a current through water to produce steam, providing significant humidity control. A cylinder in the base fills with water until the level reaches an electrode, which heats it. Smaller units are ideally suited for transporting steam to areas where using piping would not be economical. Units with sensors will decrease output appropriately and are largely hands-free.


This SET-BC guide summarizes the core and supplemental services we currently provide to BC School Districts and Group I and II Independent Schools.
SET-BC works in partnership with BC School Districts and Group I and II Independent Schools in building their capacity to use technology to support the diverse needs of their K-12 students.
SET-BC was established in 1989 to provide assistive technology services for students with physical disabilities. Our program has grown and evolved over the years to meet the changing needs of BC school districts.
SET-BC consultants provide three tiers of services across the province working closely with district teams and SET-BC District Partners. They can be easily reached by phone or email.


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1990: December 1-7
Kate's hush-hush romance Actress Kate Raison has spoken to TV Week to deny rumours that her three-year romance with former A Country Practice co-star Nick Bufalo is to lead to marriage. "I don't know where that one started, but, no, I am definitely not getting married," she told TV Week. "There is no truth in …
1990, A Country Practice, A Current Affair, E Street, Embassy, Esso Night At The Opera, Hey Hey It's Saturday, Mother And Son, Play School, That's Dancin', The Big Gig, The Bugs Bunny Show, The Flying Doctors, Tonight Live, Vox Populi, Wheel Of Fortune, World Series Cricket
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2010/11/1990-december-1-7.html
Victorian towns in analogue switch-off
Regional Victoria is not scheduled to lose analogue transmissions until May next year, but a handful of towns have been the exception and have already had their analogue signals switched off – with more towns to follow in the new year. Local analogue transmissions in the Mansfield Shire towns of Howqua and Bonnie Doon were …
ABC, Digital TV, Imparja, Prime, SBS, Southern Cross, WIN
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2010/11/victorian-towns-in-analogue-switch-off.html
Seven wins 2010
The Seven Network has won the ratings battle for the fourth consecutive year – but all three commercial networks will have something to smile about. Seven won the ratings year (which concluded yesterday) with an overall audience share of 28.7 per cent (6pm-12mn, 5 cities), followed by Nine (27.7), Ten (21.2), ABC (16.9) and SBS …
Commonwealth Games, Dancing With The Stars, Hey Hey It's Saturday, Home And Away, My Kitchen Rules, Neighbours, Offspring, Packed To The Rafters, Ratings, Seven Network, Sunrise, Talkin' 'bout Your Generation, The Block, The Gruen Transfer, The Project, The X Factor, TV Week Logie Awards, Underbelly, Undercover Boss Australia, Yes We Canberra
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2010/11/seven-wins-2010.html
Ray Dinneen to sign off from NBN News
Veteran NBN newsreader Ray Dinneen has announced that he will be retiring from the newsdesk next month, ending a career spanning 36 years. He will present his final NBN News bulletin on 17 December. Weekend newsreader Paul Lobb will take on the weekday newsreading role after Dinneen's departure. NBN is the Nine Network's regional broadcaster, …
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2010/11/ray-dinneen-to-sign-off-from-nbn-news.html
Final episode for Talking Heads
ABC's weekly interview program Talking Heads with Peter Thompson (pictured) signs off next week for the last time. The half-hour program, based in South Australia, started in March 2005 and since then has featured almost 250 guests from all walks of life. The program has delivered a startling insight into its guests' backgrounds and personal …
ABC, Charles 'Bud' Tingwell, Denise Drysdale, Ray Martin, Talking Heads
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2010/11/final-episode-for-talking-heads.html
1990: November 24-30
Summer Bay shocks! While pregnant Bobby (Nicolle Dickson) collapses in the Summer Bay diner, the closing episodes of the 1990 season of Home And Away will also deliver news of some new romances. Pippa Fletcher (Debra Lawrence), who lost husband Tom (Roger Oakley) in dramatic circumstances earlier this year, falls for Summer Bay newcomer Michael …
1990, Acropolis Now, Ausmusic, Backchat, DAAS Kapital, Esso Night At The Opera, Gardening Australia, Hampton Court, Hey Hey It's Saturday, Home And Away, Quantum, Rowena Wallace, Ten News, The Big Gig, The Four Minute Mile, Tonight Live, Video Smash Hits
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2010/11/1990-november-24-30.html
Turning the lights out at Television City
It started life at the turn of the 20th century as a piano factory, and then a soup factory. Then, in 1956, the building at Bendigo Street, Richmond, became part of the dawn of the new industry of television and went from producing 57 varieties of soup to a variety of a completely different kind. …
All Together Now, Bert Newton, Bert's Family Feud, Blankety Blanks, Chances, Don't Forget Your Toothbrush, Emergency, Family Feud, Graham Kennedy, Hey Hey It's Saturday, In Melbourne Tonight, New Faces, No Man's Land, Sale Of The Century, Temptation, The Don Lane Show, The Flying Doctors, The Footy Show, The Price Is Right, Who Wants To Be A Millionaire
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2010/11/turning-the-lights-out-at-television-city.html
Livvy's Christmas surprise! After a seven-year break from acting, former Aussie star Olivia Newton-John (pictured) is making her dramatic TV debut in a telemovie, A Mom For Christmas. The movie, currently in production in Cincinatti, Ohio, is set to go to air in the US on Christmas Eve. The Seven Network has decided to hold …
1990, 60 Minutes, A Country Practice, A Current Affair, Embassy, Esso Night At The Opera, Four Corners, Home And Away, Jana Wendt, Neighbours, Skirts, That's Dancin', The Flying Doctors, The Money Or The Gun
Eric Fullilove
Film and television producer and director Eric Fullilove, one of the names behind legendary series Skippy The Bush Kangaroo and a pioneer producer for SBS, has died at the age of 85. An established film producer with many years' experience, English-born Fullilove first came to Australia with the Royal Navy in 1952 to film the detonation …
Barrier Reef, Boney, Catch Kandy, City West, Forum, Obituary, SBS, SCOOP, Skippy The Bush Kangaroo, Song For Melbourne, The Liberation of Skopje, The Three Sea Wolves
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2010/11/eric-fullilove.html
US stars head to Telethon
US actors John Travolta (pictured) and Carrie Fisher head the list of guest stars to appear at this year's Telethon, taking place this weekend in Perth. Travolta, in Australia for Qantas' recent 90th anniversary, and Fisher, who's been performing her play Wishful Drinking across Australia, will be joined by stars from various Seven Network programs, …
Australia's Got Talent, City Homicide, Dancing With The Stars, Home And Away, My Kitchen Rules, Packed To The Rafters, Sunrise, Telethon, The Morning Show, Today Tonight
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2010/11/us-stars-head-to-telethon.html


On February 8th, 2019, Lisbon David Anderson Junior High students participated in the annual Spelling Bee. Students were dismissed from class during 7th and 8th period. The Spelling Bee was held in the auditorium where parents were more than welcome. There were forty students participating in total, 10 students from 5th grade, 10 students from 6th grade, 11 students from 7th grade, and 9 students from 8th grade. The first place winner was 7th grader, Katie Hawthorne. She received a $50.00 gift card to Barnes and Noble and a one year subscription to Britannia Online for kids. The runner-up was 5th grader, Devin Cornman. He received a prize of a $20.00 Subway gift card. The second runner-up, Reese Carpenter, also received a Subway gift card of $10.00.
The winner and the runner-ups will get to move on to the County Spelling Bee, which will be held on March 6th, 2019 at 6:30pm. The County Spelling Bee is held at the DAHS auditorium as well. The winner of the Columbiana County Spelling Bee will receive a free trip to Washington D.C. where they will compete in the National Spelling Bee.


To build a strong core, a brand's highest priority should be instilling its employees with a larger sense of purpose, says Brand Union's senior manager of development.
Every day, we hear about brands that are impacted by global forces. Industries are being disrupted and companies are changing. But despite this seemingly pessimistic outlook, these changes give brands a unique opportunity to help create a brighter future by renewing people's sense of pride, positivity, and purpose.
That process starts from within. Brands are all created from the same core—the employees who build and embody them. Therefore, to build a strong core, a brand's highest priority should be reciprocity, in the form of instilling its employees with a larger sense of purpose. Customers might ultimately help "keep the lights on," but without a strong, permeating sense of purpose among an organization's employees, brands will find themselves without customers, or won't keep them for very long.
The brands that most strongly come to mind do so because they have delivered consistent, repeated interactions over time—Apple thinks different, GE puts imagination to work, Nike just does it. They have an intention, a vision, and are crafted and finessed. AHarvard Business Journal study noted that 89 percent of executives believed purpose drives employee satisfaction, while 84 percent said it can affect an organization's ability to transform and 80 percent said it helps increase customer loyalty.
Across industries, many brands have leveraged the power of purpose to not only drive growth but also to, in some cases, combat specific world issues. Patagonia, for example, is on a mission to "Build the best product, cause no unnecessary harm, use business to inspire and implement solutions to the environmental crisis." This purpose resonates throughout their entire organization—from product development, sustainable manufacturing and supply chain management to HR policies.
Similarly, IBM has strengthened its brand purpose to give employees meaning and inspiration in their lives. IBM has reinforced the value of their product and service offering, and has given employees something to aspire to, and to innovate towards. Not to mention, they just recently announced a program to pay employees to find creative ways to solve the world's ills.
Then there's Airbnb, which realized the value in providing an experience that offers a sense of belonging for members traveling around the world, and is now the second most valuable brand in the hospitality sector. The company's meteoric rise was only made possible by exuding its brand purpose throughout all of its behavior.
At a foundational level, communicating purpose is about giving employees a reason for caring. It not only points an organization in a direction but tells a story about why that path makes sense and provides a roadmap for how to get there.
Be honest and ask yourself: Why does my job matter? Answering this may be the key to understanding yourself, your values, and how those values mesh with those of the organization.
Be clear on your personal ambition for the organization. What do you feel is its future goal?
Decide what you would tell your family members if you had to explain why your daily activities make the world a better place. This will make your search for purpose more personal.
Share your thoughts and ideas with leadership or HR representatives. This will make them aware of your purpose, possibly giving it a chance to take hold as part of the larger brand purpose.
Start articulating the value you bring and the importance of what your organization does. Purpose starts with one person, anywhere in the organization, and can reverberate and spread at a surprising rate if it resonates.
Ask what good does your organization put into the world and why does it matter that your brand exists.
List the reasons why customers should care about your organization.
Decide what you actually care about. What are your values and what is your overarching mission?
Share stories from your customers detailing how they would describe your purpose. While outside the brand, their intimate perspectives always help to illuminate and deepen an understanding.
Query your employees and colleagues for their perspectives on the brand's purpose.
While newsfeeds are clogged with articles discussing the nuances between generations—broad stroke claims about what's typical of millennials or Gen Z—there is a common denominator at play. We all want to feel as though we are making an impact with our lives. We want to contribute to organizations, causes, or companies that have a purpose. Imagine a society where we all have a higher level of motivation because our work-led purposes are more pronounced and resonant. In this world filled with stronger, more humanistic brands, we'd have stronger communities, and we'd each feel a bit more confident and proud of the future we're creating.
MacLean Fisher is senior manager of development at Brand Union.


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Benchwarmer Home Page
Jimmie Foxx Federation Semifinal - Game 6
Wysox at Kingston
Wysox 3
Pos AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI BB HBP SB E
Jurickson Profar OF 4 1 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0
Matt Chapman 3B 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mookie Betts OF 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Freddie Freeman 1B 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A.J. Pollock (B1) DH 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
David Dahl OF 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Paul DeJong 2B 4 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
Jorge Polanco SS 4 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tucker Barnhart C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
30 7 10 4 0 1 6 2 1 1 0
Slot IP K H BB ER S
Madison Bumgarner P1 7.0 7 5 3 0 0
Bullpen 2.0 2 3 1 0 2 L (0-1)
Trea Turner SS 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Anthony Rendon 3B 3 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Jackie Bradley Jr. (B2) OF 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Tyler White 2B 4 1 2 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0
Ryan O'Hearn 1B 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Kole Calhoun OF 4 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Shohei Ohtani DH 4 2 2 0 0 1 3 1 0 1 0
Austin Hedges (B5) C 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
33 8 12 0 1 3 10 6 0 1 0
Max Scherzer P1 7.0 6 4 1 1 0 W (2-0)
Bullpen 2.0 3 1 1 0 2
Team Batting Score Pitching Score Superior Pitching Home Team Total
Wysox 6.65333 -1.38947 -1 0 3.11167
Kingston 11.05333 -0.43 0 0.33 4.16193
BWB Score Formula - Final score is a combination of your batting score and your opponent's pitching score.
Component Batting Scores
Team RR ATB HR Score
Wysox 4.80667 7.5 0.5
Kingston 8.87333 10.23333 1.5
Component Pitching Scores
Team Starter ER BP * BI K Score Sv Score HBB Score Err Score
Wysox 0 0 0.88947 0.5 0 0
Kingston 1 0.33333 0.93333 0.5 -0.33 0
Hitters scored using MLB Game 115
Starting pitching performance pulled from the closest start to MLB Game 115 (within 7 games)
Bullpen scored using MLB Games 110 through 115
Statistics and Box Score Data: Content Copyright 2018, The Sports Network. Distributed by XML Team Solutions.


In celebration of the 200th anniversary of Turmeaus Tobacconist and the 20th anniversary of C.Gars Ltd. I have selected some of my finest Orchant Seleccion Havana cigars to fill a limited edition of 220 twin anniversary cigar cases. Our anniversary cigar cases have been hand made by Gentili of Italy, As a one off numbered limited edition.
This cigar was originally created for our importers in the UK Hunters and Frankau. A spicy and earthy Robusto rich and deeply complex.Possibly the best robusto for an after dinner smoke with a good cool easy draw and characteristic dark wrappers, the Ramon Specially is a firm favourite.


Apply now for the NBCC Recruitment For Civil Engineers – Last Date To Apply: 27th May 2018. The company is recruiting civil engineers. Below the job details are provided for the NBCC Recruitment For Civil Engineers. Please go through the complete article for the detailed description.
Required Educational Qualifications- The candidates who are willing to apply for NBCC Recruitment For Civil Engineers should possess a full-time degree in civil engineering from a recognized university/institute.
The complete desired qualifications required for this job is provided in the official link at the end of this post, please go to the official website link provided below.


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Norman Ernest Partridge (10 August 1900–10 March 1982) was an English cricketer who played for Cambridge University and Warwickshire.

Partridge was born at Great Barr, Birmingham. He was selected by Wisden in 1919, while a schoolboy at Malvern College, as one its five Cricketers of the Year, there being no first-class cricket the previous year from which to pick outstanding performers because of the First World War. Partridge's record at Malvern as a right-hand batsman and, particularly, as a fast-medium in-swing bowler also led him, in 1919, to be chosen to play for the Gentlemen in the annual Gentlemen v Players match between the amateurs and the professionals at Lord's, then one of the highlights of the cricket season, but his school refused to allow him to take part. In 1936, towards the end of his career, he finally appeared in a Gentlemen v Players match, though it was an end-of-season festival affair at Folkestone rather than the Lord's fixture.

After Malvern, he was at Pembroke College, Cambridge, for only one year, 1920, and won a Blue in the rain-ruined University Match. From 1921 to 1937, he played for Warwickshire, fairly regularly at first, latterly more seldom. He usually batted low in the batting order, but managed a career average of 18.62 and he frequently opened the bowling. In all first-class cricket, he scored more than 2,700 runs and took 393 wickets.

Partridge died at Aberystwyth. His obituary in Wisden Cricketers' Almanack recounts that there was some doubt about the legality of his bowling action, though he was never called for throwing. It says: "A batsman whom he had comprehensively bowled said indignantly to Tiger Smith behind the wicket, 'He threw that'. 'Yes,' said Tiger, 'and bloody well too'."

References

1900 births
1982 deaths
Cambridge University cricketers
English cricketers
People educated at Malvern College
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Warwickshire cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Gentlemen cricketers
Free Foresters cricketers
People from Great Barr

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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KINSELLA: Trudeau traded in the foulest racist stereotypes
Warren Kinsella
Updated: September 19, 2019 2:09 PM EDT
A video depicts Prime Minister Justin Trudeau again in blackface. (Global News)
An ape?
The video is grainy. It's blurry, and it's hard to make out who is in it.
But we don't have to guess. The Liberal Party of Canada has confirmed to Global News — which released the video on Thursday morning — that it depicts Justin Trudeau, the leader of the Liberal Party and the Prime Minister of Canada.
Acting like an ape.
In the video, he's covered (again) in blackface. He really worked at it, too: he made certain to smear dark make-up on his face, neck, ears, arms. Even his legs. We can see through the holes in his jeans that he did that.
There are three photographs, now, of Trudeau in blackface. One from his high school days in Montreal, and two from a party at the high school he taught at in Vancouver. With his hand on an unidentified young woman's chest.
He was about 30 in that last photo. He was someone who taught kids — who was supposed to be setting an example for kids.
But we digress. Back to the video.
In the video, Justin Trudeau is seen for only a few fleeting seconds. There's no sound. But it is unmistakable what the future Prime Minister of Canada and his pals are doing.
Trudeau's acting like an ape. Sticking out his tongue, waving around his arms, shuffling around like a simian would, in a zoo or a jungle or something.
I showed the video to my shocked colleagues when they came into the office. Two of them are card-carrying Liberals. They agree with me: Justin Trudeau was in blackface, acting like an ape.
Now, why would he do that?
Justin Trudeau rubbed elbows with Kevin Spacey and Bono at the World Economic Forum's annual summit in Davos, Switzerland, in 2016. Hollywood blackballed Spacey after a series of sexual misconduct allegations against him -- starting in October, 2017 -- caused an international scandal. Spacey was charged with sexual assault in 2018, but the charge was ultimately dropped in July, 2019. Twitter
Justin Trudeau wraps his arm around 2016 Order of Canada recipient Peter Dalglish. In mid-2019, Dalglish was found guilty of sexually assaulting children in Nepal. He was sentenced to nine years in a Nepalese prison. Dalglish denies any wrongdoing and after the conviction, his attorney told the CBC, "We turn our attention to the appeal process in Nepal's appellate courts." Twitter
Justin Trudeau and Amin El-Maoued are pictured on a stage together in June, 2018. El-Maoued was accused of being an anti-Semite for his role in a 2017 rally he allegedly led where anti-Semitic chants such as "Hitler and Israel are the same thing" and other anti-Semitic views were expressed. El-Maoued received a community service award -- presented to him on behalf of Trudeau -- but had it taken away following backlash from the Jewish community. El-Maoued wrote in a Facebook post he "condemned anti-Semitism" as well as some of the "statements" made at the rally. Facebook
Justin Trudeau met with members of the Boyle family on Parliament Hill in Ottawa in late 2017. Boyle and his family were held in captivity in Afghanistan for five years. Boyle was charged in January, 2018 and is currently on trial. He has pleaded not guilty to all 19 charges, including sexually assaulting and forcibly confining his wife. Twitter
Justin Trudeau hugs Cuba's Fidel Castro in October, 2000. Trudeau has been criticized for his praise of the now-dead communist dictator. After his death in late 2016, Trudeau lauded Castro as a "remarkable leader" who was "larger than life leader who served his people for almost half a century." Montreal Gazzette/Pierre Obendrauf
Justin Trudeau was interviewed by Jian Ghomeshi on the disgraced broadcaster's CBC Radio One show Q in 2014. No longer with the CBC, Ghomeshi landed in the centre of a sexual harassment and assault trial in 2014 and 2015. In his first trial, Ghomeshi pleaded not guilty and was acquitted of all charges. He avoided a second trial after he signed a peace bond which led the Crown to withdraw the remaining charge against him. Youtube
Justin Trudeau is pictured with Aga Khan. Trudeau was found to have violated ethics rule's in 2017 after he accepted a trip to Khan's island in the Bahamas. Trudeau did not advise the conflict of interest commissioner of his friendship with Khan and admitted to using Khan's personal helicopter. Twitter
Justin Trudeau's wife, Sophie Grégoire Trudeau, posed for a photo with Jaspal Atwal in February, 2018. Postmedia
Justin Trudeau posed for a group photo featuring Jaspal Atwal (right) in May, 2015. Atwal, a Surrey businessman, was a one-time member of the now-banned International Sikh Youth Federation. He has been convicted of attempted murder for his role in a 1986 terror-related shooting in B.C. During Trudeau's now infamous India trip, Atwal was invited to dinner with the prime minister by Canada's High Commission in Delhi in an apparent failure to vet the guest list. Postmedia
Trudeau 'N' Friends
Brent Staples is a member of the editorial board of the New York Times. Around the time Roseanne Barr called an advisor to Barack Obama the progeny of an ape, Staples wrote an extensive study about that. About how racists like to depict black people as apes.
Like Justin Trudeau did.
Here's Staples: "[It's] one of the oldest and most profoundly racist slanders in American history … This depiction — promoted by slave traders, historians and practitioners of "scientific" racism — was used to justify slavery, lynching and the creation of the Jim Crow state … [It's] the ape caricature."
KINSELLA: Blackface photo shows why it's time to cancel the Trudeau show
LILLEY: Trudeau apologizes but blackface photo proves hypocrisy
GUNTER: By his own standards, Trudeau doesn't deserve free pass
Throwing bananas at black public figures. Making noises like apes at public events. Calling Michelle Obama "an ape in heels." It's all aimed at one simple, incontrovertible message: that black people are animals. That they are less than whites. That they belong in cages.
At this point — and with the Trudeau in blackface leading newscasts around the planet — the evidence cannot be rebutted: the Prime Minister of Canada, as man and not just a boy, traded in the foulest racist stereotypes. He thought it was funny. He thought he could get away with it.
So, that's him: he's the scum of the Earth. He doesn't deserve to be elected dogcatcher, let alone a Prime Minister of a G7 country.
So, oddly, the issue isn't him. It's now the members of the Liberal Party. It's us.
Will Liberal MPs now publicly condemn their "leader," as I counselled two distressed Grit MPs to do this morning? They must.
And, Canadians, too, have a decision to make. Will we let him get away with it? Trudeau and his loathsome coterie are laying low, clearly believing this all will blow over in time. And it might, you know.
It is up to us — Canadians— to say: not good enough. Not on. Not this time.
Justin Trudeau — the goddamned Prime Minister of Canada — is on a video, this morning, joking that black people are, you know, apes.
This man is unfit. We, Canadians, must line up on October 21 and reject him and his ways.
We must.
Elxn43 Front
WILLIAMS: Diversity and inclusion insanity
WARREN: Canada should cash in on single-event sports betting
GUNTER: B.C. takes a beating in its pipeline battle


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The VICE Guide to Right Now
Los Angeles Is Burning in the New 'Blade Runner' Anime Prequel
'Cowboy Bebop' director Shinichiro Watanabe offers a look at what happened to LA between 'Blade Runner' and '2049.'
by Beckett Mufson
September 27, 2017, 2:42pm
In anticipation for the upcoming Blade Runner sequel, Denis Villeneuve tapped a few of his favorite directors to fill in the gaps between Ridley Scott's original sci-fi classic and 2049 with a trilogy of short films. The first two—2036: Nexus Dawn and 2048: Nowhere to Run—were directed by Ridley's son, Luke, and shed some light on the years leading up to 2049, including Niander Wallace's (Jared Leto) attempt to remove a ban on the synthetic humans known as replicants.
After an exclusive stint this week on Crunchyroll, now you can watch the third and final film, directed by Cowboy Bebop's Shinichiro Watanabe and scored by Flying Lotus, which fills in the backstory on why that ban was enacted in the first place.
Black Out 2022 is set three years after the events of Blade Runner in the same myopic Los Angeles metropolis Detective Rick Deckard (Harrison Ford) patrolled, with one key difference. The Tyrell Corporation has begun producing replicants that live natural lifespans. They're indistinguishable from humans except for a serial number on their eyeballs and a database that stores all their identities.
In the short, a series of moody voiceovers and "archival footage"—recalling the robo-phobic riots of The Animatrix—summarizes the resulting tension between humans and their synthetic counterparts. It then follows Trixie and Iggy, a couple of militarized replicants who want to close the gap between themselves and humans with a Mr. Robot-style revolution. After hijacking an oil tank truck, infiltrating a missile launch, and facing off against armed guards, they may have succeeded—but at a high cost.
Watanabe is a natural choice to direct an anime prequel to the film. His work, including "gateway anime" Cowboy Bebop, is among a class of 1980s and 90s cyberpunk anime that has long been compared to Blade Runner for its bleak urban setting and fixation on the difficult questions technology presents humanity.
"Blade Runner was definitely the movie that influenced me most as a director," he says in a teaser for Black Out 2022. "I was careful about two things when creating this anime piece. The first was to pay the greatest respect to the original Blade Runner. The second was to make this anime true to the world, but not an imitation."
With Blade Runner: 2049 just a couple of weeks away, Watanabe's take on the neon dystopia sets up the primary conflict between equality-seeking replicants and the humans who seem to endorse Niander Wallace's analysis that, "Every leap of civilization was built off the back of slaves."
You can watch 2036: Nexus Dawn and 2048: Nowhere to Run online now, as well as a special look inside the making of Blade Runner 2049 and an interview with its stars, before the film hits theaters on October 6.
Tagged:AnimationAnimeBlade Runnerflying lotusCowboy BebopShinichiro Watanaberidley scottluke scottBlade Runner 2049


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Featured Lectures
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The Music of Andrew Lloyd Webber
March 25, 2017 @ 10:00 am - 12:00 pm
British composer Andrew Lloyd Webber has created a global empire unrivaled in the history of musical theatre. In 1983, he was the first composer to have three musicals simultaneously on Broadway and in London's West End, a feat he duplicated five years later. The New York production of The Phantom of the Opera, which opened in 1988, is now nearing 12,000 performances and was joined this season by a Broadway revival of another of the composer's megahits, Cats.
Lloyd Webber's phenomenal successes can be attributed to a particular blend of showmanship and superb craft—the genesis of which began in childhood. The son of professional musicians, he also possessed passions for architecture, history, mechanics, and staging, which fostered in him an ability to envision productions of astonishing complexity and grandeur.
His early collaborations with lyricist Tim Rice—Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, Jesus Christ Superstar, and Evita—launched his career as an innovative musical force, and long-running shows like Cats and Phantom turned him into an international phenomenon. Glenn Close stars in a revival of another of his biggest hits, Sunset Boulevard, on Broadway next season.
There have also been some disappointments and failures along the way—among them Starlight Express, By Jeeves, and the recent Stephen Ward—and the long-awaited sequel to Phantom, Love Never Dies received mixed reviews and a West End run of just a year and a half. Nonetheless, tours and revivals of Lloyd Webber's shows continue to fill theaters around the world, and compositions such as "Memory," "I Don't Know How to Love Him," "Don't Cry for Me Argentina," and "The Music of the Night" are among of the best-known and loved musical theatre songs.
Join music specialist Robert Wyatt as he raises the curtain on a lively evening that examines and celebrates Andrew Lloyd Webber's theatrical artistry, filled with clips and recordings that cover the full range of his career from his earliest to most recent works.
We've Grown Accustomed to Lerner & Loewe
Solo Piano Recital
Judy Garland: Climbing Over the Rainbow
Hollywood Musicals of the 1950s
http://highfieldhallandgardens.org/event/a-robert-wyatt-lecture-a-master-of-marvel-andrew-lloyd-webber/
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Vitamin D is believed to play an important role outside the endocrine system in the regulation of the immune system, and in cellular proliferation and differentiation. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of vitamin D levels on innate immunity.
Participants for this prospective, longitudinal study were recruited amongst otherwise healthy staff of a large hospital in Victoria, Australia. Those fulfilling the inclusion criteria, including a vitamin D level of <50 nmol/L, were supplemented. Using flow cytometry, expression of the innate immune receptors TLR2, TLR4 and CD86 was measured on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected prior to vitamin D treatment and then at 1 and 3 months. Additonally, PBMCs at each timepoint were stimulated with specific TLR ligands and resultant supernatants were assayed for the cytokines TNFα, IL-6, IFN-α and IP-10.
In participants whose vitamin D level was >100 nmol/L post supplementation (n=11), TLR2 expression on PBMCs increased significantly, with no change noted in TLR4 or CD86 expression. Stimulation of vitamin D deficient samples with TLR ligands produced a number of proinflammatory cytokines, which were significantly reduced upon vitamin D normalisation. In patients whose levels returned to a deficient level at 3 months despite ongoing low-level supplementation, an increase in the pro-inflamamtory state returned. This suggests that vitamin D may play an important role in ensuring an appropriate baseline pro-inflammatory state.
This ex-vivo pilot study adds clinical evidence supporting a possibly important role for vitamin D in innate immunity. If confirmed, this unique clinical study has potentially significant implications for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory conditions, where achieving optimal vitamin D levels may help reduce inflammation.
Vitamin D's importance outside the endocrine system is being increasingly recognized, in particular in the regulation of hormone secretion and the immune system, as well as cellular proliferation and differentiation . Consequently, vitamin D deficiency has been linked to an increased risk of a number of conditions, both infectious and non-infectious, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, cardiovascular disease, asthma, varying malignancies and autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis and type I diabetes [2–5].
The role of vitamin D with respect to adaptive immunity has been recognised for over 25 years, where it predominantly exhibits an inhibitory or suppressive effect on T-cell activation and proliferation, especially of T helper-1 cells (TH1), which produce IFN-γ and lead to activation of macrophages [1, 2, 6]. However, it also favours a T helper-2 (TH2) response by the regulation of the secretion of other cytokines, resulting in increased production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 by T-cells [1, 2, 7, 8].
More recently, there is evidence that vitamin D may play an important role in innate immunity. The innate immune system involves the activation of transmembrane pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) that interact with specific pathogen proteins [1, 2]. This in turn leads to release of antimicrobial peptides and the subsequent killing of the organism [1, 2]. TLRs are also instrumental in activating adaptive immunity . TLR2 senses lipopeptides from bacteria and leads to activation of NF-κB and induction of cytokine production and release [10, 11]. TLRs also lead to expression of T-cell costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 via induction of IFNβ [11, 12]. These molecules are expressed on antigen presenting cells and are also important for B-cell activation . Both TLR2 and TLR4 on monocytes have been shown to be downregulated by the immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D . TLR2 has also been shown to be important in response to vaccines, with TLR2-knock out mice having reduced responses to vaccination with lipopeptides . These studies prompted us to assess further the role of vitamin D on the innate immune system, specifically TLR2.
In this prospective, longitudinal pilot study, we aimed to explore whether vitamin D deficiency results in an increased innate inflammatory signature and enhanced TLR activation. No prospective data with repeated measures of vitamin D levels and markers of innate immunity are present in the published literature.
This study was designed as a pilot prospective longitudinal study in which otherwise healthy vitamin D deficient participants were followed over a period of three months after supplementation. Following approval from the institutional ethics committee, participants were recruited within the Southern Health Care Network, Victoria, Australia. Recruitment occurred at the end of Winter to maximize the chance of vitamin D deficiency.
After obtaining informed consent, participants went on to have further testing if they met the basic screening inclusion criteria, which included: being male (between 18 and 50 years of age) or female (>18, with menstruation within the last year) and having a Body Mass Index (BMI) between 20 and 30. Vitamin deficiency was defined as 25-OH-vitamin D levels of <50 nmol/L. Participants were also screened for conditions that may affect vitamin D metabolism and levels including a history of renal, hepatic, thyroid, parathyroid, coeliac or other malabsorptive diseases. Those with any such conditions were excluded from the study. Those with chronic diseases, or conditions which may be associated with elevated inflammatory states, were also excluded, including diabetes, chronic infections such as chronic hepatitis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus infections, autoimmune conditions, asthma or cardiovascular diseases. Participants were also screened on history for symptoms suggestive of active infection.
A summary of the study protocol is outlined in Figure 1.
Initially, all participants had baseline bloods measured. Those who were vitamin D deficient were then loaded with a single tablet of 50,000 units of vitamin D, given daily for 10 days. This formulation had not at the time been approved in Australia. However, it had received ethics approval in our hospital for use in the tuberculosis clinic and had been approved for routine use in other jurisdictions overseas. After loading, subjects went on to a maintenance regimen, which included one tablet (50,000 units) monthly. This continued for a total of 3 months of therapy, with a total of two monthly maintenance doses. After this period, with the completion of the study, participants were encouraged to continue with vitamin D supplementation at 1,000 units/day.
As outlined in Figure 1, 20 mls of blood was collected in a Lithium-heparinized tube at baseline, one-month and three-month stages. Bloods analysed at one month were taken just prior to the first monthly dose, whereas those at the three-month stage were taken 1 month after the second monthly dose. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by Ficoll-gradient centrifugation and stored in liquid nitrogen for batch stimulation and flow cytometry. Plasma was also stored at −80°C.
Participants' vitamin D levels were measured using the Liaison 25-OH-vitamin D assay (DiaSorin SpA, Saluggia, Italy), a direct competitive chemiluminescent immunoassay.
Two million PBMCs were stained for flow cytometry with the following anti-human monoclonal antibodies: anti-TLR2-FITC (clone TLR2.1, eBioscience, San Diego, CA), anti-TLR4-PE (clone HTA125, eBioscience), anti-CD14-APC Cy7 (MΦP9, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and anti-CD86 (clone 2331 FUN-1, BD Biosciences). Ten thousand CD14positive monocytes were acquired on a BD FACS Canto. FlowJo software (Treestar, Ashland, OR) was used for analysis and the geometric mean fluorescence of each sample was normalized to its own isotype-matched control.
PBMCs were rapidly thawed and viability determined by Trypan Blue exclusion (all samples were greater than 95%). One million PBMCs were stimulated in polystyrene tubes in 1ml of RPMI-1640 supplemented with 5% Foetal Calf Serum (FCS) and penicillin / streptomycin containing either 100 ng/ml Pam3Cys (tripalmitoyl-S-glycerylcysteine, Invivogen, San Diego, CA), 10 μg/ml PolyI:C (Invivogen), 100 ng/ml LPS (lipopolysaccharide) from Escherichia coli strain K235 (Sigma Lifesciences), 5 μg/ml R848 (Invivogen), 0.3 μM CpG 2006 or unstimulated (media alone). After 24 hours incubation at 37°C, 5%CO2, 95% humidity, the supernatants were collected and stored at −20°C for cytokine ELISA.
The culture supernatants were assayed using ELISA, for TNF, IP-10, IL-6 (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and IFNα (BenderMedSystems, Vienna, Austria) according to the manufacturers specifications. Assay sensitivities were 8 pg/ml for TNF, IP-10 and IFNα and 5 pg/ml for IL-6.
We first compared TLR and cytokine levels for participants who were vitamin D deficient at baseline and normalised after supplementation to levels >100 nmol/L at 1 month, (n=11). After this, TLR and cytokine levels were compared at 1 month and 3 months for those participants whose vitamin D at 3 months had returned to deficient levels (n=9). P-values were calculated using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with a one-sided alpha of 0.05.
Statistical analysis was carried out using Graphpad Prism version 5 (Graphpad Software, La Holla, California).
Out of 30 healthy staff volunteers, who were a mixture of doctors, clinical and research laboratory staff, 22 (73%) had a vitamin D level of <50 nmol/L. Baseline characteristics are shown in Table 1. Of these 22 deficient participants, two were excluded due to abnormal renal function and four reversed their decision to participate. At the end of the three months, 3 participants were lost to follow up, mainly due to employment relocation and inconvenience. There were no reported adverse events as a result of supplementation.
PTH – Parathyroid hormone; Ca – Serum Calcium; CRP – C-reactive Protein. PTH, Ca & CRP were measured using Beckman Coulter DXC800 Analyser (Brea, CA). Reference ranges: PTH – 1.7-7 pmol/L, Ca: 2.20-2.60 mmol/L ; Vitamin D 75–250 nmol/L; CRP 0–5 mg/L. *Value at 1 month compared to baseline. % at 3 month compared to baseline.
Eleven of those supplemented (61.1%) showed an excellent response with an increase in the vitamin D level to >100 nmol/L at one month. Nine of these 11 participants had returned to vitamin D levels below 100 nmol/L at 3 months, despite receiving ongoing vitamin D supplementation.
As seen in Figure 2, at one month, upon stimulation of PBMCs with Pam3cys there was increased expression of TLR2 in participants who reached vitamin D levels greater than 100 nmol/L upon supplementation (n=11) and was subsequently reversed at 3 months for those whose vitamin D had decreased to deficient levels (n=9). This pattern was not seen in the participants whose peak vitamin D level reached less than 100 nmol/L (data not shown). Participant numbers in this group were small, with only 3 participants following through to testing at 3 months, limiting analysis. No significant effect was seen for CD86 and TLR4 expression.
TLR2, TLR4 and CD86 expression on Monocytes. TLR 2, TLR4 and CD86 expression, was measured at baseline, 1 and 3 months post commencement of supplementation, in those who reached peak levels of >100 nmol/L. Geometric mean fluorescence (GMF) was measured by flow cytometry and normalised to an isotype matched control.
Figure 3A and 3B demonstrate that, in participants with levels >100 nmol/L after one month, a statistically significant drop in TNF and IL-6 levels was seen upon TLR stimulation with LPS (TLR4 ligand) and Pam3Cys (TLR2 ligand). This indicates that, although there is no effect on TLR4 expression, vitamin D modulates the secretion of these important proinflammatory cytokines. At 3 months after the pre-load, for those with a reduction in vitamin D levels, there was a rebound rise in TNF and IL-6 levels. This drop was also seen for IP10 and IFNα, although not statistically signsificant.
Cytokine concentrations upon stimulation with TLR specific ligands, as measured at baseline, 1 and 3 months post start of vitamin D supplementation. PBMCs were stimulated with TLR ligands LPS (TLR4), Pam3Cys (TLR2), CpG (TLR9) for 24 hours and supernatants were assayed by cytokine ELISA for TNF ( Figure 3A) and IL-6 ( Figure 3B). Results were expressed as fold change compared to unstimulated PBMCs. In Figures 3C and 3D, PBMCs were stimulated with TLR ligands PolyI:C (TLR3) and R848 (TLR7/8) and supernatants were assayed by ELISA for IP-10 ( Figure 3C) and IFNalpha ( Figure 3D). Results were expressed by fold change for Figure 3C and absolute values for Figure 3D.
In this small study, we have shown that supplementation of vitamin D to levels > 100 nmol/L resulted in increased expression of TLR2 on PBMCs and a reduced TLR2 stimulated cytokine profile for TNFα, IL-6 and IFN-α. Notably, this pattern reversed quickly when vitamin D levels reduced to < 100 nmol/L at 3 months after the initial load with vitamin D supplementation. TLR4 and CD86 expression were not affected by vitamin D deficiency in our study.
Vitamin D is obtained mostly via cutaneous production with ultraviolet B radiation exposure to skin . It is then further metabolised in the liver and kidney into its active form 1,25(OH)2D . In assessing vitamin D status, 25(OH)D levels are mostly measured. Levels can be affected by multiple factors, including sun exposure, dietary intake, race, age and BMI [4, 16, 17]. Hence, reference ranges are controversial, without an absolute consensus on normal ranges [4, 16, 18]. It is likely that ranges will vary for individuals with similar sun exposure, possibly relating to genetic variation in enzyme activity due to polymorphisms . Vitamin D levels have also been shown to be inversely related to obesity, as measured by the BMI [17, 19, 20]. Some studies of highly UV-exposed adults have shown low vitamin D levels in individuals despite similar exposure, with 'low' levels potentially being normal for these individuals . However, despite variable reports of prevalence, it has become commonly accepted that levels below 30 ng/ml (75 nmol/L) are considered to be suboptimal . For calcium absorption, it is believed that a level of 80 nmol/L or higher is optimal , whereas for fracture risk, falls, cancer, insulin sensitivity and potentially immune function, levels as high as 120 nmol/L may be necessary . One study showed improved sputum conversion and radiological appearance of tuberculosis infection in those supplemented with 0.25 mg/day (equivalent to 10,000 IU of per day) . In a similar study, Martineau et al. showed the same effect only in participants with the tt genotype of the TaqI vitamin D receptor polymorphism, with the mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D level being just over 100 nmol/L . In another study, respiratory infections were reduced in African American women who were receiving 2000 IU per day with serum levels up to 87 nmol/L . Most experts agree, based on prior provocative testing and other studies, that vitamin D deficiency is at levels of <20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L); insufficiency, 21–29 ng/ml (50 to 75 nmol/L); the recommended level >32 ng/mL (80 nmol/L); with an upper limit of 100 ng/mL (250 nmol/L) [18, 24]. Our pilot study supports levels >100 nmol/L to maintain adequate innate immune effects, as statistically significant reductions of proinflammatory cytokines and increased TLR expression upon stimulation were seen only in study participant who reached such levels. The increased TLR expression and the reciprocal reduction in the proinflammatory cytokine response were lost upon reduction of vitamin D levels back to below 100 nmol/L.
Mononuclear cells and various other cells in the body, including prostate, lung and colon cancer cells, contain 1α(OH)ase, the enzymatic machinery required to produce active vitamin D, which in turn works by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a specific nuclear receptor . VDR is a ligand dependent transcription factor belonging to the superfamily of steroid, thyroid hormone and retinoid nuclear receptors . Upon binding to VDR, the active form of vitamin D results in the production of cathelicidin, an antimicrobial peptide involved in the killing of mycobacteria . Prior studies have shown increased TLR activation after stimulation of 1α(OH)ase and (VDR) [5, 25, 26]. Walker et al. showed that monocytes, derived from cord blood, exhibited decreased TLR-induced cathelicidin expression when cultured in vitamin D deficient plasma . Liu et al. had previously also shown that TLR activation up-regulated VDR expression and subsequent induction of cathelicidin . Lack of vitamin D, VDR or 1α(OH)ase blunts the macrophages ability to produce antimicrobial peptides .
While multiple studies have looked at the role of TLR2 and TLR4 activation on the expression of VDR and cathelicidin, few are available on the effect of vitamin D on TLR activation. Do et al. showed, in a cross sectional study of patients with Behçet's disease, an inverse correlation between the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and vitamin D levels. Additonally, in vitro, they demonstrated that vitamin D3 was able to suppress protein and mRNA expression of both TLR2 and TLR4 . In contrast, our study showed an increase in TLR2 expression upon supplementation of vitamin D to levels above 100 ng/mL (250 nmol/L). This fits with the hypotheses that vitamin D is an immune modulator which varies in its effect based on the presence of inflammation. In the setting of Behçet's, an inflammatory condition, vitamin D may act as a down regulator of inflammatory responses, resulting in reduced TLR expression. In healthy subjects, vitamin D may heighten TLR expression, in preparation for possible pathogen encounters. These hypotheses need to be investigated further, ideally in a large study which includes both healthy subjects and patients with other conditions, including chronic inflammatory conditions and chronic infections. There is recent evidence that vitamin D's immunomodulatery effect is in part due to the presence of VDR on inflammatory cells and the ability of macrophages and dendritic cells to produce the active form of vitamin D in the presence of CYP27B1 (1αhydroxylase) . In these cells however, the enzyme is stimulated by cytokines rather than parathyroid hormone, which stimulates this enzyme in the kidney . Stimulation of TLR2 has been shown to result in increased expression of CYP27B1 .
Mahon et al. previously investigated the association between vitamin D and cytokine production while examining the effect of vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis patients . They found that supplementation significantly increased transforming growth factor (TFG)-β1, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, without a significant difference in TNF-α and IFNγ levels . However, vitamin D levels in their subjects were below recommended levels despite supplementation , limiting interpretation of their results.
There are a number of limitations to our study. As a pilot study, the sample size was small. However, with repeated measures of both vitmain D levels and innate immune markers, we were able to efficiently use our data to demonstrate reversible changes in innate immunity when vitamin D levels changed from deficient to normal. In order to be able to properly assess the impact of different vitamin D serum levels and to explore further whether supplementation of the vitamin to levels >100 nmol/L is optimal, a larger study, with a similar repeated measures design which lends itself to investigating the reversability of vitamin D's effect on TLR expression and cytokine production, is required. It would be important to objectively assess adherence to supplementation, such as pill-count or direct observed therapy protocols. Our study relied on word-of-mouth and may have thus been influenced by non-adherence. It would also be worthwhile to include patients with chronic inflammatory conditions and infections, in order to assess if vitamin D supplementation in these patients affects their cytokine profile. Another relevant question not addressed by this study is the clinical and functional significance of these findings. A larger study with longer supplementation and follow-up periods, allowing monitoring for rates infection or inflammatory conditions, may have permitted analysis of the potential clinical relevance of the demonstrated increase in expression of TLR2. This would have been made more relevant by comparison to an unsupplemented control group with variable vitamin D levels. In this study, an attempt was made to look at the functional meaning of the increased expression of TLR2 activation by looking at cytokine production. It would also be of interest to expand the study further in order to explore the molecular mechanisms behind our findings.
While this is a small, pilot study, we have shown for the first time in humans that optimal vitamin D levels after supplementation may improve the expression of TLR2 and hence the body's ability to fight infections. We have also demonstrated a marked reduction in the induced cytokine profile, specifically IL6, TNF and IFN alpha associated with higher vitamin D levels and the reversibility of the innate immune profile with decreasing levels. There are multiple implications for this, including the potential role for vitamin D to dampen down the innate immune system in autoimmune conditions. In addition, there may be a role for vitamin D as a modulator of immune response to vaccines. To help further delineate the benefits of vitamin D and its role in vivo, larger, randomised, double-blinded, controlled studies with broader sampling of subjects, including those with inflammatory conditions, are required.
We would like to thank all volunteers who agreed to participate in this study.
SO contributed to the design and coordination of the study, including the ethics submission, participant recruitement, data collection and interpretation, as well as drafting of the manuscript. NAS performed the laboratory analysis, as well as described the methods used in doing so. BJGS contributed to the design of the study. VS performed the statistical analysis. IW contributed to the design and coordination of the study. KV was general supervisor of the study, with contribution to the conception and design of the study, as well as data analysis. All authors contributed to the critical editing and revision of the manuscript. They have all read and approved the final manuscript.


Because men do not go through a well-defined period referred to as menopause, some doctors refer to this problem as androgen (testosterone) decline in the aging male — or what some people call low testosterone. Men do experience a decline in the production of the male hormone testosterone with aging, but this also occurs with conditions such as diabetes.
Unlike menopause in women, when hormone production stops completely, testosterone decline in men is a slower process. The testes, unlike the ovaries, do not run out of the substance it needs to make testosterone. A healthy man may be able to make sperm well into his 80s or later. However, as a result of disease, subtle changes in the function of the testes may occur as early as age 45 to 50 and more dramatically after the age of 70 in some men.


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HomeAid Houston's New Project Gives Hope to Homeless Boys and Girls
After an in-depth study and Committee review, HomeAid Houston has selected Boys and Girls Harbor as one of a number of projects slated for construction in 2007. The review process concluded with a detailed presentation by Boys & Girls Harbor representatives that helped to put a face on the 100 boys and girls whose lives are enriched by the program every year.
Members of the HomeAid Board of Directors were impressed with the mission of Boys and Girls Harbor. Since operations began 60 years ago, the organization has been committed to providing healthy, comprehensive care for children and families in crisis. For children who are experiencing family hardship, neglect, abandonment or abuse, the Harbor provides a family environment in a home setting. Through its programs, the Harbor strives to help children learn to overcome self-destructive patterns, break cycles of abuse, develop social skills, learn responsibility, and work toward becoming healthy, happy and productive members of society.
The true essence of life at the Harbor is children living in a family environment with house parents. Up to eight boys or girls, ages five to 18 years, live in one of nine residential homes. Each home is staffed by trained houseparents, many of whom have children of their own. The program is designed to give each new arrival a feeling of security, because until that happens there cannot be any adjustment or growth. Each child learns what is expected in terms of rules, routines, limits and boundaries. There are many success stories that have come out of Boys and Girls Harbor. One story was shared at the HomeAid Board of Directors' meeting in January. Kristopher Stockberger was not able to live at home with his mother, so he took up residence at the Harbor when he was 5 in 1977 until he was 12 in 1984.
"At the Harbor, I usually did my homework and chores whenever I had to," Kris said. "I played soccer and basketball whenever I could, and sometimes even when I was supposed to be doing chores or homework. At an early age, the excitement of competition and success was my breakfast, lunch and dinner. Track meets, soccer, basketball, spelling bees, anything that gave me an honest shot at winning filled my appetite to do admirable things. And I did those things and forgot that I didn't have a traditional family at home like the other children in school."
Kris left the Harbor to live with his mother for a period of several years involving several different schools, several different houses and a growing desire to be a different kind of champion: a guitar playing rock star. By the time he entered high school, he was living with his grandmother. Kris inherited a violin by sheer luck, which inspired him to try a different approach to music. By his second year of high school, studying and composing traditional classical music took most of his time. He applied to study music at HSPVA and was accepted. He received a full scholarship from the Westheimer Street Festival to study music composition at the Tanglewood Summer Institute in Massachusetts, and studied music with the best of the best for that age group, including the children of famous musicians and Julliard professors. By graduation, Kris developed interests beyond music, and turned down scholarships to study music at New York University and Boston University. He spent his first year of college at the University of Houston in its Honors Program. "During that year, I elected for a life that would give me the type of competition that had made my childhood exciting and that would also allow me to help other people. I transferred to the University of Texas and majored in both Math and Philosophy. I then worked for a year to prove that I could make it on my own." After a year in the working world full time, Kris returned to school to obtain his law degree from the University of Texas. He has worked at Brown Sims as a business trial attorney for over 5 years and has taken cases to trial and appeal.
The children at Boys and Girls Harbor share the same dreams as children with traditional home environments. The Harbor is a pathway to helping these children realize their dreams. Providing additional beds is essential for keeping up with the number of referrals Boys & Girls Harbor receive from both Child Protective Services and other sources. In 2006, the Harbor operated at or near the current capacity of 70 children, while there were a number of times when they could not accept new referrals due to a lack of beds. The figures from the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services showed over 38,000 reported cases of child abuse/neglect in the Houston area during their 2005 fiscal year. This number is increasing statewide over the last four years, with Houston being the second largest region for the number of reported cases of child abuse/neglect in Texas.
An ambitious improvement plan has been underway at Boys and Girls Harbor to add a total of 6 new homes. Two have already been completed, two are currently under construction, and the final two are the new 2007 Project for HomeAid Houston. The two homes will allow an additional 16 youths to join the program.
During the January meeting with the Harbor, Lenny Dalton, founder and CEO of dakotablue Homes committed to being the Project's builder captain. He and his company are donating the construction of both homes. Each home will be approximately 4,200 sq. ft. "The Harbor is a wonderful organization that makes enhancing the lives of children its primary goal," said Dalton. "I have 5 children of my own and they are central to everything I do. I am proud to be able to help Boys and Girls Harbor by providing much needed homes for their kids."
dakotablue Homes builds in ten communities throughout the Houston area with prices ranging from the $100's to over $300,000.


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Q: Can I reduce the space between radiobuttons in a radiogroup? This is my .xml file
<RadioGroup
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:layout_marginStart="@dimen/margin_medium">

    <com.google.android.material.radiobutton.MaterialRadioButton
        android:id="@+id/high_school_answer"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="@string/high_school"/>

    <com.google.android.material.radiobutton.MaterialRadioButton
        android:id="@+id/bachelor_answer"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="@string/bachelor"/>

    <com.google.android.material.radiobutton.MaterialRadioButton
        android:id="@+id/technical_answer"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="@string/technical"/>

    <com.google.android.material.radiobutton.MaterialRadioButton
        android:id="@+id/professional_answer"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="@string/professional"/>

</RadioGroup>

The below screenshot shows how it looks like
So I would like to reduce the vertical space between my radiobuttons.
Screenshot:

A: Set height to RadioButton android:layout_height="10dp"

A: You can do this by setting a vertical (top or bottom) margin to each of your RadioButtons. This would override the default margin that's already set. For instance, your code can look like this:
<RadioGroup
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:layout_marginStart="@dimen/margin_medium">

    <com.google.android.material.radiobutton.MaterialRadioButton
        android:id="@+id/high_school_answer"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_marginTop="2dp"
        android:text="@string/high_school"/>

    <com.google.android.material.radiobutton.MaterialRadioButton
        android:id="@+id/bachelor_answer"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_marginTop="2dp"
        android:text="@string/bachelor"/>

    <com.google.android.material.radiobutton.MaterialRadioButton
        android:id="@+id/technical_answer"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_marginTop="2dp"
        android:text="@string/technical"/>

    <com.google.android.material.radiobutton.MaterialRadioButton
        android:id="@+id/professional_answer"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_marginTop="2dp"
        android:text="@string/professional"/>

</RadioGroup>

A: you can set android:layout_marginTop="-8dp" with 2nd radiobutton onwards. It will reduce the vertical spacing between radiobuttons

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