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Scientists Find an Explanation for the Northern Lights
Also: An archeological dig in South Carolina continues to surrender secrets of early peoples. Transcript of radio broadcast.
Correction attached
This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English. I'm Bob Doughty.
And I'm Barbara Klein. On our program this week, we will tell about the mystery of the aurora borealis, better known as the Northern Lights. We will also tell about an archeological dig in the southeastern United States. The project continues to surrender secrets of some very early Americans.
For many centuries, people have looked with wonder at the Northern Lights. These mysterious lights often brighten the night sky in countries near the North Pole. The Northern Lights are also called the aurora borealis. An aurora is a natural burst of light that can be seen with the unaided eye. An aurora over the South Pole is called the aurora australis, or Southern Lights.
Auroras appear as large areas of moving light. They are often green, red or purple in color. Some auroras can extend across the sky for thousands of kilometers.
Scientists have long known that auroras are caused by a storm of magnetic energy high above the Earth's surface. But scientists have been debating exactly what forces in nature cause these storms to create the colorful light shows.
Recently, researchers working for the American space agency said they found the answer by using five of the agency's satellites. The researchers say the sun's and Earth's electromagnetic fields normally move past one another in different directions. But when enough energy builds between the two fields, they separate and reconnect themselves in a new shape.
This reconnection releases a huge amount of electrical current in the Earth's magnetosphere. The researchers say the reconnection happens about one hundred twenty-nine thousand kilometers away from the planet. That is about one third of the distance to the moon.
The five satellites were launched last year as part of the American space agency's THEMIS project. THEMIS is a word the agency uses to represent Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms.
The researchers were able to directly observe the magnetic substorms using both the satellites and twenty ground observatories. The observatories are in Canada and the American state of Alaska.
Every four days, the satellites lined up half way between the North and South Poles to record observations. Equipment on the ground helped to identify when and where a substorm was forming. Other devices measure the auroral light from particles moving along Earth's magnetic field. Their observations of six months ago confirmed that magnetic reconnection leads to substorms.
The researchers say there is still more to be discovered about substorms. The Northern Lights are exciting to watch. However, the forces responsible for them can damage satellites, guidance systems and radio communication. They are also a possible threat to air travelers and astronauts.
Scientists hope that more investigation will lead to better methods of predicting substorms, both to protect equipment and lives.
You are listening to the VOA Special English program SCIENCE IN THE NEWS. With Barbara Klein, I'm Bob Doughty.
A college student recently found two ancient stone objects in the American state of South Carolina. He made the discovery during an archeological dig in an area known as the Topper Site.
The student, Matthew Carey, found the objects just a short distance from each other. They appear to have been buried together. University of South Carolina archeologist Albert Goodyear said the objects could be cutting tools. But he believes they look like the heads of spears or long knives. Mister Goodyear said they seem to be about eleven thousand years old.
Earlier archeological work at the Topper Site may have uncovered evidence of a settlement from as early as fifty thousand years ago.
The Topper Site got its name from a local man. Years ago, David Topper told Mister Goodyear about a place he might find interesting near the Savannah River. A chemical company owns the land. The company lets the scientists work on the huge site each spring. The Topper Site covers an area measuring more than thirty thousand square meters.
Digging begins when the local wild-turkey-hunting season ends. Each May, Albert Goodyear leads volunteers for five weeks in uncovering the site's mysteries. The volunteers are scientists, teachers, students, and anyone else who likes to explore the past. They dig by hand. It is hard, painstaking work. But most scientists would say the site is well worth the hard work it requires.
Mister Goodyear first began working near the place that would become the Topper Site in the nineteen eighties. He led a team searching for objects belonging to the Clovis people. Most scientists at the time believed that these people were the first settlers in the Americas.
The name "Clovis" came from an area near Clovis, New Mexico. Evidence of the people was found there. Scientists had long believed that human beings first entered North America across a land bridge from what is now Russia and Alaska. They thought these first Americans arrived about eleven or twelve thousand years ago. But in the late twentieth century, some researchers began to question that theory.
Several discoveries became especially important in disputing the belief. Among the most important ones were findings at the Monte Verde Camp in Chile. Scientists began finding ancient artifacts there beginning in nineteen seventy-six. The artifacts included a piece of meat that had lasted many centuries. It might have been from an ancient animal similar to a modern elephant.
The findings at Monte Verde showed that humans were in South America about thirteen thousand years ago. Experts said that was about one thousand years before the Clovis people could have traveled there.
In nineteen ninety-eight, Mister Goodyear and his team wanted to find more artifacts of the Clovis people. He planned a dig near the Savannah River. But the river had flooded the area he wanted to examine. So he decided to start digging nearby.
Today, he remembers how much he regretted the flood. He told V.O.A. that did not want to move his explorations. But the area proved a big surprise. The archeologist described it as the best thing that ever happened to him.
The flood caused Mister Goodyear and his team to dig about a meter deeper than usual for Clovis artifacts. They found evidence of tools and extremely small stone particles or flakes. The objects appeared older than those made or used by the Clovis people. The objects were found during the last two weeks of the Goodyear team's yearly research project.
Digging at Topper in the following years added to the artifact collection. The scientists found artifacts that appear to have come from times before the Clovis people.
Four years ago, Mister Goodyear and his team found ancient plant material at the Topper Site. Shortly before the work was to end, they discovered black soil. The soil provided charcoal, a material combining wood and other substances. Charcoal can be tested for age by a process called radiocarbon dating.
Tom Stafford of the Stafford Research Laboratories in Colorado arrived to take pieces of the charcoal. Months later, the test results were announced. They showed that the charcoal could be up to fifty thousand years old.
If correct, it would mean that the first settlement in the Americas took place many years earlier than had been thought. It could also mean settlers lived in North America fifty thousand years ago.
Some experts do not accept that human beings made or used the most ancient objects found at the Topper Site. Some believe that the weather and the ages made these artifacts look like tools. And experts continue to disagree about when North America was settled.
Mister Goodyear and his team plan to continue digging. They hope to find more evidence of very early peoples in America. When next May comes, they will be again excavating at the Topper Site.
This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by Jerilyn Watson and Brianna Blake, who also was our producer. I'm Bob Doughty.
And I'm Barbara Klein. You can read and listen to our programs at voaspecialenglish.com. Join us next week for more news about science in VOA Special English.
Correction: An earlier version of this story incorrectly said that a reconnection between the sun's and Earth's magnetic fields takes place one hundred twenty-nine kilometers from the planet. The correct distance is one hundred twenty-nine thousand kilometers.


Happy Holidays, New Tunes Released!
Happy holidays. There are two new Recipher tunes uploaded. The first is a drum and bass remix of Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy called Sugar Plum Hardstep. The second is a heavy and dark drum and bass tune with the name Blue Destruction. Both can be found on the Recipher page. Please send us feedback from the contact page.


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thai-destination
Bryde's whale shows off new calf to tourists
Bryde's whale shows off new calf to...
A Bryde's whale emerged from the water in the Gulf of Thailand on Monday (July 27), wowing tourists who were passing on a boat trip.
The giant female, named "Wan Dee" (Good Day), was accompanied by her baby, which was swiftly given the name "Wan Yud" (Holiday) after the day on which it appeared.
Pictures of the whales were posted on Twitter by Forest for Wild Life and instantly drew attention from Thai nature lovers.
The Department of Marine and Coastal Resources said Wan Dee could often be spotted swimming in the Gulf of Thailand in search of food, and that this was her third offspring.
Between April and August, the Gulf is teeming with anchovies and tiny shrimp that lure hungry whales in search of a meal.
It's time to revisit Krabi's Maya Bay
Thousands flock to Doi Inthanon to catch glimpse of frost, Queen Tiger flowers
TAT turns Lopburi sunflower field into a maze
Thousands flock to Chiang Mai mountains to greet 2022s first sunrise
Chiang Mai's famous Mon Jam viewpoint gets ready for visitors
Published : July 28, 2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


CMI Property Management is pleased to announce the immediate availability of 4,000 SF of prime retail space on the Route-1 Auto-Mile in Norwood, MA. This space is perfect for retail tenants, with access the Route-1 and Norwood Park South.
TENANTS: Leslie Pool, Siam Lotus restaurant, FedEx, Sprint, and Stuart Medical Orthopedic Associates.
AREA AMENITIES include hotels, restaurants, retail centers, banking, the Norwood Municipal Airport, urgent care facilities, daycare providers and fitness centers.


Effortlessly gorgeous, this 4 claw square princess diamond engagement ring is available in a variety of metal colours.
This simple elegant ring design creates elevation through the joining of the ring shoulders and head. This creates a further geometric element to your ring, complimenting the square cut of the solitaire.


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KUALA LUMPUR, October 15—Budget 2020's slew of incentives in research and development (R&D), market access and capacity building will help boost confidence in technology investments by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the country's oil and gas services and equipment sector.
"The incentives announced in Budget 2020 will surely fast track Malaysia's OGSE industry into a technology-focused future. SMEs account over 80% of the country's OGSE sector and firms that leverage on the Budget 2020 incentives are set to be at the forefront of OGSE technology development," said Mohd Yazid Ja'afar, deputy chief executive officer at Malaysia Petroleum Resources Corporation.
He added that the R&D push by the Government comes at a time when global oil and gas industry is bracing for a bearish year in 2020, as supply and demand balances show persistent surpluses against a slowing global economy and a looming deepening trade war, and as oil majors continue to demand for cost- effective and low-carbon technologies.
As one of the key contributor to Malaysia's GDP, OGSE is a key driver to Malaysia's ambition to becoming a competitive and inclusive high-income nation. The government's R&D push will further strengthen the growth of the OGSE industry.
"Initiatives such as the one-stop Innovation Office will further strengthen thecurrent industry drive to harness technology. The Innovation office could potentially serve as an effective avenue for local OGSE companies to not only build a competitive edge, but to grow the R&D DNA that will enable them meet the future requirements of the oil and gas industry," Yazid said.
He further added that the 5.3% increase in budget allocation for the Bumiputera Agenda to RM8 billion in 2020 represents an opportunity for growth for the Bumiputera-owned OGSE firms in Malaysia.
"With Bumiputera firms making up 70% of the OGSE industry, the push for capacity- building programmes for Bumiputera firms will ensure OGSE SMEs and Bumiputera firms continue to enhance their global competitiveness to meet the needs of the oil and gas value chain," he said


Using a specialised tool to create structural cracks in large blocks of concrete, hydraulic concrete bursting is one of the most effective ways to remove concrete in a non-disruptive way, avoiding damage to any surrounding areas.
We've always gone the extra mile to provide fast, effective ways to remove large amounts of concrete with the minimal amount of disruption. With over 20 years of experience and with the right tools for the job, we can help you with your specific demolition needs.
What is hydraulic concrete bursting?
Concrete bursting uses an extremely powerful hydraulic tool to create large cracks in concrete blocks, without relying on heavy machinery, pneumatic drills, or noisy demolition equipment. After causing these cracks, it's extremely easy to break up and remove the blocks, using other hand tools. It's one of the most safe, effective and non-disruptive ways of removing large quantities of concrete quickly. The tool is also portable enough to be moved into small or difficult to reach places, too.
After pre-drilling a hole into the concrete using a diamond drill, the bursting tool is placed inside, where it puts hundreds of tonnes of force into the surrounding rock to break it up. Concrete bursting can be used on large blocks of concrete up to a few metres thick and, since the breaking up can be carefully managed, any damage to the surrounding building can be avoided entirely.
Need help from our hydraulic concrete bursting specialists?


Your dealership will benefit from a solid video marketing strategy, and DealerOn has more than a few solutions. There are millions upon millions of videos on the internet (many of them cat-related, of course) and it's estimated that YouTube alone has about 126,000 videos viewed every second. If you're doing the math, that adds up to roughly… well, let's just say people pay attention to videos. DealerOn has years of experience in video marketing (just check out our blog), and we offer several solutions for your dealership's digital marketing efforts.
Well, maybe stick with selling cars before you move to L.A. for a career in Hollywood, but you get the picture. You'll be set up for success with visually stunning videos that shine a light on all the best parts of your dealership.
Just like that shiny bicycle you got for your 6th birthday, our video services have a lot of bells and whistles. Since people spend so much time online watching videos, we think it's important to do it right and make it the best experience available.
Our Video Pre-Roll campaigns will integrate with sites like YouTube and you have the ability to show specific model videos to specific areas. For example, you might show pre-roll ads for a Ford F-150 in a 2-mile radius from downtown. From the video, users can click through to your website and begin the conversion process!
Our Model Video Landing Pages are also used to showcase specific models and can be checked against your current inventory, so you're always showing off the most relevant stuff. Your dealership can also promote monthly specials, featuring up to 3 new vehicles and 3 pre-owned vehicles — plus a service special that's featured quarterly.
And if you just feel like showing off in general, then you can select a "Why Buy Here" package that will be 60 seconds of persuasive video doing nothing but bragging on your dealership.
Our GTX package offers 2,500* VIN-specific walk-around videos for your new and pre-owned inventory, complete with human voiceovers that provide 3 custom intros and 1 outro. These videos are also integrated into your VDPs and site's search results, so that customers can view with the simple click of a button. When it comes to comments on your videos, we use actual comments from people as opposed to algorithms. And these videos won't just stay on your site, either! DealerOn can put them on sites like YouTube, AutoTrader, Cars.com, etc, though fees may apply depending on the host.
For marketing pre-owned vehicles only, the more basic GT Video Package works similarly to the GTX. It takes photos of your inventory and then creates a seamless video with a branded intro and outro. Like the GTX, this package works with your search results and VDPs, offering a clickable "video" button. DealerOn can also put these videos on your dealership's YouTube page for maximum exposure.


The first residential stage of the Training course for Talitha Kum leaders, mainly held at The Pontifical University Antonianum (PUA) in Rome from 4 to 16 June 2018, just ended. The training course, announced here last year, was launched in February and will conclude in March 2019. The modules were made available on the online section of the PUA website.
The course's goal is to shape future TK coordinators and empower the present ones, e.g. persons who play or are going to play leadership roles within TK Networks and/or other networks dealing with the human trafficking plague.
The 22 students already enrolled in the course gathered all together in Rome for the first time. Almost all of them had never met before, they work in four continents and different corners of the globe.
The different cultural environments in which the participants work and their diverse nationalities were the first contribution to an overall very enriching experience. A good amount of the classroom time was, as a matter of fact, devoted to group tasks given by the lecturers, which involved sharing their own experience with each another and with the class.
During the course, on 13 June, the following online panel was organized at UISG: Good Practices To Combat Human Trafficking - Voices of Talitha Kum Networks around the world. About 35 people from all over the world connected to participate, a number above the expectations.
The lessons were partly aimed at providing the students with refined professional and relational skills that good leaders should have (Public Speaking, Element of Psychology, Integral Anthropology, Theological Ethics of the Human Dignity against Exploitation, Reading the New Testament, International Legal Framework, etc.), partly more technical, thus to enable them to, for example, understand, monitor or even design a project in their field of action (Organizational Requirements for Project Planning, Project Planning and Basic Project Components, etc.). The two weeks (including Saturdays) have been intense.
The participants highlighted the importance of the course in light of the modern global dynamics of human trafficking which require more and more specialized leadership roles to be tackled, and how crucial networking is, now more than ever, to give strength to each and everyone's actions and voices in the growing complexity of the issue itself as well as the geopolitical context where it occurs.
At the end of the residential course each student was helped to refine his/her own plan to be implemented in the next six months - i.e. before the second and last residential phase according to the course schedule – and a list of activities and relative deadlines were set so as to have an agreed-upon path to walk individually but not alone.


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Tag Archives: Athanasius
Saint Hilary of Potiers
Besides the scriptures, the saints are companions on life's journey, revealing the wisdom of God from age to age. "A cloud of witnesses," the Letter to the Hebrews calls them.
January 13th we remember St. Hilary of Potiers, who lived in the early 4th century, a crucial time for the church, when the Emperor Constantine and his successors ended years of persecution and welcomed Christians as allies in governing the empire.
Hilary was born in Gaul into a wealthy family, but he wasn't brought up in a Christian environment. He came to baptism (about the year 345 AD) through personal study of the scriptures. He was married and had a daughter. Then, about ten years after his baptism he was elected by the people of Potiers as their bishop. An unusual path to become a bishop!
A bishop's role changed after Constantine gave the church freedom in 312 AD. More and more, they became agents of the emperor and his administration, and that brought temptation. Hilary and one of his friends, Martin of Tours, thought a good number of the bishops in Gaul were after worldly power and prestige rather than a spiritual ministry.
Many bishops closely associated with the emperors– both in the eastern and western parts of the empire– were also influenced by Arianism, which was favored by the emperors Constantius ( 350-361) and Valens (364-378). Arianism claimed that Jesus was human and not divine. He was only godlike.
Arianism is Christianity lite; it dismisses the claims of Jesus to be divine and makes him like us, only better and more powerful. Probably the emperors and bishops sympathetic to the Arian doctrine felt it made Christianity more palatable for unbelievers. A good political option
Hilary strongly upheld the divinity of Jesus, basing his faith on the scriptures he read and the sacrament of baptism he received. His stand brought him exile in Asia Minor, but he continued to teach and write in defense of orthodoxy and eventually he was restored to his diocese.
Hilary's counterpart in the eastern church, St. Athanasius, was another big opponent of Arianism and imperial control of the church. Both bishops suffered exile and helped the church hold to the faith professed at the Council of Nicea in 321 AD. St. Jerome expressed the gravity of the situation: "The world groaned, amazed that it had become Arian."
Hilary in Gaul and Athanasius in Egypt argued for Catholic orthodoxy from the scriptures and church tradition. They also strongly encouraged religious life in the church. Athanasius saw the spirituality of the desert, exemplified by St. Anthony ( we remember him later this week) as a remedy for the increasing worldliness of Christians. Hilary was the teacher of Martin of Tours, founder of religious life in Gaul.
The two saints promoted religious life which played an important part in promoting sound faith in the church. Christianity always needs communities of dedicated believers as well as sharp-minded leaders for its journey through time. Say a prayer for our religious communities, including my own. We need them in the church.
And let's not forget to pray for good bishops too.
This entry was posted in contemplation, Inspiration, Passionists, Religion and tagged Arianism, Athanasius, Gaul, Martin of Tours, monasticism. Year of Consecrated Life, Saint Hilary of Potiers on January 12, 2022 by vhoagland.
No Person is an Island
In times past, God spoke in partial and various ways to our ancestors through the prophets; in these last days, he spoke to us through a son, whom he made heir of all things and through whom he created the universe, who is the refulgence of his glory, the very imprint of his being, and who sustains all things by his mighty word.
Hebrews 1:1-3a
In the previous post, God from God, Light from Light, a development in understanding the being of God was seen in the exegesis of Hebrews 1:3 by Origen and St. Gregory Thaumaturgus. The statement that Christ is "the very imprint," seal, stamp, impression, or image (charakter, χαρακτήρ) of the Father's hupostasis (ὑπόστασις) was stretched beyond its original conceptual boundaries (being, essence, nature, substance) to include the notion of person.
But since He is called by the apostle not only the brightness of His glory, but also the express figure of His person or subsistence, it does not seem idle to inquire how there can be said to be another figure of that person besides the person of God Himself, whatever be the meaning of person and subsistence.1
Origen (fl. c. 200-254)
For He is the brightness of His glory, the express image of His Father's person.2
St. Gregory Thaumaturgus (fl. c. 248-264)
Later Fathers picked up their thread and contemplated Hebrews 1:3 in a new, personalistic light beyond Greek philosophical categories.
For the apostle says that the Son is the express image of the person of the Father.3
St. Gregory of Nyssa (c. 335-394)
I believe that there is one God the Father and one Holy Spirit proceeding from the Father. Also that there is one Lord Jesus Christ, only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all ages, brightness of his glory and express image of the Father's person…4
Theodoret of Cyr (c. 393-466)
St. John Chrysostom (fl. 386-407), while recognizing that God is utterly beyond thought and conception, embraces the personalistic turn:
For instance, that God is everywhere we know, but how we do not understand. That there is a certain incorporeal power, the cause of all our good things, we know, but how it is or what it is, we know not. We speak and do not understand! I said that he is everywhere, but I do not understand it. I said that he begot from himself, and again I know not how I shall understand it…
And to show you that even Paul is weak and does not put out his illustrations with exactness, and to make you tremble and refrain from searching too far, hear what he says, having called him Son and named him Creator, "who being the brightness of his glory and the express image of his person."5
St. Athanasius (fl. 325-373), among others, retains the original Greek meaning of hupostasis in Hebrews 1:3, which suits his defense of the Son's consubstantiality ("one in being") with the Father:
Therefore, he is true God, existing consubstantially (homoousios) with the true Father, while other beings to whom he said, "I say, 'you are gods,'" have this grace from the Father only by participation in the Word through the Spirit. For he is the "very stamp" of the Father's "being," and "light" from "light," and the "power" and true "image" of the Father's substance.6
Both interpretations of hupostasis approach but do not encompass divinity, for being and person are not bounded concepts but fluid, dynamic, interpenetrating realities.
This survey of patristic commentary on Hebrews 1:3 reveals a new revolution in the history of metaphysics.
What God is (being/nature) and Who God is (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) interpenetrate in an indivisible perichoresis ("dance") without borders.
The notion of "person" is permeable and bursts the bounds of Hellenistic individual substance.
To be a person is to be in all other persons. No person is an island.
-GMC
1 Origen, In Principiis, Book I, Chapter 2, 8.
2 St. Gregory Thaumaturgus, Epistles on the Arian Heresy and the Deposition of Arius, To Alexander of Alexandria, 12.
3 St. Gregory of Nyssa, On the Faith.
4 Theodoret of Cyr, Letter 83.
5 St. John Chrysostom, On the Epistle to the Hebrews 2.1.
6 St. Athanasius, Four Discourses Against the Arians 1.3.9.
The last four quotations are from Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture, Hebrews, Erik M. Heen and Philip D. W. Krey, editors, and Thomas C. Oden, general editor (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2005), 12-15.
This entry was posted in contemplation, philosophy, Religion and tagged Athanasius, circumincession, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory Thaumaturgus, Hebrews 1:1-3, hupostasis, hypostasis, John Chrysostom, metaphysics, Origen, perichoresis, person, substance, Theodoret of Cyr, Trinity on January 12, 2021 by GMC.


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Finding Comfort in a 'Speedy' Recovery
The Hernandez family of East Harlem, New York, was still dealing with one tragedy when another one nearly fell upon them. In 2014, an infamous gas explosion destroyed their apartment, killing eight-year-old Rosalie Hernandez's older sister and mother. Six others died in the blast.
In an effort to help the family—especially Rosalie's 15-year-old brother, Oscar, who was critically wounded in the blast—a friend offered them a Pomeranian puppy named Speedy.
"He was a very good therapy dog for the whole family, especially Oscar," said Rosalie's father, José Hernandez, through an interpreter at the ASPCA. "He really helped our recovery process." But at a birthday party last March, Speedy leaped from someone's arms and fell awkwardly, breaking both of his front legs. José took Speedy to a local veterinarian. "We thought we would have to euthanize him," he said.
An X-ray of Speedy's broken legs.
The family was referred to the ASPCA Animal Hospital, where veterinarians assessed Speedy's injuries and determined that they could help.
Sadly, what happened to Speedy is not unusual in toy breeds, or dogs weighing less than seven pounds, including Chihuahuas, Yorkshire terriers, and Maltese. "These are common injuries as these dogs tend to jump down from furniture or out of their owner's arms and then sustain a break," says ASPCA veterinarian Dr. J'mai Gayle, who repaired Speedy's legs with bone plates and screws.
Doctors at the ASPCA Animal Hospital were able to repair Speedy's legs with bone plates and screws.
Toy breeds' small bone structure makes them more vulnerable to traumatic injuries. They also often have thin skulls and misaligned teeth, which can lead to medical problems. And because they're so small, toy breeds can easily fall from a handler's arms or purse, get stepped on, or fall victim to predators. "Poor breeding practices are also to blame," says Dr. Gayle, noting that toy dogs are very popular, especially in crowded areas like New York City.
The good news is that, with the help of ASPCA veterinarians, Speedy made a full recovery. "Speedy ultimately did very well," says Dr. Gayle. "We've seen dogs that have been hit by cars and sustained multiple fractures which can be fairly dramatic, but most do well with proper care."
Speedy recovering in the ICU.
This was very welcome news for the Hernandez family, who relied on Speedy not only as a loyal companion, but as a valuable source of comfort. "Speedy really lifted Oscar's spirits," said José. "Before, Oscar didn't even want to leave his room. But Speedy motivated Oscar to walk and is the reason he gets up every morning."
Rosalie, who was eager to see Speedy after his surgery and accompanied José to the ASPCA Animal Hospital, sobbed when she first saw the splints on his front legs. But José says the family bonded during his recovery. "He gives the kids responsibilities, as well as a reason to be excited about life," José says. "With his help, we're moving forward."
Speedy and José.
Take the Cruelty Pledge
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Dr. Juan de Dios Pineda is a research professor at the Institute for Public Evaluation and Applied Research (IPEAR), Affiliated Faculty at the School of Public Administration, Director of the Center for Public Leadership and Founder Director at the Center in Water Governance Studies in the University of New Mexico. Dr. Pineda was bestowed Doctor Honoris Causa (Honorary Doctorate Degree) for Tianjin Foreign Studies University, China, on December 2015 for his contributions and leadership in the area of public policy and international education. In 2014, The University of Santander in Mexico conferred to Dr. Pineda the title of Doctor Honoris Causa for his research in the area of Higher Education. In 2012, Dr. Pineda was appointed as a member of Academic Committee of China Ministry of Education's Regional and National Research-Latin American Research Center. Dr. Pineda has an Executive Education Certificate on Leadership from Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government. He is a visiting professor at the University of Tianjin, University of Binhai, and the University of Puebla in Mexico.


To create a mine takes years, even decades, of work and hundreds of millions of dollars of investment. The North, with 3.4 million square kilometres is highly perspective for discovering metals and minerals deposits. Currently, mines use a tiny fraction of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut; in the NWT 0.005% and in Nunavut 0.006%.
From this tiny footprint, mines create jobs, business benefits, contribute to communities' well-being, and generate taxes and royalties to public and Indigenous governments. There are six operating mines in the North, including three in the Northwest Territories, and three in Nunavut.
The NWT's three diamond mines are located in an area known as the Slave Geological Province, northeast of Yellowknife, the territorial capital.
Nunavut has two gold mines and one iron mine. Each of Nunavut three regions, Kitikmeot, Kivalliq, and Qiqiktani, have a mine contributing to their communities and economies.
For a comprehensive overview of the two territories' operating mines, advanced projects, and exploration sites, click here.


College golfer. Staff accountant. Accounting bloodlines. Music skills. Relationship builder.
For Matthew, accounting is a family affair. Both his father and aunt are also accountants. Matthew provides a wide variety of services to his clients, including tax preparation, tax planning, audits, reviews, compilations, and more. Matthew enjoys getting to know his clients on a personal level to better help them achieve their goals.
Outside the office, Matthew can usually be found studying. In his few moments of spare time, he enjoys being outdoors and spending time with his family and his dog.


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Garrison welcomes new Command Sergeant Major
By Becca Castellano, U.S. Army Garrison StuttgartJanuary 12, 2021
STUTTGART, Germany -- Like many who serve, Command Sgt. Maj. Billy Norman joined the Army in 1996 because he wanted to earn money for school. With a passion for cooking, he enlisted as an Army Food Service Specialist to gain experience and see if the culinary world was for him. What he discovered over the next 24 years was that while cooking remained a passion, the Army became his life."I thought about getting out several times around the six-to-eight-year mark," said Norman, who even went as far as applying for jobs. "I had two feet out the door, but I pushed through some tough years and I am super happy I did."Over the course of his career, Norman has held a multitude of roles in 9 different units. Most recently, he assumed responsibility as U.S. Army Garrison Stuttgart's Command Sergeant Major during a live-streamed ceremony on Dec. 16. This marks his third tour as a command sergeant major and his second at the brigade level."I'm happy to have another opportunity to be part of a garrison as your CSM," said Norman, who PCS'd from USAG Japan. "It's our job to take care of people and make sure they have what they need to succeed. That includes our soldiers and their families but also the tenant commands, local nationals and civilians who keep us running."Upon arrival in Stuttgart, Norman entered quarantine before assuming responsibility. His time at home gave him an opportunity to learn the new installation."I've been observing and looking for areas I can help," he said. "I want to understand the new system so I can see where I can add to that. I learned at the senior leader level that there are many ways to get the job done so I'm open to learning how we effectively support the community."Norman said he was impressed with the way the garrison has handled COVID-19 restrictions."Our garrison is on the ball when it comes to COVID" he said. "The fact that I could in-process from home was on another level and I'm excited to work with such a motivated team."Norman described his role on the command team as the "eyes and ears of the commander" and said he hopes to act as a bridge between the community and the commander, to be a conduit for information, needs and ideas to flow through."I want to know what is going on. What are people liking, what are they struggling with and how can we help them," said Norman, who encourages the community to share their issues and concerns with the command team. "We can't fix what we don't know is broken. Utilize the tools we have in place to bring issues to our attention so we can engage and work on making our community the best it can be."Norman said he will know if his time here has been successful when the people around him don't just know the garrison motto of "I'm glad I live here," but live it."Family is a strong part of my small town background and taking care of people has been my mission since my first army job in a supporting role. If I can look around and see the people that I live and work with are happy and successful at the end of the day, I have achieved my goal," Norman said.Q: Where are you from?A: Riceville, Iowa. It is a small town of about 700. My graduating class had 50 people and it was considered big.Q: How has your background as a cook prepared you to lead?A: I like that my background comes from the support realm because it reminds me that everybody's job is important. We often take for granted those behind the scenes but its more than just the boots on the ground. Everybody has to do their part, including all the support aspects, to get the mission done.Q: What kind of advice do you give to junior service members who want to succeed in the military?A: Know your job and do it well. Focus on training others. My motto is, it's our job as leaders to train ourselves out of a job. We need to focus on preparing the next generation of leaders.Q: What's been the biggest challenge you have faced in your career?A: There's been a lot of challenges along the way. Personally, it's being adaptable as we move so much. Learning the ins and outs of different theaters, jobs, and organizations.Q: What has been the biggest reward in your career so far?A: The most rewarding achievement I had was when I got the call that I was selected for promotion to Sgt. 1st class. It was humbling to know that Army senior leaders saw that potential in me. It was a really exciting time.Q: What are you most excited for at USAG Stuttgart?A: It's a new challenge. A new theater, new experiences. I'm excited about being in Europe and being able to travel eventually. DEFINITELY EXCITED FOR THE FOOD.Q: Where is the first place you want to go when COVID restrictions lift?A: There are some local restaurants that I am excited to visit again. The food here is amazing, especially the Maultaschen.
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Re: Is there a list of the field passed from Zuora to CyberSource?
Is there a list of the field passed from Zuora to CyberSource?
Question - Is there a list of the fields passed from Zuora to our payment gateway (CyberSource)?


A wheelchair-bound, former boxer deals with his long estranged granddaughter whom is seeking financial help for her writing career and helping her loser boyfriend get out of debt with the local mob.
from what I remember, pathetic!
This film has been bugging me for years. I've occasionally asked around about it but noone ever knew what I was talking about. I remember sitting in front of the t.v. some twenty years ago and seeing this as like a "movie of the week". Jimmy Cagney is so old and feeble in it that he can not even emote enough for the microphones to pick him up.THE DIALOGUE OF CAGNEY'S CHARACTER IS ENTIRELY DUBBED IN BY A BAD IMPERSONATOR1 I don't beleive that noone has commented on that after seeing this film . I'm sure this is the same movie although I only saw it briefly 20 years ago as a teenager. The dubbing bit was so obvious and bad that it sticks out in my mind. I think Cagney was a bit past his prime in this one (25 years past), I loved his movies but he should have been home sipping tea for this one.
The final acting role of James Cagney.


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Adil Kalyanpur awarded Wild Card for Bengaluru Open 2018
07 Nov, 2018 at 11:08 AM
Bengaluru, Nov 7: Bengaluru lad Adil Kalyanpur, who has won his first round of the ITF Kuwait F2 Futures event in Kuwait yesterday, was given a wild card entry into the $ 150,000 Bengaluru Open ATP Challenger which gets underway from Sunday.
"I am thrilled to be getting the wild card for the Bengaluru Challenger. This kind of support from KSLTA is completely invaluable and I did like to thank everyone behind this decision," said Adil in a message from Kuwait, according to a release here on Wednesday.
Adil is the third Wild Card entry announced thus far with Suraj Prabodh being the first when he won the Bengaluru Open Wild Card AITA ranking tournament last month and defending champion Sumit Nagal being awarded the second spot.
"I got my first ATP point in Spain at the age of 16 and have struggled physically during the past two years on the men's circuit. Now I feel I am stronger and better prepared mentally for the life on the Pro Tour, so this is a huge opportunity for me," said the 18-year old who has knocked balls with his idol Rafael Nadal at his academy in Spain.
Adil had made his mark when he had won the doubles title at the UK Under-14 Championship at the famed Wimbledon courts four seasons ago and also helped the Indian Junior Davis Cup team to qualify for the World Group in 2016. The Bangalore born lad had trained with the Davis Cup team that played New Zealand in Pune last year.
Adil who started the year with a ranking of 1543 has climbed up 509 places and is currently ranked 1034 in the world. Reaching the semifinals of the Spain F13 Futures has been the high point of Adil's current year's performance.
"I hope playing in my hometown Bengaluru brings me the luck I need to break into the higher world ranking," said Adil who has plied his trade mostly in Spain and a few Futures events in India this year.
"Clearly Adil was the best junior in view in the country who has graduated to the men's Tour. He deserves a chance at a bigger platform to push himself to bigger challenges and being Bengalurean, we hope he will make best use of this wild card that he deserves, said Sunil Yajaman, Tournament Director of Bengaluru Open 2018. "I am sure Bengaluru will find it exciting to watch this promising player," he added.
The fourth and final wild card will be announced tomorrow. (UNI)


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Norwegian Delegation Amazed by Pace of Crimean Development - Crimean Lawmaker
SIMFEROPOL (Sputnik) - The Norwegian delegation, which is currently visiting Crimea, has been astonished by the pace at which the peninsula has been developing, the head of the Crimean parliament's committee on international relations told Sputnik.
"We showed Crimea's capital [Simferopol] to the delegation. The airport and the construction of new roads have aroused particular interest. The delegation demonstrates health and vivid interest to the life of Crimeans. They have a positive attitude. They were amazed by the airport and the pace at which Crimea is developing," Yuri Gempel, the head of the Crimean parliament's committee on international relations, told Sputnik on Sunday.
The delegation is paying a six-day visit to Crimea, which will last until October 6. The delegation comprises 10 people and is led by Hendrik Weber, the head of the non-governmental organization People's Diplomacy Norway, who has already visited the region on several occasions.
In April 2018, Simferopol International Airport received a new terminal that was constructed in less than two years and cost around 32 billion rubles ($488 million). It is currently operating only domestic flights due to sanctions imposed on Russia following the 2014 referendum when Crimean residents chose to rejoin Russia.
Kiev and the majority of Western countries refuse to recognize the referendum and accuse Moscow of annexing the peninsula, however, Russia argues that the vote was held in conformity with international law and Russia's sovereignty over the region is not to be questioned.
https://sputniknews.com/russia/201809301068466498-norwegian-delegation-crimea/


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Queen Margrethe II's Birthday – Denmark – every day's a holiday!
On April 9, 1940 Nazi Germany overran the virtually defenseless nation of Denmark on its way to invading Norway that same day. Germany's reason was strategic. Germany was dependent on Norway's natural resources for arms and materials. Its official justification was more altruistic: to "protect" Denmark from potential Franco-British invasion.
Danish King Christian X was told that, if Denmark didn't capitulate, the German Luftwaffe would decimate the capital. The King reluctantly agreed.
A week after the invasion, the King's son, Crown-Prince Frederik and his wife gave birth to baby girl. Though the birth brought a ray of hope to one of Denmark's darkest hours, no one imagined she might be queen, and that one day the country would celebrate her birthday as a holiday. For the Danish throne always passed to a male. Even if the king had no sons, the crown would go to a male relative.
But eight years after the war, when Princess Margrethe was 13, the Constitutional Act of 1953 amended the rule of royal primogeniture, allowing the first-born daughter to inherit the throne if the king had no son. Even then no one could be sure Margrethe would be queen, or that King Frederik IX wouldn't have a son.
On January 15, 1972, the day after the death of her father, the 31 year-old princess became the Queen of Denmark, the first Queen Regent since 1412.
Queen Margaret I had ruled first on behalf of her underage son Oluf back in the 1370's. When Oluf died unexpectedly in 1387 at age 17, Margaret became Queen Regent. During her 25 year reign, Margaret unified Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Apparently this made the men-folk look bad, so they didn't allow another woman to take the helm for 550 years.
Though not quite as powerful as her namesake—the power of the Danish monarch waned significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries—Queen Margrethe II is the undisputed head of the oldest consecutive royal line of monarchs in Europe. Consisting of 50 kings and 2 queens, the Danish royal line dates back to Gorm the Old and the Viking days over 1000 years ago.
The information that this is such a long unbroken line of royal monarchs is amazing to me – and only 2 queens!
Danes are the best. I love them!


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Amasa Mason Lyman[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
Personal Information | Notes | Sources | Event Map | All | PDF
Name Amasa Mason Lyman
Born 30 Mar 1813 Lyman, Grafton, New Hampshire, USA
Christened Nov
Baptized (LDS) 27 Apr 1832
Endowed (LDS) 10 Dec 1845 NAUVO
Died 4 Feb 1877 Fillmore, Millard, Utah, USA
Person ID I16325 Early Latter-day Saints
Father Roswell Lyman
Mother Martha Mason
Sealed P (LDS) 19 Nov 1943 MANTI
Family 1 Mariah Loisa Tanner, b. 28 Nov 1818, Bolton, Warren, New York, USA
Married 10 Jun 1835 Kirtland, Lake, Ohio, USA
Sealed S (LDS) 13 Jan 1846 NAUVO
1. Matilda Lyman, b. 14 Nov 1836, Kirtland, Lake, Ohio, USA , d. 4 Mar 1903, Beaver, Beaver, Utah, USA (Age 66 years)
2. Francis M. Lyman, b. 12 Jan 1840, Good Hope, McDonough, Illinois, USA , d. 18 Nov 1916, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, California, USA (Age 76 years)
3. Ruth Adelia Deseret Lyman, b. 1 Aug 1843, Shokokon, Henderson, Illinois, USA , d. 27 Feb 1848 (Age 4 years)
4. Amasa Mason Lyman, Jr., b. 22 Feb 1846, Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois,USA
Family 2 Dionitia Walker, b. 10 Mar 1816, Dayton, Montgomery, Ohio, USA , d. Sep 1896 (Age 80 years)
Married Jul 1843 , , Connecticut, USA
Family 3 Caroline Eliza Partridge, b. 8 Jan 1827, Painesville, Lake, Ohio, USA
Married 6 Sep 1844 Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois,USA
Family 4 Cornelia Eliza Leavitt, b. 5 Jan 1825, Warren, Trumbull, Ohio, USA , d. 14 Dec 1864, Parowan, Iron, Utah, USA (Age 39 years)
Married 14 Nov 1844 Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois,USA [16]
Family 5 Eliza Maria Partridge, b. 20 Apr 1820, Painesville, Lake, Ohio, USA , d. 2 Mar 1886 (Age 65 years)
Married 28 Sep 1845 Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois,USA
Sealed S (LDS) 11 Feb 1988 PROVO [17]
1. Don Carlos Lyman, b. 14 Jul 1846, Winter Quarters (Florence), Douglas, Nebraska, USA , d. 12 Dec 1846 (Age 0 years)
2. Caroline Eliza Lyman, b. 1 Aug 1851, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake, Utah, USA
Family 6 Paulina Eliza Phelps, b. 20 Mar 1827, Lawrenceville, Lawrence, Illinois, USA , d. 11 Oct 1912, Parowan, Iron, Utah, USA (Age 85 years)
Married 16 Jan 1846 Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois,USA
1. Oscar Morris Lyman, b. 16 Dec 1847, Winter Quarters (Florence), Douglas, Nebraska, USA
Family 7 Priscilla Rebecca Turley, b. 1 Jun 1829, Toronto, York, Ontario, Canada , d. 21 Sep 1904, Redlands, San Bernardino, California, USA (Age 75 years)
Family 8 Lydia Partridge, b. 8 May 1830, Painesville, Lake, Ohio, USA , d. 16 Jan 1875, Fillmore, Millard, Utah, USA (Age 44 years)
Married 7 Feb 1853 Salt Lake City, Salt Lake, Utah, USA
Sealed S (LDS) 7 Feb 1853
Married - 10 Jun 1835 - Kirtland, Lake, Ohio, USA
Married - 6 Sep 1844 - Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois,USA
Married - 14 Nov 1844 - Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois,USA
Married - 28 Sep 1845 - Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois,USA
Married - 16 Jan 1846 - Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois,USA
Married - 7 Feb 1853 - Salt Lake City, Salt Lake, Utah, USA
PROPERTY:
Nauvoo : Block 142, Lot 1, 1842 (Home)
NAUVOO RECORDS:
Nauvoo Temple Endowment Register, p 2
70's Record, p 275, p 464
High Priest Record, p 84
Members, LDS, 1830-1848, by Susan Easton Black, Vol 28, pp 778-795
Nauvoo Legion
HISTORY/HISTORIES:
Pioneers and Prominent Men of Utah, p 1015
Our Pioneer Heritage, Vol 4, pp 366-405
Treasures of Pioneer History, Vol 3, pp 282-283
Various Notes
"Writings Diskette Code: LYMAA13A.P Autobiography of Amasa Mason LYMAN
(1813-1844) in Millennial Star 27 (1865). P.11.:
LDS Biographical Encyclopedia, Vol 1, pp 96-99
Conquerors of the West, pp 1481-1486
The Latter Day Saints Millennial Star, pp 1-11
BOOKS: Amasa Mason Lyman, and Francis Marion Lyman
Name transcribed from A "Grave" Experience at the Mormon Pioneer Winter Quarters Cemetery. By Carlyle B. Jensen and Gail Geo. Holmes, Published by Authors October 1999. Quoted from with permission of Gail Geo. Holmes. The record is a Commencement to bury in the burying ground at Winter Quarters, North West Corner. Spellings, dates and etc. are as written in the original record - mistakes and all."
Stated in record above for, Don Carlos Lyman, son of Ansy Lyman, "Don Carlos Lyman; age, 5 mos., 28 days; son of Ansy and Eliza M. Lyman; desceased, Dec. 12, 1846; birthplace, Omaha Nation, Camp of Israel; birthdate, July 14, 1846; grave no. 35."
Stated in record above for Ruth Adelia Lyman daughter of Amasa Lyman, "Ruth Adelia Lyman; age 4 yrs., 6 mos., 26 days; daughter of Amasa and Louisa M. Lyman; disease inflamation of the brain; birthplace Shokokon, Henderson Co., Ill.; birthdate Aug 1, 1843; grave no. 296."
[S33] LDS - Seventies: Early Seventies, Black, Harvey Bischoff, Compiler and Editor, , p 275, p 464.
[S121] Book - Conquerors of the West: Stalwart Mormon Pioneers, 4 vols., Youngberg, Florence C., Compiler, (Sons of the Utah Pioneers, 1999), , pp 1481-1486.
[S61] LDS - High Priests, Nauvoo and Salt Lake, Record, p 84.
[S34] Book - History of the Nauvoo Legion in Illinois, Sweeney, John, Jr., (MA Thesis, Brigham Young University).
[S58] Book - LDS Biographical Encyclopedia, 4 vols, Jenson, Andrew, (Andrew Jenson History Co., Salt Lake City, Utah, 1901), , Vol 1, pp 96-99.
[S6] LDS - Membership of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints:1830-1848, 50 vols., Black, Susan Easton, Compiler, (LDS Church, Salt Lake City, 1990), 1830-1848, by Susan Easton Black, Vol 28, pp 778-795.
[S1869] LDS - Millenial Star, (Early LDS Periodical published in England), 27 (1865). P.11.:.
[S7] LDS - Nauvoo Temple Endowment Register, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, (1845-1846), , p 2.
[S8] Book - Our Pioneer Heritage, 20 vols., Daughters of the Utah Pioneers, (Salt Lake City: 1958-1977), , Vol 4, pp 366-405.
[S19] Book - Pioneers and Prominent Men of Utah, 2 vols, Esshom, Frank, (Salt Lake City: 1913), , p 1015.
[S11] Book - Treasures of Pioneer History, 6 vols., Carter, Kate B., Compiler, (Daughers of the Utah Pioneers, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1952-1957), , Vol 3, pp 282-283.
[S101] Database - Writings of Early Latter-day Saints and their Contemporaries, Backman, Milton V., Jr., Compiler, History.
Millennial Star 27 (1865):472-73, 487-89, 502-504, 519-21, 535-37, 552-53.
[S12] Internet Link - BYU Winter Quarters Project - http://winterquarters.byu.edu.
[S13] Internet Link - Pioneer Research Group Project - http://www.pioneerresearchgroup.org.
[S16487] .
[S8] Book - Our Pioneer Heritage, 20 vols., Daughters of the Utah Pioneers, (Salt Lake City: 1958-1977), Vol. 4, p. 462.
[S2] Internet Link - International Genealogical Index, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.


The Alliance for Organizational Psychology was founded by the Organizational Psychology Division (Division 1) of the International Association for Applied Psychology, the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, and the European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology. The mission of the AOP is to support and advance the science and practice of organizational psychology world-wide, and to expand its scope of application and contribution to society to improve the quality of working life.
Advance the science and practice of organizational, industrial, and work psychology internationally.


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Home » Information » Aztec Symbols and Their Meaning
Aztec Symbols and Their Meaning
Yordan Zhelyazkov
The Most Popular Aztec Symbols
The Importance of Symbols for the Aztecs
Types of Aztec Symbols
The Aztec Calenders
The Aztec civilization, just like those of the Maya, InCa, and the other major Mesoamerican and South American civilizations, was steeped in religious and cultural symbolism. For the Aztecs, symbolism, metaphors, and allegories were at the basis of every part of their day-to-day life. Whether religious or naturalistic, Aztec symbols tell us a lot about this ancient culture and their way of life.
Let's take a look at some of the most popular Aztec symbols followed by a look at the importance of symbols and motifs in Aztec culture.
We can't possibly list every symbol used in Aztec writings and culture in a single article. We can mention the most prominent and/or curious ones, however.
Jaguar – a symbol of skill, strength, and military prowess
The Jaguar is the biggest wild feline and alpha predator in Mesoamerica so it's not surprising that the Aztecs adopted it as a powerful symbol. In their culture, the Jaguar became the symbol of the Aztecs' most elite warriors – the Jaguar Warriors.
Just like the large cats who can kill even a full-grown crocodile through a combination of skill and strength, the Jaguar warriors were a cast of the Aztec military which included only the most skilled and battle-hardened warriors. Essentially, they were the seals of the Aztec military, and we've got to say – a jaguar is a much more intimidating animal than a seal.
Eagle – a symbol of power, the sun's journey through the sky, and Mexico itself
It's easy to mistake the eagle as just another prominent war symbol but it was much more than that. Yes, the famed Eagle Warriors are the second most well-known Aztec war caste, and children born under this astrological sign were believed to express war-like qualities such as power, bravery, and fearlessness. The eagle was associated with the sun which also "flew" across the sky every day, "chasing" away the night as its prey.
The eagle symbol was also associated with stealing and plundering, however, usually in a military context. Even more famously, the eagle was the symbol of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan as the Aztecs believed that they were the descendants of the wandering tribe of the Mexica people. In the myth about the Mexica, they were said to have traveled Mesoamerica in search of a home – a home that would be indicated by an eagle sitting on a cactus. The eagle was said to be a symbol or an incarnation of the god Huitzilopochtli who the Mexica worshipped.
Eventually, the Mexica tribe saw Huitzilopochtli's eagle in a small swampy island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. That's where they established the Tenochtitlan city and the eagle later became a part of the Mexican national flag after Mexico's revolution and liberation in the 19th century.
Blood – a symbol of life and power
In most ancient cultures blood was a popular symbol of life and vitality. It was much more than that for the Aztecs, however. For them, people's blood was the very substance that made the world go round, or rather – that kept the sun going around the world. The Aztecs believe that at night, the sun was too weak and that's why it traveled through the underworld. So, the sun needed blood to maintain its strength and rise up again every morning.
Ironically, the Aztecs also believed the sun was one of the incarnations of the god Quetzalcoatl. Also depicted as a warrior or as a feathered serpent, Quetzalcoatl was arguably the most famous and beloved Aztec deity but he was also the only deity opposed to human sacrifices. And yet, the horrific practice continued, largely motivated by the desire to keep the sun or Quetzalcoatl strong. Talk about unwanted help.
The Atlatl spear thrower – a symbol of warfare and dominance
The Atlatl was one of the more unique Aztec weapons. It predated the bow and arrow and was a short, one-handed rod, usually decorated with serpents or bird feathers. It was used by Aztec warriors and hunters to help them throw spears at even greater distances and with greater power than you could with a bare arm.
The Atlatl was a fearsome weapon so it's no surprise that it also became a prominent symbol. It was viewed as a symbol of both warfare and magical prowess. An Atlatl warrior was also often used to portray Death, especially in relation to the sacrificing of captive enemies.
The feathered serpent – the symbol of the god Quetzalcoatl
One of the most famous divine symbols in Aztec culture and mythology is that of the Feathered Serpent. One of the most famous dragons from Aztec myths, when he wasn't portrayed as a man or as the sun, Quetzalcoatl was usually depicted as a colorful, feathered amphiptere dragon, i.e. a dragon with two wings and no other limbs.
While he wasn't a god of war, Quetzalcoatl was the god most warriors wanted to associate with as he was believed to be the original human – hence why he was the only god opposed to human sacrifices. Serpent and feathers were the most common ornaments, carvings, and accessories attached to Aztec weapons as they symbolized the feathered serpent's power and strength.
Frog – a symbol of joy, fertility, and renewal
A much more ordinary and happy symbol, the frog was a symbol of joy. It's not clear why that's the case but one can assume it's because the Aztecs found frogs to be amusing. A little gross, maybe, but amusing nonetheless.
More than that, however, frogs were also a symbol of fertility, the life's cycle of renewal, as well as death, as an extension of life's cycle. The frog was also the symbol of the Aztec earth mother goddess Tlaltecuhti who was often portrayed as a toad or a quasy-human form with frog features. Like most Aztec animal symbols, she was usually portrayed as quite frightening – with a gaping, fanged mouth and clawed feet with human skulls underneath them. That was a part of her life-cycle symbolism, however, as she was swallowing the souls of the dead and then giving birth to the universe. Recycling at its finest.
Butterfly – a symbol of change and transformation
The butterfly or papalotl was one of the aspects of Xochipilli, the god of vegetation. That connection was pretty clear as are all the other symbolic meanings of the butterfly. The beautiful insects also symbolized a flickering firelight, often associated with the sun or the stars, as well as of change. As the Aztecs observed the butterflies' transformation, they assigned them to be a symbol of personal change too.
Additionally, butterflies were also a symbol of the goddess Itzpapalotl, her name translating to Obsidian butterfly or Clawed butterfly. Itzpapalotl herself symbolized the souls of women who died during childbirth. The same symbolism was sometimes extended to the souls of warriors who died in battle – their souls were said to flutter among the flowery fields like butterflies.
Chocolate – a symbol of both decadence and sensuality
In the 2000 romantic movie Chocolat, the delicious cocoa goodness was said to have represented love, freedom, and sensuality in the Mesoamerican cultures. That's true but it actually symbolized other things too.
Chocolate was viewed as a powerful aphrodisiac by the Aztecs and the Maya, so much so that they even worshipped it as "holy". However, it was also mostly reserved for the ruling elite and most commoners didn't have much access to it. Chocolate was even used as a currency but was so expensive that few could afford it. And as most symbols of the ruling class and of sexual activities, chocolate was also associated with moral decadence.
Footprints – a symbol of one's journey or the passage of time
Even something as ordinary as a person's footprints in the dirt was a popular symbol in Aztec writing, art, and life. They were commonly used as a symbol of the passage of time in writing and in visual storytelling. They also represented both literal and metaphorical journeys, however. Similar to the butterfly, footprints were often used to show how much a person has changed and how far they've traveled.
A newborn baby – a symbol of escaping captivity
It's fascinating how much symbolism can be derived from the act of giving birth. It's simultaneously the most biologically normal and also the most mysterious thing for most cultures and religions.
For the Aztecs, this wondrous act also symbolized a lot of things – life, the life's cycle, an overall positive occurrence, and… a prisoner struggling to escape captivity.
It does seem like a weird interpretation of the process of creating life but it's also understandable. Human babies spend an extraordinary amount of time in their mothers' wombs, especially compared to most other animals native to the Central and South Americas, and the process of giving birth does involve a lot of struggle from both parties involved.
You can tell a man came up with that metaphor.
The Feathered Serpent
Prominent in the several centuries prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, the Aztecs were as much a militaristic and technologically advanced culture as they were spiritual. Everything, from their writings, artwork, architecture, fashion, language, and military was engulfed in spiritual and religious symbolism.
Aztec warriors, for example, would not only wear clothing designed after specific animals and be divided into casts named after different animals – they would also often tattoo their bodies and heads with religious and animalistic symbols of strength, power, and ferocity.
The various Aztec calendars also used dozens of different symbols to note the days and seasons of the year. From there, all administrative, agricultural, and civic periods and schedules were also named after various symbols.
The Aztecs' arts and writing also heavily used various metaphorical symbols, as did their jewelry, clothing, and architecture. The Aztecs even named their children after the day of their birth and the god corresponding to that date in the Aztec calendar.
With pretty much every aspect of the Aztec culture being governed or accompanied by heavy symbolism, there are hundreds of different symbols we can talk about. It's also not surprising that if we try to categorize them in some way, we can end up with dozens of different arbitrary categories. So, to keep things simple, we've divided the different types of Aztec symbols into three groups – religious, animalistic, and common item symbols.
Many of the Aztec symbols can still be used interchangeably between the three groups, since many of the religious symbols were animalistic in nature and/or came in combination with some common domestic items. Still, this is as clear and straightforward of a division as we could think of.
1- Religious symbols
The Aztecs were a very religious culture. Today, we often associate the Mesoamerican cultures with ritual sacrifices but their religions included much more than that. Like most ancient religions, the Aztecs use theirs to explain almost every natural occurrence and every other normal act of day-to-day life.
As such, almost every profession or activity was patronized by a certain deity and fell under one symbol or another. The deities themselves were often portrayed as animals, monsters, or celestial bodies but were also symbolized by different items and objects.
2- Animalistic symbols
As the animal diversity in the Mesoamerican region was exceptionally rich at the time, the Aztecs used animal symbolism to describe almost every activity. Animal symbolism was also used to describe the different times of day, as well as the different months and seasons of the year, as was common in most ancient cultures.
Most commonly the Aztecs would do a sort of reverse anthropomorphism – they wouldn't so much attribute human traits to animals the way modern pop-culture often does but they would ascribe various animal traits and behaviors to humans. Aggressive and strong warriors would be called jaguars, joyous people would be associated with frogs, people who changed a lot throughout their life would be called butterflies, and so on.
3- Common items/situations symbols
The Aztecs' affinity for symbolism and allegories went so far that they even used normal, everyday items or activities as common symbols in their writings and art. One warrior standing in front of a kneeling opponent was a symbol of dominance, footsteps in the dirt symbolized a person's journey or the passage of time, blood was a powerful symbol of power and even newborn babies were a common symbol of someone escaping captivity.
Aztec Calendar with Symbols
The Aztec and Mayan calendars are somewhat popular nowadays even if it's just as memes, predicting the end of the world. However, they did serve very important religious, ritualistic, and practical roles.
The Aztec calendar is most well-known as the "sun stone" but a more accurate name would be the Cuauhxicalli Eagle Bowl. It's easy to view the Aztec calendar as a symbol in and of itself, but it was actually a combination of dozens and hundreds of different symbols – one for each season, each day, and each activity ascribed to them.
In fact, there are two main Aztec calendars that were mostly independent of one another.
The Xiuhpohualli calendar had 365 days in it and was used to describe in detail the various rituals and daily activities people were supposed to engage in every day of every season. It described the solar year as well as our modern calendars and had an almost entirely practical application. It's mostly viewed as a standard, agricultural calendar, however, like all other Aztec writing, it used the many different Aztec symbols.
The Tonalpohualli calendar or the day-count calendar had 260 days. It had a much more religious and ritualistic application and it's usually the calendar people today think of when they hear or talk about the Aztec sun stone or Cuauhxicalli Eagle Bowl calendar.
The day-count calendar was a sacred calendar and it served as a divination tool. It described the different days and rituals for each deity and was believed to literally prevent the world from ending. That's because the Tonalpohualli calendar and the tasks and rituals described in it were designed to keep the divine equilibrium between the Aztec gods. Not adhering to any one task described in that calendar could mean one god gaining an advantage over the others and ending the world in any of myriad horrific ways.
From the discussion above, it's clear that symbols played an extremely significant role in Aztec society, culture and daily life. If you'd like to learn more about Aztec culture, check out our article on Aztec Gods and Their Significance.
Tags: Aztec
Yordan Zhelyazkov is a published fantasy author and an experienced copywriter. While he has degrees in both Creative Writing and Marketing, much of his research and work are focused on history and mythology. He's been working in the field for years and has amassed a great deal of knowledge on Norse, Greek, Egyptian, Mesoamerican, Japanese mythology, and others.
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Appalachian Power appeals rate case to Supreme Court of Virginia
By: Sarah Vogelsong - April 5, 2021 12:01 am
Transmission lines in Louisa County. (Ned Oliver/ Virginia Mercury)
Appalachian Power Company is appealing state regulators' denial of a base rate increase to the Supreme Court of Virginia in a case that could challenge the constitutionality of state law governing the earnings of both Appalachian and Dominion Energy.
That denial of a rate increase last year "results in a taking of private property for public use without just compensation in violation" of both the Virginia and U.S. constitutions, the utility wrote in a petition to the Supreme Court of Virginia March 24.
Appalachian's appeal primarily stems from the determination by the State Corporation Commission, which regulates Virginia utilities, to not let the utility increase its electric rates even though commission staff found it would be short $17 million in revenues annually going forward. The utility argues the SCC has the "obligation to evaluate going-forward rates" as part of its rate review.
State and federal law, as well as longstanding legal precedent from the U.S. Supreme Court in the Bluefield and Hope cases, guarantee all utilities the right to recoup their costs from customers, as well as a fair rate of return.
Virginia regulators, however, have insisted "highly prescriptive directives" crafted by the General Assembly in state law limit their reviews to "historic" earnings — in this case, between 2017 and 2019 — and only allow reviews of future rates under specific conditions that Appalachian did not meet.
Furthermore, the SCC contended, Appalachian has since 2014 taken "inconsistent" or "contradictory" positions on the validity of Virginia's ratemaking system.
"Contrary to its current constitutional position, Appalachian previously argued to this Commission (and to the Supreme Court of Virginia) that the General Assembly's decision to prohibit going-forward rate cases for a period of years … is a policy decision within the General Assembly's constitutional authority," the SCC wrote in a March 26 order upholding its earlier stance.
Appalachian is still reviewing the March 26 decision and will "likely" appeal it to the Supreme Court as well, said utility spokesperson Teresa Hall in an email. "Accordingly," she added, "we cannot comment on any of the holdings at this time."
How much leeway do regulators have?
The case now headed to the Supreme Court of Virginia will take up a range of objections by both Appalachian and the Office of the Attorney General to the commission's November ruling, which is disputing a variety of accounting decisions the SCC accepted in its ruling.
Attorney General Mark Herring "thinks that the SCC got some legal issues wrong to the detriment of ratepayers, and the triennial review will have lasting impacts on rates for consumers in the APCo service area," wrote Herring spokesperson Charlotte Gomer in an email.
But the question that will likely loom largest is the constitutionality claim being put forward by Appalachian.
Virginia's system of utility regulation is notoriously complex, the product of not only an increasingly sophisticated energy landscape but also years of legislative intervention, much of it encouraged by Appalachian and Dominion. The two investor-owned electric utilities are the largest in the state and since 2007 have been regulated under a different set of rules than all other utilities.
Among the rules set down by the General Assembly are those laying out when Appalachian and Dominion can or cannot be granted a rate increase.
According to law, if the utility's base rate earnings fall within a 0.7 percent range of the rate of return the SCC has authorized, electric rates cannot change. If earnings exceed the upper limit of that range, 70 percent of those excess earnings have to be given back to customers. If they fall below the bottom limit, the commission must order a rate increase.
In Appalachian's 2020 rate case, which covered earnings from 2017 to 2019, the SCC found the utility had earned a 9.48 percent rate of return. Because that was more than the authorized 9.42 percent rate, the commission ordered no change to base rates.
"Once the reasonable earned return is determined, the next steps attendant to this case are dictated by statute," the commissioners wrote in their final order.
Appalachian disagrees.
State code requires the SCC to do "more than just a retrospective look-back into the past," the utility argued in a Jan. 29 brief. "It also requires, at the very least, an inquiry into whether the utility's rates going forward will allow the utility to recover its prudently incurred costs and earn a fair rate of return."
That approach "also is consistent with the commission's broader responsibilities as Virginia's public utilities regulator," it continued. "In setting utility rates, the commission has a duty to protect not only the interests of customers, but also the interests of utilities."
Appalachian has previously taken a different stance on whether the commission is obligated to evaluate future rates, several case participants pointed out in briefs.
Commission staff wrote that the utility had not challenged a 2015 law that froze base rates for both Appalachian and Dominion but instead "vigorously defended the constitutionality of that legislation."
In that case Appalachian argued that the Virginia Supreme Court had previously upheld the right of the General Assembly to limit the SCC's authority "even to the point of removing the commission's authority over certain rates."
"Policy arguments should be directed to the General Assembly," the utility wrote at the time before going on to quote other SCOVA rulings. "It is the General Assembly who formulates public policy because those 'policy decisions are subject to, and properly evaluated by, the political will of the people, and we have no authority to override such political decisions.' … Accordingly, the Court 'will not usurp the General Assembly's prerogative to write the laws and fix public policy.'"
Commission staff highlighted the latter statement in their January brief on the dispute.
"If enacting a temporary rate freeze is to 'fix public policy,' then defining when and how Appalachian may receive a base rate increase is also a matter of fixing public policy," they wrote.
The implications of unconstitutionality
It is not unusual in Virginia for rate cases to be brought before the Supreme Court, which acts as the appeals court for all cases involving the State Corporation Commission.
But while challenges to SCC decisions must overcome a presumption established by the court in favor of the commission's "correctness," SCOVA has previously overturned that body's decisions. In 2012, it partly ruled in favor of Appalachian against a commission decision prohibiting the utility from recovering certain environmental costs. And in 2015 it struck down a ruling related to a controversial transmission line Dominion has since built across the James River near Surry.
If the court were to find that the SCC's decision constituted an unconstitutional taking of Appalachian's property by barring it from recouping its future costs, "the implications would be significant," wrote Will Reisinger, an attorney for the Virginia Poverty Law Center, in a court filing.
"Such a finding would cast doubt on prior orders when excessive rates were not decreased in order to protect customers," he wrote.
While the case has not yet been formally docketed by the Supreme Court, it is expected to be heard sometime this summer or fall.
Simultaneously, the commission will be conducting its first review of Dominion's base rates since 2013. The utility filed its application March 31, and regulators are required by law to issue a ruling by Nov. 30.
by Sarah Vogelsong, Virginia Mercury

Appalachian Power appeals rate case to Supreme Court of Virginia

by Sarah Vogelsong, Virginia Mercury
April 5, 2021

Sarah Vogelsong
Sarah is the Mercury's environment and energy reporter, covering everything from utility regulation to sea level rise. Originally from McLean, she has spent over a decade in journalism and academic publishing and previously worked as a staff reporter for Chesapeake Bay Journal, the Progress-Index and the Caroline Progress. She is the recipient of a first place award for explanatory reporting from the Society of Environmental Journalists and has twice been honored by the Virginia Press Association as "Best in Show" for online writing. She was chosen for the 2020 cohort of the Columbia Energy Journalism Initiative and is a graduate of the College of William and Mary. Contact her at [email protected]
Virginia explained: What's a triennial review and… by Sarah Vogelsong April 9, 2021