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Q: What happens to waves when they hit smaller apertures than their wavelenghts? I was wondering this for quite a long time now. Let's say you have a water wave (like ripples, not the ones you see during tsunamis) with wavelength 10 m. Imagine you put a boundary with an opening of 1 m. Will diffraction be observed? According to my research, no. But, then, what would be seen?

A: I hope you'll find this paper useful: J Weiner, Rep. Prog. Phys. 72 (2009) 064401. Although it mainly discusses light waves, the idea (and even the results) may be generic. For very small apertures (sub-wavelength apertures), strong reflection is expected to happen. According to Bethe's theory of light transmission through small holes, the transmission scales as $(a/\lambda)^4$, with $a$ the size of the hole and $\lambda$ the wavelength. In mesoscopic physics, there is a structure called 'quantum point contact' (QPC), which acts in similar way. Roughly, the transmission is extremely small when electronic wavelength far exceeds the QPC dimension.

A: This problem is intimately bound up with tunnelling (wholly analogous to quantum tunnelling) and evanescent waves. The results you get from analyses like those below depend critically on how one assumes the hole interacts with the incident field.
I shall look at the problem with scalar optical theory, which is analogous to sound waves, or acoustics: Helmholtz's equation is presumed to prevail. This will not be exactly the same as surface water waves, but I think it is instructive to look at the attenuation that a small hole imposes on a Helmholtz-fulfilling field. Helmholtz's equation is the time-harmonic form of the D'Alembert Wave equation.
Let us first that the wave screen is perfectly reflecting, or infinitely absorbing, so that, even though the screen may be infinitely thin, on the output side of the hole the boundary conditions are (we use polar co-ordinates in the transverse plane):
$$E_x(r,\,\phi) = \left\{\begin{array}{lcl}E_0\,\hat{X}&&r < \frac{d}{2}\\0&&\text{elsewhere}\end{array}\right.$$
i.e. we simply assume a straight screening off of the field and there is negligible reaction field (e.g. generated in a conductive screen).
What happens here if you analyse the problem is detail (see my appendix) is that the form of the farfield variation with position is almost exactly what Huygens's principle would tell us: the small hole looks exactly like a point source (with a dipole radiation field shape). What Huygens's principle will not tell us, however, is the scaling constant for this variation. The amplitude of the farfield (if I've done a stationary phase integral right) is
$$\psi(R,\,\theta) = i\,E_0\,\frac{k\,d^2}{8\,R}\, \cos\theta \,e^{i\,k\,R}$$
where $R$ is the distance from the hole, $\theta$ the colatitude (spherical $\theta$ co-ordinate) and $\lambda$ the wavelength.
Huygens's principle would simply assume that all of the power incident on the hole would reach the farfield as propagating waves, and that we have a point source. Without Kirchoff's famous obliquity factor, therefore, Huygens's principle would foretell the following scalar field:
$$\psi(R,\,\theta) = E_0\,\frac{d}{\sqrt{8}\,R}\,e^{i\,k\,R}$$
the above gotten simply by equating the incident power (equal to $\mathcal{Z}_0\,E_0^2\, \pi\,d^2/4$, where $\mathcal{Z}_0$ is the characteristic impedance of freespace) and the total farfield power (equal to $\mathcal{Z}_0\,E_{far}^2\, 2\,\pi\,R^2$) and solving for $E_{far}$. Even if we put in the dipolar dependence (the $\cos\theta$ term) ad-hoc, Huygens's principle does not give the right wavelength dependence. What's going on?
Let's first look at how valid Huygens's principle is. The rigorous grounding of this principle is the Kirchoff diffraction integral (Born and Wolf, "Principles of Optics", Sixth Edition, §8.3)
$$
\psi\left(\mathbf{r}\right) = \frac{1}{4\pi} \int_{\partial V} \left(\psi\left(\mathbf{u}\right) \nabla \frac{e^{\pm i\,k\,\left|\mathbf{u} -\mathbf{r}\right|}}{\left|\mathbf{u} -\mathbf{r}\right|} -
 \frac{e^{\pm i\,k\,\left|\mathbf{u} -\mathbf{r}\right|}}{\left|\mathbf{u} -\mathbf{r}\right|}\nabla \psi\left(\mathbf{u}\right) \right) \cdot \hat{\mathbf{n}}\left(\mathbf{u}\right) \mathrm{d}^2 u
$$
for the scalar field $\psi\left(\mathbf{r}\right)$ within a volume $V$ in terms of its values and normal derivatives $\nabla \psi\left(\mathbf{u}\right) \cdot \hat{\mathbf{n}}\left(\mathbf{u}\right)$ on the boundary $\partial\,V$ of this volume. We need to assume reasonable values for the boundary: Huygens's principle can be shown (in Born and Wolf §8.3 for example) to result when we assume the values of the field and its normal derivatives at holes in a screen are equal to the values that would prevail without the screen there. If the holes are of a reasonable size, this is a good approximation. However, amongst other things, the introduction of the screen distorts the values of the normal derivatives severely at the edges of holes. This is not a problem for big holes: the error term is dwarfed by the contribution from the hole itself. However, this assumption most certainly goes awry for subwavelength holes.
So Huygens, whilst telling is the general character of the field passing through the hole, cannot tell us the fine details. Indeed, not all the power incident on the hole passes through it. In a scalar theory, the reason for this is the evanescent field. A full Maxwell theory for e.g. a perfectly conducting screen, also shows the presence of the evanescent field, but furthermore that this evanescent field is set up as a result of a back reflexion of some of the power incident on the hole. A nice Maxwellian analysis to give intuition for what is going on here is of a perfectly conducting screen, with a hole of a nonzero thickness. In this case, the hole is like a cylindrical waveguide with conducting boundaries. Such a waveguide can cut off all its modes and make them evanescent. So, propagating power is output from the other side of the screen by dint of tunnelling: enough of the evanescent mode reaches the other side to become a propagating wave again. The modes of a cylindrical waveguide vary like:
$$\psi_k(r,\,z) = J_0(\omega_n\,\frac{2\,r}{d})\,\exp\left(i\,\sqrt{k^2-4\frac{\omega_n^2}{d^2}}\,z\right) = J_0(\omega_n\,\frac{2\,r}{d})\,\exp\left(-\sqrt{4\frac{\omega_n^2}{d^2}-k^2}\,z\right)\approx  J_0(\omega_n\,\frac{2\,r}{d})\,\exp\left(-2\,\frac{\omega_n\,z}{d}\right)$$
since $d<<\lambda$. Here $\omega_n$ is the $n^{th}$ zero of the Bessel function $J_0$: the slowest dwindling field is the one corresponding to $\omega_1 \approx 2.405$. So now we have an expression for how much power gets through a small hole as a function of how thick the conductive screen is: it is:
$$P\propto \exp\left(-2\,\sqrt{4\frac{\omega_0^2}{d^2}-k^2}\,t\right)=\exp\left(-4\,\frac{\omega_0\,z}{d}\right)$$
where $t$ is the screen's thickness. This formula lets us see how thick we need to make a mesh in a microwave oven, for example, so as to quell the microwaves within the oven to  a safe level for the hungry animal outside gawking in there for his dinner to be ready (and in so doing, exposing the most microwave-vulnerable part of his body - the eyes - to the show).
Evanescent Waves in Detail
What are these weird creatures, these evanescent waves? Let's go back to the perfectly absorbing, zero thickness screen.
The Cartesian components of our EM field fulfil the Helmholtz equation, therefore, if the field comprises only plane waves in the positive $z$ direction, our algorithm for analysis of propagation is:
$$\begin{array}{lcl}\psi(x,y,z) &=& \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{\mathbb{R}^2} \left[\exp\left(i \left(k_x x + k_y y\right)\right) \exp\left(i \sqrt{k^2 - k_x^2-k_y^2}\, z\right)\,\Psi(k_x,k_y)\right]{\rm d} k_x {\rm d} k_y\\
\Psi(k_x,k_y)&=&\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{\mathbb{R}^2} \exp\left(-i \left(k_x u + k_y v\right)\right)\,\psi(x,y,0)\,{\rm d} u\, {\rm d} v\end{array}\tag{1}$$
This looks fearsome, but is simply the use of the Fourier transform to break the field up into plane waves, propagate those plane waves (as known solutions to the Helmholtz equation) and then re-assemble the propagated plane waves at any $z$-plane we want. I.e. we are simply using the linear superposition principle for the linear Helmholtz equation. In more detail:

*

*Take the Fourier transform of the scalar field over a transverse plane to express it as a superposition of scalar plane waves $\psi_{k_x,k_y}(x,y,0) = \exp\left(i \left(k_x x + k_y y\right)\right)$ with superposition weights $\Psi(k_x,k_y)$;

*Note that plane waves propagating in the $+z$ direction fulfilling the Helmholtz equation vary as $\psi_{k_x,k_y}(x,y,z) = \exp\left(i \left(k_x x + k_y y\right)\right) \exp\left(i \left(k-\sqrt{k^2 - k_x^2-k_y^2}\right) z\right)$;

*Propagate each such plane wave from the $z=0$ plane to the general $z$ plane using the plane wave solution noted in step 2;

*Inverse Fourier transform the propagated waves to reassemble the field at the general $z$ plane.

In our simple, circularly symmetric problem, we can use zeroth order Hankel transforms instead: the "prototype" radially symmetric solution to Helmholtz's equation is:
$$\psi_k(r,\,z) = J_0(k_\perp\,r)\,\exp\left(i\,\sqrt{k^2-k_\perp^2}\,z\right)\tag{2}$$
where $k_\perp$ is the transverse component of the wavevector (this "prototype" solution is actually the sum of all the plane waves with different $k_x,\,k_y$ in (1) whose transverse wavevector is $k_\perp=\sqrt{k_x^2+k_y^2}$). So (1) becomes:
$$\begin{array}{lcl}\psi(r,z) &=& \int_0^\infty k_\perp\,J_0(k_\perp\,r)\,\Psi(k_\perp)\,\exp\left(i\,\sqrt{k^2-k_\perp^2}\,z\right){\rm d} k_\perp\\
\Psi(k_\perp)&=&\int_0^\infty r\,J_0(k_\perp\,r)\,\psi(r,\,0)\,{\rm d}r \\&=&\int_0^{\frac{d}{2}} r\,J_0(k_\perp\,r)\,{\rm d}r\\
&=&\frac{d}{2\, k_\perp}\,J_1\left(\frac{d\, k_\perp}{2}\right)\end{array}\tag{3}$$
Now of course the weight function $\Psi(k_\perp) = \frac{d}{2\, k_\perp}\,J_1\left(\frac{d\, k_\perp}{2}\right)$ does not have a compact support: it is nonzero for values of $k_\perp>k$. The superposition components for which hese of course lead to a $z$ variation in our prototype Helmholtz equation solution (2) and in the first equation of (3)  given by $\exp\left(i\,\sqrt{k^2-k_\perp^2}\,z\right) = \exp(-\sqrt{k_\perp^2-k}\,z)$ which are thus swiftly attenuated with increasing $z$. These are the evanescent waves, they represent inductive and capacitive nonpropagating stores of energy that stay "bound" to the screen. They give rise to the so-called "near field" (warning: take heed that I use this term to mean strictly the evanescent field: this term is used differently in connexion with Fresnel refraction, which deals wholly with propagating, non-evanescent fields).
However, there is still a propagating, free photon component of the field left over when $z\to\infty$ and the evanescent fields have vanished:
$$\begin{array}{lcl}\psi(r,z) &=& \frac{d}{2}\,\int_0^k J_0(k_\perp\,r)\,J_1\left(\frac{d\, k_\perp}{2}\right)\,\exp\left(i\,\sqrt{k^2-k_\perp^2}\,z\right){\rm d} k_\perp\\&\approx& \frac{d^2}{16}\,\int_0^k\,k_\perp\, J_0(k_\perp\,r)\,\exp\left(i\,\sqrt{k^2-k_\perp^2}\,z\right){\rm d} k_\perp\\
&=& \frac{d^2}{32\,\pi}\,\int_0^k\,k_\perp\, \int_0^{2\pi}\exp\left(i\,k_\perp\,r\,\cos\phi+\,i\,\sqrt{k^2-k_\perp^2}\,z\right){\rm d}\phi\,{\rm d} k_\perp\end{array}\tag{4}$$
where, in the last line, I have converted the Bessel function by its integral definition $J_0(z) = \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi}\exp(i\,z\,\cos\phi){\rm d}\phi$, so that I can bring the method of stationary phase to bear (we recall that the Bessel function is is a highly oscillatory function of $r$). The integrand has stationary phase when $(k_\perp,\,\phi) = (k\, r/\sqrt{r^2+z^2},\,0)$ and $(k_\perp,\,\phi) = (-k\, r/\sqrt{r^2+z^2},\,\pi)$ and which lets us approximate:
$$\psi(r,z)\approx i\,\frac{k\,d^2}{8\,R}\, \cos\theta \,e^{i\,k\,R}\tag{5}$$
In essence, the form of this variation is what we would get from Huygens's principle, but Huygens's principle does not give us the amplitude of the farfield.

A: What you have to imagine is the fact, that waves when are (ideally) reflected from a wall lead to a standing wave. If in the wall is a tiny slit the components of the reflected waves left and right the slit dissipate in the direction of the slit (spherical waves in each point according to Huygens description). These components undermine the incoming wave at the slits position but not lead to a standing wave. So a little part of energy of the incoming wave goes inside the slit.
What happens there is the next dissipation  prozess. We have to imagine that dissipation is always present in deep water (or you get some reflection from the ground). So the wave's energy in the tiny slit is fading very fast due to the small energy that could be transferred from the difference of the incoming and reflected waves. Then thinner the wall then less of the waves energy is fading.
As you pointed out the the size ratio between the wavelength and the slits wide is one of the reasons for does more or less of an incoming wave goes through this slit. The second reason is the thickness of the wall in the position of the slit.

A: Well - it depends what you mean by "diffraction".
Any point along a wave front will act as a point source of wavefronts travelling radially outwards - so while a plane wave will be arriving at the aperture, the waves that come out from the other side will almost look circular.
To me, that's diffraction. Although there will be no regions where extinction occurs in the way that this would happen for wider apertures.
Here is a picture that describes what I'm talking about:

See also this gif for an animated version
Note that the above holds for an insulating hole. When you have an electromagnetic wave incident on a hole in a conductor, the situation changes as the induced currents in the edge of the hole play a significant role in shaping the transmitted radiation. As shown in the Bethe paper referenced by Ben Crowell, the transmission in that case (for a small, $r\lt\lambda$ circular hole in a perfect conductor) falls off quickly with hole size - it scales with $(r/\lambda)^4$ instead, as you might expect, with $(r/\lambda)^2$.
But your question was about waves on water - so you don't have to worry about the electromagnetic case.

A: I cannot speak for how to match with a mechanical resonator but you can match arbitrarily well any EM radiator that is small relative to its wavelength at one (1) frequency. This means that the radiator (loop or dipole, monopole, etc.) will absorb all radiation coming from directions in which it can radiate as a source without any reflection. The rest is diffracted. All elementary dipoles, be they electric or magnetic, are limited by bandwidth and not the ability of radiating if matched properly by some finite set of inductors and capacitors, and because of reciprocity this property also holds in receiver as well as transmitting antennas.

A: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v445/n7123/box/nature05350_BX1.html
You can find a complete answer in above link.The theory which is introduced can be valid for mechanical waves such acoustic and water waves.


We are experts in healthcare IT, so it is only natural that now and then we come across processes that we think could be done better. Sometimes these are universal IT issues, such as large scale testing or demonstrating back end services to clients. Sometimes these are healthcare issues, like the lack of standardisation in forms used across the NHS.
Whatever the issue, whenever we find one, we like to try and find a solution. And if we make something we're happy with it, we make this solution available to others.
Below are just some examples of tools or services Aire Logic have created that are now ready for wider use.
If you are interested in any of the projects below, please contact us for more information and to discuss how the technology could be used in your organisation.
Most of us working in the NHS have experienced the fact that the majority of the processes and resources are localised, rather than standardised across the whole organisation. This applies equally to forms (paper and electronic) and means that as healthcare professionals move between settings, they often have to to re-familiarise themselves with new variations of clinical forms. We believe that the effect of these constant differences wastes clinician time, taking their attention away from the patient. They also increase the likelihood of errors and mean that different institutions never gather quite the same data about the patient.
In response to this, Aire Logic decided to create NHSforms.org. This service is offered free to the NHS and is an attempt to allow us to organically evolve better and more standardised data collection, while simultaneously maintaining the benefits of local variation and experimentation.
The process is simple, clinical staff upload forms (either scanned jpgs, or pdf or word files) to the website for other organisations to download and use. Where variations of the same form exist, users have the option to vote on which they think is better. In this way, the NHS can move towards using the most comprehensive, widely-approved version.
NHSforms.org already exists as a prototype, but is now at a stage where we need to find a number of significant NHS partner organisations. Please get in touch if you would like to be involved and if you think you know an organisation who would be willing to help seed the site with a critical mass of initial sample forms.
Aire Logic has worked on national scale integration programmes for many years. We are acutely aware of the non-functional challenges national scale integration brings about. One such challenge is testing. If you have spent all your energy on building a highly performant and highly scalable system, you may not have considered the significant challenges and cost required to adequately test your solution.
There are commercial applications out there, but in the open source arena, we did not find a solution that combined performance with simplicity. As a result, we developed our own load creation framework – Jloader.
As those involved in SOA technologies will know, web services and integration is a fairly dry subject. Typically, the integrated systems and services sit behind a facade of other systems or web and desktop based applications. How then do you interest business users in the power of your solution? How do you quickly build or mock up an application that will interact with your back end services?
We had just such a problem, and needed a way to keep senior technical staff and business users awake during a presentation! We searched for something suitable; we knew that editing XML in SOAP UI would not work well, so in the end we created our own demonstration framework – Cloudharness was the result.
Cloudharness is a Java web application that harnesses the power and simplicity of XML and XSLT, enabling you to quickly mock up UIs that allow you to generate, receive and view messages being sent to your integration fabric or web services.
Couldharness is not currently being supported or evolved, but if organisations are keen to take advantage of this free, online testing environment, please get in touch and we would be happy to progress the site based on your local requirements.
The XSL4ITK project provides mapping of NHS ITK messages to more familiar formats, suitable for consuming applications such as Microsoft SSIS, biztalk, OSB, etc. The project consists of an XSLT framework that can map ITK/HL7 messages into simpler formats, such as CSV, simplified XML, or directly into RDBMS tables.
Initially, the project has been targeted at the Urgent Care Clinical Dashboards ITK specification, but it is anticipated that it will be expanded to cover an ever greater number of ITK interfaces in the future.


Copy Blu-ray is one procedure that Decrypt Blu-ray first, then clone and burn Blu-ray disc to disc. The idealest situation is making 1:1 Copy of Blu-ray which means during the Blu-ray copy process, it is without compression and quality lost. Plus, the original Blu-ray supplements (such as surrounding sound, multilingual, chapter points as well as menu navigation) are also copied to target blank Blu-ray disc.
You need decent aPubsoft Blu-ray Copy software to accomplish this job. By the way, Blu-ray Copy may also be called as Blu-ray Cloner, Blu-ray Backup or Blu-ray Duplicate software, but it does not matter.
Hollywood wants you to buy its movies on Blu-ray disc, but then it wants to control what you do with them once you get home. And the most frequently used method is so called Blu-ray protections.
Take AACS as example. The Advanced Access Content System (AACS) is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management, intended to restrict access to and copying of the next generation of optical Bluray discs.
Here are some tips that most of users will ask when they copy Blu-ray.
Over 9 hours of high-definition (HD) video on a 50GB disc. About 23 hours of standard-definition (SD) video on a 50GB disc. So make sure the blank BD can save more than original.
According to the Blu-ray Disc specification, 1x speed is defined as 36Mbps. However, as BD-ROM movies will require a 54Mbps data transfer rate the minimum speed we're expecting to see is 2x (72Mbps). It is also affect the quality if Blu-ray Copy is processing on slow Blu-ray drive.
No, the development of new low cost hard-coating technologies has made cartridge obsolete. Blu-ray will instead rely on hard-coating for protection, which when applied will make discs even more resistant to scratches and fingerprints than today's DVDs. But after copy Blu-ray disc to disc, it is better to make digital backup Blu-ray to Hard drive.
1:1 Blu-ray disc to disc copy requires to preserve best video quality after duplicate. The output Blu-ray disc you get from aPubsoft Blu-ray copy software should be endowed with same High-def image quality, 5.1 or 7.1 surrounding sound, multilingual, chapter points as well as menu navigation.


I've got no pictures uploaded yet, I guess everyone else is being a little lazy too. Maybe I'll go upload some photos and videos for you people in a minute. I am sitting on unlimited cable here so yeah.
There were a couple of hiccups, a lot of tears and even a few of us boys choked. Jess looked stunning, the bridesmaids only slightly less so (thumbs up to Chrissie for the PJ's!!) and all us boys were smoking hot in our kilts.
On the way to the reception Paul realised he'd forgotten the telegrams, so we had to go back and break into Jess's house to get them (sorry Jess's Mum!).
Then when we got to the reception we'd forgotten the CD player and the wedding music ... and we couldn't get the sound system to work properly.
I'll post a couple of things later when I feel like it, like our wedding vows (guaranteed to make women weepy) and Paz's epic Poem About Steve & Jess.
After a while we got everything worked out. We had a wee ceilidh and got everyone involved. We all got to have a dance and Jess and I danced to Down Under by Men at Work. Paul was hilarious, the speeches were fantastic (wuv ... twue wuv ...).
The end of the night was capped off with the best view of the Firemans' Fair Fireworks display, held in the park next to us (but separated from us by a row of trees).
Sorry, I'll have to point that out again. Our wedding ended with fireworks!
More to come, thanks to all for their messages.


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Q: ImportError when importing modules that exist in micropython I am currently working on a project which involves taking soil moisture measurements using sensors and a Pycom LoPy4 mounted on the expansion board V3.1. I am currently using VS code as my IDE and using the pymakr extension to run the micropython with my board.
At the start of my project the import function was working correctly and I was using code directly copied from the internet as seen below and it would run without error:
import time
from machine import Pin
from onewire import DS18X20
from onewire import OneWire

# DS18B20 data line connected to pin P10
ow = OneWire(Pin('P10'))
temp = DS18X20(ow)

while True:
    print(temp.read_temp_async())
    time.sleep(1)
    temp.start_conversion()
    time.sleep(1)

This would import the onewire module and the sensor would take temp measurements.
Fast forward to now and for reasons I am unaware of, whenever I run the script I get a ImportError: no module named 'onewire'. I then tried to run a different library on a different project, this time trying to import the modules using the following code:
from lib import measureSensors
from lib import onewire;

Upon running this code I got basically the same error - ImportError: no module named 'lib.measureSensors'
I have also tried using the __init__.py method but that also does not seem to solve the problem I am having. I have attached a picture of my project tree below.

Weird thing is if I run these codes on pycharm or in VS code without using the pymakr extension, the code executes without any errors. The issue starts when running the code on pymakr and with the Lopy4 x expansion board V3.1.
Please, if anyone could help me in solving this issue, I would appreciate it greatly.
Thank you.

A: You can add the directory to the sys.path that python uses to find modules and import as usual:
sys.path.insert(0, './lib')
import measureSensors
import onewire

You can reference the module explicitly:
import lib.measureSensors as measureSensors
import lib.onewire as onewire

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The Burgwin-Wright House was built in 1770 on top of the first city jail of Wilmington, circa 1744, as a townhouse for John Burgwin to use as his seat of business and entertainment in Wilmington. Burgwin, was a successful merchant and planter in New Hanover County, and the private secretary to the last two royal governors of North Carolina as well as the treasurer for the colony. After breaking his leg in 1775, he returned to England citing medical reasons although it was well known he was unable to give up his Loyalist (Tory) convictions. While away, all his properties were confiscated until he sought and received a pardon after the war according to the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783. After his pardon, Burgwin sold the house, in 1799, to Joshua Grainger Wright, whose mother had rented the house from Burgwin during the war. Near the end of the Revolutionary War, the British captured Wilmington, and in 1781, Lord Cornwallis occupied it for three weeks. During this time, Cornwallis used the house one evening to entertain his officers due to its size, location, and prestige. This brief interlude led to the house being referred to locally as "The Cornwallis House."
In 1930, the house was in disrepair and the property was put up for sale. Standard Oil immediately took interest in the lot for a gas station. However, the community and the NSCDA-NC campaigned for seven years and ultimately purchased the house in 1937, thus saving one of the oldest structures in Wilmington. Over the years, the house was restored and opened its doors to the public in 1951 as a museum house. Beginning in 1952, all fourth-graders in the New Hanover County school system have participated in a free annual field trip to the house to complement their study of American history.
Guided tours of the house are offered Monday-Saturday and visitors may also take a complimentary, self-guided tour of the gardens. The former city jail now hosts a meeting space, exhibit hall, and gift shop. The gardens may be rented for private events such as weddings.
Located on the second floor of the kitchen house is an archive containing a collection of books, documents, scrapbooks, and photographs pertaining to the history of the NSCDA-NC and the historic houses they own and support.
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text:
national-sport, epl
Three wins from three games, two big rivals dispatched, and an expensive new signing already on the scoresheet. Liverpool are making an ominous start to their title defence in the English Premier League. The champion's high-risk, high-reward strategy paid off in their come-from-behind 3-1 win over Arsenal on Monday in an open game featuring a late clinching goal by Diogo Jota in his first league start for Liverpool. "This was absolutely exceptional," Liverpool manager Juergen Klopp said, "100 per cent dominant against a team in form." Liverpool gave up some glaring chances inside an empty Anfield by deploying an aggressive press and a high line - Alexandre Lacazette, who put Arsenal ahead, squandered two one-on-one opportunities at 2-1 - but the brave tactic forced many openings of its own. "Of course there's some risk," Klopp said. "But we want to win the ball as high as possible. Not frustrated, not disappointed at all." He'll be pleased the way the nascent standings look, too. Liverpool are one of three teams to have opened with three straight wins, including over Chelsea and now Arsenal. With two of their other main rivals - Manchester City and Manchester United - having already lost a game each, the start to the season could hardly have gone better for Liverpool. Arsenal dropped points for the first time but were threatening to beat Liverpool for a third straight month - after wins in the league in July and the Community Shield in August - when Lacazette took advantage of a rare mistake by Andrew Robertson to give the visitors a 25th-minute lead. Sadio Mane equalised inside three minutes before Robertson made amends by scoring himself after controlling a cross from Liverpool's other flying full back, Trent Alexander-Arnold. That wild nine-minute period, featuring three goals, characterised a high-risk game plan from Liverpool that causes chaos for their opponents because of the way they are squeezed high up. Break the press and Liverpool are in trouble, though, and Lacazette was played through clean on goal in the second half for chances to equalise. Both of his efforts were tame and comfortably saved by Alisson, and Lacazette was spotted hiding his head in his jersey in the dugout after being substituted. Jota sealed victory in the 88th by driving in a shot that glanced the post as it went in, after David Luiz's headed clearance only reached the edge of the area. "It's an amazing feeling, of course," said Jota, who recently joined from Wolverhampton for $A74 million. "I just wish it was in front of a full stadium." Fulham, however, are battling. The last time the southwest London club were in the Premier League - in the 2018-19 season - they conceded a division-high 81 goals and got relegated. Already in their first season back in the top flight, Fulham have let in 10 goals and lost all three of their matches - the latest being at home to Aston Villa 3-0. Jack Grealish, Conor Hourihane and Tyrone Mings benefitted from dreadful defending to score the goals at Craven Cottage, as Fulham conceded at least three goals for the third straight game. "I should (and) will apologise repeatedly for that performance," Fulham owner Tony Khan tweeted. "I'm sorry everybody. We all need to do a better job." Australian Associated Press
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September 29 2020 - 1:11PM
Liverpool make ominous start to EPL
Diogo Jota scores for Liverpool on debut in the Reds' 3-1 win over Arsenal in Monday's EPL clash.
Three wins from three games, two big rivals dispatched, and an expensive new signing already on the scoresheet.
Liverpool are making an ominous start to their title defence in the English Premier League.
The champion's high-risk, high-reward strategy paid off in their come-from-behind 3-1 win over Arsenal on Monday in an open game featuring a late clinching goal by Diogo Jota in his first league start for Liverpool.
"This was absolutely exceptional," Liverpool manager Juergen Klopp said, "100 per cent dominant against a team in form."
Liverpool gave up some glaring chances inside an empty Anfield by deploying an aggressive press and a high line - Alexandre Lacazette, who put Arsenal ahead, squandered two one-on-one opportunities at 2-1 - but the brave tactic forced many openings of its own.
"Of course there's some risk," Klopp said. "But we want to win the ball as high as possible. Not frustrated, not disappointed at all."
He'll be pleased the way the nascent standings look, too.
Liverpool are one of three teams to have opened with three straight wins, including over Chelsea and now Arsenal. With two of their other main rivals - Manchester City and Manchester United - having already lost a game each, the start to the season could hardly have gone better for Liverpool.
Arsenal dropped points for the first time but were threatening to beat Liverpool for a third straight month - after wins in the league in July and the Community Shield in August - when Lacazette took advantage of a rare mistake by Andrew Robertson to give the visitors a 25th-minute lead.
Sadio Mane equalised inside three minutes before Robertson made amends by scoring himself after controlling a cross from Liverpool's other flying full back, Trent Alexander-Arnold.
That wild nine-minute period, featuring three goals, characterised a high-risk game plan from Liverpool that causes chaos for their opponents because of the way they are squeezed high up.
Break the press and Liverpool are in trouble, though, and Lacazette was played through clean on goal in the second half for chances to equalise. Both of his efforts were tame and comfortably saved by Alisson, and Lacazette was spotted hiding his head in his jersey in the dugout after being substituted.
Jota sealed victory in the 88th by driving in a shot that glanced the post as it went in, after David Luiz's headed clearance only reached the edge of the area.
"It's an amazing feeling, of course," said Jota, who recently joined from Wolverhampton for $A74 million. "I just wish it was in front of a full stadium."
Fulham, however, are battling.
The last time the southwest London club were in the Premier League - in the 2018-19 season - they conceded a division-high 81 goals and got relegated.
Already in their first season back in the top flight, Fulham have let in 10 goals and lost all three of their matches - the latest being at home to Aston Villa 3-0.
Jack Grealish, Conor Hourihane and Tyrone Mings benefitted from dreadful defending to score the goals at Craven Cottage, as Fulham conceded at least three goals for the third straight game.
"I should (and) will apologise repeatedly for that performance," Fulham owner Tony Khan tweeted. "I'm sorry everybody. We all need to do a better job."


text:
Back to the index.
Current mirror with adjustable gain.
The current mirror is a well known circuit in electronics.
It provides a output current which is proportional to the input current.
Figure 1: the basic form of a current mirror.
The input current (I1) causes a voltage across the base-emitter junction of T1.
This voltage is also applied to the base-emitter junction of T2.
This will cause a collector current in T2, which is almost equal to the input current I1.
I write "almost", because I1 contains two times the transistor base current, and I2 not.
And transistor T2 can have a higher base-collector voltage then T1, which can give some change in current gain.
Besides that, T1 and T2 can have different hfe values (current gain), and temperatures, which will all effect the gain of the circuit.
But anyhow, the current gain of the circuit in figure 1 is about 1.
Resistor R converts current I2 to a voltage.
What is much less known, is that the gain of a current mirror can be made variable by a small DC voltage which changes the base-emitter voltage of T2.
Figure 2, the gain of the current mirror is changed by a small DC voltage.
In this example, the DC voltage is in series with the emitter of T2, but you might as well place it in series with the base of T2.
With the DC voltage polarity shown in figure 2, the gain of the current mirror will reduce below "one".
If the polarity is reversed, the gain increases above "one".
For an explanation of the working of this circuit, we take a look at the relation between base-emitter voltage, and collector current of a transistor.
Figure 3, This diagram shows the relation between Vbe (base-emitter voltage) and Ic (collector current).
Because I use BC560C transistors in the current mirror, we look at the lower curve.
Please note that the Vbe scale is linear, and the Ic scale is logarithmic.
For this transistor, the curve is a straight line up to about 5 mA, this is the region in which both T1 and T2 must operate.
As an example, the input current of T1 changes between 1 and 2 mA, indicated with the green lines.
This gives a certain change in Vbe (about 25 mV).
Then we subtract some DC voltage from Vbe (in this example about 50 mV), and come in the region indicated with the red lines.
We see the output current of T2 will vary between 0.2 and 0.4 mA.
So, the gain of the circuit is now: 0.2
If the curve is a perfect straight line, the output current is an exact replica of the input current, without distortion, only with reduced amplitude.
Next we have a look at a circuit I designed using this principle.
It is an audio attenuator, with a gain adjusted by a DC current.
Figure 4, an audio attenuator with a variable gain current mirror.
Transistor T3 converts the input audio voltage to a current, which goes to the current mirror.
T3 has a DC current of about 2 mA.
T1 and T2 form the current mirror, with there bases connected together.
For AC voltages, the emitters are also connected, via C3 and C4.
The transistors T1 and T2 are mechanically mounted to each other, to reduce temperature differences between these transistors.
Here you can see the datasheet of the used BC560C transistor: datasheet_BC560_Philips.pdf .
Transistor T5, is a current source, with a value of 0 to 3.4 mA, adjusted by potentiometer R15.
The current through T5 causes an extra DC voltage across resistor R6, and this is the voltage we subtract from the Vbe of T2.
Transistor T4 is an emitter follower, which buffers the output signal.
The circuit works on 12 volt supply voltage.
The 5 Volt you see in the circuit, is made with the LM336Z-5.0 voltage reference (IC1) (datasheet_LM336.pdf).
Figure 5, This is the prototype I build of the circuit.
The following measurements are made on this prototype.
Figure 6, this diagram shows the measured gain of the circuit (V out / V in), as function of the current through T5.
Figure 7, level of harmonics measured below the wanted signal, at the output of the circuit.
The input signal was 1 kHz, 1 V RMS sine wave with very low distortion (2f < -90 dB).
Figure 8, the output signal with an 1 kHz triangular wave at the input.
Figure 9, audio spectrum measured with 1 kHz, 1 V RMS sine wave at the input, and the gain set to maximum.
Figure 10, RF frequency response of the circuit, at 0 dB, 20 dB, 40 dB, and maximum attenuation.
Measured with a spectrum analyser with tracking generator.
The picture shows the response from 100 kHz to 5.1 MHz.
At maximum gain (0 dB attenuation), the -3 dB bandwidth is 10 Hz - 2.2 MHz.
For maximum attenuation at higher frequencies, capacitor C5 (100 nF) is added to the circuit.
With C5, the maximum attenuation at 2 MHz is 57 dB, without C5 it is 50 dB at 2 MHz.
For the rest C5 has no function, or influence on performance.


Mr. Dehai Zhang holds a Master's degree from Harvard University in Theological Studies and a Juris Doctor degree from Touro Law Center in Long Island. His first law firm was established in early 2002, and focused on civil litigation which includes immigration, real estate and business transfers, criminal defense, matrimonial issues, and estate inheritance. Prior to forming his own private practice, he worked for personal injury law firms in Manhattan and Bronx.
Ms. Dai is a capable and extremely skilled member of our team. She possesses a Bachelor of Arts in English and a Master of Science in Information Systems. Ms. Dai's highly trained skill set allows her to best serve her clients. Within our firm, she manages a wide range of cases that focus on Matrimonial Law and Estate Law.
Ms. Siu is from Hong Kong, China and is fluent in both Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese. Since her addition to the firm in 2006, she has demonstrated herself to be an instrumental member of our team. Her exceptional attention to detail allows her to deliver top-notch work, resulting in the success of many cases. Ms. Siu's dedication to our clients is illustrated by her professionalism and endeavor to achieve excellence. Whatever the case may be, she undoubtedly handles it with the utmost care and concern. Specializing in Real Estate Transfers and Immigration, Ms. Siu always offers the highest quality assistance she can provide. She works from our Flushing office.
Mr. John J. Dunn serves as an Of Counsel for our firm. He is a well-respected attorney admitted to practice law in New York state and federal courts. Mr. Dunn holds the following degrees: Bachelor of Arts, Master of Science, Professional Diploma in Administration and Supervision, and a Juris Doctor. Mr. Dunn's Criminal Defense experience stems from his time as a Suffolk County Public Defender. His private clients are in Queens, Manhattan, Bronx, Nassau, and Suffolk Criminal Court. John has experience in Trusts and Estates.
His Surrogate Court experience includes being appointed by the Surrogate Courts as Guardian ad Litem in the counties of Queens, Manhattan, Bronx, Nassau, and Suffolk. John has also been appointed as Court Evaluator in Suffolk County Court. John has handled probate in many parts of New York State. He has also represented Personal Injury clients in the New York Metropolitan area and has helped them obtain settlements for automobile, slip and fall, and accident cases. He has represented clients, both plaintiff and defendants (Insurance companies), in over one thousand arbitrations.
Students and parents with Education Law problems will find a very strong and passionate advocate in John J. Dunn. Few attorneys have the experience and knowledge in educational matters that he has. John possesses a comprehensive understanding of the workings of school districts in Queens, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Nassau and Suffolk.
John has been a chairman of the federal funded programs committee, the chairman of the personnel committee, and the chairman of the finance committee. John J. Dunn's enjoys helping people with difficult legal matters. His door is always open for his clients.
Mr. Robert H. Findaro serves as an Of Counsel for our firm. Mr. Findaro has more than 10 years' extensive experience in immigration law as well as family law and criminal law. He has represented numerous clients in immigration adjustment cases as well as asylum and removal proceedings. Prior to his private immigration law practice, Mr. Findaro had served as an attorney for the Central American Refugee Center, Safe Passage Immigration Project, Legal Aid Society of Suffolk County and Nassau County Coalition against Domestic Violence. Mr. Findaro is a member of American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA) and a Member of Nassau County Bar Association.
Mr. Carl J. Kubic serves as an Of Counsel for our firm. He has been practicing law in New York state since 1971. Over the course of 40+ years legal practice, Mr. Kubic had served New York County District Attorney's office, United States Securities and Exchange Commissions and various private law firms. Mr. Kubic has broad experience in Criminal ,Civil and Matrimonial Litigation, as well as Commercial and Residential Real Estate transactions. Mr. Kubic is a member of American Bar Association, New York State Bar Association and he is also a Adjunct Associate Professor of Law at St. John's University.


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text:
14 summer festivities today's San Antonio kids know nothing about
By J.M. Scott, Julie Ruff and Rebecca Salinas
1. Go on a date at the Mission Drive-In Theatre
The 26-acre, 1940s-era Mission Drive-In was the place to be on summer nights, until the South Side landmark closed in 2007. The site is now open as the Mission Marquee Plaza, which has one large screen.
The 26-acre, 1940s-era Mission Drive-In was the place to be on summer nights, until the South Side landmark closed in 2007. The site is now open as the Mission
Photo: NICOLE FRUGE, SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWS
1. Go on a date at the Mission Drive-In Theatre The 26-acre,...photo-2558077.130908 - |ucfirst
2. Ride the indoor Ferris wheel at Pear Apple County Fair
Along Loop 410, between Bandera and Ingram roads, the theme park attracted thousands with carnival midway rides, go-karts and miniature golf. It opened in 1993 and closed in 1997 after falling victim to a highly competitive entertainment market, according to archives.
Along Loop 410, between Bandera and Ingram roads, the theme park attracted thousands with carnival midway rides, go-karts and miniature golf. It opened
Photo: RICK HUNTER, EXPRESS-NEWS FILE PHOTO
2. Ride the indoor Ferris wheel at Pear Apple County Fair Along...photo-10308327.130908 - |ucfirst
3. Horseback ride at the Brackenridge Stables
The exact opening date of Brackenridge Stables is uncertain, but it goes back to at least 1937. The stables closed on May 12, 1999, and the horses were sold to a dude ranch.
The exact opening date of Brackenridge Stables is uncertain, but it goes back to at least 1937. The stables closed on May 12, 1999, and the horses were sold to a
Photo: Kin Man Hui
3. Horseback ride at the Brackenridge Stables The exact opening...photo-10306885.130908 - |ucfirst
4. Tower over S.A. via Brackenridge Park's Sky Ride
From 1964 until 1999, Brackenridge Park's Sky Ride gave visitors a unique view of the San Antonio skyline. Sadly, the ride was disassembled a few years later and gondolas sold to nostalgic buyers for $1,000, according to a previous mySA article.
From 1964 until 1999, Brackenridge Park's Sky Ride gave visitors a unique view of the San Antonio skyline. Sadly, the ride was disassembled a few years
Photo: Express-News File Photo
4. Tower over S.A. via Brackenridge Park's Sky Ride From...photo-972024.130908 - |ucfirst
5. Snap a picture with the iconic traveling horse
Even if kids were sleeping in during the summer, mothers wouldn't hesitate to wake up their children for a photo shoot with the traveling horse. These photo shoot opportunities – which literally consisted of a man walking a horse around a neighborhood for photo ops – were once popular in the city's South Side.
Even if kids were sleeping in during the summer, mothers wouldn't hesitate to wake up their children for a photo shoot with the traveling horse. These photo
Photo: Madalyn Mendoza / San Antonio Express-News
5. Snap a picture with the iconic traveling horse Even if kids...photo-10306747.130908 - |ucfirst
6. Run wild in Playland Park
From about 1940 to 1980, a 1917 vintage carousel operated at Playland Park, an amusement park that opened at Brackenridge Park, then moved to 2222 N. Alamo St., north of downtown. The park closed and auctioned its assets in 1988.
From about 1940 to 1980, a 1917 vintage carousel operated at Playland Park, an amusement park that opened at Brackenridge Park, then moved to 2222 N. Alamo St., north of downtown.
Photo: Joshua Wilmot/ Wikimedia Commons
6. Run wild in Playland Park From about 1940 to 1980, a 1917...photo-9217287.130908 - |ucfirst
7. Ride El Trenecito and the mini-monorail
For a brief period in 1968, San Antonians hopped on the Brackenridge sky ride, the HemisFair monorail and El Trenecito all in a day. A round-trip on the monorail cost $1, whereas a trip on the train cost 50 cents for adults and 25 cents for children.
For a brief period in 1968, San Antonians hopped on the Brackenridge sky ride, the HemisFair monorail and El Trenecito all in a day. A round-trip on the monorail cost
Photo: San Antonio Express-News File Photo
7. Ride El Trenecito and the mini-monorail For a brief period...photo-4387759.130908 - |ucfirst
8. Tour the River Walk in gondola riverboats
Gondolas preceded barges; Casa Rio Restaurant began offering gondola rides on the River Walk in the 1950s.
Photo: UTSA Libraries Special Collectio
8. Tour the River Walk in gondola riverboats Gondolas...photo-3284769.130908 - |ucfirst
9. Hangout with friends at the Teen Canteen
Sam Kinsey's Teen Canteen was a hub for high school kids during the Vietnam War period. Thriving in different locations from 1961 to 1977, the venue hosted beginning acts like ZZ Top and Michael Nesmith (before Monkees fame).
Sam Kinsey's Teen Canteen was a hub for high school kids during the Vietnam War period. Thriving in different locations from 1961 to 1977, the venue hosted beginning
Photo: Courtesy Sam Kinsey
9. Hangout with friends at the Teen Canteen Sam...photo-5546489.130908 - |ucfirst
10. Visit the Alligator Garden
Alligators, snakes and horned toads all shared space at the Reptile Gardens in Brackenridge Park. The Reptile Garden opened in 1933, and the Alligator Garden replaced it in 1950. The city operated it until it closed in 1975.
Alligators, snakes and horned toads all shared space at the Reptile Gardens in Brackenridge Park. The Reptile Garden opened in 1933, and the Alligator Garden replaced it in 1950.
Photo: THE WITTE MUSEUM
10. Visit the Alligator Garden Alligators, snakes and horned...photo-7703077.130908 - |ucfirst
11. Catch flicks at the Texas Theater
Before the Majestic, San Antonio had the Texas Theatre which opened on Houston Street in 1926, and this is where the first Academy Award winning film "Wings" premiered. The theater closed in the 1980s. You can read more about the "'Wings' brought Hollywood to S.A." in a legacy piece at the Express-News.com.
Before the Majestic, San Antonio had the Texas Theatre which opened on Houston Street in 1926, and this is where the first Academy Award winning film "Wings" premiered. The
11. Catch flicks at the Texas Theater Before the Majestic, San...photo-3069760.130908 - |ucfirst
12. Paddle on the River Walk
Casa Rio was the first River Walk eatery to incorporate beloved, now-gone canoes, gondolas and paddle boats, according to the restaurant's website.
In this photo, Phyllis Weaver and Dickey Mott from Dallas paddle down the San Antonio River along the River Walk on a paddle boat on May 14, 1975.
In this photo, Phyllis Weaver and
Photo: FILE
12. Paddle on the River Walk Casa Rio was the first River Walk...photo-5714374.130908 - |ucfirst
13. Watch movies at the Fredericksburg Drive-In
The Fredericksburg Drive-In theater, also known as the first drive-in movie theater in San Antonio, is seen in an undated courtesy photo provided by the Institute of Texan Cultures. The Northwest Shopping Center stands at the drive-in's former location.
The Fredericksburg Drive-In theater, also known as the first drive-in movie theater in San Antonio, is seen in an undated courtesy photo provided by the Institute
Photo: COURTESY, COURTESY OF INSTITUTE OF TEXAN C
13. Watch movies at the Fredericksburg Drive-In The...photo-5531052.130908 - |ucfirst
14. Visit the Hertzberg Circus Museum
Before the Briscoe Western Art Museum came along, the building was home to the Hertzberg Circus Museum. It was the oldest public circus collection in the country and one of the largest in the world. The collection was transferred to the Witte Museum in 2003.
Before the Briscoe Western Art Museum came along, the building was home to the Hertzberg Circus Museum. It was the oldest public circus collection in the country and one
Photo: Courtesy Photo, San Antonio Public Library
14. Visit the Hertzberg Circus Museum Before the Briscoe...photo-5352078.130908 - |ucfirst
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Bamidbar is usually read on the Shabbat before Shavuot. So the sages connected the two. Shavuot is the time of the giving of the Torah. Bamidbar means "in the desert." What then is the connection between the desert and the Torah, the wilderness and G‑d's word?
The sages gave several interpretations. According to the Mechilta, the Torah was given publicly, openly and in a place no one owns because had it been given in the land of Israel,What is the connection between the desert and the Torah? Jews would have said to the nations of the world, "You have no share in it." Instead, whoever wants to come and accept it, let them come and accept it.1
Another explanation: had the Torah been given in Israel, the nations of the world would have had an excuse for not accepting it. This follows the rabbinic tradition that before G‑d gave the Torah to the Israelites, He offered it to all the other nations, and each found a reason to decline.2
Yet another: just as the wilderness is free—it costs nothing to enter—the Torah is free. It is G‑d's gift to us.3
But there is another, more spiritual reason. The desert is a place of silence. There is nothing visually to distract you, and there is no ambient noise to muffle sound. To be sure, when the Israelites received the Torah, there was thunder and lightning and the sound of a shofar. The earth felt as if it were shaking at its foundations. But in a later age, when the prophet Elijah stood at the same mountain after his confrontation with the prophets of Baal, he encountered G‑d not in the whirlwind or the fire or the earthquake but in the kol demamah dakah, the still, small voice, literally "the sound of a slender silence."4 I define this as the sound you can hear only if you are listening. In the silence of the midbar, the desert, you can hear the Medaber, the Speaker, and the medubar, that which is spoken. To hear the voice of G‑d, you need a listening silence in the soul.
Many years ago British television produced a documentary series, The Long Search, on the world's great religions.5 When it came to Judaism, the presenter Ronald Eyre seemed surprised by its blooming, buzzing confusion, especially the loud, argumentative voices in the Beit Midrash, the house of study. Remarking on this to Elie Wiesel, he asked, "Is there such a thing as a silence in Judaism?"
Wiesel replied: "Judaism is full of silences . . . but we don't talk about them."
Judaism is a very verbal culture, a religion of holy words. Through words, G‑d created the universe: "And G‑d said, Let there be . . . and there was." According to the Targum, it is our ability to speak that makes us human. It translates the phrase "and man became a living soul"6 as "and man became a speaking soul." Words create. Words communicate. Our relationships are shaped, for good or bad, by language. Much of Judaism is about the power of words to make or break worlds.
So silence in Tanach often has a negative connotation. "Aaron was silent," says the Torah, after the death of his two sons Nadav and Avihu.7 "The dead do not praise You," says Psalm 115, "nor do those who go down to the silence [of the grave]." When Job's friends came to comfort him after the loss of his children and other afflictions, "Then they sat down with him on the ground for seven days and seven nights, yet no one spoke a word to him, for they saw that his pain was very great."8
But not all silence is sad. Psalms tells us that "to You, silence is praise."9 If we are truly in awe at the greatness of G‑d, the vastness of the universe and the almost infinite extent of time, our deepest emotions will indeed lie too deep for words. We will experience silent communion.
The sages valued silence. They called it "a fence to wisdom."10 If words are worth a coin, silence is worth two.11 R. Shimon ben Gamliel said, "All my days I have grown up among the wise, and I have found nothing better than silence."12
The service of the priests in the Temple was accompanied by silence. The Levites sang in the courtyard, but the priests—unlike their counterparts in other ancient religions—neither sang nor spoke while offering the sacrifices. One scholar13 has accordingly spoken of The sages valued silence"the silence of the sanctuary." The Zohar (2a) speaks of silence as the medium in which both the Sanctuary above and the Sanctuary below are made.
There were Jews who cultivated silence as a spiritual discipline. Breslov chassidim meditate in the fields. There are Jews who practise taanit dibbur, a "fast of words." Our most profound prayer, the private saying of the Amidah, is called tefillah be-lachash, the "silent prayer." It is based on the precedent of Hannah, praying for a child. "She spoke in her heart. Her lips moved but her voice was not heard."14
G‑d hears our silent cry. In the agonizing tale of how Sarah told Abraham to send Hagar and her son away, the Torah tells us that when their water ran out and the young Ishmael was at the point of dying, Hagar cried, yet G‑d heard "the voice of the child."15 Earlier, when the angels came to visit Abraham and told him that Sarah would have a child, Sarah laughed inwardly—that is, silently—yet she was heard by G‑d.16 G‑d hears our thoughts even when they are not expressed in speech.
The silence that counts, in Judaism, is thus a listening silence—and listening is the supreme religious art. Listening means making space for others to speak and be heard. As I point out in my commentary to the Siddur, there is no English word that remotely equals the Hebrew verb sh‑m‑a in its wide range of senses: to listen, to hear, to pay attention, to understand, to internalize and to respond in deed.
This was one of the key elements in the Sinai covenant, when the Israelites, having already said twice, "All that G‑d says, we will do," then said, "All that G‑d says, we will do and we will hear [ve-nishma]."17 It is the nishma—listening, hearing, heeding, responding—that is the key religious act.
Thus Judaism is not only a religion of doing-and-speaking; it is also a religion of listening. Faith is the ability to hear the music beneath the noise. There is the silent music of the spheres, about which Psalm 19 speaks:
The heavens declare the glory of G‑d
The skies proclaim the work of His hands.
Day to day they pour forth speech,
Night to night they communicate knowledge.
There is no speech, there are no words,
Their voice is not heard.
Yet their music carries throughout the earth.
There is the voice of history that was heard by the prophets. And there is the commanding voice of Sinai, that continues to speak to us across the abyss of time. I sometimes think that people in the modern age have found the concept of "Torah from heaven" problematic, not because of some new archaeological discovery but because we have lost the habit of listening to the sound of transcendence, a voice beyond the merely human.
It is fascinating that despite his often fractured relationship with Judaism, Sigmund Freud created in psychoanalysis a deeply Jewish form of healing. He himself called it the "speaking cure," but it is in fact a listening cure. Almost all effective forms of psychotherapy involve deep listening.
Is there enough listening in the Jewish world today? Do we, in Is there enough listening in the Jewish world today?marriage, really listen to our spouses? Do we as parents truly listen to our children? Do we, as leaders, hear the unspoken fears of those we seek to lead? Do we internalize the sense of hurt of the people who feel excluded from the community? Can we really claim to be listening to the voice of G‑d if we fail to listen to the voices of our fellow humans?
In his poem "In memory of W. B. Yeats," W. H. Auden wrote:
In the deserts of the heart
Let the healing fountain start.
From time to time we need to step back from the noise and hubbub of the social world and create in our hearts the stillness of the desert where, within the silence, we can hear the kol demamah dakah, the still, small voice of G‑d, telling us we are loved, we are heard, we are embraced by G‑d's everlasting arms, we are not alone.
Mechilta, Yitro, Bachodesh 1.
Ibid., 5.
1 Kings 19:9–12.
BBC Television, first shown 1977.
Genesis 2:7.
Leviticus 10:3.
Job 2:13.
Psalms 65:2.
Avot 3:13.
Talmud, Megillah 18a.
Israel Knohl.
I Samuel 1:13.
Genesis 21:16–17.
Exodus 24:7.
Art by Sefira Lightstone. Our in-house artist, she is an editorial illustrator who creates art to empower the Jewish collective online. Past clients have included the Forward, Mosaic Mag, and the Jewish Press. You can follow more of her work on her personal instagram account where she focuses on activism @sefiracreative.
What Is Shavuot (Shavuos)?
And How Is Shavuot Celebrated?
Eleven Shavuot Facts Every Jew Should Know
What Is Shavuot?
Watch (3:56) 7 Comments
How Do We Know That We Heard G‑d at Sinai?
Eleanor Skibo Pennsylvania, USA May 17, 2020
All of us experiencing the virus in every part of the world has been a great time to practice
the value of silence. Shutting out the noise and allowing the sounds of nature to enter our lives can be invigorating if you just develop a new mindset. The birds sing from the branches of the trees, the rain taps slightly at our window panes, and if you listen really close you can almost hear the buzzing of a bumble bee giving that colorful flower in your garden a simple kiss. Whether we're in the desert where nothing takes over our minds or in an enchanted garden, or just at home in these times of gloom; silence can bring peace and joy, love and happiness and a special time to have that long awaited talk
with G d. There is a time for dancing and singing, but there's also a time for silence and reflection. Reply
Ivan Boragin Riga October 13, 2016
Loved the article. Thanks! Reply
Joseph Solomon Orlando June 6, 2016
Rabbi Sacks creates a stark contrast between the choice of personal destiny and those/some who believe they have the power to decide the spiritual fate of man in this world, a fate they believe is then binding in Heaven as they impose and encourage strictly the 7 noahide laws on to souls they determine is Jewishly unworthy. But the richness, freedom, life, and closeness to G-d that is found in obedience to G-d is unmatched, the obedience to the proper way of life (Torahs) that was/is garnered from Heaven through much mental, physical, and spiritual toil and anticipation is the journey, choice, and destiny of the conscious soul of which without life can't be counted as life at all. The wilderness or desert "Midbar" taught us G-d convert's souls, dogmas convert foreigners into citizens; outsiders into members Reply
Shavuot (339)
Giving of the Torah (170)
Silence (17)


Yesterday I went to the Grand Tasting of this year's Miami Rum Renaissance at the DoubleTree Miami Airport Convention Center. Ed Roberts and I did the rounds and tasted rums and cocktails from dozens of distilleries. We bumped into Rum Royalty, Rob Burr, who was busy but always ready to stop for a moment to talk rum.
We chatted with the vendors about their products and posed for some pictures with a few cute models. (You can see some of my favorite moments below!) Pamela Obando, who you met on an episode of ByTheGlassShow, was there representing Papa's Pilar rum, and she made one of the two best cocktails of the day. The jalapeno kick to it was amazing! The other awesome cocktail, well, you're going to need to watch the video below to find out! Check out his moves!
As for the best rums tasted neat... I loved Zafra, Centenario 25, Diplomatico 12, Dos Maderas 5+5, and Don Pancho to name a couple off the top of my head. Sadly, most of the vendors did not have enough product to carry them through to the end of the event. It wasn't so much missing the opportunity to drink more rum. I had already had my share. But just the experience being cut short was a little disappointing.
But I went home, cooked some killer burgers, and somehow an impromptu party kicked up at my house. And that never happens! I'll definitely be going back next year.
And again, some of my favorite moments are posted below, but be sure to visit the full gallery I created over at SoulOfMiami.org.


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Empire Pass is located on the western side of the Deer Valley® Resort, near the border with Park City Mountain Resort. Owners of condos in Empire Pass can gain access to the Talisker Club in the Village at Empire Pass. Montage is located in the heart of Empire Pass, so nearby condominium owners will delight in the restaurants & world-class spa at Montage. Empire Pass condos for sale may be found in Montage, near the Northside chairlift, and in the Village at Empire Pass.
35 Properties Found. Showing First 4 Results.
New Deer Valley condos in Deer Crest have incredible views of the lake and mountains, and it's hard to beat the level of service you'll receive at the St. Regis Residences. In addition to the residences at St. Regis, there are also some condos at the bottom of the Deer Crest Gondola that offer EASY access to US 40 near the bottom of Deer Crest. Private ski trails assure Deer Crest condominium owners fantastic ski in/ski out access.
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« Keddies latest trick | Main | Steve Mark has to prove who he says he is »
Supreme Court unleashes body cavity searches
Roger Fitch Esq • Monday, April 16, 2012
Supreme Court's election rigging ... Court's conservative majority may hatch devilish plan for Affordable Care Act challenge ... Rumsfeld on the lam ... Black hole torture chambers and missing State Department memo ... Strip search decision ... Our Man in Washington reports
US Supremes - devillish
As the US elections approach, everyone is talking about the spectacular spending that has followed the Supreme Court's Citizens United decision approving unlimited corporate donations to politicians.
State judicial elections, among others, have been badly compromised.
The other looming issue this election year is the vote-suppression legislation passed by Republican states.
New York University's Brennan Center reports that new voting laws in Republican-controlled states will affect 70 percent of the Electoral College in 2012 - a likely boost for Willard "Mitt" Romney.
The Supreme Court is now in the news continuously. Sometimes it's for things it has already done (e.g. the shaken-baby case), but mostly it's what the court may be planning to do, for instance to Obama's health care law, the Affordable Care Act.
Some are alarmed that the court is about to strike down a major federal regulatory scheme for the first time since 1936.
Another theory: the court's conservative majority is saving its political capital for more sinister use.
Meanwhile, it augers ill that a circuit judge has sarcastically employed the Tea-Party epithet "Obamacare".
When Jerry Smith and two fellow Republicans on a Fifth Circuit panel ordered the Justice Department to explain remarks of President Obama they deemed uncongenial, the Attorney General duly responded.
Eric Holder's letter re-affirming Marbury v Madison is here.
I've previously noted the American pastime of giving laws self-serving acronyms such as the USA PATRIOT Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001).
One new Act of Congress, by contrast, has a more intelligible and accurate acronym: the STOCK Act (Stop Trading On Congressional Knowledge Act). It's designed to end rampant insider trading by members of Congress.
In January I reported that an influential group of Republicans in Congress and elsewhere were not adverse to promoting the interests of a designated terrorist group. The Washington Post had more at the time.
Now it's news again: former Bush officials are under investigation for aiding an Iranian terrorist group on a State Department blacklist.
Democrats are also involved.
Glenn Greenwald looks at the implications of these acts in light of the recent Holder v Humanitarian Law decision.
In breaking news, we learn that the Bush administration itself provided training to the group in question, MEK, on American soil.
Legendary investigative reporter Seymour Hersh has more.
Jack Goldsmith has a piece in the New Republic opining that civil libertarians - rather than legal sycophants such as he - are responsible for the national security state the US has become since 9/11.
The Center for Constitutional Rights responds here.
The former Bush legal-accomplice is now a Yale law prof and terror-hysteric at Lawfare, and predictably thinks aerial assassinations have a sound legal footing.
Undaunted by the UK High Court's recent rejection of his interpretation of the Geneva Conventions (see my January post), Prof Goldsmith is also a keen advocate of more non-conforming military commissions.
Former Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfeld continues to escape justice - criminal or civil - for sending "war" captives to offshore CIA dungeons for explicit torture.
In Poland, however, the former head of intelligence faces criminal charges for assisting the CIA's Polish branch operation, specifically, "unlawful corporal punishment," a.k.a. torture.
Harper's Scott Horton weighs in here.
Gitmo inmate Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri is a graduate of the same Polish torture dungeon. A Saudi, he has travelled widely, having been kidnapped in the Emirates, then imprisoned and/or tortured by the CIA in Thailand, Poland, Romania, and finally, at Guantánamo, where he faces a military commission.
The Open Society Justice Initiative is seeking the intervention of the European Court of Human Rights in Poland's investigation of its complicity in the detention and torture of Nashiri.
Nashiri, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Abu Zubaydah are known to have been water-tortured in Poland. When the Polish camp was hastily closed due to exposure in the press, prisoners were transferred to other CIA sites in Lithuania and Romania.
According to Open Society lawyer Amrit Singh, Nashiri was held in Romania.
Preliminary motions in Nashiri's Guantánamo military trial are now being heard. As Opinio Juris notes:
"The bankruptcy of the U.S. military-commissions system is currently on full display in the trial of Abd al-Rahim Al-Nashiri. Readers who can stomach the spectacle of a tortured detainee being prosecuted for imaginary war crimes committed at a time when there was no armed conflict between the U.S. and al-Qaeda anywhere in the world can find excellent coverage of the pre-trial motions at Lawfare."
A new Supreme Court strip search decision has been universally derided.
In Florence v Board of Chosen Freeholders, the conservative majority allowed strip searches before one is jailed, even wrongfully, for any offence no matter how trivial.
The Times and Glenn Greenwald have more.
Scott Horton was struck by the fact that the newly–disclosed interrogation resistance training manual - consulted by the Bush Gang's "Principals Committee" in devising torture techniques - stated that body cavity searches are performed to make the prisoner "feel uncomfortable and degraded."
It's a sentiment some police will now feel free to share.
A long-missing 2006 memo by a Bush-era State Department Counsellor, describing the CIA's "enhanced interrogation techniques" as CID (cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment) violations of the Convention Against Torture, has just surfaced.
The Bush administration tried to destroy all copies of Philip Zelikow's memo. The Guardian has more.
The National Security Archive posted the memo beside the contemporary and contrary memo of the odious Stephen Bradbury, last head of the Office of Legal Counsel in the Bush Justice Department.
Seen in context, Zelikow's memo further demonstrates Bradbury's culpability in the torture scandal.
As Scott Horton notes, Bradbury's ...
"three memoranda are in many respects more appalling than the Yoo-Bybee memos ... [He] first argued that none of the thirteen techniques constitutes torture; in the second, he argued that even if used in combination, they did not constitute torture; and in the third, he argued that the techniques were not CID, and that even if they were, there was no penalty for them."
Nevertheless, the Obama administration is finally prosecuting someone in connection with George Bush's torture program: the former CIA agent John Kiriakou.
His offence? Not torture, but rather, like former CIA General Counsel John Rizzo (see post of November 2011), talking about it.
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Milgi serves up everyday plant based eating with style. The 100% vegetarian lounge uses seasonal ingredients to make pretty platefuls of nourishing food including soups, salads and superfood smoothies. For the less virtuous, look out for an eye-watering selection of vegan cake, all properly tasty and satisfying. At night-time, Cardiff's cool cats hang out and sip cocktails – settle in, grab a drink and join in with the hubbub of this beautiful little hidden gem – or just people-watch to your heart's content.


Anja Weber has been collaborating with Oroboros since April 2015.
Weber 2016 Abstract Mito Xmas Meeting Innsbruck 2016 Loss of PTEN in prostate cancer cells leads to a switch to succinate-mediated mitochondrial respiration associated with increased expression of NaDC3 and HIF-1alpha.
This page was last modified on 21 January 2019, at 11:22.


Motorcycle drivers on Thursday shut down the Ijegun Road in the Alimosho area of Lagos State, after a woman, Idongesit Ekpo, and her husband, Godwin, were shot by a team of policemen attached to the Isheri Osun Police Division.
While Idongesit died on the spot, Godwin was said to be in a critical condition at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, where he was taken for treatment.
PUNCH Metro learnt that the couple was returning from a church programme on Wednesday in a tricycle belonging to the family.
Our correspondents were told that Godwin met a police checkpoint at Obalagbe bus stop, where some other tricycle drivers were being reportedly extorted by an eight-man police team.
He was said to have been flagged down by one of the policemen, but as he sped past, one of the officers shattered his windscreen with a baton.
A police corporal, identified as Aremu Musesiu, was said to have opened fire on the tricycle.
It was learnt that the bullet pierced through the tricycle back side and hit Idongesit, who was breastfeeding a three-month-old baby.
Her husband, Godwin, who looked back when the shot was fired, was said to have also been hit in the neck.
The policemen were said to have hurriedly taken money from the tricycle drivers they had earlier detained, before fleeing the scene.
Tricycle drivers in the community trooped out on Thursday to protest the death and demanded justice for the victims.
The protesters held placards, some of which read, 'Isheri Police, your generation will suffer,' 'Stop killing us,' among others.
The protest train went to the Isheri Osun Police Station, where they met a team of armed policemen in more than six vans. An Armoured Personnel Carrier was also mounted on the road to the station.
The Financial Secretary of the Committee for the Defence of Human Rights, Lagos State branch, Chinanzor Ifechiga, was brutalised and her telephone seized by the Divisional Police Officer.
Ifechiga, who was accused of filming the protest and taking pictures, was manhandled by eight policemen, who struggled to take the phone from her on the order of the DPO.
The protesters left the station for Ijegun Road, where they ordered other tricycle operators to cease work.
Six police vans packed full with policemen from Idimu, Igando, Ikotun, Gowon Estate and Isheri Osun divisions, were observed by our correspondents on the road.
A tricycle driver, Henry Chibuzor, said the couple was shot at around 10pm on Wednesday.
He said, "I was going home around 10pm when I saw the eight-man team asking me to stop at a checkpoint. I was there with four other tricycle drivers.
"The man was coming from church with his family. As he got to the junction, he swerved and his tricycle mistakenly brushed their patrol van.
He said the policemen collected N5,000 from him and also extorted money from other tricycle drivers.
Another witness, Kabiru Olaoye, said the residents quickly formed a crowd at the scene and prevented the policemen from leaving.
He added that the cops called for reinforcement, adding that officers of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad and policemen from surrounding divisions arrived at the scene and rescued the killer-cops.
PUNCH Metro learnt that while the woman died immediately, the man was quickly rushed to the Igando General Hospital.
A tricycle driver, Oladimeji Ayinde, said the police deposited the remains of the victim in a mortuary.
It was learnt that the family tricycle had been taken to the Area M Police Command, while the children of the victims were with the police.
A member of the tricycle drivers association in the area, Bamidele Olorunshogo, said tricycle drivers in the community were being constantly harassed by the police in the Isheri Osun station.
Another member of the association, Salman Aboyeji, told PUNCH Metro that the police at the station were fond of unlawful arrest and detention of drivers.
He said the protest that greeted the death of Idongesit, led to the release of 13 other tricycle drivers, who had been arrested under controversial circumstances.
Albert Itekena, a 300-level student of Political Science, who also operates a tricycle in the community, called for an end to the intimidation.
A member of the CDHR, Ifechiga, who was allegedly brutalised during the Thursday protest called for justice.
Ifechiga said, "The DPO said I was one of them (the police) and I should not join the protesters. Because I refused, he said I should release my phone to him.
"He said he would disgrace me before everybody.
The Commissioner of Police, Fatai Owoseni, who confirmed the incident, said Aremu had been arrested and detained.
He added that the DPO of Isheri Osun had also been issued a query for disobeying the Inspector General of Police's instruction.
He said, "The police are doing all in our capacity to ensure that the deceased's children are taken care of. The police corporal involved has been taken into custody. When we complete all necessary disciplinary action, he will be charged to court for murder.


Since joining the Real Estate industry in 2007, Kim has gained a broad range of industry experience and knowledge from many areas – sales, marketing, conveyancing, property development and her own personal experiences of buying and selling property both in Sydney and here on the Sunshine Coast.
Having come from 15 years experience in Sales and Marketing in the IT & Communications industry, Kim has a variety of skills to help you achieve your goals. With a passion for working with people, Kim has truly found her niche and has made real estate a personal career pathway. Her core values encompass honesty, attention to detail, and good ol' fashioned family values.
Offered for the first time to market, this architect's own residence boasts an impressive list of modern luxuries and inclusions to make it an ultimate choice for lifestyle living. The intuitive design of this beautiful home embraces the serenity of this prestigious lakefront location.


text:
Explore the Uffizi
The Artworks
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Guided Tour with Priority Access
Alessandro Falca
Alias: Longhi Born: 1733 - Death: 1813 Located in: Painting of the 18th Century,
Longhi was a Venetian portrait painter and printmaker in etchings that were mostly reproductions of paintings. He is best known best for his oil portraits of Venetian nobles of state. His father was the famed genre painter Pietro Longhi (1701 – 1785). He trained under his father and Giuseppe Nogari (1609-1763), the Venetian Rococo painters. Like Sebastiano Bombelli (1635 – 1719) in the prior century, Longhi is noted for his zealous full-length depictions of robes and emblems of office.
Alessandro took a noted departure from his father's style, opting for a lighter, less intellectually penetrating approach. (Kren and Marx, Web Gallery of Art)
His work in the Uffizi Gallery, Portrait of a Lady, shows intricate attention to detail in the dress and decorative accessories of the sitter.
Longhi's etching style also showed a strong influence from Rembrandt's work in etching (1606 – 1669).
(Some of this text is taken from the www.wikipedia.org entry on Alessandro Longhi, available under GNU Free Documentation License.)
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Perfectly preserved 32,000-year-old Ice Age wolf's head found in Russia
PATRICK REEVELL
ABC News June 14, 2019
Perfectly preserved 32,000-year-old Ice Age wolf's head found in Russia originally appeared on abcnews.go.com
A Russian scientific institute says an almost perfectly preserved head of a 32,000-year-old wolf was found in Siberia, so complete that it is still covered with fur and its brain is intact.
PHOTO:Mammoth Fauna Study Department at the Academy of Sciences in Russia released this Sept 6, 2018 photo that they say depicts the head of an Ice Age wolf that was found during a 2018 expedition. (Albert Protopopov/AP)
Scientists from the Republic of Sakha's Academy of Sciences in Russia's Arctic region of Yakutia, announced the find this week, hailing it as the first of its kind.
The head was found by a local man, Pavel Efimov, close to the Tirekhtyakh River in Yakutia in the summer of 2018, according to a press release published on the institute's website. Efimov had stumbled across the head buried in a layer of permafrost visible in the riverbank.
(MORE: Spending 10 days inside Putin's Russia)
The institute said that its scientists along with others in Japan had confirmed that the wolf had lived during the Ice Age and released photographs and video of the head, in which it appeared barely decayed with its fur still soft and matted.
"This is the first find known to science of remains of a Pleistocene wolf with preserved soft fur," Albert Protopopov, the director of the Academy's department of mammoth fauna studies, said in the statement.
The Russian institute said Japanese scientists at Tokyo's Jikei University conducted a tomographic study and carbon dating to establish the wolf's age. The wolf's head is 16.4 inches long, meaning it is almost half the size of the body of a large modern-day wolf, the institute said, calling the ancient animal "gigantic." The wolf would have been 2 to 4 years old when it died, they said.
The fact that the head was intact is extraordinary, the scientists said, noting that the wolf's brain was "undamaged" and that almost all its teeth were still present. Protopopov said they were now studying the head in order to see how modern wolves had evolved.
The scientists said the wolf head had been found in the same area as an immaculately preserved body of an Ice Age cave lion cub, that was discovered in 2017. That was the fourth whole lion cub to be found since 2015.
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NASCAR Boys Room! Isn't this the coolest room ever?? Designed by Wilshire Design Group and murals painted by Leah Watson. This is NASCAR fan heaven! Wall paint color is Monarch Foggy London – Millennium Collection. A roll-up garage door is used as the headboard for the bed. Racing logo was painted using an overhead projector and a steady hand. For more photos of this room check out our boys rooms gallery.


What I wore for a busy, chilly Saturday! It got me through a morning at the flower shop, a family reunion, an outdoor water ski show, and a birthday party in total comfort.
show some love with these Valentine's Day DIYs!
your post. Thank you so much and I amm having a look forward to contact you.
Hey, I just came across your blog, and it is really cute! Really colourful and a great insight into your life.
If you want to have something to read and laugh about – or imagine you are in Rome, Italy, have a look at my blog!
Great style and maintaining appearance ideas!
Reblogged this on melanie j .
Reblogueó esto en A GIRL LIKE ME .
Love it top to bottom..!!…and those boots!!!
Love the sweater! I can imagine how chic the whole outfit looks! Awesome.
Weekend looks like this are the best! Hope you had a great couple days off!
It's always great to go through a full day in style and comfort.
Such a comfy yet cute look. I especially love the sweater!
love that sweater, and those boots are adorable!
Love how you matched the gold from the watch with the boots!
i love this outfit. amazing look!
This outfit is gorgeous! I especially love the boots!
Love everything about this outfit, especially the boots! Adorable!
Especially love your hat. Have worn a similar one at the beach on the weekend.


In the first few weeks of December, I do a lot of speed-walking around big-box stores, grabbing up cute stockings and wrapping paper and random little Christmas gifts I'll misplace and forget to give. But after tripping and tearing a ligament in my ankle and having to wear a stiff Storm Trooper boot strapped on it for 4 weeks, I've been sentenced to given the opportunity of a month reflecting on the benefits of a slower pace. And with freezing weather and a chronic illness, even the mobile bootless among us might benefit from putting on the brakes for a minute.
Americans aren't exactly known for taking it easy during the holiday season, hence the rise of Black Friday and Martha Stewart. But fortunately, the country of Denmark – one of the happiest countries in the world, according to the United Nations World Happiness Report – has lots of practice at actually enjoying months of windshield-scraping, respiratory infections, and relatives.
Danish culture actually has a special word for this – "hygge" (roughly pronounced HYOO-gah). Hygge has no direct English translation, but in general it refers to a state of mind or being that includes coziness, closeness with loved ones, familiarity, refuge, and warmth. And while it's big at Christmastime, it's a year-round concept.
Curling up under a quilt with your dog to watch A Charlie Brown Christmas would certainly be hygge; throw in some hot chocolate and warm sugar cookies and your hygge meter maxes out. But even just a house, piece of clothing, or person on its own can embody hygge (think of a log cabin, a wool sweater, or Wilford Brimley). Hygge is about noticing and taking comfort in the multiple upsides of having to slow your pace and hunker down. And since stress and lack of sleep are frequently cited as possible flare triggers for many IBD patients – myself oh so very much included – it seems like creating personal Little Denmarks for ourselves couldn't hurt at any time of year.
Hygge at home. For an easy introduction to hygge, put on your favorite warm pajamas and slippers as soon as you're home from work. Have dinner delivered and watch How the Grinch Stole Christmas for the millionth time (make sure to order some "roast beast"). On a weekend, take a nap in the middle of the afternoon, then sip tea while wearing cozy socks and watching Friends reruns.
Hygge outside. Drive through your neighborhood at night to look at everyone's Christmas lights. If it snows, by all means, go sledding or build a snowman, then warm your feet by a fire (or a heat vent, or under your dog).
Hygge with others. Hygge doesn't mean you can't still be social – it just doesn't require that you go out in the cold for it (and so you get to stay close to your own nice, clean bathroom). Serve your guests crock-pot apple cider and cookies hot out of the oven, while you play classic board games or cards.
Hygge at work. You can still have hot chocolate or chai, hot breakfast cereal, and a cozy blanket at work. Look at a GIF of a crackling fire if that helps, or set your desktop image to a photo of a snowy log cabin or flickering fireplace. And if you're legitimately sick and have the sick days, by all means, stay home. Sick days aren't just for contagious people, so IBD malaise counts. You'll recover from any ailment faster with the help of an afternoon nap and watching Ferris Bueller's Day Off with your dog, December or not.